IDH, SANSKRIT GRAMMAR.

ITIOlfl~lt GRAMMAR
SANSKRIT
!-'Oil 'l'lllil Ul:Jlilmr 1:1(.)HOOLl:l
ANO COLLEGES,

!IV

',ATEMOltESHWARRA'MCHANDRA
B:A'LE,B ..A..,
A1tflwr of the 'Rcll.itya,9<lranangraha,
'&c. &c.

SJWRNTII /Wl1'10N 1
Revissd and Hnlargad.

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AJ:!D

Pubirnbed by D, V. Mulgaok1n, (Pro:1:riE1t(lr)

GoPA'LNA'r.a'YEN& Co., Kalhadevi :H1mtJ, BOMBAY.
 TO

M. D.,L.L.D.,
Principal,Wilson College,
Sometimes ol the University
Vice-Clu.mcellor
ot Bombay,&e. &c.

Who will over remainenshrined in the hearts of his pnp!h1

for the p1mntalsolicitudeshown by him for their
welfarev.nd for the wholesomeinfluenceexercised
by his powerfulpersonalityoverthemfittingthem
for tho variousspheresof life1 and whowill
he ever rememberedby the people of
this Preaidencyfor the conspfouone
aenioearenderedby himto the
caueeof highereducation,&c,

TRIBUTEon'PROFOUND
.&.B!A ANDA.DMIRA.TION
RESPECT
BYTHEAUTHOR.
f!u a1•T-~ttc~ PAGtt,
L l
H. 12
12
82
28
m.
·~
3,,
34
lI) ... i\4
:1 h:i~ri~ ,.. G5
,1 Word~of 1!cclom:1w11 82
l V. !'rmwmrn1rn1!tlu•ir i \eol(lllo!il11
... 87
V. Nmm;rnl~1rndt.hcir 102
VI. I >egrooHof ( lomp11riso11 ... 110
VU. Oompom11IM "' 113
or copnliitivecomponnt!s ... J 15
I llwt1111!wo.
~ Tiit1mmehaor tho Determimitive com~
pouwi,; ,,, 121
3 Karmatllnimya or the i\ppoaitionalcom-
pounds .,, 138
4 Upitpitdttcomponniie ... 144
!\ H1,h11vrihi or Attributive ... 147
0 Avyayibhavaor the Adverbfaicompotrn(!s.lllO
7 Geuoralruh:lijapplicahhit;oall componiHiH, l.68
$ Ot.luirchangeHin CO!llHH:tion with com-
pomids l 71
V of 1raminiuo l~O
IX, SllootHh,ry dorivedbyt,h•laL!di-
Nominal.1311set:1
tiou of the T1idlihit,11, ailh::eH.I\l4
or R,icowhiry
 2

CH.Al'TER, Pt-m~.
X. Gender ,., 2 rn
XI, Avyayasor Indeclinables ,u :.~ja
l Prepositions , .. 1 ~!;(,
2 .Adverbs
3 Particles
4 Conjunctions ,.. !J:H
5 Interjections .,, :.i:1l
XII. Conjugationof Verbs •• 2:1:1
1 Active Voice(Section I) ,. 2:ln
Roots with unchangeable BMoR ( l;il,,
4th, 6th and 10th cl:J.ijses)... ••• :.)41
2 Roots of the 1st, 4th, ilth and 10th
classes which form their bases irregu-
larly ... 2,18
3 Roots with chaggeable ba~es(2nd, :lrd,
5th, 7th, 8th and 0th clasHes)
2 General or,
Non-conjugationaltenses and moods
The two futures and conditional
(a) First Future ... , 208
( b) Second future and conditional , aoo
(c) Perfect :l()6
(1) Irregular bases , !$,!al
(2) Periphrastic Perfect
(d) Aorist
1st Variety
2nd ,,
3rd
6th
7th
4th
5th
 :1

OllAl'TIHl., PAGE.
(c) Bonodictivo••• 356
Rection11 ... ••• 359
ta) Pastiive ••• ... 3M}
(b) Non-coujugo.tional
tenses and moods. 364
1 Porfeot ••• 364
!! AorM 365
!! l>nnvativeVerbs (SectionHI) ••• 367
(a) Oimaals ••• 368
(b) I h18idoratives 376
(c) Froqnentatives ... '384
(d) Nonuuu.l Verbs
••• 39a
Xlll. Par1u;nmipadaand AtmanepadB. 309
XIV. Verbtil l>oriv11tivea
or Primary Nominal
H1\l:IOK ... 416
xv. Ryutax:- 468
1 Ooncord 470
:! Government 475
:i Pronouns 508
4 P11.rtioi1,lea 510
ri 'l'onaeH&Utl moods 518
6 lndeolinables ... 53~
APPENDIX.l :-Prosody ... 1
1 Sa.mimittas 3
:.l ViahamaVritta11
APP.ENl>lXJI :-
Ohl!.tukosha ... 1-156
 ABBREVIATIONSUSED IN THE WORK.
-:o:--
OF THE NAMES OF THE WORKS AND GnAMMATtOAL, &o.
Amara.-Amarako!!h. S1s,-Sisupalavndha.
Bhat!;. or BhaW,-Bhatti- Uttar.-Uttar1ua1111tclunitn..,
kavya. . . . 'Vop. o-rBop.-Vopadeva.
Bh.-B~~rtr1har1. N!. Sa.- .A.or .Atm.--Atruaue111
, 1ta.
Nit1sataka. Va1. Sa.-
Vairagyaifataka. Abl.-Ablative,
Dev.-Devibhagavata Para~a. Aco.-Accusative.
H1t.-Hitopadesa. AdJ,-.Acljeotiv11.
Kad.-Kadambari. Adv.-Adverh.
Katya:-Katyayana. Avy,.....:Avyaytbhava.
D. Kav--Daadin's Kavya- Bah.-Bah1ivrlhi.
darsa Oau.-Causal.
Kir .-Kiratarjao!ya. C/.-Com pare.
Mal.-Ma.Iavikignimitra. Oomp.-Compound.
.Mb.or Mah. Bhas.-.Maha.- Dat.-Da.t1ve •
bMshya of Patanjalt. Den,-Oenomino.tive.
Mah. Bhar,-MaMbMrata. Des.-Desiderative.
.Meg,-Meghadftta. Freq.-Freq11entativo•
Pan.-Pa.i;iin1's S-0.tras. Indecl.-Indeolinahlo,
Rag.-Raghavamsa ofKAli- Inst.-Instrumental.
dll.sa. Loc.-Locative.
RAm.ch.-Ra.macharita. Nom.-N ominative.
Sa.k.-Abhijnltnasitkuntala P, or Pa.r.-Para.amaipa.da,
of Kll.hdll.sa, Pass.-Pasaive.
Sid. Kau.-Siddhll.ntakan- Pot.P.-Potential po.rtfoiple.
mud1, Bhattoji Dik- P.P.-Past Passive po.rt.ioi11le.
sh1ta's commentary on Pree. p.-Present partioi11le.
PM;iini'ssiitras, Pron,-Pronouus,
&c. &c. &c. &c. &c. &c.
 PREFACE,
-•-•: 0 :---

'l'ho pr(1~n11t, lfrnmrn11r'11\Hheen prepn.ro1lwit.h a

\'iow t,nuwet.t,ht• i.',rowin!.! w1rnt.~o!'the Indian Ouivaraity
1lt111!i·. 1'1u• lluiv••rHif,y
Kt.11 havoheen, of late,
t1x11rni11or.,
ovilwinfta •lohirnto Nrn1;t 11more thoron,{(hknowledgeof
t,ho11h1-11mrtir thnrofori,morn1liflic11lt,
111111 of S1u1Hkrit
111irt1,1
Hr1uum11r,t.imn WIH re11nirt11i f'ormol'ly, In fa.et, a.
1,t,11do11I,ortho pn,Knnt, d11y,with S1urnkrit,ror hiHsecond
lau~rn,w•, mn~I, if ho wh1hPRto }11\HRhiH lTniver~ity
PX.amiw1t.io11H with <m1,lit.,11c1p1iro more tl11111 1Lgtner1\l
knowlmigtlof t,IH•vatltlUH1!1 1 p:1rtmont1-1of H1u1~krit Hr11111-
nmr, whil,1nm111 qi't,ho gra111m1u1-1 now 1uwu1-1Hihlo to 1,ho
Imli1u1Mtwlt•ut,with t.honx1it1ption of one or t,wo, 1,mpply
him wit.hI.ho11nr.01,1s11r; infhrmationon t.he vMionA 1,npfos
1liium~t111d III t.110origituil KrinHkritwork~. J)r. Blu!.udfLr•
k1,r111hook", t,ho11~h Hketche,ltmtl ,i,trnmtbly
ing•i1111)11sly
o:rn<mt,11d, Mn1,lmittodlv mMlltto i11f,rortuca 1,~t111teutto
t,l1t.1 v11Ht, linH of ~t\n~krit,(founm1n. Dr. Kielhorn'a
lfrl\111m11r 11111111moro 11threvit,y 1\tHi perRpir.uitvthan 1,t
t'111lno11~ ol' trmtt,1111111twith <lOlloiHoness. Pro!', Whit11ey'11
gmmmttri11t 111 ,rndtherefore too hi1-tht'orthe
t1ln.hor1,to,
or1ti1111ry Ht11d1rnt.Prof, l\fonior Williri.ms' gmmnmr
aud ,1th11r~, thtmgh oxnalleutiu themselves,im oxpre~11ly
writt1111 t'or JIJuropuan1-1tud11nts nu(l MO more i,111itc,l t,o
thom tlum to tho ludiim ~tmiontR, l ho.v(i,thoroforc,
lltmt'Imy h1111t to briug thf.! 1mJ~ontUr1unnu,rnp to the
ru1111irou1u11tH uf the high Ht11,udtud.
Now,,,fowwort!H011the Roope
iuid1irrn11µ;un11mt
oft!10
work1u1,t1 willconohufo.AMroumrkNlby l>r,(Now Ehr)
41(h1uun11Lr
B111\u1l!\rk1,r• w11~ uot. irn empiri<•litn,lywith
£10i11i11i t,heothoriu1cfo11t
111111 ot' Indrn
gr1u11miiri1m1:1 .." In
t'Mt in t.ho hn.mlM
ol'thil iL1rnio11t,
Or,1mm:~rit111H
nf lmUB,
A1~1111krit 11mlmu~t
tuHIItu l,ho1lignityof1lM11fo11ce
!h1u11m1ir

to th<l3rd J•lt!.ur thu 2n1Ill()ukorSM1Ml,.rit.

* lntrodm1liun
 u

be studied as such, To quoto the words of the learned

Doctor again "its study possessesau educ11,tioualv,.lue of
the same kiud as that of Euchd and not much inferior to
1t in degree. For to make up a partfoufar form the mind
of the student hM to go through a certain process of
synthesis. " To split up, therefore, a general rule of tha
ancient Indian grammarians into a number of the
:partienlar cases it comprehends, as is done by some
modern writers on Sanskrit grammar, is not to build
but to destroy, not to simphfy the difficulties of
student but to embarrass him, For a Grarumv.r,then, to
be practical and correct, in my humble opinion, it must
be based on indigenous words understood and studied in
their genuine scientific spirit. Iu writing the 'Various
chapters of this book (except the one on the 'Conjugation
of Verbs') l have closely followed Par,iinias explained
by Shat~o.ii Dikshit (the Kashi~a of Vamana being also
oocasioual!yreferred to). Many of the rules given are
translat10ns of the Sutras of PaQ.ini, much !flatter barng
thus compressediuto a small compass.The original Siltras,
where necessary, are given in foot-notes as help to
memory. Sandhis and declensions are very folly treated.
Compoundswhich play such an important part m Sanslmt
literature, and which, yet, a.re very summarily chsposed
of in many grammars, have received special i.ttention,
almost everything in the S1ddba.nta Kaumud:1 being
included. The formation of feminine bases which is not
consideredseparately iu other grammars has been treated
of here in a separate chapter (VI). The seventh chapter
deals with the Taddhita affixe8 ( i, e. affixes forming
secondarynominal bases) which, for the convenienceof the
student and the occassiona.lreferer, have been arranged
here in an alphabetical order, each followed by a nmnber
of the derivativesformed by it. The qnestion of gender
which so much perplexes the foreigner hne been dealt
with in the eighth chapter, while the ninth treats of
, "IndeelinableR." The first nine chapters thus form what
may be called the first part of the book, in as much as
thoy d<lalwit.IIi,11that, relates to the noun ( declinable
and ind<u:ilirn,hfo ). Bnt a specialfeature of the present
(ir1:u11m11riA the clmpteron I.ho '0onjug&tion of Verbs.'
No part, of Aauslmt Orammar is more diffic11ltand
perplexing nn,l t,haroforemol'ecalculated to tire out the
pnl,ioucaof Uw young stmlent, than the conjugation of
Vorbs.' It iH,therefore, written with a special attention
to the1Ht11dtt11t 1a diffionlties, The general roles given are

,m1plyillnHtrat.otlhy examples. Almost,all the roots

whfoh are likely to puzzle the student in conjungating
t,hom in t\ partfonlnr tense or mood have been fully
oonjngtit,tl. ln t.lieelevanthchapter, all the verbswhich
ohnngtitheir l'ada when precededby part,icularprepoai-
tfouRitre givm1iu 1tn alph11hetical order with illuetrations
whero nMo,sn.ry, 'rwomore chapters, one on syntax and
thll other on prosody,lu~vealso beenadded. The chapter,
011 1,iynt11xr.ontainaalmost everything given in the first
'JO (lha11tor~ of Prof, Apte's' Guideto Sanskrit Composi-
tion,' the same origiMI having been followed by both•.
The ohaptor on proao(lyis based on the ChhandomauJart I
and the Vritt.imtull,kara. The book closeswith a list of
verbs (added at t.he suggestionof my publishers) contain-,
ing ahuo$t nil the roots in Sanskrit and givingthe 3rd1
per11.11ing,in the important tenses and moods. '
ThuRit will be seen that I have spared no pains to
make the book 1111neeful and as complete as possible.
Also 1.mohof the teohni<lalterms usedin originalSanskrit
Oramnum1a11the student always meets with in Sanskrit
eo1urueutnries,are given in their proper places with their
expla1u1ition11. ·
In writing this Grammar,I have oocassionallyused
Mo11ior 1 Dr, Kielhorn's and Whitney's gram•
Williania'11
mareto all or whom I make ample aoknowledgments.
:Myspeoialthankt1are 1lueto Dr. Bhandnrkar whosetwo
•book11
of Sau11kritwereroychief guide in writing out the
chapter on the 'Oonjugation of Verba,' and to the late
Prof. Apte to whoseexcellent 'Guide to Sanskrit Oom-
 lV

1,o,;•:);;./ I !l.~.:i idai;t2a ::~ some of the illustrations

ri,.-r.ir. tn"' rtirta~::d. chapter, I have also to thank
~. f.-i~l!! :I~. I"l..ln:.va:,MryaA.inapurefor his occasional
t.~'ri td for tl:.z !}lins he took 1n preparing for t_his
(,,.;.,, ~ it r:.e i,,•tr.,f\·er1s added at the en,:land carrymg
,! ':.c.?:iu~ttl:e press.
":::, t~::.:-;:
tb.e :ii.r11t
&!:temptof the Author to bring
ii..t·:i .::.a ,,,..ime the various departments of Sanskrit
Ii• .r •.:..,: :o.sf,i'l ani a:i concisely as possible, the Author
:i..·; ~· t:.,l! the public will take an fadulgent view of the
wcrli:,e..i,1 pa·don hitn for any of the inaccuracies-,
;:;.;,t11.h~ of tJ pJg:aphy, &c., that might have crept in
r.lt"l'1t:,,t,1..d1Lg nis best care. It is a suffiment excuee
fer the-e to ,1v that the whole volume was written and
1.:m:~:innu,.:h tne pre;s in less than a year. Before
c,;o.:!uHr.:; l tave also to thank Mr. Viua.yakaN!l.•Ayana,
Pro1,riij•,r cf the tirru of Messrs. Gop.l.lNar!l.yen& Oo.,
my J,11L.:- tr~ u1 this Grammar, for the cartl with which
l:., J&•:81 tlle 1oh1:etstnrough the press,
Lt.,::y I beg to say that I shall be very grateful for
aa,i .iuggestionsthat may be sent to me by
"'"'Y•!,irr,:ct:tJua
m} :n Iu,:;~r.tre 1,iersand critics and will trr to prolit by
tl:.e::ui1 ti.e C\lokreaches a secondedition.

M. R. KA'LE.

PREFACETOTHESECOND
EDITDN.

It i~a •mtti,r of great pleasure to me that I have had

an O?.:l\•l than I anticipated, to, offer to the
11u, tJ&rh~r-
of my 'Hi"'her S,rnskritGrammar'
pul.il:i:"~~coudt:'d1t10n
The r.i.11i
I ~a!eof the first edition: as well ~s rts recom:
men,b.,100 as au optional text for 1ts Higher E.x:ami-
 V

.aations by the AHahaba i University, shows that the work

has met with tne gener,il approval oft he pnhlia in spite of
its many defects, The improvements made in t1iis
edition, however, are not a few. The first three chapters
hsve been rerooilelled and Declension consi.ierably simpli-
fied, A new chapter has been assigned to Numerals and
Pronouns. Some of the more d1fficnlt rules nnder the
chapter on Compounds have been split up into two or more
easier ones an,i mauy important oew articles ad,ied. In
treating of the non-conjugational teases, the two futures
and the c 0 n.:lit10nal have been placed before the Perfect,
at the suggestion of some teachers. Some slight altera-
tions and corrections, where necessary, have been made in
the other chapters, As I hir.ii.neither the time nor the
means of consulting higher works on Grammar such as the
Manorama, the Sekh,ua, &c., I am obliged to reserve for
a future ed1t1on the work of making such additions and
omissions ,s are necessary to give the book a permanent
form. A chapter on the or,hnary figures of speech and
one on Vedic Grammar as also an index would have been
usefnl additions. But even these I have to reserve for a
future edition. Before concluding I have to thank the late
Mr. N. B. Gokhale, B,A,, and Mr. Jekisaudas G. Baakta
of Surat who madij some useful suggestions. In conclusion
I hope the intethgent public will receive the work with
the same favour and indulgenca as it did the first edition,

Bombay,1st February,1898. } M. R. Kale.

PREFAUETO:raE THIR.DEDITION.
--:o:-
This is a revised reprint of the 2nd Edition. Some
alterations have been m1:1de here and there and a few errors
that had fonud tlle1r pl1:1ce 1n the 2nd Edition corrected.
 vi

The DMtnkollhahas been considerablyimproved, the

meanings of all the important roots being given in
Sanskpt along with those in Enghsh and many useful
formsadded, Prosody,whichproperlydoes not form a
part of Grammar,has beenseparatedfrom the body of
the mainworkand givenas AppendixI.
Girgaon,Bombay,} R
25tk October,
1905, M, • Kale.

SEVENTHEDITION.

A reprint of the 6th Edition with some additions

here and there,
Bombay,
15-8-1931. } PUBLIBBlllB,
 A
HIGHER
SANSKRIT
GRAMMAR.
ChapterI.
THE ALPHABET.
§ 1. San!krit 1 or the refined language, is the language of
Devas or gods,• and the alphabet in which it is written is
called Devanagari, or that employedin the cities of gods.

(a) The correct name for the Sanskrt alphabet is Daiva-

nAgari sometimes abbreviated into Nagari, Perhaps in the
word Devanagari we have a history of the times when the
Aryans entend and settled in Northern India. The Aryans
who were much fiurer in oolonr than the aborigines of India
are the Devas referred to in the name Dcvanagari( from iit<t_
to
shine, those of a brilliant complexion); and Nagari means the
Aryan settlements within the preoincts of which the sacred
language was spoken.
(b) The Sanskrit la.ngnageis generally written in different
parts of the country, in that alphabet which is used for the
vernacular ( e. g, Bengali, Marathi &c.). That character, how-
ever, in which the earliest monuments are written ( suoh as the
in1criptions containing the edicts of Asoka ) and which is
employed throughout Upper India 1s generally considered to
be the real DevanS.gari.
 2 SAXSKRIT GRAMMAR, [§2

§ 2. The Devanagari alphabet oonsista offort!}•two letter!

or vi;ri;ias,nim vowels or svaras, and thi1ty-tlme consom:r.nts
or vyafijauae.""
(a) These express nearly every gradation of sound, and
every letter atands for a particular and invariable sound.
Note :-Thie explains why thare are no names, as in Greek,
for the di:fferentletters of the alphabet.

~ Thus given by Par;iini:-

Vowels:-~<>1l!,_ I SF.~ I q-~ ! It~ I
Oonsonants:-~~ I ~O!I srmr-~ I ~~,I ~~ I :::r~•
~lWmJ>a~~ad~l~l~l~~I
The alpha'oet,it. will be seen, is divided into 14 sections by
Pil.i;tini,which ars called Stvasutrai;ii,or the su1zas revealed by
Siva. Each seetion ends with an indicatory latter called '~O::. '
which is not to be counted among the letters of the alphabet.
These '' Its " serve an important purpose in Sanskrit grammar
as they enable the grammarians to express several letters, or
groups of letter3, in a very convenient and condensedform.
For any letter, with the following !!"1(added to it, is not only
expressiveof itself but of all letters tha.t intervene between it
and this !!"1(; e. g. 3'f~ means :a:r,
f• :., ~ means f, :., % <'a,&c.
Similarly ~:ia: means technically the whole alphabet, 3f-lt any
vowel, l!lld ~~ any consonant; <ll!J,: a semivowel,~ a soft con-
sonant, ~ a hard comonant, ~ a soft nnaspirate, ~51:_ a soft
aspirate &c. Each of these significant terms is teohnically
called a'~•.
Smee short Towels include the long and the protracted vowels
{ See § 3, a. ) another fil 'n' is generally employed to ma.rk a
 THE ALPE.ABET.

§ 3. The nine primuy vowels consht of five simple vowels

::r, ilc" and ~• and :four diphthongs vfa, tr, q-,
'iTiz, <ll', t,
6ifand ;;irr.
(a) A vowel may be :::~~lfor short, efr;ror long, and~ or
protractad ( also called prolated by some ) according to the
time required to pronounce it. "' The vowel! are thns divided
into-
(1) Short vowels-<ll a, '{ i, :a-u, "It' r, ~. } ;
(2) Long vowels-m a,f i, ~ u,~ r' q-e, it ai. air o, arr
an.; and.
(3) Protracted vowels ~r ~ a 3, i"~ 1 3, a;-,, a ,i;;- ~ r' 3
·~ ~ ¾3, -r~ e 3, ff~ ai 3, ~r~ o 3, and m~ au 3.
J.V:B.-As the Plata or protracted vowels are not commonly
to be met with in classioe.1 Sanskrit, the vowels are nausJ.ly
given as thirteen, represented by the thirteen signs given above
under (1) and (2).
(b) Ea.oh of these vowels may be again of two kinds,~~
-ifffl~ or na~alised, and a.t~H«~ or without a nasal sound.t
(c) Vowels are aleo further iliscrin:dnated into ~ or
ac1it,e.,,~ or gr!,va, and '€~q" or circumflex, ~re- is
~ ~' but ai-a:_
particular vowel: e. g. a{ me11nsat, llfT 11,lld means
fa:_
131'( of six kinds ) only; so i
means and nothing else•
..,a;q;r&f~~¾;;:1 Pan. I. 2. 27. The crowing of the cock
fo the morning repreeenh in its three stagea these three kinds
-of vowels. The time required to pronounce a short vowel is
,calla~ a ma.ere.
A long vowel has two matrii.! and a Plut11,
<vowelthree,
't ~'ff@<ll"lif"l"-TT=!'lffff: Pan.I. 1. s.
 2 [§2

§ 2. The Devanagarialphabetconsists of fort9-two letters

,or va~as, nina vowels or svaras, and tAii-t9-thr85
consonants
or vyafiJanae.•
(a) These express nearly every gradation of sound, and
every letter stands for a particular and invariable sound.
Note:-This explainswhy there are no names, as in Greek:,
for the differentletters of the alphabet,

"' Thus given by PaQint:-

Vowela:-~ 1 ;e-~ 1q-~ 1q-~ I
Oonsonanta:-g-ll'!f~ l ~ I 5f~1r.111:I i!Jlr31,IW~ I~-
~, ~~@a~ ◄ ad~ I~ 1~I~ 1
The alphabet,it will be seen,is divided into 14 sections by
Pai;tini,whichara called Sivas6.trani,or the s6.iras revealed by
Siva. Each sectionends with au indioatory letter called '~ '
which is not to be countedamongthe letters of the alphabet.
These '' Its '' serve an importantpurpose in Sanskrit grammar
as they enable the grammariansto exprees several letters, or
groups of letters, in a very convenient and condensedform.
For any letter, with the following~ added to it, is not only
expressiveof itself but of all letters that intervene between it
and this ~; e.g. $!( means a:r, f, .r,~ meansf, a-,%<i, &c.
Similarly aw.;_ means technicallythe whole alphabet, Si"{ any
vowel,,md ~ any consonant;ll'l!( a aemivowel,~ a soft con-
sonant, 1iit a hard consonant,Gflla soft unaspirate, i!laJ:.
a 110ft;
aspirate &c Each of these significant terms is teohnically
calleda'~•.
Sinceshort Towelsincludethe long and the protracted vowels
( See § 3. a. ) another ~ 'rr' is generally employed to mark a
 THE ALPHABET. 3

§ 3. The cine primG.ry vowels oonsht of five simple vowels

"Viz. a:r,if, i:r, ':Ii," and '1?:,and four diphthongs viz. et, "it,
atl'and :'ift,
(a) -~ vowel may be :g-~lf or short, ql'ef{)? long, and~ or
.:protracted ( also called prolated by some ) according to the
time required to pronr,unce it. $ The vowels au thus divided
into-
(1) Short vowels-3{ a, t i, ~ u, ':Ii"r, ci, l;
(2) Long vowels-m i, { i, ~ii,~ r' If e, q-ai, auo, a:tr
an; and.
(3) Protracted vowels a:ti~ a 3, i' ~ 1 3, $' ~. u':Ii"~ r' 3
·n~ l 3, I[~ e 3, "it~ai. 3, :'ill'~o 3, and if~ an 3,
N. B.-As the Pluta or protracted vowels are not commonly
to bs met with in claseical Sanskrit, the vowels are usually
given as thirteen, rapresented by the thirteen signs given above
'!l!lder (1) and (2).
(b) Each of these vowels may be again 0£ two kinds,~-
~ or nasalised, and a:r~r~:j; or without a nasal sonnd.t
(c) Vowels are 111.ofurther discriminated into ~~ or
ac~~~, ~ or gr~ve, and ~ef':ffl or eircnmll.eK. ~ is

particular vowel: e. g. '3'{ means a:;, Sf£ and ,arr~, but ani:,means
:a; ( of six kinda ) only; so i'a:_ f
me!lns and nothing else.
% ~~~~: 1 Pan. I. 2. 27. The crowing of tb.e eock
,in the morningrepreeents in its thr~e stage3 these three kinda
,of vowels. The time required to pronounce a short vowel is
calleq a mG,tra. A long vowel ha., two matrii.s and II Pluta
,..owel tlm~e.
t ~~f~l<l"'if~~~Ir~~: Pan, I. 1. 8,
 4

that wh:di proceeds from the upper part of the voeal organs,.
~ tha:; which p1oceeds from their low~r part, while ~W
arises out of :, mixture of these two. -Ii- Bnt these are ignored
rnd&sncal Sanskrit. Thay are marked only in Vedic works:
the Udattcfs left unmarked; the Anut16.ttais marked with a
horizo1tta'. l:ne underneath; and &arita has a perpendicular
I I
stroke s.o,'l"e1t. e. 9. ~ 'i ol'fS"q'T:,
&c. ~g. V. 61. 2 ~~r-ri ~

it 3~: kJ. :tlg,X. 78. 4. ~~~ •r°'i'{ ~: &o. ~g. X, 145. 4.

1

Tb:n; there are eighteen different modifications of each of

the vowe;s sr, l, ,;,:,Sit, and twelve 0£<t,q-,q;,a:ir
and si); for
jong I and the last four hava not their correspond-
tha:reis :c::o
ing sl:ort vowels.
!i 4. The consonants are divided into aparo'ao:r mutes
( those inolving a eomplete closore or contact and not an ap-
prJ:z:imc.,eone of the organs of pronllllciation ), Antastlia ( or
intermediate i. 6. the Sem1vowels,) and ds!nnanor sibilants.
These are represented by thirty-three syllabic signs arnmged
as be!ow:-

(1) ffl or tqe group 1J?-~ k, ~ kh, !J:.g, lit,

gh, ~Il.
(2) ~;f or_ the group :§J-i:;{ 9, ~ i;h, ',;{ j..
~Jh 1 Ei!'D.
(a) m:::ee ~ (3) ~if orthe group [-~ t, it.tb, i: d, ::r._dh,
"Til.
(4) l'!'i!ilr
or the gro"
up
t
a-a: ' h d
~ t ' ~ ' ~.r_
dh, ,i:n.
(ii) .,.,,...1: or the gr
""' 1 onp ~-'!_ P, ~ ph, ai:_b, ,r
bh, ~m.
 § 5-6 5

These ars also ealleil the five el!iSsae designated as Kavarga,

·Cl!avarga,Tavarga,Tavarga,and Pavargarespectively.

(h) Semivowels---!t y, ~. r, ~ l, ~ v.
(c) Sibilants---'§! s\!:sh, ~ e.
(d) Sonant Aepirate-ll h.

Besides these we have two more characters occurring in the

'Veda, viz. 00 and~ (often substituted for~ and i; as i~ for
'"''~'°for l;l"~ &o,) In Marathi® ia genar~lly substi-
tuted for the nnal ~ of Sanskrit words.

§ 5, The first two letters of the five classes and the eibi-
lants are called au, d8 or hard consonants. The rest are called
$onamsor soft consonants,

§ 6. In '!l.ddition to the characters given above there are

in Sanskrit two nasal sounds :-she one called An?AS?.1dra, is
denoted by'-- i. s. a dot placed above the letter after which it
is to lie pronounced, e. 9. '$i the other, called Anun<i,ikais
,denoted by " i. e. a dot within a semi-circle placed &bove the
letter dtet- which it is to be pronounced e. p• .j.

(a) And a sort o:f hard breathing is known as Visa.rga. (gene-

\ll'allycalled Visarjaniya by Sanskrit grammarians). It is
denoted by the sign : ( e. two vertical dots placed after the
letter after which it is to be pronounced. In pronunciation it
is a harder aspirate than l· The Visarga is not an original
character but only a substitute for a final ~ s or l r.

(b) Jihvamuliya ( rniT'i@Wf

) and U padhm{miya ( ~,s~r,:fi<( )
care terms given to s sort of Semi-Visarga, when pronounced
Wore ~ ls{_,and 9:'i. respectively. It fa written symbolically
 6 [ §7-8

as ~. These 111&y
be regarded as the spiranta of Ka1Jargaancl!:
Pat:argarespectively,
§ 7. Some consonants are pronounced with a slight as-
piration and aredesigna~d as Alpa-Jl'l'G'{l,a,whileothers which.,
ate pronounced with a stronger aspiration are called MeJ1a.-
pr&'{l,a, The first and third letters of each class, the nasals
and the semi-vowels belong to the :first class; the rest belong
to the second class. For the !ake of convenience the first and
third lette1sof each class are sometimes called ''unaspirates."
§ 8. In the following table is given a complete classifica-
tion of these letters according to the organs with which they
are pionounced.
(a) The organs of pronunciation are the five parts eituated
in the mouth, viz , the throat, the palate, the roof or upper
part of the palate, the teeth and the lips.
Note.-In the following table the nether stroke (see§ a 10
below) is omitted. It should be supposed to be preeent.

/ The Five Classes. I . :i Simple .

Na-1 ~ j
iU11as-l Aspi-1Unas-1 Asp1-1 .B vowels Dip.
I p1r.te rate. pirate rate. sals. en ,. ~ St Lg. thongs
1

Gutturals

Palatals.
-1~
.. I :.r
1!'0 ;:::Jiv. e:r,arr
'I' '1 il'lf
}If~
Q"
linguals. !' IO I ;i 111' !ff',;ir

j ,. I ~ I lf
Dentals. •
I ii' 'ff' ..
Labials. ;::: sit'
• ' 'Ii ! 'I' Upa, :a-,a;- •• ai'r
"' i' though not a semivowel is put here as it is a guttural.
 § 9-10] T:a:E A.LPJUllET, 1

This can be more easily remembered from its Sanskrit forlll

which is as follows :-

~;fl~t~:, i:~~·
~iIT~I en~:~~•
~~· cf.liR.~q;al'3iJ;
I
~f ,r-:ar:1 ~~~~I
~-i\.n-if an81
I
iiflT\=lcfiT
~e-OJ-tfi'li 'if I

The linguals are called cerebrals in some European Gram-

mars. i;r and q-are both guttural and palatal; aft and :ail-
are
guttural and labial; 'I' is dental and labial. The nose is the
organ of pronunciation of the Anuavba, while the root of
the tongue is that of the JihvAmuliya,
§ 9, Those letters are called ~or or homogeneous whose
place of pronunciation b the mouth and the effort required to
pronounce them is the same or equal.* Letters which are not
~ or similar are called ~ or heterogeneous,
§ 10. A svaraor l'OW'elis that which can be pronounced
without the help of any other letter; a "Jlanjanaor consonant
ii that whioh is pronounced with the help of a vowel, The
consonants, therefore, are written with a Blanting nether stroke
to denote their imperfect chal'llcter,
(a) Hence the consonants are given, in the system of Hi;uni,
with an a:radded to them for the sake of pronunciation,
(o) Aa already remarked, there are no sepa~ate names for

* ili4l~11,rc:;iijl(lJll{I Pa,.i. I. 1. 9.
 s l § 11-12
the letters of the Sansl!q-talphabet, except the two mentioned
before, ~iz. Anusvara. and Vis11rg11,and Refa which is the
name sometimesgiven tot:• The word <Im:is therefore need
afl an affix to denote a partfo11l11rletter; e. 9. ~~ the letter
<II'',
~~ the letter ' !J!i', &c.
§ 11. A vowel by itself or a consonant, simple or conjunct,
with a vowel added to it, is called an Ahhara or a syllable.

§ 12. The forms which the vowel signs assume when added
to eonsonants and the changes which some letters undergo
when compounded are given below, under (a) and (b).
(a) :a:iadded to a consonant is denoted by the removal of
the nether stroke; as ~+ i!f=eii ka. The remaining vo'lllele
when compounded with II consonant beoomer,f, ~'•'a-,r,"',,,..,
"'/',)',r, respectively; ae ~+Sir=<lil km,~+t=fi:li"kt; similar-
ly <!frki' if k~,_~ kii, ~ ki::_1fkr', f kl. ~ ke, ~ kai, cir ko,
~ke.u.
Exception :-;;ir when following upon t remains nnchallged,
I!.! '4t.
(b) In com.pounding consonants they should be taken in the
-Ol'der in which they are prononneed; the last consonant takes
a vowel, the preceding ones generally losing their nether
and perpend1cnlar strokes when combined e. g. tsna ought to
be written as~, 1;u;iaas "111',&c. Some letters, however,
ehange their form slightly and others entirely, when com~
pounded with other consonants; e. g. ~tr lpa; !i tra; ?if s~s; !i
grn, &c.; t:immediately preceding another consonant ( or the
vowel '4t ) is denoted by the sign .!. written above the follow-
fog consonant as ~ rka. It is then necessarily called a
\'iiltlfa,
 §12] TlIE ALPJUllET, 9

(c) In the conjuncts~(~+~) ksh, and~ ( ~+'5.J'.)jfoi,

ihe component elements are scarcely discernible.
( d) A few consonants are written in two wa.ys; e. V· ~, "I'
tra; ,i;, l.l'i, kra; ~, 1IB',sthe.j "i'li,<ffi,kta; ~, ~, stra.
( e) The :following are the principal conjunct consonants:-
iii' k-ka, <i:'t"f k-ki;ia, <ff~ k-kya, ~ k-kha, "'ii' k-ta, li'f k-tha,
<R1!I'k-tya, ef-Jfor ;i;- k-tra, <l'"'f k-t-va, ~ k-th-na, i;fi" k-ns,
~ k-n-ya, .:i:i:rk-ma, <P.fk-ya, ;ii:; or a;- k-ra, ~ k-Ia, ill" k-v11,
·//if k-sha, ~"I' k-sh-i;ia, it~ k-eh-ma, l~ k-sh-ya, ~i!f k-sh-va.
~ kh-na, ~ kh-ya, l3i kh-ra,
g-dha, ei:!"g-na, ":I.I"
<">.f g-yf\,,q-g-ra, r.::l!{ ~ gva,
g-r-ya, ..-~g-111,
'if gh-na, ,;:;;:~gh-n-ya, '€l'f gh-ma, i;:~ gh-ya, ~ gh-ra, ti!f gh-va,
~ n-ka,~ i1-k-ta, I n-k-sh11,~ :o:k-sh-va, {f il-kh11,~
fl-kh-ya, 'ii' ii-gf\, ~ fl-gha, & i:l-gh-ya, J il-gh-ra, J n-na, w
D-ma,s"1 tJ.-ya.
tfJ' ~9a, '!0" yyha, '"W¥"2h-:ra, ~ v-9h-va, ~ ~-iia, '1!1f~-ma,
~ ~-ya.
3'!.i ~h-ya, W~h-ra.
~ j-ja, ~ j-jha, ~ j-fia, ~ j-fi-ya, ;;,if j-ma, ~~ j-ya,;;; j-:ra-,
W-ij-va.
'!ii' ii-~a, ~ ii-~ha, '6' fi-ja.
t t-ka, ir Ha, ai- t-ya, ffil" ~h-ya, '}:th-ra, 'ii' d-ga, ~ d-gha, J
4-ma,
~ g.-ya,
iii" q.h-ya; i[ cj.h-ra.
0e n-~a, .,.:; i;i-~ha,q i;i-da, ~ n-dha, "'"f n-na, "Ii I)-ma, "'<'.i'
.;i-ya, "If i;i-va.
'l:i;iit-ka, $ t-t-ya, 'al" t-t-ra, :.;~ t-t-va,
t-k-ra, -.;:a-t-ta, '<<!I"
cq t-tha, ,:r t-na, <-'l!I't-n-ya, eq-t-pa, ~ t-mm,,3'~, t-m-ya, <'~
 10 SANSKRI.1. GRAM:ll:All, § 12

t-ya, :;;-or ;;r t-ra, '!llJi01 '1?~ t-r-ya, ~ t-v11,~ t-sa, ~ t-s-n&.,.
~~ t-s-n-ya, ~<i' t-s-ya.
u; th-n11,,~~ th-y11,~'-f th-va.
~ d-ga, =ii:d-gha, ~ d-da, ~ d-ya, ~ d-dha, ~ d-dh-ya,
~ d-dh-va, ~ d-na, i'. d-ba, l d-bra, =ii:d-bha, =iN d-bh-ya~
,p;d-ma, if d-ra, il:f d-r-ya, ~ d-va, i.:r d-v-ya, J d-v-ra,
..;:; dh-na, ..~ dh-n-ya, u,dh-ma, -~ dh-ya, ?I' dh-rn, ;.'?1)1
dh-,ya, ;.'-f dh-va.
~ n-ta, Y<<l°
n-t-ya, ;:;r n-t-w,, "ef n-da, :;i:: n-d-ra; •1:T n-dha
.:•.<{n-dh-ya, •¼l n-dh-ra, 91"n-na, ;:,;rn-p-rn, .:i:r n-ma, illi ll-ya
'I° n-ra, ;;:.;i n-sa.
<l'p-ta, ctil" t-p•ya, li" p-na, tq p-pa.,t>f p-ma, t~ p-ya, i:,- p-ra,
g p-la, ,:;;i- p-va, ~ p-sa, ~ p-s-va.
Ni' b-ja, ~ b-da, ~ b-dha, ;;:r b-na, ;;; b-ba, .;i; b-bha, ;~ b-ya
~ b-ra, ~ b-va,
;.;; bh-na, •lli bh-ya, ~ bh-ra, Hf bh-va.
~
m-na, lCtl"m pa, "lf m-p-ra, ;;i- m-ba,~ m-bha, 1'<fm-ya, '!if
m-ra, I m-la, ;i:,r m-va.
~ y-ya, ii' y-ra, ~ y-va.
<ifr-ka, ~ r-kha, .f r-ga, &c.; i r-k-sha, ~ :r-g-ya1 w,
r-gh-ya, ~ r-t-ya, &c.; ll-l'fx-k-sh-ya, ~ r-tt-ya, ~if r-t-s-ya,
~ r-d-dh-a.
~ l-b, .::q I-pa, .::i; 1-ma,~ I-ya,iif 1-la,<"<I'1-va,
~ v-na, ~ v-ya, ~ v-ra, 611"v-va.
s
'.l.T 1a, ~ ~ s-na, ~ s-ya, 'Ii il.ra,'l;~ s-r--ya, w s,la,.
s-9y11.
"ei s-va, ~ sv-ya, ~ s-sa.

I! sh-~a, !.:I sh-tya, g ah-t-ra, ?:'ilsh4-r-ya, ~ sh-t-va,,

~ sh-th-ra, ~ sh ~h-y1.1, ts;"I'sh-na, ~ sh-i;i-ya,<:Cfsh-p&,
"'If sh-p-ra, lCli sh-ma, q sh-ya, 1i1ifsh-va.
 § 13-15 J THE ALI'HABET, 11

'l:'4i's-ka, '!:lif s-kh-a, :i:rrs-ta, R s-t-ys, ~ or w s-t-ra, ~~·

s-t-va, 'l:!ll's-tln, 'fil' e-na, ~ e-n-ya, ~ s-pa,~'ii' s-pha, ~ ~-ms,
'i:lfs-yu, ~ s-m, ~ s-ira,~;a-s-sa.
'ffl"ll-na, ijl" h-ma, ~~ r-ha, l[ h-rn, ~ h-la, i h-va.
'1/;ih-.t;1s,
Sometimes tive con@onant, are found in conjunction: e. g.
~ :r-t-s-n-ya, as in <lim;:f
§ 1:i. Ae s1rn1lMis of primary importance in Sanskrt,
uram11or pause C\lnbe indicated only at the end of a sentence.
The signs of panctuatiou, therefore, ue only two, 1 and 11.
'l'he former is need to mark the olose of a sentence or the Ji.rat
half of a a'loka or poetkal stanza; the latter is employedto
denoi.ethe close of a a'k,kn.
(a) The sign called _/vagnil,a ( and which represents half
at Ardhlik/ira ) is generally employed to mark the elision of
short ::it after q- or at) ; e. g, ~srq- ( ~ +:.tftr), <15T®TS~ ( <15'1'~)+
~ ). The double markss is sometimes nsed to indicate the
elision of w- after initial loug s11r;l'f~T+311'~1l°=i'l't.rTSS~.
(b) Tho mark " is somet{meeneed to ehow that something
15 omitted, and which is to ba understood :from the context;
e. g. '3JO may stand for 3"1i.=r, "~lltf:for ,l;Mtr~=~~r, &c.
§ 14. Shorl vowels when followed by a conjunct consonant
lire said to be pro.iodialllJlong.
§ 15. The vowels a:r,q-, sit and the syllables ~n;and SI?£,,
11recalled G11i;ia;the vowels au, 'q, Sir and the syllables 3"1R:
and
~ are called Vrddhi11'. 'l'he Gn{la and V:i,-ddhivowels and
syllables that are substitutau tor the simple vowels will appear
from.the follow,ing table :-
-·-·-····-····----·-- ---------
Simple V.

Gunn.
V,ddhi.
 ·12 SJ.NSXBIT 0:UlUilR, [ § 16-19
§ 16. The three semivowels '{, ~ and <I.are sometimes
•uasalised and then they are written with the 1.111unt1ilca
sign
over them, as f.,%f.
§ 17. The numerical figures in Sansktt are:-
\, ~. ~, V, ~, \, 191 ~. ,, o,
1, 2, s, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, o.
These are combined to express larger figures precisely in the
same way as in English; r~'{
125, '-\20 540, &c.

Chapter II.

RULES OF SA.NDHI.
§ 18. By S1.1ntllii
(from~ together, and '.tT to join) is
,meant the coalescence of two letters coming in immediate
,:ontaot with each other.ff
(a) SamhitAt or sandhi is neoessary in the case of the in-
•ternal structure of a patl1.1, prepositions and roots joined to-
. gather and a compound word ( ~ ), while in that of a
sentence i. e. in the case of the finals and initials of the different
worde in a sentence, it depends on the w_l!l. pf},~e writer.
I S-y;ARASANDRI,OR TD
""
- -
OO:MBINA~ON OF FINAL AND

..
INITIAL VOWELS,

§ 19, If a sim.e,l@.t!UUl,
short or long, be followed by a

• Ql;: «~:
~&<'ffI PAn. 1. 4. 109, Samhtta ie the extreme
,contiguity of letters,
t~ ~iro:
f.lF.trsf.\ro 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ fei;mr.
f.ir<11
~. 11Sid. Kau. This couplet gives the rule for the observa-
tion of Sandhi.
 § 20 l RULES OF SANDE:!. 13'

similiu vowel, short or long, the substitute for them both i&
the similar long vowel e, g. "'~+ al~- =l;l.frft;; ar.f-1-::111'~
::::,m1nfta:_;
l:f~r-1-:s:i>!'/f<I_='<<{T.;<l<f:~+~TiP':=~· eager
to gain knowledge; 1,ra+i!"lf=!'l'ITTo!; <J1jq-+{!l'f'il=:a:i-ii~;~r+
hr-=m~:; ~+ii!l.«:=o'flrl:~:; mg+-3;g:=;:,na:~:; ~+
a;i:=~i: the strength ot the atmy; ~+51t;g:~:, ~+
=lt<f;I'(:= f~r,·; = ~!!l'r:i:: the lka.ra p;onounced,
ii'r~+ ~1:ii'T'l'.'
by the sacrifieer (since there is no long ~ long =Ii:is eub!tituted
for both).

(a) If~ or~ be followed by a short "tt' or <'l;, short 'lit' or~
is option~lly'substituted ior both; t grq+=ii:,m:i::=fnf<1m::, and
also iff1:l!F'a'i'T'I':( videj 23. sec. b. ); so three forms altogether
i[q!lTT'(' and ITT~!ITT,:;
\TT~1if.>H:, !TTq+~!ITT'(:= ~t~i,f.R: and
also~'(.

§ 20· When :a:y or :auis followed by l, :;r, "'" <'l;, short or

long, the ~orletter corresponding to the lat_tsr takes the place
of bothI e. g. 'i!"'t+!f~il:-=~cf';::::Vishnu, Q'(ii+f'l'{,:.=q:i:i{l>i:f'(: the
great lord; tm+~.c;;n=~'¾-;;i.>r <r~+~TC<:fff
the wish of Rama.;
=lTiitfci;H1;i;: accordmg to wish or de~ire, ~n+ :a-o:r~:=f;a)-q~:
+ a;~· =<$•11T1~:Kfshna's thigh; ir'fT+
friendly instruction; i!;l!:111"
a-~;i;=it'lf-i~;;i;f.l'.,
;r~r+~~==i:nfi~-, ~•!Jf+"!t:r~:=~~' K;--
sh~m's pro~perity, i,gr+"iti'f:=;:ril'f,f: a great sage; l'!<i+Wf.ilt:
=i'f<{~<ior,:
The iM,r11pronounced by you.
(a) If a cons_onant be foilowed by homogeneous co11sonante,
eirnapt the na•o.ls, the sen:nvowels, and ,t, the first o:f them is

oJ( ~: 1:r'loi'~~' 1 Pai;i. vr.1. 101.

t ;i.:1%~'for,r;:'IT I <'i.Tff
'(T'fof
w,'H I Vaxttikas on the above,
t a:ffll;ll'f:I Pim, VI. I. 86.
 14 [ § 20

optionally droppad;i. ~+~:=~by the general

rule; then ~+l!::+li,.+t: =f;llltl'tr: by this rule, the ~ being
dropped; and also a third form {;'~\: ( vide § 22, sec. d.
below).
(b) A consonant of the first five classes except :s:r,.
coming
after a semi.vowel is optionally doubled; so ~m: also be-
comes~:, i'Niifq;J{: and~:, 4 forms altogether .
....
Exceptions :-Vr~dhi substitute takes plaee in the follow-
ing cases_t
(a) When a word ending in :a:ris followed by oil', and !f by
·oil', a;r and a;(i; e. g. sra-+~:='!18'1':, chief guess ( or this
may be the acc. pl. of sra-~a young bull trained to the yolte);
sr+~:=sl\i: principal reasoning. Similarly sne:
full grown;
sn-ra-:; but ffl"Efr-(
( as a;r~ is not mentioned in the Satra ).
(b) 31'15"+oiit-rr=a1~1gnf1a complete army.t ( The change
of l':( to II!_will be explatned further on ),
(c) When ~ is followed by t{ and tf{l':( both derived from
i{ to go; e. g. ~+i{:::ffl:, one acting wilfully; selfwilled;
~o"~t.~~fr( m tftfi ~l;;JR~ mi")
~+\ftttr"t=~RUTT,
• W ill"R~orI PAn. VIII. 4. 65.
t ~g I P,Q.. VI. l. 89.The first part of the siltra (1,iz.
ffl% ) forms a counter-exception to § 21. a ( which see );
Sit~~; •~~~• '~<[$1'(?ui'i:' ~ ~ iffillT·
- Vartikas on the above Sutra.
' 'll~t\1<1(<6lil\'l!:1(111afw"r-r11aar,'
+
Properly an army consisting of 21870chariots, 111 many
elephants, 65610 horse and 109350 foot. ~riijmu: ~r
~ ~qr: 1~ irf"lii<fffil':
~ru~~: II 1wf1;gqlf~r
li'1T ~ wm:
I ~ 1! ll'UllJIIT'lli~
l~f;lr~l{_11~ 18"1T (1"~ ii
~ffl!Offfl ii I -llJl!W!N
lfSl?~ll'if sfirur
~. II mr%:(i"Jlifnir
~ 1n~,<1~{ ~rn n MaM-BMr.
li'TllijJliJ'~f.r :q I iffi'!'E!OIUT
_.A.'3..
P. II. 23-26.
 :§20-21 ] RULES OF SAND11I. 15

(d) Whon ~ is followed by Sltn: and t.h~rois an Inst, Tat.;

:is§<!i"+Sltn=5{1:l'ra:bleosed with lrn.ppincss ( li!;~ii Sltn:); but
'TI:~: very adorable ( q-n:r~nrr liltii~ ).
(e) When the word "!tll'I comes af1ar sr, ij;s'liit, ~iil'8", ;;r~;;
and liltll1';!r+'ift<li=.nar~,principal debt~, eo .i-i.rcmar debt for a
talf; 'ift"I"~ ( a d,•bt contracted to hqu:date a previous clebt );
~~1111: (Name of a country; ht. tho country with ten fortresses).
11lso<f~TOTr ,t<ft"
(lit. t,he river into which ten other rivers flow)~
(f) When* a preposition ending in a:ris followed by a
·root having an initial ~; l!.S 1m¥rn;
:.:rtr+Sit'iliflff:::a-q-r;;ifiribut
if the l'Oot be a don,nuimi.tive,tha V:riddhi is optrnnal; i:r+~-
+Tf!l'@=~+l'!"i!lIB or !ff'tlf!1Tffi
nets like a bull; but ;.:rq-+'E[$r:Cnmi;
=~<l"IB', as the~ is long; also ~-ci1f.iff!<f@=~r-sr;~:fr-
t1rn
vory nn1ch w1shas for ~ lkftrllj :for ;;,gis g1mnmatically
considered to be ahnifo.rto ,i;:.
¾ 21. When :a;or siTTis followod by I"( or~ and air or 'iifl
·itand a:irare respe('t,ively substituted for bothi; ~+1f1.F.~==
~+ q:~===t~•~~
~ttr1.li,!fi:,;; the majeety o:l'god; ~T+!f~=h
she alone; ~';!'Hlflli=:-i,rf'flirrJ::
medicine against birth 11nd
,re-birth; f!fll'r+si.rcl:Nli'=f;i-iqr~:ii;
longing for knowledge.
Exceptions :-
(a) I If a proposition onding in 0t he followed by a root
,beginning wHh ~· or a,r,I!."or :if is s11bstit11tod,
sr+f(o=r1\"=st:;rn
quakes vory much; 1i"q'+3TT!ir°ff=i'i!l'T'I'@
lnnns something ne~r;
but if the root ho a denomine.tive. ·rrddhi is optionr,l; IJ'l"+~-
i.rfriml'=~~fl!fia-or -?(t;r<!f'rqra; !:4"+sui;fri:rrti='!fltTI!l'fff
or
'11't'ITT<TT1f.
"" a-t1W11;efir
1:r1,nI Pii.n.VI. l. 91. ,:rr!;lrlfli'l"U(>i";
I Pan.VL 1, H:!.
t ~!irl"Rr
Pa.;1.VI. 1. 88. 1~ !fl"~tp:i;1 VI. I. U.
 16 [ § 21
Oonnter-e::i:ception:-If a form of the root { to go, or Ii"!_to·
grow, with an initial q-,comes a:fter a,, and~ or 1:!'6ll'
derived
from if"!:_of the 4th, 6tb. or 9th eonj., a:fter i;r, ,·ridlii takea
\,'tf+q-'<ii1f=;ril-.m;
place; ;;;q-+tr@=<!:IT!'~, ( but ~+{~::;rilw:;
~l know; from S!<r+~~ which is equal to S!cf+~+~ij, and:
not sv~ij; m ~<IT~ST+iTT~'<i('(=?i~"<r);
i:r+l'f!{:=h: sending or
directing;~+~:=~: aaenant. But 'ij-q:,~: (from ff(,)'

(b) 1-When af is followed by q'cf in an indefinite sense, ~ is

substituted for both; a,+l[fl'=~ 'llfll-~~where will yon dme
to-day ? ( Th 0 place beiug not definitely known); but ~
( why, I shall dme at you1·house ).
(c) t at followed by :.:i)~ and a:ir ( prep. ) is dropped e. g.
~q+:a,1 fu<T+U:fi
;;-;:r:=fueTll:rfl\'+r:; ( 3lr+ll'T1) =~-
(d) :;The 1,rddhiis optional when the ending 3l of a word
is followed by a cat, or :a:ire-
:a:i)g; the lower lip, in a compound
..... ~ ~ _.._ r,.~
~+ 3'/fi;;';-=~'!!.""'I.!:
or 'l:'lJ:ilrfi,:';f<liif(\:!':,Tii''l'il'le'!
(o) §The fiual vowel or the final consonant with the pre-
ceding vowel is dropped in the ca8e of the following words
when foilowed by certs.m words in a compo1:mdt:-?v::i;' the
conntry of the Saka~+~ a weil=~:, ~i name of a
country+~:=:i;~:, f~+ ~el=i<"icronewho movesfrom one
mansion to another, a woman of ba.d character; .fri:r,i:+ a.;:ff: =

* ,f.:-'1!fR1liit
-Vartlk. t 3f/1:nil~
Pan. VI, 1 95.
+'~l<g)TI: wIT~91 l' § ~;i-Jlq!l: •n~ 91~ V§.rt.
tAnd also in the case of an onomatopretcwotding in a,~
:followed by ;,i;t e. g. qecr_+~lif='l'R:r'il;
but not in the case of
a monosyllab10 word ~<J:+{1'ii=a:i1~m; and when the word is
:repeated, only the a:_is optionally dropped, as tfe'Q.1,ctl;_+
i!l'il=
q~ or 'W'!efif,r.
 § 21-22] RULES OF SANJ)I!I. 17
of bad character; '€fn:r;;c+<l'!;;1f:='!fn:Fn: ( the white line left by
the parting of the hair on each side of the head ); but ;;fl·~:
when the meaning o.1'the -.,ord i~ 'The last line or limit of a
bonnilary' ~~+~=lliff'i'T wish; so c'l-r'ifefr'lTthe pole of
a plough; 6 €1"11'; G'fl~+::1'1'1ll'~:=q-;1;:;::;n~: name of tl.e cele-
brated antho? of the Mahabhli.sya ( a vaot commentary on the
~i1tras of Psi;iini ); lit. fit to be adored "'!th joi::ied hands; or
according to tradition 'who :fell down from the hands of a
cei iain sage as ha was o:ffering w~tee to the sun illt the time of
Sandhya adoration ' 'd'T'l:+ll'!~' =;JR:'if' an OTitelope with a
spotted skin or a kind of bird; but '<'fi'<:f§[f: one with a beautifol
skill. This is an Akrtigal},a•· •. words of similar formation
and requll'i.ng gnmmatical explanation but not actually found
in tha ga'{l,amay be classed under 1t; e. g. m;y+<'<'111is: =m~:
( derived from lft'll":;J') lit. born of a dead egg, the sun.

§ 22. When 1,, ;r, ~and~. short or long, are followed by

a d10similar vowel, '!:, ii(,,:, and v[_aro respectively substituted
for tl,$m'; e. g. 1,fu+srr&=W-<;qri, l;!1i!f+'i!'<n~-=~~•:n~:
adored by tlw wisr; 1:J:,t+ai·R:=+T'o<f~: ths e:cemy of "fli!•. •·
Vish1;m, '<'Wi+aiey:=ffl~: a portion of the creator; ~+an•
>eif<f:=l!l'rerrn:
a figure hka that of~ &c.

Ob,-Several of the above words may have more than one

form whe1.1combined;•· g. il;IoTT+sf<rr~:=ti"'!.!!:.+;;,q,.i:r:
by the
general rule:-

N. B. The folfowing rules and the two (a), (b) givel'.ll

under § 20, thougt they properly from the subject of the next
section, are given here to avoid confo,ion. Ordfouy students
may paes over these except sec. (bJ oJ: the present art

"';i-~ ~Rf Pai;i. VI. 1. 77.

JI. S. G. 2
 18 SANSKRIT GRAM.MAR, [ § 22-23

(a) A consonantexcept ~' precededby II vowel, is optionally

~+~~:=ij'o~ffi~:
doubled, if no vowel followe11.<; and
s~+~:-
(h) When a consonant,except II nasal or a semivowel, is
followed by a soft nnaspirate or aspirate ( 3rd or 4th letter of
a cl.ass) it is changed te1the aoft unaspirate ( 3rd letter) of ita
cfasst; ~+lilf~:=i!f-'i{~r~
(c) Semivowels,when precededby a lette.x of the first five
claseesexoept~ are optionally doubled§; thus ~i-;fffi!I':=
~+191ITT!f:and~+~=;~+~ffl!f::::~w+a-q-~:
;nd :i:i~+~: 1Thns the;; ar;
four for;;s ultimately,
~iz. ';'o;ffl1.l':,
~ ~
and ~q"f~:
J.1-jf,/J,<!Hi!:1:
~..... -... 1

Similarly ~+sm: =~:, if~:,~~:, and il"~ccm::

"i!'TQ'.+~:=~ and mef~: In ~+SllfiT'if:of co1usethere
is no possibility of any other form.

(d) A consonantexcept S:,coming after~ or~ preceded by a

vowel is optionally donbledt; e. g. tr1:+~:=~+G!"iJ~:=
i~: by the general rule; and optionally n:~~+31'~:=
~: ( Harl's experience) by this rule; so ;:i- ft+a:mii=.:r
@l'ffil'
and of ~ffi I
§ 23. (a) t, ;s, Si" or({, short or long, at the end of a word
followed by a dissimilar vowel except in a oomponnd,are optio-
nally not combined, and when ao they are shortened if
long x e. g. ~+~.r=~:i, Vishgn here, and '<!T1f;
31=r;but
<il'TT
+ '3N' = qj'~: a horse in a well,:mu+ SlT(a term.) llf"!rr.
"':aRRI'
"I" 1Pag VIII. 4, 47.
t ~r ~ ii!fflI Pag. 4. 53. § <IOTIl'llfil ~ Virt.
:t <>AT
wr,<\i~I PaJ,l.VIII. 4. 46,
liJlo:rn-~~ I
.x ia"~~ffl
 § 2s-24 I RULE$ OF SANDEI, 19

(b) a:r,t, <I'and ~, short or long, at the end o:f a word

·.followed by a short~, a:re also optionally not combined, and
when not combined are shortened if long"; e. g. iifilllf + ~, =
:; ~if'fMr~ of the seven
Wt;IT'f:A Brahmai;ia saint, and ol"iif~fq-
sages, and '!:ff!~,~ ( a comp. expression ).

§ 24. q-,au, q:-and :alr, when followed by a vowel, are changed

to ~.~,am(, and ~ respectivelyt; e. g. 1,r"t+!f=f~- for
·Bari; ~r+q-::::::~[11!1' for Vishi;iu; i{+ar,i;:=;wrt!i': A leader;
~+~:=l:fffi: the purified.a. :fire,
(a) ~ o:rii: at the end of a word and preceded by ~ o:r :au is
optionally dropped when followed by a vowel or a soft conso•
nant§; e. g. 1r~+q-r1"=ir{ltr% o:r ~~ qT&"i ~r+~(==R"llirE"i or
~ mr;ma-+ ,:«fi:f: =M!ft!'lfi'f: or mT ~;;i-ri: intent Oil
getting money; ~«+.r;ci;: =~~;;ifi: o:r ~ isJ:!fil': longing to
see the preceptor.

NotB-TWo vowels brought together by the disappearance of

an intervening consonant or visarga do not coalesce,

(b) at) and ir, whijn followed by a termination beginning

with~ beoomeal!!:and 31r;c__respectively t; e. g. m+.:i'=~
produced from a cow as milk, gb.ee &c. i'i'r+;cy=;;ra.r;i:
accessible
by a boat, navigable,

N. B. Thie rule holds good, in the case of roots, only when

theeit'or arr
is brought in by virtue of a termination; x e, g.
~+t=~r+ir=~.i:re: fit to he lopped off. a:r~tr~+fJ=~lll!~iiJl
+l:T==:a:i~~roliif;
which ought necessar1ly to be cut offb
,(c) Tt\e 311"
of the word 'Ill'is also ehanged to 311{_
when followed

"'~: Pai;i VII. 1. 127.

'f <firlS<fcf['if>.T:
Pa.g..VI. 1. 78. § &tcr:
~t'l'i'~'Wf l Pai;i. VII13.19.
+'{[~[M"!11'{/.fl X ~rir1~iffl;rri:f:;;~lrar
I Pa.i;i.VI. 1. :rn.80,
 20 SANSXBIT G11.uou.n. [ § 24-26
by the word qi:% ( in the Veda and) in ordinary language when
it means a particular measureof length*;e. g.~: four miles.

(d) The q-of the roots ffli'and ffl is changed to~ when fol-
lowed by the:i:rofthe potential participle indicating capabilityt
e. g filt+:i:r=~+V=!!{'ttf what can be 1educed;so a:J"'-f what can
be ~onquered;but ~!'.i;~~ if!.tr ~.j- ( what is fit to be removed
but may not be so ) qrq-,:il.j- ( whst ought to be curbed but
whlch it may not be &!wayspossible to curb as ) i:r.r· 1

§ 25. When If or aftat the end of a wo?d is followed by Sf

the latter merges mto the former § and the sign s is sometimes
wri.iten in its place; e. 9. ~+at<r=RSlf p:otect, Oh Hari;,
mur)+31'El'=~slf.
(!!) tlf the word ;rt, ending in arr,
be followedby :at,the sr
is opt1onallyretained, lllld if by a vowel, 31'!1'is optionally
sub.tituted for 'off,m+~=mtr'l;, 'ff'iU!ll: and ~ a
multitude of cows or chief among cows; but if it be followedby
Rand~ it recesaarilychanges its 811'to :a'Ri:iil'+t-if.=
;fif;J: an excellent bull; ii;Jf!ff: a lattice.window, similarly.
§ 26. No aandAiis possible in the case of x-
1 What are called the Prap!lw_a
exceptions;viz.-
(11) When e.dual from (whether of a noun, pronoun or verb)
endt in i, a;, or q-....; e. ,.~ w ~; •m;
~ sr'(; q~er
l{Jt1'•
• ~ ~~Rl:l I SMlf~ "1' 1Vartikaa.
t ~ ~if I Pef.1. VL 1. 81.
§ ,rg- ~ I Par.i,_VI.'1. 109. t ~ii:Tiiti:im1lt:1 Sl'9~~
fficl~ffl I ,~ :q I Paf.1.VI. 1. 122-24.
x ~ arRf.lr.!i:J;. Pa9. VI. 1. 125.
-4ll~'i:1iilj~I
 § 26] RULES OF SANDE!. 21

i
(~) When or a;-follows the I\ of the pronoun~~ t, g.1
~ (~r: these lords; a:f~ m~ the two sit clown.
Ob The ;::rof the Vedic forms a:i~i't and ~Ji" also doas not
t
blend with a following vowel ( I Pa,n. 1. l. 13, ); e. g. ~
~..j;J~~ir &c. Rg. rv.49. 4. Similarly a Valdic word ha,;,-
ing the sense of the loc. ( but nr.t eni!mg in the termination of
the loo. ) l'emains unaffected by a foll owing vowel; mm.fi:fl-
~1!ITTV' &c :ag. X. 12. 3. where trl"f.i stands for ~f.a: the
loo. term, being dropped by :!Itif~~ Pan. VII 1. 30.
(c) § Partielea consisting of a singlo vowel, exeept an mef>m-
ing 'a little, or a limit' exclusive or inclusive or usarl as
a preposit10n, when followed by a vowel, e. g. { ~~ Oh Inil;a,
~ .r'k~, a{f ~ i ~~ ah, you thil'.!kSO; but 3TT+~=a.rllt!D~
( a little warm ) &o.
{d) When 11nindeclrnable ends m si.); e. g. :s;ij"f f~r:, ,'h~
final en o.Ca noun in the vocative case optionally eombmes
when followed by~@; e. g. ~~i~@=~on"ifra,and ~m'ff;
also ~ i{@ ( see § 24 a. ).
N. B. AU these vowels which do not blend with others,
l!Jld sometimes the words in which they occur are tecl:rn1cally
called 11'3l~
II. and pluta vowels; e, g. q-fu ~ ~ '!!'IS. .\Tmre 00:ne
K:rahq.a; here is the cow grazing .
.A vowel becomes pluta under the following circumstances:-+
( 1 ) The last vowel ,,f a seutonce uttered in reply to a
salutation from a male person othor than a S'udre. when the

*~"II<( I PAq.,I. 1, 11. 12.

:m~
§ l'!'ITTTq:cJ;l;;;-11~I I ii~ ~l'Pml'.f'iiFl'll"it I Pin. I. 14-16.
+ an~ ~' ~ ~'<I: I q,irfij-~sg~ 1 Paq.. VIII. 2. 82-83.
~t 'f 1 >=r@;;;"<!{il~r~ 91~ 1 Var!ikas on the latter su-
tra. ~ :q-1~!1'<1\Ttffii'\: 1 PA11.VIII. 2. 84-85.
22 SANSKRIT GRAMMAR [§26-!8

name or the family is actaally mentioned! e. g. it Sllij;q:rf,rr~

~ ~ live long, 0 Devadatta, which is said in reply to
1• ~ 1\ ◄ ~'ffhJil; " I, Devadatta, bow to you; but the last

I" in " it ~T ir;r irrffr"or in ~f.tft is not pluta; for

in the 1st we have the name of a. female and in the 2nd no
name at all.
But if the sentence end in the word it: or in the name of
a Kahatriya or 'l'ais'/iyathe la.at vowel becomes optionally
pl•ita e, g. 81'~ l[N lit: or it~:~ or,ri ~ <!;
~i{'r.lqffi or if ~ 1
(2) The final vowel of a.sentence addressed from a distance
to a person; and that of the particles 'g-and l
uaed in such a
sentence; e. g. ~ Ril'~ ~;'t mr;,m; I l,
§ .27 The particle :a-,preceded by a letter of the first five
classesaxcept 51._and followed by any vowel, is optionally
changedfto ~'If; f.i;8'ri ~ and fiq ff (by § 26 c. ).

II. HALSA.NDBI, OR !rRE CO>LESCENCE OF FINAL CONSONANTS

.;,:....,"'"lfrT:e:
VOWELS - ND CONSONANTS.

§ 28 When ~ or a consonant of the dental class comes in

oontact with:-
(a) t~ or a comonant of thii palatal olass, the correspond,
ing letter of the latter class ii substituted tor the former, and
1r for~; ffu:t.+~=~ Harl Bleeps;mt":+f.llifl'ffi:<1'4~'
~ lUma collects; '6'<!:+~=~~ Reality and kno,vledge;
~+ffif::a~11fi'541~ Be you victoriona, Oh Krs~a.
Exception:-(1) Dentals coming after I!.are not changed into
the corresponding palatals; e. g. ~w: that which spreade,
lutre; !fV:.
'If '111'~ ~ !fl I Pin. VIII. 3-38.
t ~~ ~: I ~ I ~ ;rr e-:I P~. VIII. 41 401 44, 4.1.
§ 28-31 ) RuL11sOFSanm. 23

(b) q_or a consonant of the lingual class, 'l!'.is substituted fo:r

~ and the corresponding letter of the latter clas! for the
former; :i:rnia:_+~:=~: R'1:uawho is sixth. uma:_+~=
:i:r'lm°itRama goes; e!<J:.+€t<i;T=n1r<ITTA commentary on that;
;;.f'I;~+ ~= '<l'f1i;q-r.i;i,:f thou goest;~+ m= if'l!l'
OhK~sl11;1a,
one who pounds,

E:x:ception-*(1) If a letter of the lingual class coming at the

end of a word be followed by ~ or II letter of the dental class,
the :e:_ <i'iii'rn'and lif:im
ae well as the dentals except the:;;: of <I'll!:_,
remain unafiected; osr,;:__+~n:=~;:a-: six good men; ( see
these six; but ~ ( since the ;;;:_
slso § 39, ); ~+il':=\f?;,_ff of kis
not at the end of a word ) he praises. So llfll'll!;m\'Ninety-six,
'IT1l'~: six towns; but l;l'~+a-~=m'<fe-~ abundance o!
ghee; as the exception excludes'13:.
§ 29. If II letter of the group ~ be followed by Ill:_it does not
+ ll8"·=~.:111r;:sixth
substitute its corresponding lingualt; i!.f'1:_
good man.
§ 30, If a consonant 1 except !; or ii!:•coming at the end of a
woid, be followed by a nasal, the nasal of its class is optionally
substituted for itl; ~+!Rf11::=~1'R: and ~~u/r:
(see§ 22 sec. b.) this MurAri; lil'~+m~r:=qvm"":and
~~rm: six monthe.
N. B. If the nasal belong to a termination the change ie
necessary; ~!i!1i: that alone;~ mere knowledge. l:l'lci!i+
~li='.I'~ 1 The word <l'iifi~ ( see Rag IV, 22 ) is
irregularly formed.
§ 31. A letter of the dental class, followed by ,:i' is changed

i/ 'I' 'l'1ffi'!rif'"11"!{
I Piln. VIII. 4. 42. 3'1'1llf''HR'!Tll1'li!l'?lrl'
<1r,;1l"TJ:
1
VArl
t ffi: (tf. Pai;i. VIII. 4. 43,
t lTT!S~~SW!il~<ITT <fl I Par;t.VIII. '1. 45.
24 ( S31-86
the nasalised;;,.taking the place of ~"; ffif.+~:=a"tfJV:
to,.,
thedestmction of tha.t; A~~+~fa'=fir(l~ie\ll@ a learned
man writes.
§ 32. Th,i ~ o! I'm' and ~ is changedinto~ when after the
preposition ~t;il~~~~=:a-~+~~=~~ and :S{~~Tilll.,
( see § 20. a ), and tce:i ~~r,:r13:,:g~')lf~ rising up; similarly
~~ and .m:'li:~ upholding.
§ 33 ~ coming after any of the first four letters of a class 1s
optLOnallycl:.angod1.0 the solt aspir11te( 4th letter ) of that
elaso+;;na;..,_+gft:=qJTffi:(seeb. undor§22),and by thiScfll''Ef'ih
( ,rr::;ri'
gft: ) the po1eessorof speech,Brhaspati.
§ 34. Any co::sonant, except a nasal or a semi-vowel,is
changed to the first of its class, when followed by a hard
consonant, and to the first or tliird when followed by nothing;
~,lifll!..
§ 35. fi.'l:preoededby a word endingin any of the :first four
letters of a class and followedby a vowel,a semi-vowel,a nasal
or ~,is optio:iallychangedto~;- e. g.ffl'.+mtf:=a-~+ fv;n and
n'~+fu,r..and then a-1!.,+~;r:,and ct<I.+m:bv the above, and
finallyil'f.6~<f:and a~ll'• that Siva ( see. a. § 28. ). Similarly
a.ff, a~i.ll'lifi;;;but~ra speech falters ( as ii' is not
followedby any of the letters mentionedin the rule ).
§ 36. xii; at the end of a word is chllllgedinto an Anuswira

" im~1 Pai;i.vm.4. 60.

t iq: ~A: 'l.ffl'I Pal} VIII. 4, 61.
t il'lfl'fJ,zr,m~I Pai;t.Vil. 4. 62,
..,.~~~ I <!IR
:q-I Pan.VI. I. 4..63. 55.
x ~S:lffit: l "!Wi~ ~ l Pii;t.VII. 3, 23, H and Pai;t
VIII. 3, 27, I. 3. 10. ( seesec.~ ).
 ..
! 86-381 RULES OF SANDm, 25

when followed by a co.:.sona.nt; e. g. gft11;+!fl"t=~ ~ I

salute Hari. But ir~+q-+'if=irRRI' as i;;: is not at the end of a
word. The word ~is an exception (sea P6.n. VIII. 3. 25)
(a) ~ and -{, not at the end of a pada, a.returned into an
Anuswara when followed by a. consonant except a nasal or a.
eemivowel or J; :str~+m=a:rT!lim he will overcome; q-~
ftr=~ ( nom. pl. of~ fame); but ;r;:at)rhe thinks, as~
is followed here by q- which is a semi-vowel; '!m:l'f~+~=
!liili ◄ .,,@fa as -{ is at the end of a pada ( grammatioa.l form).

(o) This change ls optional in the case of 11_when ii: followed

by~ comes after it; e, g. ~+~r'ir=~·a>.:i·fif and fil;i:gr~
what does he shake?; but i£ this I!'_be followed by -!'.,and if by ~
~•e-,the nasalised ii(, ~ -[_, are optionally substituted for~ :
e. g. i$+ij{6'=~ orf<Fill'a' what does he conceal?~+t:r:=
~: antl"'~:'° what ! yesterday ! eo Nipm, fii;.~er;
ll.ii..@iq_q/aand ~ii'!ST~i but r.:i~+anmr:=~: I

§ 37. An .A.nuswAra. followed by any consonant except~ 't,

or i{ is changed to the nasal of the class to which the follow-
:e:_
ing letter belongs, neCBssarily when in the middle, and
optionally when at the end of a word•; e. g. ~+f('l':=af+~
+ir,r: (by the preceding l'llle and then)+: marked (by this);
so ~"!(,_+t!'I':=~: honoured; !jrum obstructed; ~:
, calmed; ~: woven;~+ i;ufit::;.i- ,i;~~ or ~mit thou
doest; similarly *riffl' or ~ a restrainer; tilfrij'(: or
~~: a year ; q ~or~ to which people.

§ 38. If <if. and ~be followed by a sibilant, ~ and ;;:respee-

ti vely are suffixed to them optionally; and hard une.spiratea are
optionally changed into hard upirates when followed by a

• ~ ~ ~: 1~ ~ Pal}..VIII. 4. 48-52.
26 L§ 38-41
sibilant 11;sn~+l!ie-:=~:, SfTf'fll':;~:; the sixth
man gone before1 ~+w:=~lfUW:, ~~:, ~:, the
sixth good counter,
§ 39. If it.or iJ; at the end of a word be followed by \t, ~
( changedto ,r,)is optionally; inserted betweenthem;~ ,. g
~+A=~~: or 11i'it_41'!.+ll'l'ff:=~ six good men;.
so ~ + 'l'T: ="~:or~: that good ma.n.
(cz) ~ "rand ~ at the end of a wordand precededby a short
vowel double themselves when followed by a vowelt; ,. g.
~+amirr=~m:n the individual soul; so Q'ITfflln''!if:the
1Jestreckoner;~: good Achyuta.
§ 40. Ob.If the ending ~ of a word be followedby I!,, a:is
optionally insertedbetween them t e. g. ,n:,+~:=~~: and
~ Sambhu existing for all times; and ~:=~:
and~: (by§ 35); then by§ 28 (cz)iJ;being changed to !ii!'
(and <t,to~) ~. ~- and ~: and finally by
dropping~ optionally(by § 20 a.)~:, ~~ and ~.
~:.
§ 41. iJ; comingafter t;, g:,or '!fi" short or long, in the same
word is changed to ~ even though a vowel, a semi-Towel
excepti{,, a nasal, or a letter of the guttural or labial class or
It_comes between t;, Ill.. or 'Iii' and iJ;;+e.g. ur.:r=~; i",+;n
~ by the sun,~ &c.; b~t mr+.m:r=uir ;rm (a.sthese
are two separate words). Thu changedoes not take place
when;i: is at the end of a wordx ~-

II w:~~I PAl;I.vm.3. 28.

