Taiwanese literature

Taiwanese literature refers to the literature written by Taiwanese in any language ever used in
Taiwan, including Japanese, Taiwanese Han (Hokkien, Hakka and Mandarin)
and Austronesian languages.

Novels, short stories, and poetry[edit]

Taiwan has a very active literary scene, with a large number of writers of novels and (especially)
short stories enjoying a wide readership, many of them for many decades running. A short selection
of prominent writers and poets includes:
 Wu Zhuoliu (1900–  Lung Ying-tai (1952-)  Wai-lim Yip (1937-)
1976)  Qiu Fengjia (1864–  Xi Murong (1943-)
 Bo Yang (1920-2008) 1912)  Deng Feng-Zhou (1949-
 Huang  Loa Ho (1894-1943) )
Chunming (1935-)  John Ching Hsiung  Yang-Min Lin (1955-)
 Pai Hsien-yung (1937-) Wu (1899-1986)  Luo Yijun (1967-)
 Chen Ruoxi (1938-)  Chou Meng-tieh (1921-  Hou Wen-yong (1962-)
 Wang Wenxing (1939-) 2014)
 Yang Mu (1940-)  William Marr (1936-)
 San Mao (1943-1991)  Li Kuei-Hsien (1937-)

Similarly, there is a large poetry community in Taiwan, and there have been several anthologies of
Taiwanese poetry in English translation.
Two areas of cross-pollination between literature and other arts in Taiwan include modern dance
(particularly the modern dance troupe Cloud Gate Dance Theater, founded and directed by
author Lin Huai-min) and filmmaking (including productions of stories by Huang Chunming directed
by the leading Taiwanese filmmaker Hou Hsiao-hsien).
The 1990s saw the rise of a nativist Taiwan literature movement.

Taiwanese literature movement

The Taiwanese literature movement (also Taiwan literature movement, Nativist literature
movement) refers to the effort of authors, poets, dramatists, musicians, and publishers in Taiwan to
establish recognition of a distinctly Taiwanese body of literature. The movement was the subject of
considerable international as well as domestic debate in the 1970s and 1980s.
Authors saw that much of the history and tradition of the island was being ignored or suppressed in
government-sponsored education. In their work they sought to carry forward this distinct Taiwanese
cultural identity that existed apart from the colonizing efforts of China and Japan. Just as their
predecessors in the 1920s had incurred official sanction from the Imperial Japanese government
then ruling the island, authors in this new movement worked against the bans imposed by the
authoritarian Kuomintang regime and were targeted for criticism by the Communist government in
China. The movement is closely associated with the emergence of Taiwan's democracy in the
1990s. Figures associated with the Taiwanese literature movement include:

Giniaver Aphrodite C. Murata 1

 Lee Min-yung [zh]
 Tseng Kuei-hi (曾貴海)
 Yang-Min Lin
 Wu Ying-tao (吳瀛濤)
 Lin Chi-yang (林淇瀁; pen name: Xiang Yang 向陽)
 Tyzen Hsiao (composer)
 Li Kuei-Hsien
Authors sought to gain acceptance for the Taiwanese Hokkien language along with other languages
encountered on the island (aboriginal languages and Hakka). These, the mother tongues of the
majority of the island's natives, became in their hands the vehicles for serious literature, including
essays, plays, and epic poetry. They made the island itself the center of their perspective on history
and looked to local traditions and lore as fuel for creative ideas.
An example may be seen in the 1994 poem "If You Would Ask" by Lee Min-yung. The poem adopts
the point of view of a Taiwan aborigine speaking to all the island's newer residents.
If you ask
Who is the father of the island of Taiwan
I will tell you
The sky is the father of the island of Taiwan
If you ask
Who is the mother of the island of Taiwan
I will tell you
The ocean is the mother of the island of Taiwan
If you ask
What is the past of the island of Taiwan
I will tell you
Blood and tears drop on the feet of the history of Taiwan
If you ask
What is the present of the island of Taiwan
I will tell you
Corruption in power is eroding the Taiwanese soul
If you ask
What is the future of the island of Taiwan
I will tell you
Step out on your feet, the road is open to you.

Literature relating to politics

With the establishment of the Communist regime in mainland China in 1949, books from mainland
China were not often published in Taiwan and books from Taiwan were not often published in
mainland China. In 1986, the first novel, Three Kings, written by a mainland Chinese writer, Ah
Cheng, was openly published as such in Taiwan.
Some books from mainland China still found their way into Taiwan before 1986 by different ways. As
pirate editions, under both a different title and a pseudonym for the author, under a different title, but
with the author's name unchanged, under a pseudonym but with the title unchanged, or altered by
changes in the text itself.

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Popular kinds of books[edit]
Often books which have a movie based on them sell well in Taiwan. The Harry Potter series are
popular and so is Bridget Jones's Diary. Some non-western popular books are The Hooligan
Professor, 流氓教授, by Lin Jian-long 林建隆, and Big Hospital Small Doctor 大醫院小醫師, by Hou
Wun-yong 侯文詠. Both were adapted for television. Other popular non-literary works included books
on mastering English and attaining success.

Literary awards[edit]
The awards for Taiwanese literature include Taiwan Literature Award (presented by National
Museum of Taiwan Literature), Wu San-Lien Literary Award (Wu San-Lien Award Foundation),
Aboriginal Literature Award, and Min-Hakka Literary Award (both by the Ministry of Education of
Taiwan).

History of Taiwan
The history of the island of Taiwan dates back tens of thousands of years to the earliest known
evidence of human habitation.[1][2] The sudden appearance of a culture based on agriculture around
3000 BC is believed to reflect the arrival of the ancestors of today's Taiwanese indigenous
peoples.[3] The island was colonized by the Dutch in the 17th century, followed by an influx of Han
Chineseincluding Hakka immigrants from the Fujian and Guangdong areas of mainland China,
across the Taiwan Strait. The Spanish built a settlement in the north for a brief period but were
driven out by the Dutch in 1642.
In 1662, Koxinga, a loyalist of the Ming dynasty who had lost control of mainland China in 1644,
defeated the Dutch and established a base of operations on the island. His forces were defeated by
the Qing dynasty in 1683, and parts of Taiwan became increasingly integrated into the Qing empire.
Following the First Sino-Japanese War in 1895, the Qing ceded the island, along with Penghu, to
the Empire of Japan. Taiwan produced rice and sugar to be exported to the Empire of Japan, and
also served as a base for the Japanese invasion of Southeast Asia and the Pacific during World War
II. Japanese imperial education was implemented in Taiwan and many Taiwanese also fought for
Japan during the war.
In 1945, following the end of World War II, the nationalist government of the Republic of
China (ROC), led by the Kuomintang (KMT), took control of Taiwan. In 1949, after losing control
of mainland China in the Chinese Civil War, the ROC government under the KMT withdrew to
Taiwan and Chiang Kai-shek declared martial law. The KMT ruled Taiwan (along with the Islands of
Kinmen, Wuqiu and the Matsu on the opposite side of the Taiwan Strait) as a single-party state for
forty years, until democratic reforms in the 1980s, which led to the first-ever direct presidential
election in 1996. During the post-war period, Taiwan experienced rapid industrialization and
economic growth known as the "Taiwan Miracle", and was known as one of the "Four Asian Tigers".

