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BIOLOGY-the science that studies life and living organisms,

including their physical structure, chemical processes,
molecular interactions, physiological mechanisms,
development and evolution
-derived from Greek words “bios” (life) and “logos”
(study)
-simply the study of life
ARISTOTLE- father of Biology

MODULE 1: Respiratory and Circulatory Systems

Working with Other Organ Systems
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
- made up of the organs in the body that help us to breathe
RESPIRATION
- process of bringing oxygen to the body cells to burn the food and
harvest its energy
-linked to BREATHING= autonomic body function; mechanical process of
taking in air and expelling out carbon dioxide
INSPIRATION/INHALATION
-the rib muscles and diaphragm contracts
EXPIRATION/EXHALATION
- the diaphragm relaxes and the chest cavity becomes smaller
PARTS:
 MUCUOS MEMBRANE
- secrete mucus that moistens the air tube
- found from the nasal cavity down to lungs
OR
 * NASAL PASSAGES
– serve as channel for airflow through the nose in which the
air is warmed, cleaned, and moistened

 NOSE
– the organ through which the air enters and is filtered
 NASAL CAVITY
- part of the inner nose that contains cilia
*CILIA
- hair-like structure that filters the inhaled air
 GLOTTIS
- between the food tube and air tube that lead to the
larynx
*EPIGLOTTIS
- protects glottis from swallowing food
*LARYNX/VOICE BOX
 TRACHEA/WINDPIPE
- empty tube that serves as passageway of air into the lungs
 BRONCHI
-two branching tubes that connect the trachea to the lungs
 BRONCHIOLES
-the hair-like tubes that connect to the alveoli
 ALVEOLI
- air sacs that allow gas exchange in the lungs
CIRCULATORY/CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
-life support structure that nourishes your cells with food and oxygen
- responsible for distributing materials throughout the body
-transports and eliminates wastes away from the body
MAJOR PARTS:
1. HEART
– pumps the blood throughout the body
2. BLOOD VESSEL
– carries the blood throughout the body
  ARTERIES
- carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the cells,
tissues, and organs of the body
*AORTA – largest artery
 VEINS
– carry deoxygenated blood to the heart
*VENA CAVA – largest vein
*VENULES – system of veins

 CAPILLARIES
- the smallest blood vessels in the body, connecting the
smallest arteries to the smallest veins - the actual site
where
gases and nutrients are exchanged
3. BLOOD
-carries the materials throughout the body

*RED BLOOD CELLS

-cells that take oxygen from the lungs and transport to the rest of
the body cells
- gathers carbon dioxide and delivers to lungs
-ERYTHROCYTES
*WHITE BLOOD CELLS
-fighting off germs and protects us from diseases
-LEUKOCYTES
*PLATELETS
- help to stop the bleeding of the wound (BLOOD CLOTTING)
-THROMBOCYTES
*PLASMA
- transport blood cells into the body
-made up of 90% water
WILLIAM HARVEY
 Father of blood circulation
*10,000 litres of blood in the body
*70-80 beats of the heart per minute
CIRCULATION
1. PULMONARY CIRCULATION
-movement of blood from the heart to the lungs back to the heart
2. CORONARY CIRCULATION
-movement of blood through the tissues of the heart

3. SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION
-movement of blood from the heart to the rest of the body
excluding lungs
HUMAN HEART
-an involuntary muscle
- pumps blood throughout the body
-a muscular organ with four hollow chambers (right and left atria, right
and left ventricles)
ATRIA
-receiving chambers of the heart
-top chamber
 RIGHT ATRIUM
– accepting blood from the body
– controls the heartbeat

 LEFT ATRIUM
– accepting blood from the lungs
VENTRICLES
-pumping chambers of the heart
-squeezes blood out into the arteries
-bottom chamber
 RIGHT VENTRICLE
– moving blood to the lungs

