Inter-Disciplinary

Press
&
Fisher Imprints

Chicago Referencing, 16th Edition

Notes v1.2c

For all publications in the eBook series published by The Inter-Disciplinary Press and Fisher
Imprints and in the hard copy series published by The Inter-Disciplinary Press and Fisher
Imprints, please use the Chicago system of referencing.

1. The System
The Chicago system of referencing is based on the Chicago Manual of Style, 16th edn., August
2010.

It is a simple documentary style system consisting of 3 elements:

1. citations in the main body of the text, using a superscript (raised) number, at the end of a
sentence after the full stop.

2. a list of endnotes at the end of a paper/chapter for all citations which appear in that
paper/chapter (footnotes are not permissible for our publications).

3. a bibliography at the end of the paper/chapter giving the details of each source referred to
and possibly other materials consulted in preparing the paper/chapter.

2. How It Works
Superscript numbers with corresponding endnotes should be used whenever information or ideas
from sources are discussed. Sources such as books, journals, reports, newspapers, interviews,
radio, television and information from the Internet must be acknowledged in text and detailed in
footnotes.

When summarising or paraphrasing material from a source, superscript numbers are placed at the
end of a sentence or clause rather than immediately after the words to which they refer. When
quoting word for word from a source, superscript numbers should always be placed immediately
after direct quotes.

Summarising Example.
Joe Bloggs notes that Cerberus, in ancient Greek mythology, is a three-headed dog who guards
the gates of the underworld.1

Direct Quote Example.

This is how a direct quote would appear:
Joe Bloggs notes, ‘Cerberus, the mythical three-headed beast guarding the entrance to Hades and
the underworld, is said to be sent to sleep by the music of a harp.’1

If a quote is more than about 30 words long, omit the quotation marks, start the quote on a new
line and indent the quote about 1.27 cm from the left-hand margin of the page and 1.27 cm from
the right hand margin of the page.

If a quote is more than about 30 words long, omit the quotation marks, start the
quote on a new line and indent the quote about 1.27 cm from the left-hand margin
of the page and 1 cm from the right hand margin of the page.

3. Formatting Endnotes
The First Note for a Source
An endnote generally lists the author, title, and facts of publication, in that order. Elements are
separated by commas; the facts of publication are enclosed in parentheses. Authors’ names are
presented in standard order (first name first). Titles are capitalized headline-style unless they are
in a foreign language. Titles of larger works (e.g., books and journals) are italicized; titles of
smaller works (e.g., chapters, articles) or unpublished works are presented in roman and enclosed
in quotation marks. Such terms as editor/edited by, translator/translated by, volume, and edition
are abbreviated.

In the following example, all types of reference materials are cited. Please use the following as a
guide for your endnote references (Note: Use only single quotation marks for chapters in a book,
journal, or internet source):

Article from the Internet.

Book

Uses ibid. See

explanation below.

Short Version for Book

General use of URL reference

Interview References

Short Interview Reference

General additional information

Second & Subsequent Notes
Short Form for Author Names
Only the last name of the author, or of the editor or translator if given first in the full reference, is
needed in the short form. Full names or initials are included only when authors with the same last
name must be distinguished from one another. Such abbreviations as ed. or trans. following a
name in the full reference are omitted in subsequent references. If a work has two or three
authors, give the last name of each; for more than three, the last name of the first author followed
by et al.

1
Kathryn Petras and Ross Petras, eds., Very Bad Poetry . . .
2
Joseph A. Bellizzi, H. F. Kruckeberg, J. R. Hamilton, and W. S.
Martin, ‘Consumer Perceptions of National, Private, and Generic
Brands,’ . . .
3
Petras and Petras, Very Bad Poetry . . .
4
Bellizzi et al., ‘Consumer Perceptions,’ . . .

Short Form for Titles

The short title contains the key word or words from the main title. An initial A or The is usually
omitted. The order of the words should not be changed (for example, Daily Notes of a Trip
around the World should be shortened not to World Trip but to Daily Notes or Around the World).
Titles of four words or fewer are seldom shortened. The short title is italicized or set in roman and
quotation marks according to the way the full title appears.
Examples:
The War Journal of Major Damon ‘Rocky’ Gause
(Short title) War Journal

‘A Brief Account of the Reconstruction of Aristotle’s Protrepticus’

(Short title) ‘Aristotle’s Protrepticus’

Kriegstagebuch des Oberkommandos der Wehrmacht, 1940–1945

(Short title) Kriegstagebuch

Latin Abbreviations ibid and idem.