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From prehistory until the 16th century

In the Late Pleistocene, sea levels were about 140 m lower than in the present day, exposing the
floor of the shallow Taiwan Strait as a land bridge that was crossed by mainland fauna. The oldest
evidence of human presence on Taiwan consists of three cranial fragments and a molar tooth found
at Chouqu and Gangzilin, in Zuojhen District, Tainan. These are estimated to be between 20,000
and 30,000 years old. The oldest artifacts are chipped-pebble tools of a Paleolithic culture found in
four caves in Changbin, Taitung, dated 15,000 to 5,000 years ago, and similar to contemporary sites
in Fujian. The same culture is found at sites at Eluanbi on the southern tip of Taiwan, persisting until
5,000 years ago. At the beginning of the Holocene 10,000 years ago, sea levels rose, forming the
Taiwan Strait and cutting off the island from the Asian mainland.
The only Paleolithic burial that has been found on Taiwan was in Xiaoma cave in the southeast of
the island, dating from about 4000 BC, of a male similar in type to Negritos found in the Philippines.
There are also references in Chinese texts and Taiwanese aboriginal oral traditions to pygmies on
the island at some time in the past.
Around 3,000 BC, the Neolithic Dapenkeng culture abruptly appeared and quickly spread around the
coast of the island. Their sites are characterized by corded-ware pottery, polished stone adzes and
slate points. The inhabitants cultivated rice and millet, but were also heavily reliant on marine shells
and fish. Most scholars believe this culture is not derived from the Changbinian, but was brought
across the Strait by the ancestors of today's Taiwanese aborigines, speaking early Austronesian
languages. Some of these people later migrated from Taiwan to the islands of Southeast Asia and
thence throughout the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Malayo-Polynesian languages are now spoken
across a huge area from Madagascar to Hawaii, Easter Island and New Zealand, but form only one
branch of the Austronesian family, the rest of whose branches are found only on Taiwan.
The Dapenkeng culture was succeeded by a variety of cultures
throughout the island, including the Tahu and Yingpu cultures.
Iron appeared at the beginning of the current era in such
cultures as the Niaosung Culture. The earliest metal artifacts
were trade goods, but by around 400 AD wrought iron was
being produced locally using bloomeries, a technology possibly
introduced from the Philippines.
Early Chinese histories refer to visits to eastern islands that
some historians identify with Taiwan. Troops of the Three
Kingdoms state of Wu are recorded as visiting an island known
as Yizhou (夷洲) in the 3rd century. The Book of Sui relates
that Emperor Yang of the Sui dynasty sent three expeditions to
a place called "Liuqiu" early in the 7th century. Later the name
Liuqiu (whose characters are read in Japanese as "Ryukyu")
referred to the island chain to the northeast of Taiwan, but some
scholars believe it may have referred to Taiwan in the Sui
period. Okinawa Island was referred to by the Chinese as
"Great Liuqiu" and Taiwan as "Lesser Liuqiu".
Portuguese sailors, passing Taiwan in 1544, first jotted in a
ship's log the name of the island Ilha Formosa, meaning
"Beautiful Island". In 1582 the survivors of a Portuguese
shipwreck spent ten weeks battling malaria and aborigines before returning to Macau on a raft.

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Dutch and Spanish rule

A transient population of Han Chinese made out of traders and pirates started migrating to
southwest Taiwan in the early 17th century before Dutch rule. Taiwan's southwest was already home
to a Chinese population numbering close to 1,500 before 1623 when the Dutch first came.
The Dutch East India Company (VOC) came to the area in search of an Asian trade and military
base. Defeated by the Portuguese at the Battle of Macau in 1622, they attempted to occupy Penghu,
but were driven off by the Ming authorities. They then built Fort Zeelandia on the islet of Tayowan off
the southwest coast of Taiwan. (The site is now part of the main island, in modern Anping, Tainan.)
On the adjacent mainland, they built a smaller brick fort, Fort Provintia.
In 1626, the Spanish Empire, viewing the Dutch presence on Taiwan as a threat to their colony in
the Philippines, established a settlement at Santísima Trinidad on the northeast coast of Taiwan
(modern Keelung), building Fort San Salvador. They also built Fort Santo Domingo in the northwest
(modern Tamsui) in 1629, but had abandoned it by 1638. The small colony was plagued by disease
and a hostile local population, and received little support from Manila. The Dutch Governor Pieter
Nuyts got entangled in a dispute with the Japanese Hamada Yahei.
The Dutch were defeated at the Battle of Liaoluo Bay by the Chinese Zheng Zhilong in 1633.
The Dutch set out to turn Taiwan into a Dutch colony. The first order of business was to punish
villages that had violently opposed the Dutch and unite the aborigines in allegiance with the VOC.
The first punitive expedition was against the villages of Baccloan and Mattauw, north
of Saccam near Tayowan. The Mattauw campaign had been easier than expected and the tribe
submitted after having their village razed by fire. The campaign also served as a threat to other
villages from Tirossen (modern Chiayi) to Lonkjiaow (Hengchun). The 1636 punitive
attack on Lamay Island in response to the killing of the shipwrecked crews of the Beverwijck and
the Golden Lion ended ten years later with the entire aboriginal population of 1100 removed from the
island including 327 Lamayans killed in a cave, having been trapped there by the Dutch and
suffocated in the fumes and smoke pumped into the cave by the Dutch and their allied aborigines
from Saccam, Soulang and Pangsoya. The men were forced into slavery in Batavia (Java) and the
women and children became servants and wives for the Dutch officers. The events on Lamay
changed the course of Dutch rule to work closer with allied aborigines, though there remained plans
to depopulate the outlying islands.
In 1642, the Dutch ejected the Spanish from the north of the island. They then sought to establish
control of the western plains between the new possessions and their base at Tayouan. After a brief
but destructive campaign in 1645, Pieter Boon was able to subdue the tribes in this area, including
the Kingdom of Middag.

