Harvard citation style guide

Updated September 2018

For the latest version of this guide, check online: guides.library.uwa.edu.au/harvard

Contents Journal articles ............................................................................................... 9

Harvard Business School Case Study............................................................ 11
Introduction to the Harvard Style at UWA ..................................................... 2
Websites or Online ....................................................................................... 11
Understanding referencing ............................................................................ 2 Cases and Legislation ................................................................................... 14
In-text citations .............................................................................................. 2 Company Information .................................................................................. 14
What if I want to cite some information that someone else has cited? .... 3
Two or more works cited at one point in the text ..................................... 3 Conference Papers & Proceedings ............................................................... 15
Two or three authors of authoring bodies ................................................. 3 Newspapers ................................................................................................. 16
Block quotations ........................................................................................ 3
Audiovisual and Music ................................................................................. 17
Reference List examples ................................................................................. 4
Book ........................................................................................................... 4 Standards & Patents .................................................................................... 17
Journal article from an electronic database .............................................. 4 Unit Readings............................................................................................... 18
Website ...................................................................................................... 5
Document from a website ......................................................................... 5 Lecture Notes ............................................................................................... 18
Theses .......................................................................................................... 19
Harvard in practice: example text and reference list...................................... 6
Tables, figures and images .......................................................................... 19
In-text and reference list examples: different source types ........................... 7 Personal communication ............................................................................. 20
Books .............................................................................................................. 7 Citing information someone else has cited .................................................. 20
eBooks ............................................................................................................ 8
Harvard citation style | UWA Library | Updated September 2018

Introduction to the Harvard Style at UWA In-text citations

Referencing or citing your sources is an important part of academic writing. It lets Harvard is an 'author/date' system, so your in-text citation consists of author(s)
you acknowledge the ideas or words of others if you use them in your work and and year of publication.
helps avoid plagiarism.
In-text citation of a book (the same format applies for a journal article):
Referencing also demonstrates that you've read relevant background literature
and you can provide authority for statements you make in your assignments.

The Harvard citation style is the preferred referencing style for many disciplines
of study at the University of Western Australia. It is an author-date referencing
style. The Harvard citation style can vary in minor features such as punctuation,
capitalisation, abbreviations, and the use of italics.

See the Understanding referencing section to learn more about the anatomy of
a Harvard citation.

The examples in this guide have been developed in collaboration with the UWA
Business School. Always check with your lecturer/tutor for which citation style
they prefer you to use.
Note that there is no punctuation between the author's surname and the year of
Understanding referencing publication.

There are two main elements in the Harvard citation style: in-text citations in If you quote directly from an author, or if you paraphrase a specific idea or piece
your paper and the reference list at the end of your paper. of information from a source, then you need to include the page number of the
quote or passage in your in-text citation.
The next sections explain some examples of in-text citations and reference list
entries. For example:
It has been asserted that the primary "role of management is to combine,
For more information on how to reference, including how to avoid plagiarism and allocate and utilise the organisation's resources in a way that will assist the
academic misconduct, see the STUDYSmarter referencing guides: organisation to achieve its objectives" (Bray et. al. 2014, p. 129).
student.uwa.edu.au/learning/studysmarter/survivalguides/referencing

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In-text citation of a website Byrne, A 2008, 'Web 2.0 strategies in libraries and information services', The
Australian Library Journal, vol. 57 no. 4, pp. 365-376.
Like all other sources, websites need an author and a date. If a publication date is
not available, use the abbreviation n.d. to show ‘no date’, as in the example
below. Two or more works cited at one point in the text

If two or more works by different authors or authoring bodies are

cited at one point in the text, use a semi-colon to separate them:

(Larson 2000; Malinowski 1999)

The authors should be listed in alphabetical order.

Two or three authors of authoring bodies

When citing a work by two or three authors or authoring bodies, cite

the names in the order in which they appear on the title page:

(Malinowski, Miller & Gupta 1995)

What if I want to cite some information that someone else has
cited?

If you read an article or book which cites some information that you want to cite, Block quotations
always refer to the source where you found the information, not the original
source. If you are quoting a long piece of text (more than 30 words), the
actual quote should be in slightly smaller font and indented from the
For example: left hand margin to distinguish it from the surrounding text. It can
then be followed by an in-text citation. For example –
Sue reads an article by Alex Byrne in the Australian Library Journal in which he
cites or refers to statements made by Tim O'Reilly on his website It was stated that:
at http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/oreilly/tim/news/2005/09/30/what-is-web-
20.html. Sue wants to refer to O'Reilly's statement in her assignment. If any similar qualitative research is to be undertaken in the
future, then stringent controls should be put in place to
Sue would acknowledge O'Reilly in her text but her reference is to the source ensure such statistical anomalies do not occur through lack
where she saw the information. Sue might write as her in-text reference: of methodological rigor, particularly through corruption of
(O'Reilly, cited in Byrne 2008) data inadequately stored and processes (Mullane 2006, p.
66).
In her reference list Sue would write a reference for Byrne's article because that's
where she sourced the information. The entry in her Reference List would be:
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Reference List examples Journal article from an electronic database

Every source which has an in-text citation should also be listed in the reference
list at the end of your document.