• i:: RI'~ I ;ill! I P,Q. VIIl. 3. 22, 32.
t j:t ~~~~I P,Q. VIII. 3. 32,
t ~ ~ I PAl;I.VIll. 3, 31,
~ ur:~ I o!,!ijtiilil:_il411Et!71(il
+ ~11<11 FAQ.VIII. 4. 1. 2.
'X~ ;r I P,Q. VIll. 4. 37.
§ 42-43 ] RnEs OF SANmn. 27

§ 42. ,a:belonging to a substitue ( <P.'r(~) or a termrnation

( !f<'!fl:r) and not at the end of a grammatical form is chimged
when preceded by any vowel except :a-tor a:rv,
to q__ a semiV( wel,
a letter of the guttural olase or t 11; e. g. ~ri:l'+i=Ui:i:':i:;but
~~q- as~ is preceded by !of, ~:tjfrq~) &e., astrbelongs to the
word ~- This change takes place even if an anuMvd.,·a
substituted :for ,i:, a vim,;1a o:r ll.!.'?t or ~ intervenej, ~. g.
~+re=~ nom. pl. of ~~~ neu. a bow. ~,+t=r=
~.
§ 43. The~ of~ is changed to an Anuewlba and Visarga
when followed by II form of the root ~. the .Anuswara. again
is optionally changed to an AnnD3-eika;"· !J. 'll.'l'i!;+<!mr=lfft1m'T
is affixedto the ending of the words ~,a:,~ and
and ~'f<J!'lf; 19:.
so ~ and ~~cfT-
l!TT;;i:1:;
N. B. The word ~ is capable of havmg 108 different
forms as several 8dtras are brought to hear npon it; but they
are not given here 1ie being tedious 11ndof no material v11l110.
Sections a, lJ,o, and d may be omitted by beginners.
(a) x The~ of~ is optionally nasalised and has ~ added
to it as above, when it ia followed by a hard consonant except
a sibilant, preceding a vowel, a !emivowel, a nasal or g'; 9:i!'.'+
;itfit;~:=~+~+ii'f~=~r~:, ~~: a male koliila
bird; so ffii and ~!r:fi the son, a grown up man; but~~
milk for a man; ~: a man-servant. Exception~ the
account ol II man.
(li) ~ at the eDd of a word ( except ~~ ) followed by
~, Wi;;:_,~;or<!_,~ wluch is iteelffollowed by a vowel, a semi-
___--- ----_,..,_
--·~- --~
"' ::J!'lif~ ~ir: I ~~: 1 I Pai;i.VIII. 3. 55
a:r~~!l",l{ll<i't:
57, 59.
t :'l:~~~ol.1'!17<l'it
I Pai;i.
vm. :1. 58,
; <.'l!!fflffl ~: I Vil.rt.
x '!'f: ~ll+'l"1Pil.Q.VIII, 3. 6. ~lff51fi!~'f ! Vil.rt.
28 SANSKRIT GRAlm.l.". [ § 4:1-15
,..
vow~l, a nasijl 01 l!iundergoes the gamechange~.,;;e. 9, W'lf:tI,+
~=~~+,a:_+~=~"i''l'.+~+rai~ ( by § 28,
seG. a ) and ~f't-~~
~rfi·i~i'fv:~ Oh Ktiehi;ia, cut o:ff;
eimi.larly ef~+'ifl<l'~=..;f'~r~'!:<fand ~~~; save, Oh
Krsh.i;ia; but i~n as the 'I:_is not at th:i end of a word. :a~:
a fine handle of a sword. !if:!Tr-'1ii'flf6& g,1odman spreads.

(c) The ;:i:of~ when :followed.by ~ undergoes this change

optionally; 1;:i:+i:rm=~~' t'<r~, and \:'lil'ft.
( ii!) The ~ of <iir.J: followed by <$!;;:also undergoes this
change opHllnall;y; G:T~+ <f.r;i:=~r.J;, ffl<lir.l'. to whom P ~
O! g: is s11.bstitutedfor ::he visarga when the following sets
are combined: <1,:+i:!i==~<f.:;similarly i\-n,;p: wherefrom ,
.ii~~:, the present time; '13lqo:~~ra ghee-pot ;
<.l~:
~of,ill'I~a howstafl'; :q-~q~ a sacrificial vessel;~'i'<i a
magnet; am:!iT~: great darkness; ~'f.<j;flfe:; m~(:; a:im-(:
the sun.

§ 44. ~ is necessarilyinserted between Wand the preceding

vowel, shoxt or long; and optionally when a long vowel at
the end of a word, e:x:ceptthat of the pa?ticle m and tha pre•
position a:rr,precedes it t; e. g_ ~~+~l'ql-14114..,'l§ll:ir Siva's
shadow; so ~; ~~ff what is out again and again;
~+~=~~@M or ~~')~; :i:rr+fu-~=;r~
may he not cut; i:iiT+m"~T~=a:fl'ei'l'l;:<Tra he covers,
VISARGASANDRI.

§45. ~ at the end ofa word followed by any letter or not, the

to l'/~l3; I Pii.i;i.VIII. 3. 7.
t ~ :;;i- I
Pin. VI. 1. 73. Properly <I_is inserted, but it i 6
changed to ~ by § 28. ~ll"fsl~ I ,il~cf 1 ,m~r I Pan. VI.
l, 74-76.
§ ,[5-46 ] Rt:LES OF SANDJIZ, 2S

~ oi:~~ and { followed by a hard consonant! or· by nothing,

=rcti'I':
as rri:r ire@ Ra ma read,. r'il:ITT:
ara changed to a Vier.rg(,.
Oh father. ,;n-ij:ll><'l:!'cf.i
n brother's daughtGr.

§ 1G. Vi~arga, fo!fowcd hv ~' ~• ~ i, and <I,, ~, them-

selves not followed by a 2ibila11t,is changed to~* e. 9; R">!g-
~111'1'Vishnu, the ymJtector: ~fo,a-~rn, Had walks: ~rfl'lrr<lm'
Rama goes; ( Vide § :Jl)), but ;;i;: is!;f~: ( as th" a:
i, foilowed
by" ); and optional.lvwhen followed by ;rr, ~ or ;:i- t; ui:r: ~!l.'ffi:'lf
or mf~N@T Ram,1 ;!Jo would stand; Gfft~ or ;Ri\iil'ff&c.

(a) Visarga, not bekngmg to an fo.declmable is changed

to ~ when preceded by :::1, and to ! , when precededby ii' or ,;r,
short or long, and followed by the terminations !fili,T, <1wcr,~
and <J;fl=lft; e. g. tf<l~r~i;: :Bad milk: l:l'~t:f;i.e!fill( little short of
fame; ?.i~Ft~~with fame. :trlITT!f.J;qfu he desires fame, but srra:-
~;,c almost dawn ( where ll'fil': is an indec. ); ~f'<fll!fma: bad
ghee, ..,~~~, :S-N>!f.;;,,s:ri'if~~QlffIf the vimra how-
ever, is a substitute for a final I;, it is not changeil to ~ be-
fore qjfl:!l§;ift: ;;i;f;:;:rnrspeech desire&

(o) X The Visars:. v:1';;f{: and ~'(: when prefixed as indec-

linables to verbs tcgimung with ~ or "!. and g;_or ~ is
optionally changed to ~ in the case of the former and neces-
sarily in that of th,e fatter e. g 'ii'~<!SU@Or;,i;r: 11:i'Uffi",
9?'E!f.lf@
puts in the front; but ;;'\' l:f~'l.!ol:ff.towns fit to bi, entered ( as
~I:is a noun ).

~ ~ffl ~: ~tp- ~1R: Pan. VIII. 3. 34-35.

+ <fr~R, Pan V. 3 36,
+l31S'f<{l~I Pan V:m 3. 38 q-~~q-'"1!f.1t<ll~fil'<fl'5<Jfl:_
l aff·
;;irr~ilfrr
cf~ I Vartikas. ~: q-.Pan. VIII. 3. 39.
~it~ <lfS/;lfi{I Yirt.
§ 1!f.lrit
X ;p:r~ijfq~: I Pin, VIII. :,. 10,
30 SANSKRIT GRA:l!MAB, [ § 46

(c) *Vbarga, preceded by if or \f and not belonging to a

termination, 1e changed to~ except in the case of fJ[:; often,
if followed by a hard consonant of the guttural o:f the labial
clase : f,t:+sw«=~ withont obstaele. atrr.t~ dis-
closed; %'>lltill:a bad action; but ~: ~; :atm"!tiffl~ as the
Visarga is substituted for f!. a term. so mj;J: li1fT and not
~-~:is an exception.
(d) t ffl{'I;(optionally retains its '1l:when followed by ~,
~ "{,or ~; fiR": ~Tffl'or @~{Tlff hides or scoms
t'i::,&I':and =..i:
0 :; all of them adverbs showing frequency,
chi.11getheir Visarga to 'II:optionally nuder the same circum-
stances:\:;~'it or fi.q;ufcrdoes twice; but ~iii'~ hav-
ing four parts (where~ 1s not an adverb).
(i) § The ending t: or \i': of a word changes its visarga to
,: optionally under the same circumstances when the presence
of the following word is necessary for the completion of the
sense;,af&q;(i(a or ffi:~ turns into ghee; 'qll!fiU@'or
~:;rimr makes a bow; but ftre"Q ffl'if: fir..-
~, as there lij
no connection here between the words m: and fq.r•
.And necessarily when at the end of the first member of a
compound;as <:I'~ a pot for cla.ri.fiedbutter; but IRlf•
~ a big ghee-pot ( ae the word ~ is an uttaia
lE("{if:
pada ).
(/) Visuga coming after the atof a word other than an
indeclinable and forming the firat member oi a compound is
ehanged to {{when followed by a derivatiTe of the roots ',!>
;p;, and by ;s.r,i''l, qr~, ~ and im'ur x ,. g. SN~1,: an
iron-smith;~: one who desires iron; ~<li«;JJ..an iron
pot; ~: ~m a b?idle; 311fl'ilioff
a kind of iron pot~
• ~ 'ifrlll'll'ffl Pin. VIII, 3. 41,
tfimi1~, Pan. vm. 3. 42.
:\:~a,~~ I Pan. VIII. 3, 43.
§ mi: 'ffllliif
I filflf ~Rt~lftlf I Pan.vm. a.44.-4;;_
Nift~;pmll'~Gf~~
X a:r11: I PS.11.
VIIL S. 4o.
§ 46-49] RULES OF SANDRI. 31

but i(:<i\1{: Brhaspati; 'l!:!f:<f;!,I':one desiring heaven ( where

'fl.lt ia an indec. ); .:r~:~ (as there is no comp.); a!ld
~li!':i:Jm': produ~ing great fame (as the word l:fiITT\ is not the
first member of the oom.).
(g) <l'The words a:{1:'f:and fu,: change their visarga to tJ::
when followed by ~ under the same circumstances as thoee
mentionedabove; 11\'.l~t~i;i:,~~il!ll\ but '"1\T=ll';t when there is
no comp.; ~~; tf~ (as fu, is the latter memberi3'Tl{q-if).
§ 47. Visnrga ( substituted for ~ and not t) preceded by
short 1>I'and :followed by short :a:ror a soft consonant is
changed to .;r; fu;,r:+ai;;;;ii':=ro,,1"+ =~<ft+Sl=oif:
'3'+:ar,.iif: =
r~rel:f:Siva is adorable; ( see § 25 ); ~<f; + lf•'li=::: ~ of•.:f God
should be saluted; but Tff\!TiJ qv ST~ T~ (where-the at after
<q'Q":is pluta);i:fT(I':+~:f=!.ffn:i:=r( for hero the visarga is snb-
etit11tedfor ~ ); so l:tl'c'f~ &c.
§ 48. Visarga preceded by ll'ii is dropped necessarily when
followed by a soft consonant, nnd optionally when followed
by a vowel; it ie also optionnlly dropped when precededby ai;
and followed by a vowel except :a:c;when it is not dropped i~
is changed to ~ in both these cases; ~l!fl; +.n:irr: =~•H ;:r;i:rr:;
;~lfr+ ff=~ !{If, itin~ I
§ 40. (a) Viearga, preceded by any vowel exoept 81or 31"
and followed by a vowel or soft consonant, is changed to :i::;
i~: +.=rm'i:i':::m;;fu-ra Bari conquers; so ~'itfit the sun risee;
:irro~~ffi a cow or bull comes.
Exception :-The Visarga of the particle~ .rr:, li:m":andawr:
obeys§ 4-8;~-!J· '.lit+ar,;~=~raJ'i:i!!!f or ~~[ff Oh Achy11-
ta; l"ftrr.rm:11'Bh11go! a bow to thee; atl:11' ~ij Oh you go.
(h) The , of ~, not followedby a dcclonaional termina.
tion, is always changed to r bnt if followed by q-r?fI and other
words s11ehas fi'n;:, ~t &c, the change ls optional and if by .,;,q-
·------·--•·•·---· -----------~---
• ~:fmm ft( t Pb. VIII. :i. 47.
I sl~1P:f1t1;;t
'l'l'<fl~!Pfl~q:;:I Vlrt.
32 SANSKRIT GRAMJIIAR. [49-5j

and uf=i, viearga is substituted ior it; ~g-:,~: day by day;

<>1g:qf0 : or ::1€qfff: the lord of the day, the sun; ifii1a:or
;ft11qm:B;haspati; ~: oz ~r'ff: a leader; but :;mfh:.rr;i:
Inst•
ilual; ~t~;i: the form of the d&y~ uf>Rlfl'isr~r;;r: day
and night; :o:ifu~i'i~ a protection of Saman to ba chanted
by day,
(c) ;.I: or i followed by I.:or il\:respectively is droppped, and
the precedmg :oi,Wor .r if sho1t is made long; ~+~=llJH
~a' spor:s again; ift:+m=iim:,+.:~:=~ ~RT:Hari ie
gracefol; but u_Hs:=i;g-: ( form 'I![+ii) p. p. of e!'~to grow.
§ 50. t(a) The 1l,.of the nom. &ing. of~ and l'{n~ mas. i®
dropped before a consonant when they do not end rn q;-or are
not used in a negative Tatpumaha; e. g. ~ ~t\':, li:'lf~:; but
~,m-~~: this Rudra; a:J~li:f,l': that is not Siva ( a neg.
Tat.); ~TSf•
(b) t Sometimesin poetry the 1a;of ~: and q-\!i: is considered
as not existing when followed by a vowel other ihan :s{, so the.t
the two vowelsmay combinem orde:rto mset the e:x:igenoies ox
the metre: e g. ~fir ll' i~~ &c. Rg. II. 24. I
~mef~
~ q!Sl~T u;r,~"I' UG'll':!I'Nf~: I
~ lf.llTT
~mrr~l ffl' >fu:l-r111~= 11

Chapter Ill

SUBANT.A ~R-~~O~~~- . .
§ 51, In the pr~apfer '1Jec1ens1on
or the inflection of
nouns, substantive and adJect1ve,is considered
§ 52. The crude IO?mof a noun ( any declinable word ) not
yet inflected is technically called a Pratipad1ka ( If'fffi'l'~)
1 ~ ~ ~'i.i-fS'll:
""UR" Pan, VIII. 3. 14. VI. 3. 111.
t ~: l;I~f%~!~ ~%l :j. ~1f;i-~iq-~<G'lfflim{I
Pan. VI. 1. 132, 134.
 § 53-56] D:ll:CLENSION, 33

§ 53. A noun has three genders: masculine gender (mas.)~

a feminine gender (fem.), and the neuter (neu.). The ques-
tion about the determination of the gender of nouns will ·be
considered in a separate chapter.
§ 54, There sre three mmi.bers:-Singular (sing.), dual
(du.) and plural (pl.).The singular nnmber denotes one, the
dual two and the plural three or more. ~
§ 55, There are eight cases in each number:-Nominativ&
(Nom. or N.), Vocative (Voc. or V.), Accusative (Acc. or A.}
Instrumental (Ins. or I), Dative (Dat. or D.), Ablative (Abl. or
Ab.), Genitive (Gen. or G ), and Locative (Loe or L.). Thes&
express nearly all relations between words in a sent-ence,
N. B. These genders, numbers and oases will, for the sake
of convenience, be denoted by their abbreviations enclosed into
brankets after each.
§ 56. Snp (ij''~J)is the technical term for a ease termination
in Sansk!'.it. Declension consists in adding the case termination
to the crude :formor base.

,I.< ~~"1'1f~ I ~!J ~'<\',l:[_I P11n.I, 4. 22. 21.

t The general terminations as given by Pai;tini arf)-ffi;;r~lf'i-
~!~g:l.lJTR-'ll~Rll-lW•"ll'~l<:fl~tl't_ I IV.1. 2. ~. e. Nom,
u-:slrG'Tf.(;Ace, a:rii:,Sll?,"_, 1qir;Dat. i. i:rrm,•~;
~i Ins. cl •7.flll:_
Ah. s-fu" •"ll'l\;Gen. ;ri,: ~~ a:r~;Loe. ~ an'!!.:gq-_
"1113:. Some of
these terminations, as in commonwith Pai;iini's systemof nomen-
clature, have certain Its ( servile letters ) added or prefixed to
them; f.g. :,-in ,e;,'ll:
in ~ &c. It will he easily eean that the term
~ is obtained by taking the :firet letter and the last It in the
sdtra.
H,S, G. 3
 SANSKIUT GRAMlll:.U!.. ( § 57-1\0

§ 57. The following are the nonnal case-terminations:-

]Jfas.and Fem. Neit.
Sing. Dual Plural. Sing. Dual Plural.
N. v. '{J_ ~1 ~ N. A. t:i:
~
{ t
A. ~ ,, v. ,, ,1
I. sl!1' ~;i: "
l~~ The rest like the mas.
D. q- ~
.A.b. at~
"
G. "
"aft~ ~r~
L. ;!'" ,, Q"
§ 58. The Vocative is considered to be 11 different aspect of
the nom. and is identical with it in the dual and plural,. It i&,
therefore, supposed to have no aeparate terminations of its
own. In the sing. it sometimescoincides with the original stem,
eometimes with the nom,, at othera, it differs from both.
DECLENSION OF NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES.

§ 59. Declension is for the sake of convenience divided into

two classes:-
!. BASES ENDING IN VOWELS.
IL BASES ENDING IN CONSONANXS,

§ 60. The declension of adjectives does not, in general, differ

from tha.tof aub!te,ntives. It will not, therefore, be given here
separately; the points of differeMeonly will be noted.

SECTION I.
1. BASES ENDING: IN VO\VELS.

Nots:-The varis.tions a.ndmodilios.tions, which the general

terminations given above undergo when applied to !everal of
the vowel bases a.re eo numerous, that it has been thought
 § 60-83] DECLENSION.

advisablenot to notice them here, as being tediotlS, but simply

to give the form! llJlldleave the students to find them out for
themselves. Every word declined here should be considereda
model and words alike in form shouldbe declinedsimilarly to it.

Nouns ending in ai- Mas. and Neu.

§ 61. '1l,11m.Rima. ,i, knowledge.

;ITTl'I'
Sing. Dual. Plural. Sing. Dual. Plural.
N. m:f: :i:TIRT u;rr: N.~~ • ~r.mif
v. Uif V,;m,r ,, ,,
A.~ ,," "
um,r A.~
I."'~ llJitm:rflfl; :ml': " u-q, "
The rest like
D. ~~ ~:
Ab.:mTI"l!_ " ,,
G. ~~
L. ml'
§ 62, Decline all nouns ending in a'f mas, and nen,
eimilarly.
(a) The Loe. sing. of words ending in ~ ( substi~ted for
~ a day, at the end of a Tat. comp. ) is optionally formed
like that of nouns ending in ,r; e. g. ~ has •ilt~,iFll'ior
~-So~.~ or ~A &c. Seep. 78.
Nouns ending in :o{l' Ma, and Fem.

§ 63• .ftqr mas. a cow-herd.

(a) lllas. nouns ending in m take the general terminations.
The final :atfis dropped before a vowel termination beginning
with the Acc. plu.

*The -1-0fif-I"ia changedto or by § 41.Ins. sing of ;;f'f is ;;,;t;r

36 SANSKRIT G:a.&.MM.A.l!., [ § 6$-67

N. V. ~rq-r: f!ffrt iW11l

A. .ft~ .ftq-:
"
I. ~ ~ ;r')qir~:
D. ~ ,, mt.ITW:
Ab, ~: ,,
G. 11m:
" 'l!)qr,;:
L. "
flrn :irf-iffi"
§ 64. Decline similarly fit'lllffl' the protector of the world,
~,;ma couch-shell-blower, ~mq-r
one who quaffsthe some-juice,
~ one who inhales smoke, lil'~f strength-giver or Indra, and
other comp. nouns derived irom roots endillg in 9{]'.

(a) If the latter member be not a. root the final :arris not
dropped; e. g. g-Ttfname of a Gandharva., Aec, plu, ffjf!"(; D.
Ah. G. and L. sing. g,}, ~:, ~r: and ;it respectively. Th~
rest like mG"r.
§ 65. ~T fem. the goddess of wealth.
N. '{i{f ~ '{f!T:

v. "
'{il' ,,
A. ~
"
I. ti:rtrr
"
~<TM:
"
'{~:
D. ~ma, '{il'fl-1l'!
Ab. '{i:r!lH' "
G l>
"
'{11~):
"
~'l,
L. ~ni: '{ffiij'

.§66. Decline all other.fem. nouns ending in "1T similarly.

§ 67. Irregular bases:-The Voe. sing. of ~r, ~T and
ar.iiT,all meaning 'a. mother'' is oZJif,<ililfand so=r~
respeeti vely.
.§ S8-,6!J] DECLENS!Ol.il', 37

§ 68. Several adjectives ending in SI' follow the declension

'3f pronouns, for which see the chap. on prononns.
Nouns ending in f and '3°mas. fem, and neu.
§ 69. &'R&c.-
tj;{ mas, Hari.
Sing. Dual. Plural.
N. ~ft: ro ~;;r:
V. it ')
,,
A. ~'i~ ~
I. tfultr
"
i'[{¥!ITl'{ in1:N:
D. ~ \ITTW=
Ab. it: ,, ,,
G. ,, g'l:if: ;rf~
L. ~r g-R~
:ii@fem. intellect.
Sing. Dual. Plural.
N. i{Rf: m'l' :i:@11":

V. ifa'
A. ~~ "
;;m:
I. ~~
"
il'@'W!il; inm'i:
D. fflO? ff'~ ,, :.rrn:t:i.:
Ab. ~~: or l'.l'~: ,,
G. if~: or ;rc,!{f:
"
iirirr: ml'l'il~
L. ~O!.'~i'<!Til; ma-~
"
~mas.preceptor.
~'llii
38

V. ill~
A.~
I. ~~T
D.~
",,
.Ab.~:
G.
L. ~
"
~. ,,

"
~fem. a cow.
N. ~: ~
V. ~r ,,
A.~~
",, ~:
I. ~ \llllllt
D. ~,~i:l ~w:
Ab. \liTT=,
~: "
G. ,, ,, " "
I: ~T.~rl'l:
"
clTR
neu.water.
N. <l'T~ f.l'TRafi"
V. em: or <TTR
A. ~R
"
I. 5!1'!~l'.llr
D. tm~ ,,
Ab, 1fm:lfl:
G. o('ITT"fl
L. f.l'ITTTQT

" ~Sl~ foii:r'ffi'l l Pan. VII. 1. 73, Nen noUlls ending in

f, ;r, :ll: or li take the augment ~ before vowel case terminations.
 § 69-70] DECLENSION, 39

~~ neu. honey.
N. ~ :i:i~;ft' +!"li,l"';:r
V. :i:i-m or ~ij
.A. ~
" "
I. Ziill'f
" "
~<IT~ .:fl:l~'
D. i.1~ .:i·~:
Ab. !ilf{if:
"
,,
G. ~, ;i~;;):
"
::rq;;n,:
L. ;i-ef.r ,. ~i:1~

§ 70. AdjeotiVE8moillg in if and i:f when used with neuter

nouns are optionally declined like mas. nouns in if and i:f in the
De.. A.b. Gen. and Loe. singulars and Gen. Loe. duals; e. g.
igf.;;rneu. white, pure;~~ mm.. heavy :-

N. ~
V. ~ or ~~ ,, ,,
Ao. ~ ,, ,,
I. ~r ~~~~ ~RIT1r:
D. ~i:t or ~AA ,, ef•..n:l:f:
Ab. ~~: or ~f~.r;;: ,, ,,
G. ,, ,, ~'lalT): Of ;gRr.r):~T~
L. ~) or~ ,. ,, e,_,;~

"
40 SANSK.lll'.C GRAMMAR, [ § 70-72

Ac.~
I. ~
~
~
.. ~
~=
D. f!{!f Or~~ ~
.Ab. ~~r:or ~: ,," ,,
L. ,, ,, ~~urt:
f!ll"1:, ~
L. ~{lor~fiit ~q
" "
§ 71. Decline all other nouns a.nd adjectives ending in
~ or <I'mas. fem. and neu, similarly.
§ 72. Irregular bases :-
~ mas. friend.
N. 'll'Wf '13'ffl1f1- ~=
v. '!Jllf ,.
.A. '!Jffltl'~ "
'IJ«r-1:
I. ~ ~II:" 'E{~:
D. 'IJ~ ~:
Ab.~!:{: "
G. ,, ~: " "
~
L. 'El,olf1- 'IJNl'!g
"
Obs. (a) The words i!i'IJRif
a good friend ( ~)~: qr),
:sf@tmJ a close friend ( w'it~frta: ~«c ), q'{lffl'AJ a great
friend, or one having a great friend ( q'{R, "-'f«rtr~lf, q'{i:f: 'El'ffl
«r ), are declined like '!Jr« in the N. V. and A. and like g'~ in
other o&3es;but atr'if«f«( 'IJltrfRTffin'C.=ff:
one who has abandoned
a fema.le oompanion ) is declined hke if~. N. B. 'E!\lfr :fem. is
declined like ;refr.
qy~ mas. a master.
N. qfty: i:rcfT ~:
v. t@' ,, .,
A. q'(~ 1«fr.3:
"
§ 73-75] DECLENSION 41

I. 11?1.l"T ~!!'r~ lff'm"ir:

D. !f•af :i, If~:
Ab ~:
G ,, "
q.tft:
tl

ll'ffiif~
L. q-;q) 'f@!ll;
"
§ 73 Compound nouns ending with Iii%
snch as ~llfn' &c.
are declined like g-ftregularly. fsri.r~{ ti\-.:rr:
1:{<I': <l,;tl' ~ ~)
is declined like wRma!. & i'f@'fem; the Gen. pin. is optionally
like that of r~; tf{l',l';rr11n~,or 0;:ri.rrl!il1'1;,
§ 74 Obs. ( a ) an~rr-a-
a descendant of U duloman ( ~ffi:
ai-q;i;i-~~ ) is declined like i~ in the sing, and dual and like
~Hl in the plural, the original word ~iri:r being substituted;"'
N. 'Sf~rfi:r: alriiffil#,
~imm: &c.
( b) Words of similar derivation ( sea Pan,• II. 4. 62. 63. 65.
~6 and IV. 1. 105 ) also substitute their originals in the plural,
.e.g.~ .IJ'mi:
a:itr11i N. ~nf: ;rr~ ;rfi!T: &c.
Words ending in i and a;-mas. 2nd fem.
§ 75, ;;;r"r
f a river; of'i,/,. a woman, a bride.

~fr/em.
N. ij{f iitff ;;;,tt:
V. -TT~
.A. .;;fj"~
" "
I. .r'l:fr
"
;nfr+'tfrU: -1";.ft~:
D. ;:r~ ,, ;;,~'l'w:
Ab. ;:i~r: ,, "
"' From ~#111;:z
namllof a sage, + ~~ ( ;,-)
added Bltf?.TNby
' Pan. IV.
' 'lT~cfl<l"oT 1. 96, the final ..i:,being dropped
( :Pan.VI. 4. 14.4),
42 SANSKRIT GRilWAR.

G, QT! iffr:
L. ~ ,,
Decline all other fem. nouns in { similarly.
( a ) The word1 atlffa woman in her monthly course, a"~l
wealth, !l'Ua boat, ~l smoke, and a;:.ffa lute, do not drop the
~ of the nom:~ e. g. ~r.; ~: &c.
-a;.J._f
N. m ,,
V.
A. "
,, ~=
I. ~"3; ~:
D. ;r;i_~:
Ab. ,," ,,
G. q"'": ~
L. ,, ~
a mother-in-law, "El''( an army, ~ the jujube
Decline 11ql.li:
tree, ~ a phlegmatic woman, ~ :rice-gruel, ~ a class-
of compositions, and other feminine nouns in <Ji"simila:ry. :ami'·
mas. and fem. is declined like ~ except in the Ace, plu.
=.nt,_
mas. which is 8!«f'i!llf'J:·
$ 76. Mas. nouns ending in i :-
~ !ffl'li:rii'r:
cffdSlii'niia • an antelope as fleet as the wind;
fr. ;rnr+srm+fUl}Adi IV. 1.-
N. v. <i'(l'fSnn'l ~1-
A. ~ ,,
L. !ffi'ISl'Rll' ~'!:
D. ~ ,,
A.b. ~: ,,
"
• ~1•~Bflorra;11T1fcm " a-fflli~
il:IR"efr1%~1:ir
<R!"if'fll
 § 76-77] DECLENSlON, 43

G.
L.
"
~ {fit ) q~ a wo.yor horse,( mit ~ 1:fc,-)
Decline( i:rrf.?«
qcftthe sun, &c.similarly
Oba. Decline (~: ifl'l{qifmas. one having
oiti:r~: i:r~i:r)
many goodWl vee, and(~ S'l~llitift": ) ~fnwNfr mas.like~
except in the Acc. plu. whioh is ifpll~ and SI@~
xespeetively. ~~ fem. shouldbe declinedlike ~'r.
The word imrinft,derived with the affix{ij;q-,is declinedhke
SN'rwhich see.
§ 77. Root nouns in for ~•M. F. N.
Rule of SandM-(a) The ending if or ;r, short or long, of
nouns derived from roots with the affix iiiq:_(o) and of '(, is
changedto u_i:01 i'!I. before the vowel terminationsl';the fem.
nouns of this desoriptionare optionallydeclinedlike ~ in
the Da. Ab. Gen. and Loe. singularsand the Gen.plu.
(o) But if the ending if or ii' of a many-voweled
noun having
a root at the end be not preceded by a raclicaloonjnnctconso-
nant or the root noun has a prepositiontermedIf@'(e. g. as
addeclto the root ) or a word governedby the root preceding
it, it is changedto q;_or ~, except in the caseof rir and nouns
endingin 1tt,
"11'
fem. "i,jem.
N. 'Eft': ~ m: N. la_: i!IT
V. " ,, v. " " ,,
A. ~ "
,, V. ~"
" "
SIR!'~~ij<Tt ~f~ •PAn.VI. 4. 77.
;,i

t ~.S~l'!lffl I au:
!i1'ir
Pan. VI 4, 82, 83. 11m~-
~ ~11!,'ll~1 Var. ,r p~: t Pll.n,VI. 4. 85.
.44 SANSKRIT GBA.:M:JIUR, [§ 77
I. mi \l~ '4\'r1r: I. ~ ~PJ:. 'l{iif:
D, f~-~ ,, 'Efr;q-; D. ~l-~ ~:
.A.b.m:-lfT:, ,, .A.b.~:-'l'f: ,, " ,,
"
G. ,, f'rit: ~~ G. ,, ,,~: ~~TII:
" 1:fril'PJ:, ll:l'fftf;
L. Rl't'ir-lfl'tf;,, -.f11; L. iN·•l'Tl!.,, 'U
Decline similarly t1, "lt"'r:U"'Sll',
Declinesimilarly ~, '{, t\111.,
~fr, ~r, ,~1,ir, i~\lt, &c. l!_,~~ &c.
SJ\lrmas.( Slii!~- )
N. V. !Nf: srm Sf\'q':
A. Sf~ srm srw:
I. Sl'ffl ~ ST\TTN:
D. srw "
sr;fiw:
.A.b.sr.ir: ,, ,,
G. sr1.iit: sr."lO'tf;
"
L. sniff ,. Sf\l~

Declineaimilarly'ittfr
(~ l~t~O, ~, m,i:rri:rofr,~,
,&c. mae. and fem ; the Loo, sing. of nouns ending in il''r fa
e, g. fit:l'Ttf;, 111'"1~, #~
madeup by adding STPJ:.,-11- &o,

~~11mas.( ~~ SiflTa.
)
N.V. ~: ~) ~:
A. ~ii'J1?.I'~
I. ~ ~Wfll
" "
lir~'it:
D. ~t"t ,, 'l.ll'w'lW=
.A.b.lif~:
G. ,, ~:
" ~
"
•See• on page 45.
 D:ECLENB!ON,

w~r: ~~~

.:I
), in!'
:ij'l'l" ~wl'TT11'
("I i; ......
( the thunderboltof:
~~, ~<'I~., 1:fl!IT~,&c. mas. a,nilmaa,

nan.like ~~9:t
neu. like ~i•
N. A. ml !l'N.fi st<ij')f;; N. A, ~~ll: ~!!:•ft ~
V. " ,, v. ~~)-9: ,, ,,
I. m<rr-f?r-n &c. opt1on- I. ~~-~,TT &c. option-
liko the mn~.before tho ally like the mas. beforethe 0

voweltermi11atio11s. vowel termination!.

l.l,;n-jem.
mas.
\fr: fon. ~l!'T
( !tf'l)"v.T 'll'hi1E<Tr:
i;r~tl' qf fem. mas. )
Voa. eing , Da. Ah, Gen. a11dLoe. sings. Gen. pin. like~;.
the rest liko Sfirmas.; c. 9.
N. '!f<Tr: ~"tl
~

1n,.,r:
V. !rN
A. lillQ'~ " "
l. '!:!lll'll "
sr,mt "
wm~
"'
D. !l'1;1f 11 mf1~:
Ab !.flltrr: ,,
G. ,, "
!f\;Q'f: i:rfr.r;;i:
L. !l'~1TT'i_ ,, 1:pf1~
Declinesimilarlyf§JITTfr( twi:rrfr;i;
t~rfn iil-11~ a:ir~n'ff
~) except,.in tho Nom. sing. which is ~i:rrtr.

• t{!iN!llZP'•f: I l'll.n. VII 3. 116, 31'I~ is enbsituted for the

loo.eing. in tho caso of words ending in .f<{f, arrand the word:ft.
t ,r~r 111~q-f~ll'1 l'ln. I. 2. 4 7. A pratipadikaending
in a long vow11lha~ a short vowol substituted for it when,
becomingnen.
 -46 [ § 77

16\it( ~ ~r~ ) m. and f. also according to

Kaiyu.ta.
N. v. ~: vmr !JNV:
A. ~ " .,
I. ~ flt~ ~:
D. ~ " ~:
Ab, ~'If: ,, ,,
G. ,, flt~): «T~Ri
L. '3°NN ,, ~
Deefu:iesimilarly ti~, ~~r, ~ir;fr, ;ft &o. mas. and fem.
"The L. ling. of ;fr is ~

~ij~ mas.( ~;:r ~qffl ) self-existent.

N. V. ~11: ~If:
.A. ~ ,, ,,
I. ~ ~~ ~~:
D.~ ~:
Ab.~: ,, ,,
G. ,, ~~: ~
L. ~ " ~1l,!g
Declinesimilarly mll,, ~ ( ~mffl i:'{l/lq') R, 1.fi'fflli.
,&c. mas. and ma■• a.ndfem.
~ neu. like cfTR,
N. A, ~ ~~ U\'ftr'iit
V. ffl•\T " ,,
l 9lmf·6'Rr-lT &c. optionally like the mas.
before the vowel t.erminations, G. Dual ~:-if'):.
N. A. ~\J ~;fr ~v,t
V. ~-lir ,, ,,
I. ~-;:rr &c. optionally like the mas. before
the vowel termination.
 77-78] DEOLENSION. 4.'i

q'li\'f~jem.
N. ffl"l_: ~ffl
v. ~ .,
A. !I'm~ .,
I.~ ~r~
D.~~ ,,
Ab.~r. ,, ,,
G, ,, ~rit: ~11!:
L. ffl;!fT11;
,, ~
<11~,~ a widowremarried;&c.
Decline similarlyIt~,
§ n. Obs. ( ~) m; (~ ~ <Ria' ef<\'
~:,
lm:I~) m; (iffl~) .-a't; ( m~ra-) ~{fr,
( ,.,ft«..,etflf«
>~' <~llfw;smfa') ~lft; <~Tffl)
!.\'~&c:-

N. '6WT ~ !fffflq':
v. 'ijffi:
A. ~~
",, ~t "
I. ~ ~Ii; :uw'lf.t:
D. ~Jt ,, ~n,th:~:
Ab.~9;: ,, ,,
G. ~: ~
L. "
~~'II' ~
"
~ffl ( ~(q~fil~ecft@)
N. v. 'l:Tffll ffl ~=
A. ~~IJ.. ,, ,,
The rest like the other m- Declinedmilary ~«r,ij'ffi',
~.~rift,~ &c.
Words like ~. lfQfrshonldbe declinedlike uif,
48 SANSKRIT G:BA.MMAB.

§79, ~'rftm. a. woman•

N. wl' f~: D. ~ WI~ vtsq-:
v. m- ,, ,, Ab, ~: ., .,
A. ~-ffl"!: ,, ,, sir: G. Ril!il': ~: ~
I. mr \lli'T~ ~:L. ~ " ~
Ob,. ~ m. n,J.
mas.
N. amnw: aT@~ amlm:
V. ~ ,,
H. ~ra:~·amtm~ "
atfa'r1:rq-:-s:rm..-
I. ~~ "
a;ra~ orr'mrfir:
D. ~ iilffl1'1irilf:
Ab. i8ffii'W: ,,"
G. ,, 3lfflfri: "
aifitm~
L. ~ Slfflt~
"
fem.
Acc. plu. ~: ~:; the I. D. Ah. G. and L. singu-
lars, STT&mlil',~@fuN-;;tlt, 3fia'~qr:4:--au~fu'qr:-
if~-\llfr respectively;the rest like the mas.

neu.
Like ~ except in the Gen. and Loe, duals forms which
are ~:-arr:.
§ 80. Mas. words endiIJgin oi' not derivedfrom roots; ,. g.
o: nameof a 0andharva.
ti'\- n-:
N. V. n:
A. re
I, il'if "
~~
~
m'il:
D. "'~ ,, 0,0

{'i ~;ir:
A.b. {'gl ,,
"
• ~: I ~: I P&n.VI. 4. 79. 80.
 § 80,81 ] DECLENSION, 49

G. ~f.I:
L. i~
!\W'one who atrings together ).
( p:I.Tra
Declrne similarly ~'1'1l.
Nouns ending in Stt"•nws.fem. and neu.

§ 81. Nonns derived from roots with th~ affix q; ( r,!~ and
~"- P.in, III. 1. 133. and 2. 135 ), such as ey;~a maker, &o. and
the words ~of~ f, inr,it~, i;:rir,iTTQ:, and ~~q as also ~
'TTQ;,
G -
change their~ to au in the Nom. sing. and to ~ in the first
five inflections, The ,rt is lengthened in the .Acc. and Gen. pl.
and changed to :cri:before the Ab and Gen. sillg,; the Yoc sing.
ends in :.:it;.
'e!Ig:mas. the creator.
N. ·.:mn \TT<'l'Rf <i@R:
V. 'lil'n,,
(I:) ,,
A. \TT111'!:;,;; ",, ~
I. ~i 'til"Tfl:l-<1'~ 'til"T~1~:
D 'l:TT~ ,, 'IWp"t!":
Ah. \TI'ij": ,,
G. ,, "
'<[Im: \TT~~
L. \Tfi'ITT 'qj"'jff: \T1q~
Decline similarly q;~, ii'l, ;i-~, lf.fW,-J~fii &c
G

neu
'li'IIF,[
A. '<Tfi;f '<lf2"11!1'
v. ·,mr-q ,, ,,
A. \Tfq ,, ,,
I. 1mrr-qurr ,:mp,:1.ff1i::
D. '<Tr:t-l'liir ,,
1, a:!~i1"~Ci'):,t~;'l~li'TI1J:Wiq:ll11!"ct
I Pa9 VI. 4. 11. a'l::f?J-
I Sid. Kan.
~[~i:r B"fill9l3Zl¼~ ' a-?:Hm::' il"li!1'flli!f!Rl'Tl<l:_
JI. s. G- 4
 [ 81-83

\lf~~<l'n. ~lq+!,l":
'<lrnF-F!:11tT:'l:lV~fl!i'l,
1-.ifqg;
"

~i!a and other fem. nouns shouid be declined hke m~ except

in the .Acc. plu. which is ":<i"i. See below,

§ 82. Nouns expressive of relationship hke fq-~m. a father,

J a mother,~ ~ m. a husband's brother, &c. with the excep-
:i:rr,r 0
tion of .f~ a grandson, ~ii a husband a,nd ~of~ a sister, us also
the words ~q one who praises (Un. II. 92), ~ a man (Un.II 98)
and ~~'ea charioteer, do not change then Sit'to <>lit;1n the N.
dual and plural and Ace. sing. and dual; e. g.
0

N. f°qorNnU ~n.:: N~ m~n l=fntU

V. m:(~) ,, ,, V. im;:(,:) ,, ,,
A. TtTo"t;;i:: ,, fq i'f':I; A. l'.Hi'i.:;i:: ,, l=l"f1:
The rest like 'ilf'2 • The rest !Jke ~of~
Declme similarly m<!, Lechne similarly i.:min,lms-
,:rri:if~, ~,r,mey;,,aa¼..r and ... band's brother's wife, !ii:T&'l:
n,
~- 'l:he Gen. plu. of ; 1s daughter, and .filr~ or iiif•i
~rn:or~r;i:* a husband's sister,

§ 83, The word ire: a jackal, is declined hke a word ending

in~ necessaryin the'°first five rnfiectionsand optionally before
the vowel terminations begrnmng with the Inst. srng. except
that of the Gen. plu.t e. g.

~ 'a 'i1"I Pan. VI. 4. 9. -a~l:f ;ir{i:t<rr(Ii: ~;.rre:_

I S1d. Kan.
t '11:>,'if~: I Un. II 97 if ~!Ff 'l-if;:<j!1 ~~ 'Jl~;:rf~'if~ii"~°li~I
4 'I'll~ 'i1"m' m'if~iiiJlir'1':I Sid. Kau.
ii ffi.'lf ~;:r;o;r -rr.if-\'l
t 1J.~~: l~'lT {iIT~~t<fRT I Pan.VII. I. 95, 97.
 § 88-8~] DECLENSION 51

N. ?til'aT !IIT'!TO' ,m~:

v. tm:r ,,
A. !fiT'!Rl(
" fiT'{lt
I. !i"~T-~T "
!Irr~¥~ iifil'J~:
D. $1'\-!''it !tirpr:
Ab. ~--ilifil°:
" ,,
G. ,, "
fitjr:-t: ~
L. $\'m-il' ,, ~~
(a)~ becomes ~ in thefam. also ( by ~ '<I' P,n.
VIII. 1 96.) which with the fam. term. f becomes ~'!frand is
declined like i'ftft.
Obs-The word ~ 11eu.is declined like q and option.
a.Uylike !:li'rfmas. before the vowel terminations from the I.
sing.; a. 9 D. sing ~t-ii!'·p,
Words ending in ii( and li·
§ 84. There are no words ending in ~ or ~; therefore, the
imitative sounds of the roots f' and 11and tf~ii ancl. ~ are
tak:ea. to show what the forms of such words will be, if there
be need to use such words.
tm,
f:
N. V, <51'", 1~"\-,a.) (<i;{:,'i&l
A. mii:,aaii: ,, ~=.~
I. iii;u, liliT cfu."!l'N;,
p"li~, rt1r:,
<Tf Trit:
D. m,it IJ ~'h-i.. ;p:r:
Ab. fiin:,,!'•
G. ,, " fir:
f<i;u., "
m~,11n1ii;
L, 00,f.t" ~,f!
Decline 1 similarly. "
52 SANSXRI'r G:rU.MMAR, l § 84-85
;ii~ m.
N. ;p{f ~ irira:
V. ml'~ ., ,,
A, ~ ,, ~if:
I. ~ iti~¥11T1!.: ~fir
D ~ ff+t{l"Q'.
Ab. 'f§i'il: " ,,
G. ,, it~= " ~1'1!;
L. rrmi 'f+t{'!
Decline~ similarly.
Words ending in q: and~-
§ 85. Here simply the terminations should be added and
Sanil.hirules observed.

~ ( ~ ~ ~ ~a-s~) , m. f. wealth.

N. ~- ~~ ~ N.V.u. ,rtl"\- Ulf:

V. ~~ ,, ,, A. ,rl:11l,, ,,
A w.rii: ,, I. um ~f¥!frii; Uflt'
I. w.rr ~~Iii;
"
~N: D. ui:t ,, ~-
D. ~ ,, ~!!'- .A.b. uir· ,,
Ab. ~- ,, G. u~= ~
"
" "
G.
" rn- 'S<l'Tii; L. ufit
" Ula
L. ffi ~
"
*The Kan. does not spe<-iallymention this form. Just as it
stops after giving the Nom. forms in the ease of words like
\ irr,~ &c., so does it do in the oase of ~ also, implying
thereby that the Voc. forms oft a.re also like the Nom. ones.
~~: Pal}. VI. 1. 69 ('!s<iirct,~F<IT:ir
But the Sutra. q:.::._
31irm:.~ ~ ~: ~) (Ka.n.) seems to apply in the pre!ent
caae and by dropping the final ~ we get the :formt.
 85-86 ] DECLENS!ON, 53

The neu. ~ ( Sii'!:!T

l ij~~ )
Decline similarly ~ff ( ~iff: ITT() changed to !:111( by ~
i· 'ire;) one who has thought l•lll"~~~ Pan. I. 1. 48. and
of Ka,ma, I. 2. 47. ) should be declined
like .CTR:except before the con-
sonantal terminations, when it
should be declined like l m. f.
N• .A. !l"R m1"1fr ;r~rar
l. J:ffhrr1:i.:·,~irn:i:: ,m(~: &c.
Words ending in ~rand elf,
§ 8G, Vriddhi (at)) is substituted for the 3":fr
oi words ending
ln al'rrn the first five inflections except the Ace. sing; :m is
substituted for <ll'T
rn the Acc. sing. and plural % Nouns ending
in a;) are regularly declined.
:ifrmas.fem.
a bull or a cow. the moon.
N.&V :iri.m,rt ;"f!i:f: N. & V. i(.'if:
v. ,, ,,
I.
ifT~ ,, m:
mr~: I.
if!.l'riTT'l'!f1'll;
A. r~r!:I~
~ ~-
•(l.r!e!T •<?JT~!l'f<l'.
•~H~:
D. :ir~ ~~!f: D. ,,
Ab. <1): " ,, .Ab.
G. "
lif;ir: G.
if!fTl3:'.
"
L
"
-r~ " L.
lil'f'\I! "
Decline similarly ~<[ITT Declme similarly
( ~llff• '3' i~t: t.r ) and ;q) a ship. The neu. ~<11 ( ~~
f the sky. The nan. lJ'ITI' <l'l~itil() c!rn,nged to i,;J;5:
shoulll
( q~a-r ,qr: ll'R°l1'l:a-<1_) be dechned htre i{ij,
ohauged to ~11!should be
declined like ;r~.

" lllm
fota:_
---------1 Pan. VII.
13?1i?1si~«r: 1. \JO.VI 1. ()3
 54 [ § 87-89

SECTION II.
BASES ENDING, IN OoNSONANTS.

§ 87. Bases ending in any of the first four letters of a class,

and in or_,{,W, ~, "I:_,~ and ~- The declension of these base~
consists, for the most part, m adding the general case termi•
nations and observing the rules of sandhi.

§ 88, Bases ending r.,~• and ~.

§ 89. (a) After final ~ the lI o:f the loc. is changed to l•
(6) ~ ( optionally changeable to ~) may be optionally
inserted between or_
and iii·
~~ ma, fem. neu. naming the goddessot wealth or a lot1111
( <fi~ ~"Wt<ff 31T"<l'!l1Tl!fr:-urr-ut-..rr
)-

Mas. and Fem.

N- & V. <f/i:r~" ~;:ml' ~:
A !,!;i:{~ ,,
I. cJ;"i:I~
"
~ifl'il: ~~ir:
D. 1-li"f~ ~li=
Ab. ~:
",, ,,
G. ~;{~: ;i;;:mr~
L. "
q;m-~ ~~11!;
"
Decline sinnle.rly tr~, m.f
ij"tTTW:.,one who counts well,
mf a door and other words ending in t: or ~ The loo. pln.
of ~lf"!..
is ,ail~·U.:,!;!',·ll'~. The Nom. sing. of ~I\ is ITT:,
Neu.
N.N.&A.
The rest like the mas.

1' See § 91. a.

 § 89-92] DECLENSION. 55

Decline similarly grr'!!,sm:and other words ending in u.i:_,I

or~ e g.
N. A. <TT: q1fr ll!TT~
I. !fm ,m.:tri:i:i: ilfTT1r:
L. <iTR !ffU:, ,ni
§ 90. BMes endmg in ~' ~ ~' ~ ~, <i! if,!!:,a:,~,~~.
t,
and g:, i:i;:_, ~-
§ 91. (a) As a general rule the ~ of the nom. singular is
dropped. If there be a conjunct consonant at the end of a
word the first consonant only is retained.
(b ) The final letter is changed to the first or third o:1' its
class when followed by nothing, to the third when followed
by a soft consonant and first when followed by a hard
consonant and remains unchanged before a vowel termination.
( c) -i,: is prefixed to the { of the N, & Acc. plural in the
case of neuter nouns ending in a consonant except a naaal or
a semi-vowel;but not in the case of a noun derived from the
:frequentati ve base.
li 92. Paradigms :-
~~/. a holy stick.
N. & v. m'i:r<I_
~l'th:r"rm';r;:r:.A.b.~iihT: ~fii~ri;c<;f~:;r.
A. m'i\'~ ,, ,, G, ,, ~fit~'): ~n:N'Tl:l
In. s:rl'ihu"-1iZ-?i'1il{~f;i-~:L. ~fiir\r ,, ~'1J
D. li.'f!'i:r;;;j-,, ef~>f:
( ~fl'!;:rr: ;:,rfiN:ll"m-T.:.i:
Neu. i';!"'l3"rif<!._ )
N. V. A. ;a''-1'£"0:.
~fu,.fr ~l_'l"rm;l:f
The rest like ;_:rfii1;t/
Decline similarly'€£<!'~~, fu~~. 'l{~<i_, :;:r:q,~<I_, ~a:_,
T~si.f~cf_,~;:i-~, in«l:!t,'['ll~, ~~ , ~~ , in-~(, ~I_,
lg}.{,~'l, <ii(i:.J:.
&c.; s. g.
56 SANSKRl'l' G:RAm!AR. [ § 92-04

Nom. sing. Nom. dual. I. duo.I. Loe, plu.

~~ :ai'~-11:.. ~~;i;r ~~t~ ~~g

,~~ ~;x_ NSl'~1 N•ilin:li~ f:l,rsnig
~ li.[i(·~ 'iffl' ~~ 'li.~IJ
~ au~{ atlil'~ atfui:r~ atfui:r1g
i'm~ ;;~-{ ni:i-m.;:"taiit~ a~g
~ wr.:-~ ~ iji~lfl'I:

Neu.
N. V. A. N,V,.A..

~ ~~,t'r ~~~
t~ gr11fr Wfu-iff
'!;!l!o: fflNl' nf..:r
The reet hke the mas.
§ 93. Bases ending in °',~•~, or iI_and ~, ,, l·
§ 94. (a)~ or :;;i:ia changed to~ when followed by a hard
consonant or by nothing, and to ir when followed by a soft
consonant.ii' "'

(b) The ending w_or ~ of root-nouns and the final of .rq_,

~. !v.f, ~• ~• ~r~. and ffllol:are changed to Iii:.when
followed by any consonant ~xcept a nasal or a sewi-~owel or
by nothingt; the 'I:is changed to a:or ~ when at the end of
a word, 11,Ild :r
to when followed by a soft consonant. The lol:
of~~ is slmilarly changed to{._or~.
(c) But the 5!._of the root-nouns ~5!..,fS1:., ~'lSl:
a,nd ~ls
changed to ~ as also the ~ of -tll!i!'.
' a bold or impudent man •
and the lll:.of such words as ITTlll:.&c. The 51:.of if5t. is
as also the lll:.of nl!J:and llJR!lt_.
optionally changed to l or 115:.,
The ~ of 'i'f~ is changed to ~

" ~:w:1Pan VIII 2. 30 t ~o!l:-l'!~

Pan. VIII, 2. 36.
 § 94-97] DECLENSION'. 57

(d) I.I:may optionally be inserted between ~ and the loo. pl.

term. \1•
(e) Before vowel terminations final ~ may optionallJ be
changed to ~-
§ 95, (a)~ is changed to,{._when at the end of a pada or when
followed by a consonant except a nasal or a semi-vowel. (b) In
the case of roots beginning with'( it is changed to l-l._
under the
same eircumetanees; (c) when forming p~rt of the roots !i:, ~,
~ and ~' it is optionally changed to q_i.e. tot or -q_;(d)
and in the case of the root ~ it is changed to I;!_ under the
above-mentioned circumstances.$
of 'of>lll'i[
(e) The ;;r_ f. a kind of metre is changed to~ when
followed by a hard consonant or by nothing, and to :rrbefore e.
soft consonant ( Pan. III. 2. 59). '
§ 96. When a.mono-syllabic root (or root-noun) begins with ii!:_,
:iror~ and ends with 9', ii(, \ii", t:I' or t, the <l', n-or~ is respeoti-
;ely changed to ~, ~ o;- 1-1:b~o~ ~ or 1,,r_ o°';;when 1ollowed by
nothing or when the final soft aspir11te is changed to an unaspi-
rate lettert.

§ 97. Paradigms-~/ speech, n~ shining,~ becoming

faint &c.

~~ ~T~

N.V~ l!l'l'<TT ,w;;;r: N. V, ,r~~ ,r:.:r1 ,r:.i'f

A. q~ ,. .A. ~r:.:rl!.. " "
I. "
l!l'T'<IT l!l'Tn:17T~
l!Tfi'll I ~1:.:rr ,r~trT~ "1:.iir'
D, <ff~ <{(J~· D. ,j'ffl ,, ~i~•
.Ab <ff'<f:
"
,, ,, A. ~
,, .,

"' if 1&:I q~f<WT:

2. 31-34.
 15-116 ] D:tWLENSroN. 71

I, 'l:il'i:fiif
D. ~fn:rn ,,
Ab. 'l:frl=fo: ,, ,,
G. lfc~ff: ~+i'<lrlo;
L. 'lif!ll@' ,, '~fi<ilr
Neu.
N. V.A.
The rest like the mas.
Decline similarly ;rr;ra:_having cows, ~~, m:.ra:_ ~
•!'I~,clfi1ft!,, trffl~, foi;llii,,
f{"i.fiic( m. Indra, ll<l"a:pmn.,
lf;i"i:fO::,
~&c,
ili[a; mas, great.
N. <l&A: l=i'&r;:a) i;W!'f:
v. il'ill'. ,,
A. ~rrn~ ~o)
" ~ff:
The irestlike 'liff+ra:_.
,.Ven.
N, V. A. itmi: l=l'!'TT';1iThe re!t like the ms.s.

§ 116. P!\rtio~pial bas.es ending in :a:ia:

:-
(a) The declension of these does not differ from that of
nouns in ~ except in the Nom. sing maa in which the a{ of
~ is not lengthened. In the case o:f the dual of the Nom,
Voc. and the Ace, neu. ~ ia ineerterl before the ftn.111 a: nec~_!-
aarily in the case of the presenLputiciples of the roots of the
1st. 4th, and 10th classes, and of causal, desiderative and
nominal verbs, optionally in the case of those of the 6th class,
ol
of roots ending in :a1T the 2nd class, and of those of the Fut.
or ~i:ra:,
in 'l:l:1'6:_ and not at_ ,all in the case of the re!l,laining
participles of the present tense.
 § 79] DEOLENS!Ol)T, 5\l

N. Sing. N. dual. I. dual. Loe. pln.

~ ~;;ir
~
- ..
l«~r
~~~itfT~
f~"+~
~~.i:;e--~,a
~ ....
~ ,,
f<;rll!_ fi<fi{ 1'~'U (;'~~I'll.. f,i,·~g
" "
~ ~ ll"<il:Pf ~ ~;g
ra~ ra~ ra"iIT ~i:~1flil'.
"
re-~~
"
Irregular base :-~ N V. ~ ~'li'lr
~- .A. i!J:~ ~~1 ~:
the rest like~~-

~ mas.
N. ~-~ mr
A. m-~
I. m "
~,:r~, ffl:_l-~
"
iJT'if:, ~: ;\(
D. m- l' ~1f:, niij:
Ab. ~:
G. ,, "
iro: "
L. lJfi:
"

N. sing. N. dual. Instr. dual. Loe. pin.

m~ ~-~ mg-) 'Rlff~l:ITli:.~l!lfl<i_ ~-~O?~ij'

~ ~-t ~~'r ~~~~~~ ,ij~·~ij' or
.riu"r .ftE-~'!:r or
"
~ ~-~ -fn"!irI_-~'+"lfil:!
"
,,
"'~i.'£~·?.:. a-f\'ir
m{~f
ii-)~~ :if(~~-~
i'l'i~!il'li':~~
ii'R'll!!ifl:l:·~1ffl:i'.
ff[;·i'3J or
tr°R:g-~or,,
~ 1,I~-?.:..~~ 1:r'+·,m,::
~'l'<ffl:i'. 1:1;&;-~lior ,,
~ WEr ~g"t ~lfT~ ~g
i!!'{ ~ ~"t ~rt,~!IT;a: 1~ or a:rij'
@;1il_ ~<i. ~tiff ~~ ~~
 60 SANSKRIT GRAMMAR l § 97-100
Neu.
The neu. forms of these have no pec11li11rities
other than
those mentioned above; e. 9.
N. V.A.
~ ,Wn~i~r l[a~r~ 1<1!i'-~m-r ~II;"

""~ m-r
'f~
""'ilTelfir'a'ilr,l'f~
t~/%
~
~~
~r
;:;-~r
'gT~
rtrw
~,:'[~ f.ti'c!'!;l.ifr t'?r"<'!ef"1R
:i:m:, srr,aefr!.i[~
or 01'

l.'ffijTf srr~
The remaining forms like tliO@eof the mas. orfom.
IRREGULAR BASES.
§ 98. (1) The~ of wr~ •Indra I is changed to q:_before
the consonantal terminations;,; a. g.
N. V. ~m;;:_fi;:l:11Jiiif'
Wl~i&' I. g~m1~rijtlsi~Wfll:_1!~1~¥1":
A. ~mr~ ,, ,, L. ~mr~ ij~r~nif: i;Vfln~·it(i,;f
§ 99. f.r~ becomes f.t'lill'when followed by m:J ( that
particular form of the root-noun ~fill:)-
N. v. f.t>qm~ lW'<RNTr
A. Tei'~r~ ,,
I. ~r:;rr
"
L. ~'11.:Tf:n
§ 1.00. The ,ff of root-nouns ending in ,r;~ is changed to a;-
be:fore the vowel terminittions beginning with the Acc. plu.t;
e. g. ~"'li:i~ m the sustainer of the universe, a lord:-

~ Pan. VIII. 8, 56.

t 19,w.r
~: I Pan. VI. 3. 128.
t ~ .;a- 1 ~ll1.'fl>;Clfl;.r
\ Pan. VI. 4 182. VI 1. 108, a,r and 3,
~ornbinei~o mby Pan. VI. 1. 89, See § 20.
 100-103 J DECLENSION, 61

N v.. R"'1f"fr;;:-~ fq'l,'f1irf

.A. T<f~i:l"T~, iirll<fTi-
I. l~'l'ir~r R'l:l!f~r~:
D ~~ri ~"<li:i/F(ll'<f:
Ali. 1'1''-1'11~:
G. ,, "
TEt"<IT)n:i;
L. r~'l-fr/% fEt~Te[l;f
"
Decline similarly \i6l:f!fl~, m~•mr.,
'[<fill:, ~<'!~re_
&e. The
Ace plu., fost, &c of 'liofT~,are~&:, ~61"&c.
§ 101. Tho lf of B"q"f<i{/ 'a shoe' is changed to \!, before
:q_and to ~ before tho ~ of the termination; e. g. Nom. B"'l"l'il'O:,
"~i, B"QTi'flf:, Ina. swg. and dual B"'Wiff, B"<fT<l<{_~,n~;Loe.
;a"lH;J'li,,i!q-r;:i?f:,a-Cf!<l(ij",

§ 102 $fi'f~~ m. an ox.

N. a{<!'rr~ Sloi'~f " 8Flff~:
v. -,;;;:gil'.
A. Sl-1'?11'~ "
" ~-"
I. 3:1-iJITT' ~iii: :;i:i;;i~
D. :;i:i.:ril a:(ij~'l'Q':

Ab. :,;i!!t:
"
G, ,, "
a:i~if:
"
at.;~i{flli
L. '3l'ifa-~ ,, ~,;g:

The rast liko a,~ mas.

§ 103. 'l'ho words a-T<r.T~' a kind of priest ' and ~~
' sacrificinl food' change their final to tl; before consonantal
terminations the preceding :a:iTbec0m1nga-T'-
62 SANSKBI:rGB.Ud:MA.B. [ § 103-104:

are,~~..
N, V. :atffl: atil'tr~l :atffl:.f'
A. ST<flff~
I. ~
"
ST~t;!fl'!! ~mt
"
L. :atil''-rIT°ir ~: ~Ii

~~-
N.V.~: !R~"l ro\n~·
A. ~$.( ,,
"
SUef'N:
I. ~tfflrr ~Tit~TI:(
L. ~mm suer~): iroe~
Bases derived from the root ~ 'to go' to worship.
§ 104. Nouns derived form the root stS:~' to go 'by means
of such affixes as fi;~, fit'{ &o. euoh as ~ ( srr-ST~) eastern,
sr«r~ ( smr~) western, ~-- ( ~-Sfs:'<I'~) a companion,
raii~ <ra~-~) going away, ~ ( ~z:r;~) going
with or well, ~ ( ~-~ ) following, ~
( ir,r-at~ )ad,>ring a deity, ~~ ( ri~~ ) going every-
where,~ northen,, ~ following, ~• sttratr~,
:SOl@l,.."l,
going to that ( all the:e derived from at;re_+~ ),
~&o.
(a) In the Nom sing. :sra:,
becomes ~- The nasal of
~ is dropped before all terminations beginning with the
Acc. plu. and the preceding semi-vowel is changed to its
corresponding long vowel before the vowel terminations after
which at is dropped. When ~ is not preceded by a semi-
i
vowel, its at is changed to if not preceded by a long vowel;
otherwise it remains unohanged. fa~ becomes ~~ under
similar circumstanoes. In other respects these words are
declmed like words ending in 'i. ,
 104 J DEOLENSlO~ 63

!:ITS:~ma15,
N. V. IT'.~ i:rr~r m?;J:
A. !tfl"'?;!f!,f. l,ir~1 sn:;:,;:
I. !TT'oll 'll'f1iR71;i: mi'ni:
D. i:n% ,, l:11V~ir:
Ab. m=cr: ,, ,,
,G. 'll'T'cfl' !lf'<ll~
"
L. srn'ol" mg
3:1'~5"1:.mas
N V. ~t<l~ Sf1!f~f Sfc'Q'',a';

A. !Tftl"~~ ,. !lffR'
I. !Ti'IT'<ll ltr<!':r~,n~ sr,efr~:
D. !li'IT~ ll<!~iw:
Ab. !TffRf:
G. ,, ~~
"
tri'lr:.:i'\':
L. 1:m~ src11g
,-.. ~
"
mas.
RH-l'5::;;i:_
N. V. @i~ @'~~, ra~=
A. rn,:f?;\111;( ,, @'~'!Ii:
I. @~lllH @<lmffl:l @<l"f."I:
L. @~M @''{llqf: ra<r?J
".l.'hefo:rma of tho :rest should be siuu!arly m:i.deup; e, g.
N sing. N. plu. A. plu. Jll~t..duel. Loo. pl
~:n:T.r,J: ~Elf~" ~!fr:;:.: ~Ei;r'~Q"~ 'l:f~
'B+lT<Jf s:rl'l:ls::.r: ~r;;r: ._:r~ti•+!fr;i.,: ~izt
r~'!TG: ~G,ra::;;i-: T<r'i"if' fii;~!l~!frlfl;
zt!T~ ~s;:;;i-; ~"l'ir-=1', -<;{<ff;:liiQ'l~ ~il:\'ey;
64 SA.NSKRI!l! G1U.MMAR [ § 104.

i~ :g~: e-,fr;;r: ~ IB'~

at'RiG: ~- ~,;;r: :ar,:.rn:1n13; ~
"'
~ 'Sfcl:~: ~r;;r: ~~13.'. ~
a:i'\Tf!~ ~;;:1q: Sltffi'f-.i: ~n.,n~ ~
ifqi7l: ir,r~: ;fl,;;r 1Nifl':•l'T'l'J,'. ~
~~ ;r[S{5:'cl': in~~ ~
if(~ ;fl;;:,;;r: ",, il"l™l'T13.'. in~
Neu.
The neu. forms should be similarly made up,
N. V . .A. ~ !tRfr sm~
Sf~~ srat:.fr ~
~ @~8'/fl' mi~
~~ ~r m.<rt9.t
~
rir,;;r')" ~<I'~
~'l!lofi ~r fq~
~ ~ffi:;;ft ~
~ i<ft::;fr ic{i~
ar.,~ s:r~r lil1.:cff~
~~ :a:icrifi=;;f'r Si<{all~

~ at~ ata:g.:rf9.i
~ irr:err iim~
m~ ",, insn~
ifl!li.. ml'~
The re1t like the mas,
(b) When :ai~ means ' to worship' or 'honour' the nasal of
et~ is not dropped and these words are regularly deohned. ,..
They drop their final ~ only before the consonantal termina-
tions;•· g.

• ~: ~ I Pan. VI. 4. 30,

 104-105] DECLENSION. 65

N. V. ~ !l'F-a) ~:
A. ~ ,,
I. ~ Sfl'~liTl!:_
"
siwfi:r:
D. ~ ,, ~:
&c. &c,
L. Sfl'~ Sf1'9;1((': Sff~0r!f~
"' ~
@?.15'etm,
N.V. ii,,f~ rai;;;;;c1 .... 0
@<ra:Oq:

A. fcl~ ,,
I. fc\'qs::;u fiN~~ ~:
"
&o, &c•
L. .... ·-
Ti'NT5'EI' ~r=
The rest ehould be similarly declined,
~or~

Neu,
N.V.A,rn¾ fa'ifs:;;fr ratffia

Bases.
Irregul.a.r
§ 105. ~ a heron &o.( derived from,!io-'( q;"j-fa'~rftirr-
~r:), ~a lame man, and ii~ beautJ.fnl!ybounding become
F--.,~and~ before consonantal terminations; o, g.
N. sing. N. dual, I. dual. Loe. pin.
~ ~ ~"ll'l1il: ~ or !!
~ ~'off ~,r~ llfi'i'
ij'lfll!.. ~1 ~~ ~~
The remaining froms shonld be similarly made up.
Neu,
N, V. A. ~
'!l'-J'.
The rest like the mas.
Ji. s. e. 5
 L§ 1oe-1os
§ 106. ~ 11a. n. strength, is regularly declined; e. g. m.
• a';:;\'l"
a;~-:ii:_ "" a;.=r:
"N• .; ai"1To ~•~«r~
" "
8;!<ll: I .; a;fif
,. a;:;:rr;
"' ~'L •
Neu.
N. V. A -a;~ 3isi'lf :a;i-1:l; 'lrtherest like the mas.
with ofi[- ii~ or~ ~I~ or ii";i:,r~
t
§ 107, Nouns ending in~- There are a few nouns derived
from the ro(its endmg iu s!(, They have no other peculiarity
than this, that they change their ~ to ~ before consonantal
terminations, e g. !l"~~ m.f one who is tranquil.
N. ~r;,: !:l"~rii1 !:l'~m:
A. !l"~
I. ~r.:rr "
!:f~T•+<i\71: "
!:l"~~l!":
L. ~rm ~mr: i:r~r,:~ or ~F."J:
Neu.
N.V.A. ;:r~r;ii; ~rifr !t~~
The rest like the mas.

:Basesending in~ :-
§ 108. The penultimate ~ of nouns ending in ~ is leng-
thened in the Noro, sing. if it does not belong to root nonns,i
'61.:~;:i~ m. the moon.
N. 'tl";:~;rr:
v. ~:
A.. vii:~~

~ ;r(oi[i,r ~rr: I Sul. Kan. tof!~ ~llrit°iN: I a:f'Cl.fl,['ir

'TT
:;l:{I V6-rt.
+ B'.R"fl'f.'<W1" I Pil.n.VI. 4. 14, The penultimate vowel
'Elf<lT<i'r:
o:f nouns ending in i,a:_ and in :a:fl:t:
or cf<I'._ not belongingto a root
is lengthened when followed by 1;1;( '-\) not belongingto the
Vocative,
 § 108] DECLENSION 67

I. vio:im ,;;r;:G'fl'lfl1J; ~fit:

D, vfJit ~~:
" ,,
.A.b. ~= "
G. :;;r,;a:irm: 'El;:a:+H:rtil;
L. "
=.r~ =.r~:!if~
"
Decline ~imilarly ~~e:_god Brahma, ~ good-minded,
~e:_ ill-minded, i!.:i:r.re:_
anxious-hearted &o.

ififfl._neu. the mind.

N. V . .A..
The rest like :;;r,F.{~.

Decline similarly ~l:I;., milk, ~ age, ST!il:I;.

protection, fame
&c. ~ good, ~{e:,<f'El'l:l_, &o.
(a) Nouns in~~•~ or :a:i~ such as~ :flaringupwards
~~ blind, <ft~~ long-living, \{I'~ an arm &c. are eimilarly
declined; e. g.
N. sing. N. dual. I. sing. I. dual. Loo. plu.
\tlt~: ~~r1iq-) aef,;.m ti'lf~<l'Til;~R~!!-·t
~ig: ~ ~ ~ii; :.:i...-~~-·i
<ft~r!l: ,1~~r ;ftm~\'fT!{1~~1:IT'IJ.
qr'tl'f~t~-:~
;;p: <Pt'f"r V\'fT U+ir~ v~11:-
·i
Neu.

N.V.A.

Decline similarly G=q'(fffi:I:

lustre, g-f.t:e;
an oblation, 'El'ge:_
the
eye, l,'ffl;e:_
a bow,&c.
~ (q ffl) one who wears a garmont well.
68 [ § 108-112

Mas. Neu,
N. ~: ~ ;g.r~: N. V. A. ~: !i<i~T lr,!rrn
The rest like '"l'•\':lJr~- The rest like 3:l"l"e:_.
Decline sin::i111rly fqu~!r~ fqo,~ &c.
§ 109. The Nom, sing. ~f ~ir~ time, 9:~:a-e: namo of
Indra, and ~<TG:_name of SukracMrya is ~, l~<'til:ITand
~T respectively; the Voc. smg. of ;;r~~ is :a;,u,i-,ic,
~;:r,
and~ ; the other forms are regular.
§ 110. To feminine nouns ending in ~ simply add the
terminations.
~i~ f. splendour.
N. m: 11TT~1 m:i_;:
I. 11tR11 1l'ri,i-~ mf.t:
L. l!TT~ inm: offil[:
§ 111. Obs. The ~r o:f;a-~fl:!: uttering hymns, becomee
~ before the consonantal terminations, except that of the Nom.
sing; e. g. Nom. ~mrrr: sing. ~'1:1'~1:!'r dual.; Instr. sing.
'3'oN~m.:rr;
dual '<fcf!ll'~rim1:1:.;
Loe. plu. sr~:l!-~.

Irregular bases,
§ 112. ~~ that falls,•<re:a destroyer, .gft~ one who kills
well, ~~r~ desirous of killing. The first two cha.nge their~
to a:before consonantal terminations while the last two change
their ~ to ;;,:under the same cireums tances, the preceding naea.1
being dropped.
:Mas.
N. V. sing. N. V. dual. I. sing. I. dual. Loe. pli..
1il'~ ~ n"r 1il'ffl :i;i-~1:1:. l.il11%
\<1'6.: ~ \~ 1,qffl 1:<f~.rr~ 't!!fs:~
rie: ~fg..n: ~lm ~'~ ~f%;;:l-ifT~
~~-·~
~~ ~!'a'._ ~mm ~~li:IT ~QT~~-;:,~
The remahling forms should be similarly made up by adding
the terminations.
 ~ m1-114: J DECLENSION. '69

Neu.
mi:: ~if m-?r
N. V. A. { \'"f. mft ~;fr~
doJ: i;l'im vrtr1f
The remaining forms like those of the ma8.
§ 113.
~~m.aman.
N. l!'rtm ~:
v.
A. "
If~:
I. ~r 1flt:
D. !i« S"lf:
Ab. n: ., ,,
G. ~= m:
L. iffl ,,
Neu.
'.!'ifff!
~~+{l( ~lll~T: ~ir-t_).
N. V. A. U'~ fii~ U'iP'TT~
The :restlike the ma,.
§ 114. The penultime.te'{ or '3' of the words fq-q~ wishing
-to read, ~ m.J.a companion, ~lfl''fi wishing to do, ~~
one stepping well, a:rrm'!_f. a blessing, !;ffi'!;l,cutting well, and
also of fin:,speech,!lt: e.yoke, 9;:(a town all fem. is lengthened
before consonantal terminations; their final is changedto 1Jisarga
1intheNom. Sing. e.g.~-
N. V. mif: r'ir:rrnt fqq-rn:
.A. {qqfolR. Rq'llift- mm:
I. mfnr fq-irar"+'I.Wl fqq;fifir:
D. (qm ~~ firq~,:f:
L. filqi'afq mralft: ~--~
* ef~i:ferr~fq- I Pe.n. VIII. 3. 58. The a:belonging to
a term. coming after !;' or :., short or long, and after a guttural
letter, ie changed to ir even when either a ne.aal,or a visarga or
~ or :e:_
51'.., intervenes.
 70 SANSKRIT GRA.1>U1AR. [ § 114-115

The remainingforms shouldbe similarly madeup by adding

the terminations. '8'~ and the followingwords should be simi-
larly declined.
N. sing. N. dual. I. sing. I. dual. Loe. Plu..

•I
~....
~=
"'
~t'h
i\llfr
Rt~
~ ~
"'
Rr'1~1 ~!fil~I~ . ~-:!j
~~
§f~ ~: ~1;11 gi'qijr ~.:;rl!i_ ~-:l:f ~

arr~ arr~ih ~qr arr~ arr~~-:!1.

8lr.«1+<11~
~ ~ ~
... §sl;e:! ~!liq_ m-=~
firf...f .fi:
~
!IHJ ~r ~\ ,ilg
.... i:d
m._f
'.R..f
1af':
"
'i:
!!U
it
WT
~
"f'~lf{_
~f{_
.
15
Neu.

N.V. A.
t~'
:=
ffl:
fqqfoqt
~<tl!fr
w-Wr
~I
The remainingforms like those of the mas. o:rfem.
fqqi!i't~
~<€1~
ij((l~
~

Nounsending in :a:ia:,
mr_,and II'<!,:-
§ 115. at is.lenthened in the Nom. sing.•, and ;,r:is inserted
betweenat and the final~ in the first :fiveinflections. The :final
<t_u droppedin the Nom, sing,; the at of irf6: is lengthened be-
forethis ~ e::s:oept
in the Voc. sing.
mas.talented.
'&111@;
N. ~ \l~f
V. -.frwt. ,, ,,
.A. 'olllr.tff_ irir-:a"r :fnra:
1

• See ft. note n. 66

 15-116 ] D:EOLENSION. 7l

I. '\T)1,r;r
D. ~fri:ir1t
Ab. 'l:Tfitff:
",, ,,
G. i!;ra-: ir:i:r<'lr;i:
L. 1fn:r(ir '\Tf<l<~
Neu.
"
N. V.A.
The reet like the Illas.
Decline similarly ;m:ra:_ having cows, fii'ffl<(, ~ ~C.:
<f~, p,·on.,i.rr<ra:_,
it'tl'il"i"(m. Indra, ll<ra,: oio@'.,t;,;tTiara:,,(ti;qq_,
~&c,
~~a:
mas. great.
N. ~&A: ;i-~;,a-) ;rwr1:
v. ;fifij'. ,,
A. ~f•cT!l,
"
~f•t'!I' ~11':
The rest like lifr;rn:.
.l'veu.
N, V. A. ii~ ;rg,f;11' The rest like the m&s.
§ 116. P~rtfoipial?ases ending in a:ia:_
:-
(a) The declension of these does not differ from that of
nouns in ~ except in the N om. sing mae in which the :a:iof
a«!'.is not lengthened. In the case of the dual of the Nom.
Voc. and the A.cc. neu. ~ is inserter! before the .final ii'. nec~i;_-
aarily in the case of the presenLparticiples of the roots of the
1st. 4th, and 10th classes, and of causal, desiderati va and
nominal verbs, optionally in the case of those of the 6th class,
of roots ending in m ol the 2nd class, and of those of the Fut.
in ~tit( or ~i.a:,and not a~ all
in the case of the reo:iaining
participles of the present tense.
 [ § 116

lr~ij_ being. ~ eating.

mas.

s. v. ~ .r;r,:Rt'.l'l';r.:n: N. V. a;~ ~cri' ~:

.A. ..~ir.:I'. " .r=.ra: A. ~;;:if~ ,, <11~:
The rest like ·.fr+ra. The rest hke iri:ra:,.
Decline all other participles of the P1esent and Fu. Par. in
the mas. similarly.
N. V . ..l. Neu.

~-~ ~ ~<l'RI'1
~-~ ~ sren,-q"I The rest like
<ml:~ ~--'ift q'f~ ~
the mas.
~~ qTmf·;m° <TT~r-'tf
I
~-ift<l {ft'ar-.=crr ffflii'I' J
Declinelf"I'<(, <fr;~,'ol"~ ~' s<iTN''fa:, 1flff( &G.,
' !3:'il
hke ~; ii5Tl~i.r'3&c. like 6:<ta'.;~• n~, ~\"@'., <ffrura,,
&e., like :.f?/f((•
_,--_B. The.fem.of these ends in i being the same as Nom.
dnal of the ~ en. and has no declensional peculiarities •
. Decline ~ m. n, great, ~ m. a deer; n, a drop of water
and ~ the world, like ~ 11utB.& neu.
(b) ~ is not inserted at all in the case of the participle of the
Pre. of roots of the third olass and of the Parasm. fre-
quents.tive and the participles ~~, a-~, :;i-:i;R,,r_, <TT~,
~, ;fio!l"it
and~; in the case of the N om, Voo, and Acc.
pln. neu., however,it is optional!~ fo~erted :-
mas,
ffl giving. ~Ela:
awaking,
NV.~ ~t ;;m:ra:_ :mm«
~i'f:
A. ~ ,, "
" " &c.
 § lHl-117] DECLENSION.

neu.
N. 'V. A. ~~ !{~ITT'
~,;:r~-Tff i'l'ffi:{1!. Gll'm i'l'ff!wff·TTf
The rest like lf!l~:

Nouns ending in~ and ir,l;-

§ 117. ~ is dropped in the Nom. sing. and before all con-
sonantal terminations. In the case of :mas.nou:ns the preceding
ai is lengthened in the first five inflections ll.lld t in the Nom.
sing. only. The al' and if are lengthened in the pln. of the Nom.
Voc. and Acc. of neuter nouns. Tha :a{ is dropped before the
vowel terminations beginning with that of the Aoc. pln. except
when it is preceded by a coniunct consonant having ~ or ~ for
its htter member; it is optionally dropped in tha Loe. sing. of
mas. and neuter nouns and optionally in the Nom. Voc. and
.Acc. dual of the fatter.
In the Voc. sing. the ;i:_of flBU. nou.nsis optionally retained.
Nouns ending in 3r,l;•
~&1~mas. the creator,
N. il'~f i!Wflllr '.iif~Jllf:
V. ii'~
A. ii!Wfarn: ~r" ~: "
I. qurr :;;m~in~ il'ij!'N:
D. 1il"iJM 'oliji~~ ~q-:
Ah. '.iifi'lfll{:
G. ,, "
'.iif(li1JU! ~
"
L. llT~filr il'i)'I'~
"
Decline similarly 3lT,;:r,i:the self, ~~ a s:1cdfice:r,~~~ ,
~~~&c.
~T~'\ mas. a king.
N. UsiiT ~l.;T~t"' U'Si!il':
V. •U~ ,,
A, ~fsffr-t;:,c ,, "
"
 74 SA.>;SB'.ll.I'IGf [ § 117

L um u~m:a: ~~~:
D. if.I" r~:
Ab, m:r: ,,
G. ~: umlllC
L. ffi~_M:l~il'f u;;;~
"
Decline dmilarly 1t11t,'f,3'.fim.
a boundary, ijlff'.(_ a carpenter,
~-m. marrow,~ greatness, +r~,:r,i:,®f~l'l'-l:,azfurl-1';;:
&c.,
auspicious-named,~?fm;J,
w{n:l';i: !:f@"~~ a day or the S1lll ( ~
of the word is lengthened when the at 1s dropped ), &c.