Bird's eye view of Fort Zeelandia in Dutch Formosa in the 17th-century

The VOC administered the island and its predominantly aboriginal population until 1662, setting up a
tax system, schools to teach romanized script of aboriginal languages and evangelizing
Christianity. Although its control was mainly limited to the western plain of the island, the Dutch
systems were adopted by succeeding occupiers. The first influx of migrants were the Hakkas and
Hokkiens who came during the Dutch period, in which merchants and traders from the mainland
Chinese coast sought to purchase hunting licenses from the Dutch or hide out in aboriginal villages
to escape the Qing authorities. Most of the immigrants were young single males who were
discouraged from staying on the island often referred to by Han as "The Gate of Hell" for its

Giniaver Aphrodite C. Murata 5

reputation in taking the lives of sailors and explorers.
The Dutch originally sought to use their castle
Zeelandia at Tayowan as a trading base between
Japan and China, but soon realized the potential of
the huge deer populations that roamed in herds of
thousands along the alluvial plains of Taiwan's
western regions. Deer were in high demand by the
Japanese, who were willing to pay exorbitant prices
for use of the hides in samurai armor. Other parts of
the deer were sold to Han traders for meat and
medical use. The Dutch paid aborigines for the deer
brought to them and tried to manage the deer stocks
to keep up with demand. The Dutch also employed
Han to farm sugarcane and rice for export. Some of
these rice and sugarcane products reached as far as
the markets of Persia. Unfortunately, the deer the aborigines had relied on for their livelihoods began
to disappear, forcing the aborigines to adopt new means of survival.

Kingdom of Tungning

On the mainland, Manchu forces broke

through Shanhai Pass in 1644 and rapidly
overwhelmed the Ming dynasty. In 1661, a naval
fleet led by the Ming loyalist Koxinga arrived in
Taiwan to oust the Dutch from Zeelandia and
establish a pro-Ming base in Taiwan. Koxinga was
born to Zheng Zhilong, a Chinese merchant
and pirate, and Tagawa Matsu, a Japanese
woman, in 1624 in Hirado, Nagasaki Prefecture,
Japan. He was raised there until seven and moved
to Quanzhou, in the Fujian province of China. In a
family made wealthy from shipping and piracy,
Koxinga inherited his father's trade networks, which stretched from Nagasaki to Macao. Following
the Manchu advance on Fujian, Koxinga retreated from his stronghold in Amoy (Xiamen city) and
besieged Taiwan in the hope of establishing a strategic base to marshal his troops to retake his base
at Amoy. In 1662, following a nine-month siege, Koxinga captured the Dutch fortress Zeelandia and
Taiwan became his base (see Kingdom of Tungning).
The Taiwanese Aboriginal tribes who were previously allied with the Dutch against the Chinese
during the Guo Huaiyi Rebellion in 1652 turned against the Dutch during the Siege of Fort Zeelandia
and defected to Koxinga's Chinese forces. The Aboriginals (Formosans) of Sincan defected to
Koxinga after he offered them amnesty. The Sincan Aboriginals then proceeded to work for the
Chinese and behead Dutch people in executions. The frontier aboriginals in the mountains and
plains also surrendered and defected to the Chinese on 17 May 1661, celebrating their freedom
from compulsory education under the Dutch rule by hunting down Dutch people and beheading them
and trashing their Christian school textbooks. Koxinga died four months after the siege was over,
there were speculations that he died in a sudden fit of madness when his officers refused to carry
out his orders to execute his son Zheng Jing. Zheng Jing had an affair with his wet nurse and
conceived a child with her. Other accounts are more straightforward, attributing Koxinga's death to a

Giniaver Aphrodite C. Murata 6

case of malaria.
Following the death of Koxinga, his son Zheng Jing took over the Zheng regime, leading the
remaining 7,000 Ming loyalist troops to Taiwan. In response to raids by Zheng Jing and in an effort
to starve out the forces in Taiwan, the Qing decreed to relocate all of the southern coastal towns and
ports that had been the targets of raids by the Zheng fleet and thus provided supplies for the
resistance. This measure largely backfired, and between 1662 and 1664, six major waves of
immigration occurred from these coastal towns to Taiwan, spurred by the severe hardships incurred
from the Qing relocation policy. In a move to take advantage of this Qing misstep, Zheng Jing
promoted immigration to Taiwan by promising free eastern land cultivation and ownership for
peasants in exchange for compulsory military service by all males in case the island was in danger
of a Qing invasion.

Qing rule

Initial immigration restriction

In 1683, following a naval engagement with Admiral Shi Lang, one of Koxinga's father's trusted
friends, Koxinga's grandson Zheng Keshuang, surrendered to the Qing dynasty.
There has been much confusion about Taiwan's association with the rumored "Island of Dogs,"
"Island of Women," etc., which were thought, by Han literati, to lie beyond the seas. Taiwan was
officially regarded by the Kangxi Emperor as "a ball of mud beyond the pale of civilization" and did
not appear on any map of the imperial domain until 1683. The act of presenting a map to the
emperor was equal to presenting the lands of the empire. It took several more years before the Qing
court would recognize Taiwan as part of the Qing realm. Prior to the Qing dynasty, China was
conceived as a land bound by mountains, rivers and seas. The idea of an island as a part of China
was unfathomable to the Han prior to the Qing frontier expansion effort of the 17th century.
Despite the expense of the military and diplomatic campaign that brought Taiwan into the imperial
realm, the general sentiment in Beijing was ambivalent. The point of the campaign had been to
destroy the Zheng-family regime, not to conquer the island.[citation needed] The Kangxi Emperor expressed
the sentiment that Taiwan was "the size of a pellet; taking it is no gain; not taking it is no loss" (彈丸
之地。得之無所加，不得無所損). His ministers counseled that the island was "a ball of mud beyond
the sea, adding nothing to the breadth of China" (海外泥丸，不足為中國加廣), and advocated
removing all the Chinese to mainland China and abandoning the island. It was only the campaigning
of admiral Shi Lang and other supporters that convinced the emperor not to abandon
Taiwan.Koxinga's followers were forced to depart from Taiwan to the more unpleasant parts of Qing
controlled land. By 1682 there were only 7000 Chinese left on Taiwan as they had intermarried with
aboriginal women and had property in Taiwan. The Koxinga reign had continued the tax systems of
the Dutch, established schools and religious temples.
From 1683, the Qing dynasty ruled the island as Taiwan Prefecture and in 1875 divided the island
into two prefectures, north and south. In 1887, the island was declared as a separate Fokien-Taiwan
Province.
The Qing authorities tried to limit immigration to Taiwan and barred families from traveling to Taiwan
to ensure the immigrants would return to their families and ancestral graves. Illegal
immigration continued, but many of the men had few prospects in war-weary Fujian and thus
married locally, resulting in the idiom "has Tangshan father, no Tangshan mother" (Chinese: 有唐山

Giniaver Aphrodite C. Murata 7

公，無唐山媽; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Ū Tn̂g-soaⁿ kong, bô Tn̂g-soaⁿ má).The Qing tried to protect aboriginal land
claims, but also sought to turn them into tax paying subjects. Chinese and tax paying aborigines
were barred from entering the wilderness which covered most of the island for the fear of raising the
ire of the non taxpaying, highland aborigines and inciting rebellion. A border was constructed along
the western plain, built using pits and mounds of earth, called "earth cows", to discourage squatting.