 LEFT VENTRICLE
– moving blood to the body
VALVE
-prevent blood from flowing backwards
-keep the blood moving in only one direction
-control movement of blood into the heart chambers out to the aorta
and the pulmonary artery
SEPTUM
-a dividing wall in tissues
HEART’S THREE LAYERS OF TISSUES:
1. ENDOCARDIUM
-innermost layer
-thin smooth membrane that lies inside the chambers of the heart
-forms the surface of the valves
2. MYOCARDIUM
-middle layer
-muscular wall of the heart
3. PERICARDIUM
-outer layer
-tough double layered fibrous sac which covers the heart
-skin of the heart
VENTRICLES
-pumps blood at the lower parts of the body
AURICLES
-receiver of blood at the upper part of the body
VALVES
-controls the movement of the blood
-used to protect the backflow of the blood vessels

 BICUSPID VALVE
– mitral valve
-gateway / entrance of blood vessels
 TRICUSPID VALVE
– transport blood vessels all over the body
– located between the right atrium and right ventricle
HEARTBEAT
-complete movement/alternating movement of the heart by simply
contraction and relaxation of the ventricles
PACEMAKER
-tiny machine inserted to a person to make the heartbeat evenly
-should be put at the back part of the right atrium
PULSE RATE
-rhythmic waves of the heart through the body resulting from
contraction of the heart
SYSTOLE (120)
-contraction of the heart muscle
DIASTOLE (80)
-relaxation of the heart muscle
CIGARETTE SMOKING
- harms nearly every organ in the body; causing many illnesses and
affecting health in general
NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF SMOKING ON THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
 INCREASED HEART RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE
 CORONARY HEART DISEASE
 ARTERIOSCLEROSIS
THE RESPIRATORY DISEASES CAUSED BY SMOKING
 CHRONIC BRONCHITIS
 EMPHYSEMA
 ASTHMA
 COUGH &COLDS
 TUBERCULOSIS
 LUNG CANCER

SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT: APPLICABLE FOR MODIFIED TRUE OR FALSE AND

‘WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS NOT TRUE/TRUE’ TYPE OF QUERIES (Refer to
answers only):
1. The nutrients obtained from the food during digestion are supplied by
the circulatory system to the body. What does the circulatory system
distribute to the body as it works with the respiratory system?
-The circulatory system distributes oxygen to the body as it works with
the respiratory system
2. If solid and liquid wastes are removed from the body through
defecation and urination, what is released by the body as waste during
respiration?
-Carbon Dioxide is released by the body as waste during respiration
3. What happens to the diaphragm when a person breathes in or inhales?
- The diaphragm contracts allowing more air in the chest cavity
EXAMPLES FOR MODIFIED TRUE OF FALSE PART
FALSE 1. The arteries carry deoxygenated blood to the heart. =VEINS
 The veins carry deoxygenated blood to the heart.
TRUE 2. Oxygen supports combustion.
FALSE 3. Pacemaker is the alternating contraction and relaxation of the heart.
 Heartbeat is the alternating contraction and relaxation of the heart.
FALSE 4. Heartbeat is the rhythmic wave of blood through the body resulting
from contraction of the heart. =PULSE RATE
Pulse rate is the rhythmic wave of blood through the body resulting
from contraction of the heart.
TRUE 5. Diastole is the relaxation of the muscle.
FALSE 6. Sphygmomanometer measures the heartbeat. =BLOOD PRESSURE
-Sphygmomanometer measures the blood pressure.
FALSE 7. Auricles are the receiving chambers of the heart. =ATRIA
-Atria are the receiving chambers of the heart.
Why is the human heart called a double pump?
-The heart pumps on every side, the left and the right, to circulate the
blood throughout the body.
What will happen if oxygen is not transported by the blood to other parts
of the body?
-The cells in our body will not be able to process the nutrients to provide
energy for the body and they will die
Since the valves act as the doors of the heart, what might happen if these
doors do not close?
- If the valves of the heart do not close, the blood will flow backwards.
Blood will escape back into the chambers rather than flowing forward
through the heart or into an artery.
When we breathe in, we inhale many gases present in the air, including
oxygen. What do you think happens to the gases that are not needed by
the body?
- These gases will still pass from the lungs into the blood, and circulate
throughout the body
SHORT GLOSSARY OF TERMS
ARTERIOSCLEROSIS – a condition in which there is thickening and hardening of
the arteries
ATRIUM – the upper chamber of the heart that receives blood coming in from
the veins
CHAMBER - the empty space of the heart where blood is contained
CHEST CAVITY – a hollow space in the body enclosed by the ribs between the
diaphragm and the neck and containing the lungs and heart
CHRONIC DISEASE – any illness that is prolonged in duration, does not often
resolve suddenly, and is rarely treated completely
CORONARY – relating to, or affecting the heart
DIAPHRAGM – a large flat muscle that separates the lungs from the stomach
area and that is used in breathing
EMPHYSEMA – a type of pulmonary disease involving damage to the airsacs
PULMONARY – relating to, or affecting the lungs
PULSE – the number of times the heart beats per minute
VASCULAR – relating to the blood vessels, which includes the arteries,
capillaries, and veins
VENTRICLE – the lower chamber of the heart that squeezes blood out into the
Arteries
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MODULE 2: Heredity: Inheritance and Variation