E. g.
Nom. sing. Acc. plu. Loe. sing.
~ m.rr ijJ~: :Sil~-iffel
a:e.r,t aeyr <'lq1JI: a&111-e;n'ar
~ .r,;:;rr ~: ~-::;m~
<T!(l'-fot. i!!1iu ~Ill: <TllT'irJi-;q~
<lffl t1f~1 il~~ ~i¾-liRI
i1ll~il ~lli <i'lj~: 1!5f~;q~
~ a:ifan:rr <lllUffi: ~Ujffi
•Jflii
~ wrrm ~';f: ~qfffi
·+![<f
l!Ril~-1..5!i1IT1;,rr !l"!ffiUa: -~cff.l
llfa<t)fu
neii.
N.V. ;m ~r qrfijf
V. q-,i: ,,
The :restlike the mas,
"
Declinerimilarly ~ a hide, <ilf:.i:
11narmour, .ri~ a house,
old &c.,~ happiness, ;{+r-,:
sport, jest,~,~ a joint &c.
 § 117-US] DECLENSION • 75

.flllil: ,neu.
1( ~ -l'llr.fr·1!imr .ff!,'!~
v. ,fi'~--i: ,. ,..
.A. ;,im ,,
I. .rmr "
<i'l'ffl'llfilC .rmN:
D. ;i'ffi' :;rr~i'1'1: .ir~~ir:
Ab. il"f!:[: ,,
G. ,, ;n~: "
-ITTIT'i._
L. ;;rm-~~ -rr~
''
Decline similarly ~ the sky, wTA:;J; the b!adde:r,il°W'.I:
lovef
<:fi~ a hymn,'lil'Til'~
lustre, a honse, &c.

Irregular; llaeem.
§ 118, '!,_~, aw~and nouns ending in~ lengthen their
~ in the Nom. sing, only; the '.I'.o:f ~ is changed to Ill:.after
i{,; 8. ,.

~ mas.,the sun.
N. ~ ~ut1 ~=
V. '!_~ n
A. ~~ ,, ,.." .
~-
I. '[_qrr 'I,"1)."l'll"-1'.. 'l:TT>i':
D. ~ ,, iro:ir:
.Ab. ll_omr:
~: "
G. ,, ~~
"
L. -n~-i;:far ,, ~~

~~ii; mas.,'name of Indm'.

N. ~'lltf ~r Rij1rr:
v. ~if'.t. ,,
A. ~~ ,, ~: "
I. ~ ~;[t-.-irr~ ~=l"~Ji':
"'16 8L'<SKRIT G:e.AXM:A.R. [ § 118-119

D. 'l5lil- ~!.fill.: ,~q-:

Ab. ,,
G.
L.
,~:
i'lffi:
.. ,,
~: ~~
"
~-~fill" ~

ri~ m. name of a deity.

N. ~ ll'lfflf ~:
v. ~ ,, ~
,,
A. ~ a.ii:iuu ~;or:
&c. &o. &~.

Neu.

~-~
~"r-;rufr
~-~
§ 119. The of or ~ mas. 'a dog,' :!t"~ mas. 'a young man,'
,and~ mas. 'nllllle of Indra' is changed to :a-before the
vowel terminations beginning with that of the Acc. plu. ~

N. '111" "qf,;f
~- ~r,:r:
V. ~
A, ~
" \W{: "
I. ~
"
'l:!l-<ITT( ~:
D. ~ ~r;i: ~:
Ab. \Wf' ,,
G. ,, ~: " ~
L. ~ ~
"
• ~~ I Pan,VI. 4, 133.
 § 119-120] DECLENSION.

m.
if'El'<!!'-1'.
N. ~r ~i!!Rt
V. ~'{_ ,,
.A. +r<ri:W!"!:_
"
,,
I. riril"r W<f1.I+~
&c. &c.
L. ~ il''iTT,U:

:g~.
N. ~ ii!!M"f
V. ~
A. "
~~
I. ~;;r
"
~i!l.:;:rfi:J:
&c. &c.
L. l;[,Tif :i:@f:

Neu.
~~.~<1.i:.
N.V.A. -Ti"ii"" <l'[ij'•fr <il'ij;~f.\'
~~"' <1'[~1 <l'@"~«H~
The rest like the mas.
§ 120, '9'!~ n. mes.rung 'a day ' changes its Jl.na! to 'l'.
( and finally to visarge) when followed by consonantal terminn
tions or by nothing; in other caaesit is declinedlike ;;im;i:.
N. V. A.. s11~: a!i1',~~;fr ~7{
I. 'of~ :oi:tl'+!ll:Jl'.. aittf'i:r:
D. set ",,
smf\-cr:
Ab. ~ir ,,
--····-- ---~
11 Also the optional forms in ~ in the Voc. sing.
 [ § 120-122

G.
L.
Ohs :-tl-;r~ when mas. is declined like '<!'r!{+rn:_when it
takes the ~onsonantal terminations !ll1d like 'lto'fl( when it takes
the yowel termination!; when n~u.it is declined like ~-
N. cfr"if'i-f;: ,fi"ifri:rllii"' <r'hr'i~1m:
V. <fr~: ,, ,,
A~ {r~f~ ,, (!'eff~!
I. ;{r,n@T <fl,q)'~r~n:i: sirmm~,
~ ,~
D. a;'imi "
ql''cfl~I~:
Ah. ~f@"' "
G. °{I~: "
(r'Qf@"): <fl<rr~
L. ~'if~ <flm~ffl
"
Neu,

The rest like the mas.

§ 12L 31"~ m a horse, except when preceded by the
negative particle~ ( :forming a neg. Tat. ) is declmerl like a
word ending in a: in all cases except the N oro.. and V oc.
singulars; e. g. N. 8i'ff~;:;ff 31.ri'i'i·;V. ~;f;i: sr;f.:a1,
a:i+'"O:;
A. a:rir~, a:riri"ol', :;i,hr: &c. But m-;r"l:( ;r ~a-s<rh<l·)is
:regularly dechned like tr'r.Tll[; "1:v!eff~for) &c.
~ ,wu. ia declined as ffl<{_ ~r ~'l'f~ Nom. Voo•
.A.cc.;the rest like ~ ma3,
§ 122. Words ending in l<J:-

"' The ~ may be optionally retained ( (f'l"ffRI &c. ) by

Piin. VIII. 4. 11.
 ~!a-123 J DECLENSION, 79

;;'A:"
mas.an elephant.
N. 1;l;n 1.fR1!!i" ~Rll'f:
v. <l,R;;: ,,
A. q;-f?U!.i: " ,i
I. "
i'i;T(+1f!:ll'. cy;ttfi:r:
D. <j;r¾' i:15'[{~1.p
.Ab. <fin:ar, ",.
G. ey;ftlllr: "
q;~GIT"l:,
L. "
oli'~M' q;~
"
Decline similarly ~~ the moon, <{TO'e-3: one having a stick,
'<!'~ a, wealthy man, i~~ an elephant, "f;el';;:one having a
garland, al@i'Hl<i~ and all other words in f;i:,
qi~ neu.

"
The rest like the mas. Declinesimilarly ~i•i.i.J:11, '1'H~ n,,
eloquent, ll"IT~'3'.
n. &c.

Irregular :Ba,ses.
§ 1:it The first fiveforms of q-fii:;i:a roail, a clmrning
and~~
h1:i.ndlo, name of Indr.t are irrogular..i' They
their ~;;:heforovowel terminations beginning with the Acc. pln.
qr~~-
N.V. lf~~r- q.•,u.i') n:r.:•«m:
A. ~r-rii:_ ,, q<;1:
I. q'!!:ff tr0:lill'f11:l: lfT,qf.r:
D. q-~ ,, q'N+"lf:

* 'l"Nl'/'<-'J)Flll'llf\
VII. 1. 8:i-88,
 80 [§ 123-124

Ab. IN= ~ ~w:

G. 1N: q~: lfitlli,.
L. mr " ef'q
Decline similarly ~ and ~; the latter word, how-
ever, does not insert the ~ in the :first :five inflections; e. g.
Nom ~: ~ ~, ~=-itrrim-ltllur:; .A.cc.~
~-i(i;I":; 'lfe"~~10113,.~TUll'-~:

Basesendingin ~ or ~e:_-
§ 124. These a.rethe perfect patticiples derived from root&
-with the affix ~ to which the intermediate { is prefixed in
some cues. They have a ;i: prefixed to their final ~ in the :first
:five in:B.e.ct.ions,
the penultimate =if being lengthened before it.
In the Nom. sing, m. the~ is dropped and the Voc. sing. ends
in ;r,i:• .s"is substituted for ,t 1 before which the preceding short
if, if any, is dropped, before the vowel terminations beginning
with those of the .A.coplu. and before the i' of the Nom. Voc.
and A.cc, dua.lof the neuter nouns. The final lJ,_of a root is
changed to ;i: before ~ reappears be:fore this 'S'; final ~ is
changed to lJ;:before the c~nson.antal terminations and in the.
Nom. Voc. and Acc. sing of the neuter.

~,m. a learnedman.
N. fqr;J: fii"(hrr ~:
V. ~ ,, ,,
A. ~ f¾'r:
I. ~~
"
~~ ~m;
D. ~ ,, ~:
Ah. ,, ,.
G. ~: ~~
L. ,, NI~
 § 124-125 J DECLENSION,

Neu.
N •. V. A. ~~ ~f
The 1est like the ma,.
Decline similarly :,;-r'n{~ or &;ii':..r~ one who has gone,
~ one who has stood, ~or~ onewho has carried, ifri~
bounti.£111, one who has heard, :m'6t~one who has sat,
l!J!l:!,<I"~
~e::_honouring or serving the gods, &c. m. and. n ; e. g.
Nom. sing. Norn. dual. I. sing, I. dual
mll'ra;: G'\"~1 ~~r ;,rr.~;;:
~r-J: 5llr<''!T'Ei'j- ,, :s:m
~<I~ ii I,I(
~ fil~"l't~1 o~r aft~
f.i.fr<rr-.i: f;t,f1<1t'l'!r f.l'~llfl' f;t,:flq~
m~~ il~ .fr@ll"T :i;1~
!!.!'~ ~~<l"tm ~~~ ~~
in~ #~<iTffl" ;a%'TT ~~<l"?:~
~~ ~~tm q;r~ll"T cl'.T~'<l'fl':i'.
:Basesin ~ or ffi
§ 125. Oomparativesin ,.-~ are declinedlike bases in Ill"'(
in the .first five infieotions and the Voc, sing. and like nouns
in 8'1~ in other respects; e. g.
~(comparative of~) more praiseworthy.
N. ~ :ii{frim '$\ll'r~:
V. ~ " ,,
.A., >ilfriia~ ., "!<!''El':
I. ~m ~r~~~ ~<it~:.
The rest like ~~- Decline all comparatives hi.·{Q"~ such
as m:1ll'~,~'i\'1tr~,
10-,:frq~,
&o similarly.
Neu,
N. V. A. >il:q-: ~r >i{..-t~
The rest like~~- Declinen. nollllsin 'i11e;similarly.

H.S. G. 6
 82 SANSKBI'r GlilltliU.B, [ § 126-128

WORDS OF l:aB:ECHrLAlt DECLENSION.

§ 126. :a:ift~ n cnrds, \'fl<N:n. a thigh and

n. a bone, <fl'\T
elllffn. an eye, become S:ffll'i:I'.,~oi:_, ~, and~ reapeo-
tively before the vowel terminations beginning with tho I.
sing. v and then they follow the declension of non!ls in ~; in
other respects they are declined like <l'l'ff,

at~.
N. am1l' at~ emfrr~
V. arrit-~
A. SIT~ " "
I. ~~
"
am:~ "
arr1'~ri.-:
D. am:'it et~~ ;am~-p:r:
Ab. am:;f: ., ,,
G. ~~;it: ~
L. "
"1~~-Nr"lt amq
"
~ and the rest should be similarly declined.

§ 127. ~f. water, is declined in the plural; it lengthens

its ~ i~ the N. and ch~ges its '{._ to ~ before consonantal
tenm.nations. arrq:-~:-~-~=-ai~=-~•81Cij'.
§ ll!8. The words ~ f. old age, ~ m. Oll8 not getting
old and~ a god, optionally assnme the forms :;{{'3;, ~,
and ~ before the vowel terminations:-
:sR(.

N, ;;m ;;rt, a:rm ;;m:,~

V. \l'I~ ,, ,,
A. ~,~ ,,
I. Gml'T,~ !lffi~ "
~rf.r:
D. ~,:;f{e" \'l'Rl'W.
Ah. GfUVT:,;m:v: " ,,
.. ~I~~~: I
"
VII. 1.15 •
 § 128-129] DECLENSION, 83

G. ;;mq-r:, :;;(\'!': :;;(!:l'f:,

:.ffflr: ~, ~
L, :;;u~~, :;;~ " ;;:r{ffl
Decline~:c &o.like mr and vi{i1~ :-
N'. ~;c: ~;c)-f;t.:n:~) ffl'il'l'U:-~ffl:
A, A;;r{a;·A°~n: ,, Aim;-~rn:
I. f.ri{llf-~m ~m:Q'I'( ~:-fif;;f{t:
&c. &c. &c.
G. f.ri~•mmf: fif:;fro:•~ffi! ~{llll'~-f.t;;rrn~
L. f~·Ail'ffflf ,, ,, ~
afffl: m. like ~.
iffi'{ n.
N. ~ ~-st:.t'{~'r a:r:;;ufaf,
a:r:;;ti~
V. a{:;;{ ,, ,,
A. Sl:.f~
The rest like the mas,
" "
§ 129. The words q-~, .r,=n,;rrR;~r,i:rr~,i<tlf,f-f!ITT, ~,
~ • ~' trfl, 'Viii:!:, ;flf~, ~,..; ilffl','lffi!f, and mij t
optionally ass11methe forms~' cf<l:, irr~, ~, f.r~,q;i:,
iTT::l,
~iJ:, ~, l:l'~iJ:,
~!15'~,~, Slr~, i!h\,
'la:, and '&' before
all tenm.nat1onsbeginning with the .A.cc.plu.
~m.anarm.
N. v. «<· «<"" ~:
A. ey: ,, ,tlq-:-cpos:or:
I. eyqT•Qfl' ~"' "
l£i¥W£~-~<Trl\
ctrr~=-'illr:
D. ,Uq"·SUf l£il<i.
-q.:!f.
Ah. "
cfrlf!•ll!lf: "
G. "
.filfl';.,s;llf): "
ilff'il'(
·1St!Tll\
L. "
<\'ffii'-fslli-q-~ ~~~-:~-q
----------------- "
* ~~~~lf-ll"q;:;:~;;i-re:i'ij"~lfll(ii! ran.
VI. 1. 63.
t llf'{f'fif,Tl~wfi;rt~ ~<1"1:I Virt.
84 [ § 120

Neu.
N.V.A. ~:
The :reat like ma.s.
iit;ITT].
night.
N. f.i'1li f.tt F!'~r:
V. f.tt " "
A, f.,~!l<i, ,, ~r:-~:
1. ~-,m ~' ~<m!;-~I~ f.l~:, ~.r:-l"~:
D. ~-t- ,, ~r~:, ~q:-~i,,q-,
Ab. ~:-~: ,, ,,
G. ,, r,i~r:•?il't- ra~r,wi:-~
L. f.mM·l~ ,, R;mii!',f;l'iiij', W$-~"¥
~~ Neu. a summit, a table-land,
N. m'ii ffl~f ~
V. ,ffi~•i'!f
.A.. ~l~ ",, ~-~
"
I. ~~;;; ~!!~11!:-~I~ ~w;N:-~12f;r:
D. '61$~-~ m'i!~l"<l.-mwra:~,r:-m:i:ll'•
Ab, '{-fey'l':-m;;: ,,
G. "
.:i-eyrr:-,~: s:TT~it'-~~
L. "
~,mf.r ;, :a-~-~
'!.'IT¥!
is al.Bom. declined hke ~ with the optional forms from
the Acc. pl. which is ~• ~-
The remaining words should be similarly declined according
to the declenl!ioru which the1:r various endings follow :-
'Rq m. a foot.
N. qTT;': tfrqi
.. '<l~r,
v. i:rr<f ,,
A.. ~ " qi~-i:;,p
I. ~-'m "
imri:i:i.rr;:;:-~ ,:rr~:-r;~:
L. i:mt-r;~ 'i!~):-qEfr: irr~~•lfrlr
§ 129 J DECLENSION, 85

~a' m, a tooth.

~- ~= ~r:
.A. ~i'i'i<l( ,, ir-'~-~:
I. 1t-'1t.r·<{i'ff ~a:~-~ ir-'~:-~:
L. q";ait-a;filf •a:o1:
1t-'q>:ft: ;r,=itt•~g
-rrra<liT
f. the nose.
N. .;Tm~r .nra~ .rrf'~:
A. ;:m~ " ;nr~~:-~:
.I. i'!li~1:fi<TT-.fs:H~racf.Ta:i:r~-.,;1a:!I'~ ;=nfum>t:-.;)T'\it:
D. ~~rti--,rit ,, "!TIBij;l~:-i;l~:
L. -l'Tmoii~-;;n« •fTTff'Q"r:-,r'l:fr: ~~$rl'I•ii:~-~la
;it~ m. month.
N. m-'18':
A.~ " ~,m'l.'i=
I. m~-.:rrar ~ma:<rr!'!;·ll,~<ff~;rm:-;:rrf~,
L ~i«-~ m~:-itr;t;): ;rni'l,i=IT:~-a:m:g.

&~ n. heart,
~:1m'ar
A.. " ,, ~>:rnii'-~~
L ~i't,:r-~(r ~!i'f~li!'.·~~~ ii"ara-·-&'."ra:'
L. ~tt-&:r'if ~~~):-~): ~~-~~
~~n. blood.
.N. ~-if_ ~.fr :31~Rif
.A.~-<!._ ~r :a:f~l~·BHTlT'f
I. ~:;:rr-m.rr ~1,trr:;;c-:.r~~ ~fhr:-stefll":
D. ~~-:;im- <!ll~r;i;r:-:m{!4:f:
"
L. Q~ 2
=a{~-S{ffl s
86 [ §12

~Ii m. soup,
N. "l_'l!: ~1 ~:
,, ~~-~!rt:
A.~
I. ~ll'f-~ ~-~~ ~"I';-~: " -
L. '!r'q,~111'-~'litii ~q:q');~Ujj: I{_~-~

~ n. the liver.
N. ~-~ :i:r~ ~ff
A. ,, ,, 'll"~~.:i:rcnrf.r
I. ~-~r "-!'~-~ .:rm--l:fi:fip;r:
L. ~&, "-fl16·tni:if.r
~:-~: ~,~·:i:r<li~

~n.dung.
N. ~ ~ifr ~f.:n
A. ,a-~ ~ ~iFit~-m;rf.f
I. ~.~ ~~.~ ~~~:,QT~
L. ~ii@, m·Qf!fil~ ~~: ~m:, ~~.m;~
~'if<li n. water.
N. ;;-~ ~ \i~<im"llr
A. ~~ ~~ 'a'~'PTR"·~f.½
L ~-~ ~i!i'TWl;i:•u~ ~i:, ~(il':
L. ~, ~-iS'-{1,r ~rit:, m: :a-~,~
~ n. mouth.
N. ~ an~ srr~rn'ir
A. ,, ,, ,, -~fflf.r
I. ~, ~ si!!i\:!li~-:.m.1'~~ ~:, amrfil':
L. "1Rit,~-amnil' sl'lf~<1l':,eTrw: si!T~lg, si!Pl:I'~

~i'ia'n. flesh.
N. ~
A. ,,
"
 § 129-132 J DECLENSION. 87

I. m-6'.r,il'Tffi" ~t~r~!ll'li_,m;-:..1:l'~ m-~:,

il'IT~~
L. :i:ri~,;:it[ij- ;rt~;ir:, ~tl:h: :i:ri't!:1!;,:m,:!i•;[r.:;ij'

W'f<TTf.an army.
N. '[il'ifl' '[!'!if 'lffi'il'l
A. ;!ti:fil!;. ,, ,, -'l<f:
1. ';!wl'l'.11', "la-;:rri~ri:i:
';Fl'r , 'l~ ~mr
=-r;rr'?;:
D. '[ffi'IT~·'lff ,, ~.ff"<TMJ:;/;l'1l:
L. ~J'!:rT~, 'afn lfcl"~):, 'lffi°' 'lffill'i;J;,'l~
§ 130, The following suffixes are sometimes added to
nominal bases to express the meanings of cases.
(a) The !uffix m:i:_ added to the base of a noun gives it the
2!lllseof the Ah."'; as m:r~: , from carelessness'. ~: from
the real state of the thing, in reality, m-ro:'from knowledge/
~:&o,
(I,) The suffix Sfis used to denote the meaning ofthe Loe."'
case, and is generally added to pronominal adjectives; as ~
'in that place, there'; t{f~ 'in every place, everywhere, &c.
§ 131. A few nouns such as lil 'the lowest world,' f<I'{ 'haa,
v<iln,':e;re:
'a year of an era', a:r~cn:i:
'setting,'~ 'ea.sa,' .,.:re;_
•a
bow',~ 'hail, :farewell' &o. are indeclinables.

Chapter IV.

PRONOUNS AND THEIR DEOLENSION.

§ 132. The following 35 words are termed •Pronouns' in
81lJlskrit:-~, ~"ii, ;;rlf, :S-lf~, ~, ~ (i. e. the word form-
ed by the addition of the terminations :s:!ffi: and 3ttfl=f to the
'JI' G":lR"ll:i'!ffl~ Pan.
I \'!W'<!lel"cl; V. 3. 7. 10. By '~l~irrfii
~ I PAn. V. 3. 14. Ff!)' , ,i-~ &c. may stand for all cases e:x;~
cept the Nom, (though they may be used for the Nom. also),
 88 SANSKRITGR.ut'MA.B. [ § 132-133

pronouns fin:,<11: , and ~ whichbecome;r;,ll and R respec-

tively beforethese,e. !J•ili<flf,iia'Jf, 'll'IR', lffllf, and ffiR', ffilof )
fu;r,i<f,q{, Si<ll, ~,
~,
~.
fi,
~, tff{,
aM"t, _s:r.l'(", 'E<r,~;
I~, 3i~, ~and~-
1~, N, i(;l' 1 ~i;,
~'"' ~.~.Si~,~.
1-Personal Pronouns.

§ 133. The pronouns ~~ 'I,' ~ •thou', a.ud 1Ni(

•yourhonour:'-
N. B.-The declensionof the first two of these pronouns is
the samein all the three genders.

~•m.b_n,
N. Slfll: amm!'. ~
.A., ma:,m ammr,111 ~,II':
L im ~=
D. ~.ii' =,;fr ~II':
Ab, ~ SI~ ~~
G. ;r;r, it 31Nlft:,
;A- ST~,11':
L. ~ 3tITTr: ~ ...,.,,.
~m.j.n.
N. ~ ~ ~!lit;
A. ~,;irr ~.~ ~.;r:
L ;;m ~'llPI; ~'it:
D. ~,it ~.~ i'!R1Fll1('~:
Ab, 1<l'iI, ~ I~
G. 811',ft' iffl!,~ ~~,;r:
L. 1ffl 1f,Nf:

t.1 ~: ~~ifl4t"441<1iiitqj I ~ 'fflffl I ffim..

~ l ~ ~: I Pb. VIII. 1. .20-23.
 ~ 133-134 ) PRONOUNS AND'l'HEIR DECLENSION, 89

~ to be declined like ~if<!.; lR~ ~ ~!f;:a': N. ~

~r 1Rn: A.. &c. st=t~, l'tsn:rifi{( see Syntax ' Pronouns ' )
are similarly deohned,
§ 134. ( a ) The optional shorter forms of the pronouns
a:i~~ and ~ are never used at the beginning of a sentence
or of a foot of a metre; • nor can they be used immediately
before the particles ;;;r,<IT,tor tr, <Rtand lf!Tt; as m:rW my
house, and not~ ;z~; ~~· ~'er;qr~r,a: ~: ri~ ( Sid•
Kau. ), ' may K:rshna, revered throughout or capable of being
known properly from all the Vedas, always protect us; and
not ;:r:fitmr:&o.;a~ iii'll'i:tffil:' this is snrely your deed,' and
not a' lf!/1'
&c But if these particles do not connect these forms
they may be used with themt; as ~I' if'ut it ~llfr ( Sid. Kau.)
Hara and Harl are my lords, &c.
Ohs.-(h) The shorter forms may be used in a sentence
i1tau~;:i'
having one verb; ~ra-'r;:1t ~~rr'it; but a:rr~.t
q;;;rff'!1'
~ as there are two verbs t,
(c) These shorter forms are not also used immediately
after the Vocative case except when a qualifying adjective
follows it;+ ~'1'1~ ( and not ;:r:) q-rif ~ ( Sid. Kau. )
'Oh God' do thou protect us always'; but eft if: qn'%( Sid. ~r
Kan.) 'Oh merciful Bari, protect us.'

t ~ ~+!~~ 1 Pan, VIII, 1. 17. 18. Tho follow-

""'«!ffl.
ing couplets illustrate the use of these short forms:-ar~-
<la +1flfifif'«T~ qi'q- ~ 'l.'f: I ~!fllfr11'ilr'ii''1.i ~R:ll'fiJ iilTl'll'ir~l
fq:g: 11 ~ !fr ;it ~: q-iFl!ff+lfcr
;iJ-,~: 1 ~rSollliit '{: met
ifr ill ~~sr !f: 'l.i I\": n Sid. Kau. t >t "[!11{1~
Pan. VIII. 1. 24,
t~~ij~ltl'S<T ~l:T: I !f{l'R(lii&f'~ ii ~~: ~
,Sid. Kan.
t R>!
'l.i+!l'!!ff'R' ll'l!J:lilt~lf.ITT;r,i;..rr: l VSrt.
+ Pan.VIII. 1. 72.73.
 90 [§ 134-135
(il'y The shorter forms may or may not be used when the:r&
is no ~ ( the subsequent mention of II thing already
mentioned ); '"1'ITT;lf mf.i"~il', rra
n<f.i:'ffit~;r, ;;rr1; but mneti
'<TTl'IT
be used whs:::. there is anvadei a'·; ~ ~ ;;;:r: 'bow to thee
( demibed) only.'
2-Demombative Pronouns.
§ 135. The pronouns mt 'that or he, she, it,' ~ 'this,'
;rqa,:'this' and~~ 'that'. The Nom, sing of the first two is
re.pectrvely:i:r: and i::r,r: mas. and m and ~r fem. In, other
oases they become ;; and i;:rr and ara declined like nouns in 3"
e:i:ceptin ··the Nom. ·pl., D.
.A.b.sings, G. pl. and L.,&i~ ·the
terminations of which a:re if, ~;;,, 'rnfa:, ~~ an(~)na,.
and ~. ~~, ~• ma,: and ~Ta: fim.respectively:"' All
pronouns ending i):!.._,?I'____are -- eimilarly
~,...,.......,... .._
declined
'•'""""'f
.

a~ mas .
N. ,,, ...
m ff
A. a;;: n1 ~
I. fi.; ...
~ <'[:
D. ~ ,, 'a'l-<r:
Ah. mma:
G. ffitr "
<Nt: ~ "
L. itm~ ,, a,:
Fem,
N. m ~ a-r:
A. a-ra: ,,
I. i:T!l'T "
m+if~ mf.t:
D. q~ ,, a:n--r:
Ab. ~:
G. "
ai:rr: "
iU~
L. "
M<ITTI'. i'l'T~
"
 § 135] PRONOUNS AND THEIR DECLENSION, 91

Deoline ~ which miesns the same thing a.~(ii::,similarly~

e. g. «j': ~ .ii"Nom,; flt
~;i: Acc. &c.

~neu.
N, and A.,
The following oases like the mas,

~?{_ mas,
N. ll:q': (!n1 'FI'
A. ~JJ::-C!"~t, (!n'\--~ ~-t[,rr,Ji
I. \l"ffif·l{~;:r ~fa.<!'~ cr~:
D. lttH;(' ~:
Ab. lll.'ii'Hilq_ "
,,
G. ~IE<f ~=-lll.'ii'TT=
"
![ff~
L. ill.'ff~l=lil 1) ill.'fftll;
Fem.
N. q:,TI' er& trm:
A. l((iUti;-~;wlll: q'ff·l!~ lll.'m:-q-;rr:
I. (!a!l"T·•'.f,l'lU (!WT'+<l'T.J: (!nTf.r,
D, ~ er~=
Ah. lll.'ffiln: " 1'
G. l"fq~lfr: " q-;;-,ij-:
crff<ft: (!n!'B"lll:
L. Ill.'~~ ,, 1'f(Hl;!'

Neu.
N. 'ro<f. ill.'ff 1:!:i:illif
A, 'r<\'<I,·1!".f<l ~-i:r~ ira-rf.l'-~
The rest hke the mas.
-lE~rilm: 1 Pan. II. 4. 34. ~ is optionally substituted
:for ~ l!J.ld~ in the Acc., Inst. Sing. and Gen, and Loo.
Duals when there is s:i«!I~ ( see § 137 ),
 92 [ § 135

Notes:-The tisarga of 1,: and izq: is dropped when followed

liy any letter e:i:eept !,'I' in which o~se the nrnal Sandhl takes
place; ~ ~(!, ltlll' srr,.:nm;but q-<lts-r.~&o, Vide § 50.

N.
A.
~
t.ra:-1T;;a:
~,
ffi mas.

~f-~<{f
~it
i,1iT;;;-i:prr~
I. ~-tf.l.l' w..:~ ~:
D.~
" ~'
Ab. ~
G.~ "
L.~
"
Fem.
x~ ~-
A. ~-~ l:"lf:-q:~i:
I. w;m-~ ~¥(:
D~ ~ *.:;ir,
Ab.~: " ,,
G. ,,
L.~
Neu.

The .rest like the mas.

~mas.
N. :atm 8l'1a a:r;lr
A.~ ,, 'il'i~
I.~ anfrf~:
D.~ ai.f!~!l':
.A.b.~ " '3lm+lf:
G.~ ~):" :an,1\'ffi:T;
L. ~~ :anrr~
"
§ 135-138] PRONOUNS AND !Ilil!ll!. DECLENSION, 93

Fem.
N an:ff ~ :a:f1i.:
A. atla.~ ,.
I ~r "
&fltl-~ etl{fir:
D. sit~ ,, ~=
Ab.~: ,,
G. "
s:r~): :&T~
L. "
3{f.!;'Slff;i: ~
"
Neu,
N.&A. 31,f: ~ s:r'(f.r
The rest like the mas,
§ 186 The following couplet ( K!l.rlkA) gives o.r11lefor the
correct use of these pronouns:-
~im~ I
~~ if.fl,{q"ff('i:ff'a
t~
~ ffllii!! ~ f.r.uiii,m:,
m'itrfl' 11
~ is used with reference to a person or thing near o.tho.nd,
and~ to one nearer still; 81~ is used of a person or thing
at a dutanco, while ~ is used of one that is absent.
§ 137. The optional forms of ~ and ~ in the Ace,
Inst. Sing. and Gen, & Loo, Duals are to be used when there
is anvades'a~ i. e. their proper forms have already been ueed in
a previous clause; a. g. atit.f c<lli:6,(u(;{,i.(httr,:r~~q,:r 'ho
has studied grammar, teach him prosody,' s:r.fl:rr:
q-~ ffi'~,
lf,Nf: w ~, 'The familyof them both is pure, and thoir
wealth ample.'
3-The Relative Pronouns.
§ 138, The pronoun, lf~ 'who, whlch'; mas. fem. and nsti.:
maa.base lf; J~m.base <IT.
---
$ f.l;f~rif ~ii;cnmir <li'tlli-11t Jii~ !l-l~~fil11"41~~= 1
Sid, Kau.
 [ § 1'38-139

~mas.
N. ~t
A. it
I. .:rrwr;i::
D.
.Ab.
G. "
L.
"
Fem.
N.
A.
I. "
D. ,,
Ah.
G. "
~iit:
L. " ,.
Neu.
N. &A.. Vn ff
The rest hke the mas.
4-The Intarrogati ve Pronouns.
§ 139. The pronoun ~mas.fem & neu,;m. base ey;;;em.
ba.se1.f.!".
Jfas.
N. ;i;: ,it
A. ~
I. 't;:r "
D. ~~ ,,
Ab. ~
G. ~
L, 'if.l'~ ,,
Fem.
N. <iir <iir:
A. lf.T'l
 95
1. :di•!:
D.
q;'t[f
<ii~ ,, ,.,,,.~.,
.Ab. i:F,~tfr:
G. <ll'~r: ,wm,:
L. ~ToJ:, .,,rt!'

N.&A.fey;l'{
'!'heremaining 1:aaosliko th(l nws,
Pwn,mHs,
r,-H,11l,11siv,1
§ 14.0. Tho emisoo! t,lw n•ll1•\iv11 prornn1n i-1,in Sanskrt
by the word ::imi.:i:,•~o!f' whi.-11 h immrrnbly
e:i:pres1ed \J.s~d
in the masenlino gondor an,l ~il1g11hlri111m 1wt, mul by the
,reflexiveadvorb 't'liitfll:_o. g. l!l:l:i"'"'"'""~''"' W~r •<lif'i orr~:
"theyall tthe wivus of Dal1mi.tha) ,nw lll dr.-i1rn~ that they
were guard,•d by dwar.fi;" co sf or <:IT,~:,1,,r.·,mi:nr <ITTi.l'f-1lt,t-
~ffi I u:;u ~~ii"~n:n:1i!'Jl-f :mm:r, ,1;c
(i- Indefinito l 1rnno1u1~.
§ 141. Inoofiuite prn11,1nnearo fonn,,1l hy the addition
of~ or ,;;r;; or ~ and aomutiw.o~of fhll'. to the various
,casesof the pronoun 1~ in 1\ll Ulij g01u!t1r,,; o. !J. <Siil~·~~;;
a certain one, ii"rN,"ii;,tr{ii', 11,,nfi:r; ~le,
!1;'1:fl'i:l'ii,
§ 142. The tormhmtions givoll o.b,ivo imi also addoii to
interrogo.tive iulvorbs in tho AOl'ltl~ as ~T~
of i11clufi11it,•110ss;
tflffiRO:,
at sometime, !F,;ofl"<f-f, eomo, f.E'l'<\'<'lRonwwhcro, &c.
'l--Oorrclativo Pronom,a.
§ 143. Correlatives i:i.roformed by l,h" n!iixo~~ added
to ~• a-~and q:-0~, n.nd<TO: added.to i::,nr, arnl N,~ in the sans 6
-0£•as much ns;' und i~ or 'fain tbo Htjlte,1 ol 'e1milar to';
~• If<\'¥:and i:r~ bocomo nT, 1:foTaiul Q't rc~peoti"lelybefore
these, and l~i.1; and ~ l and fii; bofoto <1<!. and f and c;i;r
before i~ or 'fiiil:.;e. g. ofc(o, ( ff1G'~:&flati:r~~ ), ~ll'<I.
( '.f{ l:f~ITTlil'-
+!~ ), ar,r~hk.e that, h~, hke this, ~<ll howro.ncb,&c.
9G ( § 144-14.6

§ 144, The affix aifrris added ton~,~ and fei;q_

to show
l'.lumber o! measu:re e. g nra
'so many', l.l'ra
'as many,' and
ffl 'how many'. These are declined in tha plural only, and
take no termination in the Nom and Ace,; e. g. Nom. and
Ace, <i>rnInst. ii;@f.:r:the rest like ~R.
8-Reciprocal Pronouns.
§ 145. Reeiprociiy is expressed by the repetition of the
~Ut"<!:,
m and q,; e. g. ~;ifr-'<1',
pzo:uomi:uali.djectives a:i.-.r,
and q~. These are generally used in the smg. and also
adverbially e. g. q~ ~'a~l1rof~ &c. ( Rag. VII, 14);
~ ~.'a- &c. They are more commonly used as the first
members of comp~mids; as ~~m~r~ .;~ &c. (Ku.
I, 44; ~ii~<lFIT: (Sis. :X.24.) &c.
9- -Possessive
..,..,~'' Prono]llls
'\,
.
~ 146. Possess~y~J)~onounsare formed by mea,ns of the
eecondarya~.U added to a-~i.-l"lA~t-
~~-l,1-,;ld ,,~~; and
&i aDdj.;- added. to ~' and ~' -changed respectively
~ ~ ..... ••f ~

to m~ and a-~ in the sing. and <11~~ and 1:nq:n<J!i

in the
plu. before these; e. f1.

Sing. Plural.
~'my, mine' :a:i~ 'our, ours?
;m:p.j; si-r~ ,,
-tllf<!fr.r "
,, :a:tR+:r~ ,,
Fem,
Sing. Plural.
+!,fl<il' my, mine' 3'1~~ 'our, ours,
irrf.:rclrr l, 31m:n-~r ,,
im:rmr " 'Sff,:+rl<j;i';;f I l
 § 146-148] PRONOUNS AND TREIB DEOLENSION. 97

mas. fem.
Sing, Plural. Sing. Plnra.l.
~'thy, ~ 'your, ~<IT' thy, ~ 'your,
thine.' yours.' thine.' yours.'
,, ~ '' ,, 'If~ "
!m(<iiTif,, ~Tllf ,, ,, ,q-),q:rr<lfiun"
,,
~
maa. fem. mas. fem,
ffiWl e:~ ira(N l'{ff(m
N. B. These are declined like nouna ending in ar,atr or f
regularly. ~
1s a possessive pronoun by itself.
10-Pronom!.nal Adjectives.
§ 147. ~ •a.nolher,' 31.:ircR'either of two,' J(!t 'other,'
~ 'one of many,' ii<'I'=•who or which of two,' q;m:r 'who or
which of many,' '!fn{ 'who or w.bichof two.' :irai:r 'who or which.
of many,' ~ 'that one ( of two),' ffini 1tha.t one ( of many )t
are declq1edin all the three genders hke ,q-~e. g.
mas.
N. '1mU
qc. fem.
N. m
qc. neu.
N.&.A. m
qc.
N. B. ~ is not a pronoun, as it is not mentioned in the
group ~ ( ~;r~ itit <fra'TllTl!N~~ Sid. Ka.u. ). It
1s, therefore, declined hke nouns endlllg 1n at.
§ .148. Declined, f.Mr,~;rand fmf all having the same
meaning, a,r ( declined in the dual only) and a"lltf ( which has
no dual according to Kaiyata. and other gra=ana.ns) both
'one of two,' like ~ except in the
meaning 'both,' tffi: a11d1l'<Fra~
Nom. and Ace. sing. of the neu.which is formed by adding I:(; e. g.
H.$, G. 7
 [ § 148-150
98

~ mas. 'a11'
tit! •
'-\{\ '<'
<
N :;fii(: ~r \f'cl"
•\r
A, ~~ ~l:lf <:lo!"T~
l 'E!~llT .:reth::l:111l~:"'
D. ~:hh ,, ~l-"Q':

.Ab. ~rh,mi: ,,
<~
,,
G. ~<£18'.T 'ij':;'l'l.:l'f: "'
~~~
L. ~fiw.i:_
Fem.
N. ~,.r 'Cl'~ ~f:
A ~T<!_ ,, ,.,-
I. 'tl<f<IT :acfr+<l'!~ ~l:l'TI~"
<
D. ~ <:l"i':lH•<ft
A.b. ~= <
,,<
G. ,, :;;r,rqr:
~

~~
"
<
<
L. ~<{,~ ~!fH;i
Neu.
N.&.A. ~li~ ""
:Sl:f ~<il'far
The rest hke the mas,
(a)-,r.r when it means ',qual' is not a pronoun and is
declined like nouns in ali e. g. '13';{: ~i:TT~.u: No:n., ~.rri:rD.
G. pln. as in the Sntra of Pai;i.. :inqr~'-&ll>l'~~:
sing., 'l{o'ir.11':i:
ii.ml.mi:I 1. 3. 10.
§ 149, Obs:-«r and <If ( the 10th and 11th ~i':l'T~B) the one
~rw ( udatta ), the other sm;,tT'iff ( anuda.tta ), both synonyms of
a;;:q are dechneil hke ~<f.The former is 0£ the form M
accordrng to some and then it is declined regularly by adding
the terminations; e.g. ~ t<ffil (<to'• N om. &c.
§ 150. i!q' when it does not mean "a class" or "wealth" 1s
a pronoun and is dechned hke ~;i,%m.f n,; but 1t forms ita

% ~@'iliff&<rr:irr~ l Pan. I. 1. 35.

 § 130-134] PRO::.TOUNSA.ND THEIR DECLENSION. 99

Nom p!u, and .A.b. and Loe sing. optionally like '(r.i when
11ias ; as 'l:~ or ~,rr: 'one's own' N om plu,; but ~:;n: 'people of

one's class' only ( declined like ~r;:;).

§ 151. ~~ is a pro11oim ( and therefore dechned like ~im.
n f ) when it means "exterior, outer; or what is to be worn
out-siJe, as a garment"" except when followed by !R; it is
optionally dechned like nouns er.ding in ,a. in the Nom. pl. and
Ah. and Loe. sing. of the 'nuts, e. g ~1 <>1-o{T<IT ~T•;
arrn't·a:t;oa'<'.i;.rr?ifra-,.,;-r:
( garments ). But ~ff'Htl"T lJI(.
§ 152. 'l:ri::r meanrng 'half' is a pronoun, but it is optionally
declined like .r+rin the N om. plu. mas ; in other respects it is
declined hka ,_:ii,
§ 153. 1i:::t 'prior, eastern', <>ii:£'( 'posterior, western', ef!lfl!T
'southern,' ;;r:;,r'('superior, northern, subsequent', ai,:r~ 'other,'
and 3{1:1'<: 'inferior, lower,' when they denote relation in space,
time or person with reference to a particular thmg or point of
ttme &c. and are not a name, !H'epronounst and are then declin-
ed like ~i, but they are optionally declined hke u+r in the
!ii'om. pin. and Ah and Loe. Bill g. when mas; e. g. Nom, i.'f:
11:i'r'it~ or ~r: .Ab. ~him;: ~~!f:; Loe. '1~-ir,~+r~;
'!<TT<l.'.•'l_e(~@:
&c.; but c;r~r: l!Ttr<f.T:( skilful musicians ) only, and not <TTlf\'Ul',
fo.r a:r~ does not show any relation here; so ~'i'f'{l':~o1: and.
not 'i:f'i'I'(,ss :S'tfU: is a name here.
§ 154. qg; when a numeral is declined in the sing. and ft
in the dual only; ij:, is comidered as 'a, and they are both
declined hke .,r~ in all the three gender~; 0 g
U:e!i
]J,fas.
m:-
fim. mas fem. &c. neu.
N. ~= ~r ~r [
V, (!'$ !f°il; ,,
11-a:{i'if( <fi%'1mTffi!l'r;;i:.). I Pan. I. 1. 36. ~;crt oTf~miJr'a'
:tl'l!l~~.s,efr/a'
<f'tfio!l''l( 1 Va.rt
t 'f_"ftrU<l~ef~lllT'i'flJ'TTr<n:rrcri:~~"'1ri:rri:r~:il'i<l1l1:
I Pan.· 34.
100 ( § 154-157

.A, ~ ~ if"' i
U~f'I'(_The rest like
I.
D
~ .. ~r
~ "' the mas .
Ab.
~;i-
ir~r:
"
~
G. ~ ,, "
i<fj':
L. l.li4ilt~ ~q;~ ,,
~ neu. ~ X . .A. The rest hke the mas.
qq; when it does not mean 'one' is declmed in the dual and
10lura,laho.
• ~ 155. The various meanings of q-~ are:-
~ ~?TTi ~ "<I";i'm:i' $"I"~ ~ I
~ m:rf.mr ~trTlTT 'q' !l"g;~ II
SWi or little, w<W'!or chief, pre-eminent, ;i-~ or foremost
ffi or sole, only, ~tfflllT or common ( as ~~IRlof r(
a.T~ ~ liI: ), i:mTi'I"or the same ( as :ail;f~~:rr"'r ~ii ), and
~ or number ( one ).
§ 156, ~, ~, ~er, :s:fi,~fiVf, and words ending in
the termination i'l<f optrnnally form then Nom. plu. like that
ot pronouns; e. g. ;j"~i:.--~~r:,<lif'nqil--~q-irr:, &;a'i:t-~aqr:&c.
11-Pronon:unal Adverbs.
§ 157. The pronominal adverbs that are most commonly
met with ue derived from the pronouns a~, q_"n~, ~, t~l'I_,
1~, and .,:,tand the pronominal adjectives '!'I',
'R &c. by means
of such affixes as ~, Sf, ""~, a;- &c. added m the sense o:f the
m-
.Ab. or the Loe., qT, t<rfitr..;,&c. showing time, ffre:tshowing
point of time 1 place or direction, m, :aITTJ:., ~ &c. expressmg
direction, irr, ,;;r+&c. expressing way or manner &c.; e g.
io See~ 130.
t ~~: q;ra- qT I~~ I sl{~;;T <{r,,T'q' I cl'eff
~r
"'I' I ~iffl~;ii: I Pan. V. 3. 15-19. 21.
+~~~: ffif~~.:;:r) ~;~~~,.;r~rra: I Pan. V.
3· 27.
+~u~~n:rT@"' 1 ~fu'Gtr~~ 'q' 'i_{ 1 Pan. V. 3.
~ I ~~~:
34. 36, 3. ~'i>H<i'i:1;! fiF.>l'~
i Pan. V. 23-25.
 § 157-158] PRONOUNS AND TREIB DECLENSION. 101

~....................... ,ffiIT,then; et~, at that time; qTf

then, therefore; cNT, so, n:f, there;
cffl:,thence, thereupon, therefore, &c.
fcP3:........... ......... ,;;r.ful:, now;~~• thus; al'll', heres
S'!ct:,therefore; t'f·, from this, hence;
~r, now; tl, here.
~ ... .................. itffi'i, now; {r~ thus; a:ra:hence,
therefore; at!i here.
~ ...................... ~ft, when; l:f<{T when; !NT as; Q
where; t@':,whence,, since, because.
~ ...................11rif, when; ~, when; ~. how;
p, where; a;, where; ~' where,
whence; ~• whence, how.
~i .....................~, always; ~. always; m:,
everywhere, on all aides; ~l:I' every-
where, in all places.
'IR:··................... _..~: further on, beyond, &c.
if ........................ ~, ~a: before, iu front, &e.
~.................. •••'31\T·,~re:_ or Sl~, ~:,
a:i~a: down, below.
~···················••atar•,
atarmra:
or ~. 31'oRn:,
behind, below, downwards,
Sll!R:
............... ...... ~, from behind, afterwards,
westward, &c.
ef~ ..................... qr~, if~, ~ro'l' to or in
the south, on the nght side,
R{ ..................... ~,r, ~, ~ to or in the
north, &c.
§ 158. When a pronominal word is used as the subordinate
member of a compound, or is at the end of an Inst. Tat , or of
.a sentence having the sense of the Inst. Tat., or at the end of a
Dwandwa, it is not declined like a pronoun""; e. g. ~:

* ~qwfiiilt:.d1~ ;\' ~: I Vart. ~l:fl'~ I G: 'Iii' II

Pan. I. 1. SO.31.
102 [ § 158-159

~i :a:i@':!~;a-~ arnh,~
1 and not rii:iT;
so ~'$flt ~llt;
~ or ;:rr~ ?-frtl' and not ;:rra[<t~it;
<iWT~ffn~:rurr.a:
&c.;
in the ease of a Dw:1ndwa comp , howave?, 1t is optwnally de~
clined ltke a pronoun in the Nom. plu,," as sl'!IIT"-1~1 or
~d~:l

CHAPTER
~_,_._
:SUll:ER.a.LS A:SD THEIR DECLENSION.
§ 159. C'a,dinals and Ordinals.
mas. fem.
1 ~ 1{'~ sr~i:r,;;{fu;r, am~ mas. 1\16U. ~r fem.
ftn1«,
2
s
4
~
~ fir
~ ~,::
~
~
~~,
..,
C
O<ff
0 'Qf
N'
e !/.lf
5 'i ~ q::!,'Hi, o :i:fr
oi\"
6
1
8
'
Ill ~
.::
'{,:

~~
~.
'If!:!',

:s:l'l!:+f,
o+fr
0;r"'r
9 ~ ;r,r~ il'<i+f, Offl
lil ~0 ql~T-lt er-~, o;;ir
11 H Ip.!;!~ 1:f'.F,f~, oif
12 ~~ ~~ ll,'.T~'!J, 0 ~fr
13 ~~ ;[(l:IT~ ;[(l:ITif~, 0 ~
14 ~i :,;fijlf~ ~fa, 0 efr
16 ~,
15 ~'l. is~
~t
q;;::;;r~~
'it~
0

0
~
efr
1, f.nnl\TTm-~I Pil.n L 1. 32,
t The word ~ also denotes ten CJ.Rag. IX. 74.
+"l'1{ becomes ~ nooessarily when :followed by lf<l ( substi-
tuted ior ~ ) and ~, optionally when followed by m after
which~ is changed to :ir and tT~to~; e. g. "«~( vide § o.), 169.
 ll.&W,!:~~ll ~R n-
'.!:!Jd,~t,ll~.e: 10 !JQo '~il.1:..1:1:: "f l.JS!~l.!!~.I: oa Oli'
!!JW!.l2!.l:l:!J~
'O!JS>
'bs.
'll.!lr.?&1.el:! 68
:I:!lll.@B!:e ::;,s,88
~J§,1.B~ 5\aLS
~-!§,~ lsa\)(;
5111;;.b
"Ja.!lr. ha 9S
)&~ a~ 'rS
'l!.Ll!~hh u. SS
IDsl:.J.11 el ~s
lo .lJSo '~Sl.h
!Jio <jjJ:l,JS!-!§,l!iall ll.Ll!~ll ia rn
J.!to l:!.l,!,JS!.51
U/
JO J!So
V
'.!ru:!
•"-'
S..J /:till;~ o;; 08
1.1:to
V
1.1:m.i.l!JSlo 'J~o
~~V
'Js.i;;!jg,j,:ll.h
•V
'!>il::r::J~h
---,::;;;-

.IJ:io '.1:ta&i_e~ IO '.tjl,lo 'Js~~ 10~.l@jl:?!£

V
.ll::to 'all,l!a,l•V o 'l.!lr.o '.Ll!.El.l:eJ.!lili
V 101l~l:!~.a
,.,,_, .._,,,

~"' 'J:tl:!~.l!.e
,, ,, " JO 'Jfto 1~.hl! 'be 6l:;
.i:o.g,us~.e.l!l

,, ,, tJS:o '~.I.file: %Ul::'e:!l.B.1:e :;>esi;

,, " -ljso '.!S.l:llil:l: fil.lSh!lm ~e. Li;
sc 91;
V, •'-'

" " ~o ,_i;~h .J;!.!.ISl~a

" ,,
" ,, " ~o '.IS!~&.b ~US.1:j~ he gg
" lfto '.!lr.~h ,t~J: Re yi;
l_,liQ'J:1.iai,yolO '!~o '~l!lE RUS.e.1.1.1:!JS
....,,. .v ...... ae £i';
1,,,11 V
.._,,
'.lli!.!:JJl
J.!:to 'l:Ull:!lo.i:o'.L.Ll!o •V .g_!.ISl~ ee <!&
.\_..!:to
'.!:ii:!~ lO Jfto '.ls:'e:!.!!all 1-lHb--M,b 61! n;
ll:1
V ._ ,V
I o J.!lr.
o .1:U:ll:!lJS.el V
0 '.!Sl!l
•\.J :!~~ oc. og
!.l:20 1.!:t.lllll.!lr.o'!.!!lo '~l!le.b
.IO

,o
V -

.y:to '.i:tl:!.g,ll$~o'.IJl:o
Jjto '.l!~~.!lr.~o 'lJ-4o 'JS.~l:!1~
•\.J
'-'

·~ J:O
IO
~~~ihl!l:ll
~~~
t.US~l:!J~
!J,JS!
0 '~12.l:! lO ll.l.S.2ll!:!bt 13I
.I.IS
o '~Blee ~.!.:ii£ ::;,~ BI
~o ,~~a ~.2.!ll:t !,'ii LI