Early Han settlers[edit]

From 1683 to around 1760, the Qing government limited immigration to Taiwan. Such restriction was
relaxed following the 1760s and by 1811 there were more than two million Chinese immigrants on
Taiwan. In 1875 Taipeh Prefecture was established, under the jurisdiction of Fujian Province. Also,
there had been various conflicts between Chinese immigrants. Most conflicts were between Han
from Fujian and Han from Guangdong, between people from different areas of Fujian, between Han
and Hakka settlers, or simply between people of different surnames engaged in clan feuds. Because
of the strong provincial loyalties held by these immigrants, the Qing government felt Taiwan was
somewhat difficult to govern. Taiwan was also plagued by foreign invasions.
Given the strategic and commercial value of Taiwan, there were British suggestions in 1840 and
1841 to seize the island.In September 1841, during the First Opium War, the British transport
ship Nerbudda became shipwrecked near Keelung Harbour due to a typhoon. The brig Ann also
became shipwrecked in March 1842. Most of the crew were Indian lascars. Survivors from both
ships were transferred by authorities to the capital Tainan. The Taiwan Qing commanders, Ta-hung-
ah and Yao Ying, filed a disingenuous report to the emperor, claiming to have defended against an
attack from the Keelung fort. In October 1841, HMS Nimrod sailed to Keelung to search for
the Nerbudda survivors, but after Captain Joseph Pearse found out that they were sent south for
imprisonment, he ordered the bombardment of the harbour and destroyed 27 sets of cannon before
returning to Hong Kong. Most of the survivors—over 130 from the Nerbudda and 54 from the Ann—
were executed in Tainan in August 1842.
The Aboriginals often slaughtered the shipwrecked crews of Western ships. In 1867 the entire
American crew of the Rover were massacred by aboriginals in the Rover incident. When the
Americans launched the punitive Formosa Expedition in retaliation, the aboriginals defeated the
Americans and forced them to retreat, killing an American marine while suffering no casualties
themselves.
During the Sino-French War, the French attempted an invasion of Taiwan during the Keelung
Campaign in 1884. Liu Mingchuan, who was leading the defense of Taiwan, recruited Aboriginals to
serve alongside the Chinese soldiers in fighting against the French. The French were defeated at
the Battle of Tamsui and the Qing forces pinned the French down at Keelung in an eight-month-long
campaign before the French withdrew. Because of these incursions, the Qing government began
constructing a series of coastal defenses and in 1885, work commenced to make Taiwan a province,
with Liu Mingchuan serving as the first governor. He divided Taiwan into eleven counties and tried to
improve relations with the aborigines. He also developed a railway from Taipei to Hsinchu,
established a mine in Keelung, and built an arsenal to improve Taiwan's defensive capability against
foreigners.
Following a shipwreck of a Ryukyuan vessel on the southeastern tip of Taiwan in winter of 1871, in
which the heads of 54 crew members were taken by the aboriginal Taiwanese Paiwan people in
the Mudan incident, the Japanese sought to use this incident as a pretext to have the Qing formally
acknowledge Japanese sovereignty over the Ryukyu Islands as Japanese territory and to test
reactions to potential expansion into Taiwan. According to records from Japanese documents, Mao
Changxi [zh] and Dong Xun [zh], the Qing ministers at Zongli Yamen who handled the complaints
from Japanese envoy Yanagihara Sakimitsu [ja], replied first that they had heard only of a massacre
of Ryukyuans, not of Japanese, and quickly noted that Ryukyu was under Chinese suzerainty, and
therefore this issue was not Japan's business. In addition, the governor-general of the Qing

Giniaver Aphrodite C. Murata 8

province Fujian had rescued the survivors of the massacre and returned them safely to Ryukyu. The
Qing authorities explained that there were two kinds of aborigines on Taiwan: those governed by the
Qing, and those unnaturalized "raw barbarians ... beyond the reach of Qing government and
customs." They indirectly hinted that foreigners traveling in those areas settled by indigenous people
must exercise caution.
After the Yanagihara-Yamen interview, the Japanese took their explanation to mean that the Qing
government had not opposed Japan's claims to sovereignty over the Ryukyu Islands, disclaimed any
jurisdiction over Aboriginal Taiwanese, and had indeed consented to Japan's expedition to
Taiwan.The Qing dynasty made it clear to the Japanese that Taiwan was definitely within Qing
jurisdiction, even though part of that island's aboriginal population was not yet under the influence of
Chinese culture. The Qing also pointed to similar cases all over the world where an aboriginal
population within a national boundary was not completely subjugated by the dominant culture of that
country.
The Japanese nevertheless launched an expedition to Mutan village with a force of 3600 soldiers in
1874. The number of killed Paiwan was about thirty, and that for the Japanese was six. Eventually,
the Japanese withdrew after being paid a massive indemnity by the Qing. This incident caused the
Qing to re-think the importance of Taiwan in their maritime defense strategy and greater importance
was placed on gaining control over the wilderness regions.
On the eve of the First Sino-Japanese War, about 45 percent of the island was administered under
direct Qing administration while the remaining was lightly populated by Aborigines. In a population of
around 2.5 million, about 2.3 million were Han Chinese and the remaining two hundred thousand
were classified as members of various indigenous tribes.

End of Qing Rule

1896 map of Formosa, revised by Rev. William Campbell

As part of the settlement for losing the Sino-Japanese War,

the Qing empire ceded the islands of Taiwan and Penghu to
Japan on April 17, 1895, according to the terms of the Treaty
of Shimonoseki. The loss of Taiwan would become a rallying
point for the Chinese nationalist movement in the years that
followed.

