6.
Concept of thin prisms
OPTICS AND REFRACTION EXAMINATION 7. Prismatic effect of lenses
8. Spherical decentration and prism power
A Physical Optics d Spherical Lenses
1. The wave and particle nature of light 1. Spherical lenses concave and convex
1. The electromagnetic spectrum 2. Cardinal points
2. Diffraction 3. Thin lens and thick lens formulas
3. Interference and coherence 4. Vergence of light, including diopter, convergence, divergence,
4. Optical resolution and
5. Polarization 1. vergence formula
6. Light scattering 5. Magnification, including linear, angular, relative size, and
7. Transmission and absorption electronic
8. Photometry e Astigmatic Lenses
9. Illumination 1. Cylindrical lenses, including
10. Image quality a. Spherocylinder lenses and surfaces
11. Brightness and radiance b. Cross cylinders (eg, Jackson cross cylinder)
12. Refractive index 3. Toric lenses
13. Fluorescence C Clinical Optics
14. Lasers 1. Optics of the eye, including the dioptric power of different
B Geometric Optics structures
a Reflection (Mirrors) 2. Schematic eye and reduced eye, including cardinal points
1. Laws of reflection, Plane and curved surfaces 3. Aberrations of the eye including higher-order aberrations
2. Images and objects as light sources 4. Catoptric / Purkinje – Sanson images
b Refraction 5. Entoptic phenomena
1. Laws of refraction (Snell law), including: a Refractive errors
a. Passage of light from one medium to another 1. Emmetropia
b. Refractive index 2. Ametropia
c. Refraction at plane and curved surfaces 3. Myopia
2. Critical angle and total internal reflection 4. Hypermetropia (hyperopia)
5. Astigmatism, including conoid of Sturm
c Prisms
6. Anisometropia
1. Prism definition
7. Aniseikonia (including Knapp rule)
2. Notation of prisms (eg, prism diopters)
8. Aphakia
3. Use of prisms in ophthalmology (ie, diagnostic and
9. Optical parameters affecting retinal image size
therapeutic)
10. Pupillary response and its effect on the resolution of the
4. Prentice rule
optical system
5. Fresnel and similar prisms
1. (Stiles-Crawford effect) 2. Indications for and use of trial lenses for simple refractive
11. Epidemiology of refractive errors, including: error
a. Prevalence 3. Refraction techniques for myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism,
b. Inheritance including
c. Changes with age 1. Jackson cross cylinder, Maddox rod and Duo-chrome tests
d. Surgical considerations 4. Techniques for the correction for presbyopia (ie, measuring for
b Visual Acuity near
1. Distance and near acuity measurement 2. adds)
2. Minimal acuity (ie, visible, perceptible, separable, legible) 5. Measurement of interpupillary distance (IPD) and back vertex
3. Visual acuity charts distance
4. Effect of crowding 6. Prisms for diplopia
5. How pin-hole effect impacts visual acuity c Cycloplegic Refraction
6. Colour vision 1. Medication concentrations according to age (eg,
c Accommodation cyclopentolate,atropine)
1. How accommodation is affected by age d Notation of Lenses
2. Accommodative problems 1. Myopic, hyperopic, and astigmatic lenses
3. Convergence or accommodative insufficiency or excess 2. Simple and toric transposition
4. Accommodative-convergence over accommodation (AC/A) 3. Lens prescription
ratio
d Correction of refractive errors e Aberration of Lenses
1. Correction of ametropia, including: 1. Correct aberrations relevant to the eye, including spherical,
a. General principles colour, coma,astigmatism (including surgical) , and distortion
b. Spectacle lenses E Instruments and Tests used in ophthalmology, including the optics
c. Contact lenses 1. Direct ophthalmoscope
d. Intraocular lenses 2. Indirect ophthalmoscope
e. Principles of refractive surgery 3. Retinoscope
2. Problems with aphakic spectacles 4. Glare and contrast sensitivity testing
3. Effect of spectacles and contact lens correction on 5. Automated refractor
accommodation and 6. Measurement of higher-order aberrations
1. convergence (ie, amplitude, near point, far point) 7. Stereoacuity testing
D Clinical Refraction 8. Corneal topography (eg, placido disc, keratometer, automated
a Objective Refraction: Retinoscopy corneal topography)
1. Principles, indications and difficulties of retinoscopy 9. Use of the Hess Chart/Lees Screen
2. Refraction based upon retinoscopic results 10. Corneal Pachymetry
b Subjective Refraction Techniques 11. Colour vision tests (eg, Ishihara color plates; Hardy-Rand-
1. Major types of refractive errors Rittler test)
12. Slit lamp microscope
13. Keratometer and other instruments for measuring corneal
thickness
14. Applanation tomometry
15. Optical coherence tomography
16. Contrast sensitivity assessment
17. Gonioscopy
18. Lenses used for fundus biomicroscopy (indirect e.g. 90D 78D
etc, Goldmann, panfunduscope)
19. Principles of visual field assessment including automated
20. Focimeters
21. Operating microscope
22. Intraocular lens calculation (biometry)
F Low Vision Aids
1. Principles of prescribing low visual aids
2. Simple magnifying glass
3. High reading addition
4. Galilean telescope
5. Compound microscope