GENETICS
- deals with heredity and variation of organisms
- study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in living
organisms
HEREDITY
-passing of traits from parent to offspring
TRAITS
-physical characteristics that are passed down from parents to offspring
*DOMINANT TRAITS
-the expressed traits
 *RECESSIVE TRAITS
-the unexpressed traits, hidden traits
GREGOR JOHANN MENDEL
-father of Genetics
- an Austrian monk and botanist who was born in Heizendorf, Moravia in
Austria now part of Czech Republic
- he joined the Austrian Monastery at the age of 22
-he spent 10 years in experimenting on garden peas and another two
years for analysing the results
THREE IMPORTANT STEPS OF MENDEL’S EXPERIMENT
1. SELF-POLLINATION
-he produced pure-breeding yellow seeded plant by allowing it to
self-pollinate and he also followed the same step in green-seeded
plant
2. CROSS POLLINATION
-he removed the stamens of the green-seeded plants and brushed
their stigmas with pollen obtained from yellow-seeded plant and
he also did it to the yellow-seeded putting the pollen from green-
seeded plant
 (P1) First Parental Generation
-the parent
 (F1) First Filial Generation
-the offspring from the cross breeding
LAW OF DOMINANCE
-only one from the contrasting traits will be expressed

3. MENDEL ALLOWED THE F1 (NOW THE P2) TO SELF-POLLINATE

-When the F1 plants are expressed, only the dominant traits were
self-pollinated, some of their offspring showed the dominant
traits and the ratio is almost 3:1.
WALTER SUTTON
-an American scientist who coined the word “gene”
LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
-implies that traits for two different characters pair up independently
Mendel sent his work on garden peas to more than a hundred scientific
societies in Europe but they failed to see the importance of his work. Until
1900, three biologists came across his paper. They were:
1. HUGO DE VRIES-Dutch botanist
2. KARL ERICH CORRENS- German botanist
3. ERICH VAN TSCHERMARK SEYSENEGA – an Austrian
Agronomist
LAW OF SEGREGATION
-two gene pairs segregate or separate during gamete formation so
that only one gene pair is received by each gamete
CO-DOMINANCE
-contrasting alleles of gene pairs are equally expressed
GENES
-carry the information that determines traits
ALLELES
-different copies or forms of a gene controlling the traits
PHENOTYPE
-characters of the plant or organism
GENOTYPE
-symbols used in representing the gametes genes
- combination of genes
HOMOZYGOUS
-identical gene pairs (GG, gg)
HETEROZYGOUS
-dissimilar gene pairs (Gg, Ss)
 DNA
-deoxyribonucleic acid