Japanese rule

Japan had sought to claim sovereignty over Taiwan (known

to them as Takasago Koku (高砂國)) since 1592,
when Toyotomi Hideyoshiundertook a policy of overseas
expansion and extending Japanese influence southward and
westward. To the west, Japan invaded Korea in that time
period, with the eventual conquest of China contemplated. To
the south an initial attempt to invade Taiwan and subsequent sporadic invasion attempts spanning
three centuries were unsuccessful due mainly to disease and attacks by aborigines on the island.
In 1609, the Tokugawa shogunate sent Harunobu Arima on an exploratory mission of the island. An
attempted invasion in 1616, led by Murayama Tōan, failed when the fleet was dispersed by

Giniaver Aphrodite C. Murata 9

a typhoon and the only ship to reach the island was repelled.
In the Mudan Incident of 1871, an Okinawan ship was wrecked on the southern tip of Taiwan and 54
crewmen were beheaded by Paiwan aborigines. After the Qing government refused to make
compensation, stating that the aboriginals were not under its control, Japan launched a punitive
expedition to the area in 1874, withdrawing after the Qing promised to pay an indemnity.

Occupation
It was not until the defeat of the Chinese navy
during the First Sino-Japanese War in 1894–95
that Japan was finally able to gain possession of
Taiwan, and with it saw the shifting of Asian
dominance from China to Japan. The Treaty of
Shimonoseki was signed on April 17, 1895,
ceding Taiwan and the Penghu Islands to
Japan, which would rule the island for 50 years
until its defeat in World War II.

Soldiers of the 1874 expedition in Taiwan

After receiving sovereignty of Taiwan, the

Japanese feared military resistance from
Taiwanese who followed the establishment by
the local elite of the short-lived Republic of
Formosa. Taiwan's elite hoped that by declaring
themselves a republic the world would not stand
by and allow a sovereign state to be invaded by
the Japanese, and therefore allied with the
Qing. The plan quickly turned to chaos as
standard Green troops[ and ethnic Yue soldiers
took to looting and pillaging Taiwan. Given the
choice between chaos at the hands of Chinese
or submission to the Japanese, the Taipei elite
sent Koo Hsien-jung to Keelung to invite the
advancing Japanese forces to proceed to Taipei
and restore order.

1901 map with red line marking approximate

boundary separating territory under actual Japanese administration from "Savage District"

Armed resistance was sporadic, yet at times fierce, but was largely crushed by 1902, although
relatively minor rebellions occurred in subsequent years, including the Ta-pa-ni incident of 1915
in Tainan County. Nonviolent means of resistance began to take place of armed rebellions and the
most prominent organization was the Taiwanese Cultural Association, founded in 1921. Taiwanese
resistance was caused by several different factors (e.g., the Taishō Democracy). Some were goaded
by Chinese nationalism, while others contained nascent Taiwanese self-determination. Rebellions
were often caused by a combination of the effects of unequal colonial policies on local elites and
extant millenarian beliefs of the local Taiwanese and plains Aborigines. Aboriginal resistance to the

Giniaver Aphrodite C. Murata 10

heavy-handed Japanese policies of acculturation and pacification lasted up until the early
1930s. The last major Aboriginal rebellion, the Musha (Wushe) Uprising in late 1930 by the Atayal
people angry over their treatment while laboring in the burdensome job of camphor extraction,
launched the last headhunting party in which over 150 Japanese officials were killed and beheaded
during the opening ceremonies of a school. The uprising, led by Mona Rudao, was crushed by
2,000–3,000 Japanese troops and Aboriginal auxiliaries with the help of poison gas.
Japanese colonization of the island fell under three stages. It began with an oppressive period of
crackdown and paternalistic rule. The second page was a dōka (同化) period of aims to treat all
people (races) alike proclaimed by Taiwanese Nationalists who were inspired by the Self-
Determination of Nations (民族自決) proposed by Woodrow Wilson after World War I. Finally, during
World War II, a period of kōminka (皇民化), a policy which aimed to turn Taiwanese into loyal
subjects of the Japanese emperor.
Reaction to Japanese rule among the Taiwanese populace differed. Some felt that the safety of
personal life and property was of utmost importance and went along with the Japanese colonial
authorities. The second group of Taiwanese were eager to become imperial subjects, believing that
such action would lead to equal status with Japanese nationals. The third group was influenced
by Taiwan independence and tried to get rid of the Japanese colonials to establish a native
Taiwanese rule. The fourth group on the other hand were influenced by Chinese nationalism and
fought for the return of Taiwan to Chinese rule. From 1897 onwards, this last group staged many
rebellions, the most famous one being led by Luo Fuxing [zh], who was arrested and executed along
with two hundred of his comrades in 1913. Luo himself was a member of the Tongmenghui, an
organization founded by Sun Yat-sen and was the precursor to the Kuomintang. Several strategies
of resistance were undertaken.

Modern development

Initial infrastructural development took place

quickly. The Bank of Taiwan was established
in 1899 to encourage Japanese private
sectors, including Mitsubishi and the Mitsui
Group, to invest in Taiwan. In 1900, the
third Governor-General of Taiwan passed a
budget which initiated the building
of Taiwan's railroad system from Kirun
(Keelung) to Takao (Kaohsiung). By 1905 the
island had electric power supplied by water power in Sun-Moon Lake, and in subsequent years
Taiwan was considered the second-most developed region of East Asia (after Japan). By 1905,
Taiwan was financially self-sufficient and had been weaned off of subsidies from Japan's central
government.
Under the governor Shimpei Goto's rule, many major public works projects were completed.
The Taiwan rail system connecting the south and the north and the modernizations of Kirun
(Keelung) and Takao (Kaohsiung) ports were completed to facilitate transport and shipping of raw
material and agricultural products. Exports increased by fourfold. 55% of agricultural land was
covered by dam-supported irrigationsystems. Food production had increased fourfold and sugar
cane production had increased 15-fold between 1895 and 1925 and Taiwan became a major
foodbasket serving Japan's industrial economy. A health care system was widely established
and infectious diseases were almost completely eradicated. The average lifespan for a Taiwanese

Giniaver Aphrodite C. Murata 11

resident would become 60 years by 1945.

Kagi Shrine, one of many Shinto shrines built in Taiwan.