SOl 'NOXSNl['lO\iJ:Q 1:mr:a:.i; aNV S'IV1IID1tD.N [ G!H§

104 S.L1"SllI'r GR.utl!AR. [ § 159

42 2~ !r~1~ OJ:
~;.rrff :sra:_
43 'lr~ I Mio_or
:nr>Jai-<I
~rITT!<i.
44 21:! ~~
45 ~"l. lf.xi'cf«m{~
46 2, ~riiiTT~
47 $;:W ~fflITTt.
48 ~<:: ~RlITT!:_ or
~~~
49 ~~ mt"<l"«l!~~a: or

50 '-\0
51 "l.l
~,
ttifS!il4.,.<:it~ra:

~~
&c.
~,;;nv, offi or ,;r;.'e!T,~nn:r
0Rf

fi2 "l.-l i:{i'-i.,.¼i'il<:!.,vr

Ttlf~
53
"l.';;nr:~or
f;,qo,~
54 "l.2 'q'ij:~a:
55 "l."l. ~~
56 '"I.~ ~"'~
57 "l.\!l ({Q'-i ...•:ih'ii<:(
58 "l.<= ararq;:;~ or
Sl'!l!->'qll!la'.
59 "l.~ w!i.l'i,:,.'i.illli!i:(
q-tr,m~ &c.
60 ,0 'lirafem. Iii~, 0if
61 ,i ~ ~, oif Ol'~'?rm:T, Cliff
62 ~~ i;m~O?~
63 ~~
64 ,ll ~-mo:r~
~
65
66 ~,
~"l. ~
ll!~%
61 \IS>ffli"fl'i°
§ 159] NUMERALS AND ~REIR DECLENSION. 105

68 ~G at~T"fra: o:r
\!!1'1!,eyJ'1!:
69 ,-s or
;:rq1!!ra-
i[<f;f,i'<:ffiffl &o.
70 \Slo ~fam. ~@'(ii;:j', Cffl
1I IS)~ ~<l'!'lllff ~ffi'f, offi or ~ffil;f, offi
72 1$~ [!~T?!" 01.'
<t~m
73 \SI~ ~mf@'Of
~
14 \Sli ~m?r
75 (9..,.~~l'n'f@"
76 Ill~ R~a-fff
77 \ll\51 \'l"~:a''<f@'
78 ISG a:!l!R'l'~ar or
S!'l!'ij"lno
79 \SIQ, ,f<l'~O?
q:"<liTiimt'@&o,
so ati«r@fam. ~~~' "ffi
(: 0

81 Gi Q"tllT~ffTff ~o 0ifr,or lfc'Wil"ITffif;:f

oir
82 G':'{ ~@
83 G~ Str.ll~ITTI'
84 Gil '<fg~~rrn
85 G..,_q~;;imfe\"
86 ..::,wefrfff
87 C:\51 <imTefrrn
813 GG ~'mfim
89 G~ i'liflefrra-
or
troifi'!;J<f@'&c•
90 ~o ~1rfam. ~ffil'if, 0;f1
91 ",~ t:r,i;i'!!flii If~, or olft or q-~ij'~ oif
92 ~~ ~r.i<i'lff or

93 ,~~fit
sri:ft;:r<l'ra
~ifof@'
or
100 [ § 159-150

~4 '-','\I ~.,;m:r
95 ~'--! ~~
no ~~ ~?/
91 ~\$ m;;,;;fu
98 ~,: ~~ or
a:f!:~fa-
99 ~~ ;,~fff
ir,i,"lill!H'I'( &e.
100 ~oc ml' neu.
200 ~co rn;~i'I'nm
ort~ff
300 ~"" ~ neu. or
,nfilr~f.,.
1000 \oco ~~mu.or
~neu.
10,000 ~ 7!BU, 100,000 ~ neu, or ®~T fem., sma-
neu.,
~~fem,~ 11Bu,,~:I" neu., ~ii"mas, neu ~._.ri mas, nm.
~ mas,, ~ mas, ~ mas., <l,r/1:fneu. ;fit!' neu., and q-:n-•~
mu. Each o:f these is ten times as great as the preceding.*
§ 160. The cardinal numbers between for~rnand ~.
~ and :;;r,:~,
it will be seen, are made up by prefixing
q:;i;, Ti,&c. up to~ ~o the lower. The ninth intermediate
number may also be made up by prefixing llt~vi, ~ or ~r-;r.
to the higher. In these compounds ~' ~ and ~ are changed
ao ~' ~it:, anil. :sra; nece9sarily before ~@ and f:i"~<I,,
and
optiorally before the rest except lii~@" before which they
remain unchanged t

<JIQ;:~~~~ ~~: I
'=i~ ~<ffil(<!~~\M~'ii~mT<i_II
~ i:r<lQ"
,.
'R"l'frnra-
..
~~omru:\{m:1
-t- ""r
~m: ~Ff!-IT ~q ll
lii.'Tf:IJ..ol':
t ~e;;:r: '8"~~\ll~·r11<fr: I ~,;r: I f!i"l!Tlir ~errrw;~
fflifl'.1 Pan. VI. 3. 47-49 -
 § 161-163 ] NUMERALS AND T:S:EIR DECLENSION, 107

§ 161. The cardinal numbers between 100 and 200, 200 and
300, &c are generally expressed by means of atf\Tll;added to
the number showing the excess and then optionally prefixing
the whole to 100, 200, &c, e. g i:r~ ~ or ~f;tq;~ 101,
~ ~ or l{mnN!ii~ 112, lt~,ff~ ~ 150. &c.
After 1000 this a'{N'!f;may be repeated with every multiple of
ten er hundred; e g. fi:-aftlq'~~~<l;'~gvPJ: 1892, 1:t'!iT·
~•~m~ij"~a-Rt"rnm~ ~Ill~ 177639, &c.
Sun1larly ~ may also be used 1nsted of sim e. g 'ifij:~-
~t ~~ 754, Or these may also be, at t1mea, expressed
by the copulative particle :q-as~ "I' \Ufflliffij-~fa'SJif
720.
§ 162. The Tad. affix at• may be used, instead of ~.
in the case of the cardinal numbers ending in<{~, the numeral
fij-~i'I' and those ending in 'iH( i. e. in the case of the numerals
111-1591 .211-259, 311-359, &c. and qualifying the numerals
1j1n and~ before which the pnal sr-J.,atfnand at-a:are dropp11d
,. g. ttliiT~ ~ 111, ~~ 'iTcf120, ~ 1i!lf 150, ~ ~
.217, ~ l!f~ 330 and so on.
§ 163, The ordinals from lf<li',({, f:f, ~ and 'f1!l: are t
irregularly formed. The ordinal from other numerals up to
<f~~ inclusive are formed by dropping the final~ and adding ir
and after~ up to ~ by simply dropping the ~- The
ordinals :from ~@" t above are iormed by adding a.r or by
dropping the r~ o1 fci1i!ia"
and the final consonant of the rest;
the compound numerals, in this latter case, chs.nge the final
vowel to :.r,while the simple ones endmg in a vowel i. ,. q-1%

t.n~~[~ ~ffi~• I ~Jq'i@SJif I Pin. V. 2. 45.

46, ?j(n(igijj<I 1-(?.fl>q'ffI Vart.
t ~mq-~ ~ 1Pa.n.V. 2. 51; so !liT~:, ~: &c.;
'~l.fffl<ff'1~TQ'llq 'Vart. crf,I~:
~T<I', I sr:~q-~
;q' t Pin, V. 2. 54', 55
t fij-~~imri:Jr--ira~ni; ,isra~ti\:ll<r~to!fr~-
1Pa.n.V.3.56,58.
 108 SANSKRI:r G:ru.mtAtt. [ § ]65-166

~
'ffll'ffi', and ifq'ffl':fonn their ordinals in the first way
only; as ~: or ~ai:r:, but ~ only. ~ has invari-
ably imrcm.
DECLJ!INSIO:S- OF 113:E N°U:llElU.LS ( C.A.BDINALS AND 0:RDINALS )

§ 164 ~ ( ~ fem.), fi; ( trfim. ), fsr ( ~"' fam, ), and

~ ( 'i:TiR'ffam,
), are all adjectives and takes the gender, num-
ber and case of the nouns they qualify.
§ !65. ~ is declined. in the sing. ( though it may have the
<lnaland plural also ), and ft in the dual alone. For further
particulars see § 154, fsr and ~ are declined in the plu.
alone. E.g.
"
tsr ~
mas. fem. mas. fem.
N, -N: iffl;r: N. ~ ~
.A, .(t.{ ,, A. ~= ,,
L fimt: ~: r. :qiir: ~'lf'ir:
D.Ab.~ 1~: D. Ab. :q¥1:r: ~~:
G. ~ ~G.~ ~
L. fst ~ L. ~ '-'cl~

i ~
N. V. A.. a,filr N.V.A.
The rest like the mas. The rest like the ma,.
§ 166, Q'~----il1f~'Ul,:· These are also ad3ectivos agreeing
in case with the nouns to which they are applied. They are
declined in the pL and are uniform in all the three genders.
~ 'f'I: ~
N. V . .!..
I. ~:
~ ~°'
~:
It'!~
Sl'~:-smm:
Dat. & Ah. ~: ~: sraw:-~:
.., ~:~~I Pan. VII. 2. 99,
 '§ 186-169 ] NUHllRALS AND THEIR DECLENSION, 109'

G.
L.
~, ~ and the following cardinals np to ;:i~;,: ought
to be declined like ~.
§ 167. ~m, f.t~rn
and other cardinal numbers up to
.:r~.ri!ffff
are all feminine substantives, the numerals ~Hf, :a-rn,
&c. are all neuter, with the exception of ~ which is neu. and
fem. ;mrawhich is fem. and ~~ and ~.SNboth of which are
ma8, and have no declensional peculiarities. They are
declined in the sing. 11ni!so used with a plural noun; 6, g.
q'~~rn.il&l'll'lf! 25 Brahmai;ias; ~~N~~;:r or ~r-
~~OT iml.r.,,: or m: by 111 men or women; ~~
~1f-.with Rs. 999 &c. They may be made to have duals
and plurals by being us€d as fo::ed standards of counting; e. g.
l
il!l~1.rr f.rli!erq: many twenties of Brahmai;ias; ~ff -IT'«O'!~
two hundxeds 0£ women &c.
§ 168, The ordinals are declined regularly except:- ,

lill<l-i( see § 156 ) and 'ffl:l'lltf

and qcfiq which are optionally
declined like pronouns in the Dat. Ab. Gen. and Loe. sing ;
t, ll· ~mtr~~-ficfr~r>.r, &c. it=rr<l'rtrr:-mfr,:r~r:
&c.

NUMERAL ADVERBS

§ 169. ( a ) ~~ once, i: twice, f;.r: thrice, ,:l'f!: four

times; from G'~l:( onwards adverbs of frequency are formed by
adding 1!:i<'f:before which final ;i: is dropped e. 9. q-~~1!f: five
times, ~li'ifi<i!f: seven fames, &c.
in one way or part, f{m or tc!T or \q
( b ) t'!"tF-m,:or q"<ll"l:.'tl'II:
in two way, or parts; fshtr or 'gl:TTor ;\-'tf,a: in three ways, &c.;
'iiil'ij1:IT
in !our ways, llfllafor ll!~l!l"Tm six ways, ~Hr'<Tr,
Sl'i!:'i:ff,&c.

";a~1•:n ITTri\TT1~~"61'~ ~ 1 ~~r \l<ffl~~1:'1~ 1,

ft::ll"r~\Tij:iiJ t'!"'tlT;;;f'
Pan. V. 3. 42-46.
110 [ § 169-171

( c) ~~: ona by ,)ne; ~ : two and two, by twos; so r:l"lif:

~~:&c.
~ 170. Other derivatives from the numerals:-
( c: ) by t!:e Taddhita affu::q;- which is added to numerals
ending in ~ and fit e. ,q. ~: bought for five ( mpees &c. )
"'-fffif'~: bought for forty; Q~iiff:i;-:bought for twenty
( coin!, &c. )
(• b \I "'by means of the Tad. affix ii<!'m the eenseof '' consisting
•
of parts" or ''collection"; e. ll· ~" (~fem.) consist-
fog oi fou:r pints or a colle::tion of four; so li'lilol:i (fem. qr);
~ it optfonally changed to ~ after ~ and ~ e g. ~ or
~ (..:irr.fem.) twofold, consisting of two parts, or a pair;
m; or~ (..frfem. ) threefold or consisting of three parts, a
collection of th:ree,a triad.
( c ) by means of ey;and mr, e. g. q~ a collection of six, ~<!.
coUection o~five,~ a coJl.cetionof ten, a decade, &e.

Chapter VI.
DEGREE OF 00.111:P
A.RISON.
§ 171. ITT:and ij+f are the most common terminations of the
comparative and the superlative degrees ·respectively,i They
are added to that erode form of words which they assume, be-
:fore the :nst. ~du~l termination; _e. g. 'lW~Tm~-1' ~~:
;13~:, ~'m-lm~14i'!" ~!ffi:; s1m1larly~-A:,-~<!~, ~cTa+r;

"' See Chap. IX. Intro. :rules.

z '31ffl~ ~, I ~,S:lfl'lfq'~ ffi:iITQ~TI @~~ I
~f'if: Pa.n. V. 3, 55. 57. 56; I 1. 22. When atis'aya or
excess of the one thing over mlllly is to be shown ({JI' and l{l:i"
the afnxes used; and when out of two things one is to be
:11!:S
separated as possessing some quality in excess ITTand ~1!3:.
,are affu::ed,m:and ITTtmay also added to verbs.
 § 171-1'76] DEGREE OF COMPARISON, 111

f~-f,h:tm:, f.i~; !tTTm<li'<lR~·\'f!il'ffr,

m~-1:1':l!'l'l';i:, l:!TiirT+ri
~~-'cliill<f'f, '<l~z!:"11'l";~ - ~~, ~.r, &c; a:n'if-an'fia;i:
~-;a"'if'i", ~'ITT!',&c.
a:!lffiii:!"i

§ 172. Before these the final i and ~ of a pr!J,tipail,il..a

are
optionally shortened, e g ~;:T or ~;i;:r, IJl'lnmor 1'¾am;
~U ( more lame) or ~T, ~wii:rr, &c.
~!:!ITTIT,
§ 173. ff{ and ot=rwhen attached to verbs, and indeclinab!es
forming adverbs, assume the forms of ('l"l:l:i:J:and a;ni.:'-'; q-:;;ifcl
0-
q-::q(aai.r;i:;~~m,:r:a:; rim.:iri;;; f.la~1~ r~ai:rr;i:; or ~:=;:u~
.:Ti!:t,
&c; but :a-~~cH: adj, (higher)
§ 174. {<I'\\is another termination of the comparative degree
and ii"B' of the superlative. These are added to adjectives o:f
quality only t :Beforethese the last vowel of a vrord with the
m~;
following consonant if any is dropped; e g. ~'.!1;-~'€11'<l"~,
~' q-fr:re::, •Hfrll"~, +!Wa;
llfra8'; lf.ig-<i_ &c. but l!"i'q~, ~ff~
-only.
§ 176. The possessive affixes at the end of words and the
affix g are dropped before l[tf'I.'.(_and ~l!l'tand then these
terminations are applied subiect to the above rule; e. g. ;n-'1(~
talented ;,i1'fti:re:, ;rm; ~i'if;i:-·eiiin:ria:~
+mrl!l'; °;f\Trf<f'J.:i:i;frn:i:,
"l:ff;:ra-, tf.fur( 3lffi~'q;; q;cfr); ~ITT([-~W<fr.:ria:,
1-fi<l•si;{ri.t(, <1:rr~;
so ~rll',a:,,.;i-~er
from iiff.~ one ha.ving a garland &c.

.§ 176. § , is substituted for the ;i;; ( short) of a base

preceded by a consonant before i"<'G;,~ and the Tad aff.
~ 6, g.

# tii;"trf~oQ1:r<r,q!l'ef!{&itt~ I Pan V. 4. 11. am( is added

,to ~i- and a;r after 1'iF;ir,,or a word ending in tr or a subanta or
tiilanta,( IB~•n ) except wben they form adJect1ves.
t :a:r:;:mfr( i. e. itrll: and ~8") ~ar;r~T~'f I Pan. V. 3. 58,
t fm:i:rITT~1 f!RS"it<f ~ 1 Pan. VI 4, 154.
§ ~ ~ITT &~f<rr:I Pa.n. VI. 4. lJl
112 [ § 176-177

ff thln1 comp.~ superl, oliTlITT!"

ii' 'strong, firm' ,, J~
" \ffi~m"
~f~
~ 'head, ohid' ~r;r~ ",, !t!N'a"
~ 'broad'
",, ~
~l;[i 'much' ~~r.r~ ,, lifmr
",, ~
~ 'soft' ~~
"
§ l'l'!, The following is an alphabetical list of the irregular
comparatives and superlatives that are commonly met with:-

Poaitin Comparative Superlative

~ 'neat'~ i'IW,~ ~~
~'httle't ~ ~~

q;;:fj~ ~~
"'wide't q{y;:r~ efur
~ 'quick'§ ~ ~file-
igi{ 'moon,' 'smdl' ~fof~ ltlf~a"
~ •heavy' iRJ~ trmr
qtl' 'restless or anxious'
'sat1sned' ~ SI"~ srrqa-
~ •long' n~'l<l·~ in~
~<distanr.' ~~ ~f.ra
~ 'praiseworthy' x ~~ or iF.ff<l'~ 'll'a'Of~
~ 'dear' ~ ~

"' ~~~~r.:i1 l Pan. V. 3 36.

t ~f: ~~ l Pan. 3. 64.
t ~!.i1rt,aefp:i;~~~~~~~~mvit ~~­
if%;i<IT1rst1r.im~r: i Pan. VI. 4 157. i:r, ~% ~, cl1'.;&c, are
fu:R,m, &c. respecfrvely.
substituted for fil";:r,
§ ~~-~:r!?(s;~l<!l~~ ~q~ ~~ '"-I' ~: I Pan. VI 4.
156. The \vords ~~.J &c. drop iheir final portion beginning
0

o:r l) and the preceding vowel takes gn~a.

wbh <i':r_( ¥_, \, 1Q'_
XSf~~ ~: I :;;i:r "<I'I~ 'cl' Pan. V. 3, 60-62 .
• [q'f 11,'€1'.-.it:I ~fit;;-,~ l Pan. VI. 4, 158-159.
 § 177-179] 00Ml'OUNDS. 113

~ •much"' ~~ w~
~" .firi:re: .ff'~
~ 'firm, well' 'm'-Jl<l"E'( -ITT'Rrn'
~,r~ 'young' <l'il~,~;:ft;:r~ ef,rg, ,l;!;m"
f<i"'.i@J
'much' ;;,n:i:r:e:: ~
~•old' ~'rt\\·"~ <IT'1rn-,
~ff
M'f"{<I;'' great lovely ' ~ ~
mH 'steady' ~~ ~
\:'<lm' big, large ' ffll<I'~ ~m-
m'much' ~'I'~ ~
~~'short' ~r:r,a: ~
§ 178. Sometimes the terminations m:and a:i:rare added to
the comp. and super. in itre:and ~lf to intensify the meaning;
as ~'t, <n<f~«rii;'ITT!"~,
'ITT!"i'lii.

Chapter VII.

COMPOUNDS.
§ 179. Vritti ( -affi)ie the general term for any complex
:formation i.n Sanskrit requiring explanation o:r resolution. These
Vrittis are five in number; ,:fa, ~Rf or the formation of words
from roots by primary affixes; llT1ft'I~or the formation of.
derivative bases from nouns by secondary affixes; 'Q"!Q;W"%' or the
formation of derivative verbs from primitive :roots, ~1'11:eiiffl
or the formation of a compound word by the composition of
several words; and ~q~ o:r the composition of words in
which one of several nouns generally alike in form is retained.
The first three will be treated in their proper places. W a wm
treat of the last two in this Chapter.

" See note x p. 112.

H, S, G. 8
 114 [ § 180-184

§:180. In Sanskrit simple words, whether substantives,

adjectives. ,erbs or mdeolinables, have tha power of entedng
mto combination with one another and formlllg what are called
, Scmiasas'· ·, compound words or, rn short, compounds.
(a) .A conpmmd thus formed may farther be compounded
with another simple or compound word, and this again may
1iecomethe member of a new compound.
s 181. In a compound, as a general rule, words are simply
joined together, w1thout any relation between the component
rarts being actually expressed; the whole compound wo:rdhas
the power to exprees the various relatwns that exist between the
several parts. The last word only takes the case termrnation
required by its grammatical position in a sentence, the remaining
words ( those ending m a consonant ) generally assuming their
crude forms before the consonantal case terminations; e. g.
(1(11.'3"_+'.l1'f.=fqa;::;r,,:
( see below), ~r::;r~+~t:f:='l:r~q-·, &c.
§ 182. Final vowels or consonants ( modified as mentioned
above) of precedrng members of compounds combine with the
initial letters of the succeechng members accord.mg to the usual
rules of Sandni.
§ 183. In a few cases, the intermediate members retain their
ca;e endings in which case the compounds are called '..d.luk'
( ~ ), e. f}. ~q-: a :fool, efme-~, name of the eldest
Pandan &c.
§ 184. 'fhe expounding of a ,Sama.Ba (i.e. giving its Vigi-a-
hata.kya) consists in the expression of the various relations
e:iasting between the obj€cts oz ideas denoted by the various
members of a Sam6sa by means of the proper cases or sub-
ordinate sentences.
(a) When the VigrakavaJ,yacannot be given, or cannot be
given by nsmg the words actually compounded, the compound
is called mtyasam6sa ( a:if.rnit f.l-~~: ~'l"~~ <IT I
Sid. Kan.).
,; From <>!~with :a.i:to throw together.
 § 185-180 ] COMPOUNDS, 115

§ 185. Compounds are divided into four principal classes:~·-

( 1) Du-andwaor Copulative, ( 2) 1'atpui·usha or Determinative,
(3) Bahuvri'M or Attributive, and (4) .Aiya'!lihha.va
or Adverbial.
:S. R. These names themselves mean nothing i. e. they do
not denote any of the characteristics of the diffarent compounds.
They are simply proper names distinguishing the various
classes from one another ( to which they vaguely refer if they
<loso at all ).
DwANDWA o:a. TICE Oon,LATIVE Oo::11:POUNDS
§ lt6. A Dwandwa compound consists of two or more nouns
which, if not compounded, would be connected by the copulative
particle ":1'(and); t as rr:i:ri!i-1'.1!1
whrnll is equal to ~m:"iJ"~tO"I: 'qj
tf!RGT~which J.S the aame as 'q ~ 'q, There are three
species of the Dwandwa;VIZ. i[~~~' .::ri:rnrn:~•i{
and ttm- t
"' This is true only generally speaking. For there is a fifth
,class of compounds, i,iz, 'l'fif ;gqr..compounds not governed by
any of the rules given undel the four classes but explained on
the general prinmple that any subanta pada may be compounded
with auy other subanta pada Accordrng to some there are six
kinds of compounds, vi~. ;gqr ~qr rn:s-r-rr~r~(foil~ @s-TIBs-TI
~ia~ff fq~r.r: <:!"l=iT'i.'f:
111\gmi~: II e. g. ~qt ~GT,T~'if. I ff{~f
r
1:f<Tli~ 1.=mrr 1mij.-rr
W!'mITT:i:: d
1ms-T
1f.i~:, a:r:m;ri;,:
-
-m:s-r
-

cf(l'r,~rcf«#ra:ar
1 &:s-rlar:rr ~t ~rQ"i· m ~-
~;:af;l-=q~urm
f.t:;;r~r 11t~:era:<i'r•<l'Cf<1:rir 1SidKau.
i[Rn,,wi:r~rc;:1GTor1._:r;:rm.
t i["F{: ! Pan. II 2. 22.
,;;,-rij-
t The Ekasesha is not strictly speaking a subd1vioion of
Dwandwa. It is a separattJ Vptti by itself ( Vide ~ 179 ).
Sanskrit grammarians do not rega?d it as a Dwandwa,though
1t may be so regarded for the sake of convenience. ' It 1a not
a Dwandwa,' remarks BhattoJl Dikshita, 'as it does not contarn
more than one subanta ( '3'!?i<ll"i!<l'~!lll<H~i!:-i:
).' It shoull be
further remembered thai; srnce 1t is not a sama,sa,its fiual vowel
,doesnot become udatta, as m the case of a Dwandwa comp1J1rn·1.
 116 f § 187-181)

§ 187. When the several members of a Dwandwa oompormil

are viewed separately, it is called Ital'etara Dwandwa, e. !J~
~~r IB'l~tr, 1cut down the Dhava and the Khadira trees '
In this each member is of equal importance i. e. bas its
own independent meaning. It t~kes the dual or the phm,l
acJording as the objects denoted by it are two or more in zmm-
ber; the gender of the final noun is the gender of the whole;% as
~~ a cock ;:rirfr a pea-hen :q-~el;:j'~ ti?t(fam. dual of
~ ); but ir¾.fr'ii1' ~e¾ «¾.fr~ir ~+l"l"; :m:ilJa"~~t:111l'~
+ml$Ji.i~~i:Pl<f ~~i:,llM~. &c.
ExceptionS~l"J<I' .f'S'IT'ii1':al"'l<i~1« ( mas. dual ) a horse and
a mare; ~ ~ ~: ( mas. sing. day and night ).
§ 188 Samahba Dwandwa is that species of Dwaudwa
which impliesan aggregate or the things enumerated in which
constitute a complex idea. It is always singular and neu;te1·.
Thus a.rm-r~:iti:n.:does not merely mean <food, sleep and fear'
but all that oha:racterises animal life, In this species theo
meaning of the different members is subordinate to the
collective sense of the whole compound.

§ 189. t A Dwandwa. compound of words denoting limbs of

the body of an animal, playere on musical instruments, parts o:i:
an army, inanimate objects ( things or ~sand not qnalities)
n11m.esof rivers differing in gender, as also of countries ( and-
not villages ), and insects, and animals between which there is
naturalantipathy,isalwaysof thi, nature;q-rur')-:;;rqrq:)"<f
!ffi'orllT![f:i
hands and feet; ~lkf ~romllcl"
~1q~ chariot-warrio:ra
and horse-men iT~!il<$Pll{lifUl'T~ej;Tllq .rr~m'=li~R players Oll

"' ~~ ~~qin; I Pau. II. 4. 26.

t ts"ll<i~Wfl~~ I Pan. II. 4. 2, mia,imui.rrl.l',_Pan.
II •.
4. 6,; ~t~'ff ;i"lfl~~rs;:rrnr:
I Pan. II. 4. 7.1 g~..-: Pa.n. II~
4. 8. ~ ,;;rmhr: ~rr•-rr~: Pan. II. 4. 9.
 S 189-192] 00:Ml'OUNDB. 117

fried barley or
fll!ridangaand p,mava( kinds of tabors ); \TT;:i"TSif
.rice ~i~l.l'lllf a kind of sweetmeat -.rr,:rm~~; but l\liilf
:;JI''(~
~{m' form and flavour, as these denote qualities; ifirr 'el'~111'1:tit'
~l!T~~ the rivers Ganges and Sona 1 but tf'Tl'Qlr,ias these
do not differ in gender; ~lll'l:tit' ~ "'1'~~ names
of countries; but :;m:;r,r~.~1 ( two villages oi that name );
iri!JlJq ~<TTl:tit' i:rsf.i;~: ( two names of the same gender );
,q_ii;ra louse :;JI''fflr!ITT
a nit 'q' ~I~; 3Tiill1'
~~
a snake and an ichneumon, &c.

§ 190. Names of trees, deer, grass, corn, condiments, beasts,

birds, the pairs of wordS-a.T"f and ~if, 11<fand stlf{,
~ and 3l'<t{-and words of opposite import not qualifying
things ( ~s ), are optionally compounded into a Sama.ha.ra.,
Dwandwa;* instances in order-~ ~!Sif ~lf!IT~
-\TT:; similarly ~-err: ( i'~iil~~r:
kinds of deer ),
kinds of grass, il'~~-1fl': im:tTffl-
kinds of corn, l{Nfff·a',
'll[f:1 ~ift-~:, at"ilffl·l{T,11'1lqt~, '11t•
but ~ffllWI'
ll'!RT'iR-'t;
§ 191. The names of fruits, parts of an army, herbs, deer,
birds, insects, corn and grass, :form a Sema.hara-Dwandwa.,
only when they are taken in the pluraI;t as <J~iur 'q'
etllfffIT'i:t "i:1'il'if'i:~~, but iii{{ '<I' 3lT'l'ff "'1' o(l(m!~it;
u~ oNfUi!}'q 'i:1~'61"'1Rlift,&c.
§ 192, The following compounds a.re always what they
are laid down to be ( though they do not conform to the proper
J'llles ); t1i~.
(a) SamAhara Dwa.ndwas:~Jqlll' 31~1:tit' ilifl'l'{q:; ~

% ihm i"mrlll''if'l'i'l.l'<i~lf'g~~ofi\l'fflr'<mll:r11TT1!; I
f.tsrfcn'iRt
'q'r,;~Tf'<I' 1 Pan. II. 4. 12, 13.

t g\'lilr!lif~lfflii1:11a,r.ii'~~<TfitrqOTT'IT
~!f~q i{
~ mtfq: 1 VArtika.
 118 [ § 192-194

if'i:rr-~;~; so ;efrF,vJ:, i:i"~a; camelsand asses, ~~~~~

camels a:.d ;;f.z'ff)fon;.i:, ~~ holy grass and reeds~
ql:l'!1w"~
grass and so1t grass or shrubs, qr.fP-;.~ &c.
(b) Itarstara Dwandwns:-qT'~tIT curds and milk, ~~m-
<l'i%ir sticks and grass, ffll'f:;r,ff,~1mG'.frhoney and ghee,
:.m:m:r,it,;;~~~~. ~ii::rri:.( ~~+
3<,-...:Ti'ffi'trm,
11T~) R1k and the Saman verses; ~ffi ( ;n~+~) speech
and mind ( the ~ of <:1:rlv:I'. dropped and ~ added to .:r.rn::
irreguhrly by P.;n. V. 4. 77 ).
§ 193. When words ending in "ii" and implying relationship
by blood or literary avocation are compounded together, the
last bat one word changes its "It" to :a:rr. The same happens
when the word '.!Sffollows a word ending in S!i' under the
same circ11msta::ices; " itm-~ 'TTi'IT '1:i"~11irG'rim:r
two priests so
c,i,lled,~!ffi'~ tr@r":!"if'ef'<i"~rm 'q" ~<mr,i''IIT~H'fl'<C:,
( but if
two woiiis be taken at a time the ~ may, at every step, be
changail into 3if; as ~of '<!' 'TT<!T a-r
'i'.i' ~Timm:1 ,;;i- ~HIT 'SI'
~111T:,rFr&c. ), itrffr '<I' ~~ fil-m~:i), mnr '<l" firm ~
iimfut), also t:rni;:-fGrt.:r ( Pan. VI. 3. 32. ), and ~)-
( vide § ]97 a).
§ 194. ( a) When the names of deities well known to be
in constant association with €ltch other are compounded, :a;r is
substituted for the final vowel of the preoeiling word, except
in the case of the word ,rm t!_<l"f-\El.:~:m:,r,
X; e. g. f;rsrroHillT'r,
;;,;~rm;a-), &e. but~ or o;rt:nfr.
( l; ) The word aj'~ followed by the word m;r or ~
lengtb.,ns its iii as ~,:;urr.
:.w.fT'TT>lT,

.. an-~~a\"~ I Pan. VI. 3. 25. ~F.l"T ~ii'iii;!;

i;p:11f<11~
ira,q'ml~rn I Sid. Kau.

m:~ftt
X
~~!ff:
~ I Pan. VI. 3. 28.
I Pan. VI. 3. 27.
;.ftml~!!<llrfinm: l VM.
 § 195-197] 0ol!l'OUNDS, 119

§ 195. , When a Samahba-Dwandwa- endet in a consonatt

of the palatal class or ~, I!:or ~, oris added to it~; <ff~ :q- ~
:q- i5fTi:f1~ speech and skin, 1<f!f~:;;~ a bark and a garland,
~r~it., 'l'mfi<f~,~'l!'"r:mi\itl: an umbrella and shoes, ~c,
But SITti!:,~W ( as it IS not a Sam. Dwa. ).
§ 196. The following compounds are inetances of irregular
Dwandwas:-
or ~atrr
( a ) mllif iNlfl"'ill' a:Jr'IT[T1to<f1 t heaven and
~
ea•th ; so '!lli!l'TlVfT, ..; ~+ ~='3'"1'«ni.lIT
;m-.,,..,
I'\~~ t1•
the goddees
of dawn and the sun.
( b) :s:mrr ~ and :.:iri:rmfrhusband 'and
+qfa-=<{;q-ift,t
wife.
( c) 'ifm'<I'~ m~:ar,~i!llif ~llif ':,:r.~r,a:if~r
'ill' ~;n-
'ill' ffl~, <ITTlllifITT<l'lllf~~, ~ :;;J"Sl81q'"tflf'q'
~~3'r.rlJ..( th1gbs and knees ), q'f<TT 'ill' :a,-m,:a-) 'cl' ~~; ;;;i;
'ill' ~!if :q- ~ol't!'., U:rf'ill'~ "SI' ~IT3'~8;, SliTif"I" ~ 'i:I'
~' all meaning ' day and night '.
§ l!J7. When several words of the same form ( or dis-
similar in form but of the same import x ) are compounded to-
gether, only one of them IS retained with the neceesary number-

• b:~,m;;tmm:rm'{I Pan. V. 4 106.

t f.r,r);m;rr I ~il"~Hl'if i~Ta: I Pan. VI. 3. 29, 30.
t ~ffi' is considered by some to be a word of regular for-
matlon. ~a;in the Vedio literature menns ' a house ' and q-ftt
'a master'. Hence the full word <fH~T wonld mean 'the
Dllstress of the house. '
1 A final a:!'is added in the case of these compounds accord-
ing to a Sdtra o! Pan. ( a:Rl'ij~ V. 4. 77.) quoted further on
under§ 284
X ~~q'flll'mfq ""1r-!Nli!Ta: I Vii.rt. <l'iilii:1:lrGSJ.r
~<{1Je!jq
Q;l{~for ~©i{'lef I
 120 [ § 197-198

e. g.~ Ui\'ii1i'~' ,Hi"f mfii1i' mm- mn: 1 This is called

In the case oi the mas and fem. genders the one
l(i:fiaj<!(•i(•
of the mas. ge!:deris ret!llned;* as i'€f ,;,r RiSJlf similarlym;
;mrarl-,;;;ir,~, &c.
( a) This principle is fnrther extended to some words dis-
similar in form, as 1n the following examples:-mnr ~m ::..i-
::..i-
1ffim',
~~'"I" ~t; iITnT"SI'NHT
::;.i- fimu
(see also§l9S. ),
7q~ si:a~:,q ~1 t ( also "<!~~ ); :a-::..i-:a-r'Iii' 'I\ ~ '"I"
~SJlf !'IT,
\f ,;;r- or arx. In
~5lcf'11- the case of words of the
ma1.fem and ne11.gender that of the neu. gender is retained; as
a.:r~SJlf R"ia.:r~ ~ • atf.r,
§ 198. The following rules should be observed in arranging
the various members of a Dwandwa Compound:-
( a ) Cl .A.word ending in t or ~ should be placed first, and
when there are more than one of such words one of these should
be placed first, the rest being arranged according to the will of
the speaker or writer; gftg-«,g~;, gf<u41g,1:,&e.
( Ti) tt Words beginning with a vowel and ending in Sl'
ought to precede othere; as ~t: or b:T'l1'(?TT:,
This rule
should have preference even over the above rule in case both
would be s!multa.neouslyapplicable; bF.fr.
( c) II A word that ha! fewer syllables should be placed

" ~ mt I Pa11.1. 2. 67.

t ~f ~'ql6q¥QW l fii"aUH'll'TI Pan.2. 68, 70.
! ~ 'IW-l'I I ~Tf.l' ~f;j~ I Pan, 1. 2. 71. 72.
x ~'Wf f~ ~ llfQ:r~ I Sid. Kan. on Pan. l. 2. 72.
6U: ~~~= itii'1V&rt.
ftr Pa.i;i.n . .2.s2.at~ifi,mt1lti.1>:1
tt ii!t;iiii114.i!l4.
I PAn.II. 2. 33,
II ~'(i( I Pan. II. 2. 84. ~~I ~~¼\illli ~·
~UUd'(.iiiOf I ~ ::..!'I Virt.
 § 198-202] 0mJ:POUNDS. 121

first and in case there are more words than one having an equal
number of ~yllables, the one that has more short syliables
~~r~,
should be placed first; e. g. fa1ii$~), -.frsi:r~;r,:<11,
&c.; the names of seasons and stars, under this latter circum-
stance, should be arranged according to their astronomical
order; as %°.:i~~f~~;:11r:, ~fuq;ru1iu<l'\
&c. Also a word

".
of more important
as aJWlf:fi'H-
significance should precede others i

( a,) 1' Names of the four castes of men should be arranged

according to their order, beginning from ths highest and so
should be the names of brothers beginning from the eldest;
- ,.... -- 'i'~
il. g irl~llf!fl"t5l"~T<f;r,_~i:IT;;
~NT!!'~l~.;r.
§ 199 In the case of words of the n.;~;:arfct class that
which ought to be placed first is placed last; while in the case
of words of the ~h~ group ( a sub-di VlSion of '(!:;:fef~1l'll'i{)
the :role is observed optionally t; ~iuif;i:i:
a Sndra and an Arya,
• ar~SJEr or sri!~~r;
•,r;fr'<i'l so a:rw~iror ~in~, at!lhm:rr
or ~n:n11J'l,&c.
II. TAT:PURUSHA OR TIIE DETERMINATIVE 00ll!l::POUJ:-'IJS,

~ 200. When a compound consists of two members and the

!first determines the sense of the other, that is called Tatpurusluz.
§ 201. .According to the grammatical nature of the first or
attributive member the Tatpurusha 1s divided into six varieties:-
(!) Tatpurusha proper or the Inflectional, (2) Nan or the
Negative Tatpurueha, (3) J{armadharnya or the .Appositional
including •Dwigu'. ( 4.5) Praili and Gati or the Prepositional
compounds, and (6) Upapada. These are either nouns, adjectives
-0r abverbs.

§ 202. The final vowel of a femmine noun ending iu any of

1; I mo;;;trTtl'~:
q"'1\liITTll~Jfot I Vartikas on the above Sutra.
t u:;;er.:l'ITTTf!!
q~ I Pan. IL 2. 31. "tT~t~ff: I Va.rt.
 122 S.L'l'SKll.IT GRAlOU.B, ( § 202-204

the affixes m, i o: ~ and forming the second member of a

compound used adJe~tively is shortened; the aftof itt'la changed
to ,a-under the snmecircumstances1.<;e. g smr+~=trr~:.fr-
m: (Tat.). ~: (Tat.); ~: something bought for five
COW!: <l'§m
~r <if~~: m11Dy-veined~: (Bah.);
'Rf=fl'
:imrr~ f~: havbig vanegated cows, &c. ; but ~<TTlll'-
~;frq;: as the i is not :final,
(a) If the final i or ~ be not a fem. termination, it remains
unchanged; Q; ir: m ~:, ~i.•Mift~+l•II•
1 Te.tpurnsha.
§ 203, The first variety con!ists of such Tatpurusha com-
pounds as have the attributive member in any one of the
oblique cases when dissolveil. There are six sub-varieties ot
this corresponding to the six oblique cases
§ 204. (a) A noun in the Accusative case is compounded
with~. mfra,q-1'h1t,ara,amrra,i:mr.~, ;nfr,~' and
othera r; as ~ ~: ~: one who has resorted to K:rish~a
( as his refnge ); 'i::~: i:~: one who has overcome pain;
ff~• ~: one who has obtained happiness, !ITRtJ+fr
mlffllfr going to a village, a passenger; ~ ~: ~: &c.
N. B. sm; &nd~ may also be placed first; as smn
~
~!f;': or ~~!f;'fsm;' one who has obtained livelihood.
similarly ~~: or :;fif.t~; ; SITINir~ ~, &c. '
(b) A word expressive 0£ the duration of an action or state is
compounded with another expressive of the action or state, in the-

* ;i'l'm<illt>4(1iffi!WI Pan. I. 2. 48.

t ~T<i'T&1rniri'l"r@'iNc'IT~Tqli: 1Pan. II, 1, 24. 'l+<!Tcfr-
itfgq'fi@lil¾., V4rt1ka.
 § 204-205 ] OoMrouirns. 123

Accusative case; e. g. ~if~ ~fu:r~~'happiness lasting for

a moment'; ,iey?'tft •H<:r: 'residence :for a year' &c.
::i:\ef1<:i'(ilffs,:

( c) The word lir[T forms an Accusaiiva Tatpurosha with a

p. p. participle when censure is implied. or contempt is to be
sl:wwnt;as ~i'ill; a:i~i: -!Nt~: 'a silly fool'. cf. Bhatti. V. 10

( d ) Sometimes a preposition or a word denoting a period

of time may take the place o:f the Accusat1ve+; as :i:m'if~
done;' ;rr._:r!:fflin:( :t.@1:f;;;j".:if:
1half ) ' what marks the commence-
ment of a month as the new moon.'
§ 205. A noun.in the Instn:imental may be compounded.-
( a) x with anothel' expressive of an effect produced by
what 1s denoted by the noun in the Instrumental case, and
with ati) as ~~ciiliT ~- i/f~(i)'I~~: severed by mea.ns of a
knife; '<W'll"if~'<i:
'i:Tl~<l'Ti:
wealth obtained by means of grain,

( b) - with verbal derivatives when the Instrumental has

thes ense o:f the agent or the inst?ument or means of the
action; as ~ftO'!T:;rr<'!:,R;irra:
saved by Hari;
torn with the nails &c

( c) with the wordstt '!~, ~~, ~l'f, a:i'"I'and words having

the sense of a;;;,~, ~IJl', fir% IB"ll-!!T
and :sr,f'l:'; as ~r~;; ~;
ffl'<:i~•i ;rr:rr :;_;r:;~:l=ilQ;l'f~: like his mother: fqq<:r.:;:
equal to his

11~rQ"i'i'i~fli :;:;;-
I Pil.n. II. 1. 29.
1~r@'tt I Pli.n.II. 1. 26.
t ~rf.'r I <!l'rITT:
I Pan. II. 1. 27, 28.
X a-m.:rr
m~R"rif;;,!'Jurel':;;ril';;
I Pan. H. l. 30.
- <Ii'~ ;,;ffror~ l Pan. lI. 1. 32.
H ii~~;:ni<ll:;;sm-il'!IUTfiif'!.llll"~IJT:
1Pan. II. 1. :n.
 124 [ § 205-207

father, ~ mtr.:t;so fll"l"~<f.~( leu by one ma,sJia,a par~

tioular weight ); ~f'el'T tj;«'J"li:l.TTara~:
a quarrel ( in words );
~fi:r;r:, 311'<.fH~~irr:'thin by the clischarge of
3TT'i:l"Rf.!3:r.r:;

a:rr~. ' younger by a month,'

rnligious duties' l'l'i6";i'3761'.;:
( d ) '•·With another noun siguifymg au article of food or
something eatable, the noun in the Instrumental case denoting
acme krnd of condiment u~ed to season 1t or another article of
food mb:ed with it; as ~.:rr3lf<f,=!:cr~i:it1r,1:
riee mixed with curds;
~;; \Tf<TT: ~iif: fried nee mixed with treacle.
( e) Sometimes ~~ may take the place of the Instrumental
as ~,rir~: done by one's self.

§ 206. Instances of the Aluk of the Instmmeutalt ( i. e. in

which the noun in the Inst. does not drop its case term. )-
~o~ '-t<l'f'l:l'f~~ •clonehonestly';
<Jl'i.ll'~IT ai:ra~~ 'done with
might'; 9;1-i'T~:ii:
' one having an elder brother'; ~: 'blind
from birth'; i1ll'ffi!!ITT,~1:ii~rtfr, when proper names, other-
wise !l;n!!HT, ;{iff;il'TTfr,&c. alf<i=i;:i: followed by an ordinal
:unmher retains its case ending; M :am>ii'IT q~i:r a{f1-l'l'fft!''?.;f1,f:
I

§ ~07 A noun in the Dative i, compounded x-

( a) with another expressive of the material of which the
thing expressed by the noun in the Dative case is made; as ~q'T<I'
i:fRi;;i:;:rer~,
' wood for a sacu:ficial post. '
( b ) and with the words ~, .rrn,
Nii, ff and ~i{:rcr.The
compound with :a:riis a nityasamfisaand takes the gender and
1:mmber of the noun it qualifies; ffi'<iiftr ~ @o;ri: ~:

;; •<r~ I 1.l~ TW>lml!T'l; I Pan.II. 1. 34. 35.

f :m:;:r:s;1tr:i:;i:mn:::r\'l'~Ttrftf1'
I Pan. VL 3. 3 :a-T'IJ'ffl'
~~~QT<f{. 1
Vart. x '<l'ij;m o~~riil~JW~ffl@: l Pan. II. 1. 86.
 § 207-21I] 001IPOUNDS, 125

broth for a Brahmana; ~~ ~ ~:;m:rr

1:l'em{: ( water-gruel )
~~ rt fa'.;rriIf<!':; "i"li''l'!IT
.rfil:.r:
1/@"oTIB':
an offering to the
bh;ltas(cextain cre~ted beings ); q'~ fi!t rirr~~ good :for a COW;

3o)(~~ ¥T~,fut:r'l"!T\r~;,:..
mll"l•.rq_;
§ 208. Instances of the Alul of the Dat. mfi~~, ~-rm:
:ami:f.i'q~, SJJlr:R~llrll!T. ·
§ 209. A noun in the Ablative case is compounded,i:,-

( a) with words expressive of fear or rather with the words

-rrrn m:;
'.IW,~Tff, and as ~r:i:Tt(~ =.r1:r~:r~
fear from a thief;
fof.Y<£:
11TT1i':
il<i'llti.i. afu.1d of a wolf, &c.

( b) in :few eaees with the wo,ds 31[q'ff,

II :a:im,
~m, tf@ti,
and ~n;i as ~.._.rr~~:ijl..<l'Rct.
deprived of happiness; ~tlifilfT
~J'llfG. 'transcending thought' or' a fool, ''cf~:>
i1/NiG:
~ITl:IIBcf:'
fallen from heaven, as a sinner'; cr;i:~a-: • at.raid
of waves'.

( c ) in the case of the words ~;:i;- a little, :a:fl~if<i;near, f'I:

after, and words having the sense of these, and~ a difficulty,
there is an .A.Zukof the Ablative; :j:as ~i'IT<l,I~ti;m: ~fffw~:;
:s:i{'tir~:; sif.;-a-of.1<TTmt:;
si+i:rr~mn:rro';~<TTITo';~i:m;~1;ra-:;
~~11l'!ifo: I
§ 210. A noun in the Genitive may, as a general rnle, be
compounded with any other noun; ~r~:~llf: 'l:r:;;g;~: the king's
man ( an officer or a servant).
§ 211. tt (a) It 1s not compounded with v,erbal derivatives

* q?.ilm -l'il'-i I Pan. II. 1. 37. 'll•rll@'l'l"[IB'~T!lfR@

cfT'&l'~I
Vartiks.
t ai-'irtrrq't;ra'i'fi"Cfrnnfl:f:l~ih:~q~:
l Pan. II. 1. 38.
+ffi'TiITT~<'f~{«iii:;;~rfut
"%';;
I Pan. JI. I. 39.
tt ll<ii<iir+-i:rr
q;~ftI Pan.n 2 15.
 126 ( § 211

eni'ib:Jo-
in i,: and a;i~ and denoting the agent of the action; :;:{tff
a;d n;t q:1;1>er;~
'a"'<:T $iiT,a;~~ trr'<I"<$:&c.; but ~~11tf
~~Ill~ v;g-~~""1.f.Tas the ~qi here does not denote the agent.

Exceptfon1·'.-Bo.t a compound is allowed in the case of the

words ,;n;rfcf. one who employs as sacrificing pnests, 'i~, <:l'R:·
,;;n:,i;, 'IR~!f. a waiter at meals, f,;1'11'$' a servant who bathes
lns master or brings batlung water for him, a:l!:'ll'!'ll'ij;,;;r,'6'~
one who destroys, i[li, ~' when it does not mean 'a holder,'
and others not very important: :.fi~ll"f~:, ~~<1,:, 11:r~t@:-
'm~sil': &c.; ~' ~i'IT, &c. but ~ .ra-r'
the thunder.
bolt-bearer '.
( b) t A specific Genitive ( i. e from which a singling out is
made) is not compoundedwith any other words, as ~orfft;;· >lra':
( c) t A noun in the Genitive is not compoundedwith ordinal
numbers, words denoting qualities, words implying satisfaction
pre,ent partrniples, past p1uticiples meaning < honoured or
approved of' or showing the place o:fthe act, verbal indeclinables
and ,erbal nonne ending in no!i; e. g. ;a'i'IT ,rn-:,~~ ~:
( ~r: ); ~ ~l'l:,; ~m ef&Cf:' satisfied with fmits '
( an Inst, Tat. is, of course, allowed in these cases); ~tf ~~
~ lTTft~:, '8"nf;ra· esteemed by the good; ,~ '¾fira:;
~ a{ff~i{ ( place of s1:ting ) <T!f t!:'if>
iiff; iif(&!1Tri1.T
~iqf, iffltr
$'fletf~&c.
''~WI Pan. II. 2. 9.
t ;r f;r.m:ar
I Pan. IL 2. 10.
+ - 'C'
., 't_{U!!.1,Ulijf~,:i~!ffisi«mi<rn~;r - "'
I \iii'!"
...
'<I'~P:f!1'1'. s!TN·
"'

~,rn",;;:r,;r '<I'1 Pil.n.JI. 2. 11-13. The prohibition with re2pect

to a word expressive of a quality ('1Ul')ia not obhgatory, remarks
Dikshlta; as Pan. himself uses such compoundsas ~r.:rl1l'tlr1cf
&c. Hence eomponndshke SNl!T,~, ~f.&~, &c. are jnsti-
:fi.ed( ~r:i" • Tii'T<T·~ Uf>i+TTGT<o/~,,:rrfit~i~Tll:. I
~;wqr{ffif ~~~.I).
 § 211-21!] COMPOUNDS. 1~7

N B. Compounds like :c~:, um:fn:, &c. ought to be

considered as Instrumental Tatpurushas.
Exceptions.
(1) If the word denoting a quality ends in n:Cit does combine
with a noun in the Genitive, and the ffi' is dropped; m
~ffi': ri~n: whiter than all others; similarly mr ~:
rii{~&c.
(2)>fThewords (it1fti:r, qm!:I', and ij<rare compounded
:..rij!l;I'
with nouns signifying the whole of whwh they are parts, and
nr~r~-
-are optionally placed first, ftl'frq-flr~QT: ft1fti:rf~!ITT,
~ half of the quantity cf alms; but ({~ ~r.:rr: ( begging
.almsa second time ) fir~.
Note -Compounds like fijfTQTl{!l,f, ~: ( see further
on ) &c. are not strictly Gen. Tat, as the case of the first
word determines the name, but mere Tai.; some call these
Nom. Tat ( i:rm;ra'<ffl ).
(a) t A noun in the Genitive, used as an object in a sentence,
when the agent and object of the action denoted l,y the nouns
formed by krit affixes are both used, is not compounded; as
auri ;r,rf°itml'Sffi'the milking ol cows by one, not a cow-
herd, is a wonder. '
§ 212. t 'l'f,at'R, 3Nl( '<sffl'and a:iqn are compounded with
nouns in the Genitive expressive of the whole an.i are placed
first; e g. '{It~ '{!fcfiT<T•
the forepart of the body; 3t1R<l>f<T:
SN~: &c. ~ ~: ElliflfttrciIT; as ( SWis
but '!l'Tl'Tf\T:
mas here).
N B. In order that the above rule ehould hold the noun
expressiveof the whole must denote a. single obJeot; hence -r:f:
ff, W:nT<Ticf'Ti.r.1'6;~~~~~I Pan.II . .2. s.
t rifur 'lil' I PAn. II 2 I4.
t ~mffi""q-~~mr<11~ 1a:iit
il~lf>ll I Pan. 11. 2. 1. 2.
 128 [ § 212-215

the first ~Tlm',smollg p1pi!s, a,i ~ne: half of a 1:mmber

of pippalis &c, and not ~~: &o.
§ 213. A word expressive of a 1,1artis compounded with
another signifying a period of time and is placed firat; ~~
sili\' ;i1a.:rfi;1::
m1d-day;m,.r~:, i11'1:!Ua&c.
§ 214.'' A word expressive of a period of time that has
passed since a certain occurrence is compounded with another
expressive of the occurrenoo;as :i:rrffl
~~ff ~ '8' ;:rr~:
'one since whose birth a month has elapsed'; so ~s;ra~,
'&!l<l:.i'foid:&c.
S215 t Instances of the Alu'k of the Gen. The noun in the
Genitive may retain its case ending-
( a) when reproach is to be implied; as 'q~~, but
~il; • .A.lsowhen~ is followed by fst;.rand the whole
mealli! a fool; othsrwise iti:1:l'ii-r:.

( Ii) when thewordssif'i:!i;,T~~and~ are followedbn!T'ffi',

~ and ~ respectively; as q'f~: 'skilful speech;' ~~)-
~: 'a particular appearance o1 stars in the shape of a staff in
the sky,'~~: 'one who robs another in his very presence
while he ia looking on,' hence ' a goldsmith, a rogue.'

in the following cases:-~~

(c) 'a king of Ka.shl, '
1~::' Indra,' ~: lord of speech,l3rihaspati; ~=~tr:,
~:~ and g;:r~: 'sons of Ajigarta. '

( d ) and optionally when followed by !l::f and censure is im-

plied; ~: ~ or a;-r~ra:r:a bastard, a knave; bnt 'i!fTTll'lllfl:!:if:

* ,mn: Ii~ I Pan. II. 2. 5,

t- ,ra;:rrS[l'lfil~ 3. 21. ~i{ITST<f
1Pan VI. rlff :;;i--ii I <It~-
~~ ~~~, ~4a..,m.>l1-t.•.t~~ g,r: 1 ~llq' '{1'~ 1,
Vartikas. ''ai,l..qn<WI'(' Pan. VI. 3. 22.
 § 215-216 J OoMPOUNDS.

( c )~ When a word eni!ing in ii' is oomponnded with another

a:nil.there is the relation by b!ooil or some kind o:f learning,
the atuli is necessary; alld optional when it is followed by ~
and The initial ,a: of ~~ is optionally changed io '{
when preceded by ~ or~ and when there is al1,k, and neces-
sarily when there is no aluk in a compound; c. g. if11i:p:,
~;;rar, e pupil of the lwtri; m«:~, or ~-~l' and
~; eo f~:~:a-r, &c. ( but ifl'ij': ~<'ff, ~: ~'!:rrwhen
uneompounded ); ~~q-fii": or ~.m:; but~-
§ 216. A noun in the Locative is compounded-
( a ) twith ~~, Wf,~ a rogue, W-TTl!T, 1ij;fm adorned,
invested with,~,, snq, ~. qroecr, f~,
f.\'!!,ll'!,
i°~®, 'i:1'1l'w,
'ii.Ii, and <l<"cl;as a:r~ ~~~: ~~~: skilled in dice;.
1!<$1$,
M SlN' i~m;;: dependent on God ( when compounded.
the affix 'l<!'i. e. f.; is compulsory; so the compounded form is
always with ~1:;; ); :a:ill'l'Q'~: dried in the sun; ~'fill;':
cooked in a pot; '<!i>fi<l';:l:'I':
a kind of poetic composition; &e.
( lJ) t with words meaning a ' crow ' when contempt is
implied; ~ b•TT's::.~
l<i ffi'<l'I:~~;said in contempt of one who
is ,ery greedy; BO mi!IS'fel;':;
similarly ~:-~~; &o. &c.
There are a few Loe. Tat. compounds given in the list.
qrm'iran~having II similar sense; 6, 9· ~"~Ff~~
a well-abiding frog i. e. one who knows nothing of the world:

<1 ~ fit~l'?-l"l"l~~\ll-1f:I ~mr 'f<i~'Q1: Pan. VI 3. 28. 24,

ilTif-Nij~Til'~m~ I +11'•/;_l~WT ~~f I Pan. VIII. 3, 84, 85.

t ~"llln'mu¾:I ~~t@i~llq" I Pan. II. 1. 40, 41.
t \~~ ~q I ffl'm;r~!Jll' I Pal.n. II. 1. 42, 48. ~-
.m1'1JIN: l ~"1 ~ffl'!Jl~ ~T ~:;; I Sid. Kliu.
H. S. G. 9,
 130 l§216 •

outside the pale of his own village; so ~-mr,r-~: 3

.ii;l((@il'il,-;m;i;: lit. an insect in the fruit of the Udumbar,i
tree; metaphoricallyit means the same as ~:, ~q-:
&e. In somecasesthere is an aluk of the Loe.; as ~: '&
boastingcoward', ~: 'a braggadocio'; ~ 'a house.
hero', 'a carpet knight',~: 'clever in eating only ii. 11.
'a good-for-nothingfellow'; qf:/a~:; ~:; •traf.Atlfi:;
~:,&e.
Sote:-Words of this classdo not enter into further combi-
nation with other words.
( c ) • with another, when they botb. imply a name ( 'ln'f);
there is an aluk of the Loe. term when the noun ends in a
eollllonantor -s;; as Sl(UQkh.i<flr:
lit 'wild sesamnmyieldiDg
no oil, henoe anything not answeringto one's expectatio11&;'
similarly ii~lf;<Hi<flll;
~: 'a bamboo' ( also ~m:, vi.de
Si. IV. 61. ). These compoundsa.re nitya ( obligatory ) 118
remarkedby Bhat~oj1( ~ 'e~Mil•ll,tl~~~ ).
( d ) with potential p. participlesin i:r implying an obliga-
( ~ ); ~ ( ~ ); the aluk by § 217
tion; m-~1\"l:i
( 1,) below.
( e ) t with p, p. participles when it expresses a part of the
day or night; normay take the placeof the Loe.; as ~ '8if
'i,lfilit'!i~; <1\4((151~- ~ &c; but~~; and with the
p. p. partie1pleswhen reproaeh is implied, with an aluk of the
Loe; as 'SIW'ia,a~ ~<r. • ' this thy action is similar to
that of a mungoose on the hot ground.' ~~ is
usedto e:z:preaa the inconstancyof a person.

•~1 ~«mwr: iij~I ~~~: I Flu.

II l 44. VI. s. ll. VIII. s. ll. 5.
t ffiillft<l=ililct41!
I il'=i'I~ I Pin. II. 2. 45-47.
 ~ 217] TATPURUSRA.. 131

§ 217. .A.dditio11alinstances of the alul, of the Loe,

(a) Alul: fa necessary in the case of the words-(1) and '!II;(.
:followedby ~;r, as ;rf;tt'g,::, stationary in the sky, ~ml!:
.5rm in battle; ( 2) iii( and~ followed by 'Effi; 00i"€, ~
(~li" ~ 'q' f1~11''mr);( 3 ) ~ and ~'l.T followed by~; i!"I>~-
~:, ~R~: and ( 4) words expressive of parts of the body
except ~ and .::rffi"ell' and not followed by ~rR; ~:,
,.~~ ( having the hair on the breast: Bah. ). hnt tt~-~-
~:, ~ ~f ~oi" §~:.

( b) ;,, When a noun in the Loe. is compounded with a ve-rbal

derivative and the whole is a name, aluk takes place in most
cases, e g. ~n~~: ( ~i:l a kind of grass ;r;ra-<llffl) an elephant;
~: one who whispers into the ear, a spy; «'of.:: a heavenly
being; if~ a lotus; %'~tr;i,:, :.@iW-f:a fish, but ~:;;JU;,
.m('~or~&c.
{ c) There is optional aluk of the Loe. of a word expressive of
time when compounded with $~ and words ending in the
affixed m:,t'il=rand <'!"iii'!'ll~·j•$!~; 'l~-~-ij{ &c. 'l,ilf@"-~~-
( cl) t When the compound is not a name, alu1' is necessary
when :st"comes after !:frv;:_,
'QT~, !ITT<?,and ~; and optional
when it comes after ri, !tR, ~ and <!'~;as SIT~-~-~~-~R-
:s;:; q~: O? m: produced in the rainy season, &c.

Exceptionst:-No aluk takes place in the case o1 verbal deri-

vatives ending in t~ and the words ~, ~, and l:~ in the
ordinary language; as ~~~m ' an ascetic, ' ~~~:,
~:;~:;but ~s~~: &c.

1t-ff<~~~ ~ I Pan. VI. 3. 14.

I !fl,g_~~(i:lil&JR<li~I mm q'q~~'l'._I Pan VI.3. 15.16•
.+~-rrfiitt ,!I' I,~ "cl"~li.. I Pan. VI, 3. 19. 20.
 132 S.A.NSlt!UT
G:BAmIAB. [§ 217-219

(,) •When a.noun in the Loe. ca.se ending in sr or a. conso-

na.nt a.ndnot denoting time is compounded with ~, ;rr«and
~ and with~ !l'ri:r•ir-rnr:,
alul is optional; {iM_;r~;,r:, !flitr
~. rit~=, but w~:, ~~: &c.
2. Naii or the Negative Tatpurusha.,
§ 218. ( a) The nega.tive particle if changed to 31'before a con-
eonant and ~ before a vowel, may be compounded with any
noun to form the Negative-Tatpurushat; as if iflll'Gf: ~:.
one not a. Brahmai:ia; if ,1p1q: li1irq:, ~, non-existent, or not
good, &o.
§ 219. The ii is not changed to at or st;s: in the following
cueat~ 'that which does not shine,' 'a cloud;' ;rqya:(pre. p.)
' one who does not protect;' ~: ' one who does not know; r
;mn:q-r: [ if~: ~: if ~:
~: x ] the two
Aswins, the physicians of the gods. ~ [ if ~: ] name
of a demon slain by Indra; ifiw: [ if ~, for the mungoose
is supposed to belong to no particular species of a.nimals ]; if«
[ ;r ~ that which leaves no cavity, or does not go to heaven
being bumt down with the dead body ]; ~ [ ;:r;fr ~ ];
~ [ ii ~ ] that which does not move :from its proper
place, hence a star; ifEfj: [ if cmrcimtthat whioh does not go fai;
off from water ); ,fr$: [ ;:r ;t a:{$if at$ ~ ]; ;rir when it

* ~ ~ ~ I ~~~~ I Pan. VL 3. 13. 18.

t ~--' Pan. II.2.6. ;nttlfl'"51":I mffltf~l Pan.VI. 3,73.74
t if1i110il41ii~ltlill'8t<ili16V!lil@ail\4,(~:i•ll:1:i-i1\@(iit<ll" ~
1PAn..VL 3, 77.
Pin. VL 3. 75. i('tTT.stmo14q.qdi(~li1;
x 3P-l'illi:l'llil¥1~iil~d (is not the point) it;f 'iffl'!WiEir"C"-<11
~' l(fi\'~ 1 Tatvabodhint
 § 219-221 J 133

does no! an animal retains its "I' optionally iu olll: or

~= •a mountain or a tree;' but s-,,,-:~: 'a Sndra that cannot
move.'
N, B. It should be noted that some of these are Bahuvrlhi
,compounds.

3. KA.R:11.A.DlIA'&AYA OR ?HE APPOSITIONAL 00M:l?OUNDS.

§ 220. Panini defines a 'Karmadh!traya' as ~nffllll':

~~:"' or Tatpnrusha both the members o:f which s.re in the
!ame case relation i. e. have the same case when dissolved.
N. B. The difference between the Tatpumsha. proper and
/K1.rmadh~rayais this:-In the case of the former the attributive
member has one of the oblique cases when dissolved, while
in the case o:fthe latter it is in apposition to the other member.
It may thu.sbe a noun or an adjectivequalifyingtheothermember.
§ 221. ( a ) t A word expressive of the standard of compa-
·rison ( ~;i- ) may be compounded in a Karmadharaya with
.another denoting the commonquality or ground of comparison;
as ~ ~ ~: ~~ri.: dark like a elond. Such compounds
are called ~;tli!~~~'.ir:i::rra,
( b ) t Similarly a noun denoting the person or thing com-
pared ( '3'1ffill')may be compounded with words indicative of
excellence,such as ;;:rrm§,reg-,~, ~, &c. no mention of

~ i{~: ~~~~: Mf{<f: I Pan. I. 2. 42.

t ir'ilWi!'f.f ~mT"1.l'lf~: I Pa.n, II. 1. 55.
! ir'l'mcf
&rOO~~; I Pan. II. 1, 56.
~n:fr-'tl'fl:1'1:frit
§ All these words are included under what is called the group
•ofotmr. The more important of these words are o!fllf, ~,
~, "lt'I!'~,'er,'<[,!', ~. ~, ffl~, ~1~, ~, 'i'llO:,!IG'M, &c.;
'1.1'"!1',
lffl, <$';\'iii', ~, &c.; cf ,:~~ o1IT,:njff<r{~ip~-
I
~fi~~r'l.if: !ir%ira°rim"-l'u:
n Amara III. 1. 59,
 184 [ § 221-222

the common attribute ( of similari\y) being made; as liffl

11.ITTt
q'I' ~: a man like a tiger ( i. e. as bold as a tiger );:.
ff ~~ ~= a moon-like face i. e. as delightful as the
moon; ~ li~
ffi.1i &c.; these are called ~~­
~R'!.
Xote. 1.-The difference between the two is this :-In the
former the colllinon quality of comparison is actually expressed;
while in the latter 1t is leit to be understood; in fact if it be
expressedthere can be no compound; as ~ WIEI"{if ~: I
Not~. 2.-The above Karmadharayas may be dissolved as
~ ~= ~:, ~ ~ @.(◄El>itii!+(, &c. Dissolved
in either way there will he no difference in the formation of the
compounds; but there will be difference both in the meaning
and in the metaphor, In one case prominencs will be given to
~ or the moon and the :figure will be 'upam.i( a simile )/
while in the other to gw or the face in which case the :figure
will he •Rupdr;1f-,' Oompounde like qflf ~ ~, iil"llrr
qq ~ ~,;r,:t, &c. are termed irillitl(llli~qi{Ei>INl(<i!,
§ 222. An adjective may be compounded with the noun it
quahfies in most cases t as i{ra :;;i- ~ :;;i- ;ni~, a blue
lotus &c.; i$«115JiITTfi ~ ~: where the comp. is necessary;
but iilllf,{•"41 i(Jli: 1 Such compounds are called ~~­
.:i;1hn~.
A, a general rule in such compounds the qualifying word
is placed first; but there are several exceptions which are
given below.

* So when the common attribute is apphcable in its express-

) sense to the ~ a! in RW
ed ( <11'1<1' ~ dissolve the
comp, as R w~ and when to the ~ as in gwqv ~-
~ dissolve as~~-
t ~~~ 1Pan. II. l. 57.
 § 222] 135

( a ) i'Tl!e qualinodwo?d ia placed first and is always of th;;

mas. gender if it denote~ a class or species, when compounded
'With certain adjective,, e. 9, l\"1'l~•na: 'a young female e1.e--
:aifWffil.;;:
' 11 small fire', '<l"<l:m~ ' butter-milk
:rm:iredwith a little watez', •itlJ:1~: 'a cow that has brought
forth a calf for the first time', m:;J-ij:'amilch-cow(,r 9 ~raq;r)':
~ 'a hamn cow', ~¾"a:( 11"lhnmir ,rr: ), ~<l'Ufr
<a cow whose calf is one year old,' q;0 ,lr1'mr: 'an agnihotrin
:Bra.hmaI,Jaof the Katha branch of the Yajurvecla,' ~n~:
<a teacher of the Katha branch,' t <TT·f«!Wi<J;T·.:l''"!NI~-~
(also mas. according to some) -;r~: ( "l'!f~ )·1![1!':;;"
'an excellent
cow', The last mentioned five words, all of which denote
excellence, retain their own gender invariably; a~ lifl'~+raffi:lfif
'llll eminent Brillm:iai:ia!&c.; bnt lpl'IRI" l'!i'IT~f, as no dais is
meant here.
(b) j: The words ~T~, ~.;r, li!'~ lame, !15"!%jUo blunt, dull,
mmbald-headed, ~1:i:,
R, l~<f; ~lJ, rqlfii?,oil,"""ohard,
stiff, <11~, f'Gfand ffl, may optionally precede the words in
apposition to them; as ,m;rf.{q;~,i:: or !Ri~~'m;r:
Jaimini who
is turned tawny on account of his having practised penance rn.
the sun.' &c.
(c) §Words expressive of the Fersons or things condelll!led

... 'ii;mr,T@fflrql1l;rnq,.~\]~f.r~a&ii;.rlll!J;iol<fl'a'ITTf.cl.fr,'Qltf-
m~, I Pan, II. 1. 65. YI. 3. 42.
I ~lf,1f.;f"iifRqmrfii;r~efc~l!:
tS!zj;J~s,;.; 1 Pan. II. 1. 66 ( +rnrn<me{<!"i "!ij"tic'frffrll' iI
~ifr: I Sid. Kan). +ra~'cfRJ"~f!fli;!ll~~)
!ffl•1iefl'"l'1£Ti=lf~I Amara.
t1Rf'O': riqplj- I Pan. II. 2. 38.
§ i'fR.iilT@i<l'l'if:I G"T'11Ul~
ijjl<~ff!I Pan. II. 1, 53. 54. fti;
~q" 1 Pan. II. 1, 64.
 186 S.u.sXBrrGB.A.ltMA.B. ( § 222

or reproachedare placed first; as \ttl!fi(lli(•H(N'l 'a bs.dgram-

marian,' 'one who has forgotten his grammar and therefore can
make no use of his knowledge;' ( F- ~ ~ lq't•U<Ad *
~fct ~l"rEI' ~ I Tatv. ); so tfum;~ '"
t11£momsal,i whois a sceptic' or 'an unbeliever'; except in the
case of the words q-rq-,3{1lt$ and ~ ; &9 qyq;nfira:'a bad
barber,' 3illllf,~ 'a mean, silly potter/ ~: Uil'T ~,
~ ( ~1.fcr: ff!' ), &e.
(d)'• Words in apposition to~. ;\'tif and i'ffl are also
placed first; ,. g. ~<i= , an eminent king,' crm1•<·,
~,&c.
(e) t !jiff( and 11iilil"are compounded only when they aaka
question with reference to a class ( ~ family), and are
placed first:,. g. !fiffi(•!fiim'~: 'which Bd.hmar;iaof the Katha
branch'? !fiffi(.:/lffitf•!fi'm: ' which BrAhmaJ;I&of the Kalapa
branch'? But $ff(! !i=I':'which son'!
(/) t The word pA: ( and also ~ changedto ~ ) is
placed first when componnded with one of the words ~,
w(im, ~. itfi(uft,amfi, mfr, ~. qf'qa-, ~, q,
~, ~ and ~ as t,i41(31¥illll ' a female mendicant,'
fji41(1li1Mdl 'a young female ascetic'; i'~:-ift 'a delicate
boy or girl, ilff~, w~q;p:, &c.
( g )§ The words l{<n, n, :.rot,iml', .r,r and ffl'; nd the

* !""4W6itl•I~- ~'I; I Pan. II. 1. 62.

t $d'(cfSri.a :511fttqf<lli:i~
Pan, II. 1. 63.
t ptt: ~: I Pln. IL 1. 70.
§ i◄lfil~cfSt1.hi(<!l(IOiil44>'q'T: ~ I Pin. II, 1. 49.
...H1w,.. avft,\t.<1t(o(l<1•1Pan. IL 1. ss. ~-
'-'"q'(l(f.(+1'El<t(sh1
~ ~ <Rli~ t Vart.
 18'1

words it S'M'~,'eim<'.,~~'hindmost,'~.;, ir.i:r,~<fl!f and

,;;ft;r:
are always placed first in a Karmadharaya compolllld.
~q-,:when :followedby ~,i- is changed to q-~; as !fi'll'l'TT~:
'eo1e
miillter or lord', ,a~:, ;;i.:i.:rn"irii!?:,
'an old logician,' 9;'(Tlll'i:fi"-
:.;i~:, 'old mimamsc&philosophers/ ~r:, ~~:,
, the old grammarians, ' :a:f!f'(Tla<l"f'-N:i: snf~ ~:
al"'f{ll<l"T~f
'the hinder part or side of the body;' ::;n:1tU:a;:the last king,'
~~l!Fl ' being in the eame category or predicament';
.'i!fR<f.:' a sole warrior i e. an eminent warrior', &c, The
:form ~it{ ( found used by great writers ) also may be
.defended.ti,
( Ii ) t The words :mr_,
~' 'Ri-1",~ and ~ are com-
pounded with another noun when they are used ae terms oi
praise or excellence;~: 'an excellent physician' ~~Qlt!>t•w.
&e. but a-~if .,-):where a"<R means 'uplifted, or ' drawn
out of. '
t
§ 223, Names of quarters and numerals form a Kann. com-
pound with any subanta ( a declinable word ) but only when the
whole compound is an appellation; e. g ~q1j': 'Name of a con-
stellation of stars,' 'Ursa Major;' G"~err:H&c., 'f:fa;:i;'li,i~i~

* fflq;" <fn:irt1fI ~~ira ilTN1'liT IRWl~if ~'6" .fit<i>'

{@
·fi~ I or~ !!'tlllfr:m'irlitffifI How do you justify the :form
~!$•fh:
? For the Sutra gll"f'l'\ &c. being a subsequent one ought
to have preference over the preceding Sil.tre. ~ &c. and
we should have clWq;: We reply.-The form may be justified
by supposing that the rule operates in moat cases only
( ~!f~'a: and not in a few ).
t 'l'f;:~cmz1wffl1"'1!T: gmJi:fT~: ! Pan. II. 1. 61.
+~~~ ~~r.n~ I Pa;: IL 1. 61.
tt These are gods, men, Gandharvas, serpents, and Pit;i:is,
according to some; and :Brsmai;ias, Kshatnya!, Vaishy11.s,
'S'iidras and NieMdhas or barbarians, according to others.
( Vide Shankar!cMrya on Brah. Su. I. 4. 11.-13. )
 138 t § 223-224-
•Name of a town in the east;' ;;r1nu,~: •Northern trees; ~~
ifi~: &c. The compound is forbidden in other cases.

( a ) ;,Bnt words denoting a cardinal point or numerals may

be compounded with any other noun when a Tc,ddhita termina-
tion is to be affixed to the compound so formed ( or it conveys
in addition to its sense as a Karm a derivative meaning such.
as is usually denoted by a Tad. aff. ) or when the compound
itself becomes the first member of another compound or when
tl:.ecompound forms a proper name; [<11 ~~r ~~i; ~W
~ ~ ~: ' being in the eastern hall ' from
~+a, (i.e. Tad. aff. 5i added by T~~~~l<ir s:r:!
Pan. IV. 2. 107 ); so ~+ mq='illll1t ' six mothers'+ Tad.
sr=~: the son of six mothers; '!_<IT~@T f?rm <I'~ 'l'!"
~~: where ~m~ is a '!_orG"~ and not need inde~
pel'.ldently;~:, ~~: &c. which are names.

§ 224. The partwle ~ forms a Karm. eompound with any

other word, ~q-: ( ef<w:~: ) a bad man; ~: &c.

(a) t ~ is changed to ( 1 ) q;a:when followed by a noun with

an initial vowel in a Tat. by R and the nouns ~~ and .rerand
by ~ar ' denoting a species;' fi~S'I!{: Wil: • bad horse;' so
tli<'{W
'coarse food;' but ~: 1 having bad camels' (a Bah. comp.),

u;;n; ~m;J: ~= $~: ' three inferior things;' ,S:!,l: ' a bad
chariot,' 1!l~: 'speaking m,a bad speaker;' $~;,: • a kind of
fragrant gras3.'
( 2 ) To lF,f when followed by i:rr~ and a:i&rand when meaning
'a little/ and optionally whel'.lprefixed to m; ~, 1:fiT~:' a
,idelong look or II frown of displeasure;' see Bh. V, 54 (~<t~if'

<i H~&ft,;;r ! Pan. II 1. 51.

t ,ii-: ~,~'{SRi I( 'sit,;;r'VM:) \~"hia' I tiit '<1':;,rat1,
ffl~: I rof,hN.i-m~q-1tj;ef:;;i'tw,1Pa.n.
VI. 3.101-107;
 § 224-225] 139

~ :a:rf~ 1ip'n1,ir Sid- Kan. ). {'iNl't ~ 'a little

water,' ";m: tlol'm:, but~:~: f§m:or ~:.
( 3 ) And to lf;Tor lf;cf when follwed by ,i!il!T;~, ~ and
~ by ( 1 ), all meaning' luke-warm '·
§ 2.25. Two adjectives may also be compounded into what is
called the ~~~\m:!l: as~:, ii(Uffflif:.
( a ), ~ Two participles expressive of two consecutive actions
of the same individual may be compounded together, the one
expressive of the previous action being placed first1 3U<\1 ffin:
fflf<@m-tf: "~!f: ' first bathed and then anointed';
similarly q°re)iffUTl'l:
'first drunk and afterwards vomited out',
mrsr@iiJ;;{:,!liffl'!:1'@1J'ilil
( Rag. II. 1. IV. 43 ), &c.
( b ). In the case of the two sets of words given above
( § 222, g. ) forming compounds with one another those be-
ginning with i.f are placed first. In the case of qq; compounded
with !(t{ 1t may precede or follow it; as .fi~: or ~:; the
former, however, is preferable. In the case of the first set of
words'/,iz. qq; ...... %<J<i'S
the one succeeding precedes the one
preceding when compounded together; as lrolll~, ~-
~. &c.
( c) t A past participle is compounded with another with
the negative particle prefixed to it; ' ~i'EHti'ff~,' what is done
and not done, i. e. ' partially done'•
( d ). t The word ~ ( 111. f. ) enters into a Karm. comp.
with the words ~®ffi, qrga-,Iii'~ having wrinkles, and
.mfr,and is placed first; i. e. i!l:l'T+
~@: :/!iii'~@: 'a yollllg

$ See Pan II. 1. 49. ( ~.f~-'l_,r«t~ \'l'~Tl~l'S!f{-

ffiil'iii~ 1 Tatv. quoted above)
t ~ ~~~i:;:n.rsr.._ 1 Pan. II. 1. 60.
t ij!i1(4;/jlflqf@51'11:11cle1.;tffitt~:
I Pan. II. 67.
 140 (§ 225-228

':lald-headedman' ,-!ft 'a young bald-headed woman ' ; ~~r

' e.young womll!Ilooking old1;~: ' a yonl.lgman whose
hair is grey ', &c.
§ 226. <: The word ffl'
little' is compounded with any other
word except a verbal derivati.ve, and even with a verbal de1i-
vative when it expresses a quality; 11s~:'a little brown',
~ ' reddish, ' &o.
§ 221. t Words ending in the terminations !'lotf, st;w:r,
<I'and
~ and words having a similar meaning, may be compounded
with any su5antanot importing a particular kind; e. g. it1:;;:.h-
~ ' any hot ea.table 1 ' g~: ' of a similar white colour, '
-~~. &c.;but ~: ;;ita;l'f:a.a the latter word refers to a
kiud of food here.
§ 228. t The following are the more important of the com-
pounds given by Pan. as irregular under the cla~s ;f'-l(oti'tli;fi!{;t-
~ ~SJ<I' ~~: 'a cunning peacock', so ~a.r~:
~ 'i:!"a:i~ '<I'~, so ~ 'high and low', ' great
lllld small'' m~rr '<I' 3:l'Rra'
"<I' f.r~, iTTffif~ ~
err'h;r:, v!llffl ia'tllt tr'N ,:I' ~rl!tl':, sr.m u_;;r~t
ar..iftlffl:r: lffl:r!~, ~ ~ ( these are nitya-aamlLsaa ),
~ fit.ra~ ~ ~ff :;_,-r~Hf!~,fffT that in which
are constantly uttered the words 'eat and drink ' 1 so ~-
;;:~, (i:114i1+a~ar; <l1ta:ihm<mrt~,'it~m,:i'r~;m,
that in which are uttered the word~ 'I alone; I alone ; ' hence
hard competition. &c. :a;tii :a:ri gu'?rr'ii ~ @;tr~
:in ~; so ~~ ' g:reat self-conceit or pride '
( Bhatti. V. 27 ); ' vaunting' , ( Bv.I. 84:) &c. Also ~~
' put to filght, ' ~ 'accident, ' &c.

* ~ I PAn.II. 2. 7. ~,p.;:;f,f.tfit <YFi~;;:

1 Vil.rt.
t ~i'Qij~R"'ff ~ I Pan II. 1. 68.
t 1Rll{i4«i:lil~<l'«lI Pin. II. 1, 72.
 § 229-231] DWIGU 00MPOUNDS.

§ j29. In some Karmadharaya compounds the laet membe~·

of the first word whloh is itself a compound word is droppedi';
8• g. ~l!i>~: m'it<l":
~rriJ;r: ' a king who likes vegetables;,
~ m&fllf: ~<l',;mrar: &c The!e compounds, though they
should be properly calleil '' Uttamapailalopi" a.re popularly,
designated'' M adhyama:padalopi ". Any compound •requiring !I)
similarexplanation is classed 1:mde:rthis group ( ~r~~ )I
whichis an Sl"T~@i\"IIT.
Dwxm.r
OR NUMERAL APPOSlTlONAL Oo:M:?ouNDS,

§ 230. t When the lirat member of a Karmadharaya com

ponndis a numeral it is called 'Dwign '.

§ 231, A Dwigu compoundis possible (a) under the circum-•

stancesmentionedin § 223 ( a) i. e.-
( 1) whena Taddbit11affixis to be added to the compolllldso
formed;\l11ll!T in,rirrwrct l'fTl?+!l'ij~:
'the son of ah mothers,KAr-
ti.keya'( vide Ku. IX); ~~: &o;or ( 2) '\Thenthe com-
pounditself becomesthe first member of another compound, as
q"\lJarr,f:liloii:m- ~ q-;s:=q~:, ~~lf~: &c.
( ~) And when the componnddenotes a.n aggregate; i:n thi;,
caseit is singular; t a.sSftl"Tll!T
~rWiT~ll"R: IT<~:q;the three
worlds( taken collectively); a.sq;::qqr~, ~~, &c.

-1, ~q-rr'°¼!ll<tr~t
Ri~il'"~q~r:r~~~ 1 Vart on Pan.
II. 1. 60,
t ~T<l'iit ~: 1 Pan. II, 1. 52.
t ~~ "' , Pan. u. 4. I.
 142 [ § 232-283

Pr.EPOSITIONA.L 00Ml'OUNDS,

4. Pradi.
§ 232. Those Tatpurueha. compounds whose first member is
-apreposition a.retermed PrMi by Sanskrit grammarians*; some
of these prppositions combine with a following noun in the
Nom., with a nollll in the A.co. &c,;e. g. srmr:Slf"<l'l'lr:llT'cfN:
'an eminent teacher', t11a: ~ '81ncf: •taken to a path-way'
( vide Bhatti. III. 45 ). Sfm !ffif: !.:f!ffif: 'strong or excessive
wind, ' &e.;:sm(a;Titll';m;si ~: 'excelling a garland' ( in
fragrance or beauty), 31.lrlifif,-ffi {~ ~ ~ ~: ' a chariot-
warrior who ha, no rival or eqll8.l'; so amh:rfg- 'exceeding
measure,' arm &c. sr,rn: ~ 3{q~ 'attracted by
the cuckoo;' lffilffl;f: at\itlQillil q-!fWQ'i!': 'tired of studying;'
.~: ~: f.:rs;f;"tmti.r: 'gone out of Kans,mbi;' so
~: &c. A compoundwith prepositions which govern cases
(~IQ') is forbidden;~ Sf@",
5 Gati.
s 233. Oompoundsof the following words with verbal inde-
. clinables are called Gati.
t
( 11) The particles ~u,~' ~. !f~, ~,m-r,fflT, srr1:,
~ and ;r;i: and the word ~ meaning an action; as
~, ~ 'having accepted; ~ 'having uttered
the word Vashat;'•• '!liTT~clf 'ha.;ing done the a.et.'
( b) t Onomatopoetiowords not :followedby writ,as ~;
but ffl1TRf~ ( ~ ).

~ ,t.•lld!.il,(Q. I Pan. II. l!. 18. ~ ~ ~ 1~:

~~I~: ff~ ~ I 'I'll~ ~r.mN
~1~~~lll!illl;E1'<1.flq1;ii~\'f.1 Vartikas.
I a;...1i((R1<1U';:i-~,...-
1 Pan. I. 4. 61. q;froiflt1'4'E<l14<a4lfi<1t(
1
'Vartikas.
+~ :..ttf.tfaq«._
1 Pan. I. 4. 62.
 § 233-234) PREPOSUIONAL 0mIPOUNDS. 143

( c) '.(Thewords ~ and ar:i::ro:ahowing respect e,nd dbrespect

•respect1vely, the prepositions ll'!~ in the sense of 1adorning,'
~, lITTf.,:stm, :a:r:;;;~,
~:, :irer:a'fl'f·, and ra't:; as a:i~~;;; 'hav-
ing adorned', but ~<15 ~r enough ( G"l-1'fam,<1v: Sid.
Kau )i g'(li~<lT 'placing in the front'; all;'~~ ( sfl'~:~8ll:_)
~i11.1' ( :t:r~"il"
&~ Sid. Kan. ); q;iif!ijT<f,as ~~ q.r: Niil'ra
•hedrinks milk to his heart's content'; ~~ 'l:mving gone
up to and spoken' ( *¥fR if<<TT sl'of1.;r:;;i- ~i<l'i: Sid, Kau. );
rau~, ;r,t)~;;q (tmdisgust lS produced); ~fcl'~, ~c'tl'
•gomg towards.'
(d) tThe words ~~a",llTTOTr and irr~i; as ~~NI', 'lT!Ji~tl',
'havmg married'; i::rn,iey;;;q-
•having forced to yield.'
(e)+The particles ;;r~, si:i;;;rr~, ~•&lra'.,m~<ii,
amr, ~:,
&1Tl1f, and <\'l'H,:i:,the words :i:r;:rr~,:nfu, ( except when there is
tbe senseof juxiaposition or extreme contact ), ;£'!,~, and the
word q-~form compounds with verbal indeclinables optionally;
is!!rn1li<'<I',
:a-qr~ ~, ~<IT*a!i'l.T Sl;:,n~ ~;ill 'giving strength
to the weak' [ ~of~~ if~Tl:l" t~- Sid. Kau ]; 'l;lT~~-
-i<IT,~,rai~~-r,n, ;;r;i:fuey;;..-1'TT ( having accepted) ;:riifu~
~i'!l'Ti but 'i!'(T<:I'~1,0- 'ffiOTt11', ~'ii"f;i<l'·«TT, ~fifl'l', q-'if
~~.&c.
(/) These compounds are also formed with nouns derived
from roots ior their second members; e. g. a:fi;m:f!f: ' setting
of the sun,' ro<ITT,:
' reception, showing respect,' fm:;;aim::,
~:, srafim:,
&o.
§ 234, The 'Riefformations ( see Chap. XI. ) are also classed
as prepositional Tatpurusha. compounds; as !g'~i!\"«l' having
turned white what was not so before.

• P&n.I. 4. 63-71.
t PAl;I.I. 4. 77-78.
:]:PAn.I. 4. 73-76. ( :a-tl'~ffl 1 ).
a:r.r11l"rifrwl'
 144 [ § 235-231

6, UPAPA.DA Oo:M:l'OcNDS.

§ 235. When the second member of a Tat. Comp. is a root-

noun derived from a root which takes a particular K#t affix
by virtue of the presence of 1ihe first member, it is called an
Upapada Tat.; as ~ ~IT% ~!\: 'a potter;' so m1f
~ '~!'m'IT: ' one who chants a verse of the Slman Veda {
.;t;;J-~ ~m • desirous of meat'; mmla:rly at~lfilffl'
( ~ ~W) 'bought for a horse', ~r 'a female tortoise/
&c. The noun prefixed to the last member, i;uch as ii:~, is,
called an upapada.<I-
N. B. The latter member of such compounds must nei-
ther be ihe conjugated form of a root nor a separate verbal
derivative i. e. fo1med inde-pendently of the last member; e. 9.
~ is not an Upapada Tat., as the word "<TI: can be inde-
pendently formed; it is a Gen. Tat. ~1'1TT6 \'I'.:'.:~ i,H::
'11ft'<R:'a cloud' or 'the female breast.'
§ 236. Sometimes the second member of an Upapadat
Tat. my be a Namulanta or the verbal 1ndeclinable in 3ll:C;aa,_
~ ~ 'he eats having sweetened the food;' ~~
'having dined first;' sometimes this compound is optional.
~<frl'T<tt
"' or ~;:i-
"' :g-qw'
~~ he eats the condiment with 11,
.,,,
:raddish/ &c.

§ 237. Some upapaiiassuch as ;i-i:,-1"1~:,~, m<rn:, &c.

also optionally form compounds with the verbal indeclinable
in m ( changeable to 1:f)i as :ai:~~:i:r
( or :;ri-: 1/!i1<1'T
), ~-
~, l!'ffii~, ;Jr.nW,;;.r, ~, &e. For farther parti-
enlare vide the Chapter on verbal derivatives

* ~ ~m:imll'l:1 Pan.III. l. 92. •eni:~~q~ ;i;i:fofmrv;fi;

~ m1!'r
~ nii'€i't ~tl<{~ ~ra I Sid. Kan,
 TATPUBUSJU 007\[POUNDS, 145

GENERAL RULES APPLICAllLE TO Tll'.E

TATPURUSHA 00MPOUNDS.

§ 238. ~The word ~~ at the and of a Tatpurusha compound.

cliimges i.ts firial to ~ when preceded by a numeral or an inde-
clinable, as~ ~~8"1" ;.rmo,1-Hi. ~ ~ 'a piece of wood
meru;ndng two fi;gers,' ~fe-~ ~~ &c.
"' "'
§ 239, The following words, when at the end of a Tatpu-
:rnsha, drop the final vowel, together with the followrng
consonant if there be any, and add <I{ under the circumstances,
mentioned:-
( a ) t '{TT~when preceded by a numeral, an indeclinable, a
word expressive of a part of the whole, such as ~' ~, &c.,
or by the words ~of,ffi§<ITi'f and llllf: as ~i:rr:n:;.rr: ,a-mg-F(':
~ an aggregate of two nights ( Dw1. ); ~'if~r-m ii:rf;n:mt-
~: that has passed a night, the dead of night; ~ :mr:~:
the first part of the night; rnuri: ~:, ~Tt'!l m~:
~ltm3:, ~usr: an auspicious night.
The eame happens when ~ns- is preceded by :s:ril"'l'..
in a.
"131"~,;;r3l"ffll=I'".
Dwandwe.;as a:t&'!ll"
(b) :j: m;;;:i:, a:t&'l'..
and~;
as~: u:.rr~r:.f: 11great king,
~ ,u:;;T~Tsii:,
isui:f <li&',a-~;rnr:
an excellent day, tf,i;" 'i:i"
m: If~'; Rr~r: ~i.nrr~,~ , so Slit', 'IJC?lfg-:,&c.~ a:t&'
~ a holy day, :gfir,lr~, ( v1de § z45. l;. ), i!ii~lli~ ~r
~~: &c.
(c) Exceptions§-~~ when preceded by an indeolinable, 01 a

"'<'1~,;:r,F>:IT'W&i:
~oll"T~t: I Pan. V. 4. 86.
t :a:r{: ~~~~@~~ :mr:
t Pan. V. 4, 87.
:j:m;rg-: 'l:TT~!l'~ I Pan. V. 4. 91.
§ ~fS{li q-a-.~: I Pan. v. 4, 88.
H. S, G. 10.
 146

word denoting a pa.rt of the whole, or by 'I:!<!'

or by a. nnmeuJ
with a Trrdiihitaaffix added to the whole compound, becomes
~; as ~.r&: exceeding a day (in duration) a:i~:, ~®'
r,x;:r~: :\r,f: ~m:
forenoon, .i1tr@i:the whole day, 1.i~!fl11'fll\":,
( ·i;if fem ), a~~: &c.; with mm the change is opti.on•l;
a;i fflf<if'&'\', or&:.
1\c B. The",i: of the substitute is changed to ~ when preceded
by,:: belonging to the first member ending in a:r; as 1:l'of!@i:;
bnt
~ aii: ~~: ( as tiTTends in SIT).
( d) t er~ when preceded by !m'f or !lrrl,and ,:,;;,.i:by ati'itor
an inanimate object with which it is compounded; e. g. mm=ir
~ ll'TJ:rn~:'a village carpenter ,. • one not ve,y skilful;'~
( ~• ) ~
'Ii'<!"'q;:"\a-. "<m'l'r mi\f:
1!q1T~ 'an independent
carpenter'; :;,;fi,~: [ ,rm: ] 'fleeter than a dog'; a:tre'<fr ( worsa
than a dog's life ) ®r; ~: 'a dog like i. •·
"i!f vf 'o'lfc!;o/il:
bad or unlucky throw of dice;' but ~ 'a monkey ltke
a dog'.
(•)+1:l"P-1"<1when preceded by ei'f\, -[Ii or ~ or by a word
denoting o.n iM!l!mate object with which it is componnde,d;
~,i:;,:;i: 'the 11pperpart of the thigh', ~~3\ 'the thigh of
a dear,' 'l~'«ll''lll\, '<ra"elii~ ;af!N ~ •a thigh hke a.
board'.
( f) A numeral when eomponni!ed in a Tat. Rirarfi\'
i3"11tn:
'Nr!\Jr( ~ ) more than thirty; ITT<f: fsr-~«'
fatfiin-nf;r
f;t~: ~: a sword more than thirty fingers in length:'
§ ~40. The following words have an a;-added to them when
at the end of a Tatpurnsha compound:-
:r;r
(a) ,xcept when a Tad. aff. is added and tbendropped§; e.g.

"'a;1i\'s~rn: i Ps.n. VEI 4. 7.

t ~rew.rr~ ffltllf· I :.r1t:\'!!';;:,~ITTi!"T~,fui~ I Pan. V. 4.
)6-97.
t 'a"'i'Fl."1[11~:;; ~- I Pan. V. 4. 98,
§ ii'm!R'{n~ 1 Pan. V. 4. 92.
 § 240-241] TAn>UBUSJIAO0:HP0UNDS, 147

,mffl!i"; an excellent bnll, ~;r!i-( a oollectionof five cows)

\'for:,but ~: exchangedor barteredfor two cows.
( 0) $ ~ meaning•chiefor eminent'.at'llf,'IT~ t<f 31'\imrit;
1thechief of horsesi. e. an excellenthorse.'
( c) i T.beworddar,:i~ ~' ~ and ~~ when they de-
notea class or form names;~it: ( i?l{IJ'l'f:.r,r:) • 11cart-load,'
.rrr,r~: 'a kitchen'; :atllffi';i:Ji:
'a kind of stone like the moon-
stone' [ in this casethe final ~ is dropped]; ~ ' black
iron', i:r~~ 'a lake full of frogs'; ~ 'a lake of
that name'
( d) t ~ at the end of a Dwign, except when the Tad. affix
h dropped), as gn.,rr
lfl\:!ITJi11To:
~;;r,r~: ( when the afi. IS
not dropped), ft~ 'a collection of two boats', so ~
&c;but q?.ilf~: ~- a;'ra: ffl:, also when it is precededby
:at\t;&i ;nir: ~ :at\r.lf~ the nButei·is irregular ( ~<I: Sid.
Kan).
( s }§ m( a measureof corn ) under similar circumstances
takesthe a:roptionally, the final { being droppedbefore it;
~-ft:~-R-
(f) + a:!'llf~, precededby it or f:1-in a Dwign, optionally
takes a:i, exceptwhen the Tad. a:ff.is dropped, before which
the li~a! t is drotped;~~-@! 'two handfuls': but W~lll''llf·
~m §'.'il''llfra':I
SfiTff:
§ 241. tt The 'I:_of ~ is optionallydroppedwhenpreced-

t1 S'fll'~Q'~: 1PAn.V, 4. 9S.

t ~: ~ :ilitti<i~<11,
I P,n. V. 4. 94
iiirr:I i!m Pan.V.4. 99. 100.
:j:.:rr.ft
§ \lfNf.~ I PAn.V. 4. 101,
+ fir1r.:im:r~: I Pan.V. 4,102.
tt i!lTIIIToili!qqlliQIQ!'( I ~lll""..q(f{~ I Pan. V. 4.
104.105,
 148 [ § 241-244

ed by ii and~; i~-~: a bad Bra.hmai;ia,;m-;;rijTT~:. The

ia dropped necessarily when the compound implies the coun-
:s:_
try in wlllch the Brahmar;iadwells; e. g. ~ a Brabmai;ia
dwelling in Surashtra.

§ 142. "'l'b.eword ~ is changed to~ when it forme the

first memberof a Karmad.ha.rayaor a Bahuvrihi compound, or
when the termination G'ffiil<I
follows; as ~- the great god,
~rt: a great arm ( Tat. ) or one having a great arm (Bah.);
;ig1..i1EfN:;but ;mi-:~~~ (Gen.Tat.).

~~ and
Exooption:-When it is followed by<ITT{, fel-f~ the
change takes place necessarily; if~ ~ <IT ~: ~;::;
eimilady ~-, tmfet~;.
§ 243. t ~ becomes~ when followed by lf;\if® and if!,
and the compoundso farmed conveyathe sense of 'an oblation •
and 'yoked to' reapeotively; a{~T<f.~: 'prepared or offered in,
( ~~) 'a caniaga with eight
eigll.t pans ' ( <i!i:'rsm:); <!i'e!f-lfei'
bullocks yoked to it'.
§ :!44. ~All the rules given &hove:for tha change of the,
finais of the Tat, compounds do not hold good in the case of
the Neg. Tat; e. g. ;:r :m;r ~ one not a king; ;:r ~ffl
~,&c.

( a) But in the case of the word G'Nitthe final ~ is op-

tionally dropped and at added; ~~ or :.{q1<l;'f: 'absence of a
:road'.~ whenso modifiedrn a Tat.is neu,;§ (but :a1~: ~~:).