Reference list entries contain all the information that someone needs to follow
up your source. Reference lists in Harvard are arranged alphabetically by first
author.

Second and subsequent lines of a reference are indented (see Harvard in Practice
below for an example). To do this, select Hanging under paragraph type in the
Home toolbar of Microsoft Word. Note the various punctuation marks:
 commas between all elements except the author's initial/s and date (as
It is important to note that for all electronic/online resources, Harvard style per the book reference)
requires an access date to show when you looked at the source.  full stops between the: pages and database name, database name and
date viewed online, and at the end of the reference.
Book
The article title should be enclosed in 'single quotation marks' and should be in
sentence case (only capitalise proper nouns).

The journal title should be in italics and every word should be capitalised (except
for words like the, an, a, and etc).

The page range is the start and end page of the article

The date viewed online is the date that you viewed the article online - in other
words, the date that you found the article in the online database, or the date
that you last looked at the article online (not the date that you looked at the PDF
you downloaded).

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Document from a website

Website

Note that if the author of the web document is a sub-body or subset of a larger
organisation, you should include the name of the larger organisation after the
title of the web document (as per the above example).

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Harvard in practice: example text and reference list

The example paragraph below demonstrates how to integrate Harvard references into your writing, and how to format a Harvard style reference list. Note that the
reference list is in alphabetical order by the first author’s surname, and that the second and subsequent lines for a reference are indented. To do this, select Hanging under
paragraph type in the Home toolbar.

Peggy Johnson defines collection development as “the thoughtful process of developing a library collection in response to institutional priorities and
community or user needs and interests” (Johnson 2009, p. 1). According to Johnson (2009, p. 1), collection development forms part of the broader
concept of collection management, which involves “ an expanded suite of decisions about weeding, cancelling serials, storage, and preservation”.
Traditional collection development involves selecting individual titles that will best meet the requirements of the library users. In an academic library
environment, the selection of titles should primarily support the teaching, learning and research needs of the university staff, students and
researchers (University of Western Australia Library 2015). However, the practice of bundling journal titles into one large all-encompassing package has
meant that collection development decisions are now often made on a publisher level, rather than on a title-by-title basis (Ball, cited in Carlson & Pope
2009, p. 385). In this sense aggregator packages are similar in nature to monographic blanket orders, where a library agrees to purchase everything that
a particular publisher has published (Thompson, Wilder & Button 2000, p. 214). The beauty of these large aggregator packages is that they allow library
users to access a vast number of online scholarly resources through the click of a mouse button.

Reference List

Carlson, A & Pope, BM 2009, ‘The “Big Deal”: A survey of how libraries are responding and what the alternatives are’, The Serials Librarian, vol. 57, no.
4, pp. 380-398. Available from: Taylor & Francis Online. [28 September 2015].

Johnson, P 2009, Fundamentals of collection development and management, 2nd edn, ALA Editions, Chicago.

Thompson, K, Wilder, R & Button, L 2000, ‘Impact of bundled databases on serials acquisitions in academic libraries’, The Serials Librarian, vol. 38, no. 3-
4, pp. 213-218. Available from: Taylor & Francis Online. [28 September 2015].

University of Western Australia Library 2015, Collection management principles and policies. Available
from: http://www.library.uwa.edu.au/information-resources/collections/management. [14 October 2015].

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In-text and reference list examples: different source types

Please note: The EndNote referencing instructions in this guide are based on use of the UWA Harvard Business 2016 style file with EndNote X8. This style, and other UWA
EndNote styles, can be downloaded from the UWA Library’s EndNote guide (http://guides.library.uwa.edu.au/EndNote).

Books
The standard reference format for a book is:

Author(s) family name, Initial(s) Year of publication, Title, Publisher, Place of publication.

Material Type In-Text Example Reference List Examples EndNote (Harvard – Business 2016)
Book: single author (Holt 1997) or Holt (1997) Holt, DH 1997, Management principles and practices, Reference type: Book
wrote that… Prentice-Hall, Sydney.
Book: 2 or 3 (McCarthy, William & McCarthey, EJ, William, DP & Pascale, GQ 1997, Basic Reference Type: Book
authors Pascale 1997) marketing, Irwin, Sydney. Enter all authors in the ‘Author’ field, each one on a separate
line:
Family name, I O (Initials with spaces or periods after each.