The abbreviation ibid. (from ibidem, ‘in the same place’) usually refers to a single work cited in
the note immediately preceding. It must never be used if the preceding note contains more than
one citation. It takes the place of the name(s) of the author(s) or editor(s), the title of the work,
and as much of the succeeding material as is identical. If the entire reference, including page
numbers or other particulars, is identical, the word ibid.

When several works by the same person are cited successively in the same note, idem (‘the
same’, sometimes abbreviated to id.), has sometimes been used in place of the author name.
Except in legal references, where the abbreviation id. is used in place of ibid., the term is
rarely used nowadays. Chicago discourages the use of idem, recommending instead that the
author’s last name be repeated.

Chicago Style disallows the Latin abbreviations, op. cit. and loc., cit for subsequent cited
references. Instead, use the short forms mentioned above.
4. Endnotes and Bibliographies
Bibliographies – We have just covered how to format your endnotes. This section shows you
how to format your bibliography section.

This section gives you an overview of what different types of reference materials should look like
in your endnote and bibliographical references. Each example contains the endnote full style,
followed by an example of the shortened style and lastly, an example of the corresponding
bibliographical reference. Please use this as your guide.
BOOK WITH SINGLE AUTHOR OR EDITOR
For a book with a single author, invert the name in the bibliography but not in the notes.
Punctuate and capitalize as shown. Note the shortened form in the second note. Note also that
actual page numbers cited are usually included in a note but not in a bibliography entry, unless
the entry is for a chapter, in which case the page range in which the item appears is included

1
Michael Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals (New York: Penguin, 2006), 99–
100.
16
Pollan, Omnivore’s Dilemma, 3.

Pollan, Michael. The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals. New York: Penguin, 2006.

A book with an editor in place of an author includes the abbreviation ed. (editor; for more
than one editor, use eds.). Note that the shortened form does not include ed.
1
Joel Greenberg, ed., Of Prairie, Woods, and Water: Two Centuries of Chicago Nature Writing (Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 2008), 42.
33
Greenberg, Prairie, Woods, and Water, 326–27.

Greenberg, Joel, ed. Of Prairie, Woods, and Water: Two Centuries of Chicago Nature Writing. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 2008.

BOOK WITH MULTIPLE AUTHORS

For a book with two authors, note that only the first-listed name is inverted in the bibliography
entry.

2
Geoffrey C. Ward and Ken Burns, The War: An Intimate History, 1941–1945 (New York: Knopf, 2007), 52.

Ward, Geoffrey C., and Ken Burns. The War: An Intimate History, 1941–1945. New York: Knopf, 2007.

For a book with three authors, adapt as follows:

15
Joyce Heatherton, James Fitzgilroy, and Jackson Hsu, Meteors and Mudslides: A Trip through . . .

Heatherton, Joyce, James Fitzgilroy, and Jackson Hsu. Meteors and Mudslides: A Trip through . . .
For a book with four or more authors, list all the authors in the bibliography entry. Word order
and punctuation are the same as for two or three authors. In the note, however, cite only the
name of the first-listed author, followed by et al.

72
Dana Barnes et al., Plastics: Essays on American Corporate Ascendance in the 1960s . . .
101
Barnes et al., Plastics . . .

BOOK WITH AUTHOR PLUS EDITOR OR TRANSLATOR

In a book with an editor or translator in addition to the author, ed. or trans. in the note
becomes Edited by or Translated by in the bibliography entry.

1
Gabriel García Márquez, Love in the Time of Cholera, trans. Edith Grossman (London: Cape, 1988), 242–55.
18
García Márquez, Cholera, 33.

García Márquez, Gabriel. Love in the Time of Cholera. Translated by Edith Grossman. London: Cape, 1988.

CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK

When citing a chapter or similar part of an edited book, include the chapter author; the chapter
title, in quotation marks; and the editor. Precede the title of the book with in. Note the location
of the page range for the chapter in the bibliography entry.