- composed of chains of nucleotides built on a sugar and

phosphate backbone and wrapped around each other in the form of a
double helix
-the backbone supports four bases: guanine, cytosine, adenine,
and thymine
PUNNETT SQUARE
-the method by which one can determine the possible genotypes
and phenotypes when two parts are crossed
-by REGINALD PUNNETT
MONOHYBRID
-inheritance of only one trait
DIHYBRID
-two traits are inherited at a time
GENETICISTS
-specialized people in the field of genetics
HEREDITARY CHARACTERS ARE CLASSIFIED INTO:
1. MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTER
-refers to the structure or form such as shape, length and color of
body parts
2. PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTER
-refers on the functions of body parts such as blood clotting and
color vision
3. BEHAVIORAL CHARACTER
-externally directed activities in response to stimuli
STIMULI- anything that makes you react; instinct such as crying
and thumb sucking in babies
4. SEXUAL CHARACTER
-associated with gender male and female such as genitalia, hair
growth, puberty and others
 In humans, there are four blood types (phenotypes): A, B, AB, O.
 Blood type is controlled by three alleles: A, B, O.
  O is recessive, two O alleles must be present for a person to have
type O blood.
 A and B are co-dominant. If a person receives an A allele and a B
allele, their blood type is type AB.
CHROMOSOMES
-where genes lie
 Males have 44 body chromosomes and two sex chromosomes X
and Y. The males determine the sex of their children. Females
have 44 body chromosomes and two sex chromosomes, both X.
The total number in each cell of an individual is 46 or 23 pairs of
chromosomes. These chromosomes contain the genes, which are
the factors of heredity.
 Sex-linked traits are inherited through the X chromosomes.
 Males have only one X chromosome. Thus, if they inherit the
affected X, they will have the disorder.
 Females have two X chromosomes. Therefore, they can
inherit/carry the trait without being affected if it acts in a
recessive manner.
SEX-LIMITED TRAITS
-are those that are expressed exclusively in one sex
SEX-INFLUENCED TRAITS
-are expressed in both sexes but more frequently in one
than in the other sex
XX -female
XY -male
ANTIGEN
- a substance that when introduced into the body stimulates the
production of an antibody
GAMETE
- are reproductive cells that unite during sexual reproduction to
form a new cell called a zygote
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MODULE 3: BIODIVERSITY AND EVOLUTION

POPULATION
-pertains to the number of organisms of the same species living in a
certain place
BIODIVERSITY
-refers to the variety of life in an area
SPECIES
- group of organisms that have certain characteristics in common and
are able to interbreed
 Communities with many different species (a high index of diversity)
will be able to withstand environmental changes better than
communities with only a few species (a low index of diversity).
ENDANGERED SPECIES
- species in which the number of individuals falls so low that extinction is
possible
THREATENED SPECIES
- species that have rapidly decreasing numbers of individuals
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
- means that a society should live under the carrying capacity of the
environment
LIMITING FACTORS
-anything that limits the size of a population like certain environmental
conditions
- are environmental conditions that keep a population from increasing in
size and help balance ecosystems
CARRYING CAPACITY
-the maximum population size an environment can support
-affected by changes in the environment
 Population sizes vary among organisms. They change with the number
of births and when they move into an ecosystem. They also change
when members die or move out of an ecosystem.
EXTINCTION
-the disappearance of a species when the last of its members dies
BIOLOGICAL MAGNIFICATION
- is the build-up of pollutants in organisms at higher trophic levels in a
food chain

 When the population of a species begins declining rapidly, the species

is said to be a threatened species
 A species is in endangered when its population has become so low
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES/PROBLEMS THAT AFFECT THE
COMMUNITY
DEFORESTATION
- removing or clearing of a forest to include the cutting of all trees,
mostly for agricultural or urban use
-one of the country’s environmental problems is the rapid rate at
which trees are cut down
-the major causes of deforestation are:
 Kaingin farming
 Illegal logging
 Conversion of agricultural lands to housing projects
 Forest fires
 Typhoons
-effects are:
 Floods
 Soil erosion
 Decrease in wildlife resources that will eventually lead to
extinction
CORAL REEF DESTRUCTION

-is caused by dynamite fishing and muro-ami

MANGROVE DESTRUCTION
-is caused by overharvesting and conversion of the area into other
uses
EUTROPHICATION
-nutrients are washed away from the land to enrich bodies of
water
-causes excessive growth of aquatic plants and algae and results
in algal bloom, which eventually die and decompose
 -The process depletes the oxygen dissolved in water, causing fish
and other aquatic organisms to die
ACID RAIN
- a mixture of wet and dry deposition (deposited material) from
the atmosphere containing higher than normal amounts of nitric and
sulphuric acids
-is a result of air pollution mostly from factories and motor
vehicles

*PCB (POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL)

-toxic wastes produced in the making of paints, inks and electrical
insulators
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