Add title and other details, the same as for a single author
book.
Book: more than 3 (Bond et al. 1996) Bond, WR, Smith, JT, Brown, KL & George, M 1996, Reference Type: Book
authors Management of small firms, McGraw-Hill, As above. Enter all authors in the ‘Author’ field. Use
Sydney. enter/return to place each author on a separate line.
EndNote will automatically limit to 3 authors for the in-text
citation, and will insert ‘et all.
Add title and other details the same as for a single author
book.
Book: no author (A history of Greece 1994) A history of Greece 1994, Irwin, Sydney.
Book: editor (Jones 1998) Jones, MD (ed) 1998, Management in Australia, Reference Type: Edited Book
Academic Press, London.
Book: 2 or more (Bullinger & Warnecke Bullinger, HJ & Warnecke HJ (eds) 1985, Toward the Reference Type: Edited Book
editors 1985) factory of the future, Springer-Verlag, Berlin. As above, each editor on a different line
Book: organisation (Australian Bureau of Australian Bureau of Agriculture and Resource Reference type: Book
as author Agriculture and Resource Economics 2001, Aquaculture developments Enter organisation name in the ’Author’ field. Add a comma
Economics 2001) in Australia: a review of key economic after the Organisation name: this tells EndNote it is not a
issues, ABARE, Canberra. personal name.

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Book: chapter or (Milkman 1998, p. 25) Milkman, R 1998, ‘The new American workplace: High Reference type: Book section
article in edited road or low road?” in P Thompson & C In the ‘Author’ field enter the author of the chapter or
book Warhurst, (eds), Workplaces of the future, section.
pp. 22-34. Macmillan Press, London. Use the ‘Title’ field for the title of the section or part.
In the ‘Editor’ field, enter details of the editor(s) of the
whole book.
Use the ‘Book Title’ field for the title of the whole book.
In the ‘Pages’ field, write the page numbers of the
chapter/section.
th
Book: edition (Drafke 2009) Drafke, M 2009, The human side of organizations, 10 Reference type: Book
other than first edn, Pearson/Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle In the ‘Edition’ field write 2, 3, 4 etc. as appropriate.
River, New Jersey.
Book: different (Bond 1991a) (Bond Bond, G 1991a, Business ethics, McGraw-Hill, Sydney.
works by same 1991b) Bond, G 1991b, Corporate governance, Irwin, London.
author in same
year
Dictionary or The Macquarie dictionary Do not include in reference list.
Encyclopedia (2010) defines it as…

eBooks
Material Type In-Text Example Reference List Example EndNote (Harvard – Business 2016)
Ebook (Drucker 2012) Drucker, P 2012, Managing the non-profit Reference type: Electronic Book
organization, Routledge, London. Available Enter date in ‘Access date’ field and Database name in
from: Ebook Library. [29 September 2015]. ‘Name of Database’ field.
Ebook: chapter or (White 2002, p. 112) White, H 2002, ‘The westernization of world history’ Reference type: Electronic Book section.
article in an edited in J Rusen̈ (ed) Western historical thinking: As for book section / chapter above.
Ebook An intercultural debate, pp. 111 – 119. Enter date in ‘Access date’ field and Database name in
Berghahn Books, New York. Available from: ‘Name of Database’ field.
ACLS Humanities E-Book. [29 September
2015].
Ebook: chapter (Birch 2013) Birch, T 2013, ‘The trouble with history’ in A Clark & P Reference type: Electronic Book
available via Unit Ashton, (eds), Australian history now, pp. Enter date in ‘Date Accessed’ field. In ‘Name of Database’
Readings 232-250. NewSouth Publishing, Sydney. field type: The University of Western Australia Library Course
Available from: The University of Western Materials Online
Australia Library Course Materials Online.
[29 September 2015].

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Ebook: freely (de Grosbois 2015) de Grosbois, T 2015, Mass influence: the habits of the Reference type: Electronic Book
available online highly influential, Wildfire Workshops. In the date ‘Date Accessed’ field, enter the date you accessed
(with no place of Available from: the ebook.
publication) http://www.massinfluencethebook.com/. Enter the book’s URL in the ‘URL’ field.
[27 January 2016]. If an eBook is “born
digital” (it has only ever been published
online) and no place of publication can be
located, only list the publisher

Journal articles
 When citing journal articles with multiple authors, follow the same format for the author field as for books with multiple authors.

 Take care when citing that you indicate which is the title of the ‘article’ and which is the title of the Journal.

 Citations for online journals must have the access date and details of the database in which the journal appears online. [Note: Databases are 'bundles' of
journals and a journal article found online will often be in a journal that is part of a bigger database.] See example: Journal article: electronic database.