1
Glenn Gould, ‘Streisand as Schwarzkopf,’ in The Glenn Gould Reader, ed. Tim Page (New York: Vintage,
1984), 310.
19
Gould, ‘Streisand as Schwarzkopf,’ 309.

Gould, Glenn. ‘Streisand as Schwarzkopf.’ In The Glenn Gould Reader, edited by Tim Page, 308–11. New York:
Vintage, 1984.

JOURNAL ARTICLE
Citations of journals include the volume and issue number and date of publication. The
volume number follows the italicized journal title in roman and with no intervening
punctuation. A specific page reference is included in the notes; the page range for an article is
included in the bibliography. In the full citation, page numbers are preceded by a colon. If a
journal is paginated consecutively across a volume or if the month or season appears with the
year, the issue number may be omitted (as in the second and third sets of examples below).

89
Walter Blair, ‘Americanized Comic Braggarts,’ Critical Inquiry 4, no. 2 (1977): 331–32.
111
Blair, ‘Americanized Comic Braggarts,’ 335.

Blair, Walter. ‘Americanized Comic Braggarts.’ Critical Inquiry 4, no. 2 (1977): 331–49.

The DOI (digital object identifiers) in the following example indicates that the article was
consulted online; it is preferred to a URL. Note that DOI, so capitalized when mentioned in
running text, is lowercased and followed by a colon (with no space after) in source citations.
Shortened citations for subsequent references to an online source follow the forms for printed
books and journals.

1
William J. Novak, ‘The Myth of the ‘Weak’ American State,’ American Historical Review 113 (June 2008):
758, doi:10.1086/ahr.113.3.752.
3
Novak, “Myth,” 770.

Novak, William J. ‘The Myth of the ‘Weak’ American State.’ American Historical Review 113 (June 2008):
752–72. doi:10.1086/ahr.113.3.752.

For articles that have not been assigned a DOI (or if the DOI cannot be determined), include a
URL. The URL in the following example consulted through the academic journals archive
JSTOR was listed along with the article as a more stable (and shorter) alternative to the URL
that appeared in the browser’s address bar. For access dates (not shown here).
12
Wilfried Karmaus and John F. Riebow, ‘Storage of Serum in Plastic and Glass Containers May Alter the
Serum Concentration of Polychlorinated Biphenyls,’ Environmental Health Perspectives 112 (May 2004): 645,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/3435987.

Karmaus, Wilfried, and John F. Riebow. ‘Storage of Serum in Plastic and Glass Containers May Alter the Serum
Concentration of Polychlorinated Biphenyls.’ Environmental Health Perspectives 112 (May 2004): 643–47.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/3435987.

BOOK PUBLISHED ELECTRONICLLY

If a book is available in more than one format, cite the version you consulted. For books
consulted online, list a URL; include an access date only if one is required by your publisher
or discipline. If no fixed page numbers are available, you can include a section title or a
chapter or other number.
1
Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice (New York: Penguin Classics, 2007), Kindle edition.
2
Philip B. Kurland and Ralph Lerner, eds., The Founders’ Constitution (Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
1987), accessed February 28, 2010, http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/.
3
Austen, Pride and Prejudice.
4
Kurland and Lerner, Founder’s Constitution, chap. 10, doc. 19.
Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. New York: Penguin Classics, 2007. Kindle edition.
Kurland, Philip B., and Ralph Lerner, eds. The Founders’ Constitution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
1987. Accessed February 28, 2010. http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/.

