ENGLISH PAPER
“CHRONIC ILLNESS”
Supporting Lecturer: Norma Nila K., SPd
By:
1 Hera Pramesti Dewi (P1337420417085)
2 Galang Putra Pamungkas (P1337420417087)
3 Hemmy Yunita Wingrum (P1337420417089)
4 Eka Prasetyaningsih (P1337420417091)
HEALTH POLYTECHNIC OF SEMARANG
STUDY PROGRAM DIII NURSING BLORA
ACADEMIC YEAR 2018/2019
INTRODUCTION
First at all, give thanks for God’s love and grace for us.
Thanks to God for helping me and give me chance to finish this assighment with
title “Chronic Illnes” timely. And I would like to say thank you to English team the lecturer
that always teaches us and give much knowledge about this.
We are author, realizing that the writing of this paper is not far from mistakes and
shortcomings, and we will try to improve it for our learning process. And of course, we
expect constructive suggestions and criticism, so that we can improve our shortcomings and
be able to better prepare the next paper.
That is what we can say, hopefully the papers we compile can be utilized optimally to support
students' independence in the learning process
Blora, February 11th, 2019
Author
CHAPTER I
PRELIMINARY
1.1 Background
Chronic diseases - such as heart disease, cancer, diabetes, stroke, and arthritis - are the
leading causes of disability and death in New York State and throughout the United
States. More than 40% of New York adults suffer from a chronic disease, and chronic
diseases are responsible for 23% of all hospitalizations in New York State. Six out of
every 10 deaths in New York State are caused by chronic diseases. Heart disease and
cancer account for over half of all deaths in New York State.
Although common and costly, many chronic diseases are also preventable. Many
chronic diseases are linked to lifestyle choices that are within your own hands to change.
Eating nutritious foods, becoming more physically active and avoiding tobacco can help
keep you from developing many of these diseases and conditions. And, even if you
already have diabetes, heart disease, arthritis or another chronic condition, eating more
healthful food and getting more exercise, whether it's a brisk walk, a bike ride, a jog or a
swim, can help you better manage your illness, avoid complications and prolong your life.
1.2 Formulation of the problem
1.21 What is the definition of Chronic Illness?
1.22 How is etiology of Chronic Illness?
1.23 How is Chronic Illness Phase?
1.24 What is Chronic Illness Category?
1.25 What is Signs and symptoms?
1.26 How is Prevention?
1.27 How is Management?
1.3 The Purpose
1.31 To explain the definition of Chronic Illness
1.32 To explain etiology of Chronic Illness
1.33 To explain Chronic Illness Phase
1.34 To explain Chronic Illness Category
1.35 To explain signs and symptoms
1.36 To explain of preventation
1.37 To explain of management
CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
2.1 Definition of Chronic Illness
Chronic illness is a type of degenerative disease that develops or lasts for a very long
time, which is more than six months. People who suffer from chronic illness tend to have
high levels of anxiety and tend to develop feelings of hopelessness and helplessness
because various types of treatment cannot help him recover from chronic illness.
(Sarafino, 2006). The pain suffered will interfere with daily activities, goals in life, and
the quality of sleep (Affleck et al. In Sarafino, 2006).
2.2 Etiology of Chronic Illness
Chronic illness can be suffered by all age groups, socioeconomic levels, and cultures.
Chronic illness tend to cause permanent damage that shows a decrease or disappearance
of an ability to carry out various functions, especially musculoskletal and sensory organs.
There are many factors that cause chronic disease that can be a health problem that is
found in almost all countries, including advances in the field of modern medicine which
have led to a decrease in mortality from infectious diseases and other serious conditions,
improved nutrition and regulations governing safety in workplaces that have allowed
people to live longer, and lifestyles related to modern society that have increased the
incidence of chronic diseases (Smeltzer & Bare, 2010).