~ ~: mw!YN~nfiw: I Pan. VI. 3. 46, and the

Vartikas on it.
t '-'!e,£: Q ~ I till£:;i- ~ffi"I Vartikas.
+,li>l@il:!,';i'V!O::
I G'~ ~ I Pan. V. 4. 71, 72.
§ s:R~ if~~ I Pan, II. 4. 3.
 § 245] TATPURUSHA, l:49

GENDERS OF TATP1JRUSRA COMPOUNDS,

§ 245, lfl,.s a general rule a Tatpurusha compound follows

the gendar o:l:the final noun,
Exceptions t-
(a) Compo11ndewith !ff'i'I' and 3'fft\'oi"for their first member
and the Pradi compounds follow the gender of the words they
;;'{:, >Irnm~oi;r<iiff,~,it~,r:
qualify; i:rrn:;,?ri~1':i: ~: &c.
(b) A Tatpnmeha ending in ITT, <>ill'{and :enrb mascuUm,
except when s1:rsris preceded by a numeral and ~ by ~
1J.ndl.'!~, e. g. ~'CTST:,~:, ~:, il<l'S:f=T~,il"JT~,
~~, ~~T~; also that ending in q;i;r ( substituted :for
~, vide § 280 ) preceded by 11, numeral or an indeclinable;
as :ii<ll'!iiT~: f=i~, ~tr: o:r,:m: f.tq-~, a bad or a wrong
way; bot ~,:r,:m:,mffq.;~: as they do not end in~; (see§ 285 )
(c) +A. collective Dwign is neu.; but that ending in 3f is
generally femini,ie, and th11t ending in an is optionally so in
which case it takes the termination f; q~ift a collection of
~r,:rt
five cows; Sf7<TO'!T m:mT{: f5r;:;rr<€1';
but '6~,
ffi~;'il'l;, "'l"iJi~ &c.; q':;;;ff;;f ~!rll ~IHg'T{t G'~!, Gl<i'"l'~<l'_.
The ;i:_o:f final ai-~ is dropped and the Dwigu is optionally
feminineq-s:~~-~, ( fr. v:r:;:,;;i-+
0~ a carpener ) •

., IR~ff ~<!J:'<i'l<IT'I Pan. II. 4. 26.

t ~Sl'ftffit:f'iiI~'le!i!ffi~ 1 Vart. ~~: !if~ I Pan. II.
4. 29. ~i:rrii:rui Wr.ni; I Std. Kan. !:!:~gf~i'l'fWl<fii(: WTira'a°f
!
<r'<I':
~S611'1!TT~: I Vartika.s.
t '13'-tll:\i~ 1 Pan II. 4 17. a;g;1~r'ff~\TlTT ft!i: mtrrf"'1::
I
~) •fr I 3fiTTil'~rqg;.r ~r T~: fu"~ l t;T:;lfli!l';:a-~ if I
Va.rtikas on ibid,
 150

(d) !F A Tatpurusha e:udingin ~~ and ~~ is of the neu~

itr gender, whan the iilea of ~~ 'being the first' of what is
known or commen,;ieil
( introdllced ) is meant to be expressed;
11:f!~tf;ffr G!fillstl;sl~
w,:~: the work ( grammar ) first taught
o:rcomposedby Panini. ;i~ iiw:the diona ( a measure of
co?n ) fust brought into use in the reign of King Nanda.
( e) ~ A Tatp1mrnhaending in fill'TTis neuter when the objecte
casting the shade are many {lfillTfl~.
(f) t A. Tatpurnsha. having for its first member a synonym
of ~ ( and not u.r-:i: itself ) or the words ~<¼!~,fq-~ &c.
and ~ for its latter member is neuter; as {;r,;f~, f~,r:ii:_,
a king's council; but,~; ~:~, ~'<ral{"l:i aleo that
ending in ~ when it means 'a multitude'; as ~~ 'an
assl!llllblyof women'; but \l:i{,a'llTm the senseof \'f~~i•
( p ) X .A.Tatpurusha ending in ~, iaU, ~r, ~ and·
f~ rn optionally neuter; ~;ir,rr~, ~!i,FT-~ malt hqnor,
beer, itil-r.¥J>i4i·~~ the shadow o:f a wall; m~ra,--~, Slcifii'·
~r-~ ( the 14th day of the dark hall of a month, so called
becausecertain dogs observe a fast on this night, according to
the Sa.barabhasbya).
N. B. These znleahold good in the case of Tat. alone; so
~T mn-(:Bah.); a:;~;;r ( Neg Tat.), tf\~;rf (Karro.).

¼, 'i'l~l<liil'I ffiflsllRl~Tmtr!lJ_ I Pan.II. 4. 21. a-~r m;mi

fflit ;iif?.iro,l .rq,i;;r: I Amara..
§ ~ ~~ l Pan. II. 4. 22.
! ,;;m rr.;rs~ l Pa.n. II. 4. 23. ~~ Va.rt -
~ :q l Pan. II. 4. 24. S-h-id¼~i..{1' ~ ~: fq-/iil+.lli::J-
~ Sid. Xa11.
X ~ .:::,{l-;i1-5-(-1~-~~r~~ I Pan. II. 4. 25.
 Burov,ti.im. 151

III. BAJIUvnim OR 'IBE .l'.[TRIBUTIVE O0:MPOUNDS,

§ 246. ~ A Bahuvdhi compound consists of two or more
nouns in apposition to each other the attributive member be-
ing placed first and denotes or refers to something else than
,rl:lat is expressed by its members, It generally attributes tbat
whioh is expressed by its second member, determined or modi-
fied by what 1s denoted by its first member, to something
denoted by Dt:J1tberof the two; e. g, tl'gmg: ' one whose arm is
great; ' !fiofr.R:: ' one wboee garment is yellow. ' When dis-
solved it must have the pronoun tra:_in any one o:f the oblique
case&:as ii'~ \iffil ~~ ~ ;m.rrg: [ ;ra: ]; lfi'fi' ap:,it ~ ~
q-~: [ g-~. J. A Bahuvrilu compound partakes of the nature
of an adJect1ve and assumes the gender o:f the substantive
it qualifies.
Note-In English such compounds are by no means rare ;
cj. high-souled, good-natured, narrow-minded &c.
N. B. The d1:1Ierencebetween a Karm. and Bab. comp. is
this:-In the former, one of the member alone 1s in apposition
to the substa.nt1ve it qualifies, while in the latter the whole
compound is an adjective. In the former the sense is complete in
the comp. itself; 1n tbe latter it is not so; B. g.~l!W,lllf:i!cJ:, here
one of the members v1~. ~= is in apposition to i!®'l and
therefore the comp. is a Ka1m. ~: as a Karm. nmply
means ~~5l<lnt'r;rr~: 'a deep sound,' and the sense 1s complete;
as a Bah. it is equivalent to ffi: ;,'f,{: ~ 'some one whose
sound is deep '; here the sense is not complete unless it is known
whose sound 11 meant.
S247. Bahuvrihi compounds are divided into two cla1ses,
MMl"'ifi<Ulii!!irii' and ~ot~ffl- t
* ~Wij- I Pa.n, Il. 2. ::14.~RNil'~f~ ~
~:1Tb,
t Strictly speaking this is not a di vision of the Bah. but an
exception to the general rule. We have given it as a separate
division to avoid confusion.
 152 l § 247-249
( a:) That is a Sama.nadhika.ranaB!lh. in whfoh both the mem-
bera are in apposition to each other i.,.
have the same caae
.relation when dissolved. There are six kinds of this according
as the~ is in any one of the six oblique ea.sea;,. g. trTGt~
cl"3tit ~!l'T11:, ,3ii': ~~: ~;; atm-~: iii!~, ~:qr:
~s:r.~:w:, ~: ~:~:m~~.iftcf
~ <ll:~ :a-lfiaw.m
ffl~,<ftu:!mi- l:lf'~ :a-"
l!f~~ !I'll{: I

§ 248. A Yyadhikarar;ia Bah. is that whose members are not in

.apposition to each other i. e. are in different c11Seswhen dissolved.
.A.Y yadhikarar;ia Bah. lS not allowed in any case except in the
Genitive and the Locative;., as "l'i' lfTlJft l:IW {i ~: gft:,
~" ~~ {i ~: t; BO ~\'f:, ~~:, &c.
~~ ffi ~~) ~l~li&°l(H: &c.; but qm~ ~: ii
.not allowed.
§ 249 QT,,-The Bah. compounds are also further divided
into two kinds; ~t~~r(i: and Sld~U((:iC-;ttti!~:.
That in which the sense of the attributive member is alao pre-
sent is called Tadgu'{l,asamdj'{l,ana. qrcffr.R ~ is an
instance of the first; here such a ~1'is meant as has the yellow
ailk garment actually on. l~ ifl1f :a:iJifll is of the other;

*~~llGf ~r I Pan. II. 2. 35. In a Bah. the noun

in the Loe. a.nd an adjectival word are placed first; S'ffl'~
~an~ q?fll1: 1 Sid.Kan.
t This ia allowed by the Y~rt. ' <3t!l¼i4+Hi!'(•{q4w1~-
1J~ ~ I In a Bah.comp. the word follow,ng a noun in the
Loe. or an upamtnapadr.i ( a) noun denoting a standard of com-
parison ) is dropped: so thia ought to be properly analysed as
~ ~: 'oli'ffl~:v,;~1'1' $f1'iff~ ~ ,,...liillf.a, I
.:Butlater grammarians,such as V&nana, Bhattoji &c., ha't'e
rejected this VArt. altogether as of no practical value.
 § 249-252] BA:a:uvni:a:x. 153

~ere what is meant is herdsman only and not hiR variegated

<'JOWS,

§ 250. *The negative particle at or and prepositions,

i:J!'t_
may,sometimes, form Bah. compounds with substantives; the
-verbalderivatives used to express their seuse may be optionally
reta.i.ned; ,ij~;i:('qr;;: s;:r: ~ 'a' 31P', S!'QlffitMqur'if.r Q'~ '6'
srqui:a tree with its leaves dropped; f.lirrrr 'i!lllT':f~ ~ ~:
ruthless; :a-~i:11' <prl:f\f ~ ~ si'lq'iil·H::with the neck uplifted;
·~ iif~~ ll'!:11 ~ f.nftr'i@,dead &c. Also !llf~i/.llllw\$1,,
~: &c.; !lll'7n1\'llt~: m :a{f~U irr: a milk-cow
( wherearn'o is an indec~iuo.blemeaning •having' ),

§ 251 t The particle ~ may be compounded with a noun

,in the Instrumental ca!e i11 a Bahuvrihi when there is equal
participation in eome action; in this case 'l'I( optionally ~
,comes'l'fi as ~or~ ~= or~:.
(a) '13'( remains unchanged when the compound involes a
blessing but 1s necessarily changed to s:I'when followed by ii'r
a cow, ,m:r or~ a plough, even when a blessing is pro-
a 0111£,
,nonnced; as ~If I(~ ~, 'l'l~!:1', &c.; ~, ~~,

~- § 252. i A compound of an indeclinable or a numeral or of

ifflre', 31'{{ or a:ifih;with a numeral is a Bahuvrihi. In the

.,.ll'Tfi:fl:q'r
1,u11:.r'!:Q'
cfl''o\ll'
'IT ~•lf<f~)q-: , .rs:ft
s~hrr <itWT
<11
·'qJit(q~mq; 1 Vartikas on Pan. II, 2, 24.
fa';;:etlff~i'r I Pa.n.II .2. 28, -<M:Nlw\'EQI Sffl(,qil~ll't t
•Pan. VI. S. 82-83. a:imcrffl'(~~ ~ 1 Va.rt, The restriction
ii~ is not UD.1versalas there aro instances in which there
is no equal participation; e, g. '€1<6'&:r16',
:firtm:lli',:i:rqlfl"15'
&c.; hence
the Vr1ttikar11 remarks-' 1:UNik efcl'~~fit
ijt:'!.Tl:rTli'
~ mer I D1kshitaalso says gC,:<l'Ql•I◄'<14 q~ 1
t ~,Qq1.m:11a1~1~: mlf t PAD.II. 2. 25.
 154 [ § 252-254

formation of such compounds the fin11lvowel except that of'

q and tf111',or the final consonant with the preceding vowel
of the latter numeral and the liffiof fihrra1fare dropped and
aradded; l:W'(iIT a-
~i1r ii"~~ ;.q;ror: 'about ten' i. e. nine or
eleven, t ,rr '5l'in-
i:IT ~: t
•two or three': ITT EflfoTltT ~;
'fi::~ '<i:ifft<mr:•ten repeated twice i. o. twenty ; so 1~:
&c.; ~er: an~~: 31'1~: •nearly twenty', ~: 3l{U:
~¾f: 'not tar from thirty', :amr,i;'el<lil~m: 'more than
r
forty': bnt ~er·, i:sq.J"Gff. ~ preceded by ;a-q-or fs- does
not drop any letter but simply has an ;at added to it ; :i!ft ITT
~ITT~:,~ ~ ~Rf ff i:s1Rl'fXU:,
·~11:ffit
§ 253. :;Sames of directions may form a Bahnvrihi com-
pound and signify the point of dmction between them; qt~-
~~ mrrs;:amf ef~~T; !O ~. &c. But if the
wo1ds so compounded are not the names of quarters, no com-
pound is possible; as q.:ilim' ffl1rl'~ R~ the point bet-
ween the East and the North, a:id not ~iR'r as these are
not the namesof tLe Eastern and Northern quarters.
§ 254. The following words drop their final vowel or the
final consonant with the preceding vowel and take at when at
the end of a Bah. eomponnd:-
(a) § ~ and :r:rf.p:r•both meaning parts of the body';
~ :a;f~r ~q- ~ :.:r~: •one whose eyes are like lotuses';
~ ~ ~ "" ~!(f: 'one having long thighs ' 1
'spindlelegged'; Q~ t!I' ~ llffi: m ~ ( ~ );

•~r ~ •lN1<14i1011a_1
im'ii~1ti1l1nI Pin. V. 4. 75;.
VI. 4. 142. ~~ :qus~ 1 Vart, under Pan. V. 4. 77.
(aeeart. § 284 ).
t ~ ~{ (;,~: 1 Sid. Kan. ( for the form ie the same in.
iotheasee,)
t fa~ili411Rl"'ff<I~ I Pln. II. 2. 26,
§ qsftil mp;r~): ~ I Fan. V. 4. 113.
 § 254 151.i

lint ~ffl'W~11'£~ 'a Oillrt with long poles'; ~~~f ~igirfi:'a

bamboo stick with big eyelike ( where a:ris added by
§ 282 ( c ) a!ld hence the feminin8 ends in :sfT; see N. B. Fo:r
~ seealso ( e) below.

N. B Thefam. of Bah. compounds ending in "'I~ is formed

by addingarr when it qualifiesan inanimate object,
( b) "~ra', when the compound is an attribute o:fffii ~
~lltll'~ff;q~i sf~ ( :a:i~•@mm<Tq-.f ~r,:q-r~~~ll'lll<ITTa.i:);
birl q;;~i: ii~l'f:"'thehand b";ving five fingers.

(c) -t 'l'he words ~l:T~ preceded by fa or r~, ~m'l;

preceded
and <tf?:,and ;t~ used in apposition to the name of 11
by :.!"""<ii;
constellation of stars; ift ~ i:f~~ ~ ~tl..f: two-headed;~:;.
bnt ~~; 3,;:fl"~Tf1:;orri~To:, "J<Ti'
iffH ;;i-m
m: lF!il'll"F~131<:
•nightsof which the Mriga constellation is the leader' u. •whose
positionin the heavens marks their advance;' so !J;StrifErr:&c.

(d) t Fomini/18words ending in a termination showing ' a

complementof,' and the word i:rirriifi";e, g. ~rofr 'l!i''i:lm"
~
n:rruri!ff: ~~TOT!~'<.i~r,tt:n.;:; ' nights whose complement is an
auspiciousfifth night.' efr smrui't ~rur: 'one who~e
i:r~ :a:t<'TT
authorityis a woman.'
( C) § ,raand :a-I<!'~
optionally become ~ and ~~ when
precededby s:r,~ or ij"; :at&g:-~: havmg no plough; enr,N:--

* ~'A'~c/il'E•NI
I Pan.V. 4. 114.
t 1'ir~t
q-~1:.-.r: I :al~fptIT "'I" ~1;1: I Pan. V. 4., 115, 117.
~~ :aw.ra;;;i:r:I Va.rt.
t at~{l!Tlsn:llmJT:
1 Pan. V. 4. 116,
§ ~%:ij'+i:rftra13"ilf!1.~"n:•!:ffim'f'l'.
I Pan. V. 4. 121.ql'~Tl~ra·
l!'raR!~ : Sid, Kan.
 158 [ § ::56-251

~ :rr,:\T'<i,'?wi:mi:,I'l'm~~ ~; so '/!!'<IT~a dinner l.n

which there ia a scanty supply of ghee, &o ; mi:r ~<i .r,:~: <1~1:!'
n\l ~<!Y~ ' that which has the smell o:f a lotus.'
( d) % mra;,;r becomes;re when it is preceded by a prepo-
8ition or when the compound is used as a distinguishing name
ar;d it is precededby any word except ~~(ll'; '31\ffT;;rf~ <l't<!'~
-~: 'one having a prominent nose,' !:11l{;:r: 'one having a good
no,e 'ef«r1/fT~ <1'~ ~: t' one whose nose is hke a tree,'
~ becomes;;ie:_
{large-nosed;' but ~'!'J.~IB'i!i:. optionally when
precede:! by~ or~; as ~O'f<:f:. or ~~orr: 'hav;ng- a nose hke
a horse's hoof i. e. flat; ' ~'(llfl'i:-;irr. ' sharp-nosed ' .in«q;r
when preoededbyft becomes!I" or ~lf, as f.rrrcrr;;rfuq;-r ~ 'l'f
fhr or ~q-: ' one havmg a deformed nose. '
§ 25i, The following words lose their final vowel when at
the end of a Dahuvrrhi:-

a ) t The word q-ri'l: when it is preceded hy a numeral or ~

or when the eompoundinvolves comparison and it is not preced-
ed by l\l word of the ff1•Tl're: anr, ~ii.~, ~""l",
group ( !ITffl<J:, cf-<nn,
~, :rru"G, ;,n:;fr, ~fiirq;r and aon:e others ). irq-,?r ~rn:
~l:!"
11 biped; Wl"fq_ lair-footed; ( ~i:<l" ~<!"~1 ~, ) &c. but
~!~, ~~w-llci:, &c.

( &) ~becomes~ and the comp, takes If

in the fem" in
the case of the words ~v.fr, and others { i, e. tl'l'W,tttli"G";fr,
:;;r~, '!f,3'~, mfr, ftq{f, f;rq':fj',imrrm,
~oQ'sfT, ~~r,
~;fr, &c.;) § hut S?t:.f'l'w.:mas.

"' ~ ij'ffif:iw-l'f:~ ~~ 'iffl~T<I_ I irtf<:fif!'o'ol'

l Pau. V. 4.
118. 119 ~1 "lmol.l- 1 ~s;a- Vi\rt1kas.
t lf._ef'tlf~t"f:
O • 0
I ~'Tigiw""I. I Pan. VlII. 4. 3. 28
~ ~ ~s~..:r: 1 ~rn:g ~:;forI Pan. V 4. 138. 14.0.
§ ~Wii:fll: ~ I Pan. V. 4, 139,
 '§251-25b]

( c) "~ necessarily when it i.s preea,fodhy a m1m0r,1l or "'3'

indicating age, or when the wholo compounc1 forms a [einhdne
·:name•and optional.Jy when it is pwc(l<ledby '!i<l'T<I'. r..
1 • ~ ' ~ -~
wordendmg m 31:tr,§J~, ~~, :;rllf, or l:l"{fil'i tr 1fo'nf~f<f :a-Tll:~'3'.
,11child so sm~,ll11sto have two t~oth only;' 'f'{ <t"nrsfi~ I·"IT~;
mir.rr~ ::.,~ liof~, ;gr;pfr ( i. o. youthful) f0m; 011!< m;~"o:
,ro,,:f!f,'ff:( l:mrin.e: beautiful teeth) ~:;-q-·, ~r ( both
proper nsroes,) &c. but 'iffW)f"Rf h~ving on•n row" of teeth;
~r (black) ct'"iiT~~ '8' ~reyar,,::,;;c1: 1 ~~'rii;'r~-c;:;:1,: having
blackor thick-sot teeth; ~fflja-n:re;:'i;"ti•, h11viugtt,•t'., like th,i
l?oinhof buds, ~,nt'l:-"n' &c.
( d) j 'PW~' when the compound dono!cs 11 ~ta~c
of growth;' 31::;;1;;i:'!i"W°Et
:q~ 'Ef: 31::r-f[i'ii'!,~ 'a lmll Umt hns Mt
got his hump as yot' 'I,. e. ' who is vory ~-l\m,1;'; ahH' whon it
1sprecededby 'l:f m,d tbc compound <lcaipmt.,, tho mon11t!Lln
,ofthat name; as Btsr,i@a:: '11amo of :t n,onntuin Ivith throe
peak,'; but ~cl'i~·' havi11gthroe humps'.
(e) § ofi'~~ •tho pala,te' ( 1!,f~tmi;§Kas.) Mcessarily whoa
precededby !3"0::and J~ and opt10nally when pMiodu(lby ~llf; as
f.T~rwa:;
~,,J;Tfq_, i-h1:::r~a:·g,;-q":. .
§ 258. i I &["qlr \S changed to [<'{ when pmcdotl
meaning'a foend ', or an 'cucmy' respoctivcly; <T~
'ET~~ 1 a friend', ~a:' an enemy'; lrnt \1:i<'fi.p:r:
',,no who liaB
got a good heart' i. e. 'one who u; ablo to a,ppree1•1t":aiorite',
&c; ~q!f: 'a man of wicked intontions.'

if,i'o<fll' qi[ I m-i:rr

111fll'T% 13°~<!"!~I {;:ii,fqf 1i'<"TCiTl(1>:f-i-'
1•H..: I

S!>IT'(f~~lif,['V•,n:r°%+il'~I Pun V. 4. J.11. 14'.i-U:,.

I SeeFoot-note p. 102.
t !fi~Q'T!f~qrtrt ._;i-)q-:
l f:.~,cpf~ I Pin V •I. 14h, 1•17.
§ ~fu:.Qtc!iff1f8i 'l_t1i'/f'«-:i1m
I l'fin.,V. 4. 148.119.
tt li~~tu~ra:fi:rr:Pan. v. 4. 150.
160 f § 259-260
§ 259. 4 Two nouns. alike in :from in the Loe, and meaning
•something that can be seized,' o:r m the Instrumental, mea,n.
ing 'weapons o, things used as weapons,' may be compounded
in a Bab. when the sense is 'the fight thus began' and the idea
of an exchange of action is 'to be implied, In such compounde
the final vowel of the first member is lengthened and that of
the eecond is changed to~ The compounds so formed are 0£
the nature o:i Avyaylbha.vas and are indec!inable. The final ,:i'
t
takes Gnna substitute before the final t; e g. t~ ~~ 1J:ir-
~ ~ ~ ~;~ ' a battle in which the warriors fight
seizing each other's hair'; ~isicr~il<I" ~ ;g~ i.-~ ,tm·
~g; similarly giffli~, il't~, ~ii'!~, ~mg~ii, &c.~
bnt if the instruments used by both the parties be not the same,
no compound is possibie; il'~<:!rn' will, therefore, be wrong.
Obs,-( a ) The iollowrng words also change their final to if;
j) ~m <rf?i:..i:i~ a~ ~; !imilarly T~~IB, :a--rr~'lll:rt
~, ,.-11tf~n,
~~a, :a-i.r~mrr-'<!for,0~ &c.
§ 260. t The following Bahuvrihis are laid down as irre-
gular. ~ ~ ~Er• m, 'one having an auspicious
morning or a day having an anpicious dawn'; see Bhatti. II.
49. 'fiTfl'R"ii: :;w:r W<f:' having an auspicious morrow;'
~ ~ la'f~' 'one who has passed a happy day', ~{~!f
~ mft~: 'having a round belly;' ~s~~ 'iiijffl-
~fonr-cornered, quadrangular;' trJ<rr ( of a :femaleblack deer ),
{<f 'tm 3R<I'~:. ~:, ITTSW~ ~r ~ m~: having
the feet like those of a bull'.

,,_~ 'a~~f;.ifcr
~ I Pan II. 2. 27. ~ ~Tffi 'l'!'~
lit~ '<f l<'~Tffl ~ ~ ~~ij ~ ii,i{&.l'TR'il'll
~~ 'I:!'<iijai~- 1 Sid. Kau.
§ ~n:rr"<r ~ff 1 ~~ !IS~~R: i Pan. VI. 3. 137. V. 4.
127. ra~furi!i~<;<I' lfi~W<fl.W.<1l'l1~ 'q' I Sid. Kan.
~: I Pan. VI. 4 146.
tl:!!.tldlt"q~~R@'~~q~~snirtr,tT: l Pb, V.4.120;:.
 § 261-264] 161

§ 261. "The words ~'3:, ~6;_, s!":;rr"ll, ~, ~' lll'T~-<ifr ..nd

~• ~, ~'6;_, ;i) and ~-~'I' when used in the singular, have a
~ added to them, when they form the latter member of a Bah.
comp.; ~ ( expanded, well-developed) (R: ~ ~~:,
~qq,: 'one fond of ghee ', &o. lf<i,: ~ ~ amr
~:
, lJ.avillg01.,eman only', &c; when~~ and the woxdsfollowing
jt are used in the dual and the plural they take ;;; optionally.
-rn;~or ff!I~~:&c.
(a) ~ takes the final 1$, necessarilywhen precededby or,,:
and optiona1lyin any other case; :or,;~: 'UEelesa';but :sJ:'lN•\llit
'me!l.llingless'
ot'i:f,.
§ 262.t A fim. Bah. ending in ii"ii;takes tlus q;' necessarily;
as ~<laT il<IU'a city having muny ascetics', ~TT~~
'an assemblyhaving many eloquent speakers in it'; but ~~.fr
or ~efii'm m!il": ( vide § 268 below), as it is mas.
§ 263. +And as a general rule, when the final word of a Bah.
comp.does not undergo any additions or a.lteratione mentioned
in the :foregoingrnle!, it optionally takes the affi:i:
tj;. ~<!i:-

~r: 'ormighty glory'; but :a'ff~'ll!IT,

~, ~~: &c.
§ 264. But if the la1t word oi a Bah. compoundbe a fem.
noun ending in { or ~ not capable of being changed into VJ:_or
:a-e-
before the vowel case termination, or 1£ it ends in >ii, <Ii is
m ~~ il<I:{~,1; oil"!~, ~;;ftq;-r
ne~isarily affi:i:ed;i"<R:
~:, ~1\T <fi' :q~ ~ ~'<!!('\-!oj;:, &c.; but ia<Th is an m
exception;<1~1q;:, WI$: &c.
 162 ( § 265-267

§ 265. The final m is optiona.lly shortened befo:re ~; as

~~:-~q;:-;:;ra<1,·' &c.
§ 266, +No $ is affixed
( a ) when the whole compound is used as a name or when it
ends in lr~'i[,
as R~ ~<IT ~w:rfii''l'l:~: ' whose deities are the
Viswedevas'; ~= ~:..,: trf.<I"~~. A Bah. ending m
~f. ( i e. ~:s'r t ) does not shorten its final vowel; e. g.
~: ~ ~ il:§ii:.'tfdr:'one having many excellent wives.'
:But :smf~Rnas a Tatpurnsha.
(b) to the word .m; preceded by a term of praise; ~ '1f@f
,a-Si'~f1!1lmr;but-~~ey;:
trf.<I" one whose brother is a fool.
(c) to the words ;;r& and n:;;fr both refemng to the body of
rui animal; -r~n~: <ITTl1:'the body having many arteries'; i!iff-
~ 'the many-veined neok'; but ~: ~lit: 'a pill.sr
with many ornamental lines'; ~11il ( roan.y-stringed) ;fl'Qli.

(d) to the final of the compound ~: ( f.tqffr~ 'a

weaver's shuttle' <l"~) 11a-:•a new, unbleached garment.'
(e) to componndsformed according to rules §§251, 25.2, lilld
253; a! '!3"\'f,i,,
~,!" , erfu'or~;rr,
&c.
§ 267. In the formatwn of a ~!Tffi~rf?, if the first
member be a fem. noun derived £rom the mas. the affix ~ or
t the mas. is restored if followed by another fem. noun §; Ri=li
<r1:~ 'l:I"~:,
GRm"
'l"fTif:<l'Wiii"·[:.j:,1~:, mtrr~ ~
~G'i\TITT
~:; but ti't!r~r~ ~ :a-.t-rrmq-:; qT~lfr.f.; ~1
!NT<1' ~~ s:i"~!NR": I

"'~1qr.s;:,:ra~~ml
I Pan. VII. 4, 15.

t l'I'~~Tll:_1 mlllfI ~a-~: I::ntm-..q):~lWI ~I

Pan. V. 4, 155-57, 159-60.
t tirer~~ cfl~ I
§ m,r..li~119.~<61i;.-.I,,( ~i~ m<mm1Jftfsmr«
l
Pall.vr. s. 34, ""
 § 268-269] .A:vYA.YU3RA.
1VA, 163

Exception:-( a ) This change in the :firstmember does not

take place, when it is followedby an ordinal ( fem, ) or any c£
the words~t, ~, ~Oil', lJ1PIT,+m'l;,'RN!l'T, ""ffl,~,
arr,:m,~r, ~, ~mtr,~.~and fflWT;as~~.
i:r~ 'ff' ~ufiisrq-: ' one to whom a virtuous woman is dear. '
m ef'ffitf~
:am~:, but ;t ~~ ~: •
( o) If the first memberbe a proper name, an ordinal number,
name of a limb of the body of an animal ending f, llllllle of a

'
not undergo .
class or a word having a penultimate;;i;-in a few cases, it does
this change;~ ( a proper name) ,wrr ll''N IQ' ~-
'IIN=, trt~ihmr:,~\'IN=, u~:,
'f'lit:fr\l'N:, ffi$1'\'IN:,
&c.;but aim \1WT ffl ~ ~\'IN: as the first word does not
-endin{; m;r ~r ffl ~ qr,r;.rii:
&c.

IV. AvYA.YlBRA.'vA
OR ~RE ADVERBIAL Co:M:POUNDS.

§ 268. An Avyayibbiva comp. consists of two membersthe

:lirstof which is, in most cases, an indeclinable ( a preposition
or an adverb) and the seconda nonn, the whole being treated
like the Nom. sing. of neu, nouns. the comp so formed is
indechnable;e. g. :a:r~ 'in Harl'; ai;:m'trft•in a mountain/ &c.

§ 269. In formingthe AvyayibhAvacompoundsthe following

rulesshould be observed:-
( a) The final long vowel is shortened, and the ending q-or
m: mml'
,it is changedto { and ail"to :a-;'Il'q'f1(ttf liT lirn:l
~ Sl'~cra:,3fitf~ after Vishnu, :a'll'!l'near a cow, &c.
( o) tThe final~ of mas.and.fem.nouns in ~ is dropped;and
optionallythat of nsutsrnouns endingin :w.r:_;
:a"!R~; :a"fflli!.~-

•~r~a; ~; I Sid. Kan. ~rqf a;

.Ul¥ti'il,ro,11(.t-fu~ ~r~ lfffii~~o: I Tb.
t ar.flJiiI i1~<1m;:..qa~~1,a:,
Pan. V. 4. 10s, 109.
 164 SANSKRIT G:&A:l.!:M:A.E. [ §269-270

is optionally substituted for the final of .r;fr,q'),m:rrs.11,

( c) '-'<R"
~llillfr !llld f:rift;
~:~, ~'t111+,Rl1i_-fu',:g,:rr!f~'!_-Wf
'near to the full-moon day of Margllll'irsha'; ~~,;ft.
(ii.) +It is also optionally added to all nouns ending in any-
of the fast four letters of a class; (;;"'l't.'lrn'~-~.
( e ) g, is attached to the final of the following nouns when
compoundedin an .A,yay11,.~;-~'«l:, ~' :s:r;;;,a;,
:i:r.r,s:,
i',GT,;Q,
~~.~.~~<!,,~~,~,~~.~,~~ ~,~,l~<r_,
~ { snb.tituted for '5fTT) &c; ~: ~ ~~, ~P-i"-
~., • towards the V 1pasa;'~~llf-~ :a,q~ between two
divisions of the compass. :a,:r~ towards old age, ':lfll!m~
on the sou1, &c.; and to ~ when preceded by srm,q;;:changed
to <rtr.~ and ~, the if of :m~ being dropped; :a;~ur: ~~
qi tro~;;i:
'l:R"~ before one's eyes; a:£~'11' out of eight; ~~,
and ~q'I~ a:!terwards, forthwith.

§ 270. The indeclinables forming Avyaylbhava compounc1s

h:ivc various senses §; e. g. ( 1 ) the meaning of case; as ::frµr
JIB"a,-v,rii'rq-~
' in the protector of the cowherd;' so ~~@'
ef,;m1, al"'o~,.:n;&c.; ( 2 ) ~1;.fit;:r or ' vicuuiy; as ~~IIT'fll"
~M'~lWl:.. near Kr1shi;ia; so ~ &c.1 ( 3 ) :.i:iar~ or
'p1osperity' as :i:fi(Tliff ~~: ~, 'in a country wherein
the M&dras are in a pro,perous condition,' ( 4 ) ~f;l[
( f.i'-r'4tl./;i.'
) or 'bad condition;' as :q~ .iz~. ~~
< when the Yavanas a:ra in a bad condition;' ( 4 ) ~
or absene~; as ~illifi:fiffi:l": f.mfu.i;.i: ' where flies are

~ ;rl[iq1o'i;:i1~~: I ~~ I Pan. V
ftr't:aq 4. no,112.
t ~-: I Pan. V. 4. 111
+a:;.~~ ~"'li: I Pan. V. 4. lOi.
§ aw:iirftll'fv!SB".fmr.,r~f~;rf't,l'!:f@~~m,rq-
ll4 liQ'<!li'l,q;Q'i.!
f <f~~~<l'~f~·,:rr~1'£m!!); I Pan.II. l. 6.
 § 270-271 ] AVYAYI:B:e:AV'A.. 165

utterly absent ' i. e. ' per!ect loneliness ', or ' quiet'; so ~

&c. ( 6 ) ar,q-q-or ' the close o• the transgression of ' as~
~;!:N: a{)~ , 'after the wintry season,' su 311rli:1'8i-d8-, atffl·
m~, anei~' transgressing the proper hmits ', &c; ( 7)
~or' unfitness of time ;' as ~ ~smf..- ~ gfti-en'ff-
~ • past sleeping time ;' as 31@Tii~ ffiffi ~:; ( 8 )
~ or ' manifestation ' as iR~~ Sl'!lif~: ffiig-~ in which
the name Hari is manifested ( loudly uttered ); ( 9 ) ~ or
' after '; as ~: '{lilf~ ~; ( 10 ) i:nTITm111or ' :fitness' as

~ q'fi<iflij@I( ln a corresponding mannPrj so rill'ijijOll'l

agreeably or comfortably to, favourably; &c. ( i1 ) <ftte-r or
'repetition' as at~ s:rdsrfi,-Sf~ 'in every case;' ~~.:1:l&iillT!'I
!:l'•~&, ' every day ;' BO mi:r.rn'I,, &c. ( 12 ) ar.rfn{1% or the
'non-violation of'; 11s ~~i:n+lf •NT~n•~'not going
beyond' i. e 'according to one's power'; so 1:1~fimrt &c.( 13)
m~ or ' sim1lar1ty ': as go~:'QT(~ m1 ' like Ha.n. ' ( 14 )
~ or ' succession in order, priority ', as ;;:'itffl31~
s:rij;;:ira'I( ' according to seniority ', so 31~' according to
t'he proper order,' &c.( 15) ictf~ or' simultaneousness ', as
~ ~irtf<l ~' along with the wheel '· ( 16) ~;ffif or
' power, influence ,' as ~ ~fw: ~W:l ' with the
Kshatriyas in a satisfactory condition, ' or ' very influential '
or' powerful. ' ( 17) ~q- or' entirety, lulness '; as ~'q-
:a:io:m:-~w ~ ' in a manner not leaving out eveu grnss '
orr~;aud ( 18) S!Pifor' end '; as Si;:ffamf!l'~~,fra ri
' tnoluding the work on fire ( which is studied last of all );,
so ~ll'JlllR,., &c.
t
§ 271. ( a ) ~ showing a definite measure may be com-

°'10-13. are the senses of !NT; li'tnrarofrtiST~(i,'[I~-

~~ 'f'<mtf: I Sid Kau.
t ;:r~~W Pln. II. 1, 7, ~ is not compounded when it
indicates similarity; ~ g-ma,qr
~: &c.
t q'f,f~ I PAn..II. 1. 8.
 166

pounded with !ilnyword; e. g. ~: ~r: ~: ~illlTt

tilii""'.5j'l~1 ""l~l'!~T!llf. 'bowing down to Achyuta as many
times as there are Slobs ;' so ~ ~: ~ ~re:-
~~~i;z af~: &c.
§ 272. ~-;rrameaning' very little 'is oompounded with &
no1.1n and is placed last; l:;1l$~ ~:liT- ~!.llff ' very little
vegetable '. But ~ vaj >tmf.iim« ~ where m'ir means•
'towaxiis ••
z 273. t The words 3l'!FJ', and ~~ and a numeral, ars
compounded with q-~ and placed first to express ' loss in a
game '; al~ ~i'I' i'if ~R, ' so as to be a loser by an
unlucky throw of dice ': ~ 'an unlucky throw or
movement o:f one of the pi~ces at a game playedwith Salakas \
~R 'loss of one throw of dice', &c.
§ 274. ( a ) t The prepositions :wl', l'.fr1
and .n'i:and words
derived from the root~ ( imfi,!l;.r~, iii;f~, ~, ffi<t'<1:,
&c. ). are optionally compounded with a noun m the .Ablative;
~~~ or ;;-.q-~: 'away from V1shi;iu
'; <:rRf.r&igor
q-y'?~:;
,;fa~ or .n~.rra:;mr,;r,ii:i:_ or ~' to the east of tha
!orest '&c
( b ) § :a,rshowing limit, inclusive and e.x:clusi
ve, is optionally
compounded with a noun ill the Ablative; and so are :S.@;, :mi,
:and m'iiall meaning' towards' with a noun in the Accusative;,
~~ or~: 'until final liberation ' m:, :;:rr,rr~or 3TI'ilf·
~"li: up to the child; g-·fon'$:;a:iwii or ~W'l'Tll". towards the•
m.rrito:r a:;rn
fire ~\TT: traf.:o; met,3iij;r,ri.: or ,r;,m~.
"'~/?i;;r m~ 1 Pan. II, 1. 9.
t 31ql"~~QT: I Pan.n. 1. 10• .;i:1{W~R~
i:m:t11r
~ .r.:rre:I Sid. Kan.
:j:~+Im I <l'IG''TT1~: ~ I Pan. II, 1. 11-12.
§ 1 ('!(tTut.nf~snfr
:.:rra~.i•lr~n'i.-for-.11): 1
:an~~'it 1:a:m;<rimitrr
~ ~: I Pan. II. 1. 13-16. '
 ~ 2'14-219J

( ~) :.rsi;meaning 'towards' or <alongsideof,' 'length.wise/

is also similarly compounded; :a:Jij<f;,lt ( ~ s?!+IW ~f.hfu:
1the thunderbolt passed ) tow:ordsthe :forest'; ;i·rr~ ~ <!iij!'\'i'lll:'.

'Varanasi is alongside the Ganges' ( ll!m~i:f~~1-

.~,~i@l<fi
~'ijl@r ~l<T~: s. K. )
§ 275 :(:'fhewords 'ITT"and ;t\'l:!' optional1yform Avya, com-
pounds with any nominal base, and are placed first, the final 31'
beingchanged to ITwhen thus compounded; e. g. 'l'R."·:.l'e.'tf-~1<1:
:fromthe middle of the Ga,ngetic stream; optio1mlly of course,
the G6n, Tat.; also :rfff!Gma'.., :rf'jfT+!'W@:• In this case the Ab.
termination is irregularly retained. If the final noun has the
sense of the Loe. the final vowel may be changed to ;,.,~; as
ef.GT~t;~ BhaHi V. 4.
Vfft-m'il'-<!Wl'l;;
§ 276. (") t A numeral may optionally be compounded
with a noun, showmg relation by blood or by some kind of
learning, to form an Avya, comp; w~.friw'Hi!'ef.r,;;;rr<,;~
~fol; e. g rngf.i'WI~, 'Sans. Grammar of which the
three sages, Panini., Katyi\.yan11and Patanial1, are the authors
in succession.'
( b ) t and with namea of ri.vers, this comp. also shows an
aggregat.e; ffl:fl:I:_,ij:irg.r;i:.
§ 277. tt Any noun may be compoundedwith the name of a
?iver, into an A vya. comp to form a name; ~,i.r:ii;, a place
where the Ganges is very boisterous.' so a-nii:'!irl'fll:, &c.
§ 278. The indeclinables :;;n:r<IT, f;ro5'1!r,
:a:rm<i,~f.m', qf~1t:,
~, do not combine with any noun; B"l'l:<ff ;rm:, i~ll"r
~&c.
§ 219. The following Avya, compounds are anomalous 1 :-
* qy~,;it 'ffi'IIT.rr I PAn.II. L 18,
t~ ~ l Pan. II. 1. 19. Efefr M<irl~\lF.IT~T 'El'I
Sid. Kan,
+;icfrNlliI Pan. II. 1. 20 'l:l'~R'<ll~tril' 1 Vart.
tt sr-=i:rG<{~'<I'~~•~ I Pan. II 1. 21.
1f~ll~fif ~ I Pan. II. 1. 17.
 168 [ § 279-280

@!'~ itt!f: q-r~ lflTa'

'l'I'~ ~: 'the time when cows
stand for being milked;' see :Bha.;ti,. IV. 14. So ;If~~ 'the time
when cows conceive or bnlls bear the plough; ~= ;mr:
~ ;i;ra i!l<ldl'l<lli. 'the evenmg time,' • the time when the
eows come home'; ~. ' the time when the barley is on the
thrashi!!g gro11nd;' similarly~~; ~ip;, •when barley is
reaped,' ~q;r~, ~. &c. ~1~ 'when the ground is
even;' ~ 'when the foot-soldiers are in right lines,;
~- ~. ~ at the end of the year; il'l<ltt'tilHti:(,
lfl'lin.:(_ in an evil year; ~~, SIT@l:(, ~ •when the
chariots move :forth,' ~ 'when the deer comae/ fillllflI.,
~.~smrand~ff
N. B.-According to all followers of Pan. compounds of
this group are precluded from being :further compounded though
poets do not seem to respect the prohib1twn except in so far as
lo pla.ce such words at the end of these comps.; OJ. sref~-
mm.mr_ 1 Bag. I. 76; also IV. 25, VII 24, &c.

GE::,."ERAL R-C-LES APPLICABLE TO ALL COMPOUNDS.

§ 280. ~ The words ~. !i!:, al'!, lit: when is does not mean
'the yoke of a carriage', and IN:, t ai the end of any compound
take the suffix :ar;~=~ •half a Bik :' ~t t 'the town of
Vi~u ;' ~ '{'!'(: •a lake with pure water;' ~ 'the
yoke of a kingdom',,. e. •the heavy responsibilities of governing
1t' &-c.~T ~: 'a country with pleasant roads', &-e.
( a ) But in the oase of ~ preceded by ~ or if[ the aris
&dded only when the compound denotes a student of the Rig
Veda§; q:;:r: one who does not study the Big Veda;'~: •one
that has studied the ~ig Vada;' but~ :a-n:r,•the SAmaVeda
that contains no riks;' ol';i1fi~ 'a hymn consisting of many ;i.ks.'
~

"'~l:~ I Pan. V. 4. 14.

t Snbstita.ted for lif~ I t ~«r i~ 1 Sid. Kan.
..
§ lii'i:liilti'i:ll•n><id{l<iI Sid. Kan .
 i 280-282] Oo:.tl'oux.:,s. 169

(b) ij~ when it refers to ~ ' a car ' does not take this a:r;
~: the yoke of a carriage; RI-J::at~:
§ 281. 1.-The af of the word ~ is changed to i when
precededby fi:,:s:r.:n~, or a preposition; and to a;-when preceded
by Sli and the compoundis the name of a country; as &
,mqrtrfur~~@ ~~ a peninsula, ~;:;{lfliT s:r1~ a;~ ~
'an island ' ~ 'in opps1tion to the force of waters;'
~; '3tliQ':1( ::imirar:s;rGtssr) •name of a place or country.'
The change of a:rto i is optional if the preposition end in a:r;
Il'ftl' SlTQ'!t <lfilv3;~q-;i_--~; ~-qm~ 'a pond or a tank.
a passage £or water.'
§ 282. t ~ The :followingwords take the suffixat beforewhich
the :finalvowel, w1ththe following consonant,if any, is dropped.
(a) m;:r,i: and~~ when preceded by srr'ir,a:fij or 3lifi smt·
'l'f'l>f,
ffl+r
Slifijn: ~llf: friendly; ~ 'l'l'll-T~ a bad
hymn; Ilf~ll 'm inverse order, inversely'; ~ifll 'in
natural order, successively, directly!
(h) 1if;r precededby~, ~• ll'Tllior a numeral; ~r
~: ~ 'l'I' ~larf-; similarly :a-cfr:;;fr
lIJit: ~ 'l'I' ~:,
~: ~ 'l'I'~~-; i~~ ~~: [smmr:J•having
two floors.'
(c) The words ;r,ft and ii)fflit preceded by a numeral;
11'~,~~-
(d) 3lfuwhen used in a metaphoricalsense, and not meaning
~ ~~~Wl"S'f ~ I ai"~•ffif
:ij I Pan VI 3 97-98.
,..,"~ '(Sj1..ait1fffw:
t illl'fl'~i'O'IT~liil "' " "
I ~It!'~~t' • ",...,....
~?rf!Wlf•
~:II
t :a:t'qQJr-=allIT
I Vartika.
1t :a:!'tlII"'.~~~~: 1 Pan V 4. 75. ~Of!lfiiflifUJt~-
l!q"Nf~~ 1 fflltrT if;ft~itl'f ,;;,i'1 V artikas. :st&OITS·
~ir-mi:_
1Pan. V. 4. 76. tat\''l't'~-ef;;: 1 Pan. V. 4. 85.
 170 [ § 282-2&~

the eye'; as ~q/;:refN .r,rr~: lit. resembling the eye of a hulr

hence 'a round window.'
{s) .i,1:.-...i:when preceded by a p1eposition; S11!1'ITTSU.!R
i..
caniage that has rsached a road, ~ (distant) <lt'o'<IT journey·
"l'f!IT'~• i

.,.also "l'TT°1:r
in compounds like l'.l''lFITl.i":
I

§ 283. t ,a; is added to the fimlls o:f the following-

(a) ~ preceded by~ or ~fi~; ~"Ef,Jll_ 'the devine
Majesty of Bramhan or the glory of a Brahmana '; 'pre-eminence
or sanctity arising from sacred knowledge'; ~ffi<al"~'the
splendour or magnificence of an elephant'•

(b) ~ preceded by :wr,~and~; e. g. ~!l'l'ffi~;;: '3,lf•

~•slight l'flif. mri:r~' great or continuotl5
darkness;' :a'i'l'ff
darkness; ;sr,:,iITT=f:a:p~' pitchy darkness.'

(c) ~'e: preceded by ~, ~ or n!fi et~ ~: ~

<secret,solitary';~ ~~ 'a little secret,' or 'desolate';.
'll'.gs:
era~: a-~~' a hot secluded place.'

(d) ~'8: in the Loe. and precededby mw;

ro1r !lffiSi~
: against the breast '
(e) iiTprecededby ,am,when length is implied; a,~ .rr,,ri:i:,.
' a vehicle measuring as much as a bull in length.'

$ ~ m~,;l•ilc\...:J:llfi.i I Sid. Kau.; this is obtained by

separating the portion~ from the Sti.tra •~ ~o.' But

this is no sanction for forming new compounds ending in i'fl+l'-.
It i.s only a device used by grammarians to e:x:plainsuch words
as~r;r&c.
t~+<lter,;i~: l~lim~tm.~: I ~Iii:~~: I ~~a::
~·1:('l·im1:no:
I '3'1ij'IT~!it I Pan. V. 4, 78. 79; 81-83.
 § 284-286] O0MPOUNDS, 171

§ 284. ~ Sf is always added in the case of the following

twentyfive compounds which are.~r,nf.r :;;r,ifTR~
a{~: destitute of four; so ~:er~: and~: all three Bah.
compoundsI then eleven Dw. compounds for which see§ 192
(Ji) the last two; and§ 196 ( o); ~:sJTSN atlITT;tl'~
~ Avya..
( ~: ~r
as a Bah. ); ~T3il'ff f.r:~~ ' sure, never failing
bliss ;' ~N ffl~: ~JWll1!: ' the period of human life '; both
Tat,; ~ffi!!lii': :i:n:rmu: g::;rr~;a:'the period of two lt ves;' simi-
larly, s~, both Dwigus ; i[i!i$'il:i Dw.; ~ :a-~r"q"
' a young bull'; itift!ff: ' a grown up bull;' ~~: 'an old
<iffifT!ff:
bull'; all Karma.; ~;;: mfrq;a:,a-q~~ 'near the dog', Avya.
;ffif ~ iff'll'l>q:,'a dog in a cowpen that barks at others '; hence
:figuratively' a person who idly stays at home and slanders
others '. Tat.
§ 285. t The finals of compounds having :for their first
member $' or 31TH'in the sense of ' praise ' and Ti in the senae
of ' censure', remain unchanged; ~ ' a good king ' ~
' a pre-eminent king '. atfa'~r
' an excellent bull' BlTff'IU&c.
but q~sr:; mir~, ~:; if~) usrr ~ ' a bad
king', f.i;~ffl 'a bad friend'; but fii;usr:,~: in other
cases. This prohibition does not apply to Bah. compounds
~l:f!P.1:;~:.
O1'HER ORANGES IN C0NNECT.t0N WITll. O0:MPOUNDS
§ 286. +The word mr is changed to ~ when followed by
~' :am%,
q and ~ijn'iand to q~ necessarily whtn :followed
by r'il'f,•nTT'q.j:_,
and ifel, and optionally when followed by <IT'lt

• a:f'q'iJU~~~~gof'l.rit~~~~-
im-<rcrt~1~Eil~cfif~~e1~:~~\t~~~5qf•
i~ir.:rTl'n'~Rg'T~~l~ ~: I Pan v. 4. 77.
t if '!_;;r;n-a:
I Pan. V. 4 69. ~ff~f;flf I Va.rt.r~: iititI Pan.
V.4. 70.
t ~ ~ffil~ I Pan. VI 3. 52. film1'im'i:ri 'q' I <ri'
i!rqf~ 1 Pan. VI. 3. 54, 56.
 172 [ § 286-288

f;r,;.t,~ll"andfi{gs1 a; q-rU.:~!in'a' q-~~:, ~11iffifir'if q"l{flff!

~ ~ q-~(J':all meaning one walking on foot, a pedes-
trian; a foot-soldier ', &o.; q;rrq-ict-' bea.:en down by the feet';
~ • coldness of the feet ;' ~ ell~ ~lli+W.f q'r!Jffl 'one
accustomed to tax his legs, a footman ' ; ~ gfrr: ~: a beaten-
track, a way, a road; ~: or~:, ~'>'!: or ~:;
q..,,ii)..,t. or ,mr~: ~: or q-f~: ' quarter of.a Nishka '
( a gold coin ).

§ 287. i< ~become!~ necessarily when followed by~

( formed with the affix Sl'!t_), and a-reand the Tad. affixes ~
( trc() and at ( 3ltlI.), and optionally when followed by~ and
~ and the Tad. q- ( ~ ); m ~TT% f~: ' heart-
aohe '; ( 'iT&rQ ~-Sid.Kan. ), ~:'disquietude,'
•htcce,ugh'; i~ fsfit ~ •agreeable to the heart '; go~~
~, f~: Orf~: 'the pang of the hea.rt;' ~:, ~:.
§ 288. (a) ~~ becomes sf~ neoe~sarily (1) when it forms
a proper name, also when it is final ; or (2) when followed by
the words "i(it,omr,~, and N;~: ' a particular cloud :filled
with water ; ~:, ~: tha sea of m1lk; a'~\{: &c.; .r~
~. ~im.;: standing in water;~-,~: • a vessel for
holding water' 'ilc:, qi" il ~~Sid. Kau,;
(6) and optionally when followed by a word beginning with
a simple consonant and denoting ' a vessel to be filled up with
water', and by~, ~, -«$, ~, ~. im:,WR, ~' a
yoke with a pan at eaeh end for carrying loads ' ( ~ MarA-
thi) and itti; ~: or ~11'·; but -a-i:r~~raf ( as ~f
'begins with a conjunct consonant ), ~:; ~~: or ~-
;;~: barley-water;~- or ~: rice boiled with water,

* ~ i'ilcl<l<(U!__i,,}~I ;;ri tillqi,btlStj)itaI Pan.VI. 3. 50. 51.

t ~- ~•~~!fifm&l'li._ t V£rt. q-q'1!fl'6141!M-
T~'cl' I ~r.n ~s~~t il""'~-
.f~i 'cl'I Pan. VI. 3. 57-60.
 § 288-291 ] 00!l1l'OUNDS.

watsr-meai; s'!"~~r;;r·~or B'<{'l>ei'r.r'il':,'a yoke :!or carrying watei ;"

~:im-: or :a-~<:f..YHF
'pluc1ging O? bathing in water' &c.

§ 289. ( a) % When the first membex of a compound ends in

i or ~ not capable of chang:mg into ;'i;r,tor 'a"~and not belonging
to a fem. termination or an indeclimi.ble, the f or ai' is option-
ally shortened; !ITT-l"Ulf9;'lf:
or i:rrn-1~: foe son of a leader of
a village; &c,; but ;iifHTft:, !l.l''h:r~,
~~Wi:,~~:,wr: &c,
follow~d by 1P1'
( b) But the word 'El"°' and ii<! is an e:a:ception;
"!!_+t<:!"=)£·~~{1"(¥"IT~ ;:ii~ m·in ,ff ~ ~ '(ITT~q~rfr
;;i;;i;: Sid. Kau. ) an actor; "ll:~i(g: the knit eyebrow; accord-
ing to some, f optionally becomes ',1' when followed by ~,a- or
~t'~: as ;r~;;,:r:anil ( see ft. note).

i
§ 290. Ob,i.-t The ftm, affix ~, or at the end of a worr1
forming the first member of a compound is shortened in moet
cases when the whole is a name or m the Veda; i!<l"ffi~:,lf'{fllI-
~:, ii:iTRf{~r,!l"<rfrrarr,a:i~"r~ (as ~~"r~llf~~r1r),fuiii!l"~~:i-~,
&c.; but ~r,:,fr1'i,:,;:rpefrm'l:,~!l;ficrruf;rnrr, :;imfi~:, it:i:r-
<F-Tll~, &c. The W or if 1s optionally shortened when followed
by ?-r; ~,ii",
~T,1!fll:, '{fi~M"-!llf-r~.

§ 291. Obs.-j. The words Wli!i:!lT, and llral shorten their

1/i'il<i5'f
final when followed by l~i'l", q,~and ;in'if.l:respectively; li!!eriif~-
o"{_:nade of bricks, q-~;:;Rra";i::; lillff;i;q'._c;s,a:'the point of a xood,'
;g:iil,ft;;i;~?ii;:,i:ir;;sll"!Rhaving or wearing garlands; :"ii":riii!:!Wll"TR,
( ef. Mal, Mil.d.IX. 2. ) &c.

"'!ii<lrr
~~i:rtS~<ffi:,Jq~ I Pan. VI. 3. 61. lil:f~q~'/llll~o!l'm;;t
'cl' ;rra<!"I~ I :a;¥J;t'1°r(r,rn;:;1°fl
llm'<!.i'll;
Vi1.rt1kas.a,1pf~TS~~"TT•
<iff~ •~f,:~i:rr,a-~;,i;I bid. Ran.
t &'ll"rq)::t'r~l~;;:~'1'fl~ij;~iJC
I '<~"q' I Pi\n, VI. 3. 63. 64.

t !l"1!!1f.q1q;mmr.it Rii~~..-n~~ 1Pan. VI. s. 65.

174 [ § 292-294

§. 292. Ohs.-$ A nasal is inserted in the case of the follow-

ing words: - ~~, ~ and ~ followed by ffl; ~ by l!Wf;
~ by '{far;~ i;y ~; RI?; and~ by p.l, @m by fitti
or ~fira"; and~ and~ by~; as 11:1«:f!'R":,
• making true,
earnest money,' &c; cf. Ktr. XI. 50. ~~: 'a physician,'
~~:, • efficacious,' • admittance ' ( ~qrr;r: Tat. B. );
~r ( ~~ '<Is=Tat. B ); a-~: ' pervading or :filling
the world, ' ~~: ' not to be approached, to be shunned
from afar, ' ( rn{: ~a-5tl'~: Sid. Kau. ); ~ri{~:, 1 one

who fries or r~asta in a frying-pan,' ~:, 'one who kindles

fire, ' @i't!lf'ilf.
' e monstrous fish that swallows down Timi
( a large :fishsaid to be 100 Yojanas in length);' ffll~i'T'i\'~:t
'a very large fish that swallows even a T1mingila; ' ra-s~~
heating; ~ conferring prospe1ity.
§ 293. uisrfollowed by a k.rit affixinserts a nasal optionally;
~ or tl~, 'a night-rover, ' 'a demon; 1 ~: or
~e: &c.
§ 294:. t ~ forming the :first member of a compound; is
clianged to :a--
( a) when the whole compound is a name1 B. g. ~;
but ~ a comrade in battle ( U papada comp. ).
( b) when it means 'including a certain lilierary work,' or 'in
addition to;' a1 ~ ( Avya. comp.) ~~ ' he stndies
the science of astronomy, including that of finding out the auspi-
cious times;·~ m' Cl lt.hariwitha drone.in addition toit.'

""11:iR(tWl•li(~ I Piin. VI. 3. 70. affil~ ~ t ~-

~ I wf~ 'lQfI ~S~ I~~ I ~S~ I filw-
ii'f~'<f'I ~l!rir: ~ l Viirtikas.
t Vide Rag. XIII. 10. and Malliniithaon it 'srr7a-~iffl-
~ filcNl:S,ii+fl<ra: I fa-t'iHnii,~rstll'fur
im;cil'S1:<l'Tffl
'1~= I ,
t ~ :«:~~I ~fi'al'm> '<f'I i'(a')q ~.it l Pb.
VI. 3. 78-80,
 § 294-29.3J Oou:eou:NDS, 175

{ c ) and when the object denoted by the latter membor is

11otvisibly seen, but is to be inferred: as ""~«"rifir ( Da.h-
~omp. ) f.rffl ' a night in which presence of demoness 2s
to be inferred'.
§ 295. $~ becomes-l'f-
(a) when followed by the words mme:_, uf.r,-nfir,
:s:r.mr,
"il'llA:,iri':i,WI',~, ~or, ql:fl3;, q-:er,r,and ~; 'l'!+miil'lfifir:
~ 'El""~%:a kind of mourning which lasts from the rising
of the sun or a particular collection of stars to its setting.
•( :i.nmt'Slffi'a~ ~•fh'i: 1 q-~~ :s:iitiai,- :an~~ ~ u
'{fll'l'rcrffifffllfQ'w,:aqi«f"filllTtr-;;f
~@~ff I Tat Bod );
-'6"31'i1'1f<f" belongingto the same country; ""'~-, ~il'fM': 'con-
nected by the same navel, sprung :fromthe sameancestor,' &c.
( h ) when followedby the word ~'"';i: t 'a student orthe
Veda who lelongs to the same S'akM or branch as another•'
;am;r: q:;mr \'I~. '
( o) when followed by if~ with the Tad. affi:x:q- added to
it; as ~mi ~~T ~~: 'II disciple of the samepreceptor I
and optionally when followed by a-«under the same circn~-
11tances1\'f.rr.ft;r1:
~ff: ~~q: or 'e"il'R~- 'born ot the sanio
womb,' 'a brother by wholeblood.'
( d) when followed by ~, i!:~ and ~; ~, ~r$T·,:ae--.r1
( e) + and in the case of compoundshk:e ~, ~l'tTl=l:r,
~,&c.
• iilfrfir.r.l''Jl(Uf.r-nf~il'Tlm~lffl'!fll)~~ ~ -~
q:;nfT{ii'rI ifN" q-I ~~ I tie"~~ Pa.n. VI. 3, 8f>-89,~
,;ji'ff~i:r ...I Virt. ..
t '<rolrl 'itffl'r,ill'gT ~if! I ~tr<lif P-1':rairTlf
ofgr~
~ I Sk:
+"fmil'~ ~I I P&n. VI. 3. 84. 'l'he propor
meaniDgof this sutra is that the word '6l{r,r is ehangodto
in the Veda when followerl. ~~
by any other word tba.nla,\T~.
 178 [ § 299..300

(a) When the nouns derived from the roots ~• ~' ~.

~, ~• 'il'f&, and~ with the air. ~ ( o) :follow prepositions
te:rmedGati or noi:mswhich they govern; ~~ , ;,-'l'fil:an in-
the rainy seaso.i, m:rfr'it<1:
habited country. a reaim, 1:IT;r,!'._ piercing
the vitalg; so -;r~ a hunter (cf. BhaHi H, 7). ;:ff~, ':lf~T~~,
~~ overpoweringan assailant '«1rnf.· as ~ is
Bnt l(fRll!r,l';i:
not followedby Kuip.
(b) When followed by the afi. lif<il",and the whole is a name;
~: a hnsbandman.
( c) Words containing more than two vowels when :followiil.
by ;,a: ( '«!_)exGeptin the case of an~~,~., ,!T~ii, ~, ~.;
and 'oi"~ and the whole is a name; ~ and ~
which are names; but azr~;refr;
a-1ft;;;cr1, which is not a.
l:Te"l:f'ii'ITT
rlTif,~f.ii,and
name. Also in the case of~, it~, ~r,r, ;a:iij,1,1;(ir,
~;~r&c.
( d) When a verbal derivative with the aff. :a:i( <f3l) :follows
a preposition, in most cases, when the comp does not signify a
human heingl tfR'fW::-i:rnlll<f.:j but ~~: one of a mountain-
tribe. Similarly ITT°ff-nr-ii~;trfff-a'l'-<1m::
&c.
(e) When ii'Sf~ follows a preposition ending in ~; ~:,
~:;bntSITj;f~:
(f) When a:i~,i: is the first, and ~ the second member of a
compound,and the whole is a name; ~ gold, srem:
11,

spider; but anr~:, w;rr.;,:an epithet of Savitri.

(g) When 1~ is the latter member and the whole is the n111ne
of a rlshi; Will~, but ~~) i:r~: 1
§ 300. t-~isinesrted in thecase ofthefollowingcompounds:-

$ ~:~~I ~fir I <Rf~S'ff~l I a:mv)

~ 1f.n~: ~~ili'TT qf I !11~~ ~: I +11:~~
~It~: I q;m<lm f1!1: I ~t'!TT°it "i:1'~11'!; I Pan.
VL 1. 144, 147, 148-152, 154, 156, 157: ~~: ;;i;1.:!f1l1)~-
~: !il~--3{~ l Vart. J:IT<f~ffiffi'Qq): I Vart.
 § S00-302 J COMPOUNDS. 179

(a) ~ followed by 1:ft when continuity of an action is

lmplied; ~TI ffl9lt~ •"'nn•dil'E@~if.,..,irff(E,,j,!j but
am:qu ~ l atlf". "!if ~ ::q-~ .,..,i..a'l~,i:1 and in the
,iase of m+=.riwhen wonder is meant; amiri' ~f( ~ E~ 1
lkt ffl'q'if
Q ~I
( lJ) ~ff tr1tST!f~: when it means ~ ( iTt'"Effl'
lil'<t:
1 Sid. Kau. ) otherwise ~q;-{:;
<1.JiWJWiilWiilQ. when it ~=
means,~ 'part of a carriage'; ~: (or~:) 'a bird'.
Sf@lli>~: ( 'nfll': g;UiJNT!ff Sid. Kau, ), but sr'mt@': m ~-
;i;~: 'one who boldly faces the whip, a disobedient servant '
&c. ~: 1 a bamboo', but Q(: 'a shark ', ;rw('~' an ascetic'
but ~~ 'the sea'; ~: when it means 'a particular kind
,of tree,' otherwise~: 1

(c) in the case of the words of the q1(~(i~ group, such

as tfRm:, T$11i':, m~,&c.when they are names.
( d) and when the words ~ and ~ are followedby${
and lfnt and the meaning is •a thief', and 'a deity' respective-
ly, and ~ and It, being dropped before ~; ~:, ~:. Also
smrr~, smriilmf:, mqffi-:&e.
§ 801. t-When the words !Rlf, ~, ~. mm.
and
-m are followed by ;r,f in a compound they lengthen their
ending vowel, and' the ;:r of ;r,f is changed to ot ( also after
af!l')i !!:<~, ffilJl<blliDi<;(,~ '81r<¥111utij_, ml'·
~;but~~; ~ Slfflil:,

§ 802, 038-t The ;r of ;r,f is changed to ar necessarily

when preceded by sr, and optionally when compo11J1ded with
:namesof herbs or plants containing two or three vowels
~, &c. ~-~,
'5T"l1'l'lll'l'I:, ro(\iij◄UII(~; but ~-

tr- q;i S(llii+l'l\<blRUtilil'61Klfilili~: I Pb. VIII. 4. 4.

t ~~ ~~¥11S.cil◄ f4<q1,~f;qls"~'it I Rw.•
1Pan. VIII 4. 5-6,
rf,T<l'iffi@W:
 180 ( § 30.2-80&

~• ( as the word contains more than three vowels); ex--

eeptione:-~i'I~, /i!t«;lqi'f'(, and iaiZ<l•M'(•
§ 303. •The ;; of cfTg;{ is changed to ur when precededby
a word denoting an object that can be borne; ~; but
,..«Uii'lll_( {irff-llM<f.i qf~<'lifli<I~\Sid. Kan. ).
§ 304. t The ;; of lfli'I' is changed to ur necessarilywhen the
compoundimplies a country and optionally when it signifies
merely the act of drinking ; as iaU1Jllll1'1 ( lfl~: ); ~:
( ;r~'t;m: ); but ~ or ~•
(a) ;; is also optionally changed to ur in the case of the
following componnds:-iilft•llflIT-;;;f\", tlTR•UTW-iR<f, fi'rR"~-
Uf, fi'r'ftf.@;;r~;r, 'qiti•fiiffl;;r-r'iffl;.r,
"iil'lii•llflIT-;;;f\", &e.

Chapter VIIl.

FORMATION OF FEMININE BASES.

§ 305. FemininBbases are derived from the masculi'/18by
· the addition of the affixes s:rr( m, .rtt., ~), t ( :s!ti,~"
~), oi ( oi'il::.)and ffl.
§ 306. Beforethe affix f-
( a) no'llllS
endingin consonantsassumethat form which they
take before the termination of Inst. sing,; sr~-lfcft,;ft,
~~. ~-tre.fr, 11\fl--g,ft,~-;ri;vfr, ~-
~. &e. There are someexceptions, ~-a,.roir
&c.

"qfiji'litliga1a:I Pb. VIII. 4. 8.

t 111ii~ I 'IT I Pan. VIII. 4, 9-10 liif<-tilllifti'li
~l<icf;i(O[q):
11T
I Ya.rt.
 ] 306-307] FEmNINE BASES. 181

t
. ( o) the preceding :at or i9 dropped; as im:-mu, :at~-
"$.'r~r, fflffT. &c.
( C) if a Pratipadila* end in i;r, part of a Taddhita affix,that
~ is dzopped m11i +t=mm' the daughter of Garga.' &c.
( d ) the final ;r of the words ~If, @'Q;f the constellation of
stars called g;,sq-,~ and If~ t is dropped; as~. ~, &c.
( e) in the case of the partic1 ples of the present and the
fnture ~ is inserted, as in the Nom. dual of the nsu.
,( vide § 811. a. b. ); for instances, see § 286.
§ 307. A P,atipadika ending in S'f and the words included
in the Aja.di group t form their fimin,m in a:rr§; as ~-
~'lffliiT; 3t'51"·:at3fT,
~, :.raq;r,~; ~r, ~.JI', ~.
:at"<TI',
~, mm, all meaning 'a young girl'; ( of these the first five
form an exception 1,0 § 313, and the second to § 308, c ); :atr is
al.so added to 'iiw' when compounded with :mr,,l'ffl'T, :atf'.;;.r, '{111"
and NOe;to l!:llli'when compounded with '8i:I'._,words ending in
~, to $TIT-s,i:rr,:a-, ~and q-e1,; to mnotpreceded by i:m,:, when
class is implied, and to ~ preceded by :a:r; ~; ~. qur-
~, &c all' kinds of creeper'; l:l'<r:'~-cli~·~r-:ft'-~-q"el>•g;,sq-T,
'kinds of creeper' ~ 'a woman of the ~ class;' <il'VT·
(a) 1 But if the Pratipadika end in q;-( the member of the
" ii~~f.ac(~ I Pan Vl, 4. 150. For the meaning of the term
Pi atipadika vide § 52.
1 ~QldGQfll~~ .. :a'lNJq"'f:I Pan VI. 4 149.
t The words included l.n the Aja.di group are.-al:l'I', !{ff
'a ram', ol'!>q',"i:lc$ 'a sparrow', ~, ~, <l?'i, ~' q'li5" '11
-young child,' ir,=!f, ~.~'a heron,' ~i[, ~~•a deity,'
., qi.;ri:r, ~and~-
§ a:ian,uae14-.1 Pai:,i IV. 1. 4. 4. ~q,m'q!JTill': ~~
.;t4..,,;10,s111.-d~m: 9:sqr<r_1 ~ "ffl!Tr'{qr '3!Tffl:
I ~NSI': I
Vartikas.
,r ~il5T<~ln ~~· I Pan. VII. 8. 44. i:rmM<e1>ift-
-16Q~€Q lilt( I rQ"'ffi'UIJl'I Vartikas.
 182 [ § 307

'iiennmatio:n) the pmed:i.ngea,fa ehangedto lif; ~~i, ~i~

&e; the words<f!~, l'f<~, !llld those ending in the Tad 11Jfu::
~ with 1$' suffixedto it, changed their si:rto lf similarly, ~.
~ ~l!f calls out to {@' .:nm, tf,T~ll'l"TT~, tef~ a
wo:nanof thls
E:rnepticns:-*The m is not oha:ngei! to ii!"when the ~ is
added to the pronmms :i:r~and ~, or when 1t is a part of the
Tsd. affi:i:,~r, or when there is a compolllld,or when there is
a word includedin the Kshlpaka group t ( ~i$l\'lll' ); as <l'llTT,
'i:iilli"l',~~, 'a table!a;1d ', ~ 'the land at the foot of
a mountain', ill['li(~·f m, ~. ~.~.&c.
( b) t a:ris optionally clumged to t in the following cases.-
( l ) mm ' a star', ~ 'able to protect ,; ~l!ST ' a cloak,
a garment,' ~<Iii ( in other cases ), ffl·!ffl$T ~ Sl'RI~
~ ii ~; a,~ ' kind of Shradcha,' 'ill!'q;T ( in other
cases ).
( 2 ) ©Wf-l'~, a woman :recentlydelivered;ef:lll:if or ~,
~r or ~m,a goddess.
( 3) when the <Ii'follows upon the fem, termination:arrshort-
ened to Sf and is precededby <!'or $i IIS ~r+q;=~+
:air=~or~;i;r;~+C)';·~+S!T=~ror:;rai$e!;f
&c. but~ ~ ~q:;r, <!TN$!',~!'IT@ Wffl:; ~r
~:~.
"'if "1rir: I Pin. VII. 3. 45. ~ ~: I ~r,ri '<I'!
Varti.kas.
t The following words are inelnded in the nf{lf~,-~
'an archer.'~,~ •a spy,'~, ~ci; 'a kind of bird, b.ail,'
~; ~·a kind of plant,' [i'/Jil6',~, ~ll:liii, and~.
t om;r ;;;'lTTffilf ~ 1;raq;r~
1 ~tlTllrr ~rii:_ 1 ~~9:-
1◄ <1rp41~ilifarl' ~ 'fm~I Vart.ib. ea-~: ~T~
f<Tffl
.Pan.VIL s. 46. ,n"'1iii'l<l<i>!~ Vartika.
1"-1,<!'ll:,,t
 § 307-308] 183

(ll) Thi, change of ~ to fr is necessary when tll.e ~ follows

the~ or 'ili°of a root ~~~r, ~~!Irr, &c.
§ SOB. (a) .A_¾'pritipadila ending in eii,, except~~,, ffi'$,,
~"ll &nd<Tiio!R; ;:r,'<f,,preceded by ~,:, :am;;: :a-y~and i'fi and
~ preceded by ~r, q_"Ttr
and words expressive ot place; the
w-0rds;;er,""ff,,~, m, ;i.:, ~, and ii'!l:f,nominal bases ending
in 1F7,nominal and verbal derrvatives formed by the affix :;if
causing V;iddbi or GuQa, such as <l!Tltff:. a:ir~·' ~<F-r,:.m-
m:,~~~:,o~:. &c. and words ending in the Tad. affixes
WRf,~' m:r and ii:5 ( with some exceptions ) and in the k;it
affix ;1:f{ form their fiminin6 in j when they are not used adjec-
tively; e. g. iim1.1;,ficonducing to pleasures; ffmT &c,; •=mhfr,
~. &c i a:i~fr, &c.; '8ol'Rro', i~, a woman of the Kum
country; ;:r,;m•;,rfr, i;:;fr,~, &c.; 'ffit!~, ~ettfr,&c.;
&c.; ;;1Jfr,
~. ail-cm, &c ; ti:r<J;rfr, ,l''l'fmfr,&c.; :g~-<rITT·•nsfr.
measuring or reaching as far as the knee; &c. :a:rrf~<'tr, iiili:ITO'lit'T,
&o,, 1:mrefr, mlfefr,t«rfr, evanescent, an unchaste woman &c,;
~ &o,; but ~l!l'~r, <Tff<is:RT il'i!U,
( h) :j.Also words ending in the Tad. affixes.r, ~, ~, ~
' ( causing Vriddhi) and the words ~ and ~<I'; ~f. q-'f1:,fr
jit for a man; ~#.r, o'!i«fr,ff~, &o. also words endrng
in the k;it. affix i>j,[ causing a nasal to be inserted before it;
~~-
( c) § Words indicative of the stages o:f life except ihe last
take the fom. W;~+rRT, w.frrfr,.rift, erm,
"RRmfr ( both
meaning a ' a young woman ' ); but w, ~1f.i"{1 &e. as these
imply old age; oj;;:t!'f is an exception.

'l'g~~s:i~~f-Jr~l.l~~::ife!i3.1.J!HG": 1 Pan. IV.1.15.

t Vide the Kashikaon Pan. III. 2. 21,
t ~~ij;~~Rl~'@l"f,fl:{ ! V a,rt. l.l!il'llif Pan.
lV. 1. 16,
§ ql'ffif ffl I Pan. IV. 1 20, ol'll:~ l/ifff o!~,i Vllrt.
 184 [ § 308-310

(d) Obs-"Th9 words Eli~,im:r,.;, ".ill'll~~ l!'fitl',~I(',~,

~- i:r~im;; and li'q':;rform their fem. in f when they are
used as Damas ( ,,1 m the Veda ); %-rir,mITTfi·, ~11r.fr, :.t~
&c; but ffir, ~. &c. when they are not names,
Tb.s worils ;;a.::;,~i'foj;. ~ and 'fsil',l;',those derived
by the Krit affixes :,rr,i;.m:d l:l' ( added to certain roots )
and the words included in the trm~l'IIJ! form their fem. in t i;
rn.fr&c. iI!1'f.tone who di,1des or cuts; ~ robbing
~rhf.r,
or stealug, "iiir:fr,&c.; ~ITT, iii'IT,
~' ~r, .irartitl', Niin::itl'
&o.; t~
has ,i;;ro and lP{fr. -
§ 309. t Some pra.tipadikasending in the Tad. affix.<l'insert
~ before f; <TTf:qf<illif ), ~rri;;.rr-
( the grand-daughter of :irif
q-;fr,,i;r~. &c,
~ 310. The following eleven pratipadil.asform their feminine
i
in nnder the circumstances mentioned §-~ when it qua-
lifies i!Tf or 'maintenance', ~~ when it means 'a vessel' or 'a
man of a m1xed class', -i'r!!!'a foll sack',~~ 'natural site', m:;r
•boiled,' ;;rr.-r'a huge elephant', and ;i;Tzyi 'a particular colour,
•IT(? when it does not refer to a garment ( or rlther re£ers to an
animal ) or means 'rn-ligo', i?il' when it means 'something

1;. Vide Pan. V. 1. 30,

t ~IT~~!!Jlii
! Pan. IV. I. 41. The following are the more
important of the words indnded in the ~m~ groupt-ilk,
~. ~, ii?, trur, tRUT,lf.llT. ~ii, ~. ~.r, liq;r,
~, ~, ~' :SHG<IS,:a;~~, '1'lTTI',lf,,, ~, ::ra",
'lfo3;'
~. ~' sr.:i~, ~. ~git. ~;::r, 3ffie,ora-,:a:r~,
:amr~lil, +i~;ra, i:r~, ;fUe~, r~, ~' ~&<l:,+rill, ~m,
·~&~.
t ffl ::ffi{ff~'tl: I Pau, IV. I. 18.
§ a:ir,w,~os•;tarw~~';!;lif~li$ifi,H1'¾:,i"'<1i!'•n~-
~ -I\ ...... - ..._,
,... f'
llitr~~rGTT~!f<f!!ir-:!T:O%rF:f,'fTQ1'l~liTlif~
..... ,.,..._
I Pan.
!V. l. 42. '31,l'l'"in~STff.f ~ ~ i ;ft~~<lT I i:niurf.t'<i
1
~ ,n I Vart. ~r~;i: I Pan. VI. 1. 43.
 § 310-312 FE:.mm,E BASES. 185

:madeof iron. <!,i'f~or,' desirous of enjoyment,' and <l:i<R' a knot

;;;if; 1; @'IJiT
of hair; as o'TT.ftR;r[ ~f;;: ], ' :;:n-;;-q'!T ~ [a
vessel ] ~Uer;:<l"r,( one that burns ) mufr ;,,~ ~ii'., '!TTIIIT
~ i e. ' an empty sack;' s:'<:l~r ~wf.'.tm ¾, ,;,am3i'"••Ui. 6,
ground artificially prepared; m;;t'r;;rrmr( rice-gruel) ¾, ~
~r; ;rr.-fr~~r ~ii:, ;;rr;rr~r, <l'i1c?Sr
l':im~~' w.rar:.at;:i;rr;
i. e.
'H it be a proper name;' .frir a:;,r;;;:~;i- [ 3'fl'llll~~ "11111' l
~a:, .frer'3'f•l:IT €!~ ~wrwri'r~«..f;;fofror ;fi~ ( when a
:name), ~~T 'ill"ll"f~cj;ff~ but ~qlf • a wooden peg'; l!TT~f'a
woman desirous o:fenjoyment,' 1.f.lll,"'m'one anxious to meet her
lover,' i.i;;;;fr 'a braid of hair.' but q;~ variegated; ~)llT
has ~rifr-n;r. '
§ 311, * The feminineof nouns denoting 'a male' is formed
by adding if when the wife of that male is meant; :iftq-~i;r
ffi
~r; ~!fr( sometimes aruofralso) ' wife of a S11d1a'.
(a) but not of nouns endmg in 'TTWf-;as :qrqyf®~T'the wife
•of a cowherd' ( but ill'GT~has ifrm;fr), :.l"<l'Ti~<i'ir
'the wife of
a horse-groom'.