 When citing “born-digital” journal articles from an online journal (one that has never been produce in print form):
1. It is not necessary to include an issue or volume number, unless they are present.
2. Some digital articles do not have page numbers. For in-text citations for these articles, include a paragraph number in the place of page numbers,
using the abbreviation ‘para’. If paragraphs are not numbered, count them to assign a number. For long articles, use section headings to break up
the paragraph numbering. Enclose the section headings in single quotation marks within the in-text reference (e.g. Smith 2009, ‘Introduction’,
para. 3).

 When citing online journals that have a volume and/or issue number, follow the format for a Journal Article from an Electronic Database,
substituting the database name for the URL of the article.

Material Type In-Text Example Reference List Example EndNote (Harvard – Business 2016)
Journal article: (Jennings 1997, p. 68) Jennings, P 1997, ‘The performance and competitive Reference Type: Journal article
Available via Unit advantage of small firms: a management Enter access date in ‘Date Accessed’ field.
Readings perspective’, International Small Business In ‘Name of Database’ field type: The University of Western
Journal, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 63-75. Available Australia Library Unit Readings
from: The University of Western Australia
Library Unit Readings. [1 September 2004].
Journal article: (Conley & Galeson 1998) Conley, TG & Galeson, DW 1998, ‘Nativity and wealth
print in mid- nineteenth century cities’, Journal
of Economic History, vol. 58, no. 2, pp. 468-
493.
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Journal article: (Liveris 2011) Liveris, A 2011, ‘Ethics as a strategy’, Leadership Reference Type: Journal article
electronic Excellence, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 17-18. Enter access date in ‘Access Date’ field. In ‘Name Of
database Available from: ProQuest. [13 October Database’ field type the database name.
2015].
Please note: If information is exported by a database into
the ‘URL’ field you must manually delete this data.
Journal article: 2 (Thomas & Bosch 2005) Thomas, K, & Bosch, B 2005, ‘An exploration of the Reference Type: Journal article
or 3 authors impact of chronic fatigue syndrome and
implications for psychological service
provision’, E-Journal of Applied Psychology,
vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 23-40. Available from:
http://ojs.lib.swin.edu.au/index.php/ejap/
article/download/4/13. [01 February
2017].
Journal article: (Goodhew et al 2014) Goodhew, SC, Edwards, M, Boal, HL, & Bell, J 2014, Reference Type: Journal article
more than 3 ‘Two objects or one? Similarity rather than
authors complexity determines objecthood when
resolving dynamic input’, Journal of
Experimental Psychology: Human
Perception & Performance. Available from:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/xhp0000022.
[14 September 2018].
Journal article: (Segon & Booth 2011) Segon, M & Booth, C 2011, ‘Bribery: what do Australian Reference Type: Journal article
online only journal managers know and what do they do?’, Enter appropriate information in ‘Volume’,’ Issue’, ‘Pages’,
(volume & issue Journal of Business Systems, Governance ‘URL’, and ‘Access Date’ fields.
number available) and Ethics, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 15- 29.
Available from:
http://jbsge.vu.edu.au/article/view/206.
[20 October 2014].
Journal article: (Bustamante 2014, ‘Public Bustamante, C 2014, ‘Libraries welcome writers in Reference Type: Journal article
online only journal library of Cincinnati’, para. residence’, Library Journal. Available from: Leave ‘Volume’, ‘Issue’ and ‘Pages’ blank, Add URL to ‘URL’
(no volume & 4). http://lj.libraryjournal.com/2014/09/indus field and access date to ‘Access Date’ field.
issue numbers, no try-news/libraries-welcome-writers-in-
page numbers) For direct quotes etc, residence/. [29 September 2014].
provide a section heading
and/or paragraph
number, if there are no
page numbers.

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Harvard Business School Case Study

Material Type In-Text Example Reference List Example EndNote (Harvard – Business 2016)
Harvard Business (Rivkin, Thomke & Rivkin, JW, Thomke, SH & Beyersdorfer, D 2013, LEGO Reference type: Web page
School Case Study: Beyersdorfer 2013) (A): the crisis, HBS No. 9-713-478, Harvard Add authors as per book. Include Title and HBS number in
retrieved from Business School Publications, Boston. ‘Title’ field, in the ‘URL’ field add: The University of Western
LMS Available from: The University of Western Australia Learning Management System
Australia Learning Management System.
[29 September 2015].

Websites or Online
Material Type In-Text Example Reference List Example EndNote (Harvard – Business 2016)
Website (University Library 2015) University Library 2016, University Library Home page, Reference type: Web page
26 February 2016, The University of Western Author is the person or entity responsible for the page.
Australia. Available from: Title is the University Library Home page.
http://www.library.uwa.edu.au. [31 March
2016].