In October 1935, the Governor-General of Taiwan held an "Exposition to Commemorate the 40th
Anniversary of the Beginning of Administration in Taiwan", which served as a showcase for the
achievements of Taiwan's modernization process under Japanese rule. This attracted worldwide
attention, including the Republic of China's Kuomintang (KMT) regime which sent the Japanese-
educated Chen Yi to attend the affair. He expressed his admiration about the efficiency of Japanese
government in developing Taiwan, and commented on how lucky the Taiwanese were to live under
such effective administration. Somewhat ironically, Chen Yi would later become the ROC's first Chief
Executive of Taiwan, who would be infamous for the corruption that occurred under his watch.
The later period of Japanese rule saw a local elite educated and organized. During the 1930s
several home rule groups were created at a time when others around the world sought to end
colonialism. In 1935, the Taiwanese elected their first group of local legislators. By March 1945, the
Japanese legislative branch hastily modified election laws to allow Taiwanese representation in
the Japanese Diet.

World War II

As Japan embarked on full-scale war in China in

1937, it expanded Taiwan's industrial capacity to
manufacture war material. By 1939, industrial
production had exceeded agricultural production
in Taiwan. At the same time, the "kōminka"
imperialization project was put under way to instill
the "Japanese Spirit" in Taiwanese residents, and
ensure the Taiwanese would remain loyal
subjects of the Japanese Emperor ready to make
sacrifices during wartime. Measures including
Japanese-language education, the option of
adopting Japanese names, and the worship of
Japanese religion were instituted. In 1943, 94% of the children received 6-year compulsory
education. From 1937 to 1945, 126,750 Taiwanese joined and served in the military of the Japanese
Empire, while a further 80,433 were conscripted between 1942 and 1945. Of the sum total, 30,304,
or 15%, died in Japan's war in Asia.
The Imperial Japanese Navy operated heavily out of Taiwan. The "South Strike Group" was based
out of the Taihoku Imperial University(now National Taiwan University) in Taiwan. Many of the
Japanese forces participating in the Aerial Battle of Taiwan-Okinawa were based in Taiwan.
Important Japanese military bases and industrial centers throughout Taiwan, like Takao (now
Kaohsiung), were targets of heavy American bombing.
In 1942, after the United States entered the war against Japan and on the side of China, the
Chinese government under the KMT renounced all treaties signed with Japan before that date and
made Taiwan's return to China (as with Manchuria, ruled as the Japanese wartime puppet state of
"Manchukuo") one of the wartime objectives. In the Cairo Declaration of 1943, the Allied
Powers declared the return of Taiwan (including the Pescadores) to the Republic of China as one of
several Allied demands. In 1945, Japan unconditionally surrendered with signing of the instrument of

Giniaver Aphrodite C. Murata 12

surrender and ended its rule in Taiwan as the territory was put under the administrative control of the
Republic of China government in 1945 by the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation
Administration. In accordance with the provisions of Article 2 of San Francisco Peace Treaty, the
Japanese formally renounced the territorial sovereignty of Taiwan and Penghu islands, and the
treaty was signed in 1951 and came into force in 1952. At the date when the San Francisco Peace
Treaty came into force, the political status of Taiwan and Penghu Islands was still uncertain. The
Republic of China and Japan signed the Treaty of Taipei on April 28, 1952 and the treaty came into
force on August 5. Writing in the American Journal of International Law, professors Jonathan I.
Charney and J. R. V. Prescott argued that "none of the post–World War II peace treaties explicitly
ceded sovereignty over the covered territories to any specific state or government."

Republic of China rule

Taiwan under martial law

Woodcut of the mass killings which took place during the

February 28 Incident

Beside President Chiang Kai-shek, the U.S. President Dwight

D. Eisenhower waved to crowds during his visit to Taipei in
June 1960.

The Cairo Conference from November 22–26, 1943

in Cairo, Egypt was held to address the Allied position against Japan during World War II, and to
make decisions about postwar Asia. One of the three main clauses of the Cairo Declaration was that
"all the territories Japan has stolen from the Chinese, such as Manchuria, Formosa, and
The Pescadores, shall be restored to the Republic of China". However, many challenged that the
document was merely a statement of intent or non-binding declaration, for possible reference used
for those who would draft the post-war peace treaty and that as a press release it was without force
of law to transfer sovereignty from Taiwan to the Republic of China. Additional rationale to support
this claim is that the Act of Surrender, and SCAP General Order no. 1, authorised the surrender of
Japanese forces, not Japanese territories.
The Republic of China established Taiwan Provincial Government in September 1945 and
proclaimed on October 25, 1945 as "Taiwan Retrocession Day." This is the day in which the
Japanese troops surrendered. The validity of the proclamation is subject to some debate, with some
supporters of Taiwan independence arguing that it is invalid, and that the date only marks the
beginning of military occupation that persists to the present. By 1938 about 309,000 Japanese lived
in Taiwan. Between the Japanese surrender of Taiwan in 1945 and April 25, 1946, the Republic of
China forces repatriated 90% of the Japanese living in Taiwan to Japan. During the immediate
postwar period, the Kuomintang (KMT) administration on Taiwan was repressive and extremely
corrupt compared with the previous Japanese rule, leading to local discontent. Anti-
mainlander violence flared on February 28, 1947, prompted by an incident in which a cigarette seller
was injured and a passerby was indiscriminately shot dead by Nationalist authorities. During the
ensuing crackdown by the KMT administration in what became known as the February 28 Incident,
tens of thousands of people were killed or arrested, and the incident became a taboo topic of

Giniaver Aphrodite C. Murata 13

discussion for the entire martial law era.

From the 1930s onward the Chinese Civil War was underway in mainland China between Chiang
Kai-shek's ROC government and the Communist Party of China led by Mao Zedong. When the
Communists gained complete control of Mainland China in 1949, two million refugees,
predominantly from the Nationalist government, military, and business community, fled to Taiwan.
On October 1, 1949 the People's Republic of China (P.R.C.) was founded in mainland China by the
victorious communists; several months before, Chiang Kai-shek had established a provisional ROC
capital in Taipei and moved his government there from Nanjing. Under Nationalist rule, the
mainlanders dominated the government and civil services.