2.3 Chronic Illness Phase
According to Smeltzer & Bare (2010), there are nine phases in chronic illness, namely
as follows:
a. The pre-trajectory phase is a risk for chronic illness because of genetic or
behavioral factors that increase a person's resistance to chronic illness.
b. The trajectory phase is the presence of symptoms related to chronic illness. This
phase is often unclear because it is being evaluated and diagnostic tests are often
carried out.
c. Stable phase is the stage that occurs when symptoms and the course of the disease
are controlled. Daily activities are handled within the limitations of disease.
d. An unstable phase is a period of inability to keep symptoms under control or
reactivate disease. There is a disruption in carrying out daily activities.
e. The acute phase is a phase characterized by severe and unrecoverable symptoms
or complications that require hospital care to treat them.
f. The crisis phase is a phase that is characterized by a critical or life-threatening
situation that requires medication or emergency care.
g. The recovering phase is a state of being restored to the accepted way of life that is
burdened by chronic illness.
h. Decreased phase is an event that occurs when the course of developing disease is
accompanied by an increase in inability and difficulty in overcoming symptoms.
i. The death phase is the last stage which is characterized by a gradual decrease or
rapid functioning of the body and cessation of individual relationships.
2.4 Chronic Illness Category
According to Christensen et al. (2006) there are several categories of chronic illness,
which are as below.
a. Lived with illnesses. In this category individuals are required to adapt and study
the condition of their illnesses throughout their lives and usually do not experience
life that threatens. Diseases included in this category are diabetes, asthma,
arthritis, and epilepsy.
b. Mortal illnesses. In this category clearly the lives of individuals are threatened and
individuals suffering from this disease can only feel the symptoms of the disease
and the threat of death. Diseases in this category are cancer and cardiovascular
disease.
c. At risk illnesses. This disease category is very different from the two previous
categories. This category does not emphasize the disease, but at the risk of the
disease. Diseases included in this category are hypertension and diseases
associated with heredity.
2.5 Signs and symptoms
Characteristics of chronic disease are uncertain causes, have multiple risk factors,
require long duration, cause functional damage or disability, and cannot be cured
completely (Smeltzer & Bare, 2010). Other signs of chronic disease are coughing and
fever that lasts a long time, pain in different parts of the body, prolonged diarrhea,
difficulty in urinating, and abnormal skin color (Heru, 2007).
2.6 Prevention
Today prevention of disease is broadly interpreted. In the prevention of diseases
known as primary, secondary and tertiary prevention (Djauzi, 2009). Primary prevention
is an effort to keep healthy people to stay healthy or 11 prevent healthy people from
becoming sick. Broadly speaking, this prevention effort can be in the form of general
prevention (through health and environmental hygiene education) and special prevention
(aimed at people who are at risk by immunizing). Secondary prevention is an effort to
inhibit the progress of the disease, avoid complications, and reduce disability that can be
done through early and rapid detection and treatment. Tertiary prevention is intended to
reduce disability and conduct rehabilitation. This third level prevention effort can be done
by maximizing the function of organs that have disabilities (Budiarto & Anggreni, 2007).
2.7 Management
Chronic conditions have distinctive characteristics and management problems. For
example, many chronic diseases are associated with symptoms such as pain and fatigue.
Severe and advanced chronic diseases can cause a certain degree of disability, which in
turn limits individual participation in activities. Many chronic diseases must get regular
management to keep them under control, such as chronic kidney failure (Smeltzer &
Bare, 2008).
CHAPTER III
CLOSING
3.1 Conclusion
Chronic illness is a type of degenerative disease that develops or lasts for a very long
time, which is more than six months. Chronic illness can be suffered by all age groups,
socioeconomic levels, and cultures. Characteristics of chronic disease are uncertain
causes, have multiple risk factors, require long duration, cause functional damage or
disability, and cannot be cured completely (Smeltzer & Bare, 2010).
3.2 Sugggestion
We realize that this paper has many shortcomings, so we ask forcritism and
suggestions sothat this paper is even better.
REFERENCES
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