When referencing a website, include the following:

 Author – the person or organisation responsible
for the site
 Site date – the year the site was created or last
revised
 Name of the sponsor of the source
 URL
 Date of viewing the source

Webpage (Weida & Stolley 2013) Weida, S & Stolley, K 2013, Developing strong thesis Reference type: Web page
statements. Available from: When referencing a webpage within a website, including the
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource following:
/588/1/. [13 October 2015].  Author - the person or organisation responsible for
the site
 Site date - the year the site was created or last
revised
 Title of the webpage
 Name of the sponsor of the source (if applicable)
 URL
 Access Date of viewing the source

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Harvard citation style | UWA Library | Updated September 2018

Webpage: no date (Apprentice Support Apprentice Support Australia n.d., What is an Reference type: Web page
Australia n.d.) apprenticeship. Available from: Write n.d. (for no date) in the ‘Year’ field.
http://www.apprenticeshipsupport.com.au/E
mployers/What-is-an-apprenticeship. [20
October 2015].
Webpage: no (Improve indigenous Improve indigenous housing now, governments told
author housing 2007) 2007. Available from:
http://www.raia.com.au/i-cms?page=10220.
Use the first few words of [20 October2015].
the page title.
Document from a (Department of the Department of the Premier and Cabinet 2009, Reference type: Web page
webpage Premier and Cabinet Pandemic planning in the workforce,
2009) Queensland Government. Available from:
https://www.health.qld.gov.au/flu/document
s/Fact-sheet-3_Qkit-infrastructure.pdf. [13
October 2015].

To avoid very long URLs, it is acceptable to give the

home page for a website rather than the exact URL of
the page you are referencing as long as the website has
a search facility.

Blog (Mercoulia 2015) Mercoulia, P 2015, ‘A glimpse into coal’s future’, Reference type: Blog
Greenpeace Australia Pacific Blog, blog post, Enter ‘Author’, ‘Year’, ‘Title of entry’ and ‘Title of Weblog’.
15 June. Available from: In ‘Type of medium’ field, enter: blog post, date month (eg.
http://www.greenpeace.org.au/blog/a- Blog post, 18 January).
glimpse-into-coals-future/. [13 October Enter URL and access date.
2015].
Computer (Thomson Reuters 2014) Thomson Reuters 2014, EndNote X7.2.1, software Reference type: Computer programme
software program, Thomson Reuters, New York.

Image with no (Nefertari with Isis n.d.) Nefertari with Isis n.d., image. Available from: Reference type: Web page
known creator or http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ankh_isis_ In ‘Author’ field, enter title of image.
date nefertari.jpg.[13 October 2015]. For ‘type of medium’, enter image.
Image with known (Colli 2009) Colli, MG 2009, Bilbao_6 Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, Reference type: Artwork
creator available image. Available from: Enter creator in ‘Author’ field.
via the web http://www.flickr.com/photos/52355315@N Enter image in ‘Type of work’ field.
08/5757476385/. [13 October 2015].

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Podcast (Crawford 2009) Crawford, M 2009, Shop class as soulcraft, audio Reference type: Podcast
podcast, Future Tense, Radio National, ABC ‘Type of work’ is audio podcast.
Radio, Sydney, 5 November. Available from: Enter audio podcast in the’ Type’ field.
http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/progra
ms/futuretense/shop-class-as-
soulcraft/3098308. [9 March 2016].
Wiki (‘Internet entrepreneur’ Internet entrepreneur 2012, Wikiversity, wiki, 6 Reference type: Web page
2012) January 2016. Available from:
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Internet_entr
epreneur. [31 March 2016].

As wikis usually feature user generated content there is

usually no named author. Cite the title of the Wiki
article and date of last revision.
Facebook (UWA Library 2015) UWA Library 2015, Special collections in the Reid Reference type: Web page
Library, Facebook post, 14 April. Available Enter date month (eg. 14 April) in ‘Last Update’ field.
from: Enter Facebook post in ‘Type of Medium’ field.
https://www.facebook.com/UWALibrary.
[22 October 2015].
Twitter (Gillard 2014) Gillard, J [JuliaGillard] 2014, ‘Stella Young was a shining Reference type: Blog
light for care and action on disabilities. We Enter Twitter post, date Month in the ‘Type of Medium’ field
mourn her passing and rededicate ourselves (eg. Twitter post, 7 December).
to her spirit. JG’, Twitter post, 7 December.
Available from:
http://twitter.com/JuliaGillard. [22 October
2015].
YouTube (TED Talks 2013) TED Talks 2013, Ken Robinson: how to escape Reference type: Web page
education’s death valley, YouTube video, 10 Enter You Tube video in ‘Type of Medium’ field and enter
May. Available from: date published in ‘Last Update’ field.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wX78iK
hInsc. [22 October 2015].
MOOCs video (Austin 2015) Austin, R 2015, Strategic management, Copenhagen Reference type: Web page
Business School Coursera MOOC, 15 Enter MOOC Publisher and dates in the ‘Publisher’ field (eg.
February – 21 March. Available from: Copenhagen Business School Coursera MOOC, 15 February –
https://www.coursera.org/learn/strategic- 21 March).
management. [8 February 2015].

