1.
0 Introduction:
Travel demand is one of the major challenge for transportation engineers now a days. To fulfill
this huge demand numbers of traffics are increasing in an alarming rate. As a matter of fact, severe
congestion, lack of safety, environment pollution etc. are very common phenomena now a- days
both in developing and developed countries. Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh has the
population density approximately 10 times higher than the overall population density of the
country which is 8229 peoples per square km. According to Dhaka Transport Coordination
Authority (DTCA) (2013) at present in Dhaka city more than 15 million people are living and
everyday this huge number of peoples causes around 25 million daily trips by using several modes
of transport. To fulfill the demand huge amount of new vehicles are coming out into the road daily.
According to Bangladesh Road Transport Authority (BRTA) everyday more than a hundred
vehicles are being added to the total. In 2009, BRTA found an alarming statistics that shows that
in the year 2003, the total no of vehicles in Dhaka city were 303215. But the number became
508212 at the end of July, 2009 in which private vehicles were 411297. As a result severe
emissions from the transport sector are increasing day by day. Transport system in Dhaka is
diverse, reflecting the diversity in the socio-economic, demographic and land use patterns. Among
many other important land uses, there is a significant concentration of educational institutions in
Dhaka. According to the passenger ridership survey information of Strategic Transport Plan, the
second highest number of trips made by each household per day is for educational purpose.
Therefore, this huge portion of daily trips made for educational purpose should be coped suitably.
To manage this huge amount of trips, alternative ways need to be identified for the sustainable
development and economic growth. Public transit promotion is obligatory in this very regard. Due
to its numerous benefits public transit ridership is indispensable for the future generation to live in
a healthy environment. To endorse public transportation essential factors need to be investigated.
Very few researches have been conducted in Dhaka city that incorporates the effect of fare, service,
accessibility, bus bay etc. on public transit ridership. The aim of this paper is to find out the
university students’ perception on public transit in Dhaka city which will help policy makers to
identify the factors that are causing negative sense on public transit.
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1.1 Objective of the Study
a) To find out different influences of students economic condition on choosing his vehicle.
b) To find out various relationships between income, cost, distance, medium that may have effect
in choosing vehicle.
c) To recommend possible solutions.
1.2 Methodology
The research was done by an online questionnaire. We a group of four members made a
questionnaire and took online responses from students of various universities mostly from BUP
and then the analytical part was done by SPSS software. We also had to take help from various
articles from the internet.
1.3 Sources of Data
The research was done based on primary data. Individual students responded to our questionnaire
and helped us make this report. We also had to take help from various articles from the internet.
The former sources were annual reports, periodicals, articles and brochures published by the
company. But in the latter case, sources are journals, research papers and articles from various
online sources.
1.4 Limitation of the Study
a) Lack of subject knowledge in research field.
b) Unwillingness of students in responding an online questionnaire.
c) Not enough respondents.
d) Lower skill in SPSS
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2.0 Literature Review
Several studies have demonstrated that different factors as well as various adopted public transit
friendly policies have significant impact to promote transit ridership. Economic condition plays a
vital role on an individual choosing vehicle. Public transportation is a gateway to sustainable
accessibility system. Apart from that, an efficient public transportation services enhance personal
economic opportunities, save fuel, provide economic opportunities, save money and reduces the
environmental impacts.