Economic development
In the immediate aftermath of World War II, post-war economic conditions compounded with the
then-ongoing Chinese Civil War caused severe inflation across mainland China and in Taiwan,
made worse by disastrous currency reforms and corruption. This gave way to the reconstruction
process and new reforms.
The KMT took control of Taiwan's monopolies that had been owned by the Japanese prior to World
War II. They nationalized approximately 17% of Taiwan's GNP and voided Japanese bond
certificates held by Taiwanese investors. These real estate holdings as well as American aid such as
the China Aid Act and the Sino-American Joint Commission on Rural Reconstruction helped to
ensure that Taiwan would recover quickly from war. The Kuomintang government also moved the
entire gold reserve from the Chinese mainland to Taiwan, and used this reserve to back the newly
issued New Taiwan dollar to stabilize the new currency and put a stop to hyperinflation.
The KMT authorities implemented a far-reaching and highly successful land reform program on
Taiwan during the 1950s. The 375 Rent Reduction Act alleviated tax burden on peasants and
another act redistributed land among small farmers and compensated large landowners with
commodities certificates and stock in state-owned industries. Although this left some large
landowners impoverished, others turned their compensation into capital and started commercial and
industrial enterprises. These entrepreneurs were to become Taiwan's first industrial capitalists.
Together with businessmen who fled from mainland China, they once again revived Taiwan's
prosperity previously ceased along with Japanese withdrawal and managed Taiwan's transition from
an agricultural to a commercial, industrial economy.
From 1950 to 1965, Taiwan received a total of $1.5 billion in economic aid and $2.4 billion in military
aid from the United States. In 1965 all American aid ceased when Taiwan had established a solid
financial base. Having accomplished that, ROC president Chiang Ching-kuo (the son of Chiang Kai-
shek) started state projects such as the Ten Major Construction Projects that provided the
infrastructure for building a strong export-driven economy. Taiwan has developed steadily into a
major international trading power with more than $218 billion in two-way trade and one of the
highest foreign exchange reserves in the world. Tremendous prosperity on the island was
accompanied by economic and social stability. Taiwan's phenomenal economic development earned
it a spot as one of the Four Asian Tigers.

Democratic reforms
Until the early 1970s, the Republic of China was recognized as the sole legitimate government of

Giniaver Aphrodite C. Murata 14

China by the United Nations and most Western nations; who refused to recognize the People's
Republic of China on account of the Cold War. The KMT ruled Taiwan under martial law until the late
1980s, with the stated goal of being vigilant against Communist infiltration and preparing to retake
mainland China. Therefore, political dissent was not tolerated.
The late 1970s and early 1980s were a turbulent time for Chinese people born in Taiwan, as many
of the people who had originally been oppressed and left behind by economic changes became
members of the Taiwan's new middle class. Free enterprise had allowed native Taiwanese to gain a
powerful bargaining chip in their demands for respect for their basic human rights. The Kaohsiung
Incident would be a major turning point for democracy in Taiwan.
Taiwan also faced setbacks in the international sphere. In 1971, the ROC government walked out of
the United Nations shortly before it recognized the PRC government in Beijing as the legitimate
holder of China's seat in the United Nations. The ROC had been offered dual representation, but
Chiang Kai-shek demanded to retain a seat on the UN Security Council, which was not acceptable
to the PRC. Chiang expressed his decision in his famous "the sky is not big enough for two suns"
speech. In October 1971, Resolution 2758 was passed by the UN General Assembly and "the
representatives of Chiang Kai-shek" (and thus the ROC) were expelled from the UN and replaced as
"China" by the PRC. In 1979, the United States switched recognition from Taipei to Beijing.
Chiang Kai-shek died in April 1975, and was succeeded to the presidency by Yen Chia-kan while his
son Chiang Ching-kuo succeeded to the leadership of the Kuomintang (opting to take the title
"Chairman" rather than the elder Chiang's title of "Director-General"). Formerly the head of the
feared secret police, Chiang Ching-kuo recognized gaining foreign support to securing the ROC's
future security required reform. His administration saw a gradual loosening of political controls, a
transition towards democracy, and moves toward Taiwanization of the regime. Opponents of the
Nationalists were no longer forbidden to hold meetings or publish papers. Though opposition political
parties were still illegal, when the Democratic Progressive Party was established as the first
opposition party in 1986, President Chiang decided against dissolving the group or persecuting its
leaders. Its candidates officially ran in elections as independents in the Tangwai movement. In the
following year, Chiang ended martial law and allowed family visits to mainland China. Chiang
selected Lee Teng-hui, a Taiwan born technocrat to be his vice president; the first in the line of
succession to the presidency. The move followed other reforms giving more power to native born
citizens and calmed anti-KMT sentiments.
After Chiang Ching-kuo died in 1988, his successor, President Lee Teng-hui, continued to
democratize the government. Lee transferred more government authority to Taiwanese born
citizens, and Taiwan underwent a process of Taiwanization. In this localization process, local culture
and history was promoted over a pan-China viewpoint. Lee's reforms included printing banknotes
from the Central Bank instead of the usual Provincial Bank of Taiwan. He also largely suspended the
operation of the Taiwan Provincial Government. In 1991 the Legislative Yuan and National
Assembly elected in 1947 were forced to resign. These groups were originally created to represent
mainland China constituencies. The restrictions on the use of Taiwanese languages in the broadcast
media and in schools were also lifted.
However, Lee failed to crack down on the massive corruption that pervaded the government and
many KMT loyalists felt that Lee betrayed the ROC by taking reforms too far, while those in the
opposition felt he did not take reforms far enough.

Democratic period[
Lee ran as the incumbent in Taiwan's first direct presidential election in 1996 against DPP candidate
and former dissident, Peng Min-ming. This election prompted the PRC to conduct a series of missile
tests in the Taiwan Strait to intimidate the Taiwanese electorate so that electorates would vote for
other pro-unification candidates, Chen Li-an and Lin Yang-kang. The aggressive tactic prompted
U.S. President Clinton to invoke the Taiwan Relations Act and dispatch two aircraft carrier battle