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Cases and Legislation

Material Type In-Text Example Reference List Example EndNote (Harvard – Business 2016)
Cases (R v Tang (2008) 237 CLR R v Tang (2008) CLR 1. Reference type: Case
1) In-text citation must be entered manually into your
document text. E.g.
The case of R v Tang (2008) CLR 1. Set an important
precedent…
Acts of Parliament (Corporations Act 2001 Corporations Act 2001 (Cth). Reference type: Legal rule or regulation
(Cth) s 3) In the ‘Author’ field enter the name of the Act and relevant
section, followed by a comma. In the ‘Title’ field put just the
name of the Act.

Delegated Police Regulations 2003 Enter the title of the regulations manually in your document,
Legislation (Vic) r6 using the abbreviation r, or rr for multiple regulations. They
do not need to be part of your reference list.
Bills (Corporations Corporations Amendment Bill (No 1) 2005 (Cth). Reference type: Bill
Amendment Bill (No 1) Note: Bill titles are not italicised because they are
2005 (Cth)) ‘unpublished’ materials.

Company Information
Material Type In-Text Example Reference List Example EndNote (Harvard – Business 2016)
Company report (National Australia Bank National Australia Bank Limited 2015, NAB - 2015 Reference type: Report
Ltd 2015) Annual Financial Report, 16 November 2015. The report is produced by the NAB (author) and is made
Available from: DatAnalysis Premium. [24 available via the DatAnalysis Premium database.
March 2016].
Company profile (IBISWorld 2014) IBISWorld 2014, Mrs Mac's Pty Ltd: Limited Profile Reference type: Report
Report. Available from: IBISWorld. [29 March The report is a profile of Mrs Mac’s Pty Ltd by IBISWorld. (No
2016]. author is listed). Mrs Mac’s is a private company so the
report is a limited profile.
Market research (Euromonitor Euromonitor International 2015, Biscuits and Snack Reference type: Report
reports International 2015) Bars in Argentina: Category Briefing, 12 Oct
2015. Available from: Passport. [29 March
2016].

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Industry profile (Richardson 2015) Richardson, A 2015, IBISWorld Industry Report C1173: Reference type: Report
Biscuit manufacturing in Australia. Available
from: IBISWorld. [29 March 2016].

Note: if no author is listed, list the database provider as

the author.
Financial data (S&P/ASX200 2009) S&P/ASX200 2009, S&PASX daily index data 2000-2009. Reference type: Dataset(s)
Available from: Datastream. [20 May 2010]. Enter creators of data in ‘Investigators’ field.
If data is from a Database enter its name in ‘name of
Database’ field. If from a webpage enter the URL in the ‘URL’
field.
ABS datasets (Australian Bureau of Australian Bureau of Statistics 2012, Australian Reference type: Choose Dataset(s).
Statistics 2012) - but this demographic statistics 2012, cat. no. 3101.0, Author is Australian Bureau of Statistics but this can be
can be manually edited to ABS, Canberra. Available from: manually edited to ABS for in text citations. Add catalogue
ABS for subsequent in- http://www.abs.gov.au. [26 October 2012]. number in the ‘Study Number’ field – cat. no. xxxx.
text citations
Unpublished (Rio Tinto 2015) Rio Tinto 2015, Occupational health and safety Reference type: Unpublished work.
PowerPoint overview, PowerPoint presentation, Rio
presentation Tinto.

Note that the title is not in italics as the ‘work’ was not
published. As the reader will not be able to locate the
PowerPoint online, you should attach it as an appendix
item. Ensure you have permission to do this first!

Conference Papers & Proceedings

Material Type In-Text Example Reference List Example EndNote (Harvard – Business 2016)
Conference (Bird & Smart 2010) Bird, R & Smart, M 2010, ‘Assigning state taxes in a Reference type: Conference Paper
proceeding paper: federal country: the case of Australia’,
print Melbourne Institute – Australia’s future tax
and transfer policy conference proceedings
of a conference, Melbourne Institute of
Applied Economic and Social Research,
Melbourne, pp. 72-94.