~ who
(b) ~ has ~r.rr
'the divine wiie of Surya ;' but
was a mortal
~r i. e.

§ 312.t The words lf;:i\",~111', ~of, lfl<f,~, ~, and ~.

~+I" and ;;mri:rboth implying 'vastness '; ~ meaning 'bad or
epoiled barley', l:l"<iiiwhen the feminine denotes the alphabet of
form their fem lll f but insert
the Yavanas, :i:rr~ and :a:fl'i:f!<I'
~ before this f
e. g. ;r,'iCTUIT
' the wife of Indra ;' 'il;l501Ti11'
' the
wife of Varuna ', &c.; ij;ir,fi 'a vast sheet o:f ice,' a:i~f 'an
immense expanse of forests,' ~-e:r ~ f~rhf-
l1<rr ;i;rerr;fr,
<f,mrr, but q.r,f, 'the wife of a Yavana or Yavana woman;'
t(
a,r:;;.rprr.frand not ofr) ' the wife of an .Acbarya or a holy
$ ti;tr)iffr{T,~T<nll:I Pan. IV. l. 48 'lli?,<wl'lf~ I Vartika.
~~!TT "f1'l el'l'&f: I V a.rtika.
t if~~~~ffi~&m~inrr.rofr.r:;r.;~"tr<1roTT~<JJ I Pan.
::IV.1. 49, ~+fronfll'~<~ 1 .!l';nwr'ii
I ll"lr,'TT~~ 1 Vartikas.
t a:tT'<:l'T<iTa;IJ!«r
'"I' l V artika.
 186 [ § 312-513

teacher'; but ~ 'a woman who teMhes; a epitih11:1l

p:receptress'.
{a) ;_,The words ~ and ~~ insert this 3fR: option-
ls1'1Im;ft,mg#.h~qr.,mn;:ft, '3'lITl:~i ' the wife of a
preceptor,' but ;;f!ff\<l'!ll"f or :,rq-r1,"tl'l<IT
' a female preceptor 1, ' a
woman who herself performs the work of an '3"'-IT'\,<l'T<i '; in the
case of 3111 and ~l:f, S'l'A:is optionally inserted before the i,
when no wi.:i'eis meant; Sf<fr-~r, ' a mistress or a woman
of the Vaisya or trader class', ~' ~~tTTl!TI'
'a woman of
the Kshat?iya or wanior class ', a:fi!lf ' the wife of a Vaishya 'i
~ ' the wife of a Kshatriya.'

313. t Nouns ending in 01 and not having ~ :for their

penultimate, except {If, ~ a wild ox, ~' ~ and if""<fl.f
take f when ' class ' is implied e. g. ~r ' A Sudra female'
( also the wife of a ~a", see § 311. above); similarly ~,
~1, &c., &Rlllr.~' a:f~ 'a womanof the air~ cfasg
of Brahmai;ias/ l6t1''a woman of the <f.Gclass of Bxi\hmai;ias',
&c., ~; ffl". ~, m!'<IT,
and~ ( vide § 306. d.); but
~ 'a woman of that name'; Wi!Tas it !s one of the words
included in the .Ajadi group ; ( see § 307. and foot-note ) ; lW<f
'11 womanof the Sudra class ( see § 307 abo'i'e).'

(a) Words ending in !fl'q,', ij;1lf,qor,~, qra-, ~and~

i
form their fem. in when kind is implied; ai[~q-m, ~i'-
~, ~, m!S!ft, ~m,
~ and ~mall names
of piuticular herb!!.
(b) Also words ending in f and denoting mankind; mft ' a,
woman of the~ family,'at~i (~~«r), but fcn%R:.

$ ~gmllll:!.lil\l:i <IT I ~i G't=l<!fiill1'l"l"Tm;r~ <IT

~: l ~~ lll1"ffli I VartJ.kas.
t :;i-r~w{ii111<11~<m~ ! Pan IV. I. 63. ~llll~ ~<:r-
-i;ii,<1+1a...:nM,i.liim-u:iii'\iN-:
I Vartika. ~'601\IOl'(&l<liti'fF(G'.(tl%1
g;-
sm'~if: I Pan. IV. 1. 64,. 65.
 § SJl.4--317
] FEl!1UNINE BASES. 187

§ 314. 'lf. b&tipailikas expressive of colour, having O :for.their

penultimate and ending in an Airndf.tta vowel, except
black i,:ndq~ grey, and the word fq-~1$'form their.feminine m
f or arr;\'TT!Tor {t1fr'vadegated; :from'q'ff; -tr!%'i'IT,:f!mfr;f~;fr-
~; but a'{r,ij"ffl,
lf~ijT, ~!'IT ( as !,he ff here is Udatta ).
( a) t :But if the Pr6,tipadikahas no ff for its penultimate, it
simply takes if; ~ variegated, ~
but ii11111'1'
( as the last vowele are not Anudii.tt11).
§ 315. The Feminins o:f~ and •H is ;;r.fr and that of words
included in the Sharnga, avadi ( m-rl,~n~rr\ll")
group t is foimcd
by adding i:;as ~mql ;rrol:fr,:3Rra~.fr,
"1T:U~T, ~~1,~. &c.
§ 316. The fa111inine of words expressive of ,o"'"""'"'""I' 1s
inegular; l>qf!J'!:-"i!~, firq;-i:rr,r,
&c.
§ 317. 'ITThe faminine of qfff is q-.;;:ftmeaning ' the sbaror
with her husband in the fruit of the sacrifices performed by
him; but if it end a compound it may optionally remain
unchanged except when preceded by .:_:n:rr;:r, ftt~, "'I,
q:'<li,cl'Tl!'.,
W'i, 'l:!i\, and ~ &c before which this chango is necessary;
~qr'ffor ~fofr, the mistress 0£ the house; o:r~ or ira'-1"1.ffi
~m or f'lf~i51'1'&c. but ~;ff-I': q-@<f'El:l"r:
lij"T~,;fr!!, co-wifo,
l'f~~I', ~'-1"~T.
N. B,-1 t I£ there be no compound this change doos not tako

;:r I Pan. IV. 1. 39.

"'<ill'ITi:i[iJ<'l;lffll'l'\'fRIT
31f'~I~ 1 Vartikae.
i' ~T ef,~ 1 Pan. IV. l. 40.
+ This group consists o.f the following wordB-m'~, i'.j;"f!.f•
~. ;i-!&f!IT,if@f:f, :.rr@it<r, a:{f~~<f, ;;rfittfj1:f,'f, ii~,
~!l.11, ~'®, l!STand some others not very import1mt.
1 ~ tl'~mir I Pan. IV. 1. :'13. i:rrn-~~~ ,'fl.i;f'{~: mrr
ll'~ 'l'fl'~ I <l'f~ITT'Q"
ti"c;ftI ~~i;f;tl~~ qra'ltl<F'ii!Trtr1:i: 1 Sid. Knn
1tf<f~r ~·~?{ I T;l',i:r~ll'~~ I P~.n.IV. L !, :::i.
 188 [ § 317-321

yface j llis,~ ef.ii'·<the mistress of a village', and not 'wft',

,1mil;uly ~ qTit:&c.
§ 318. "' The worils ~ and imrora: form their famin£ne
f
in but ha'\'e a~ prafi:Kedto the f,
ar,:i:'1'eT1;ft
'a woman big with
a child' c;fu;r;;fr'a woman whose husband JS Iiving'. But if
?he word q-r°ff means 'a lord or master of' j only is added; as
'l~'IT( the earth having a king ).
~ lr'l.:irft

_§3i9 f
.Adjectives ending in short or long, have no other
form for the feminine; as ~f::q,,i:;'<IT:
&c.
§ 320. t .A.djeetives ending in ;a-not preceded by a C'.>njnnct
consonant, except m, take f optionally; e g 12~-~:-ift, 'i%:•
fr, <l'@":-(fr;
but m: 'a girl who chooses her husband' ( ll'l~U
~ Sid Kan. ), q-r~: and not q-r,fras the :a-is preceded by
a conjunct consonant; ~: as it is a noun,

§ 321 t
A pr/J.tipadika.ending in :a-not preceded by tf and
denoting mankind form~ its feminine in ~: e. g. ~: ' Iii woman
of the Kuxu country'; but ~~: 'the wife 0£ an .A.dhvaryu';
also when 1t does not denote animal-kind§ ; as ~Ti:, oj;i;;,1[:;
except in the c&seof~~ and~; ~,in iiij:.
(a) Obs. $ A prMip!J,dikaending in .rrji' and used as a
proper name, and the word~: also form their femi11insin~;
aa ~: 'a woman of that name'; but ~if![: ' a woman
having well-xounded arms'; 'll"R=I

<I' a;;:l'{fl,qf?!~rt-~
I Pan. IV. 1. 32.
t <imr~il Pan. IV. 1. 44. m~m)q-\TT~ I Vartika.
:i:~: Pan. IV. 1, 66. ~R~:;;rfel;;m:r,r:
~l!f'li:!; l Sid. Kan.
§ ~i.WITT;q-~qr,:r,i: I Pan. Va.rtika.
$ ii!l~.-111,,.hmn,i:
I Pan. IV. 1. 67, $1l<fI Pan. IV, 1. 68,
,~1 Pan. IV, 1. 72.
 § 821-325 ) FEMININE BA.SES. 189

(b) ~ and <j;;l'll's~ if used as proper names take f; ~ ' a

woman of that name/ ~~ :; but ~:; ~: in other cases,
§ 822. "If a compound has for ite last member ~ and for
its first, words signifying a standard of comparison, or one of
the words ~1", ~'fi', ~Di, ;m:r, ~ and ~, it forms its
feminine in -,;, ~: ~ ~ -,;~ ~r: plantain-thigheil;
~~ having thighs ( beautifully tapenng ) like the fore-arm
or the trunk of an elephant; m~~:
ha vmg well-turned thighs;
~ ~, ffll~lf \{f~~ v~r: ffl ~:; [ mR~ m)
~ ~ {'l'TJ~f~, [ ~~ '{@"~ ~ <lffl: ffl] ~: ' a
woman whose thighs are capable of enduring great fatigue or
pain'; or 'one having excellent thighs.'
§ 323. t The.fem. of ~<j;fq-, Vishnu or Shiva, ~ :smr,
or if~ 'a usurer' 1s formed 1n f before which the final vowel
of these is changed to q-;~q;cmfr, ~, ifffiITift
ori'fflql'ft.
§ S24. +The feminineof q is optionally formed by adding
t before which the final e- is changed to sr'ror it; ~,
;r,mfr or q: I
§ 325. ,r A pratlpoil.ilaending in short Si:' or ii; forms its
fomini.w by the addition of I{; ld--.r.ff,crm-ef~r, sr-ft,
~. qft~-qi{~-.fr; &c.
N. B. Words like ~, ;r,n;:f, ~. ~. ~ &c. bei»g
themselves .femininedo not take this termination.

$ -3i«'d<4i:(ii\"\4.ilI ~-q\~c(,luti:ii&ll'!tlJil I Pan, IV. 1. 69. 70.

:«fimrgr;qf
'iirtr~ l VArtika.
t ~iil!i,Rialt,R!i:(iiilii:(1"1': I Pan. IV. 1, 37,
t ir,m:) ';{T l Pan, IV. 1, 38, i:ti~ffl~ ~1f(l,ai!fll(IJ4'
Sid, Kan.
1~~1Pan.IV, l. 5,
 190 [ § 825-328

( a)*~ forms its femininebythe addition of rerbef?re which

the final -i: is dropped; ~:
~ 326. t If p,·atipadikaend in ~ it changesits~ to ~ before
f;W,,:-~~ tha strong one; ~- fr,rfr,~~~-ffl the night,
~..~r a:if~r, :s:rr°fflilm'r,
&c.
E:rception.-t But if a base end in~ applied to roots end~
ing in a soft cor.sonant; or if a compound has such a base for
its latter membar, the fsm. is :formedby adding arr only, before
whloh the preceding~ is dropped, e. g. ~sri.:+~n-~m a
Brahmai;iawoman ( ;;r~ ) or a :femalethiefi U~•"<IT•

§ 327. § A. Bahuvr1hi ending in ~ forms its ftm. in :all"

optionally; as ~+~==~~-;rr, iiii+~ir,:(_ :;:,rr,&c. but if the
be such as drops its al before the ~ of the
word anding in :a:r-.i:
Inst, sing, it takes f also optionally; e. g. ~+:n-.:r;i:-~-
'Om"··uffe &c.
(a) x If II Bah. ends in~• the;;; is optionally changedtor,
as ~~-~m or iilsfflU a town in which there are many
:fishermen.
§ 328. II If a Bah. end in ~13:_ it takes the suffix f in the
fem. before which ;_i; is substituted for the final m;:;q-r,f
:a;.!': ~: m qr,ir.rr
having a large udder: ~ir ( see Rag.
L 84.); also when it is preceded by a numeral or an indeclinable;

"~: 1 t qij'~ 1 Pan. VI, 1. 77, 7.

t ar.rr~- l ~ ~~rfir.rrs.:~ Pan. IV. 1. 12. 28.
.,-i~ tfci'~ I Vartika.
§ 1:iiTT
X ~~ <fTI Yart. on Pan. IV, 1. 7.
II ffl'T.r,;~I Pan V. 4. 131. 'iitiil'~~ffi ~ I ffll~!;l'. I
~i+!!!ll•Mliiflh'l Pan. IV. 1. 25-27. ~~If ~~
~~1Vartika.
 i 328-330] FEmNINE BASES. 191

as lisfr, a,i~irhaving an udder exceedingly large; but n:

amr~~:.
(a) Similarly a Bah.ending in ~, and gyq.r denoting
age, and having a numeral for its first member takes in the if
fam.; ~. mT1r.fi 'a girl two years old;, fstri, &c; but
~ wm-
a building built two years since.

N. B.-the ;:rof ~ is changed to llf after l5I"and ~ only

when it takes t; -i3idA"i"afi
offiif; but ~l'l:fil'T, ~ lll0T·
§ 3.29. • When a compound has for its second member a
word denoting a limb of the body of an animal and having no
conjunct consonant preceding its final vowel, the fem. is formed
by the addition of STTor i; s«'iim-m;'a women having abun-
dant hair; ' ~m-~, ~-~; but t'i~~ having beautifnl
ankles; ~n;fi' or !iffliff ( ~fr<ff Jfrnil'f iffi ) ~ ~ ' an edi-
fice with a beautiful front'•

( a) t
If the word, denoting the limb, however, be one of
the words rfTTe, il'\lf ~. qr, r~, ;rn;, fif!I\',~iE, lfil', <Ii{ &c.
or have more than two syllables, the jBm. is 1ormed in STTalone;
<li""1lmfilel' ( a{~: '6R'fSid, Kan.), ~. having large
hips; ~i(tl,{T, &c.
( 1i) ! Also when the first member is one of~, ~. or ~-
imr, the fem. is formed in STTnecessarily; ;a-m, ~m, ~-
irll'l'ilfflt, ~~ &c.
§ 330. tt Of Bah. compounds having for their last member

« ~l*l'lil14'8Jii11i:(:€tii'l'TN"•TIO:I PAn. IV. 1. 54.

t ;:ri!i!~~i'i'ef: I P!n. IV. 1. 56.
i '8iiili:i(f.il!litlili..ef.a"
I Pa.n. IV. 1. 57.
tt ;:rrf~(\g.,,•li:(rn<J;niuffl I Pan. IV. I. 55. a{-•il:1$0°aWI
<iffiio'Pll ~li;f 1\'6'~11'~~ ~ I nil'lifrn~~
Virtikaa,
 192 [ § 33()-333

one of the words ~, :a;)'!', ,;;wr,lf,'ij', ~, 'Tll'',~'

~, q;TJ,S-and~ the jem. is J'omed either in i:iPi,or if; ~ey;r
<lft;
~r,r:r-fr 'a woman having a slender waist; ' r~~)fT·l'IT
'with a lip a, red as the bimbafruit,' ~ ~ !Q'fq"f: s:ff othT-
, one havmg long legs, ' hence ' a she-camel; ' ~i-'fl'
qf'!TT:1'!"T)fatr-bodied; ,!i!!,-o<§l•:;;gr;&c.

(a) but i.f ~ be preceded by ~'(, l=l'fOl"and ~'f, or if ~

and 'litf be used lil a Bah. rnvolving comparison, the fem. is
formed in f onl;y-;~:i:~, < one having a variegated plumage•
i. e. 'pea-hen', <1za'1,i!';'n"
~f<i!"f 'a hall having its sides like the
wings of an owl'; 'S"~~r~r ' an army with its rear arrayed
in the shape o:fthe tail of au owl'.
§ 331. "' A Bah. ending in ;:r;.j and ~ and used as proper
names forms fem, in an; l1!:_qtl'fffl,
-iR!;iffl; but ~1 a girl
having a ruddy face.

§ 332. t ::S-ames of the limbs of the body, preceded by words

denoting a cardinal point in a compound, form their fem, in i
~,&c.
§ 333. .A.Bah. t ending in trr~ ( substituted for i:rrer)option-
ally forms its fem. in if before which it ie changed, to ~;
olii11W ~ mi:r
.:rm:~ o<tr~-ir,fr,f(im::-~ and in sllr when
1Wfmeans 'a foot o:f a V edic verse'; ~ ~' tr~W &c.
(a) Bnt if~ be preceded by one of the words pit, ~,
,rar,"' iJT<$',~,~$'{, &o the.fem is necessarily formed in t~
~ changing into ~ as before; ~~ ' a woman whose :feel;
are as big as a pitcher.

"' ~~~<l"!.:r.._ 1 Pan. IV. 1. 58.

t 14if'l<IG<%1
..-s-l'(! Pan. IV. 1. 60.
l ~s;~ I ll"[fiil'l Pan. IV.I, 8, 9,
 § 333-338] FDININE BASES.

( ;; ) In other oases the fem, of piatip8dilcas ending in~~ is

formed by adding~; ~<f,,
~"''<!!ll<TT, &c.
§ :n4. ff A Dwigu ending in :.'i forms its fim. in f; as
but if the ending word be ons of these included in the
AJil.digroup ( see foot-note on p, 108 ) i.ts fem. is formed in str;
~. ~lll'T ( consisting of three battalions ) ~;ir, &c.

§ 335. (a) A Dwigu ending in ~ t ( a particular

measure) and qualifying II word denotrng 'a field ' has its fem.
formed by the addition of :.TI, but when a Taddhita 11,ffix has
been first added to it and then dropped ; as i si;~ !f~ ;:z1i'!'IT:
3l1l'll'
~+.ir::u=~u~ ~m 'a piece of land 30
lmDds in extent '; but @lli"r~r r:;:;g: 'a rope, 30 hands in
length '; also when the ending word is one that does not
'a tola ', af!Rrn'
denote II measure, except the words f.!:rn 'the
load of II cart,' and ~iii~ ( a weight equal to 3¼ tolas ); tr~1r:
~: m1m~rm, ir ~ITTq,;;rma-
~riffi'i'T
~nfr; so t'll'rf~t'IT,
lffol'~r.
(b) +
When the word i:i;~ expressive of measurement ends
a Dwigu and the Tadd.hi.ta affix is added and dropped as before,
itsfim. is formed both in an and at~ i; ~ll'r Sf~r:@~-
l!fi-q"l'ef~ i a ditch two purushas ( 13 feet) in depth'.
§ 336. Participles ( those of the Pres. and Fut. ) 0£ Parasm.
f
roots take in the fem., ~ being inserted before a:_as in the N om.
or Acc. dual ofthe Neu (see§ 116 ) and so do adjectives ending
in a consonant; ~; ,:mfr·.:a-'t,
~' <f~ffr,~;,ar, ;mfr,&c.

~ ~r: I alffl;.'{~~~~~1.TT if o~~'ij; t PAn.IV.

1. 21. 22.
t ~1;:i:ir;~'q- 1Elin, IV. 1. 23.
t ~lUf>l-'l:ftlffi~ I Pan, IV. 1. 24,
H. S, (l, 13
 194 [ § 337-33£i

Chapter IX.

8JWONDA.RY No:m:-.ALBA.SES DERIVED BYTilE ADDITION OF

THE TADDHITA oR SECONDARY .~FFIXES.

§ 337. The terminations ,1sed to form de?ivative bases, :iu
Samkrit are ihs!ingnished into two classes, (1) Krit (iii:) or
) ot Secondary affixes
Primary Aflb::esand (2) I adrf.J.ita( 11f;@:1r
K;-i.t am tho,e a:ffix€sthat are added lo verbs, and tbe Nominal
Bases formed by then m8ans are called Pxtll>rARY NoMI:s.AL
BASES; while TADDfilTAaffixes are those that are added to
substantives, prim11ry or derived from roots, and the hasee
formed with tbem are called SECOND.l.RY NoMlNALBASES
( vide § 179)
§ 338. In this chapter we will treat of the more general
secorn:lary llOminal bases formed by means of the ~~~ita
air.xeg, resen-tr.;; f 'r a :uture chapter the formation of the
pnmary ncmrnal base, cenved by means of the K:dt affixes
:from roots. ·
§ 330. The Taddhita affixes are added in various senses.
Thay occasion vanous changes in the words to which they are
edded. The following general observat10ns should be paid
attention to.
(a) As a general rule the fi!st vowel of a wor,d takes its
Vrii,dhi sub,titute before the ~rminations <li,<r,~<j;, i;;, ~,
;,;,, &c.; as ~'TI%+a.=3TT"'1<:f@'+
31.
Before terminations beginnrng with a vowel or ,q-(1) the
final a;, a.r,if, and I{ !I.Yerejected; (2) !if and~ take their Gu1=,1a
subshtuta; (3) a.) and 3'\Tobey the ordinuy rules of sand hi;
~qiff+<ll'=':'!l"il'l'li 'belonging to Asvap11ti,'&c, m. n.; ~+
at=;n"iif<e:'a descendant of Manu'; .r)+<r=Tfil<f 'belonging
fr, -r1
to a cow', so <!'Te<l &c.
 ~ 339-340] T.'..DDRIJ:A AF:FrXES, 195

(i) In the caze of de?ivatives fo.nn cGmpound words some•

times the 1:c.hialvowel of the se ond word tekss its V !'.iddhi
0

end sm:nehmes the V1·,'.

1 dhi is double; ~<Ii 'be-
·to the last year': ,rnmsc:·.·;; "'"'""''"'""' &c. ~ri
ir.
:from 1;1-ir., &c. When these terminations are
to a Dwa comp both the wo?ds 0.i which are the names
d deities, V riddM is substituted for the l::iitial vowel of both;
3'l"ffal:fNiff !ll"i ' a eacrifice offered to Agni ai:d the Marni.
tle1ties,' &c.
(d) If the initia.l vowel of a word be preceded by the ,;za::ids;:
before
of a preposition the 'ill:or '=[_is first changed to iii~ or ':l'e!:.
V riddhi rn.bstltnte can take place: as etf,;f."tijf+ai:= ~-<l'T~ll'i+az
::::::i·iii~;:,tr:;
~"<!+"1=i;i<i"<!+ai:=·<:if1li;~; eimilariy~-:;ntfror,from
:til/~, s:i);r~fr. ~...:, &c.
(e) Before consonantal Tad. affi:.:es,a finai :,:_1s generally re.
jected; the final -1:with the preceding vowel 1s·som~times dropp.ti'd
before vowel terminations and before such as begin with <f; ~~­
~rot,~r~-;c~, &c. atITl'l<!(·~·<liTi;:rl«"- There are various
exceptions to this latter part of the rule; e. g. u:;r,:.:r
fr ~I~ &c.
N. B.-Other changes the student will easily note :from the
instances given,
§ lHO. The following is a list of such of the Taddluta affix-
es as are commonlyto be met with.

SECTIONI.
MISCELLANEOUS .P!.FF!s:ES

~-is ~
added in the sense of:-( 1 ) ' the son of'; as ~f.JTI"):
:aTTf.JTI"«:
!J+{T-3'. pagu'; so crr~;r: from ifij~;
'the son of CT
q-ia~ai:q-«f~r qr~i 'the dangb.ts:r of the mountain/
[96 [§ 34(}>

&c. (2) ' the descendant of'; as ~~17 ~l;f<'\i,~'Z

• 11 descendant of Utsa·, ~ .ft~ efr~')~
'& female descendant of Utaa', ( vide § 311, 313 ); ( 3)

with,' tRro ~ ~rf;;j:<i'~,t' a garment dyed

with turmeric'; (4) 'made of;' ?{<icfTUf~ey;R_": ~.re,:r~~
'made of the fir tree;' (.5) •belonging to/ &c; ~ol'~-~
~;'belonging to a god;' ~.fro'trr ~;{:~~ 'of sand':
w
rt :an.ii 'a woolen garment,' il"~i:r: •belonging
:a;n1'\.rr
to the sultry ,eason'; ~: 'nocturnal;' m<T;i;:;~:'yearly'
&c,; when added to %li;,:0 the final n is dropped, \m:
•autumnal,' ( vide Sis. VI. 65; Kir. XVII. 12 ). i~:
means 'agreeable in the autumnal season;' (6) 'lo.i:.dof';
q;~
"-
~: tffNer:'the lord of the earth'; ~;;t'.
qy~: •the king of the Pancha.las'; "it!l-lim:""
,:<TT!'IT •the
ltl~g ofthe Ikshvakn race', (7) 'a collection of'; o!TT~T'
~: m; ~ ~: ol'l'if;'a flock of cranes'; eimilar-
Iy ~~.rt from -i:;~~ ,: peacock,' ~ from q:;q'm 'a pi•
~
geon',~Frq'TTll!T
~
~=;
~-~
~
<TT1iufri'lt
~
mf.rci~&o.
'i!t"~<if
( 8) ' knowing or studying'; ol7~0T ::-iwl"ff
~: 'one who studies grammar, grammarian', &c.
(9) and to :form abstract nouns; ~: ~ i:r'rO!!~~.(le',
~ tfJ<fij''youth;' ~-~mi:[ ' friendship'; 'l~l'ilt';l't
~,i ' greatness, width,' &c.
3fti,i- forms derivatives with various eignlfications:-(1) :a-~
:.-ilii,'prod,;i~d :fr~ or rel~o
• .,, '.lf<i': a camel,' !fr~
~ J~: 'prqjluccd in the hot season,' ( 2 ) i~
~ ~ra-115''made by a potter,' ;ii-~ 'fi'r ifj~
'mli.'1fe
by Brahman,' ( 3) 5{1~: 'a forester,' 'a wild:

* For the declension of sach words vide § 74. a , b.

'§ !340] TaDDlUTA A.n'IXES. 197

man', (4) ~r~'t~).1.u:w~ 'a place fit for kings to

live in'; iii~ 'a country fit for men to live in'
~ :WH\':~: ( also im:lif:"') ' an inhabitant of
Kuru '; ~~ :s:rn{: ~~: ( also q-''hti-«:"')
• inha~iting Yugandhara '; (6) qr1;r~ ~ • grown
on a way'; (7) ~ ~ ~: 'a traveller';
(8) ~~ 'i!:i: ~~ifS: 'happening in the forenoon';
similarly ai~: 'happening in the afternoon';
(9) is added to denote ' enmity' ~~- ~ ri- 1
~t 'the antipathy betweenthe crow and the owl';
similarly ~r~, &c; (10) when added to words
ending in the Tad affixes signifying I the child or the
descendant', and to the words~,~, :a-ur'a ram',
~, ~~, ~!r=f, lif1"1', ~ and st:.r,it has the
sense of 'a collection of'; ~~ ~: 31"'jq•iiii:fill,
• a number of the descendants of Upagu '; •
'a herd of cattle', ~T~ 'a collection of kings',
~I{; 'an assemblage of kehatriyas '; ~;;
'a number of calves'; imi;~, :ar.:tlt
&c.; (11) it ia also
1lddedto~, lr,f, ~f, and ifrimrr in the sense of
• one who has studied them'; ~<fi: 'a student who
goes through a regular course o1study, or one who
has studied the krama arrangement of a sacred text ',
t:rTRTff'a student of the mimamsaphilosophy', &c.
amll-is added to the words ~ and iil"q in the sense of ' the
- f~ther of'; llfQ: mir~: 'a paternal grandfather';
ll'ran:it: 'a miifernal grandfather'· (1) :a-~is added to
mq in the sense of ' the brother of'; ~ ~
"'fahrm~i~l1i; 1 Pan.IV. 2. so.
t Vide supra. § 306. a, These are generally fim. There are
some exceptions, as~~ 'the enmity betweenthe gods and
the demons' &c.
 ms [ § 340

' a maternal .::nc:3 '; (2) and .:q-is added to (q-;r and m,r
in the sense of 'the brother and the son of' respec-
tivel:; ~ff: ~ ~ctr: 'a patemal uncle'; .na;: l:tllf:
..q.i.: '11 nephew.'
SfilM'-ulld a:rNti'f, are added to patronymics formed by means
of Tad. affixes in the sense of 'the child of,' a:rlfl1<l'UT:-iilr
'the son oi: Dakslu 'the son of :ir1'1i,
'; mnr'i'-fllT•-far: a
descendant of Garga ' ,a:rr~;:r
1e also added to the word
~r 'name of a town' in the eenseof 'produced in'-
q;rfcrm.:r-r:
, and optionally to itur; iTTUlllfif! or iufar:
son of Drona. •
i"-h!IS the meaning of ' a son or a descendant of '; ,rr~: 'the
eon 0£ Daksha '; ~~: • the son of Vyasa,' &c. ( In
the case of the words <Vre-,<f~ 'name of a low caste,'
~ra:, ;f.fU'eltiiSand ~' the final at is changed to at~
before this if. )
{$ [ ~, ~. G'J;]-has various senses :-( 1 ) ~"f11TT:Slq'N
~ ~;i;: ', ' the son of Revati: ( 2 ) ' happening or

-
given once a month, mo"nthly, la.sting for a month', &c.
irT~if ~{@ ;:nffi era.t
~ <If; similarly crrfii<t
J a1~: - &c. ( 3 ) ' gathering together ' 1 it'i!lf;f:•
_.,:,;.:, ( 4 )
.'asking;' ~!f ~n'it '61~:
'one who asks an-
Iother ~hether he had an auspicious ablution '; so !il<f·
~ ~61' ~Nfif,,f;: 'one who asks another
i;? comfortable sleep '. ( see Rag. VI. 61
wheth~;'i;'"~
X. 14,); 'et\iriliTUlfS:
&e ; ( 5) 'using !Ill instrument';
3l'ffl:lfl{(OU=I~ ~~~ 'one who strik~s with a sword,'
a swordsman'; l:t(~: ' an archer ; ' ( 6) 'mixed with,'
• In this sense it is added to a few words only.
§ :340] TADDRITA AFFLUS. Hl9

&c q:il'o *ceiff ~;~ 'mixed with curds', :i:ITU~ fr.

' black peppei ', (7) -.:ri¾
"'l''@T@ 'l;ffU.<$' ' pious,
religtons ', snm1arly ~,rr~;,;:. (8) ;;ri'q;r 'i't~<'iTT~"'~-
;qii;: 'a boatman'; ;:rr~'cf.: &c. ( 9 ) l§Ri'f.rr ~an%
~n1ne1,: 'orrewho rides anelepha;at'; ~ 'ef.:'<ITTff ~r,;i;-
f~;q;: 'one who drives rn a crn:rnge '; (10) q';;'!T'<fll'!"•HfTTff
<rtRI-'$",
'one who eats with curi!s '; (11)' living npon ',
~n~ ~rorifrm
~ol<i'of.:'one who hve& upon wages ';
so ~r';?q;:, ~ri:;~;;i;: &c, (12) 'carrying upon';<!"caiiT;,
i.HiTTT°ff e..r,~Rr1F-: ( 13 ) a:r~ir@~AI: :a:;~ 31.fi~:
' a beheve:r in God and sacred writhigs ·; eiTRn$: &c.
( 14 ) 1t is aBded to ~ll'!"T U'<f<!'T, ~~ and ~ .. in the,
sense of ' dyed with ', i:ll"fil1<TT ;i:'ii; i:ll"rii;':rer,
' dyed with
lac'. <i'r:;;;f.rai;,,~m,,i~ei;:'chequered or spotted', q;~-
me1;:;-( 15 ) Ei'Ef, ~T<f, fPl;, el'1<l,'f<Ti'fand words ending
in ~'51" except ,..,~cm:s. &c.; in the sense of' one who
studies them'; lq+l''tlfff~fcfq:;z'a student of the Veda';
;:jmfuci;:' one who studies Nyayaor logic', ef,,n:r,frff
..n~~: 'one who studies a commentary' &c,, ~l.l,ftf-
m~: ' an atheist, a student of the materiahstie
philosophy', '3i!71fl!f'?{q;:;bnt ;.;;n;q-~=1":; ~rm~,
( 16 ) to
~~, °ii;~T'if and $of'1:f in the sense of ' a collection of ';
i\"TT1o1.li"' a herd of elephants ', i!m;<t' a herd of cows',
$1(ITT<IS ' a oollection of fields,' ei':Tc!R!·:i;' a collection
d armours ',-(1'.i) to :i:r'<--.rm,,i:, au~~<!", i(gir,i;,
al:N"il:_11',
o:n:<1i1<fi,&c. in the sense of 'relating to &c ,' :au,:i:i:1.r-
:;rr?fl!iii'tl"'llof: Wfli:!flfoZcl?' relating to the Supreme
spirit ', ' spiritual '; :mf'il"";;:Wel, ' relatrng to or coming
from the governing deity'· '1llr(i:w1"/@1$. 'proceeding
f.rom the elements ',~rfitq;-· 'temporal', q-~'liw.;;i;:
&-c.-(18) to li!i1-f,TET.ii<f,~;i;;.i·, and off.i in the sense
of ' living upon ( in these cases no V;riddhi substi-
tute takes place j; ~or :;fr,nfi-IB" J:1;/ihi;: ' one who
lives upon selling things, a trader', T~>fi~<f.:, ;;r~:f,,
 (S 340

, one who live~ upon wages'.-( 19) to -.vordsdenoting

musical instruments in the sense of 'playing upon'; &c.
~!Ii~ ~ ;mifirii;: ' one whose profession
is to play ou a tabor ', so ~: fr. Vina; similarly
~or~·, i!TiifS: or myr~:, !!ffim;.,&c.-( 20 ) to
q-rand the remaining words"' of that group in the
sense of •walking with the assistance of ;' qrq;i;: [ !{qUf
~'if ifrt,ir.r ifra.r
~<I'm~~ G'i:Sid. Kau. ]; SNwr
l =.re«
;j'{\~$:, ef'~ &e.qm =-RTff
q-r1[q;:' a traveller';
I this is also add;no words denoting inanimate things.
<llrorl~~ ' wood carried on by the force of water';
( 21 ) to words included in the~ t group in the
sense of ' bears or carries by means of ' ~ ~
lTT~:, a.ndto the word N-ll'mr,r
f<r-iiml'; ~ f.r-tftcr-
lV<f;:;also~~!$':-( 22 ) to ~ and ert~ in
the sense of' lending on interest' i'EIT~: 'a usurer;,
tf~r~: ' one who lends another ten rupees in
order to get back eleven i e. ' a usurer '; and ( 23) to
~; ~r'fr ~:'magnetic,
SlT<l>ifur attractive'.

~-( 1 ) Added to i.i or words ending in 1lcf

and to ~ it has
the senseof <doneand eaten by' respectively;~ d;
~ lFE~ 'one who has eaten at a Srlddha ';
( 2 ) it is addedto a few words. such a~~-Q, ~.
&c.in the sense of ' a collection of ' with fim. tmn.
f added to it; ~ ~v: ~ ' a multitude of
thras~ floors or wi.~!d men', ~fiffl 'a number

• These are Sl'lif,a;~,~, :;m5', ;;imr, a.nd ~-

t ll'ffl, .ra-.iroir. '""•l•'lffl",
SM-l'i"4l'R',
&o_
 ~ 840 TADDHITA AFFIXES. 201

of families'. i!TT'ii;;fr
'a host of female goblins or imps/
;.;rrf~, &c.
rJ;r:i: { il=l'f.l~ )-forms abstract llOnM when added to the words
I'f!,<a%, ~·a:,n~, ~ ~~, ">:[,~T~,311i?J, ;aa~,~~'~'
~~, ~' a,~;;, 'l:f!lla, <i\'ii'1i,or,~,g"fi, t:IT~, ~'
i~-.
~f?J:, (N, &i:r,<['!', S!t:;:g, l~rl/, §'ii, :allg', ~. ,J:G",
'<RifG',i!i~, i~, <i\'i:i;,~Hi, s:'jtllf, ~a, ;rr~, ~• ef~,
~' ;:rq:;,lf'•H, and words expressive of colour; before
this t';irm these undergo the same changes as before
th~ ~I:!:.of the comparative and are always mas.; as
i:ir~il=IT'greatness', l3T~il=IT
'softness' 1'1'~, 'thirmess'
efem 'dexterity,' sharpness.' &c.; .rni+l'T, .rfi''l'rnT,
if~;:rr, qyfq;m'ohildhhood'; ~%m,a:rT~.:ii, :rmn-,
;s-~.:rr,onT~m,:;mr:;:rr, i?!f~, &c.
~ ( <!' )-tlus is added to ( 1 ) ~ in the sense of born of the
. ,.,.r~ race of; ~fi.<I':;-( 2) 'i"I~m the sense of ,·relatwr to';
~:i~:;-( 3 ) .:r%,:irin the sense of 'an oblation o:ffered
to '; :i:rl°~<I':'iWf';-( 4 ) SI!!';3'!f!!'tr: 'foremost. '
JG~· ~-~

1 ( i:<ii'ef€
)-is added to ~ and mi in the sense of ' strikrng
· with'; ~!'fctff sr~rfff ~:; 'a spearman ' ( also
~lffli<J;: ); ~rq;: 'one who strikes with a stick'.

t,; ( ~, 1s1s:i:,)-(1 ) added to p and words ending in w~it

means ~ born of',@'~ (;!'Tfft ~r,;: or smi,.;:'of a good
family,' ~r,;:-~;fr,:f: 'sprll!lg from a noble and
rich family'; it is added to-( 2 ) the words ffl and
31;:rf,fseparately or taken together in any order in the
sense of 'going'; as t:llt;infn%qrour:•going over to the
other bank'; ( when used at the end of a comp. it means,
versed or adept in; vide Bhat];. II.46 ). ~: 'coming
over to this side ( oh nver, &c.);' li!~fffif11r: 'one who
 [ § 840

goes to 00!b sla2s oi: one who crosses the sea'; "1•1'H:-
:rrf::rr:'2rn:m1;; a ,iver,' &c.-( 3) the word i:m, in the
'f.r¾iii,':'
,•c:i,s d ·,~slic' as >l'f.:mrr:;-(4) the words :a:f[rll"l'.,
ai;~ aorils ending in m:ir in the sense of 'beneficial to;'
:,;r,;:;r~f~ a..T<PI•fl•'f;,
R•,rmfi;;,, .ZIQ'.llliff!lf:' fit to be
by a mother'; rq-1prr.rrur:
&c-( ii) -!of changed
to i'J:;as .;fril':;-( 6) ;;z•0 :;r;i:in the sense of 'journeying'
Sf't~ :ii~rftfi:r:a:r-.~;fr;;:' a traveller';-( 7) ~!~ and
<>f~'«[1n the senses of 'eating and :fastended on' respec-
tively; 'B'i~- 'eating every kind o:f food'; "'a;~qt
~ :s,~'r<fr,rr( ;a-q-r;icr_)
'a shoe or boot of the length of
the fo()t;-( 8) ~ and mq ln the sense of' a :fieldof'; as
ffm'f'a sesamum field', ;rr,:f1ot,
&c.; and to :a-~ and
!~!! substituted :for (O'.+m~; 'li!fl+I':q-~: ~ff
.i-r~n:i' ' formed by walking together seven steps or
speaking seven words'; m:irq)&"~ T~r~ i<PT.f1.rt
' freeh butter or ghee' (virle Rag 1. 45. Bhatti. V.I2),

!<l'(~,w::r_
)-(1) is added ir. the !ense of i of or belonging to';
~ :OW
~ra°ri.r: fr. ~!~f; ~ fr ~rnJT;l!"!'lireITli:
'belonging to the ichool of Panini'; it is added to
( 2 ) ~ and ~,a- and m,r in the senses of 'the son
of' and'relating to,' respectively;~,r~?i.r: 'a sister's son'
~r:r:; .mi'!tr: 'fraternal';-( 3) 31"<1
in the sense of
' relating to or a number o:f' a:if?i!Tll ( also :.:r1~J ' rela-
ting to horses, a number of horses ';-(4) when added to
the words :r,r, ;;r,r, G'f, ~' ~, ~ and ~' ~ is

"Pan. V. 2. 23, and Sid. Kau.

~ ~ <ll:~)ifR)ir:;r;f ~~ I .Amara.
 § 340] TADDlIXTA APFLXES. 203

' one's own, ' 01;;€r<T

inserted; ~:;;!:f,f<i • of the people '
ll'i::t'i,t, ~r:.re€1<1, ' of a bamboo, ' \;r~1tr.
' produced in ox relaHng to the 18;UlY
~tr-·l:ff<ir.cj1J!.f mason, '
fr, ~Hi'l'.•
{f'Q"( l~, ~q;-~ , t;;r~,)-is chiefly added ( I ) to words ending
in fem. affixin the sense of ' the c!uld or offspring of ';
~;;a,r:' the son oi Vinati\ i. e Gamda '; ~lf¥i!<l': 'the
son of a sister ,, when added to ~e!"T meanrng' a poor
woman', ~;.r is mserted optionally: ~"@~.:r: oz ,m 0-
when ~~r means' a harlot,· or' an adulteress '
fa-".i'f:q.,
~; 1B optionally substituted for q-tr; il©~tr. or~)~-
'itll': 'the son of an adulteress'; 1t is optionally elumged
to If,\" when added to words denoting ' a :iemalehaving
some kmd of def6ct ', qt;f;iii.:r:-.:,'son of a one-eyed
woman, ' ~l~<T-,:: ' son oi a female slave';-( 2 ) to
words of two syllables endmg lll if but not formed
by the affixt ( ~3'.t.), to ~1j; and words included in
the ~lilf¾' group*; :sn"@r.,: ' son of Atri ', iil1Jif1f?.1'
'son of 1\ii!indiika ', ?if'1~:'son of Subhr11( Name of
II sage ), ~3'<1': &c ;-( 3 ) and to ;;\'f<iFi~.and l~q~i:'l,
the final ~ being dropped before it; ;:irq~~.r·, fir~-
~,ri!{:;.r,, (4} added to ,r;frand 1.f-f~
it has various senses;
~ill" 'son of Agni ', 'relating to tire',' having
Agni for the presiding deity ', &c ; it 1saffixed to-( 5}
-!<fr and other words in the sense of ' produced from,
&c!; .;;qr ~~ ,rotlit ;rr .ri~<i'ri verborn '; ' rock-salt ';
fr ·;;'t'r
l'l'J'tti' ' p;~ducedfrom the earth ', <fRTUTU-.:r &c ;
and li!Tl~ in the sense of ' a field of ' ~~,
( 6 )'iri%°
~~~ ,-( 7 ) ~-, §'~', lfT<TT,
and words included in

m111fr,
,: ~'t'i, ~'(, "1'~~11', :sfui::rilfr, ~ ..m;:,foi-'c:!~r,
,;rmofr, ~'.F,
~~fii, ~!Ii, ,;r;:\ifl!fr,
foi-?J:., &c.
 [ §340

the , with different significations and

with a !f. added to it; q;~~: ' a dog', pertaining
to a no:;le :family'; <ll'f~: a sword',~:' a neck
ornament', ~~or: 5111": '$ii<f: ff'll' iifra: <ITT~·,
' village-bo!'n, mstic '; .rrftcyt'fi':, &c. (8) '$~
m the sense of ' made of '; l!i'iilflt'a silken garment';-
( 9 ) ~ in different senses; ~~<T: ' man-elanghte:r ',
'human work',' derived from or incidental to man,
composed or propoUllded by man'; and ( 10) toG"T~,
an'iml,oR3"fi'i'and 1fll"'l"ffl'in the sense of' useful in~ good
:for'; 'TT~ ~m~' whaUt!l.seful on ~~~way', i e.
'provieionsior a journey ': ~ fflli!: ~r@-W,:
'attentive to guests, hospitable'; <1"~1 m1: ,rfffl,: ...
'hospitable ',-tfr au&:; ~q-a-. ~m'ii ~rrntf ( l!i.f )
'wealth, property'; vule Kir. XIV. 8. -
,;,; ( ~ )-is affixed( 1 ) to words expressive of countries in the
sense of ' born or produced in'; ;i:r~: ' born or pro-
duced in the Madu country ';-(2)·to & in the sense
of' dyed with'; <ff<'I~:• dyed yellow ',-(3) in the sense
of' belonging to'; i:r«r;., ~., &c.-( 4) 'bought £or'
~~- 'bought for :five rupees';-( 5) in the sense of
'acting' ~: 'one who is cold' i. e. 'slow in action,'
' a dilatory or lazy man ;' :a-~lllcli:' an active man ';-
( 6. 7. 8.) to express pity or diminution, or depreciation-
~- 'poor son',~:• unhappy Devadatta '; i{ffi
<[~ f~:, 'a small or stunted tree'; ~: a bad
horse, a haok; ~: 'a wicked Sudra,' ( 9 ) and some-
times with no signification;~- i. e, a:if.i':'a ram '
~: 'a jewel ', or~ ' a young boy '; &o.

'"f.a'( i:f.'~ )-is affixed (1) to words denoting names of beasts, in

the sense of ' a collection of '; ~W- 'a flock of sheep '
 § 340] TADDIDT.A. AFFIXES. 205

&c. ( 2) and in various senses to the prepositionsi, li',

f.t,fit and a-a:_;
'It<!;.:'narrow, impassable, crowded' &c,;
![~ 'maDlfest ,; ~~ 'huge, fierce, large', &o ;
f.rc1;e 'near, close to' &c.; :a-;ii;a- 'large, excessive,
powerful ' &c.
~-~'ll'~r ' a number of chariots '
~. ~ and ~'hr ( q;~~t ,~, ~t:, )-are added to exptess
'equality with, httle inferiority to'; ~i.r: ~,
f¾:~;q-:-~:-l~;.r: ' almost learned'; pmq;;q-:.
'neatly equal to KumA.rain valour'; q;~;q-:, ~i'fq;~
'nearly dead ', &c,; these are also added to verbs; q-:;f-
fitq;i?i ' cooks tolerably well '.
r are added in the senee of • :reputedor re-
j markable for'; as mr ~:-~:' re-
'q'UI' ( 'qQIQ"_) ~ markable or known for one's knowledge';
~(~;;:~!(_) j al~:-' renownedfor his skill in the ll!e
L of weapons ' ( vide Bhatti II. 32. )
~ ( e'!l,~~)-is added to apverbs of time in the senseso~ relat-
ing or belonging to,'~ ircr: ~;:r:, 31:i,ra-r:,~:
Rta.r:;~~if:,-to
~i'fif', ~!ifl'nl'r:, c;:flll@if:, sr; as
sre;r: old,-to the word il'!if changed to ~; ~;:r:.
~ ( !!~ )-expres~es diminution; ' a small saek, '.r~~:
aitofffl~r
• a young calf', &e. '
;;:r-is similarly added to T~, ~ ' last year ', ,ror1' the year
before the last', Sf and ~; ~,;:t, ~<if, qufuir, !felt
and~.
i'fT( i'ftil')-forms abstract nouns .ili'fT, li~cl'F,"'°Sl'i'fr,
&c,; added to
!I'll{, :n;:r,.r.:i, ~~If,
and~ it has the sense of 'a
collection of;' !fn:raT,t;!'ifa'T,iifiiji'fT,&c.
1'ij~--viffil''lf 'maDHold '·
 2C6 r § 34t·
:'<f-(?:i~) is ailil,ii.!_nth;_ aense of' living in, belonging to,' &c.
11~@:, ~'(<:[,3'!>l'r,~, ii'i, !i'.1'8:,
to the wore.a ':fl,:;:l"nJT, "i!l6:,
a;,0. 1n~eclinables ending rn ere:;~rr~om:q: a south-
or'"e", '11~:, o:ri":(~i<l':,an bl:tahitant of the east;
~~ffifQ',one who accompanies a k~ng, a minister, tt"?l':
w,,:i:r·,
1li"1'Q"', o<'l'f«l'' &c ; also ·;o the p,epcsition M',
~~tr: ' eternal',.

is added to 'S"tfand :a:i"N;,a-q;r.;~ land 11.tthe :foot

:r;,F" { l:<l'~ )
of a moun tarn, :a:rfcv<T<l,f
' a ta::iie-fand.'
s,-ie affixedto -TT
only: .f<ff .frm f.
'tl•JiIT 'a herd of kine'.
:q-forms abstract nouns; ~r?-i".

l{'§l",~121"and .:rrsr·'
( !'{~, a<l'<:i~,'llN~,
) are added in the sense
of I measuring as much as'; ':f[ij !\rn'TilT<>!i:<i::i'fiij~if-
~«lii-.rl'si'
::;;;;if,'water :reaching as far as the knee', &c.
ar:mtl 9 r( ;;",:-(,~,)-are added to ;;,;rr respectively in
and [!;'€1'
c:Hierentsense,:-~!JT' womanly, famirwna, suited to
women, ( 11 ) wom~nhood' &c ; q'i,;,' me.nly, heroic, fie
for a m:rn, ( 11,) mamhood, virility'·

'TTl1f-iSadded as a deprcciatory termination; ~rn: ' a bad

doctor, a quack '; l.:rrtITT:tlitrr~:&c ; added to ~iU it
has the sense of 'a collection of', as'$~: ( ~!ff and
~ aYealso added to ii;~ in the same sense ).

ll1i (~)-§is added.in the sense of ( 1 ) 'made of '; ~: r-l'SITT:;::

~-~made of earth, ' <f.r8'i:f<r'made of wood ' &e.;
and ( 2 ) in that of profusion or excess ' ~ff ~t

"smrii'r~~~e:~: 1 Pan. V. 2. 37.

t t:Mm:~1.l'T
;,;;:~;,i:;;r-j'
lf!:l'i!IB',I Pan. VI. 1. 87.
§ ~ q; ~l'<fTl=i~\f.l'i~~;,<rr Pan IV. 3 143~
 ~ 340] T.urn::IJ:T.I. AFFIXES. 207

<l't';:.;":f ;r,r;f: ' a rncrifice consisting for the most

p:i1H oXcl::mfiedl::i.:tte,,'ai:~l:\'<!l': &c. It is not added
to words denolir.ng"L-nurncle of :food or a covering';
e. g. 'icy:.
,q-~, .:ra:,'1:1~, !lti)-is added to :uorr:iswith different mean-
... '- inge:-( 1 ) ~'-if .r°"rf ' a nerd c.f cattle.' <ffil'r-lt
~vr.m1:n,so ~,;,n,,;:...<ir,( •r'<:!1;rr~If ), :rra:;..-r,
~r,
'a dense mass of smoka,' ~r, "!5'fr, &c ( 2 ) lill.Ti<if
~~ri: 11 couztie:r'; ( 0 )
c-: r disciples of

same ?Z-JCcap~or/ :'ffi'iq'~

, ~;rI~)~~ ' a brother of
who1e blood. t; (S.)forms abstract nouns ;J::::tr,
fr'TI~<-f,
'ti'lt'l:q", ::,;irRri;p.r,
&c.; it is uddea-( 5 ) to
the wol'ds 'H~ and +r~ iu the sense of ' born of the
1:;r,;:q-' a man of the Kshatriya class,' ~;it-
race of.' :;;:
:;,r,;.;,~€<f. ( in this case~ is inserted) 'a man;'-( 6)
to ~'t in the sense of <the son of,' "'i!llJ<T:, (7) to W-i:!5;
t;j~-'of noble descent;' ( 8 ) to <tf?=f,~(;, T'ii;[,
and 'a"ll!':S:.
in the sense of 'having any of these for one's presiding
:a:ntr~otj- a:i~ 'a
or tutelary deity,' &c. ,ng;: ~ll"cii
missile having V :1ynfor its presiding deny,' "ltiifstr:
'worshipping the Seasons ( as divinities),' fq,:;.;. 'sacred
to the manes, offered to the manes'; <ill"t<r: ' sacred to
the Dawn;'-(9) to~ and words included under the
<l:t1$11'~
group in the sense of 'deserving or meriting';
~ 'deserving punishmer.t,' .r1:.<i' 'fit to be killed,;
a:iw 'deserving worship,' &c. ,Jn the derivatives
given hereafter ti ehould be c~\:!sidere<t as,, 11dded
in the senS§.;~tached to each word;-'ffi'<!; 'theft ' :from
'<'ffif,~;;. ~b~m of th~ b;;~~t ' ( also a:i~.r:fr. -3';!"~+
 :os [ § 340-34.1

<!=f)fr.~; ' wholesoll!e to the teeth ' ( in thi,:

MtS-O it is added to words denoting the limbs o:f the
bodyi ll8 ~"3\T' good for the nsck,' &c. ); ~-mitf'fit
:for a dog' :fr. ~; ,flitr fit for being the centrill part of
a wheel' fr, ;;rf.r'the nave of a wheel;' •Wi •fit fox the
nose' from .:m~<ITT;,~i. ' dmwmg a chariot, a horse, '
~ 'harnessed to the yoke, a budl'; !ill'Ell'' of equal
age, a friend'; ~ • what is weighedm a balance and
found eqnal ', hence 'eqnai,' fr. ij<liT;.:ti!Ul' ( ;:i;rrl.l"f<r,i·
'qff)jnst;q~;,i' (G'i~mij) 'wholesome;'~ (~~
+1.fl!l\,~!d) 'agreeable to tihe heart',~: ( -q;i' ~1)
obtaining wealih, ~ ( ~0~ ©~ ell ) ' ~_2.ll•
s~t with dharma ', or' obtainedjustly '; ~ 'talk
of tnepeople,' ~<!" 'capable of being controlled,obedi-
ent', &c.~ ( ~r:i:.)' wooden or of a tree,; ~
( ~r,:m:ir Pan, IV. 4. 49.) 'price'; &c <f~~~:( ~
wr:)'glorious, laading to glory'; ( ;:rrw;i-~ ffiir)'fit
to be crossedover lll a boat'; w:f:
(~ ~Tffl ' a horse
or bnllock yoked to the pol010£a carnage'; m;it ( :if,t,
-~) 'proper or fi.t..£.o,r
a cow, got from a oow'; &o.
·"'-' ~

t-{ 1) is added to ~r, ~i:rl'and ~, as a diminutive term,;

fflT fir~r{ m. n. 'a small hut,' ~1i~t;'mal1
S'ami tree',~~~ 'the trnnk of a yollllgelephant'.

~ and ~-are affixed to r'iiin the sense of 'largeness,' ~tf.e

'great, large'; f.l'mw
'extensive,' 'spacious,' &c. '-·-

§ 341. The~~ affixes or affixes expressive of posseseipn

have the following additional ~enses:-~ or ' greatness, emi-
nence,' Tii•qpr ',dep:re~on,' ~ .or 'praise,;- R~Q'~or
'constant connection, a:irnmi:r,:r
or' excess over, t ,El'~OJ 'being
in connectionwith,' and :a:n'€'mir,r'<t!f
or 'to expres~the meaning,
 § 241] 209

of' possession,,;. The insh,llces in order are-.r.mf,3'., ~!ti·

~.ft~, ~tf"'<r.3:, ~r•, ..r~oft ~r, ~-

SECTION
AFFIXES SlIOWXNG POSSESSION. ( ;f?.lf~l4 )•

.:r( ~ )-is affixed to words included in the ::iti:mt~ gyoupt;

~: (~rfu' ~ ~ff ) ' suffering :from pile!;'
', ::;rar~'tt'fr/1:t:.;a-: 'having matted hair'; is'IB' 'havfog
a prominent breast. '
:aneand <ITT<!l'-are
attached to ~ in the sense of ' speaking
much or speaking badly'; err-ma-:or <IT"i:i1'®:
a prattler,
a garrulous or talkative person. '
~~-~: one who pos,esses a ' heart ' i. e. ' a kind-hearted
man ;' this is added to ef@,
<!'till'and i'[SI'in the sense
of' not capable of enduring;'~;;- ~if efrima:'un-
able to endure cold'; similarly~~:, ~= (
qsr:
~U~~: a"<I'~ I litrii:-~ {@'ffl'il,T: S. K. ).
~-is affixed to ~ and other words t in t!Je sense of ' that

"~~~ f.r~S~ I
~sfun~~t ~11' +:rg;ry~: 11(Sid.Kan.)

t ~. <R~, a;.:q:,'el'f!'I:,~. ;;;rar, ~, ~~, ~' a..~,

~, and words expressive of the deformed limbs of the body
$1ldof colour.
t ~ <'i,;mr;;~ J11'~ I PAn.V. 2. 36. The follow.
ing are some of the words of the ~rrl group:~, ;i"'GfU,
~,;,lf(llr,~,i-, Sf'"IR:,~'~.~,I'S~, ~.~,
~<!~, ~, ~. ~' ~. ~, f.ru, m, ~, 'ii'~.
~.~,3!'!'{,'.i~,~,m,~,ff,[:"7,~,~,~TN',
~,~ar,~,~W,ff~,ffl~,~~,~,~,~'~'
H. S. G. 14.
 :no L§ 341

is obtained or possessed by '; nT~1'ST

3l~ ~: mmsif
~~
;r.;: 'tile dry studded with stars'; i:i;mr'if
a:ierq;~: ~·; similarly !I(~, ef~, ~-roln&o.
~ e.ndff ( if.t,oil: )-are added to words ending in ar,and to
the words of the ~ groupf'; ~ 3l~T~Tllf <{l'il"-
or c{iue<S' one who has a staff.' \'f~, ~Rfl, ~=Rli~
&c.;'irig-;3:,
ii'ig;i:;,
~, ;rrfitq;, mf5~, itrf'~. &c.
when added to qTa" and ami<:ITT", q; is prefixed to it;
llllffl~, 'suffering from gout, rheumatic; 3'1@'~,
'one snfiering from diarrhrea.'; it is added to ~;et and
other words when the place is meant; ~ ' the
place where lotuses grow'; hence ' a tank or a lake';
similarly ~gr~, qf~ &c.; it is aleo added to <Air
and words ending in ri; at~ one having some object
in view;~~ &c; and to l!fOT-i!I~' an ascetic.'
{<!'-is affixedto~, qg-and m,-; q;ra;r:
'bearing fruit, fruitful',
~ur • a peacock ;' ~if ' dusky '.
t~-is added to~, ~, f~UT,ir,;r, .fn%and~ optionally,

~; ~.~. ~. i>'f{, ii'°,fu:rr~,q,Jef, ~. ~, ~.

~.~{, ~. ~. i1«5', "ii'ff,~$, ~. ~. ~. ffl!f)',
srn«,r.r, and ;ft!\:rr
sr1'.l<I' •
.,., S(n ~"t I Pan. V. 2. 215. The words belonging to this
group are:-<('~, it~~ , fu<IT,
+rrtltr,ii'~, ff;q;r, ~!fir,
liifl<if,~. ~. 0
~r, [illtfr, ~r,<frurr,
@, ;,:i-:w, ~.
and words ending 1tl 0
. t ~. ~, ~~, i'llmi, fl~, i'IT, !fil<T~,
Tif\'f,~, ~,
~, ~11i,<fm'f, f~!lf, sm,,ft~; ~;r, nc, iffif,
,r;~"'ra',
~' fflhr,u;;fur,;nra1p,~~f, ~, ~' ~, ·~,
~ andq-qe:_.
 ~ 341-342] TADDH!TA AFFIXES,

to fit~, .r~, ylfll;, ~, ~ and ~ necessarily;

~ and tii.r-0pt.ionally; ~ 'having a
to Rf<IS'flT,
protuberant belly, corpulent'; ~, ~, (have
the same sense); qf:fn~
'intelligent': ~' !limy,
slippery '; ~ - 'having a broad chest '; $
'muddy'~' sandy',~. q;f.t~, &c.
"TI:-~' having projecting teeth, hence also mgged' &c. •
g-is added to ;m- anii.l!l'Ta'in the sense of ; not enduring ;; as
~: 'not able to face the army of the enemy', 'one
who cannot withstand the strength of another'; !ifi@'
'one tbut cannot bear the wind'. When added to
qffi it has also the sense of ' a collection '. !ffi@'l
' a hurncane '.
ii~-This is added to the word l:fT~ in a good sense, as ~
or all~ is added in a bad sense; ~ 'eloquent,
au orator.'

i«I_ ( m._)-is added to i'~, ~ and ifn~; ~ 'a place

abounding in lotuses'; ;:r~ 'abounding in the nada
grass ', ~' abounding in canes '·
~ ( i;~)-is the general term. expressing po■session ;~ it is
added in the sense of 'it has that or that is in it'; e, g.
imits~~ ~'MII@ tJ"'ilrr-l:
'possessing cows', &c.
It is specially added to the words ~. ~, l!l'W, t\fll',
~, ffl, ~t and~; ,~r-J:,~q;rr-3:,&c.; ~-
§ 342. ( a ) The ;r of the termination ;ia:_ is changed to q' •
when affixedto words ending in ~ or a:r,short or long, or haT- 1
from fin:, ~l!li(,
-ing either for their pennltima.te t; f.f.;ra:_ '

* i\ql'E<li~iu:£1~ ~I «m'°ip:!i:,ci"
I Pin. V. 2, 94. 95.
t ~q'ifNr~ irar<itsQ'cfT~:
I Pan, VIII. 2. 9. •
 212 [ § 842-843

~,~-~ffii,&o.;• m!~+i!iir.=U~; al!U!fi'q~

w:•a country having a good or just king'; ( ef.Rag. VI.
22. )=~~, as .:~ w: ' a country governed by a king";
~~+ern:=Wlla:.
m. 'the sea'; ~a: as ~~ ( -.ra;.
'a Jll? ') containing water.

Exoeptions :-;r is not changed to lf in the case of the words

!T1l",~R', o;m,~, ~, w-ar,cror;iifll{T, m, ~~, 'b~~,
;i~, wfu(,~' ~, ilg, aand~. as l:f!fiff~, :3;11£;n~,
&c.
(b) t ira:, also becomes !fa: when added to words endmg in
any of the first four letters of a class ; ~' ef~~ m.
•possessing lightning' i. B. ' a cloud', &e The of fill!<!.
&c. a:
is not changed to ~ as it is not at the end of a ~•
(c) and when the whole expresses a ~:ITT
( a name ); ~,
~nr&c.
§ 843. When added to words denoting qualities ;r,i:_ is,
dropped; t e, g. ~ @Jll'S~fit n:
qa-. a white ( i. e.
possessed of the white colour ) garment, so ~~or~ &c.
lf ( !:£-r,)-is added to~ in the sense of 'a stamped coin,
or beautiful'; ft;q- 'pos~~~ing snow, snowy', ~:
'posiessi;,1g merits'· -

~-is added to ~, ~t,

a;urr, and~; i3illlfi: 'woolen ', ~~~:
' possessing bhse, fortunate ', ~: ' proud ' ; lITT!:
•happy'. • .....

:(-is added to~. q, 6'~, .;j1(, .rir, ~. qfij-, «, ff,.

~

""~I~ I PAn. vm. 2. 14. u~ I Sid. Kan.

t t{lf: I ~~ I Pan. VIIl 2. 10. 11.
t ~~ i!ijinGf'!W:I V£rt.
 § 348] TADnmrA.AFFu:Es. 218

and Wf! ( ~r ~1'16i: ); ~ ' possessing paleness,'

i. e. 'pale';~ 1 sweet,' &c,

·1'J( ~ )-*~w: 'having muscular shoulders ' i. s. • strong',

lffirw
' compassionate,'q;;ra' foamy'; it is also added
to words ending in :arrand denoting a limb of the body
of an animal; ~:'having a crest'.

7 il;~:
"'!1' 'having beautiful and luxuriant hair,' also (~,
..:...---· ·~, ~,ra_ in this senEe)1ir/ilrer:
'a kind of serpent',
~: 'one of the nine treasures of Kubera'; ~+
;;r=attQ!I':'the sea'.

'!l't?( ira~)-~: 'an elephant'; ~ffl<itir: 'a peacock';

~, ~,fr,ra: 'a husbandman,' 'l!fl~: 'a sacrifi-
cial priest ' 'a distiller of spirit '; ~- 'a king';
and~: 'powerful'•

is added to Rflfr, i:r.rr,~ and words ending in ~i iron-

A";a:_:i:
, ·· ~ ' a magician;' &c., ~;i: ' talented,' ~
'poss~ a garland,' ff'~ 'lustrous,' &e; also to
;n;:p:rthe final at being lengthened ; ~ 'diseased'.

~-ii~:
. •hairy,' '.a monkey';~:;~~:
'
'tawny'·

N. B.-t These affixes are prohibited after KarmadMraya

compounds.

ft, :amn~f.i'f.r:l Pa.n.V.2, 121.~1a<11:,:ihe-w1,i

~Slitl
t if rillllVtl~R•ll'\if<I': I
.214

sioTION m.
AsnxEs Fo1nu.,e:_~?VEli!BS.
:a:i,v;-
~
\' :;:i~ .._f
'-is inserted before tha final vowel ;:..
of indeclinable!'
~ ,..,
~

wbhont any change o:f meamng; :/!Sii°:-:a-~:;<lT'e!"•-

~:
i:r,:r-is added to nouns indicating ' a di!e_oti5m ' in the sense of
' not far from '; aiii't!i.mi ' to the east of the village.
not far from it'; :a,~Gf ;:rr;:r,
&c.

i'I~ ( nm)-has the sense of the .Ablative; m~: 'from the

beginning,' +ie>.ra:,mcr, q111
0 : &c.; somehmes this i!i
added in the sense of the Gen ; as ~T ~~.,;
'the gods declared themselves on the side of Arjuna ';
( ffre"i)-q'j~: ' on all !ides '; <il~n: !on bQth sides '.
;;r::-~lir 'without', ;;r.rr ' in varion! ways ', &c.
i:fli_-"' is affixedin the sense of 'equally with' or 'like to' when
the equality or likeness refers to an action; iif!g:l'otl'f
w:i'of~ff; but 9;-irnr~: ~~: and not g:nr&7
1E~:; similarly !l'if.H!'e'/&::;
or (2) 'as in the case of that
~m,. :r:r~ ~ i:rrq;r;::;:isr~-r
t<i ~~ ( ~~'Et!'
• ~: ); (3) l'tNl-l\ilct
NP~ ~ff.
~~-~~: 'lHtle ?Ylittle'; ~: &o.
f.;;;-is added to noUllsor indeclliiables to express that a petSOl!,,
or thing, not being like what is denoted by the base to
which it is added, becomes or is made like it.

"~~llfim~: I t!Sfl'im lr!ffll Pan.V.1.115-117.

~iitit ~R ~: 1 Pan. V. 4, 50. ~n~ ~
<1~1Virt.
 § 343] TADDRnA AFFIXES, 215

4 Before this the ending a;- or srr 1s changed to~•

but not thai of indcclinables; t or ;a-is lengthened and
iii changed to {r; final ;i: and the ending consonant of
~'1-, ~,'<I'~,~- ~~,and ~, are dropped
and then the preceding rules are applied to the penul-
timate vowel. After this the ter1DJ.Dationis dropped
and the verbal or other forms of W, 1{ and ~ are
added to the base regarded as a preposition; ~:
~. '6'~ t lfrnffl'<$WI'+~=iimrr+ ~=ii~-,,
+lirnffl')rii"~; If ii1l'T ~ ~;;rgir lillfT~~
~; similarly iri~; ~rtfr~: ' the day it
changed into the night'; ~~ u~ 'the night has
become like the day '; ~@', ~: mi~;
imffi!mffl;&c , ' ~if.~rr'iir,;.;:;r11~lira:; ~~f.t;
"~lfrqrnfit.~Ulff, &c.
atr-ie affixed like ~ to ( l ) i·~ when the meaning is I
• troubling one who ought not to be troubled',
;-( 2 ) ff and fstq-m the senseof
ffi('i:r.ria:
%:i_;rf$''1:Tffl
pleasing one who ought to be pleased ', &c; 8Wf·
<J;fflff,f?r<rr!F.uia' ~ ( ~~ 31l•M\llld Sid.
Kan. );-( 3 ) ~; ~i.dli:fiil@~ i. ,. ' roasts it';-
( 4 ) -=r~:'li~ffl' llTvt ~~ i. e, ' settles its
price'; ( 5) and to onomatopooio words not followed
by tfit and containing more than one vowel, the words
being reduphcated; ~,-qa,raf!lmfii', 'utters the
words ~' ~- '

'EITQ'.-isoptionally affixed like ~ but when the change meant

is completei<;( F~ ff a:rfa: ~) arfmn~ 'i&
.., :34~ ~ I Pan. VII 4. 32. stol"'tN i~Ta::;;,rr
I Sid. Kau;
~ ~1't ;tfa' li~~ 1 Vlrt. ~ '<I'l Pan. VII, 4, 26 •
.at,iitiil1aij~ffi<a'l<'°''8i
lffi~ I Pan. V. 4. 51.
 216

completeiy to fire '; ( also ~ra ); ,m;-

~ 'ecmpletely reduces to ashes'; in the case
oi tlli., affix the forms of ~ with ~ eire also added;
"S<7l,;i:;Jl~q~ alfflffl~@ ~~. ~~ff' :.;iift-
~ra::
s?.r<l'llTi:J:; also conveys the sense oi ' making
over or delivemig something to another ' &c; u:;:r-
~<lffl, t~ffi<ll>Ulffi 'EITT( and ;;ff are similarly
added when something is to be given to anotherj
fif~fu1r, r<f!l="31''i~; ~'>r~m~.:n'ir
&c,
N. B.~-The derivatives formed by means of the affix ffl,r_ do
not share the properties of prepositions; the verbal indecl.,
therofore, from a:ifir~nrais stfaj:!l<~<•U <1ndnot-~~.
A.DvEnBS OF Tr:MEIRREGULARLY FORMED FROM NOUNS:-
- ' ~ .~
~ ~ ,:r~:'the sameday';~~~a:• last year';
~°i~
"i.l@i: 'the year tefore the last'; s:rrw*rr:~it'iroi:
_'this year'; 'iffl~g-fil' ,fun~' the other day', 1,~~~f;j- ~-
' to.day '; 'i.'ffl~ 11i.fm'yesterday'; 31~fo:r;g~ (il ~: 'the
' otb~r or :following ~ :a-a:ii.~:
da.y :Jml~4!;; 'both th~days '·
,..'...=,,...:!.'"'t
..

Chapter X.

Gender.
§ 344. No definite rules can he le.id down for the determina-
_tion of the ~ender of words in Sanskrit. It oan best be studied

* Nl'lm '-'Ina~ 1 Pan. V. 4. 52.

 § 344-346 J 6:ENDEB. 217

imn the mesw.u~, ,, or from usage. The followinghints, however,

may bs useful to the student in. the majority of cases,
1 MASCU!,!NE W OBDS,
§ 345. Verbal derivatives :formed by the affixes Sfaud ;r,
and ~ added to the roots qr and 'iilTi e. g. qlol,:, ~:, ~:, ir~:
any beverage or drink, poison, m:.r~:range, scope,~:, ~;r:,
3f!Tll!":mental pain or anguish, f.tr~:a treamne, &c.

1 riw, and~
Exceptions:-<mi.lrfem. and or<T all neu,
§ 346. Words ending in <I"and those havillg ~, ~' "!_,e,q,.;:,
l.l:,:a;,.;:_,\, or ~' for their penultimate; as l:l''lJ', ;fl'ij':, i§°',
~N: 'a swelling,
' a bunch of flowers' &c; 'l;[,!:1 l:!!'iifll1':,
'ffio!1l'i:
'
i:ir3f:, ~
~:, '
~a~ll·,l3m:, g'l:: a razor,' ~,~:,tlf=,~'l:f: &c.
<:fl=!<f:,

Exoeptions:-W ords ending in-

( a) ;a--~~, '(~ ( except when it ends a compound, in which
case it is both mas. and.fem. ) fi;'. 'the last day of a
lunar month on which the moon is invisible,'~' name
of a river/!'!~,~!!!' and fatf1Z 'a kind of creeper,' which
are all fem.; ~~, :;i"l'ij', <f1!!," ' wealth,' ~~ ~ 'lac,'
;;r!!'tin or lead', m13, ~T"1,~ 'honey,' ffi'ii: 'relish',
~ and ;r~ 'sour cream', which are all neuter.
( b) i:i;--~~ 'the chin', ?il'lii,$,srrfu~, ~~ 'a garment,'
' a fire brand.'
:a"<:S-ef.'

( c) ~ and ur-r.i;;fi;r, ~ • ~~e, ii£'ffo!' a place where four

roads meet;' ~, qlli,~•
<iJ",[ll£,

.( d) ~ and .r-isT8', '[g, Ref'<lproperty left at death,' :g'of~' a

hymn of the Samaveda,' 'a kind of sacrifice/ :;:r.r,,r, a:im
•the.hairy skin of a black antelope', 1Illil' 'snow',~,
218 [ § 346-34&

roq;r,;r,;, i~ ' sin,' ln;f, ~if, ~ ' a Bight of

steps·, fil~, ~r,r, ,w,~-
( e) q-,lf, ;r-q-rq- 'sin' ~tf, filr~, ~, ~ ' tender grass ',
~frlf 'an island', ffli •saffron',~ gold, iron, ffl'oi:f
'a leprous spot',~;: battle', t.i:r,~Ii (generally mas.),
S!~r;;r knowledge of the soul.
U) !.1'and,-~, ti~!.l', :a'!RN'an upper garment ', i{R',
SN, n,ii, of<f:f,lifSi 'lead', TID{,.fi,,~~, ~..:r,!>q;;r,am-,
nrfi«, ~. ~, ;.~, ~~,, ~ 'dry ginger',
~ • a cage', ~, :at~f 'courtyard,'~, ~. 111!6',,
~,W 'a cave', 'i!ifu'ahut'(m. also), <!i:tT.:
'a crab',
~, 'name of a country,' ~, ~,, n-'ol' a loom,
the rltnal &e.;';!(Er, ~;r, lft:r,iwr, ~, ~, ~• ;r:r,
m;ra family, :atJ~ a fuiger-armour, 'ffli!', =um-,
<Ai,
q':f, '1"151",
~-
( g) 1lfand :a--~ 'a frying pan,' ~ ' a frying pan,'
~. !Rf11f,
~Rl 'sin, guilt/ ~i:rq-: •sin, stain,' ( some--
times mas.), f.ffl, ~, 'chaff' ~ which ( h.g.) are
all muter.

§ 347. The words i{er,~ ~If, m,

li!!lf, terit,
;rer,~,.
~'"-'I", atm,~, ~• ;arn;rr, ;rw ( also mu. ), q, ;r,:;:r,;n;r,
:rn_;s,
fflif, ~. m;i:n, and their synonyms, and words expressive
of the measures of corn &c., such as ~• &c.
Exceptions-~ fem., ftc!.fom., @ffl fem., ;nf.\'cr;rfem.
'a kind
of weight,, ~ neu;f.t,:rnsu; ~ nev;and Sf1i mu.
§ 348. The words ~: ' a wife', ~; 'uninjured rice,'
~: ' fried nee,' :araer.
'life ( the vital airs in the body)' andi
m: ' a house,' which are always used in the plural.
 § 349-352) GEXDER, 219

§ 349, The words ;niill!1Ji 'sinus, a, kind of ulcer', <ll"'mf

foe
corner of the eye, ;;;r"!~, ;;;ra_,~ 'a wing,'~~, >Ii~, u&r,
~f.:~,~m,
'I.~, -TT~,.f'rfu',
..~. <i>-R:, gr;i>, mr;;,:q:;r, ~ 'a
ki:!d d grass ( o:!which the girdle of a Bdhmal)a ought to be
made), !!if, (~11,~;:1, 'a 2pear' <>!"ff,;;rra'a collection.' ilfTif'
Fi,~,~, 'i,11"'the mango tree', iJ[a-, q-,,$ 'a eunuch,' q;ru7E
~ 'name of a demon,' q"!:\.qll'.ea heret10,f~~Osa leek of hair,
a peacock's tail, ;i°'U,~!11",
~1!\"f:iT'a kind o:i' sacr1ficialoffering,
t~, q;"""f,
1!i""fname of Vishnu, a kind o:Iflower ( also neu. in
this sense, sometime3 ), R,i't'i, ij~q, ~~q, ~, •u~, 11f¾°l3'.
churning handie,' S\t7l:~ name of Indra, ~;;;:;i, f.rn~, ~• ';;.
multitude, the betel-nut tree,' irgiif, ;;i;z,;,,?q;,si;e:T&
·large frying
pan' &c., i;ra, .:n'ir,1Hf, (!•'if', 'li;~;r, ~of.~, .P.:'l\',~, !!\l!"the
butt.end 0£ an arrow to which the feathers ue attached, m'ff1~
~ffiand :a.~.
II. FE11UNL.'rn W u:aDs.

§ 350. Verbal derivatives formed by the terminations ~,

fir, f.:r,@, i and ai; as a,,rfu:,~-, ~rf;i-:,lTia:,zil"~.fr:,
:;i~, &c.

Exc~~tions:-11'~, ~,it and~~, an.mas

§ 351. (a) All the numerals from 20-99, monosyllabicwords

in i and such as are formed by the affixoT;f~ra,
sifr·;ii!l:nf &c.
(b) The synonymsof l!rn',,:1for,;_;j"!U
and c1f.rarand these
words themselves.
Exceptions:-~)a~ n. and ~m1:13:.
n. both meaning a ' rivax'.
§ 352. The words .rr,~ <asacrificialladle,' ~, ~'
1'!!J:l{'a drop,' ~'
'a Vedic metre,' ;.qr,;~, t!T',!I;{, ~,;i:
~' liRl", <l"lR,,nfi.;;' a tubular vessel of the a :io:1ow
 220

lotus stalk,' ffl:;r';\;1 a kind of bird,'~, -3"~, nf?r, 'the

orifice of ths ear, a kbd of cake,' '{Ii~, ~ ' a cottage,' <TTi'f,
~i, ~ 'r:.11:oment,' lira-,
~, ~-;ff, ~-~, W.f-;fr ' a
~ne of &c. )' w.r1f--;:ft 'a kind of cucumber,' ~-ir
'the d a sword,' ~-,fr, ~rq-fli-•fr,<Fa{t-ir,~-if,
mi:r~, ~tf{ 'Iii-'~, lif~<I.''l'i~' G'R:'l'~,
'!rnowiedge, consciousness', g.;i:, ~i;r, $l'ff1rg:,~, ~t:, filt,
~q-i'=afu:
m, ~' tr'!l"T~'water gruel,' ;ifr, ~~ 'buttocks,' s'~, mfr,
mu,'ifITT,~rc;.;rr, ~<ITT, and tf.T!IT'a limit or bcundary.1
§ 353. :a:iir_,~ when it means 'a flower,' :i:;m a year, ffli:SeIT,
<!ITT
and afCti~I:{which are always used in the plural.%
NEcTBR WORDS.

§ 354. Words ending in the Krit affixes atil and ff and the
Taddhita affixes,<f,
<T,~, <Ii~, and f<r;iy;r,:i-,~;%, ;fit, ~,;i',
<1~- ~ ( ~ '+lisl":), ~. ~l'.f ( li'i4"lfl!!f'"
) 'the monkey
· species' :am~, m~(
:a-~~ti'lTT'f:), i.e1<1;j 'a period of two
years;'~~ &c.
§ 355. Worde ending in tl:{ and :;re:_;in~-!'., and :a:i~, and
having two vowels in them; in -I' and snoh as have lll' for their
penultimate; tit~ ' liquid ghee,' 'l'tl'IT1rti:,
~Ii;, ~, im~'an
- armour,'~•~' q;f, ~:f, &c.,,, ~, &o.
t'<4i?l',
Exceptions:-

(a) ~.fem. '!he roof of a carriage or hon!e' and ~.fem.

'a boundary.'

(b) ~' ~ (;;fir~), ~ 'pupil', !:t=f,;:rr.r, Jll 'name

,j? - C
attvr~B+!ll,:(,f,i:(l~"ii!ITT~ • • ,.f however S'd
:;;r I':;• l • K au, 'lr§«f
.
'~ I ~q- ~r fi~sfflrff 31~~ ~Tmt( I
-mrr
~ ~ t;ir,r m:mTT
~ff ~!{ff I &c.
 § 355-859 J 221

of II demon' and ~ all :mas., i:rrsrr,

;m;rr,mm I a smith's
bellows', ~r, <H'"SIT,?
a leather ;trap', all.fem.

( c ) and ~, sri:;iii,iU®",i~(IJ'1 a granary or store b.onse for

,,cr:ci.',<Ii~' the middle gem of a r.ecklace ', q;i:~, ~ 'a
Brahmaua who attends on an id!ll ', and~, which are all mas.
§ 356. Words denoting fruits, and all numerals from ~cl' up-
wards, except ~~ maa., ;?,"~ which is also fem. and <lTTT'a-
fem ;
01ri,an~, &~.~a-,
~ &c.
§ 357. The words~' ,rq.;, cirr~, ~;;,;:m:r, :;;r~R, ~fl!i:fi 'a
bow', &c.,~,~, ~<i.\','lifo'f,<ia", a:!lii!',~ij"li, ~ 'copper',
tr,n;;, ,ur,and their synonyms.
Exception:-'l'fi'l:, 'a plough', :.:i~ ' wealth ', ai)qif 'cooked
'a battle', ~n:r · a battle', all :mas,, and a:ir~
1ice ', :a:ll&<l"
'war ' and ~cofr' a forest ', both fem.

§ 358. T<il.l"~,
o'fila'.,,'l'f6:. 'a drop of water' ( generally used
in the plural), ~~, ~~ 'the liver', ~~ 'butter-milk',
Rmii,~=n,~,
iili.frff, :s{l'[ff, a:m-n, fq-w,
wff,~iira 'silver', f'tf,
'l'Wff 'the greyness of hair brought on by old age, '~, qy;r
jUe, a:!f,~w,~'\l,
" fflo"N
" ' t h e th 1gh ' , a:!T~,
" ~, aITT'ftt,~'
•sin', ;;ft;,;, m;:i:r,
mii, ~cii silver, a stamped coin, ~~ 'a
baser metal, ' q-ui,, N~!Rf,
' a place, ' ~ ' an offering offered to
the gods ' ( opposed to the following ), ~:;i:r ' an oblation offered
to deceased ancestors ' ( opposed to tlie preceding ), i:f;'w-f, ~ell,
'9{<;,q-,~, fu;q-mechanical arb, ~ ' a loop or sling made of
strings', ~.:.f 'a wall', fflf, ~, ~,, ~Q", i;:!I;,%:~, iii~~ a
fish hook, ~, ~, ~ 'saffron,' ~:i:, ' water', and a:fa_:\"'an
organ of sense'•

IV. WORDS MASCULINE AND FEMININE.

§ 859. iir,m'ilr,~!'%,
~~. q-rdt' a trumpet sounder,' 'iil'fliff
' the pelvis, ' ~mm%,
;:rf~'ink, a kind of black powder, ' ;f'ON,
~~• re~,;;i;~ij, 'a measure of one hand in length,'
!iiUs, ~, ( when nt the end of a comp.), t~~, ;:rrf.;,~Rf,
~' "' !iaiif, -
,l'l"Tllf, -
'l1'U1Ji, ~ ·· a ',ea th, er st rap, ' "1fflll',
ifff ,~
trrri'f,
and
V. WORDS :MASCl:LINE AND NEl::rER,

§ 'Jl:o 'qi'i, ~, ~ 'a kind of grass ( also ijtl'ifT )', <1-~IBff

joke,-tremor,' ~,Tilft'i, ~or 'a woodenor earthen doll', :g~i'I'
'roasted meat,, i9ftt1ti 'blood', ~'if, ~, f.iorr,r, ~i:r, ~,
~, l:l'""1' the name of Golmla,' ~'lil', %i'l.:f, il)~ 'a peacock'8 fea.
ther, the beard,' &c, q;";;J"":f,<{\1', :.:ii 'a kind of eye disease',
a:i,f, ~ii',~, !J;'if.''l;f,~'11:l, slli~, ar-:1'1', ~' :i:r11-s'the scum of
boiled rice,' :i_ii0"6,lSTei,~.=cr.r, :a:rrii;r~,
Q'T'\:t, a,;~, ii;r~, ;a:r~,
~~~, 'll~, ~ll", ~' a peacock's feather,' ~ll", lie, l'/efj, <l'l"iT'«f,
' gold' a:i~!:(, ~er, :;i;'?f~, :i:!j;'' name of an aquatic bird ' l,lil;,
'al~, 'if:J, s,'fli, q;;:i'Us~, "1m ' the flour of barley first :fried and
then ground ' ( used in the pl. ), ~Wof.' ' the root of tha water
:afil'T!f-,
lily ', ':F-Oeeli', '!:'!',ii;,;r~' spirituous liquor,' also 'the act
r.,f drinking liquor ( vide. Sis XV. 80 ), l'f~, 'qllf~ 'a drink-
ing cup', ;r,rn~, ~;i;, 1ief'ao, ~, ~•:Ill",ii.h;i; ' lustre, vigour'
fti,u~,'a bow, the bow of Siva,' lfl~, ~Ej; 'incense', &c,
~r<ii' 'a lump of boiled rice ', era,~l''e,!!ie, tre q;"<:fi:,i:j;ql<!",
~ 'a rage,' ;ra-' a kind of plant ', tlfte, if.e,,rrr, ~.
ey;mo:r!IT ' a particular coin, ' ':'!!IT, ~<fllr,l:f!Jf, ~, ~,
f':f'ncrr,qar, ;frq ( n.) ' a holy place ' ' a descent into water,
the stairs of a landing place. &c ( m. ) a respectable
peri!cn ' ( generally used as an affix, as ~TUl~l'fil~,&c. ), i;ft'<T 'the
nose or nostrils of a horse ~' :it'l.:f,;:rr;;, :qr;;, a:m'r£fTii,;;w,;;,
:i:~•t ~, ~. :am:r;;, NTii, ~, arr~r.r' the tie-post or the
tie-chain of an elephant,' ~ m. a friend, ,i, a letter having
the same organ of utterance, :i,,r;,, ~, ,hn;r,r, TEinl.f a
canopy, fi;t.;r.,, ~q-,a. winnowing basket, i]i"iilf/ the eighth