Access to public transit plays an important role in selecting travel mode. It has been observed
from different studies that transit ridership increases with the increasing accessibility to public
transit. If transit stops can be increased and distance between home and office to transit stations
are reduced people will be more encouraged to use public transit. In Portland, Oregon, and
Atlanta, Georgia a two-stage least squares regression was used to estimate the relationship of
access to public transit with labor participation levels. The results suggest that access to public
transit is a significant factor in determining average rates of labor participation within these two
cities. Fare and level of service have significant effect on public transit ridership. There have
been a lot of studies that proved the relationship between cost and level of service with public
transit ridership. There are many ways to develop public transport, especially, reducing the cost
of bus travel, which is becoming one of the most important way. For example, since 2007, in
Beijing, the municipal government reduced an ordinary bus ticket price to 0.4 yuan per trip,
subway ticket price reduced to 2 yuan per trip. With other bus priority measures, in 2009, the
proportion of public transport in Beijing increased by 10.7%, thus reached 38.9%, comparing
with which in 2003. Furthermore, in 2010, in Guangzhou, a public transit pricing adjustment was
executed, which was, in a natural month, when a passenger took bus or subway using the same
Yang Cheng Tong card more than 15 times accumulatively (Metro and bus ride could be
accumulated equivalently), from the 16th bus or subway ride, he could get a 40% discount each
ride for the rest of that month. In a study among the reasons respondents are not motivated to use
public transport are inefficient services and expensive fares. People with higher income tend to
use their private vehicle for better comfort and to avoid unnecessary discomforts in public
However, the majority stated that the increase in petrol prices and tolls would be key factors to
reduce car use and more provision of public transport would encourage them to use public
transport. People travelling more distance tend to use public transport in order to reduce their
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fuel expense. As indicated by its name, potential transit users are regarded as the populations
who are likely to change their mode choice behavior. Currently, there are only 5.48% of them
using public transit as commuting mode. However, they express the willingness to use public
transit in the future. If the service is improved and fare can be reduced, these potential transit
users may be attracted to use public transit. Since they negatively evaluate the bus service and
safety/cost of public transit, it is possible that they will use it if the public transit quality is
substantially improved.
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3.0 Statistical measurement
Chi- square:
A chi-square statistic is one way to show a relationship between two categorical variables. In
statistics, there are two types of variables: numerical (countable) variables and non-numerical
(categorical) variables. The chi-squared statistic is a single number that tells you how much
difference exists between your observed counts and the counts you would expect if there were no
relationship at all in the population. A chi-square test is a statistical test used to compare
observed results with expected results. The purpose of this test is to determine if a difference
between observed data and expected data is due to chance, or if it is due to a relationship
between the variables you are studying. Therefore, a chi square test is an excellent choice to help
us better understand and interpret the relationship between our two categorical variables. To
perform a chi-square exploring the statistical significance of the relationship between s2q10 and
s1truan, select Analyze, Descriptive Statistics, and then Crosstabs.
Regression:
Regression is a statistical measurement used in finance, investing and other disciplines that
attempts to determine the strength of the relationship between one dependent variable (usually
denoted by Y) and a series of other changing variables (known as independent variables).
Regression helps investment and financial managers to value assets and understand the
relationships between variables, such as commodity prices and the stocks of businesses dealing
in those commodities.
The general form of each type of regression is:
Linear regression: Y = a + bX + u
Multiple regression: Y = a + b1X1 + b2X2 + b3X3 + ... + btXt + u
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Where:
Y = the variable that you are trying to predict (dependent variable).
X = the variable that you are using to predict Y (independent variable).
a = the intercept.
b = the slope.
u = the regression residual.
Standardized co efficient beta
A standardized beta coefficient compares the strength of the effect of each individual
independent variable to the dependent variable. The higher the absolute value of the beta
coefficient, the stronger the effect. For example, a beta of -.9 has a stronger effect than a beta of
+.8. Standardized beta coefficients have standard deviations as their units. This means the
variables can be easily compared to each other. In other words, standardized beta coefficients are
the coefficients that you would get if the variables in the regression were all converted to z-
scores before. Despite the name, it isn’t actually the coefficients that get standardized, but the
variables. Betas are calculated by subtracting the mean from the variable and dividing by its
standard deviation. This results in standardized variables having a mean of zero and a standard
deviation of 1.
Standard error of the coefficient
The standard deviation of an estimate is called the standard error. The standard error of the
coefficient measures how precisely the model estimates the coefficient's unknown value. The
standard error of the coefficient is always positive.
Use the standard error of the coefficient to measure the precision of the estimate of the
coefficient. The smaller the standard error, the more precise the estimate. Dividing the
coefficient by its standard error calculates a t-value. If the p-value associated with this t-statistic
is less than your alpha level, you conclude that the coefficient is significantly different from zero.
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Mean square
Mean squares represent an estimate of population variance. It is calculated by dividing the
corresponding sum of squares by the degrees of freedom. In regression, mean squares are used to
determine whether terms in the model are significant. The term mean square is obtained by
dividing the term sum of squares by the degrees of freedom. The mean square of the error is
obtained by dividing the sum of squares of the residual error by the degrees of freedom. The
MSE is the variance around the fitted regression line.
4.0 Findings and analysis
From our data we found that among the 98 respondent there are 38% female and 60% female
respondent.