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Conference (Fan, Gordon & Pathak Fan, W, Gordon, MD & Pathak, R 2000, ‘Personalization Reference type: Conference Paper
proceeding paper: 2000) of search engine services for effective
electronic retrieval and knowledge management’,
Proceedings of the twenty-first international
conference on information systems, pp. 20-
34. Available from: ACM Portal: ACM Digital
Library. [24 June 2004].
Conference (Bowden & Fairley 1996) Bowden, FJ & Fairley, CK 1996, ‘Endemic STDs in the Reference type: Conference Paper
proceeding paper: Northern Territory: estimations of effective
unpublished rates of partner exchange’, paper presented
to the Scientific Meeting of the Royal
Australian College of Physicians, Darwin, 24-
25 June.

Newspapers
Material Type In-Text Example Reference List Example EndNote (Harvard – Business 2016)
Newspaper: print (Devlin 2011) Devlin, M 2011, 'Keys found to success by the less Reference type: Newspaper Article
privileged', The Australian, 16 November, p.
32.
Newspaper: (Garvey 2015) Garvey, P 2015, ‘Investors sue after contract problems’, Reference type: Newspaper Article
electronic The Australian, 10 November, p. 20.
database Available from: Factiva. [10 November
2015].
Newspaper: from (Reed 2015) Reed, S 2015, ‘Shift to lower-carbon energy is too slow, Reference type: Newspaper Article
website report warns’, New York Times, 9 November.
Available from: www.nytimes.com. [10
November 2015].
Newspaper: no (‘Foreign cyber-spies’ ‘Foreign cyber-spies’ 2009, Sydney Morning Herald, 24 Reference type: Newspaper Article
author 2009) November, p. 7.

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Audiovisual and Music

Material Type In-Text Example Reference List Example EndNote (Harvard – Business 2016)
DVD recording (Art Nation 2010) Art Nation 2010, DVD recording, Australian Reference type: Audio-visual Material
Broadcasting Note: If the creator is not known, the in-text information can
Corporation, Sydney. be manually added or incorporated into the body of your
writing.
Television (Immigration nation : the Immigration nation: the secret life of us 2011, Reference type: Audio-visual Material
programme secret life of us 2011) television program, SBS, Sydney, 28 January. Note as for DVD recording.

Interview on radio Tony Abbott defended the Woodley, N 2014, The world today, radio program, ABC Reference type: Audio-visual Material
or radio program government’s approach to News, Sydney, 8 December. Note that here the creator is known.
key budget measures
(Woodley 2014).

Standards & Patents

Material Type In-Text Example Reference List Examples EndNote (Harvard – Business 2016)
Patent (Cookson 1985) Cookson, AH 1985, Particle trap for compressed gas Reference type: Patent
insulated transmission systems, US Patent
4554399.
Standard: (Standards Australia 2008) Standards Australia 2008, Personal flotation devices – Reference type: Standard
retrieved from general requirements, AS 4758.1-2008.
database Available from: Australian Standards. [1
December 2008].
Standard: (Standards Australia 1994) Standards Australia 1994, Information processing – text Reference type: standard
published and office systems – office document
architecture (ODA) and interchange format:
part 10: formal specifications, AS/NZS
3951.10:1994, Standards Australia, NSW.

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Unit Readings
Material Type In-Text Example Reference List Examples EndNote (Harvard – Business 2016)
Journal article: (Jennings 1997) Jennings, P 1997, ‘The performance and competitive Reference Type: Journal article
available via Unit advantage of small firms: a management Enter date in ‘date accessed’ field.
Readings perspective’, International Small Business In ‘Available from’ field, type: The University of Western
Journal, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 63-75. Available Australia Library Course Materials Online
from: The University of Western Australia
Library Course Materials Online. [1
September 2015].
eBook: chapter (Birch 2013) Birch, T 2013, ‘The trouble with history’ in Australian Reference type: Electronic Book Section
available via Unit history now, eds A Clark & P Ashton, Enter date in ‘date accessed’ field.
Readings NewSouth Publishing, Sydney, pp. 232-250. In ‘Available from’ field, type: The University of Western
Available from: The University of Western Australia Library Course Materials Online
Australia Library Course Materials Online.
[29 September 2015].

