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The Kellogg-Briand Pact or Pact of Paris

The Kellogg–Briand Pact or Pact of Paris was a 1928 international agreement signed by Germany, France and the United States where signatories promised not to use war to resolve disputes and to settle conflicts peacefully. Similar provisions were later incorporated into the UN Charter. The pact was sponsored by France and the US and renounced the use of war, becoming a stepping stone to a more active American foreign policy. It was named after US Secretary of State Frank Kellogg and French foreign minister Aristide Briand.

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82 views2 pages

The Kellogg-Briand Pact or Pact of Paris

The Kellogg–Briand Pact or Pact of Paris was a 1928 international agreement signed by Germany, France and the United States where signatories promised not to use war to resolve disputes and to settle conflicts peacefully. Similar provisions were later incorporated into the UN Charter. The pact was sponsored by France and the US and renounced the use of war, becoming a stepping stone to a more active American foreign policy. It was named after US Secretary of State Frank Kellogg and French foreign minister Aristide Briand.

Uploaded by

Mazhar Hussain
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© © All Rights Reserved
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The Kellogg–Briand Pact or Pact of Paris

The Kellogg–Briand Pact or Pact of Paris, officially General Treaty for Renunciation of War as
an Instrument of National Policy. It was a 1928 international agreement in which signatory states
promised not to use war to resolve disputes or conflicts of whatever nature or of whatever origin
they may be, which may arise among them. Parties failing to abide by this promise should be
denied of the benefits furnished by this treaty. It was signed by Germany, France and the United
States on August 27, 1928, and by most other nations soon after. Sponsored by France and the
U.S., the Pact renounced the use of war and called for the peaceful settlement of disputes.
Similar provisions were incorporated into the UN Charter and other treaties and it became a
stepping stone to a more activist American policy. It is named after its authors, United States
Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg and French foreign minister Aristide Briand.

Nuremberg Charter or London Charter

The Charter of the International Military Tribunal – Annex to the Agreement for the prosecution
and punishment of the major war criminals of the European Axis was the decree issued on 8
August 1945 that set down the laws and procedures by which the Nuremberg trials were to be
conducted. (The Nuremberg trials were a series of military tribunals, held by the Allied
forces after World War II, most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the
political, military, and economic leadership of Nazi Germany who allegedly planned, carried out,
or otherwise participated in the Holocaust, and other war crimes, before the (IMT) International
Military Tribunal. The trials were held in the city of Nuremberg, Germany.)
The charter stipulated that crimes of the European Axis Powers could be tried. Three categories
of crimes were defined: crimes against peace, war crimes, and crimes against humanity. Article 8
of the charter also stated that holding an official position was no defense to war
crimes. Obedience to orders could only be considered in mitigation of punishment if the Tribunal
determined that justice so required.
The criminal procedure used by the Tribunal was closer to civil law than to common law, with a
trial before a panel of judges rather than a jury trial and with wide allowance for
hearsay evidence. Defendants who were found guilty could appeal the verdict to the Allied
Control Council. In addition, they would be permitted to present evidence in their defense and
to cross-examine witnesses.
The Charter was developed under the authority of the Moscow Declaration: Statement on
Atrocities, which was agreed at the Moscow Conference (1943). It was drawn up in London,
following the surrender of Germany. It was drafted by Robert H. Jackson, Robert Falco, and Iona
Nikitchenko of the European Advisory Commission, and issued on August 8, 1945.
The Agreement for the prosecution and punishment of the major war criminals of the European
Axis and the annexed Charter were formally signed by France, the Soviet Union, the United
Kingdom, and the United States on 8 August 1945. The Agreement and Charter were
subsequently ratified by 19 other Allied states.

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