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The relation between the gender and problem facing on transportation
From the research first we tried to know among the relation between the gender and problem that
they are facing in transportation. Among the 5 problems the top 3 problems that we found are:
1. Quality of transportation: 23% of our respondent have agreed that the quality of the
transportation is not up to the mark
2. Inadequate transportation: 16% of our respondent have agreed that there are not
sufficient number of transportations
3. And last but not the least fare bargaining is also a major issued in current
transportation and that is agreed by 11% respondent.
4.
Chi-Square Tests
Asymptotic
Significance (2-
Value Df sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 34.781a 19 .015
Likelihood Ratio 43.042 19 .001
N of Valid Cases 98
a. 34 cells (85.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is
.39.
From the table we can find out that the relationship between gender and problem faced on
transportation
Is moderate since the chi-square value is 34.78.
The relation between the monthly expenditure and the medium of transportation
Then we wanted to know about the relation between the monthly expenditure and the medium of
transportation. So, we found out the chi-square value 191.968
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Chi-Square Tests
Asymptotic
Value df Significance (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 191.968a 126 .000
Likelihood Ratio 135.101 126 .274
N of Valid Cases 98
a. 153 cells (99.4%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .01.
This value declared that the relation between the monthly expenditure and the medium of
transportation is very strong. And also, we found out that among the 98 respondents 46%
respondents are using Public bus and their average monthly expenditure is 2040.
The relation between Medium of transportation and time spend on transportation
To show the relation we will be showing the bar chart for better view
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Previously we already came to know that maximum people are using public bus almost 46% and
also, they spend 2-3 hours from their daily time on transportation purpose. Secondly used
medium is rickshaw almost 10% of the total respondents.
The relation between residence and time spend on transportation
So, with that we can ask some another question that since they are using public bus and rickshaw
and spend not a more than 2-3 hours so we want to know the relation between residence and time
spend on transportation
04. Residential Condition
Institutional
Family Hall Mess Total
08. Daily time spend on 2 0 0 0 2
transportation 1-2 hours 0 25 3 5 33
2-3 hours 0 18 3 4 25
3-5 hours 0 17 1 0 18
Less than one hour 0 8 6 6 20
More than 5 hours 0 1 1 0 2
Total 2 69 14 15 100
From the table we can get the answer of the question we see that 69 % of our respondent are
staying at family and mess containing the respondents vote of 15% and the rest of the people are
staying their individual institutional hall which contains 14%, from that analysis we can
comment that most of the people of the Dhaka city are staying with their family and mess and
since they are not spend that much time in their transportation so they are living near their
working place
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Regression analysis between Family income and expenditure
Now at this stage we want to know that whether the respondent’s monthly transportation
expenditure is dependent on their family income or not if it is yes then how much
Unstandardized Standardized
Coefficients Coefficients
Model B Std. Error Beta t Sig.
1 (Constant) 363.450 313.362 1.160 .249
05. Family Income .041 .007 .497 5.610 .000
(Monthly)
Sum of
Model Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
1 Regression 26142595.55 1 26142595.55 31.474 .000b
6 6
Residual 79738730.97 96 830611.781
4
Total 105881326.5 97
31
So, we found that the significance level is very less so we can easily say that income has
influence on transportation expenditure
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5.0 Recommendations
Student life is the learning period of our life. But now a days we are more focused on our earning
not learning and one of the reason is the high expenditure of livelihood. Transportation cost has a
great influence on the higher growth of livelihood expenditure. It’s really needed to think about it.
Our whole survey shows that income has influence on transportation expenditure. But every
student should be at the same line as they may not face any discrimination for their economical
background. For this reason some steps can be taken as described below:
1. Student Transportation: Various University has various transportation for their student. In
our country only Public universities have proper transportation system but there is nothing
for private where a number of students are from private universities. If government fix
some bus for the main rout of city and nearby the university areas, then every student can
get the transportation facility.
2. Fixed the fare: Though Bangladesh Government has a fixed rate for student but most of
the bus do not follow that. In fact BRTC buses do not take half fair from students some
times. Government should fixed proper rules for bus fare.
3. Bicycle ride: In many country people use bicycle for transaction. A proper bicycle lane
should be made in every route so that student can use it to reduce their transportation cost.
4. Increasing dormitory: Our survey shows that students have to come from far area and it
kills a lot of valuable times from their life. Dormitory nearby the universities can save these
valuable asset as we all know that time is money.
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