Lecture Notes
Material Type In-Text Example Reference List Examples EndNote (Harvard – Business 2016)
Lecture notes (Foster 2004) Foster, T 2004, Balance sheets, lecture notes Reference type: Unpublished work
distributed in Financial Accounting 101. Fields: ‘Author’, ‘Year’, ‘Title’, ‘URL’:
Available from: http://www.lms.uwa.edu.au. http://www.lms.uwa.edu.au.
Note that the title is not in italics as the ‘work’ was not ‘Type of Medium’: lecture notes distributed in Financial
published. Accounting 101
Course reader (Graber 2007) Graber, D 1997, 'Elections in the television age', Mass Reference type: Book section
media and American politics, pp. 228-345. Add details of course reader to the ‘Name of Database’ field.
CQ Press, Washington DC. Available from:
COMM2001 Communication and Mass
Media Course Reader, Semester 2, 2012,
University of Western Australia.
PowerPoint (Smith 2015) Smith, M 2015, Management 101, PowerPoint Reference type: Web Page
Presentation presentation, MGMT1234: Foundations of Fields:’ Author’, ‘Year’, ‘Title’, ‘Publisher’, ‘Access Date’, URL:
Management, The University of Western http://www.lms.uwa.edu.au
Australia. Available from: ‘Type of Medium’: PowerPoint presentation, MGMT1234:
http://www.lms.uwa.edu.au. [20 October Foundations of Management
2015].

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Theses
Material Type In-Text Example Reference List Example EndNote (Harvard – Business 2016)
Thesis: (Hos 2005) Hos, JP 2005, Mechanochemically synthesized Reference type: Unpublished work
unpublished nanomaterials for intermediate temperature
solid oxide fuel cell membranes, PhD thesis,
University of Western Australia.
Thesis: published (May 2007) May, B 2007, A survey of radical velocities in the Reference type: Thesis
zodiacal dust cloud, PhD thesis, Canopus Please note: The word ‘thesis’ will be automatically added to
Publishing, University of Bristol. the ‘Thesis Type’ field.
Thesis: retrieved (Cincura 2012) Cincura, M 2012, Beyond profit-centric: transcendent Reference type: Thesis
from Database business modelling, PhD thesis, Swinburne If you accessed the thesis online you can add the date you
University of Technology. Available from: viewed it and the ‘URL’ or ‘Name of Database’ as
Trove. [12 August 2013]. appropriate. Please note: The word ‘thesis’ will be
automatically added to the ‘Thesis Type’ field.

Tables, figures and images

The in text-citation examples given in this section are for use as captions for a table, or for an image. For example, if you copy a table from another work, or if you create
a table using some data from another work, you must provide a caption under the table. This caption should contain an in-text reference similar to the examples below.

Material Type In-Text Example Reference List Example EndNote (Harvard – Business 2016)
All or part of a Note. From ‘Evaluating Ackerman, D & Stein ED 2008. ‘Evaluating the Reference type: Journal Article
table, figure, or the effectiveness of best effectiveness of best management practices
data used in management practices using dynamic modelling’, Journal of
text: from a print using dynamic modelling’ Environmental Engineering, vol. 134, no. 8,
Journal (Ackerman & Stein 2008, pp. 629-639.
p. 634)

OR

Note. The data in column

# are from ‘Evaluating the
effectiveness of best
management practices
using dynamic modelling’
(Ackerman & Stein 2008,
p. 634)

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All or part of a Note. From [or The data in Assael, M 1998, Thermophysical properties of fluids, Reference type: Book
table, figure or column # are from] Imperial College Press, London.
data used in text: Thermophysical properties
from a book of fluids (Assael 1998, p.
70)
All or part of a Note. From [or The data in Australian Bureau of Statistics 2009, International Reference type: Choose Dataset(s).
table, figure or column # are from] merchandise imports Australia, January 2009 If the author is Australian Bureau of Statistics, this can be
data used in text: International merchandise cat. no. 5439.0. Available from: manually edited to ABS for in-text citations. Add ABS
from the web imports Australia, January http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/ catalogue number in the ‘Study Number’ field – cat. no. xxxx.
2009 (ABS 2009) mf/5439.0?OpenDocument>. [6 March
2014].

Personal communication
Material Type In-Text Example EndNote (Harvard – Business 2016)
Telephone call, If the information you are referencing was obtained by a personal communication such as a telephone call, interview or email, this should be
interview, e-mail, documented in the text and not added to the reference list. If desired you can add the abbreviation pers.comm. to the reference.
etc.
When interviewed on 6 June 2008, Mr Ward confirmed…
(Mrs S Byrne 2012, pers.comm., 6 June)

Citing information someone else has cited

Also known as secondary citations. It is generally advisable to cite the original source directly if possible. However if you cannot access the original source,
it is appropriate to cite the citing source. In the example below, we cannot access the original work by O’Reilly. We have therefore cited Byrne, as Byrne
has cited O’Reilly’s work.

Material Type In-Text example Reference List Example EndNote (Harvard – Business 2016)
Citing information (O’Reilly, cited in Byrne Byrne, A 2008, ‘Web 2.0 strategies in libraries and
that someone else 2008) information services’, The Australian Library
has cited Journal, vol. 57 no. 4, pp. 365-376.

In the reference list provide the details of the author

who has done the citing.

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Do not provide a reference list entry for the source you

have been unable to access.

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