<f ~I' ~lffl' ~ ~ ~ :;;i- 'IR,fT I

a-orr,:i;r
f.ffi:lTr
lf: <:I';i;ra-:~q-: ~n· 11
 5360-362 J 223

:muM.rtaof the tlay, ( moatly maa. ), 'a musical

i:!il!N,'a corpsa,' iN, ~, isg'l" a small boat or the moon; m,
a "2'"'r'yawning,' ~' ~rfs-.rm. the pomegranate
tree; :,. its fruit, ljjl;lli'l', ~~;r, ~r+r, ~:i:r, :aa:rir( m. )
tVirni;iit,' ~<I' astringent flavour or taste, i:fl'il'll', ~,
ol"!f,.. ~, msr,l:fi.: n a vessel for holding
sii?:l'<f,fil;'tl'~, ,;:;;;i;,
liquor, a mass of water; i:rn:,efr'I'., ffri:rr 'an iron dub, a javelin,'
1\lilll~'a kind of Ye~sei' ( Jfa,. ~TU), ~~~1f, ;refr,: 'a kind of
fragrant grass' (Mai. <ll::'o'T ), rnf;r,i:r..i. II. dsrlrness, blindness
iron-rust; fur~i'°,~;:-q;:,<!_q, ~llf, ' dry cowiltmg,' m,
~, :;;i-~ sacrificial. vessel of a puticular shape ',
' :a:ra,
'(;:r,
~T~ exudation of trees, :a-~<:r.sJ;fltfti 'anything made oi
eotton', <l"HJ,mlff, of.f'«, <!i's!"'a drinking cup,' l'ff1:f,~!Jf ii. a
wooden vessel o:r cup, siTTG"q;', .rrur,<ITT~,<l"of!l",3'!~!f, ~
' the bow of Arjuna, ' ~ m. ' a large serpent, ' ~, i:f'lj'~,
~r<il',~l=i<il'
m. the sbs.sa bird, name of Brahma;n~, ~, ~'
!.ftli~ m. 'a demon n. flesh',~, .rra,1'i=rtn~'a horse's neck,'
qgr~ ' forage ', ~ a cat, the eye-ball, we~
a piece of
waste or uncultivated land,~;;,;;, W, '$<'l~ m, a kind of plant,
~, ;a:r~, ~' q-srthe bladeof a sword, a knife, q-r:r,i:rr~, i?f,
and ,.;;;rm. a mushroom; m. a parasol, an umbrella.
VI. WORDS FEMININE .!ND NEUTER.

t 361 'the post or pillar of a house ', atRr~,

~7J'.il1"-11Tf light,
.and~ql-1l1'f
one hundred thousand ( according to some n. also ).

Chapter XI.

.AVYAYAS OR INDEOLIN.ABLES.
§ 362, Tbat in an Ai·yayawhose form remaining the same in
 224 l § 362-365
all the gendew, n;n:i:"oe··sMU cases, undergoes :no <Jhange;:i.-
T.he may ba C:ivided into simple 11:ndcompound ones.
The latte: ,i::-a':,ai.ted o:f in the chapter 011 compounds ( A vyayi..
bhli.vas allil "' ie,, :Bahuv11his and Tatpurusha ).
§ :JllJ. The indenli:nables col:!lprise (I) Prepositions ( II)
( III) Partieles, ( IV ) Oonjunctions, and ( V ) Inter-
jections
§ 364. Besides these there are in Sanskrit a few nouns
having one inflection only which are treated as indecliMble
( 1,ipatas; , e. g. a:i~ another ( reason ), 3l~nl3:.setting, :;i:rfor
that exists, ~ tbe weH-known sacred @yllableom, :;;;;:;,a:satis-
faction, food,~ coaxing, ~ a bow, ;:j"f~1'l' non-existence ~
tha earth, ~ the sky, ,rr~ the dark fortnight, ~l3:,happiness,
~ or i;rr~ the bright fortnight, ;;i;.r,i: a year, <:"-l'iH
:food offered
to gods, ~r food offered to the manes, ~ heaven, ~el"ffif
happiness &c.
J. PREPOSITIONS.
§ 365. A preposition, styled 'Upaaarga or Gati,' in Sanskrit is
an indeolinable word, having an independent meaning and prefixed
to verbs and also to their derivatives. These prepositions moihfy,
intensify and sometimes totally alter the senses of :rootst;

* ~ f.i'itWfl ~Ila "<I'~~ I

"<!'·~~ ~ Wfff~
!f'<r'i!~ II
~~41d.J.le<l<III{ l PAn. I. 1. 37.
t ~ ~ ~,!f;f~,i-kir ,
~ Nr~ '3"fflllT1im''il'f II
Of also Sid. Katt, "f'tl:11m ,;ir,!i~ ,W-1~~ ;fri:ra-1
Sl$HliiiHi'i!Mli1Qffq~ II
Some think that prepositions have no meaning 0£ their own,
but they simply bring to light when prefixed to roots their
hidden senses. ( cf Sis. X. 15 ).
 IKDllCLINA:BLES. 225

,. fl~ 3l'i' 'to s~rike 1"' :Wfi t to eat, to perform as a sacrifiooj' ~

'to contract,' fEri" 'to sport/ 'to avoid, &c.' Sometimes
th.ey axe prefi:s;edwittou.i sny alteration in the sense~
§ 366. The followmg are the prepositions ( upasargss) com-
mo2lly prefi:xed to roots:-
~-• beyond, over'; ~frra;-.;: 'overstepping' or 'going beyow:l,
a:rfci::&;;it.;
' a gift, &c.'
~-' over, above, &o :' :a:i1~;r;;: 'going up, acquisition,'~
'high office or :power,' ~~er: 6 censure,' &c.
am;-' after, behind, along, &c.' :a:i~l'l,"rolr 'following,'
'imitation,' a:!i:!'Ifll::
'favour,' &c.
~-• away :from, away.' s:r~# 'the act of taking away,' a;q~
' to plunder, seize' &c, 3111:<ITT'(:
'harm, wrong' &c.
~ ( sometimes N )-'near to,'' over,' 'taking to,' &c.; :a,fir:rr~
'to be resolved into or reduced to, " , m'qm;ror (<hrr.i'
'a covering,' 3,c<l'1!f:' destruction,' &c.

This prep. is more commonly used as an independent adverb

having a cwnulat1ve force in classical Sanskrit.
au~-' towards, near to,' &c; 'iffi">'l<fl'l;'to go towards,' :;,if,¾,,;,
'noble descent or family,'~1"1:1.f: 'eelf-respect,' a:!i~"t
'to defeat,' &o.
31q-( sometimes <r;see ~ and ft, note )-'away, down,' &c.
~-or c!l1Tif'to plunge into,' :a;crm,::
'clescent,' a:;..;fia-
, reJ'w,ached/ 31~;;: to disrespect,' &c. •· - · ·"

*
CJq;!'(UI;; :a:m11~ FSRU!,&c Sharira BMshya. According
to the grammarian BMguri the prepo~s .:JN and :.,or may
optionally lose their at· q'T~ 11~~1"1:!l'ltiit~~l:!1':! (Sid.Kan.)
JI. ~. G, 15.
'226 [§366

:.;rr-' up to, towards, all round, a little,' &c; ~Fli9T!!:_'to cover

al! round/ ~1'PR' •form or shape ( within due bm:ands},
~: ' that which shines all round' i. e. ' the ether•;
"''~ ' to ahake a little,' &o,
upon,' &c.; ~~ ' to go up,' ~.r: 'industry/ ;;rcri:
'pouring out, hence a gift, a general rule,' &c.
'3'li-'nemr to, towards, by the side of,' &c.; :gq"l.fT'to go near
to,'\3"'-l"'!>ffi
f. •an obligation,' 'iffflff f. 'death/ ~~
'praise, worship,' ::Jtti1:rmj 'comparison,' &c.
~-t-' bad, hs.rd to be don~,' &c.; ~~r:;;.~: ' bad conduct,' ~~
' hard to be dona,' ii?Elf 'diflioult to be borne,' &c.

R-' in, into, great, opposed to,' &c.; f;t~ ' to insult,' ~ 'a
' a heap, 11 g:reat collection,' f.\'cfii:t
house,' li'f'i:i<i 'drunk
in,' f.tlf~' a command,' &c.
~-;:-'out of, away from, without,' &c.; f.\':la •to issue out/
f.tm:i-'a passage out,' f.t;pl!f:'ont of i. "· free from
blame,' f.r:~<$"'without doubt,' &,
m-'awa.y, back, opposed to,' &c.; 1Rr~ 'to reject, to despise/
l:Rr.l'iif 'to act bravely,' qu:rn'gone away,' ~ 'turn
back,' ~i. 'what is oppo!ed to victory; dpfeat; &c.
"l'ft-'all round, about,' &c.; '<TOO 'to place all round i. e. to put
'11wall &o. that surrounds,' q-Rum:r:
on or weflr,' 'iR11i:
'ripening, m'iitnrity,' qftifur.tT ' counting all round, i. e.
a compJ.ateenwneration,' &c.
tmr-' towards, baek, in return, in opposition to,' &c.; smr~
'to go towarde,' !TT'ihtrl!flli
'a speech in return, an ans-
wer,' m'ff-tf'r-!fm::' an act in opposition to i. e.
a remedy' &o.
 ,s386-389) lNDEOLINABLES,

f.i-' ape.rt, sepa:rate from, reverse to, ' &o,1 ~ 'to move
aput,' ~ 'to be ~epe.rated,' ~ opp. of ~ ' to
sell,' •to bny' &c.; sometimes this has an inteneive force.

;,r~-•together with, excellent, foll,' &c. ~, ' to be united,'

~{: ' perfection ,' ~~ ' refinement ,' ~:
' destrnctJ.on,contraction, ' &c.
·li-'well, thoroughly,' &c. ( in this sense it is opposed to ~ );
~ 'done well,' ~1ra 'thoroughly trained, well
governed,' &c. It is also used in the tense of ' very,
excessively; 6'~ 'very great.'
§ 367. Two or more of these prepositions !DAY alao be
,combined and prefixed; e. g. ~f.r~ ' to enter into with
resolution/~ 'to come in close contact with,' &c.
§ 368. When used in a compound the verb may be omitted
n, qft and
ati, :at'f, :a:rii, :s{flf,
after the prepositions :atfir,a:rfl:f,
.snil';'9iRl'llifitlf ~ a:ifmms: &c. V1de § 232,
§ 869. There are several other words, also styled Gati.by
Sanskpt grammarians, used prepositionally. The!e are prefixed
ito certain roots only. We give the more important of them below.
( a ) ~,. ' towards ' is prefixed to ~ and to roots implying
•.motion;~-11';11' 'going near,' ~a-_ •:flymg towards,'
~ 'having iipoken to.'

( 'lJ) ( 1) ~ 'giving etrength to the weak,' ~ in the

seme of • decorating,' slifr,~. i:liffl all implying ' aesent,
acceptance or promise,' ffld. and similar imitative sounds,~
and ~ in the sense of •dishonouring or honouring;' srra
denoting 'fastening,' &c. are prefixed to fi; a:i;:q-~, a;:{!--
~,~:,~~,~.~~. &c.
 228 [ § 369-372

( 2) ;;;r:, ~:, fih,;rr,~, 'tfr~ and some other words may

be optionally prefixed to l!i"or remain separate; ii'fl:f~:, !!'ff
or ~ ~ 'to bring under subjection,' ffl!fffa: 1lior ffl!ff~ 'to.
make mam:fest,' &o.
( c ) 3!rffi: is prefixed to roots meaning 'to go,' '<IT,1a_, and
simile.I roots; :iir-:nfu<l
'having disappeared,' a:{ic("qf;i°
' dis-
appearance,'~W, &c.
( d ) ~ is prefixed to roots implying motion; 3ffii1:l<I':
'setting,' ~:ira 'set,' :a{ffli!T•to cause to set, to lea&
to destruction,' &c.

( e ) aTI'[q:,and Sflii;:are prefixed to is, at~ and 1l_ and @'{~

to 1a_, l:TI' and sunilar roots, and O'{ltionally to ~,
3!TT~{llf, si-wr~!f;i' 'mandestation,' Sil~-~
'manifested,' &c.; @'Ul!Q''vanishmg out of sight?
mum 'disappearance,' &o

(/) !!'{: is prefixed to ~, 1a;, irt:i: &c.; !:!~'placed before!>

headed by, '!:!'{tmf'gone in the front,' &o.
§ 370, Several nouns, substantive and adjective, may be,
prefixed to the roots 1li,~, and ~ to form what are
called in Sanskrt 'chv1-derivat1ves' ( v1de chap, IX.
See. III. ) 'IJGU(~=~UN:, \Tiil=v;.n=~rl{a':.
Such nouns are also termed 'Gati '
§ 871. Like prepositions may be farther used the words to,
whieh.the Taddhi ta affix \'fT~ is affixed, ~ 'to
consign to flames;' l'ffl:f\'ririml'· 'reduced to ashes/ ,r:r-
~ 'made over to the king.' &c. ( vide p, 216.)

II.--.....
Adverbs.
..,,.,......,
§ 87.2. Adverbs are either pninitive or derived from noun~.
pronouns or numerals. As adverbs may also be further used the
 372-373 J Ii-llECLINA.BLES. 229

Ace, sing 11121_,of nouns ano. adjectives; and sometimes the sing.
DI othe~ oases also ; '8'1<:r7l:' trnthfol!y ,' ~ 'softly, ' 'ij'~
' <il"~ ' quickly, ' ~~, 31~:i;:, «<J!al'll
1. strv;igly,' ~:, 'agarn' &c.; 'painfolly,' 3;i<Wi, lif;{Uf
'·mtuously. Justly,' ~~(Jl'et","'°"1:u,,~ll'i, RRIJf'after a long
time,' eyi/t,I' &c : ffif«, f.i:m:r;rr;; 'for a long fame,' ~
' for the sake of,' «<Jf<I_'forcibly,' ~qfu_, ~l<'!_; <l_Un:,oOOo;,
~wa:,&c.; mra:'for a long time,' ~a:, ~{i<i'_ &c.; NR
'properly, ',i{, ~r'a-, ~~, :aw,
,z~~ 'at once,' :;,~, 'lltff,
:e-~rct,
ar+,;r~'near, ' &c.

N. B. Adverbs formed from pronouns anq numerals are

_givenm t~eir J>Joper places; while those formed irom nouns
are given in Ohapter IX.
§ 373. In the following list are alphabetically arranged almost
all the words n!~_li~_verbil!:~~in.~anskrit.-

~iij;W<J:Suddenly, all at once. <Rffi<iExceedingly; mmg

a:flffl'cl:.In front of, before. euperior to, with the Acc.
~ In front of, before, :a:rar~'I:,ls~r<r: M :B.

:::I
a:r~~
ahead, at first.

:a:rl"'i~r:r
Not long since,
recently, quickly.
Here.
sITTif
~ Th~n, afterwards.
a:f!Q'f<l;;,i:
Yes.
a,w Truly, <,ertainly,indeed.
To-day, this day.
:-.:I'll"

~'iii'~ Ever, constantly.

:s:i.:r,'ir
Now, now-a-days_
~r,rn~ Through ignorance. a>;lif,. )
~'lilm Rightly, correctly, pro- ~~ { Be~~:~~own.
perly. 311:fffll<i;}
~,::: In,into. "~tf~ Again, moreover.
:s:@: From this, on this account a:i:q~: On the following 1faJ.
&c. ~TNow, at this tune,
 230 [ § 373

~Incessantly,ceaselessly. :I Slmil' Near' in the vicinitv' of,.

,~ '\ E xcept, wi'th ont, • at a distance.
SIT'{~ Forcibly [ Pan, I. 1.
inside. 47 ].
Between,amidst. auf<\'~ Openly.beforethe eyes.
~ } AgaiJ1,moreover,be- ~13::Hence
~ Hither and thither, to
~ sides.
and fro, hereand there, &c.
~ Elsewhere, in another
place. efii'
In this manner,so.
~!QT Otherwise, in a diife- .:~Again.
rent manner. ~~ On another day, the
llt'ilw:Near. close by in the other day.
pro::mmtyof. {IBl' Thus, indeed, quits in,
3Pfr~~ Frequently. repeat- conformityto trad1tion1
edly, t~ Thus, eo, in thie manner.
a,~ Quickly, little, ~Just now, at.this- mo-
a.irr Together with. in com- ment.
pany with. ~Truly.
al!r-fThere. in the next world q- Here.
above. ' ~Slightly, little~
~ Quickly.
~Loudly.
~Before.
~Then.
;!'I~ Enough, sufficientfor.
~ On the day following-.

=}
It u a prefixalso.
~ Secretly,in private.
~ withont, on the outside.
~ Repeatedly. often and :s-~~ From both aides.
often.
a,~} On both days.

=}
~ Improperly,untitly.
~ Early in the morning, at.
at{(N Instantly, speedily. dawn.
~ii { Uninterruptedly,one
Truly, Tro.thfully.
~ Safter another.
 § 373 J lNDEG!J:N.A.BLES. 231

e,;cept. T~ who, what, which!';

If~ togethex, in one , f~!yl" How much mo:re?
~ once, once upon a tiue. , fif-!i!fWhat, how :
in one way, singly, at the
a;:,;,"1iiT Or.
aame time f,;_1~a:_ Whether, how.
all at once, suddellly. fri;~ ·y eniy, indeed, assuredly.
Qni'i'Now, at present rq What then, how much
iti:f Just, quite. more, &c,
~Thus, so, ~ITT'\Whence, from where:
~Sobe it. p Where, in which plll.ce?
~,~a: } I trust, hope, &c,
fi:!T'?.:rn:
Somewhere, anywhere.
~ ~ Mnch.
~ How, in what way. i!ili<i_In the beat manner.
~~ }With great difficulty, ~ Iu a good m.a.nner.
~ With great effort. ~l'l_ Enough, no more of,
~~ How indeed, how possi- ij;,q~ only, merely, simply.
bly.
in' Whither, where ?
~ When, at what time ..
~ In some place.
<$~ One time, once upon a
time.
oi' iiRa:Nowhere.
~ Certainly, aurely, indeed.
-!'~~Never.
~~ A long time. The singnla::-
iii:,"~ 1ued as an enclitic.
of any of the oblique cases
;;ft When, at what time?
of this word may be used
~~ .A.tany time
adverbially in the sense of
fq,1}~ What a pity.
'long,' 'for a long time,' as
~ Moreover, further, again.
~ }To a certain degree, F:ROT,
RU<l', &c.
~ little, somewhat. ~l"•H<I' For a period of many
~ But, yet, nevertheless,
nights, long.
howenr. ~ Perhape, sometimes.
ffi~ What indeed, whether. Gi"f~Silently.
 282 f§37S

i.iiil'~Soon.
Not eo.
~
~ l Quick!y, at once.
~By night,
a{ Therefore. ;r:Sor.
ffife;:
Therefore, consequently. ;;~But.
Then, iD that case &c
ffol'
~ Then, at that t10:e, i~ that 'ii& '~Not so, notat all.
case.
;:n;;r In various ways, distinct-
~;.; Then, at that time.
ly, separately.
<i!IU So, in that manner as
;rn:rBy name; indeed, certain-
surely as. '
ly, probably, perhaps.
~rfi As for instance to be
~ Near, close by.
more plain, &c. '
~ Very much, exceeding-
~
... From that therefore
'
all' Then, at that time.
. ly, to one's satisfaction,
agreeably to deeire.
~ In the first place, &c.
~ Certainly, aHuredly,
~ }Orookedly,acroes in-
~ • directly, badly. ' most probably.
~ Rot.
~ ( Silently, without
~ Then, over, out of.
~~ speaking or noise.
~: Day after to-morrow.
~ By that, on that account.
lITTn:
Around, on all sides, all
~Byday.
round.
~ Fortunately, luckily.
mn"if } The other day,
Ill, wickedly. 'i~: to-morrow.
{{~ To a distance, deeply, 'NTH~To one's satisfaction,
highly. enfficiently; willingly.
<U'IT.A.tnight. ll'g Well, behold ! see !
~ }Quickly, forthwith, q'litl~Behind, backwards , at
(le.,_ immediately. last, afterwards.
~ Certainly. g;{: Again.
 IND'.EOLINAllLES, 233

~: g;;i: Again and agab, re- i:m;: Mostly.

peaterlly. ~ In the noon.
~~ t il"RrAfter death.
~: ( Before, in £rout.
"l'(il'~ ( Forcibly, powerfully,
l:!:•mmr_)
iiclJf':i ~ exces,ively.
:g;,i:r
In former times, of yore,
iiil'ij-Out, beside, except.
at first.
, lli'ii~ Quickly.
'[orn: In or to the east, before,
in front of &c. 'WT· Exceedtngly, again and
again.
:f.[-~:On the fonner day, yester- ~ Greatly, exceedingly, re-
day. peatedly.
·'l!);!~Severally, apart :from. ~g Quickly, immediately.
~ l Exceedingly, ;r,rnli:A. little, slightly, slowly,
'-l:i'~.) at will, w1thpleasnre. te.rdtly.
!;!'ii'In tha morning, a:rrr~l{ Except.
lffl~ Extensively. mf~ }
;rfR~ Without delay, imme-
Being exhausted.
diately.
fir~:}
,._ , To eachother, secretly.
~ On the contrary, on the i~f
other hand, rather, &c. ra11:i:rrWrongly, incorrectly, to
'!;j,lffi~ ( On high, at the no purpose, in ,;!lin.
~~ ~ same time. To no purpose, rn vain,
Jii'lifT
~~ Forcibly, violently, ex- u.nprofitably, wrongly,
ceedingly, much. ~ Often, again and again.
JTT<fi
Before, at first, in or to :ta'irFal~ely, lyingly, in valn.
the east, <Ta'.'.
Since.
.srrcn:;
In the morning, :irif'/: Since, for which re$,S!iD 1
Sfi'I>~ Orookedly, in an oppo- wherefore.
site manner favourably, <!"SiWhere, in wl:tfoh
.:n:rrAs, namely
ll''<l'~
,q~:m1,1:;~
Somehow
In due order
<l''<l'~r In the manner men-
=~
l
~ra: )
Perpetually,

~ Stealthily, nndeKcover.
tioned. JUBtas required. ! ~ At once,the very moment.
'.l"'fl'WhGn ~:AH round.
'ffiq_ .As much as. as long as ;a-i;,i: Equally.
:g~ Badly, ,:ratrr Near.
~ll<I.at once,simultaneously. m:fiq<IJ'._}N
ear in one's presence.
MBadly 'ITTfrit '
Well, prop:rely.
'{,f{f1:1Te!~
~Like.
irr.rOnly. s:r~ joyfolly,gladly.
~Now.
~r Except. ~ Face to face, in front_
~ Exceedingly. ~ Well, in a good manner,
~m High up in the sky. '{,<@:On all sides, perfectly.
~In vain, m Everywhere.
; Verily, to be sure, ~!fi' Always.
~~: Gently. ~ Together with, along with.
~ All at once, suddenly.
~ .Always.
~Quickly. ~<'!'!: Together with, along
with.
~Ooee.
~~ With.
~ Himiedly, quickly. ffl~ In the presence of, in,
~ A.longwith. person, in a bodily form.
~Well. ;::rr~ crookedly, in a sidelong:
:mra~Always. manner.
~Always. ~With.
~: At once. ~ Half.

% When lf{Tand ~ are prefixed to a personal form of the

Present Tense, it has the sense of the Future Tense.

 § 373-375 J INDECLINABLES.

~'ll Now, at present, ntly~ t'I'~ Oneself, spontaneously,

properly. fi Because,indeed, surely.
~'-( In the evening. ij~ Without, exoopt.
~ much ~:)
,ii"'i:i,In vain, to no purpose, 't<t)50n accountof, because of,
~ Well, in a good manner. ~ Yesterday.

III. PARTICLES.
§ 374, The particles are either used as expletives or inten-
sives; some o:f these are~' 'llir§, 'i:l',ij, ij, ~' ij, &c.
§ 375. The :following particles are used with certain wordi -
:a:i<(-a:!~!l" ' a wonde:r'·
,i;r--~~: 'a bad man,' q;l~crt'hike-warm,' <\1\1:;aii
'a little water'.
~-~ 1 a bad deed '·

'"'" )l r~,
Ra'. ,..,~ 11,'Tljq"<!,,
- <Ji~, ,..,
l'lf.:;r.f &e.

;;-is generally changed to a1'or s;~ when prefixed to words be-

ginning with a consonant or II vowel respectively This
particle has sb!: different senses" ( 1 ) fflE~ •likeness'
'one not a B:rahmana,
o:r ' re!emblance'; as <l!:ifm11T: but
resembling a Br~hmana ' ( wearing the sacred thzead,
&c.) i B.' 11Kshatriya or a Vaisya' (2) srm.r'absence
or negation'; ~r.f ' the absence of knowledge'; ( 3 )
:a:i~ 'difference :from'; as :mi~e: 'this is something
different fromacloth'i.e. 1a jar'or so; (4) :a:i~m
'little-

., These are given in the following couplet:-

('f<'STr~i:r~IH ~?-r ~I
sllm~~ ml\T~ ~3f~f: ~ '!f<lmffiU:
II
 236 [ § 315-376

ness' O! 'smdlno,ss'; as ~~r ~r' a girl having a

slend0r w11-ist'; ( 5) :m;r~'t1<1''badness, m:ifitness' ,&c,;
' something unfit to be done', ,a::,i;-@)": ' an
iur;:rop,r time, not a favourable oppo,tumty/ and
fastly ( 6 ) firo-~or ' opposition 'i a1.r1m:
' non-mora-
lity'; immorality ai~: <opposedto a god' i 0 'a demon'.
-m-is generally used ss an expletive, Used with a form of
the present tense of a verb, it gives in the sense of the
past tense ; as '1°qffi',m i. e. ~+!ia<J:..When used with
the particle ;rr it has an intensive fo1ce; as ITT~Ii ~i'~
~;:r: ~r: &c.
rf.ffl:-is added to fif;and other indeclinables and asks a q1:1estion
or implies a doubt; m~<J_,:.;~~~, &c.
~;ff-is need with~ and its derivatives like a preposition in the
eense of' acceptance'; ~feii'IS::,~, &c.
IV. CONJUNCTIONS.
§ 37e. The :following are the principal conjunctions in
:Sanak:ft'-
( a) Copulative '31~, ar,it, ;rn-, :;;r,~, &c.
( b) Disjunctive !fr, <l°f•••<ii,&c.
( C) Adversative ~iilT, a,fit(l;,fif;qr,&c.
( d) Oonditional ~, ~'ir,~, ~' ifRl°i'I.,~ ( used in
sacrificial ceremonies ), &c..
( e) Causal ij, ira:,~. &c.
(/) Interrogative ~r
~'?~, :acl', \i!'l'~f, fif;, f.i;;a-,
~, ~, ~. ;;111,~, &c.
(g) Affirme.tivesand negatives a:fif,a:r'<I'~, ami:, ~ &c.
,( h) Conjunctions of time ~<I_-ffici<!'_, q-:arr,
a-e{T&c.
~ i) ~ and ~ are used to mark the beginnmg and the close
of a work respectively.
 § 377] IND:EOLINABLES, 237

V. INTERJECTIONS.

§ 371 "The interjectwn 1s not properly a part of speech,

!ISit does not enter into the oonstrnction of sentences. It i.s
sudden exclama.t1onprompted by some strong feeling or emo•
tfon. There are various utterances suited to the different emo•
tions of the mind ":-Prof. Bam.

( a ) These are-a:rr, ~, ss·,If, it, a,), a:fi!",a:!&e, ora,

:.:!ITT",
~. &f&T,
11", &c expressive of wonder, gnef or regret, &c.
( b) ~, N~ &c. expressive of contempt.
( c) &T,<rn,&c. expressing sorrow, deiection, &c.
( d) ~, iH~, e•ffshowing grief.
( 0) :oi:r,
is!:.,[l'l:, &c. expressive of anger, contempt, &c.
(j) if•n, &c expressing joy
( g) There are some interjections used to cail attention.
Of these.
( 1 ) some show respect; such as ~• a:r;r,a:{lf,a::i~, iffl', ~,
tr, :a:ir,•:::in~.,),, if~, '%-,l ~' &c.
( 2) and others, disrespect or contempt; as '-1~, ai't, ~, 'tr
?t, :.i:):, &c.
( 8 ) The exclamations m1il~,
<fl~ and ,{'Sf~ are nsed when
offering oblations to goils or manes; and
( 4) ~<i'Ti,Tand '€efliliwhen offering oblations to gods and
manes respectively.
 Chapter XIL

CO:SJUGATION OF VERBS.
§ 378. Them are in Sansknt-
(,,) Two kinds of verbs, Primitive and Derivative.
( b ) Six Tenses( ~W,T: ) and four Moods ( '3,"IQ'f:
) which are
as follow:-
T:E;,SES TECHNICAL N.!.."\!E, Moons TECHNICAL NAME.
~: or Present m:_ :.mtr or Ii:p.perative ~le{
11i!t: or Aorist ~ f.ifq or Potential ~~
~~a-: or Imperfect ~ mir: or Benedfotivea:rrefr~
'-R't•~Ptn:
or Perfect ~~ ~o or Conditional «_
~- l or 1 st Fnture ~
.n'~ )
~ or 2 nd Fntnre ~
~ or the Subjunctive is need only in the Veda and is
therefore termed · The Veihe Subjunctive.'
Note:-The ten tenses and moods are technically called the
ten Lakaras in Sanskrit grammars.
( C) Three Voices ( wiim: ), the Active Voice ( mfli'o ) as
'{tl!': ~ fflff. the Passive Voice ( ,rill{fl:fo), as ~T ~ .r-
m, and the Impersonal Construction ( mi°li0 ) ~ ~ij'.
"'The&etechnical names are given in the following Karika.
~~~{~~~~r1
R•lfl~ ~m
~ <R~ '<l'~~1'ir 11
This terminology of P!nini, it will be seen, is artificial.
Other grammarians nse different names The ten Lakaras of
Panini are according to their nomenclature, 11sfollow,-~@'
( ~: ), :a:rs«'f.fr, ~;fo -rr'il~ar,~,
~•fr, ffUlITT, 'lilim',
a.adanefr:-
, i¾il.tlkl4ttl"
' Apte's Guide'.
 '§ 378-382] O0NJCGATION OF VERBS, 239

( d ) Two sets of personal terminatiolll!,the one called I Paras.

maipada, • the otner · A.tmanepada.' S~me r1.1otstake exclusively
the Par. terminations and some the Atm. ones; while there are
others which take either. Several roots again, though Paras-
maipadi, become A.tmanepadi and v.ce iet·sa, when preceded by
certain prepositions or in particular sel!lles. These will be con-
sidered in a separate chapter.
§ 379. Primitive verbs or roots are those which originally
exist in the language, while derivative verbs are those which
may be derived 1rom a parent stock-a root or a noun.
§ 380. Every verb, in Sanskrit. whether primitive or deriva-
tive, may be eonJngated in the ten tenses and moods given above.
( a) Transitive verbs are conjugated in the .Active and
I'as31ve voices and intransitive verbs in the active and the
Impersonal form.
~ 381. In each tense and mood there are three numbers
singular,dual and plural, with three persons m each '
§ 382. In four of the tenses and moods given above, viz. the
Present, the Imperfect, the Imperative andthe Potential, the verds
undergo peculi&rmodificat1ons( ~ii~ ) end these are therfore
called Oonjugational (ffl'illiJ<fi)- or special tenses and mood!; ll,lld
i• Strictly the term Sarvadhatuka ( belonging to the form of
the verbal base ) is given by Pa1;11ni to the terminations of all
, the tenses and mood!; except those of the Perfect and the
Benedicti ve, and to the affixesdistinguished by an indicatory s
( ~ ) i. e. the various oonjugational signs of the 9 cl1sses ( ex-
cept that of the eighth), and the terminations of the Present Parti-
ciple Pars, and Atm. All other verbal affixes i. e. the oonjn-
gational signs of the 8th and 10th classes, the affixes added
to form the causal base and a few denominat1ves, the affixes
~, at, ~, and ~ added to the bases of the two futures, the
Desiderati ve and the Aor and the Passive and the Freqnentati ve
respectively, ll,lldthose fo;ming the Past Participle (Act.and
·.Pass.) the infinitive and the verbal indec!inables. and some
others' are called Ardhadhatuka, the 1emaining Non-Oonju-
 240 ( § 382-385

gational ( ~~.."'--~-) ,n In the :formerthe characteristic

marks and termrnatii:ms of each are mostly added to a apeciaJ
base formd from the roots in various ways, while m the latter
they are cm:nbmedwith the roots itself.
(a) Ths base (:a,~) of a root is that form which it assumes
be1o:rethe personal terminations,
§ 383 When s root is capable of takrng either pada, the Para-
smaipada (lit word for another) should be used when the fruit
or remlt of the action of the verb acer~es to any other peraou
01 thing than the agent, and the Atmanepada ( lit. word for self).
when it refers to the agent. Thus ~~;;: <l"mff will mean
' Devadatta sacrifices for another ( his Yo.jamana );' while-
~~: ~ will mean ' Devadatta sacrifices for himself.'

SECTIONI.
ACTIVE VOIOE.
I. OoNJi:;GATIONAL

or
SPECIAL TENSES A.NDMOODS.
PRESENT, OOEP,l!'ECT, IYPERATIVE and POTENTIAL.

§ 3~4. With reference to the various moods the y,erbs are

divided,iJitoten oonjugationaLclasses by Sanski:it grammarians,
each ola,s being denominated aftfr the root which begins it viz.
(1) l'ef'iT~(2) ~TRf, (3) ~?:IT!~, (4) ~~Tl<f, (5) ~' (6)1
~' (7) '5'.Tll~,('3) \'I'~ (9) ~•H~ and (10; ~i~-
§ 385, The roots contained in the ~~t ,l!i11e .c1J:ssesand a few
of the tenth are primit!,y,~
,:i:oots,wLile almost all roots of the
teJ!~hclass, the Caus~ls, Desideratives, Frequentatives, Deno-
minatives, and the roots ;:;i:r,,~, ~;,;~, 1:f'!l;_,
~, 'lti'(, and q;ii:_,
are comprisedunder the head of D~iy_aii ve roots.
 § 386-387] OoNJU(liHON OF VERBS. 241

§ 386. These ten classes may again ha conveniently divided

into two groups, the first comorising the 1st, 4th, 6th and 10th
classei, and tha second the rennining, fo the first the base
ends fo :.:rand remmins unchanged throughout; while in the
sooond it does not end in <>I'and is changeable.

I. GROUP 1.
ROOTS WITH UNOB'.ANGEABLE B..I.SES,
( 1st, 4th, 6th and 10th classes ).
§ 387, Terminations:-

Present,
Par. Ann.
s. D. P. & D.
1. fir <i'!;f_ +!~ ~ ~
2. fu 'ill;!_ 'if ~ ~
"
v, a@a f,, ~

Imperfect.
s. P. S. D.
1. 6-1+{_ +I ~ ~
2, ~ ii ~ ~
3. '\ ~ \1 fliffil{

Imperative.
s. P. S. D.
1. am'i\' a:{T+f it 8ll~
2. -* ii ~ iii:~
3. !!* ~ (i!+l ~

« <TT<l
is optionally added in the 2nd and 3rd. person singulars
when the Imperative has a Benedictive sense.
H. S. G, 16.
 242 [ 387-390

Potential.
A

Par. .Atm.
s. s.
l. ~<[ij
D.
•
&_i:l"
P.
C
~.r ~
<
.D. P..
~
" "
{,:ji\'[
:,:m: i<IT"l!ll~
C
2. ~:' '
(i:lli_ {<:!
"
;;. ~"if_ ~Ill
<
~: '
~
•
~<iR!li:J,_•
:,:~;:r_
Note:-Terminations beginning with vowels may be called
Vowel terminations; those beginning with consonants, con-
i!O!'.lantal
terminations.
Formation o:fthe base of the roots of the first group:-

§ 888, :or( ~) is added on to the roots of the First or

~ cla!s"' before the terminations. Defore this ill1"the penulti-
mate short and the final vowel of a root take their Gnl}a
substitute; e. g.
n+m=~.I.+~ + m=err,-,: ~+ ~+ra=
+ ~+rn=ol"r\'frn;
Gl"+a.+mt=;;rtrfcr,
&c.
§ 889. q- ( ~) is added on to the final of a root of the
Fourth or~ class before the terminations I the :radical vowel
:remainsllllchanged; e. g. i'r+rn=~+<r+ra=~tl.TT'a',
§ 890. at is added on to the roots of the sixth or ~r~ class
before which the penultimate vowel remains unchanged, and the
:finalii",-3",short or long, Sit"and i!t are changed to~,~,
,.. R;g:_
~ '1i"~R
ffl_ I ~r~,r: ~ I ITT"I~: R I Pan. Ill, 1. 68, 69, 7,7.
Of about 2200 roots occurring in the Sanskrt language nearly
.half ( about 1076 ) belong to the first class.
t Vide § 24,
 § 890-892 J CONJUGATION OF VERBS.

+m=~+at+ra-=~; ij+
~ respectively; s. g. fii:;q_
$.lld

rn=~~a:r+-ftf=l;i~ ~+:s,+rn=fttml'; 'l['+sr+a-=~;

t+~+rn=rm:+:a:i-+ra=r.irm, &o.
§ 391, Roots of the tenth or ~flf cliua$ add at<i' before
the personal terminations. Before :;mi- ( 1 ) the penultimate
ihort vowel ( except al) takes the Gw;ia substitute; and the
final vowel and the penultimate al not prosodially long, take
their V~iddhi substitute; ~+ra=m+~+ra-=~+
8. g.
aT<I'+ rn= ~ +~+ rn= ~, + :a.N+fff=-rr~+ ~ + fit=
'iff~<i'ffi';
li!Tffl~; m( + ~ll" + ffi=ffi'i:+3l<f
+ fit=~fa-; but ~+
~+@=~~~, &c,
§ 392. ( a)t The preceding atis lengthened before a co:njnga-
tional termination begrnning with a semivowel, a nasal or
il or l!_;e. g. ;r;:rrf;i-
&c.
( b ) The final Si is dropped bafore terminations beginning
with a:r;<i<f+<ll~1'f=.ref.!ff,
&c.

1st class.
.ft-P. A. ' to carry. '
Present.
Par. "
Atm.
1. <l<!l~ •F!!fil:: iRTT+[: ~ ~i
<l<ll•f~
2. iJ<llij .i:ii-<1: .,<[~ i=!<l~ .,t[q "'
i=ill•<i
3, .,<[Rf ;,.re: ,r<J,';a ffl ;;,im ~

*This class contains a few primitive verbs, almost all the

roots belonging to it being derivative; besides, all Causals
an~ some Npminal verbs may be regarded as belonging to
this class.
t 3lm;fl~ <rfo:r
I P§.n.. VII. 3, 101.
 244 [ § 393-

Imperfect.
§ ~ 93. The 111umentat is prefixed to roots in this tense.
This;,, is replac, d by :.:ITin the case of rooh beginniug with a
l'OWtl$; this &l' forms V;idchi wi1h an initial vowel; e. fl·
sr+pt+ e:=m+~+ :w+<I.=~ffiUsimilarly~..:0:~0:; ~..:-
111-<ffO:i
3ig-3l~i ~=~-~ &o,
(a) Whrn a preposition (~)is prefixed to a root, the
augment ~ or .:ITcomes between the prep. and the roo:s; e. g.
i,; with !If, ~

~ P.' to know.' ~ A,' to see. '

1. 6{ilfi:r+l
~l,"(lq a{~ll' ~~ ti;a_:rroi~
{i;eyill'f~
2. ~'/4: ~q>i_ afoTI'iffl ~a,m:~~II_ Q;~
3. o{~ ariNi:!!>! atffl ~a:@ t/;~ ~a_Vc!

;ft,
1. atwi<il!_6f.l<!!E! a,.p;jllj er,i~ er~~ ~~
2. ~: ar,r,.rai{ af<l<!i:I' ~: aj'i'[~ 6l'i'l<!~fl
3. ~ ar.mffill ar~ 6j'q<jij ~ ~

Imperative,
A
~ P.' to be.' ~A.' to get.'
1. ~11 ~ ~ ~ iil+lfell~~
2. -'!lf or } <lc@l'.J:. +FIB <i>~ ~ <i>~
:i:i~

3. ~or ~ +!o!ffi+I_+io/ij li>mrr4_

~ffilJ: ~~Ill
~a:.
 § S9S] OoNJt!'GATION OF YERBB, .245

Potential.
~ P. ' to remember.' "
~A 'to rej':>ice.'
1. ~~ll ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~
2.~:
3.~
~all
~~
•
~)~:
w~r:
~
ii~
~
~f{
'11ffl
4th Class.
Q1!.P. 'to be pleased.' ~A' to fight'
Present.
l.~~ u~= ~
ij6lfn:r: ~~ ~
.2.~ ii,61:!~: ~ ~ :11~~~ Wl~
3. ij!iliffi ij6lia: ~~ ~ ~ !'al-6
Imperfect.
1.~ ~6l:(Pf ii){~+{ ~" ~ill{ ~~
2.~: ~q_ ~ ~"-1[:~ ~
a~ ~~~ ~~Pi ~
lmperatfre.
... ...
l.~Jfdi ~ ~ ~ ~I,& ~<llil&
2.~"" ijli<Rlq_ ~ ~<[~ ~ ~~
3.~* ij~lf{. ~ ~If!. :9.~i:iaiq_~~
11-Hereafter the optional form in 1flll:.
will not be given as
the student can easily form them by adding i'lli{. to the base if
he has to express the 1ense of the Benedict1ve.
:1'146 SANSKRIT GM:M:MAR. [ § 39~

Potential.
l.~q:_ ~lief ~.r ['~l!" ~~1 ~~
2.~: ~~ ~ ~:i:rr: ['il"<!!i~ ~
3~g~ W7-ffilB:.
si;~: ~ ~~il'<!Tc!lfl~ll~

6th Class.
T~YlP. A.'to throw.'
P. Present. A.
1. ~qifu 1ey:r1q: ~qr.r: feyq ~ ~I~
.2.felrqfu feyq,q: ~ frt1?! ~qq l~~
3.~~ ley(@: fa;,i-qf.a ~ ~q~ mi:r<fl
Imperfect.
l,~ affe_'NFl'
afTa_'fqr:i:r ai-feyq a{feJ91q~ 6i!ll3GltlTT
2. a:rRlq: i>1'r'wffill,.afTeyt!cf 6l'fa.'[911:l'l: ai-f$q1:qij
afTeyq11l'l+l_

3.6'1l~ afTey(!cfl+{_ a:ireaci;:,:_ a;~ aff~r.lffiil arf$q<Q

Imperative.
1.~* l'a1trr<! ley:rl+i fuq feyqi~ ~:i:rl
2./eyq n11. &m, f~ 1a_:rqrq-IB:_~q+l;_
3. feyqg ley:!ffil'.{fey~ l+!_failci!+!.
fey(!cf T~r.r,:ajiJ..

Potential.
1. ~ ~ !~~>{ ~ ~~ fey'q~
2. ieyq'; r~~ l~Nc! 1~: l~fflfil ~
3.~ ~ fey~: /eyqa ~cITT'l. ~i:k.:i:.
§ 41.
· For the change of ;i:_to rri:._see
 § 393] CONJUGATION OF VERBS. ::47

10th Class,
w::_
P. A.' to steal. '
P. Present. A.
1. ~[{<7!~ ~{<If</: ~{1.l'T;i:/: ~~~ ~<{~ " '
'<11<:<ITliff
~rp-r?f ~~~~ ' ....
2. ~{<lffi ~'Ff~: :il'r~ir =i:!l~
3. ~~ ~q: ~R'!!R! '"'
~<Rf '<II\'!@ ~a
Imperfect,
Par.
1. a:r'<IR<lll a:r'<!1~ ~~m
2. ~<!: :ar<i't{~ 1:li"!!0:1.!cl
3. <3j~l'I:_ eFlR<loTI;[_ 6Fl'r.:1.1,r_
Atm,
1. afq~ ~T'i11 ~.:rr:ifu
2. ~~<1q1: a,~Rif4T!l ~,:'!l"q-i:i:_
3. 8l~c! 8{:;i'r~~c!Tij_ ~<Rf

P. Imperative. A.
1. ~R<ilfJ!
~cl '
'<!R<!l>i ""'
'<!R<i " '
'e!R<f[~""
"" '<IR<IT~
'
2. =.ii~ ~<icl.:f, 'ilW-Rl ~~ =i?R~'Hll.
:ifT~~
3. ~g ~R<R'!lij_"IH:•F'g ~cllll ~~F:r. itR<R!lll
Potential.
1. ~<Ill '<ii,lfcI~~>! ~~'-r ~\~~ :il'r;i.~
2. ~~: ~;i:~fl1l_ ~[~ ffl~
~~)p,n: '1.!R<!<iNli:J:
3. ~!~ ~Rirffil'.l,~{l[~: :il'f,i@ ~\i.t'-rlcll+!_~~
The forms of other roots should be similarly made up
 248 SANSXRI'.l: GR.A.l\Illl:AR. r~ 394-395
§ 394. <1-The ~ ( long ) of a root, penulimate or final, when
it does not take Guga or V ;-ddhi, is ilhanged to n, and to ;n::
if a. labial or ~ pre0edes; and the if or:;;- is hngthtcn~d when~\
or~ 1s follol"ed by e. conso~ant; e. g. o'[ 4. P. 'to Lecoms old,'
~' :mfrtrn:, &c.; 'l'°6. P f~'ff, :a:rm<J:, &o; here fel:;does
not become long as ~t is followed by a:t; ~ 10. P. A .
.tt~·ff, :a:ri,a<m:-n,
&o
§ 3!?5 The penultimate i, ;r, .ii' or i:-!: of a r0ot, followed
by tor "l is lengthened when a consonant follo c,B; t e. g. :at
l. A. to measure, to play, :a:i'~ff; similarly ~R• ~,
all A and maaning to play, ~J to act dishonestly, to be
crooked, ~ to faint; ~~ to spriad, to forget i ~ to
thunder, to shine;~,~,~'~![,~ all meanrng to kill, ~
to try, rl, &c , ali Parasm. and. belonging to the let class,
lengthen thoir penuitimate vowel; Rt"!.
4 P ;frm%;similarly
ra'i!_,
fflll:_has;;ff;J;il"ff, \'!Jlol.flti,
&c.

ROOTS OF THE lsT, 4TH, 6TH, AND 10TH CLASSES

WEICH FOP.:.I THEIR :BASES IRREGULA!l.LY.

1st class ( i~: ).

~ 'to protect,' t
:mtl'fi.Tff 'to praise,' ~ff'i but~
q-oi:_
'I['{_ •to .heat,' ~- wh-n it mell,lls•to bartt1r or
~ 'to go,' r~. transact business, to bet.'

* ~ ~ifr: l ~ ~;: I Pan. VII. I. 100, I. 1. 51. ~ ~

Pan. VII. 2 17. ~
t '~f~ ~' I ~1"'1~ <{iq:~ {1€s
m;9'\~"FIT~<ITT i Sid. Kau.

t 1J~)NMJ-<,-Jq~ 81"!ll":I Pan. III. 28. These roots insert

SlT<fbefore a:i, The vowel of gg:takes Gnna substitute before
this~. "' ·
 § 895) OONJuoA.TJ.ONov V1mlls.

~ U. • to conceal, to keep -w.:r_11 P. • to 1)(\rvndt•.''.ol:~

11~
eeoret,' p-il'. ai~Tffl.
~ r. ' tt) p1m1,'a!ITTif,
!i,:oi1fi:1.
~A.' to wbh,' ~- fl • to rnproad1, 1 'tu 1aty,'
fn: t P. • to spit,' w1'<rffl' ~pf.f.
~ with 311''to ~ip,' ffl:;m:mf
:q~ 41Jl'.
• to go,' it~•
11T~t and ~ A. 'to ehill'•i' ~ r. 1to ro,tr11itt'q-q-rf{,
l:ilfffi\',~,H~,~- qr $ P. 'to drink,' fq-11f1r.
~P.'to?<Jam,'~1~, m I'.' to sm~1l,' f.:l:'El"lfl'.
~- m P. • to blow,' \:frdit.
~ P. 'to walk,''llint&,'l611'1:Jla", ~ P. ' 1,nstiuitl,' fcfrn'il.
~ P. A. 1 to des,re,' li51ffi\"·ff', lilT P. 'to think/ itlfffl:.
prfa'it, r.
,rr 'to givo,' ~-
~§ P. 'to r,lease,' N'Witff. f'J: P. ' tn soi•.''fllll'm'•
Slit.P. 'to kill, to hmt,'~IIITl'ff. '!Ii P. 'to go· ~1%.
"' clii'l"1l<fl
'lif I P.1.n.VI 4. 89. Thu p,•1.11lt,im11l11 ;a-ot ~( ls
lengthenbd 1n thu Sptc al 'l'enses aud b, :fore u ~troug to11mu11t1on
beginning "ith a vowel
1 i8;~ fi•(;fI Pan. VII. 3 75. 3llli"~ efffl;j,l,>;lP!;_v:Ht.
These roots lengthen their vowel in the Sp,owl L'o11H11~

f cfT'.ifl~~l.i!Ri:flQ!l;JIT~~: I PAn lll. l. 7(). Tlu•~ti rout~

take the <I'of tbe 4th class optionally m th,, $pocial 'l'1•11H1•~
§ f.if.>l'Fo>m rni:r:1 Pan. 111. 1 ~7 VI 4 4~ •r1t• r,,ot,
"f I STlfl
N"'l_
and IF°'! ,ub~t1tute a; for their <J:_am! thon 11t!tltht• ,rn;'n" nt
i;r ( before wlucll the ill" ia dropped). 'l'h1so sro thrn 1•u1,Jug11tod
like roots ol the 5th class
. II ~ and li'!lf.when it means to u111ko
thh1, hulo11i:to tho Mli
class optionally.
f !i'!f'TI'ii;:rrr
~: I ( ~ "I" I see § 44 ) L'An.VII. 3. 77
$ qJETJ1,'f~~aJ::a~>:rFrh.'lfif~~ fqef~:rq;;ra.;-1,r;,.r,,11;,i,,,,;1l,1
~: I Pan. VII. s. 78.
 250 ( § 395-391

~ P. 'to nm,' ~;i·fir. ~ P A. to dye, ;r~, ~:;m.

'iii~ P. ("A)' to perish,'~- ~ P to be clea11, m~.
~p to sit, to perish,&c ~- 'S'l'lli.A. to yawn, g{n@'.
~~ t P to bite,~%. w,r:A. to be adequate, ~ff.
P. to adhere, ~fu.
't'l:;:;;,;i:: ~~ A to blush, ~lit-
~ A to embrace, ~- 'l'f~~ P. ' to be ready' '<f..rn\',
396 The following seven roots form their bases like the
Desidemti ve in the senses indicated These are:-f.f.;o; to
administer med10ine, to t:reat as a patient ~'«l~-'a'; ~ to
censure, ~et; @iii;(to bear, to forgive, mfll!f@, ~ to abhor,
to act loathsomely, -.fhr~?t;q!~ to make straight, ;fr~h:na'-~i
to sharpen, efr~-~
~ io reaeon, to think, ;ff;{raff; 'l!l"A:_ But
~ to desire im!m;to dwell, ~.rr'il; ~ to cut qr;;.:n'a-ff: &c.
§ 397. The:re are a few roots which add a penultimate
nase.l in the Special Tenses and Moods necess1mly; e g T~ to
cut fir;~/%, ai:~ to go s:i~, l'I~ to roll into a ball firm,
~11:..
to
purify, to go ~am &c; and a few more which do so optionally;
e. g ~ to be finn dm-~rn;~ or ~ to go ffilflff-
~'i:l ~rn all P;
itt, ~T"'f<l'IB"-~fii; 5~ to pluck g1"el'ffl, ~
A. to hum ij'j:;rn,
t!~ff; ~ P. to roar ;rim, ~ and others
Iese important
4th Class ( ~ ).
~p 'togo'~%.
~ A. ' to be born' :;n;:rrr. I
~t P. 'to be pacific' ll:fl~'if.
~ P. 'to deeire '~-

* 'll'lfwr:l Pan. I. 3. 60. ~ is Atm. in the Special Tenses.

t ~~ ~11qI ,~~ P VI. 4 25-26. These roots il:rop
thei.r nasal m the Special Tenses.
t ~mi,~;;r ;fl>f:'l'<R I Pan. VII. 3 94. Of these J;fl3;is given
under ~!1{S.
 § 397-398 J CoNJUGATWN OF 'VERBS. 251

~ P 'to pacify'~@ alone;~~@; ~~@, but

w;i:: P 'to be wearied' m+'!l'ra, only.
i:f<f'l'>:rT'N
~i,: P 'to endure' !f(Tl'l::ffiif,zj't.,,_P 'to sharpen'~-
~ ' to be weary ' ~!Rl'Tff, 'ij"fP 'to cut' ~rff.
~r;rftl', mP 'to put an end to' 'f<ilff.
~ P 'to be intoxicated' 3mmr. lfi' P 'to cut' ~ff.
ti"~ P. 'to endeavour' ~,fi', 'll5!_-~ P 'lo fall' Jl''l;:q@',
1i~<f@.
«ffl; but when followed by ~"". P A 'to colour' "(1;'l:fff{-ff,
a preposition except ~l'l: it m~ P 'to be unctuous' ;ilj,qm.
belongs to the 4th class etfl;t'to strike, to pterce' f.ti.i.rn.
§ 398. The following roots belong to the 1st and the 4th
classes:-m5!_, ~~~ ( ,;~ ), <ITT'1il:_
all meaning to shine, :;:ft'
:I"~ to fear, ~Ii_, #f!l.to spit, ~ to be
to fly, all A. <il;i:, i:ii''ll'.,
l'.leased, Pi1~ to embrace, ~'r. to be angry or vexed
T~ ( 1 ) to turn out auspiciously, ( 4 ) to succeed, all Par , ~,
1 .A. 4 P to bear, <!f-i-'1il:_(~) to foll, ~ to be dyed,
~ to curse,~~ 1. P 4. A. to know, ~ 1. P. to bewail,
4 P . .A to be aflhcted, ilfilo:,!ff~ 1 A, 4. P. ru:d fi~ 4 P. to
perspire, 1 A. to be anointed

P 'to wish' ~'imi'

to:;;: ~ P A. to fry ~@-ff
~a:P. 'to cut' if.;:<'1"1% +l'~ P to bathe ;;-;an°ff
~ P with ,.:;q or lii<f,;_:;qr~- ii°~ p lO CU'. i!J<rTff
'{@ or !:f!m~ •tr~ P to deceive l<i'<fr.f.
ftq~ P. to sufl'er pain ffl-'~ . ~P. to go~m-
.r P. to swallow fiRm,frra@, s.'l'fsi:(P. to go ~ffl'
;RP. to cut ~@, ~ii ~ U to release ~--if-
P. to ask 'l""'ei@,
!.-E0.:._ fa-er_ to anoint ra;i;m-'if.

•· 3l'lii: ~<IR
I Pan. 3. 71 Theea four :roots drop their iffl
bafore <f.
 252 [ § 898-899

~q:_u. to bre~k r r cut ~fn-Pr

ffl!'U. to obtain ~\{T,t-el'
Ire~u to spri.,kle A~fn·a'
fim_P to fo1m fq~rfff.
§ 899 (a) The :follow~Iigroots btlo:i;g optionally to the 1st
and 6th Clafse~:-,;i;'[_l P 6 U to pl ugh, t,, dnw, it 1. A.
to return, 6. P to str,ke against,~ LA 6. P. to roll, to -whirl;
l. A. tJ takP, to r. ceive, '!l.'!(1 A. 6 P to reel, wlirl round,
move to and fro,~ 1 P. to civide, 6. P to rnvelope,~
~ P. to kill lf~ P to sH down, filir.P. 1. to sprinkle, 6•
to open the ey s, 'llJ~ P 1 to stir, to ohnrn, 6 to cover, to
0

adhere,~ 1. A. to cheat, 6 U. to relca;e 1 to leave &c.

( 1i) The following roots beloFg to the 4th as as tow~n
the 6th clas::-fllT'!_ 4 P. 6 U. to throw, ~ 4. P to
oonfound, 6. U to take away, ~ P 4 to covbt, to he
perplexe•', 6 A. to perplex, ~~ 4 A. to let loose, to send
forth, 4, 6 P to create.

10th Class( ~~~: )

~tmr-
'(I" P. to ' shii.ke' sftP ' t~ please ' sftur~fi:r-
~-ffltft", a:i~,m'a'.t lT"t,-itm'liff, itlJffqll'IB' t
~-wrstll'fn, ~ftP.mf-t ~-litmn'o, lil'mqi:rr'i,-.t
•This root belongs to the 2nd, 4th, 6th, and 7th cl1sse~, with
duferent Bfns1s, All th,se are giv1:nin the following couplet.
W<r'llf fem' ~~ ~ !q=.!ROT
sU;i" I
~ N~ !f[Hf ~4'3;,§sfi'lll:(.~16<1~
ij;lllt{_IJ
t The follo'IYingstarz,1, f:om th~ 'Ka.virahasya' gives lhe
'Various classes to whicb. this root belongs:-
~rfrt ~;i1f.r ~,~ "[1i"fl;ir/itiriiit ~~~ I
~~ 1.frolir;f.;
im!;fei'i!ilifrr ~ :;;i~!l'lfi~II
t Theae optional forms are according to liff<liaT<R
and others
 § 400-4.01 CONJUGATION OF VERBS.

§ 400. Tl:e following roots of the 10th class p·eserve their·

vowel unchallg.d; ~ to sin, ~!J'..to tell, ~ to sc1,d, to pass;
;r(JJ_to oount, ;ii~ U. to filter, A. to throw, ,n::to choose or
to sound, ~ to honour, ~ t,J c,mpose, :i:-,a::
seek, to get, 'l::'l:-3'.
to tast ~ii:.to forsake, ~ to spe~k ill of, deceive,~ to scream,
0 ,

~ to weave, ( tut ~~ when it i:::i.eans t J t,ar &c. ), 'frl'~

to go, ~ to count, f!f'( to sound,
to thunder, fii_ to sound, q'il:_
~ A. tog), ai:i:r_
to divide, ~ to separate, ~ to shine, <1:illl
to bore, w;:to conceal, to cheat, !ft( to dw€ll, 'Ii~ or~
::;;it(_
to be weak or lax, etf"J:to give, to spend, l!'R to desire, ~
to seek, ~ii!_to beu, i![;9:
to pity, to be w01,k,~' Wl!_to converse
with, ~ A. to take (also~ when cau of~), fJi~A.
to astonieh, to deceive, 9:~ to bii,d or strLg togsther, li'!!iil:.
to become manifest, ;gi{_ to make happy, and other., less common.

§ 401. Some roo:s of the 10th class excl1mvely take tha

Atmanepad, i e. even when the fruit of the action expressed by
them doe, not accme to the agent The3e a•e:-~ to request, to
desire, ~~ to astonish, to deceive, f.i:la:_
to be consciou~ of,
to think, if~ to bite, ~ ( or ~ accordiog to sorue ) to see,
to bite. ~q:or ~"!..to accumulate, !'fi':l{ to support a :family, ~~
to counsel secretly, ~ to search1 to hunt, to seek, '1:'[>J:.
to ta.ke,
to string together, ~ and ;itre:,
to reprove, lil'~ and ~
to injure, to hurt,~ to kill ( ~<Ii according to some), f.r~
to measure, ~ to desir0, ~ to contract, ij".t to fill, ~
to fear,~ to praise, :Q1!:rto worship, ~i;i: to guess,~ to strike,
~ to look at, to inspect, ~ to reproach, ~ ( according
to some ft) to cut, if~ to drop down, .w:._
to seo, to expound,
~ to abstain from giving, to muddle, fit_ to cut, oi~ to
deceive, 'i!'l!:to have the power of generation, to be eminent,,:
 254 SANSKRITGRAlUUR [ § 401-403

~ to gratify, re:-r
to bewail, :q to know,~ to know, to be con-
scious of, ;re:to stop, '!! to censure, and~ to !mile improperly.
§ 402. The following roots belong to the 1st and the
10th cl,sses:-
~. 't~ to unite, to restrain, at';lto wor!hip, tf:to throw,
~ to melt ~ to abandon, to avoid, ~ to cover, ~ to grow
lof.,
old, ~ to s~parate, to join, ~g:_to leave a residue, ~ to burn,
n tJ be pleased or satisfied, ~ to kindle, 'rl-• ~ Ilg:_to
k1:1d!e, ~ to fear, ~ to release, to kill, ifr to go, ~!.l'.. to
string together, 'liTf<ii,
,;ff~ to endure, ~ to kill, ~ to kill,
~ to wor.hip, ~ wUh an to go, to assail, !!J~ to purify, to
cleanse, ~~ to cover, ~ to satisfy, to guess, to kill, !fl" to
please, ~' ~ to compose, arrar;ge, ~ to obtain, n;s:to
confide, to •tretch, ~ to confide, to hurt, llf'tto inform, ~
to sps&.Jt, i'!Tl!:to honour, worship, li. A. to obtain (
also ircmr
aoeordtng to some ), itt
to censure, i:rTt
to seek, ~ to grieve,
to remembdr with regret, ~ to clean, ~ to endure, 'ilil'.to
brave, to overcome, ~ to hurt, to injure, ~I(. 10 A. 1. P. to
torment, to beg, ~ to aver, and some others.

II. GROUP II.

.......,,,
ROOTS WITR ORANGE.ABLE BASES•

( 2nd, 81d1 5tli, 7th, 8th, and 9th Classes. )

§ 403. Term.inations:-

Parasmaipada.
The tenninalions of the Present, the Imperfect and the
Imperative arJ •he samea.sthese cf the first group, the t~md-
 , 403-404] 0oNJ1'.iGATION OF VERES. 265

:nation. of tha 2nd psr. sing, of the Imperative is~- The ter-
minations of the Potential 11reas follow:-
1. <IT'l, <II<! <!T>!
2. <!'Rl ~ <j'@

3. '11lFl:. <rmr+I, ~~
Atmanepada.
Present Imperfect
1. ~ qi .:ii ~ i'{~ l'.f~
2.~ ioi[~ ~'€r '41~ sll"i<f,>!_i'i'+I.
3. ~ ena "
;are q ~ am
Imperative Potential
1. {! B1191: arr+i~ The same as those given
2. ~cl 6f~[!J.. -~ for the first group
3. ij!il 6l'!cllij__i:>fq[+J:.
§ 404. The base of the roots of the 2nd group of 0011-
jugationlclasses undergoes many modifications with :regard
to which the terminations are divided into sets, one set
is called 'strong', the other 'weak.' The base ht;ing the
strong terminations may be calld ' The strong base;' and that
taking the weak ones ' The weak base'.
( a ) The strong terminations are:-
The singulars of all persons of the Preeen t and the Imper-
fect, the thi1d person singular and all numbers o:f the first
peraon of the Imperative , in the Parasmai pada, and all
numbers of the :first person of the Impe:r11ti
ve in the
Atmanepada.
( b) The :rest are weak.
 [ § 405-409

§ 405. Before strong terminations the penultimate ehort and

the final vow;;! of the b~se take their Guna sub;timte.
Fifth, Eighth and Ninth clas<ee
§ 406. ~~ and a--are added on to the 10, ts of the 5th and
8th cla,ses respeet1vdy bofore the terminat,ons.
§ 401 The final a--of the bas~ is optw• ally dropped
before !;{ and :l1_if i.t ba not preceded by a c 1 r,pnc' consonant.
n is ehanged to ;;J'~ before a weak te:rmmadon begmning with a
vowel, if preceded by a co!ijunct consonant aud to ;.i:in other
ca,es. Ihe ~ of the Impeia , ve 2nd per. sing. i. clrupped after
:a' not. J)recededby a conjunct comonant.
§ 408. t In the ninth class ill is inserted between the root
and the terminations ;:ubecomes ~ be:fore the weak terminations
beginning w1th a vovel, anil ;:ft before the weak terminetions
beginning with a consonant.
§ 409. (a) The penultimate nasal of a root is dropped
,r~:
before vl'f &c. as !f~TR', !fl>;,TT<f:, &c. from !f;:~' to
pnt together. '
( b) L the case o:f roots endiog in a consonant, the impera-
tive second persnn singular termination is s:i:ir;;instead of
~i as ~ from 'l'i.' to steal'.

Paradigms.
5th Class.
~ P. A. ' to press out juice/ &c.
P. Pruent. A,
1. g,n1&1
~:.>-g-«r:~i:r:, ~: ~~ ~~. ~l ~' ~
2.~ ~: ~ ~ ~ ~
3. ~ ~: ~;e'i ~ ~ !;R~

~ ~"(p,,1: ~: I iF!!~: a-:I Pan. III. 1. 73, '19.

t a;;:rn1;;:ir:m I Pin. III 1. AL
 § 409] OoNJUGATION OF VERBS. 251

Imperfect,
P. A.
1,, aiwr~ ~.
~ ~
~ ~,~
~
~'
~l
2. arg,u: ~ ~ ~~:~ ~
3.~ ~ ~ ~ ~ri:I.. ~
Imperative.
1.~ ~ ~ ~ " ~
"' ~
2. !'H ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
3.~ ~rq_ ~,g lffllij_ g-.-<[@iq_~lij_
Potential.
l.~ ~~ ~ ~
2.~: ~ ~ ~: ~q_ ~
3.~re:, ~ m: ~fij ~
~F1TTcll>f_

~'!i~ P. 'to accomplish.' ~ A. ' to pervade.'

Pruenl.
....
1. ffllfflif ~li: ffl~J:!: <3fjt 61'~ aj"~
2. '3J)mq ~: ~ i3i~ af'G~ ;;r~
3. iillmR! ~: ~ ar~ ar~ ar,ae1~
Imperfect.
1.~ are~ ~~ " iSTI~ft
a:rr:wi SIT~~
.2.~: ~'iiji:l>i_ ~ arr~:
iSTI~~ iSTT~
3. erel'-im.
<lffi~ll, ~ <l!T~i:i eTT~Toli:J:_arr~;;ro

1. ~li,:flilfir ~
2.'W'~l ~~
'W',1'el1ll'
~
~,
Imperative.

~
a,~
~~
ill'~
~
3.~g ~Ill~~ al"~. 81'~l+l af~
H. s. G. 11
:258 SANSKRIT GRAMJIIAR. [ § 409

Potential.

1. '-'!l~w:IT.J:."1Vii<ll<! :;,,i1~wwr e:iwi1<1at~i:flt!~ at~<U!,~

a:r~r,qq_
2. <;!l'Wf!: 'til"~RiB",_tj]'!J;<!Ri at~rm: S,W{l<IT"ll.J:_
3. <;!l'Wf!cJ:_tjl'w:IT<llll_:,n,~: 01~ro a:r~~ll at~~"l

8th Class.

~ P, A. 'to stretch.'
P. Present. A.
1:cr.llrn ~:' q,q a~.,-:'~: i:!~ <l:J;~,a-~ ~.,-tq,=~
2. oinrlr o~: ~"l ~iir a,qr~ ~~
3: ail\fu ~a: wc!l;"a ~i ~ <f.cl°a
Imperfect.

1. a:(cl<lqq_~ afo~+r atclP-1~1 ~

arci-'1 ~ ~ a,er.m1
2. aw.rr:~ll ~ e:{cl~<fl: arcl•i:lf"1"lll_
~-~
3. aw.rra:_
~ arci-<f.l ~ a:fcl•c{@T+J',_
'3l'cl,q<f

Imperative.

1. cr-FUf.r
Q'l1:!lt! c[<lq[i'f cl~ wic!19l w!c!l+!l
2.~ ~ cl~ ~lie! c!-'11!W!, ~
3.~ c!§c!lll_ ~ ~iq_ ~ c!-c@l!I_
Potential.

1, ~Ill ~ cl~ITT!'f
2.~: ~i'l.J:. ~cf a,cfr:qr: a,,i'l<ir4Ti:i..
a;;ft~"E!ll
3. ~re-_ ~<f!c'!lll ~: w.f@ q..;ft<1@11i_
i:!::1/R.:i:,
 § 410 J 'OoNJU<&A.TIO~ OF VERBS 259

§ 410. Irregular base:-w. P. A. 'to do' ie changed to <it:

before the strong, snd R be:fo.rethe weak terminations. The
;if of the bas a is dropped before i:1fand ;:r.
Prese,nt.
P. -4.•
1. ~~ ~~: ~ ~ ~·--
2.<liUw
s.~a
~:
~:
~
·~ ~er
lF{i;a
~<:jq ~lq
~la
,-.
:w~
~

l. ~ Bl~i:f
. '
acyq
I-mpe,fect,
~'ii Bl~liI·~ ,~
acyi:m;:
2.~: ~ll 6cy@ ~ij~[: ~qj~ ~l;i~~

~-~ ~~Ii!. acy$J:. ill~cl a{fii,J]cllq_8l~ '

Imperative.
_,,
l.~ wlfil' <li\'-llli <Ii\<! w!T•!~ ~i
2.~ ~'{, ~71 ~i:f '
~~ w:m:.
3.:<liug :'!iliffiil :!iSFi! ~~I!.. ~fffiJ{_ ~II_
Potential.
1.~11'.i, ~q ~<TT+! ~~[,!f :!i1IT<!Wi:!ieif~
2.~'t: '
:!i•Hcl!i_:!illl11 wfi~= :!i6if~ ~[':qB_
3. ~<lf1l:. •
~li:J:. '
~!i= ~'fer ~f?iTll weiri.:.i:_
9th Class.
i\'. P. A. ' to buy. '
P1esent.
p A
~.,.
1,Eli!UJT~strufro!::€rofii:r: #fur ~

;Ji!IJlfc!i[ sifrufr~
2. ~['llTffi5fillllf~: ;tllJJ'l~ sf,[lll"N Eli!IJWf ;gfQ1r,?r
3. iflJll@ ffllq: S!i!IJlJ;cl if,[Ullcf
0 ""
:lillllfo ;i:;!1J'@
 260 SANSJ!JUT GBAJIUU.B. [ § 410-142'

lmps,.flct.

1.~lJl11l ~ 81'ilifllill'f~ ~~ ~~
2.~: ~8l'!lit11ik1 ~1'il'f: a{<lil'Jll~ ar-tlvft,-'1+(
3.~a:. ~~ ~of@ 8'1lW11@11{_
~IJ@

Imperative.

~-
1. !!ilairf.r~: ~ ~ ~ ~~
2.~ ~ ~ ~ufti;ir :tfllil~ ~
3.~ ~~ ~ii. ~11{ ~
Potential.
1.~ ~ ~
:5tut'im-r ~ ~
2. ;p')uft.ir: $'[~~ ~: ~'il'f'I. ~
3.~ ~1111~~: ~Itri@ ~af'I. ~
~ P. 'to obstruct,' or 'to stop!
Pmunt. Imperfam.
1. ~ ~: 1;5+ilfil: ~ ~ ~
2. ~ ~: ~ ~,«: ~ ami+ifur
3. ~+i'flm
~: 1:a~ ~ ~aPt. ~
ImperativB. Potential.
~~~ ~
~: ~ ~
~~ ~:
bREGULA.R

toai:.; as~.
SPEOUL

pnr:, ~ir.
BA.BES OF TllE

&o.
NINTR

-- 0LA.ss.
§ 411. In the case of the root g-ll the~ of I'll is not ohangeif

§ 412. The roots ~ ' to know ' and 1i1ffI to become old ~
 _§412-416] CONJUGATION OF VEiraS • 261

.tisume the forms "'l'1' an.d m respecti.vely; as ~.....fm,

~,&c.
§ 413. The ~ of =1~is changed to ~; as ~fit; ~,
~tf<f, ~' &c. Imperf 1st, pars.

fr, iif, ~,
§ 414. The ,r9o_M if, 1!, ~, ia, '[, ~• 1• 5l,i,
1,f, ~' f, SJ;and ~ h11ve their finals shortened necessarily,
and moptionally in the Special Tenses; as ~-
imd aft,l!TI,
if@, ~Trn-llffiir,~-ufi'ff, &c. !ITIQ,~, &c.
§ 415 The roots '=i ' to go by leaps, to raise, ' ~ ' to
obstruct, ' ~' to atop, ' ~ and ~' to ob!t:ruct ' belong
~rr~,t~, &c.
to the 5th and 9th classes; as ~f!i, 'f~,

Second,Third and Seventh Classes.