Giniaver Aphrodite C. Murata 15

groups into the region off Taiwan's southern coast to monitor the situation, and PRC's missile tests
were forced to end earlier than planned. This incident is known as the 1996 Taiwan Straits Crisis.
One of Lee's final acts as president was to declare on German radio that the ROC and the PRC
have a special state to state relationship. Lee's statement was met with the PRC's People's Army
conducting military drills in Fujian and a frightening island-wide blackout in Taiwan, causing many to
fear an attack or cyberattack.
The 2000 presidential election marked the end of the Kuomintang (KMT) rule. DPP candidate Chen
Shui-bian won a three-way race that saw the Pan-Blue vote split by independent James
Soong (formerly of the Kuomintang) and Kuomintang candidate Lien Chan. Chen garnered 39% of
the vote. After the election, Soong formed the People First Party (PFP).
In 2004, President Chen was re-elected to a second four-year term after an assassination attempt
which occurred the day before the election. Two shots were fired, with one bullet grazing the
President's belly after penetrating the windshield of a jeep and several layers of clothing and the
other bullet penetrated the windshield and hitting the vice president's knee cast. (She was wearing a
knee cast due to an earlier injury.) Police investigators have said that the most likely suspect is
believed to have been Chen Yi-hsiung, who was later found dead. Their injuries were not life-
threatening, but the incident is believed by Pan-Blue to have gained them enough sympathy to
influence the result.
That incident might also have given president Chen the ability to declare a state of emergency and
martial law, which allegedly prevented the police and military, which were strongly Pan-Blue, from
voting. Lien refused to concede, alleging voting irregularities. Kuomintang and PFP supporters held
mass protests throughout the following weeks. Subsequently, Kuomintang and PFP took the case to
the court. The High Court ordered a recount and found no evidence to support the accusation made
by Kuomintang and PFP. The Court decided that the election result was legitimate and valid.
During the legislative elections held on December 8, 2004, the Kuomintang-PFP dominated Pan-
Blue alliance gained a slim majority in the elections which resulted in President Chen resigning as
DPP chairman. The cabinet of Premier Yu Shyi-kun resigned, and Frank Hsieh assumed
premiership on January 25, 2005.
In a move that some saw as a reaction to Chen's re-election, the People's Republic of China
enacted a proposed anti-secession law that allows the use of force on Taiwan and the Republic of
China government if it formally declares independence. However, this law was met with
overwhelming protest from nearly all political parties and public figures of the Republic of China and
disapproval from the western countries. Negotiations in January in Macau between the aviation
authorities from both the Republic of China and People's Republic of China resulted in direct cross-
strait charter flights between mainland China and Taiwan during the Chinese Lunar New
Year Period.
In a twist of events, President Chen and PFP Chairman Soong held a summit and the
independence-leaning president indicated that eventual reunification with mainland Chinawould be
an option. Against the anti-secession law proposed by the People's Republic of China, President
Chen held a video conference with the European Parliament in Brusselsurging the European
Union not to lift the arms embargo on the People's Republic of China.
Domestic politics during the Chen administration were largely a political stalemate as the
Kuomintang and PFP together held a pan-Blue majority in the legislature. Among the many items
that made little progress due to the political stalemate were a stalled arms procurement bill, which
would have advanced defense capabilities of the Republic of China through the purchase of
weaponry, such as sub-hunting P-3 Orions, from the US government, and banking reform legislation,
which would have helped in the consolidation of the many banks in the Republic of China, none of
which hold even 10% shares of the local market. The president of the Republic of China, unlike the
president of the United States, does not wield veto power, providing him with little to no leverage in

Giniaver Aphrodite C. Murata 16

negotiating with an opposition legislature, regardless of how slim the majority.
The constitution was further amended in 2005, creating a two-vote electoral system, with single
member plurality seats and proportional representative seats, and abolishing the National Assembly,
transferring most of its former powers to the Legislative Yuan, and leaving further amendment voting
to public referendums. The issue of formally declaring the independence of Taiwan is also a
constant constitutional question. Arms purchases from the United States are still a controversial
political question, with the Pan-Green Coalitioncamp favoring the purchase, and the Pan-Blue
Coalition opposing it.
Recent allegations about corruption inside the First Family had led to three recall motions votes in
the Legislative Yuan aimed at ousting President Chen Shui-bian. All of them had failed since the
Pan-Blue Coalition lacked the two-thirds majority required to complete the process and the political
parties voted according to political lines. The First Lady, Wu Shu-chen was prosecuted for
corruption, namely illegally using state funds for personal reasons.
The president faced similar accusations as his wife, but was protected from prosecution by
presidential immunity. He had promised to resign if his wife was found guilty. However, after his wife
fainted in the preparation hearing, she had sought and obtained absence of leave from the Court 16
times citing health concerns before President Chen Shui-bian's term was complete.
In December 2006, municipal and mayoral elections were held in Taipei and Kaohsiung.
The KMT retained a clear majority in the capital, while the DPP and the KMT obtained very close
results in the southern city of Kaohsiung. Huang Chun-ying lost to Chen Chu by a margin of 0.14
percent; 378,303 votes to 379,417 votes, making Chen Chu the first female mayor of a special
municipality in the Republic of China. In 2007, the ROC applied for membership in the United
Nations under the name "Taiwan", and was rejected by the General Assembly.
In 2007, President Chen proposed a policy of Four Wants and One Without, which in substance
states that Taiwan wants independence; Taiwan wants the rectification of its name; Taiwan wants a
new constitution; Taiwan wants development; and Taiwanese politics is without the question of left
or right, but only the question of unification or independence. The reception of this proposed policy in
Taiwanese general public was unclear. It, however, was met with a cold reception by both the PRC
and the United States. The PRC Foreign Minister emphasised that the Anti-Secession Law was not
a piece of unenforceable legislation, while the US Department of State spokesman Sean
McCormack described Chen's policy as "unhelpful".
The KMT also retained control of the legislature in the Legislative Yuan elections in January 2008. In
the presidential election in May 2008, KMT candidate Ma Ying-jeou ran on a platform supporting
friendlier relations with mainland China and economic reforms, and defeated DPP candidate Frank
Hsieh with 58.48% of the vote.
On the same day President Chen left office, losing presidential immunity, the Supreme Prosecutor's
Office announced that they were launching an inquiry into corruption charges regarding Chen. Later
in 2008, members of his administration, including Chiou I-jen, a former National Security Council
secretary-general, and Yeh Sheng-mao, former director-general of the Ministry of Justice's
Investigation Bureau, were arrested on corruption charges. Chiou I-jen was found not guilty, while
Yeh Sheng-mao was convicted and sentenced to 10 years in prison.
Ma was re-elected, and the KMT retained its majority in the Legislative Yuan, in combined elections
in January 2012.
In March and April 2014, students protesting against undemocratic methods used by the
KMT occupied the parliament building. In the end, the government agreed to put on hold the
ratification of an agreement with China which they had pushed through without proper debate. This
event had far reaching consequences, and changed the mood of the electorate. In the combined
elections in January 2016 the opposition candidate for President, Tsai Ing-wen, of the DPP won with

Giniaver Aphrodite C. Murata 17

56% of the vote, and the opposition DPP was catapulted into an outright majority in the parliament.
The election marked the first time a non-KMT party won a majority in the legislature.
The elections held on November 24, 2018 resulted in a major setback for the DPP majority and led
to President Tsai Ing-wen resignation as leader of the party. The DPP lost a total of nine legislative
seats, giving the KMT control of the majority of the 22 seats. KMT mayoral candidates won in New
Taipei City, Taichung and Kaohsiung, the latter of which has been a political stronghold for the DPP
for 20 years.

Giniaver Aphrodite C. Murata 18