Citations of blog entries should include the author of the entry; the name of the entry, in
quotation marks; the title or description of the blog; and a URL. Citations of a comment should
start with the identity of the commenter and the date of the comment (if a time stamp appears
with the comment), the words ‘comment on,’ and the citation information for the related entry. If
the blog entry has been cited previously, use a shortened form. There is no need to add pseud.
after an apparently fictitious name of a commenter; it may be assumed that the identity of any
commenter may be an alias. If known, the identity can be given in the text or in the citation (in
square brackets). Blogs that are part of a larger publication should also include the name of that
publication. Add the word blog in parentheses after the name of the blog (unless the word blog is
part of the name). Citations of blog entries are generally relegated to the notes; a frequently cited
blog, however, may be included in the bibliography.
1
Mike Nizza, ‘Go Ahead, Annoy Away, an Australian Court Says,’ The Lede (blog), New York Times, July 15, 2008,
http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/07/15/.
2
SteveCO, comment on Nizza, ‘Go Ahead, Annoy Away.’
16
Matthew Lasar, ‘FCC Chair Willing to Consecrate XM-Sirius Union,’ Ars Technica (blog), June 16, 2008,
http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20080616-fcc-chair-willing-to-consecrate-xm-sirius-union.html.
19
AC, July 1, 2008 (10:18 a.m.), comment on Rhian Ellis, ‘Squatters’ Rights,’ Ward Six (blog), June 30, 2008,
http://wardsix.blogspot.com/2008/06/squatters-rights.html.

Ellis, Rhian, J. Robert Lennon, and Ed Skoog. Ward Six (blog). http://wardsix.blogspot.com/.

TITLES FOR WEBSITES AND BLOGS

Websites should be referred to in text and notes by specific title (if any), by the name of the
sponsor or author, or by a descriptive phrase. Some sites refer to themselves by their domain
name (the first part of a URL, following the double slash and ending in a domain-type indication
such as .com, .edu, or .org); such monikers, which are not case sensitive, are often shortened and
capitalized in a logical way (e.g., www.nytimes.com becomes NYTimes.com; www.google.com
becomes Google). Titles of websites are generally set in roman without quotation marks and
capitalized headline-style, but titles that are analogous to books or other types of publications
may be styled accordingly. Titled sections or pages within a website should be placed in
quotation marks. Specific titles of blogs - which are analogous to periodicals - should be set in
italics; titles of blog entries (analogous to articles in a periodical) should be in quotation marks.

the website of the New York Times; the New York Times online; NYTimes.com

The Chicago Manual of Style Online; ‘Chicago Style Q&A’

Google; Google Maps; the ‘Google Maps Help Center’

The Becker-Posner Blog; ‘Should Dogs Get $8 Billion from the Helmsley Estate?,’ blog entry by Richard Posner,
July 13, 2008.

CITATIONS OF WEBSITE CONTENT

For original content from online sources other than the types of formally published documents
discussed elsewhere in this chapter, include as much of the following as can be determined: the
title or a description of the page, the author of the content (if any), the owner or sponsor of the
site, and a URL. Also include a publication date or date of revision or modification; if no such
date can be determined, include an access date. Citations of site content are best relegated to
notes; in works with no notes, they may be included in the bibliography. Some editorial
discretion will be required.
14
‘WD2000: Visual Basic Macro to Assign Clipboard Text to a String Variable,’ revision 1.3, Microsoft Help and
Support, last modified November 23, 2006, http://support.microsoft.com/kb/212730.
15
‘Google Privacy Policy,’ last modified October 14, 2005, accessed July 19, 2008,
http://www.google.com/intl/en/privacypolicy.html.
16
‘McDonald’s Happy Meal Toy Safety Facts,’ McDonald’s Corporation, accessed July 19, 2008,
http://www.mcdonalds.com/corp/about/factsheets.html.
17
Barack Obama’s Facebook page, accessed July 19, 2008, http://www.facebook.com/barackobama.
18
‘Style Guide,’ Wikipedia, last modified July 18, 2008, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Style_guide.

Microsoft Corporation. ‘WD2000: Visual Basic Macro to Assign Clipboard Text to a String Variable.’ Revision 1.3.
Microsoft Help and Support. Last modified November 23, 2006. http://support.microsoft.com/kb/212730.
If a site ceases to exist before publication, or if the information cited is modified or deleted, such
information should be included in the text or note.

As of July 18, 2008, Hefferman was claiming on her Facebook page that . . . (a claim that had disappeared from her
page by September 1, 2008) . . .
4
‘Biography,’ on Pete Townshend’s official website, accessed December 15, 2001,
http://www.petetownshend.co.uk/petet_bio.html (site discontinued).

For further help, see The Chicago Manual of Style, 16th edn., August, 2010.

http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/home.html.

Rob Fisher
September 2010