§ 416. Special rules of Sandhl of the finals of roots and
the initial letters of terminations:-
( 1 ) The ending :a-of a root takes its Vriddhi substitute
when followed by a consonantal strong termination ; as ij+

( 2) The final t or ,a-.short or long, of a root is clumged

'to it\ or ~ before II vowel weak te1mination.
( 3 ) The ending i!_of roots is changed to i{_when followed
by any consonant, exoept a naeal or a semi vowel, or by nothing;
and that of roots beginning with ~ to Ii( under the same circum-
stances.

( 4 ) The initial a: or ~ of a termination is changed to 1i_

11Ute:r
a soft aspirate ( 4th letter of a class ).
( 5 ) ~ or !ii:followed by ~ is changed to ~.
262 SANSKRIT GRAllmAR, [ § 416-420

( 6 ) -.,:and iJ: when followed by a consonant are changed to

the nasal of the class to which the following consonant belongs,
and to an anuavGrowhen followed by ~, !_, ~ or ~
( 7 ) The ending ~ of a root, short or long, not preceded by
a conjnnct consonant is changed to q_before vowel we11ktenni-
nations, when the base consists of more tha.n one syllable.
( 8 ) The ending i:,:oi a root is optionally changed to !: or-
Vis11rga in the Imperfect second pers. sing. and the ending
to a:or \ before the termination a:and optionally before ~-
ae;.
( 9 ) When a conjunct consonant having ~ or 1i for its,
first member is at the end of II word or is followed by a
consonant except a na.sal or a semivowel, the ae;.or 1i ia
dropped.
N. B.-The usual Sandhi rules i. a. those given in the 2nd
and Srd Oh11ptersshould be observed.
§ 417. ( 1) $ The second person sing. termination of the,
Parasm. Imperative is Rf when the base ends in any consonant
except a nasal or a semivowel; also in the case of the root I
3 P. ' to saorifioe.'

§ 418. The~ and a:of the Imperfect 2nd and Srd per.
!!i.ng.are dropped after a consonant.
Second( or ~ ) Class.
§ 419. In this class the terminations are directly added to
the root.
§ 420. In the ease of roots ending in :a:tr,the tenninatione
of the third person plural of the Imperfect is optionally ~•

$~°tl~: 1 PAn.VI. 4 101

 § 420-421] CONJUGATION OF VERBS 263

Paradigms.
;qr P.' to go.'
P1esent Imperfect.
1. lflTif <ffq: ,mr: a:r.lfq_ ep.fjr.{ 61<!1+!
·2. ;i:iifu ;i:rr<1: <IT~ i3f!ll: ~i:fll 6'f<f@
3. <ITRI" ;i:rra:: ;,rrf,a ~ ~lli_ arwr,~:
Impei·atire. Potential.

1.<l"rf.l '11<1 ;,rr;r <rm!B"_ '!ITT!!<! <!!<fr.!

2,<l"l~ ma:~ <11a: <IT<if: <IT<!m
<TT<l"la:+f,
3.<l"~ ~ <ll"",g m<ifi\ <fP;!:
'i:!l<!lc!li:J:,

Oonjugate similarly ~i:rr P 'to tell,' ~r P. 'to out,' q-rP. 'to

protect,' mP •to fill,'~ P, ' to eat,' u P, 'to fly,ll'T P. ' to
shine,' a:rr'to measure, u 'to give,' ~ 'to give or take,' oil'
'to blow, '"!,Jf'to cook~ add ffl 'to bathe'•

§ 421. In order to exemplify the rules given under

§ § 416-418 we will give the forms of the regular verbs .fr,1:J,
b;,~, ~,~,~and
:;;ii:iJ;, f.b~-
cfi'P. 'to go'
Present. Imperfect.
1.t(!I:[ eftq: cfu::!: am-i:i:_ • ofe:TI<!
J.~ ~:;;r: ~ ~
3J1fu ;fur: ~l~~(or~
according to some )
 SANSKRIT GIUlll:l!IAR, [ §421

Imperative, Potential.

1.~ ~ ,f<ll<, ifr<!i+:!_~<Wi <WlTl'T

2.~ ifrai:i:.ey@ <il<l'r: ;fr~ eyl<ITTf
It ~f! <![6ii{ fey~ '11<l'l0:..<ff<l16lli. <{I~:
~ P ' to praise '
P,esent. lmpedeot.
l.~ ~: ~i:r: 1:ll'~ ~ sll,J+l
2. <lffi
-s,~
~q; ~4 ""
1:ll'ilf: ~ ~
3. ~fo ~: ~a ~a::. ~ ~
Imperative. Potential.
1. ;:r,nf.i .Ji!l<i .J9f!l
2.~
~ri:. ~"
~li:lll
~<!Iii
~c!li.. ~ ~: ~cl
3~ ~·11
~ ~cl ~!l ~:
Conjugate similarly Ii P. ' to sonnd, ' g P ' to seize, ' ~'I!!
P. i to sharpen,'~ P. ' to a.ttack, 1:i;P. ' to JOin, ' ij" P. 'to
possess supremacy,' and m' to drop out, to distil '
~T;;[ P. ' to awake. '
P,esent. lmpe,ject,
1. ~f.{ oimc1: ,;rf<J!l: 1:\l'&Fll{!{_~1! '>lm'l!l
2. :,rr.@r '5!l<Jl!l":'5'!1"!.:i!" anir.-r: ~ e;:,i~
3. "1!•1@ ~: :;m:ir'e[* arm.-r: ~arir si!'Si'fi[~:
lmpewtive. Potential.

1. ~11R!l"l c;rrrru<t
;,rr;i;:rn "ll'lllT<l ~<I ;;rTipll<i
2, m~J 'Sll~_[(lll "ll'la ;;rr-prr: ~31. ;;ffpw!
3.:or~ ~a!ll :;rn;!!;J; ;;rmrci:_ ~ffi+J:. ~:
'' See ~P· 2!2.
 § 421 ] 00:NJUGA'.rlON OF VERBS, 265

6: A, 'to go.'
Pres~nt. Imperfect.
1. ~ ~ oft tf<I~ ~
2. ~
13.~ij
~
tu~
~.,
~~a
~:
~~
~~>I_
~lffill
ffl
~
imperative. Potmtial.
]. ~ ~I~
On
~1.:rl ~~
• h ,.._

~ ~<If&
2.~
.t~
3. iffill ~ram:, {~Ill
~ ~(!~:
~('!
~~
~
W'~
~
'of~ A. 'to speak.'
Present, lmp11rfect,
1. 'i!ey '<lffl ~ Sfi.lTeyefq~ <!FI~
2. '<!ey :;.ieyiey 'q~ afiffll': 6i'il~
3, =qg 'cfaJ@
---~ e,'q~

'cl~ ~ afq!51clf!la;'<!~
Imperfect. Potential.

1. '<!ey '<!eyl~ '<leyi.:rl '<ley[<f 'ii~ 'q~~

2.~ 'qeyl:l[lij__'q~~ 'q~: '<l~T<TT~ll

'q~

3.'<!~ :qeyiar;r 'q~ 'q~ '<ley!<lffi!ij_

"'~
~A. 'to go.'
Presei.t. ""
Imperfect
1.~ ~~ at<li'<ml:SF-liffi
2.~ ~~ qi~ i3fcli'm: ~irrq_ ~
3.~ ~@ <Ii~ ~ SF-lil!llcllij_SF-liiUa
 266 SA.NSJDlIT GBAMl!liB.. [ § 421-

lmperati,e. Potential.

1.~ ~ ~i ~ <Ii~~ ~
2. if.a<! ~Nli:f_ ~ll ~: 100'!~ ~
3.~ ~Rllll ~ ~cl ~olil; ~
!i{ P.A. 'to milk.'
Presmt.
P. A.
1.~ ~: i!itl= j ~~( ~
~-
2. 'iifla_;*
'° . ~: ~~ ~ ~
3.~ ~: ~er ~ ~!~ ~
Imperfect.

1.~~ <li~ 61'~ ~ ~ft ~

2. aNl~-1!_olf~ ~ ~: 61'~ ~
3. i3i<fllji-~ ~ ~

-
~ll ~ll ~
Imp,rative.
1.• ~ ~ ~ ~
2.~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
3.~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
Potsntilll.
1.~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~
.2.~: ~ ~ ~: ~ll_ ~
3.p ~ w: ~er ~ ~,J:
~ to be similarly oojugated; t and q- being substituted for-
11'and'8TI'
respectively.

* For the obange of ~ to '!., vide § 95.

 § 421] CONJ'UG.A!l:IONOF VERBS. 267

~ P. A. 'to lick. '

P;esent,
l' A.
1. ~f~ i¾": fu&'.[· rai i¾"~ ~
2. ~T~ ~lcr: ;;fig (0ey l~iH¼ ~~
3.~ ;_;fg: fuef.:a ~!~ ~@ ~ij
lmpe;fect,
1. ~~q_ ~ ~ 13{~161~ e:r~~
2.w<l ~ ~G 61'~: "1I<'l~lml{_ 8,~l~
3. 8,~2:-is
,, a,~q_ an~ ~ an~rq_ ~
Impei·ative.
1. ¾ff;i
..
~ ~~Ii ~ "'(?ffl<f
'~ .. ""'
<11~
2.~~ ~~ ~G T~"EI ~:>.lfB:_ ~~
3.~ ~Gl+{_ ~~~ ~G!B:_ ~l+l. l~wl!l
Potenhal.
l.~rq_ ~lcf ~ ~T<f ~ ~It!~
&c. &c, &c &o. &c. &c.
~A.* 'to Purify'
Prasent. lmperfact.
1.~ Pi°"'if~ f.i-o.:;.r%:aif.lrnr &iPlo-.set~a,~~
2.~t ~m-rq ~
.._
an~m: off.i~rmq_ a,~
3.~ mm ~

T<f§f('I ~ ~ .a:rf.ffla-
Imperative. Potential.
1. f.!i f.!mi f.j~ f.l~r<r ~~~ l~~
2. f.is¥{ " ~
f.l~mq_f.l~'if+l r,:{'§f[lllf: m'l<Wlli:f..~
3, !~TB:_ mmrq_ f.l~i:r._ ~a f.!~ Tii~{,l

* m-N'l!.,
~, N, ~. ~. !J:itall A. should be similarly
conjugated.
.268 SANSKRIT G&1.110UB • ( § 421-428

lRRB(HJLAR EASES.

Many of the :roots of the 2nd class are of irregular

conjugation. We will treat of them in alphabetical order.
§ 422. ~ P 'to eat' forms the 2 and 3 sing. Imped. as
'.,\l1Pand :.:ire.a:
respectively. In other respects it is regular.
Present, lmpeifact.

1. eifq a:ia: arq: l.~ <3111[ ~

2,ol"Rij arw: :al"~ 2.~: sn~q_ <311'cl

3. aire: are: ~a 3. an;:;11:.iol'Rifll_ ant(-l
lmperati-va. Potential.
1. 6f<;Jl?JBl<Uci ~ii l.~ ~cl ~

2.6R ~ air! 2. sl'!li.11: amli:!.:j__8R!@"

3-~ arnrl{ ~l 3.~re:, ~~ll ~:

§ 4:!3. ~~ P. 'to breathe,' :;,r23:.
'to eat,'~ P.' to weep,'
~16:;P ' to sigh ' and ~ P. ' to sleep,' insert the augment
i between their :final and the terminations beginning with
any consonant except l:!"iin the case of 2 and 3 sing. Imped.
they insert i"or~; e. g.

~' P. to breathe.'
Pl'esent. Impeifect,

} • 6TTi!lij cl!if.l• 811i'i+I: arr,:iq_ aJ"l!illl' snf.r.r

2. ~'?i a@r.q: ai-f¾111 an.fr:-clr,;: anf;/c1ij_a{ll~q
3. aili!@ ai-f.'@: 6f.1Fa ~rn:_-en;itt_
~l.:J._ err,:{<{_

lmpe, ative. Potential.

1. 6f.l!lil a{if[c'f ai-;;im ~B: 8{;:,ilq 6ir<!ltl
2. llflijl1: 8Tfi'iaq_>,~cl el-<IT: ar,i:imll6r,<!F:I
3.~ a{l<!alij_ 6f.l~ sl'!~ ij_ ai--~:
6r,<llc!I
 § 423-424] CONJUGATION 0~' VERBS. 269

Conjugate ~...., "111~and ~similarly; as :r,fmFf

3 sing. Pre.,
ai~ift:-q" 2. sing. Imperf.; ~-qq_ 3 sing. Imped.; i:<flTI'f.i'
1. sing. Imp. ~ 2 Bing. Imp. i ~ 1. sing. Pot.; &c.
'lffll'lW
3. sing. Pre.; ~r:-.,: 2 sing. Imped;~-~ 3
sing Imperf ; "ilffl 1. sing. Imp. ~~ 2. sing. Imp ~
3. sing Imp ; ~~ 1. sing. Pot., &c.; it~, ~: m"ifi;r: 1
Pre ; ~ 1. sing Imped. ~r:-~: 2 sing Imped' :s-m-
3. sing. Imped.j ~~n"it1. sing. Imp. 'lii'lt/i2. sing.
<trn"·<R!:
Imp. m'im 3. sing. Imp.; WITl; l. sing. Pot. &c.

§ 424. 31''-'
P. ( A.'-' ra:re) 'to be'-drops its Si' before
weak terminations and ~ before a termination begilllli.ng with
~ and 1l!f. Before 2 and 3 Imped. it takes the augment i,
It is irregular in many re1pects

Present.
P. A
1. ,m1;i ~: ~lj: '~ ~ ~
.2. ,m1{
3. oT~
~~:

~;
~~

l:IR!
~
-.
~
"
m~
l;{T~
·~
w
Imperfect.
1. ~ am~ ~ ~1
.2. all~: a,iw: an~ 1ilfl~<!+l
3. oTR'll<l:_ ~ atlli!R!lll"_am@

"' al'l:_ia Atmanepadi in a 1ew cases. Cf. Bhat~ikavya H •

.... ...._ ..._ ,.., ", ill -~'----!~!--1- .. ~--,,.,1"

an exchange of duty.
270 SANSKRIT G:aAJ1U!AR [ § 424-426

Potmtial.

1.~ ~19 ~ll'l ;fr:ir ~fq~ ~ihn%:

2.~: ~(\l'i_ '\::im! -BF!f: lifl<!l:>.i[lt,~•efll

3. ~Q_ ~alB:_ ~: ma -Sl<fRl[ll ~R;:r_

§ 425. an~ .A. 'to sit-also drops its ~ before eof-

Present. imperfect.

l.afr~ ~ an~ ef!~ efl~~ ~!Im

2. en~ a,rei~ ~ e,i~: il{T~ 811'"1ilt
.,_
3.~a am=rr~ ef!B"a ~cl 6llfflcll+l_ WfB"cl

Imperative. Potential.

1. en~ a{!~ "' il{ff/Hl~ ei-Hfl<l" il{f~e!~ a:rr~rml

2. ~ aw3l!ifl"l~,ill :a:m.=\'r~ai+l_
i:illtff.!!l:il{lffl<!Tmi:!_
3. il{[1:clfll am=ilclfll'3imc!l+l i:ill'Sf(i il'lT~clT!{ <311~
Conjugate 1:f';(A. ' to dress ' similarly
§ 426 The~ of the root~ P 'to go' is changed to ;ey:_
<?

before a weak vowel termination: ([la'!l"ff: ef.l'r3 pars

Pre.;
~ i:r,r~ 1st Pers. Imperf , q-.2 Hng Imperf; a:rliTf.r,
~' trn l" 2 3 sings. Imp. ~ 3 pl Imp
ii" with atN A. t 'to study.' &c. is regularly conjugated; as

<? tP t;;·~"ii
'to go' is conjugated regularly like <!'r-,;;Frr
3rd Pers Pre.;~~ 2 sing. Imp ~ 3 plural Imp.
t if with si1W P. 'to remember' should be conjugated like if,
~""'n 3rd pl. Pxe Some think that it is to be conjugated like
,r in the N on-conjugational tenses only Accordrng to them the
third pers. plu. will be 3litl"l'f.ii The line 0£ Bhatti '~H!/r1fifr
III. 18 &c is quoted in support of this Oplllion.
=ci<l'!irri:.t'rr-=i:_'
'lil~ Sf1<T1:T[g;;;rf<T'"1~Fm~~,m91~~F'fl~:-
'-f0'1"1 Sid. Kan.
t 1F111r
 § 426-428] OoNJUGATION OF VERBS. 271

Preaent. lmpet:fact,

1, a{~ 0it
arcft
sr4t~ e{;~t4 a:i~fu ai""-¾m1:
~
2.1o1em ei~~ a:fe!T~ afe<j'<f[: e:f'~'-ll~ :or¾•~
3. ~~ er4l<mr :sfcf!<@" eri¾a e:i~lfRIT+le:i•~a
Imperative. Potential

1. a-T'-<T~ er~ "' eiofl<fm e:im<lwfa:

e:f'-<Rl1+11: arefl<fll'J~
2. a:fliIT!ief a:fm'-!l<ffl{Sf~ a:f«l<IT"f[: er~P-:f ~
r:rr~.:J,areft:in·
3. sl1cirai.r__ ar~q_
<>!'<1\<!R!lll Sf~ i>!cWl'l'-11~
Slet7<1!Ff
§ 427 i.i:_ ' and ~ A ' to rnle ' have an ;:-
A. • to praise,
added to them before terminations beginning with ~ or l.i<T
exGept that of the Imped ::. pin.

~- A.

l.~
.
Present
-.
~~i, ~~1:
lmpe1fact .

~fa: ~~~
2. ti~
3. \)
~r4
~la .
~~~
'
~Gq
~6l"il'l
~iTTll
(;~~+l
~~

1. \l
Imperative
~, ~i:il ~ffl
Potential.

~rcifu ·~
~r,:fii,~
2.~,;i ~61"1"11'1:_
~l~"°!l{ ~r:qr: ~:r/f"f!'l ~''-!il
3.im.. ~mq_ ~iTTll ~a ~[l'.flcll::J,_ ~sl(<i.
hr to be similarly conjugated; ff'~ lfQIT~ ~~l'E<I 2 Ere.;
· ~t{T~ 1, sing. Imperl. q'!H 2 sing Imped ~ 3 sing.
Imperf 'it~~ 2 pl Imperf; i~ I sing Imp i~i:f'i:l:
2 pl Imp tefm3 sing. Pot &c.
§ 428 ;;;l!fP A. 'to cover'-substitutes : riddhi for its ~
optionally before conaonantal strong termmatlons execpt those
of the 2nd and 3rd sing Imptorf.
 272 SANSKRIT G.iU.ll!llU.R. [ § 428-429-

Present.
P.
1. -a;iilITT!-i3i~1!
~:
•
~: •
•
~ ~"
A.
. ~~il~
2. 6iOJ.fq--e;imfq
~~: ~ ~ ~ri:r ~
•
3. (3;1l!mf-~@ ~i;!: ~fu.i(i.:a
~ ·-- ~6 ~<Rf
lmpsrfict,

.
~\;' r-...
aft~ ~ af!~ ~~
1.~ ~ ~
..,,~
2.*ai'i: "'
an~~ i>Tlfui i:;{l~: an~~an~
3, i>Tl~ ~ ~ aft~ ~c(@!+l_ ~

1. s:1,0li!IM ~ • ~
Imperative.

~ . "' ~
i:h'lli!li!~
2.~ ~
3. 6i'JTI§•iWifg
~ITJ'._
••s ~
a;~
• •
~:!{ITJ'._ ~
~~Ill_

1.~ ~
. ~il
•
Potential

~ ~!<!~ ~~
~
•
2. ~l[l:
3•• a:
.
ai?.l~
~<!KIT!!.~~:
~
~
~flTT:
8;~'@
~llTT:!!l>l,_
~~~
e;~

§ 429 ~• P. 'to shine,'~, ~, ~ ancl

:;:J11Z,
~ drop the ~ of the 3rd pers. plu. termination when added
to them. In the Imperf. they take ~ as S. pl. tenui.nation_
Imp. 2 sing. of~ is ~-Iv,
Paradigm1J.
Presant 1mparfiet.
1. '<l<tirr~ ~: "f<!;'mf: ~~ ~ ~· .
.2.'1if<iillffi
:;r,i;i~: 'q~ ~:~~ SFl~~i:!q_i9fil'iil~
-3.'q'~ref'q~: 'iffiHJl6 ~~ ~lij_ ~~
 § 429-430] OoN.TUGA!CION 0l!' VElll!S. 273

Imperati-cs Potantial
1. ,;;r,mrrr,r
~ ~ ~~~
2. ~-N" ~ "i(<b~ 'q,61~: ~ ~

3.~ ~ ~ ~ 'il<bl~kliij_ ~
~ P-see ar,,:and ~ above:-

Paradigms.
P'l'B6Bnt Imperfect
1.~
2.~
~
G(~:
•= ~e:iiJ.
'Slfa_N~e,il:~:
~1:rcr ~
~~~
3.~ Gil~: Glaj@ ~--ar-;!!lfcl ~~:
ImJJ6ralitJS. Pot,ntial.
1.~ ;/;I~ 'oll:llli ~ ~ ~

2. '"'~~ ->I~ :oifll.'@" <il?flIT: ~~ ~

3.~ ;;if~ Gl~ ~ ~ ~=

§ 430. ~P. 'to be poor '-drops
its 311'before weal
terminationa beginning with a vowel and changes ii; to 1£befori
thoae with an initial consonant.

Paradigms.
p,.,,116n#. I•JJ6rfict.
1•• fir &i!J!I: ~~: ~l{_ ~ ~
2.~ ,u~: ~ ~: ~ ~
3-~~ " ~ etfutkl ~
ImJJ6ratitJB.
~l~l{_
PotBrltial.
aiajq:

1.~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~
R. S. G. 18.
 [ ~ 430-432

2~~00& ~{~ GJ{~ ~~: ~~;u'~

a.~ "W:~ ~~ G~<'( ~R_~:
~Rl{-'~i<1Jl={_
§ 431. ~'\ P A. 'to hate •-takes :a-,t.optionally in the
Imperf. 3. pl. Par.
Present.

1.~ ~: ~: "'
i;q " "
~~ l~
2. ID'a:r J~: ~ ~ f[qy~
" ""
,"). iii!:! "
1~: " "
~ ~ ~•:j@ ~q~

lmperfict.
1.~ <B1~ <ll"la-+! ~Ii ill[!qft ~~
2.~~ Sl~'il{_ ~ a:ial:Jr·~1~"H~'1ij__
~~!{
3. 01~~ <ll~!l'I au1~~: ~ af@:'-Tiffiq_
.;l@IS!d

Imperatir,e.
1. ~"lllli ~ ~ll' ~ ~~ --
~
...
2.~~ ~ ~ ®~ ~!.i!ll l[:li~
3.~ ~ @,~'ti r~ ~"@l'l ~
Pote11tial.
1.~ l~!T!<f @i:ll"li:r @41<1l~l<TT1:~~
'.2.~: ~ell{ ld'"lla ~: ~ ~
3.~ ~~: ~ iW~lll ii41<-t
§ 432. ii: P. A. 'to speak '-take;, the augment f before
eOOlSOMnml
strong terminations.

1.•
 '.§482-433] CONJUGATION Ol!' VERBS, 275

:2.i:l<fll'it~ ~:-~: ~ ~ ~ ~
'3. ~~ ~:-~: ~-~: ~ ~i ~
lmperfact.
1. S!ili!ll ~ ~ ~ ~ ~i:iig:
:2.~: ~ ~
afiiN[:
~ ~
"
3.~ ~il ~ ~ ~ ~
lmprati,,,.
1.w. lll<ll<! ll!<lll'f ~ ~ ~
2.~ ~ i[cf ~ ~ ~
3.~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
Potmtial
1.~l+I_
~" ~ir ~ ~~ ~
:2.~: ~~ ~r: ~l<INTll P~it.
:3.~ ~~ ~ ~ ~
§ 433. ~ P. c to cle&n1e' substitutes Vrddhi for its vowel
necessarily before strong terminations and optionally before
,vowelweak terminations.
Praunt, lmpaifact.
1.~ ~: ~: ~ ~ ~
:2• .inai ;m:
3. irr!f ~
u
~,
~~
~-e'
..
•• ~
<!11l'llll ~.
ofW

~ ~

l. irr~
.
lmparativ,.
irrotJc1' ~ ~
Potential•
~fq 'q~J\'
276 S.&."'i"BXBI'fG~. [ §433-4Sii>

2.~ lWl ~ ~= ~ ~

3.~ -wi:J. ~~~ ~ffi+i, ~:

§ 434. ~P.' to s~'-is deficient in the s plu. Pr~
aooordingto aomein the whole plural, and aeeording to othe:re-
in :i.11
the third person plurals."'
P11unt l•p,rfoct.
l~ ~: ~= ~ ar-RI ~·
2. <If~ m: ffl ~ ~ ill'!l"Qi

3.ff ~= * ~ ~ ~

I•pstatii·,. Poumial,

1. ~f.i ~ 'R1i:r q,li!fil{ ~ ~ll'

2.<if'~ ~ ~ ~= ~+i. cfll!Rf•
3-~ ~ ~ c(;;qll( ~
§ 435. ~ P. 'to wish '--changes its 'if to -s' before weak:
terminations.
Pruent. lmpsrfact.
1•• ~: ~ll: ~ ~ 8tl~
2.<11~ ~: ~ ~~ am~ ah
3. !Im ~: ~~ ...
am:••'i~
arl'&Tf{~
I■paratir,. Potential.
1.fflf.r if.illq' ~ ~ ~ ~
2.~ ~ a,z ~= ,ffi!Qif_ ~
3.~ :a'&T4. ~ ~ ~~=

• ~ ;r ~ • ~ ~1 ~m 1,(Sid.,_Ka~
 ,§ 436-487] OoNJUGA'i'!ON OF VERBS.

§ 436. ~-'to know' takes optionally the terminations of

·fae Perfect in the Present Tense. Its Imperative forms are
,optionallymade np by adding :;,rr~ to it and then appendingthe
·forms of the Imperative of W,
Jmperfact,
1. ~-~ f<Ja:-f<I[ j~:-~ ~ ~
2. ?rr--~~~r~21:-~: ~-~ afcr:,ar1ffl:-'!..
er~
3.~~ f.ffi:-~: ~~-~: ~a:..;;:_ ef~l{

Imperative.
1.~!i'! ~G,)"<! ~ ~~<.<JW. W;Jf~H'!'
2. fc!li
3.~
~'ell{_

~fflif,'g
l\ffi ~~
~rug;
Rr<ri~
~ "'
1<1e:1~~
.
Potential.

L~ l~ r<iil.!ll!'
2. 1'iro1:
3.~
-i:i:.
Fie.!lffiB_
fcl,mq

§ 437. ~!F P. 'to govern, to t6acb,' &c.-changes its vowel

-.to~ beforeconsonantalweak terminations. See:;;i-~ also p. 272.
Pressnt. lmpe,Ject.

1.•
2. ~ffi[
~:
ro2:
ll!fS!l:
l~
~ij!'.{_
a-r~n:,
amm:-,<{_
ar~2>1.
eifije:f a,~i:r
<l'II~
3.~~ ~m: mum ~,a:;-~ e:[!~211!, al'~ijj:
lmperaiive. Potential.
1:i'ffi''8'll"ir "i'ffi'<:!TqliJmr-r ' f.i15':f!ll fue:zrrcf 11/lC<l"fll"

-1' ~ with 81'1A. should be conjugated like atri;i:.

 278 SA<'>SKR!TG~. [§487-44&

9 ,-.,
'"'• 'ffl1lij f~ 1'i/ra ml! m@il 1~
3.~ ~ l\11'\:\Q; l~ ~~ij'__ ~~
§ 438. A. 'to lie down' gw;iates its vowel before ali'
terminations snd prefixes ;:: to the termination o:f the third pen .

-~
pl .,;,:aept that of the Potential.
Present. ImpBrfect.

1.~
~
~
' ""
~ ~m •i
2.~q :il<l'[~ ~ ~: ~.:ffl3',_ aro-icili_
3*W ~~
Imperatioe.
,,
~
• ~ll=J.
Potential.
~«;

1.~ ~1 '11•Ml ~1':r ~P.!l<!i~ ~

~~
2.~ ~~r: ~~mq_ ~ij.
3.~~~ ~ :!'l<!r:llcm:J:.
ii!¾!~.
§ 439. i:i_A. 'to give birth to'-iloes not change its vowel
to Gu:i:iabefore strong teYminations.
Pre:it;,t. Imperfect.

1.~ ~ ~ al"§~ ~l at~

2.~ ~ P.,_~ ~- . i>!W!f~ ~·
3.~ ~ ~~ ~ 8ey!@!l=i;~
Impa,11ti,~ Potsntiiitl.
1. ir "
~~ ~
.. l:f(R! f!~ ~~
2.~ ~i<:;"TJ:I.~ ~; ~Ill wil~
3.~;J:t E'l1,;-ll"'-..
~ wftq ~
wfl<lli:W'l:,
§ 440. ~ P. A. 'to praise,' «
P. 'to grow' and 'li' 'to sound"
ha.ve i optione.lly preth:ed to the consonantal te1minations ..
 §] 440 OoNJUGATION OF VERBS, 279

~P.A. "
P1·esmt.
Par. Atm.
1.~r/iq ~: ~: ~~ ~ ~~
@TI!ii l@IF:f: ~<ITTJ": ~<11~ ~,-ih:r~
2. ~if.r ~"[: ~ ~q ~~il" ~
to'ill~ l@ll"l': ~~r ~lq° ~$!~~
3.~@ ~: ~a ey!l8 eyre
~l@' ~cftq: eyrRr ~a~---
Impeifoct,

l. aw!<!ll *f!<i ~;r ~P{ al@!~ ~~

~c1ft! ~~ <3l~~9~ ~~!{
2.~ar: i3H\¥'8, <11~ <l'H~}'H: al~g<!l:\llij_~ijli:!:f{
~: ~Rli:J..~if@ ~ii'r"l'l: ai~~ii
3.~Fi:_ ~lij_ Sleylil a:fey'I ~li:!lij_ ~ejq
~.a~ ~ffil!. ~l<:f
Imperatiu.
1. mf.l ~ejfol ffl;J ~ ~<lli=ll fflll'!l
2.~~ ~ ey'I ~ ~!~Ill ~lqi{_
@Ill~ G<f1a-i;~Q ~9 ~goft~
3.~ ~Ii!_ ~ ~fflij_ ~ol!l ~
~ ~aii:r_ ~;fuiiq_
Potential.
1.~!ij_ ~ ~l+f ~<fl:i:r~g~ ~~
~<l'lij_ l@!Rllc! eyil<!l+f
280 ( § 4.40-441

2.~: ~~ ':[!!ffi ~: ~<lfll

~!: ~ ~
3.~ ~lj}f!ffil"{ ~: .-Jf-=fict ~lc!lij_ ey!R<J:.
·~me( cylf<ITTllll
~:
Conjugate similarly f£and '{:i.

§ 441. ~ P. A.' to kill'-drops its.;: before a weak termi-

nation, beginning with l!l.I!Y
eonsonar.t except a nasal or a aemi-
vowel, and ita a; before a vowel termination, the ii:._then chang-
ing to '€{. The Imp. 2 sing. fa :;:rft.

~ P. ' to kill, to go '

Imperfect.
1.@.r 0[: ~: ~ ~ ~,ij

2.~ ~4; ~ awl ~ ~

3. ~';a ~: m'½ ~ ~ ~
ImpBratiie. Potential.
1. ~ii!lil iFil<I ~Iii ~ iF!l<l' ~111
:2.:.ii~ ~ ~ iFIT= &:~ Rln
:3.iRl ffl W'-1 &..41B..._, iF!lffil"{ ~:

~*Atm.
P,-asent. Imperfect.
1. ~ en1r ~1 ~..ml
2. i[~ m~ ~cq ~!: arn'!<l"f+l, ~
3.~ ~ @" ~cl arn@rlJ:.arncr
This root is used in the A. in certain cases,
 281
! 441-444 J OoNJUGATI0N OF VERBS.

Imperative. Potential.

1.~ "'
~<lo: ~l{~ "' im roc1~WT~
2.~ m~i:r_ ~ij_ m~: mi!Nlll ~
·3.~ ~ mTIB: mo m~ m~
§ 442. ~ A. 'to take away':-

Present. Imperfect,

l.~ ~
"'
~~
"'
61¥' ~
"'
er~~
2. ~!j ~ f~ ~: ~ell~ ~lil
"'
s.wr !c!la ~ 6liso ~ol!{
"' ~
"' "' "'
lmpe7ati~e. Potential.

1.~ "
f[i:!l~ ~!l\ ~ ~~
"'
r~
·2,f'i ~r~ ~ ~~: ~~ ~ci'l'«!-i:i_
"' "'
3. ~ @"c!lo!ll~ wft(! ~l<Tm!ll ~
"' "' "'
THIRD OR ~~1 CLASS.

§ 448. (a) The base is formed by :reduplication of the :root.

( b) The third personal plural termination loses its <!;.

( c) The Imperfect third person plural termination is
'.?~ ( P ), before which the final ,m of roots is dropped and the
·final l, \':l"and~, short or long, are gui;iated.

Rules of Reduplication·-
§ 444, The firat vowel of a root together with the initial
-:mnsonant, if any, is rednphcated i. e. doubled; as l«l:.=m,
~-a-~, &e. after reduplication,
 282 [ § 444-44 Q

Note-Tha :firs;syllable of a reduplicated root is called 'the.

reduplicative syllable; e. g. the first q-in ~,or.first :;i-in~~

§ 445. If a conjunct consonant begins a root, the first con-

sonant only with the following vowel is reduplicated; e. g.
~~-
(~) If the nrst member of a conjunct consonant, however, be a.
sibUant ( i1:, ~ or ~) and the second a hard consonant, the
hard consonant is reduplicated. ~-~, ~-~i but
:f;r,f~&c.

§ 446. A radical aspirate ( 2nd or 4th letter of a class) is

c.ha.ngedto it.s corresponding unaspirate in the reduplicative
syllable; as~-~~, i~, ~-~, &c.
§ 447. Th'3 guttural of the rf'duplica.tive syllable is changtld
to the corresponaiug palatal ( subject to the above rule) and
'I!.to-,;; d. g n-ll'~-~. ~-~~='<Rir~, ,~ &c.
§ 448. A radical long vowel becomes short and~ is changed.
to a:rinthe rednplicative syllable; as \TT·~, ;rr-f.r,fr,
\6'--"lffi'
&e.
§ 449 The penultimate If or q-and afi"or ;m-
becomel' and
;r reapectivelyin the reduplicanve syllable; ~-firit<r,~-
~, &c.
Paradigms.
iiti P. ' to know.'
PrsBS1tt lmflBYfoct.
1.~ ~: ~ ~ ~ ~
2.~ ~: fQif.l;li aim: ~ ~

3.fflire ffflil'!: ~ ~ ~~~:

 § 449-451] CONJUGATION OF VERBS. 283'

lmperativs, Potential.
1.~ ~ ~ ~l~ll ~ M'~.r·
2. R!l~ Fi~ R!l<lio i¾~,n: Rl~ ~
3. ;;¼ ~Ii. ~g R/il;'!lll\ RT%m1:11J:J,
1~:
IP. ' to sacrifice.'
Present. Isp6rfact.
1.~~ ~ ~: ~q '3'1\!lsc!'31"~
2.~~ ~ij: ~~ ~~: ~~[c!ll ~&W
3.~@ ~: ~Rf ~er_ ~ ~:
Imperative. Potential.
1. ~~ ~ ~ql.:f ~<Tll'l ~let ~<Im
2.~ ~~Ii ~[e! ~r:rr: ~~ ~:inn:
3.~g :![e!lll ~ ~ ~ll@l.:J., ~:

~ P. 'to be.ashamed
Present lmpeifect
1. l~i:f: ~~;:r: ~ a{!~ '31"~!+1'.
2. ~~: i¾@ ~~: ~ ~@
3. ~@a: an~~ ~[i:!!J:J, aiT~/J:
lmpuative. PotmtiaZ,
1. r¾,mai ~lj'lcj' ~ ~~ll ~f</T<i I~
2.~'l~ ~~ ~11:1 ~['ljT: ~@i:rr~ ~
3.~ ~lfli:!14, ~~ ~let_ i~rmm:r,~
IRREGULAR BAsEs:-
§ 450 The vowel ot the roots m, ~'to go ' f, 'l or'{ 'to fill'"
and "It' is changed to~ in the reduplicative syllable.
§ 451. The l' of the reduplicative ayllable of ~, ~ a.nit.
 [ § 451-41i4

-~, takes its Gnna substitute before all terminations and the
radl.c11li is not gni;iatad before vowel strong terminations.
§ 452. ~ and \'IT drop their ;arr alter reduplication before
weak terminations;~ becomes 'il'a:_before <;l, ~, a and l!l. The
Par. Imperative 2 per. singulars are~ and~ re!pectively.
§ 453. ¾l'optionally shortens its vowel before consonantal
weak terminations.
( a ) :i;r and IIT' to go ' assume the :formsfire: and Wf[before
vowel terminationB and mir
and i?lif1 before CO!lSOnantalter-
mina.ions.
§ 454. IIT' to abar.don ' assumes the forms ~ or .;fr before
consonantal weak terminations e:i:eept in the Pot and !fl'~ before
vowel terminations and those of the Pot. The Imp. 2 sing .
;;m~,
.forms 11.:re ,:1~~ and _,,f;~

Paradigms.
~ Par. ' to go. :
Pruent. Imperfect.
1.~ ~: ~: ~ '~ ~
2.~
...
~;~
~ 1l<f: ~a,4 ~
3.~ ~ ~
,~
~: ~ ~:
Imperatit·e. Potential.
1.~ ~ ~<RT+r S:~<114_ ~ ~<ITTT
.2.~ ~
·~ " -.,. ~ ~: ~ ~
3.~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ll=l ~:

'l:1l'P. i ' to place,to hold.'

l'!'Bsent.
""""'
~,--,,
 § 454 CONJUGATION OF VERBS.

~
<{'cl@
Imperfect.

1. ~!Ti'!
2.~~
3, qe!ls,!

Pot~ntial.
1. ~lij_ ~m~
2.~: ~\:ll<IJ:qfB'_
3. ~'«ITi'Z ~p;J@lij_

~ is similarly conjugated. The forms of~ will be obtained 1

by changing \l: to ~ wherever it occurs.

i;r-i'{P.A.'to cleanse.'
Present.
1. if.!!~ ;r,~,:q: iiTil~
2. Wit]% ?if.I~: ~~
3.ffl iiTi'11R1: ilmt~

1. af.lf.l;;iq_ ar.'l[ill-if a{iJr;f;jq~ blilM"li~

at~ri%~<ll'ilfil::ill"
<ll'~T;:f~ olil~
2. 8r,!~F':fi-<J:. af.i~: aM'i:f5l"rmq_ af.t~i:i:
3. ati'i~<ft'l<ll'~R"ffili:i:_
~f.t~: a,;i~ aFIA~@lij__ af.lf;l-..-ia
 1186 S.c,SKR!l' GEA.MM.AR. [ § 454

Impsratn:e.
1.--~
~ ~ wi>if<:i ~.r '""'
iil<!;;j ~ii~ if!~ "'
""
2. w01 ili~wi_ ~~~ ~~'1 ~mrmq_~
3. ~ ~ ¾?r,rii ¾~ i!~~klit{_ ij'~iB'_

Poiential.
1. ~f.i,:;<,l!ll,_~1lf.l' ~~'111[ ~7fm<iml~ ¾~i>l'I~
2. ';Jf.l~<11:~q_ .j(;;J'{iQ ;'{R{;;fi,;:rr: ~~l<i1l
ifl'1"11<ll"llli_
3.~, <iM->1!I~~~: ~Rf ~~cill41ctl'l ~~~R'l._
Conjugate~ P A. eimilarly.

~ P. 'to fill,to protect.'

Preae'fli. Imperfect.
1. {qqf♦l l~: ~+{: ar[q,:roJ ~ 8ll~
2. fq'q!q rqg"!: !~ arrqq: an~q_ a1fq~
.3 fqqm ~: f.!smi <{lqQ'! zjq~ITJ:. <>[~:

Imperative. Potential.
l.fimr!'ilr rnlllJ' !tflroll' !({l<!!l=I_ fq~ l~lil+r
2.~ r~ ~a m~= i~ Ri[<lrn
3. ~ Wlalll NIG ~m: frl~ rclij:
i P. 'to protect, to fill.'
Prsur.t. Imprfact.
-~ •~=
1 " N
~;f: ai-rqq~ ~ ~ij
:2. fq~
3,jqq@
"
~:
" .<

rqt{_a::
~
fit~a:
~
ai-m:
~ en~.
~~ enqq~:
*See§ 394.
 '§ 454) CONJUGATION OF VERBS. 287

Imperative. Potential
,-. 0 ,-. 0

1. fclqij!Q{ fciiroet fqq~ll[ ftl\ll"1B:,11!1:!._•W:IlCl~ll

,-. ~
,-. 0 ,-. 0 ,-. 0

2.~l Tq'lclil f~q 1~111:

,-. ~
1q\<Jttlij_ ICl(!_:!!li'!
1q'l<Jfcf l'iq_:irh1Hlfqf{~:
,-. 0.
~. iqq~ 1qtalli. (q~
mP.' to fear.'
Present. inlt,•Mfart.

1.1~ ~1:T: fin:!1ll: eifi/nfrq m'?iti.-i

f;l(~cj: ,~~t{: sl{!iil~ arimm:i
f;l.,,~:
wfp:r 3ll?nfta.=r_
aif.J.fta-
Tilr~~=f.l1~q awiit:@ll_ ~
~+1ia: ~+ijfa ~@T!l_ ~:
f;ifml: ~~Ull
I111pe1atii-e. Potential.
1. ~<IT~ f~ ~m<11+{, 1'ahfr<11qf.l~n:r
iii#f!flf!:. lifi~ ~
:2.f.l~ f.!+ita+i:.T~l-l@ ~:!IT: f.im<11aq_
f.l~Ht
f.lm~wi~ Till~(! liiT~f: f;'nw;riall fill~
:3.1~ l~+!lcllll:_ t'eh:,m f.1,fl~=
·lilm<1Rf!it.
1~;:fi:irrci:_
Wlffili. m~a: ilii~l!i_ ~:

~- P. A.' to hold; to maintain.'

Pre,ent.

1. f.l+!ffi Til'11:T: 1<1¾

2.~6f ~,t: fii"tq
~- f.j.,ij q: fii~~
Imperfict.
slll1i'~;r affen1-1'
288 S.aXSKRI'l' Gi:U,ID,Ull, [ § 454

2. ail'~: Slf.l-~ <¾Torffi

~: a:yf.r,,;r~ aif.i~~
3.• : ~~ ~: a,r<l•~Ji aj'i!l~ri::r_ ai-~
Imptraiifre.

1.~~ f.r.:m<r ~ f.t+R ~l~ f.h,,m\

2./?r-~ m~ Tiffii f,rqi:q ~~!.:J:_ ~~-
3. f.r~ !iliffi+!._ r,!,;J@, 1'112:a!B:_~ I~
Potential.
,.., ~,..,
1. f.t~~ !ij';):<[fol ~ l~~ ~1 l!iffil~
2. N~<TT:l~~ iW-!m~~4'[: ~!<IT~!~ m!l'tq'l
A
3. f.r~cJ:.iii~ !~: ~ ~~lc!ll{ ~~

m .A.
' to measure,to !lound.'
Pre11ent, Imperfect.
1. !i{ij f.mt~ ~ affe!.rrq!{zj4~1
2.fir~ iiji:mr f&t;f1~
3. ~ f.%.:i@f+i.m
1:!ff~
~:
iilif1imci~
~~ •re~
~-m
Imperatii:~. Potential,
l.~ m~ ~ fi:imir llw.l<!~ ~'t
-~
2 r. ..

3. mi:fialll,
l~<i@HI,
f~ fu~
~
f.riwrr:~:q~
~ fil.fl<!Klll!:,
~
m~
m,P. A.' to pervade.,
PreMJnt.

-~
1 ''"' ~~-rrq: ~~:
M
'trr~
~~
~~~
~m --~
~~~
2.~~ ~~
'trr'ijqt'ij ..
~;
,..., ...
3.~ ft: cfl?.N ~~ qlq!l@i"
 § 454) Cm,Jt:G.A.TION OF VERBS 28@

Imperfect
1.~~ a:i~f;i1:q <o/.l~F.IJ' af¾f¾Nar=TT1!Eclfu
e:reri?j1;11~
2o~~ '3li!~IJ:. sfcr~ ~tj~12f: ~lq~?j~
3. ~: ~ '"
a,qf9'W{ a,.;~-f?ig: a.~f<m: '3li!~li:!TT!_~~
Im1-e1atiie
1.~iw. ~fc! ~Mt!l<! '"""
<1,J9cf "' tn~•it
'"c!l<J:ISf[<l~
2.¥11~ ~~'l ifr~'Z ~~,r ifr~q1qrq_
t{Tij~
~

3.~ 1i'i?l'Zlij_
1l)~qg; ¥~ri:i:. ~I'ilt!ri:lll=J..
~i!61ali!
Potential.
...... r,. ('\
irrWr<Icflq!Sfi<{l~cffci!ill•m;:
r,., ,r-.."- ,r-,.,.
1.~~ ~-!!Tor ~I~<!!+!
2. ifr~r: '€j-~aq_ ~~i:l ~l~"ft•.:rr:i!~[l!f"flij__ Elr'~ifl«!ll
3.~~a:: ~F.'.!:
'¾fqr1:f@ji::f_ ~1fisfiat{T~aTq fflifu:il.
~ P.' to abandon'
Prea~ni. Impe,fect.
1.~rrir ~lei: ~m: a:f;;f~TT!_ai~(r,r ~
;;ri~: '5'!~.r: a:f<i'!ITJ:61'ef'i!~l=I"
2. \;l"ifl!~ ~!"[: ~4" ~r: a:f<i'l~l<:ll=J..
~i:l
~i~· ~ni~ ~~aq_ ISl~~
3. ~ ~1a: %1~1 ISl;;f~lcf_ ~lqTT!_ ai<i'l3:
oi~: ~~TT!_
Impuatire. Potential.
1. ~ %Toi' %1>! ~rq_ ~of ~i:r
2. %IT1 ~@q_ %Rf s:i!~f: ~!ell!. ~i!llcl
.sriifu ~ ':if~
-.iilli~
3.~ ~lqTT!_ ;;r®:g ;:;j"fflcf_ '1fffli'!ll'J:. ~:
~

H. S. G. 19
 290 ( § 455-456

Seventhor ~ Class.
§ 4M. In tlns class the base is formed by inserting ;r bet-
ween the radical vowel and the final consonant before the strong
and -:I:before the weak terminations.
§ 450. ( a ) The original nasal of a root is dropped.
( b ) In the case of the root ~ , if is changed to ;r before
consonantal strong terminations.
Paradigms.
~ P.' to anoint,' &c.
Pr,sent. 1111JJ61'}6ct.

l.8lill~ ~: ar:;:;;ir: ~ ~ ~

2. ar,rf{i ~: ~ ~~ ~ ~
3.~ ~: ~~ ~~ ~ ~

Imp111t11a Potential.
1. ~ ~q ~~ ~ ~ ~

2. 81W'ii ~il ~
.... ~: ar:;:;;l[!Gil
~

3.~ ~ ~"2 ~it_ ~~:

,,
~ A. ' to anoint, ' &c.
Pnuut. Impe1fict.
1.~ ~ ~
...
"
W<1 ~ ~
... ...
2.~ ~ ~ ~-
... ~~ ~
3.~. ~ ~ tr,:a ~ tf-fa
Imp1i,a,iie. Potmtial.
l.~i ~ ~ ~ ~'r.rrl ~1
2.~ ~ ~ ~: ~'rll'Pml~
3.~ ~ ~ ~ ~
{-'.fi<l'@TI{,

• Also~.~.~,~. Rfi{., &c. See§ 20 (a)

 § 456] · OoimreATION OF VERBS. 291

" ' to pound.'

fi P. A.
Present.
1.?jlllm ~: ~: ~" ~ ~
2. ~ g.:N: g.:N
,... ~ ~ ~
3. ?jlllRI ?;Fe!: ~ ~ ~ ~
Imperfaet,

l.~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
2.~: ~ ~ ~: ~~
~~
-3.~-l ~ ~ ~ ~~
lflltJ8r'tZUVB,

1.~ ~ ~ ?j11la; ~ ~
-2.~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
a ?jlll'g ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
Potential.

~ ~ ~
~~~
~ ~~
~ P. .A. to break, ~ P. to be wet, ~ .A. to suffer pain,
~ P . .A. to cut,~ P. A. to 1hine, to plav; ~ P, to spin, to
eurround; ~ P • .A. to kill, to disregard; and ~ P. A. to
know, to consider, should ha similarly conjugated, :a'ifRI"3rd.
sing. Pre of~; ~ 3 sing Pre. of ~, &c.

<ff P. ' to kill. '

P1·easnt. Imperfoat.
1.~ ~: ~:
 SANSKRI'J: GB!.ll:lU.B. L § 456

2. ?TT~ ~: ~ ~~ ~ ~
3. ,rlf; ~:
Impuati,e,
~fro ~~~ ~
Potential. •
I.~~ ~~ ~j:{ ~ ~ ~Tli
2.~ ~ ~ ~: ~ ~
3.~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ w-:
~P.' to grind.'
P,•es,nt. lmpeifsct.

l.f~ iq-eq: ~;,: affer;i~ anqer ~

2,Ttr-nai!fig: 1% ~~ a:r~i:i:. ~
3. m ~ fqi"-o ~~ ~ ~
lmpuatii,. Potential.
1. im,qi;SJ fil.:lq-iq 1~ fq61llil 1~ ~i:r
2.~ ~ (cm ~: ~i:i:. ~
3.~ mii:i: ~ f~ii:i:. I~:
~ ' to distingmsh' shouldbe similarlyconjugated
A

~- P. A. ' to join. '

Present

1.~.r ~=
~
~i:r: ~ ~ R
2.~1l ~: ~ ~~ ~ ~
3. :!!.,f.,., ~: ~ ~ ~ ~
lmp,rfict,

1. ~ ~ ~If ~!I' ~ a:r~ft

2~-;_r_~
3.~~
•
~
~:
at§
~
~ ~
a:r~,
 § 456] CONJUGATION OF VERBS. 293

Imperatil!B.
..,
L~f?i ~:;nq ~~ Ti~ ".!i'!:;f~ "" "'
Ti;;fl~
2.~'ri ~ ~ ~i:! WSf[Z!'!li_ ~~
3.~ ~!l ~~ ::;il+l. :':?;;iTffiij_ ".!iNlcll>f_
Potential.

l.~1~ ~l:[19 ~o:;1.Ji+!' ".!~<T ~!~ :p,ih:i~

:2.~r: ~5,l'<ffall_~crlllc! ¥;fl~f: ~o:.;q_
~l<!l!:11:i:J:_
.3.~ ~ R: ~:;fta ~miJ"fi:llJ:l
1":sr'Riil
Conjugate similarly ~ P. ' to break, ' ~ P ' to en3oy,'
.A. 'to eat,'~ P. 'to shake, to ramble,' and~ P 'to avoid •

,...
R'
" 'to
P. A. evacuate.'
Present.

L~ R'"'l": T{%{: ~--

H:"l: R~~ ft-~
:2.R')1Tey 'R9'!:i: R'1'l1 ft~ R'i!I~ Rf'~
3. R1l1'Rn~: R'<!RI l~~--- R"l@ ~
Imperfect,
1. BlR~ iolR%! atR.T¾e,ft--cq~ B{R~
:2.~--:r ~R~ll. ~ a:n1oRTr:
iSl\t-<rr~R~:q
" ~ ~ ~~
i), arn:lll~-<J:_ a:n~ iSlR"l:Tffi+l
a:n1"IB
Imperative.
,.....
1. ffl~ ffl+{ R~ l~feli'[
~

~ R1JF<m1l
.2. R'ifeT Ri.J'WlR1Ri Rif'i R<ir4111
~
3, Rul'.\,h miq_ ~~ wrnn:r_
1~@1~ R-ijffii:r_
Potential.
!. R-.<l,l{ R~c1 R'~ R'.~ ~l<!~ R=.i'll:if
 294 SA.',Sll!I GR.!.l\rn:A!l. [ § 456

2. Ii;~{: ~ R'~ R'if~: ~i:f!+I_ ~~7!

3..~. 1{;;;fR!ll{ ~: R':;ft.l:.:i:
it-ifia f{=.fl<!Tc!l+l
Oonjuge;te similarly ~ P. A. 'to separate,' ~ P. • tc
oontnct ' &.nd~ ' to touch!

~P. A,'to obstruct.'

1.~:.i ~: ~= <F2f N ~
2.;Jll~ ~:* ~ ~ vcTl~ ~
3.~ ~: ~ ~ ~ ~oj"ij
Imperfect.

l. ~\W., ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~
2.~-~ ~ ~ ~: ~qi~ ~
ew,i:

3. ew,l<J:."\~ ~vl:. ~ ~~ll ol~f

Impe,-atfre.
l.~i'r ~ ~ ~ <illlE!l~ ~
2. 'Iii~ Rll R ~ ~:!IT~ ~
3.;Jll~ ~ ~'$!; ~ ~ ~mi:r,
Potential.
1.<?~ ~ ~ i;;;,<Tl;r <i-"'lil~ ~
2. 'lj.'i<jI: ~~ ~ mr: 1Fifl<1r~i:r_
<i-~
3.~ ~!{ ~: ~ ,;;;,~~'{if.,

"' Or~: &c.; see note " p. 290.

 § 456-458] CONJUGATION OF VERBS. 295

,..,, p
J~,.. ' to kill. '
Present. Imperfect,

1.~~ ~~: ~~: am_;;req_ B,ij~ 6,~<ElZ

2.~ f~; ~ et~:-a:-1{_ am:~i:i:.
~i~o
3.~~ ~~o: ~~~ a,f'~cJ:<f_ at~~cfl'i, efi"~;::r
Impe·rative. Potential.

1. ~fflr.l ~fflq ~ ~B_ ~~le! JWTT+T

2. fef.'Ei ~~ij_ ij~ ~~r: ~l:!lol{_ ~~li:!
3.~ ~ ~~ ~ ij~Tc!liI, ~~:

II.GENERAL
OR
NON-OONJUGATIONAL TENSES AND MOODS.
§ 467. In the General Tenses and Moods and in the
formation of ve1bal derivatives generally, the augment ~ ie
p:refuted ( necessarily or optionally ) to terminations begin
ning witJi any consonant except ;;r in the case of certain roote,
Such roots as take the augment if necessarily are called s~,
( 'l'l'+fl'). e. with if); such as take it optionally are called
Wet ( ;;n+,~), and those that do not, are called Anit (~+
~ i. e. without ~ ).

§ 458. (a) Roots of mo:ra than one syllable, derived roote

ll.Ild roots of the 10th class are always Set.
( b) Of all monosyllabic :root~ ending in a vowel those give1
in the :following couplet ( Karika ) are Set and the rest Anit.
,, "'- ~- ,.. --
,..., ......,...._
~"n"l.l"nm;&,~iITT~fl!l"'>l~'IIT+I": I
~<ft ~~:.rr
'<I' s:;;:r-:1'!~
f.1-&rrr:
~irrr:11
i. e. roots ending in long a;-and long ~, the roots ;g, 16",~
 29& SA~SDil' G~. [ §458

~. ~, ij', g, N, 'ir, fir, f IX. cl .A.. and ~ V. cl. P. A.

are Set ( exceptmg these, all monosyllabic roots endmg in a.
vowel are .Ani.t).
( o) Of monosyllabic roots ending in a consonant the follow-
ing 102 are A1'it; and the remaining Set
~ ~ ~ ef:;:r
~~~I~ l.11~@~~:I
~ ~ ~ ;rf~ ~~~I ~~'f'f~<:t54:(q:if: ll
~~f'm:~~~: I ~~~ef~I
~~:~I ~T ~W~ II
~mi'ifi uRr I olT~: m~ 1
+i..q\i'ilf'!.._~'ilfq- ((I{_I ffiqfqeq@~araT II
~~!N.ffl.~"!N~l ~~~;r~!f1Ufflf!
I
wf'm~ '(i'~ ~ ~~ ~:~:II
ffl ~1
~QI:~~~ M: ~I~~ f¼"<lffl.11 ,mr:I
1('6@<{~1'\ig,:f} ~~~~~II
~~'qfflU~ffil1:l'.II
( d ) The following roots are Wet:-
~:~ Wf ~ ;rqq-"I" ~I
Mf.EPlld~fif;sJif ~ II ~ D
... The following couplet givee the endings of these roots and
liheir number in each:-
~~ ,;i:mr: ~: ii;~ I
~ii!Jfoia-i:~~.. ;,MMA.i,.,'i:
~: II
The first line gives the ending consona,nts and thus enables
the students to know at once which root is Set and which is
Anit; "· g. p_ may be at once known to be a set root as ~ does
not occur in the first hne. The second line gives the number
of roots ending in a particular consonant. Thns roots ending
in~ a.re ~ i. e. one ( ~ being the first consonant ) in number;
roots ending in ~ are ~ i. e. 6, ( ~ being the 6th consonant);
roots ending in 'i(_are ~ i. ,. one, in number; and so on.
 § 458-463] 00NJUGATION OF VERBS,

+rrftmir1 :.;-~i ~ITT~ ~~ 1

~1l''olr.ffi~f: q~,r til'~~ II~ II
:n,'l.l'ffi,
~f~f!llll" 5fliff ~~i'l''IU !
+rr-'fff
~f~@" ~.S~ II ~
~~,TV@' •P.i':TTT!' II

~~ffl,;:f r,l'~r@ll<f i'!lflfff I

.-,r~ralJ<f ~~ wr;msi;.
'11'$m-nT mi!ifl' 11l:l 11
liq~ :!!i!;@'lJ,if
S!t"q;mq'fi'llfflia-I
~rnamm mrra
Wi!i@ 11~ u
~~ ~ ~i!i1/l'Rrff it~T ~ 'il@',f: I
i'.i~ ~i;_ ~,~sr ~~' II ~
a:i;;r,,m;rl II

§ 459. Roots endmg If,~,and :a:rr are to be treated as root~

m
,ending in a'!T•Also the roots 5. A.' to throw', <ft'9 P A.
4 to kill,' and ;ft-4. A 'to perish,' before a termination causing

-On.r;ia ~r
or Vrddhi; 9 P. 4 A.' to adhere or cling to' ohanges
its vowel to :a:rroptionally under the same circumstances
§ 460 Roots of the tenth cla!s preserve their s:iq_(i. e :w:;r
with the final a; dropped ) with all the changes that the root
nnde:rgoesbefore it m the general tellses.
ey,, ~, q~, q~, i:liil:,and~
§ 461, The roots ;zq_, presen<J
their conjngat1onalbases opt10lla!ly.
and ;;;- substitute for themselves ~ and ~
§ 462. :a:r,e:
respectively. "
§ 468 Neither Guna nor V~<ldhiis substituted for the vowel
of a few roots of the 6th class even befoxea strong termination
except the '31'of the 1st and 3rd person sing, of the Perf~ct, the
'3l'<l'of the causal and the~ of the 3rd pers. srng. of the Passive

" These couplets as well as those bearing on the !lnd variuty

of the Aorist are composedby Mr. Ohintamana Atmlb/im Kelk, r,
the present learned S'astri at the Poona T:raining Oo:Uege.
 SANSKRIT G:aAl!Jlt!R.

Aori,t. Thesaue~,~, ~,~•~, ~' ~, ~,~,

m:,ii,, '{, i', aud a f.w more not often to be met with.
§ 464. The root ~ assumes the :fo:rms~ and ~ in the
N on-eonjngational TensEe.
§ 465. The penultimate =it'of ~ and ffl is changed to t
before a consonant!!l strong tenn.inahon in the General Tenses.
', 466 The in teimediate if is weak in the case of the :root
~ 6. A. 7 P ; a!ld optfonaliy so in the case of ~i
§ 467. The roots 00 2 A.' to shine' and ~{f 2 A.' to go'
do not take Gnr;iaor V;ddhi before any teiminat10n. They also
drop their final vowel before the intermediate if and .JI:.
~in- also
drops i.ts ~ before a non-conjngational tern:unation except in
the Desiderati ve and the Aorist where it retains it optionally.

T:HETwo F0Tt:B.E& .A..'IDOoNDifr◊NA.L.

( l ) First Future ( ~)
A!!o oa!led Perip!miatic Future.
§ 468. Terminations:-
Paraam. ltm.
1.~* ~: ~= 1.~ ~ ell~
2~fi ~: ffi~ 2. aRl" ffiijM" t'I~
3. :ii ffiU ai,:: 3.m am 1:m::
§ ,_mi.To theae terminations the augment{is prefixed in the

,i,. The forms of the First Future may be derived by adding to

the Nom. sing. of the noun of agency derived with the affix ey;the
forms o:f the Preaent Tense of the root lll1:( 'to be' in the let
llllld2nd persons. The forms of the Nom, are the fo1ms oi
ths 31d pers.
 § 469-475] OoNJUG.A.'rI0N oF VEBEB. 299'

case of Set roots, optionally in the case of Wet roote, and not
fixed at all in that of Anit roots.
§ 470. All these terminations are strong. The final vowel
and the penu.ltimate short 0£ a root therefore take their Gui;ia
substitnte before these.
§ 471. Anit roots with a penultimate !Ii' change it to~ op•
tionally before a strong termination beginning with any con-
1onant except a nasal or a semi-vowel; ~~1if, ~ &c.

~ P.A.' to give &c.,'

1.~ ~~: ~: 1. ~al{ ~ ~(
2.<Uolfu ~: ~ 2.<{rc!m ~ffl ~
3.~ ~ ~: 3. <{!at <{@Rf ~aR:
;fi- P. A. 'carry '-iffll'ml',ifflR'lf•,;'i'a'fm: &o, °iffllt,
~,~,&c.
mnR<f:,~:
qa:P.--qfcra-rr'?ir, &c.
hTA.-ffimt, ~. ifun~ &o.
!BR'BGULAR BA.BES.

§ 4i2. The roots ira:, et 1 A., ~, ~11:and ~'ii:admit {-

optionally in the First Fntnre; e g. 1 sing ~, l(eTm:l,
.:rmrii, ~; ml'lrm:r,
~; ~. ~~m; ufit--
nffur,~.
§ 473. 'i'f..is optionally Parasm. in the First Future and•
when so it rejects {: morl, ~; ~ 1 sing. &c.

§ 474. The augment { as added to ~ is long in all Non-

conjugational Tenses, except in the Perfect; ~ l sing
§ 475. The intermediate { is optionally lengthened in the
case of ~ and roots ending in '.[, except in the Perfect, the
 300 [ § 475-480

ef~,
:Benedfotive~c\.tm and the Aorist Par ; "ITTtiTT1,r,
1 sing. :w-~fu:r, ~ 1 sing.
§ 476. ~ is inserted before the ending coneonant of the root
·~ before which ~ is dropped, and a:fter He vowel of ;;~,
when they are :followed by any consonant except a nasal or a
semi.-voweh~ &c.; ;rar, ;;firar.The ,s:.
of +!'~ is changed
to ~ when not dropped
§ 477. ;ft i.;Jsubstituted for ~ l P. ' to go ' necessarily
before any non-conjugational termination, and optionally
irar, a:ifu'nr;
before such as begin with any consonant except 11:,
·~, ~ &c~
( 2) 8eci;ndFutMre( ~) and ( 3 ) Conditional( <?'.:S:J.
§ 478. Terminations of the Second Future:-

Paraam. Atm11ne

1.~* t<IF!: ~: l. ~ ~' ~~

...
....
9 m: m 2.~ ~~ ~'a.I'
3. ;p.mr ~q: ~(% 3.~ ~ ~,a-
§ 479. Terminstions of the Conditional:-
...
1.~t ~ ~Tli 1.~ ~~ ~~
:2.;e-r: ~ ~ 2.~: ~<Tiij_ ~
3.~ ~ ~ 3.~ '
~~ ~

§ 480. ~ is substituted for the ending ~ of a root when fol-

lowed by any non-conjngational termination beginning with ~-

,;,These terminations, it will be seen, are obtained by adding

those of ilie Present to ~ with its '9{ lengthened before initial
ir and q", and dropped before a vowel.
t These are obtained similarly by adding the terminations o:f
the Imperfect to ~ the ususl ntles of Sand.hi being observed.
 § 481-484 ] OoNJUGATION OF VERBS. 301

§ 481. ~ is to be prefixed, or not, or optionally to the termi-

nations g1ven above, accordrng as the root 1s Set or Anib or
Wet. Before the termrnat10ns the final vowel and the penultiu
mate short take their Guf!a substitute.
§ 482 In the Conditional the augment al" is prefixed to the
wot as in the Imperfect

Paradigms.
Second Future

~5P. ~~P.l .A.

1.~'ir ~~":ll<!: ~;i:r: L~~ ~~~ ~
2.~l!fu '\!"~~: :11~1:[~ 2. ~~ <."I~ ;.;I~~

3. mfa ij~ci: ~~~ 3,z;,c~ i:./jc+4d <11~

Conditional

~<;l:!l<! a,~<11.r1. ~
1. 8i1il?;<!ll a,et1;:irr<1~
2. ~= ~!\<Rill ~ 2. are~m: 6f<otl:~~B:.
3. ~ Si~l>l ~~<!<l 3. ~ sl'[~Cl;~cll>l
w~-~'i:i-&r; &c.
ati:!@i;i:ri:r-~

IRREGULAR BASES

§ 483 ~ P. ~ and .Amt roots ending in"'" adnllt ii"in the

Second Future and the Oond1tional: ~ P ( also that substi-
tuted :for~ 'to go ' and with atN ' to remember ' ) also admits
it rn the Desiderative, l!Tn"lesi:rmr,
ef,ii~m, <ii~fu, &c. Sec.
Fu. 1 smg 31<TT~l'l::, aresf~, :a,i-~G~, &c Con 1 smg.
§ 484 The mots i§'l, '[<:£.,~.~and ~"i optionally tske
Parasmaipada terminations m the Second Future, Conditional
and the Desiderati ve. They reject the augment l when Paras-
maipadi; ~~it, ~~. "-fi~ITTr; of@6ii",;r.~irrr;r; ,rf<T"Q",
 302 [ § 484-487

~; ~' ~; s'l<f..~.:Z-
~'il', w~m 1 si.ng 2nd
Fnt; m~. ~' ~; ai.or@"'!!',
~ir_; awr~,
~ ~"~' ~~, :aw,:rr~~, ~, ~~~<\\; L
sing. Oo!ld
§ J85. The roots~.~ ~. il~ and~ take~ option111ly
when folJowedby an ardhadh!i:tuka( Non-conJngational termi-
nation ) beginning with ;e:;
Except in the Aorist; ~<i_--m~,
~'lt"k; ~~' :aw.~ Oond &c.
§ 486. In the case of ~ Wlth a:i-f.r, ,rr is optionally Sll.bsti:.
t-uted for if in the Oonditional and the Aorist. J is substituted
for the final vowel of the verbs 1{T 3 P. A 1 P. ~T, ~. ~. \T,m,
i;m, m ( substituted for t 2 P and if with 31N,) "if, ~T, and
~ before a consonantal. weak termination. .A.II terminations
added to m substituted for if are weak

Paradigms.
~ r-...
1. a;c~ ~le!T& ~lll~
2. ~"1Nf: ~eilmB:_ ~!Sl:!~
3.~ Bt~~lil ~~
1. ~ '3;~~ '31"~+1~
2. ~~: Bt~~ 131~1b.l.l~1-1_
3.~~ ~~~cllil ~~
§ 487. We give below the first pers sing of some of the
roots of more difficult conjugation The student should find
out the va:ions rules by which he should arrive at them.
Roots. 1st Fntnre 2nd Future. Oonditiom:.J.
+I
.... +ll~~ ~ 6{+11~
~~l, ~~l-Gif arm~~
~~ ~Ull<lll?i-Qf ~1~<~
 ~Jte ~ll:c:llli. .l:!~lll:J.a ill.,
'-
ttkal:!.!P. }#ihll.ll .l:J~iJ:?,);! k2
hl:ul:!B-
'. J.t:tµj:e ~~l.t& '&&tn!M 'lili_
'tt~~-'B:h~ Jtllltt~ lttlJB.f:'l:i:!llBQ V Vo

1t.tc:i1::,m1:e
'1m11~ 'l:tjllisR)li 'l:t~i~bl ':51
.rdl:!.te
'.
h:ll:!
..... tilld:t ~It
~..l1"1.<B ~lli~/l:ce ~lll:m t,~
J:l!B)~l:tl:e ~lhll!l:t J:t~lfll::!.1!! .l?da
bhl~l£l ~lli:ll~~ l:!~ill::!l?:i ~
~~ hllh
'-
~11b Ml
l:!h~Ue Jt~l:e .l:!~Jllle )le
"J:mlat:ile ~~~ l:lt!lfl£, I!1t
'b1211):}J:e tll.11\iit l:till~).} 'fuet
tt~~l:11:e l:!JJ~)l:t l:l~!!lU.l:t lBtt
tth:lal:tl:e ~~l:t l:!:llJ~!:t
v,
'
l:lh~ll:: ~!Jl\JJ:i 1:!tll:?.l:t ~

ttr6ll~ lllll.c~ll:t ~»~ ~

V '-

)m;J)l:tl:e ~i~l:t ~l~\:t Ji£l:t

J:ili;J~ Jtlll:i~&
V •
l:!~jl~ ¼I
l!J:c;Jl~ l!)~\ll ~l~l,1t 'hlt
'l:tre1;ibre !tJll"c~b l:t~!Y,,b \h
.ru.:i:tt13l:clJ;;l:e
'- V
t-;s·l:l~ll<9~1i tl:!tllb!Jtll9. ~!
'hl,:i~l'd:e l;!Jll:curt)P~ l:!~,llbl)tll',: Pa
l:t:l!Jlli;!ll!~ ~
1:!ID~~11:e J:!Jllzi~l!:t V V

.f:1.,!J:l~l:e li:JR!l); ~blW~ lJll

·"
"lms!e}l:cle
',. V

l:!JlJ-,:51hJll,
,; V
J:!tlm!ajl:c 'd ·i ~
·siooa,
•r,1uo!~1puoo •<1Jt1int1•::ias ·aming ~S.It[

"SII'<I\lll),. ilO N0!J:'i"fJUrNOO [ LS'll§

i()\~
304 [ § 487

Boots. 1st Future 2nd Future. Conditional

~ to dwell qffllJil' ~;r

~<lll~ ~[ff
,f{J.11~ cfflTI;j'
i%1is1Wi" ~rf.r
Wet roots:-
ai-f~F9~11 ~ ~
~ ~ 6'{!~

6'{!~ ·dij;164 em%~

~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~
~~ ~l'f'~I~ ~
~
..... ~~.r ~~ii ~~
~2TI~ ~~ at~
au~ ~;rQj" 6fa_,I~
ar,:a~ ~ 8l~
~ •II~~ ~~
~i ~~ ~
ifllt@l~i:f ~;i arii'r~
~ <WB!Tlfl' i:liilT~
:q_
:i'iN,~.,i~ <IT~ 8l'<1rq-1~~
;(~~ ~i~:q_
~ ereit~:q_
ot'a:ran% erer~:q_
~ ~:q_
* For the change of a; to auin this and in ~ see
ft .•note p. 517.
 § 487 J CONJUGATION OF VERI!S, S05

Roots 1st Future 2nd Future Conditional.

srr.sffe«I~,
~ srjqci'f,
sr~ ~
8IS!l'lci'r,
'l ~. "Tio~ ~if, ~15<lTT'?r lfJI~~. oNl~
~ ~wr
af"~rR'l', aije.:rifu',
a~ifit are~1:<1i:i:_,l1Jlo~~
5iI._ im~. m"'er...-oli-~ m~rr?r 81~1:<!li, iilllTI~li.
~lr'~l5<lTT~,
~ +111~~. ~ .rr~rn e{+!1~1:;l'll:_,~
,:m&f1:<!11~,
~ ~.* ~%:I dEie.:rT~,
\ttlflfi:r, 6RN6lf>l.,SR~
~ m~, w~ ;n~rr'?r,:.r~irrfi:rarni1iie.ill:.,
ei:.r~:iiq_
~ ~1an%:f, ~rf~ ~~lf.r, ~~f;i ~ii:.;i:i:_,~~I{.
woTI~t
~
- -
~,~,~<@!~ t"
~! sll'l'cfl~l:<lq_
~ ~%:I ~ ~
~ ~~II' ~ ~
~6 cl. pr~ ~e.;iii;f ~I{_
1{J.'<4!~, ~(!1:<JIT;r e{~q~
l!_qJm~ 1i:fll~fu° 81~151.jij_
I~~~ T~~~~ en~
~~~ j.i-,,~1i41S1.111?r
eJ~JnJ6l!il
~ ai~, '-l;c!~ ~nici'r au:aett,
a:r@ci'r, eira1r~
<lil{_ili~,i:filill~ ~ci'r
1lil'i!ci'r' ~. 6f,iil+/~6tf
~ ;;rr;'l:@~* •ett af5fr;~
+!lo~-\
fi:{-i{"t ~n'?r, ~ lfJl~,a:r~
~ ~1{ ~#{ ~~
~ ~"i:r, <i!~lj' ~fi:r, ~~~ii:r "
61«1:<!l=l,
ii!T~ll_
~ 'q~ '1il'ae.:ri/i:r'
~fq 6fii@6<l'li,,
a,:q-~
--·---
"" See ft. note p. 320, t See ft note p. 323. t ~ is set m the
2nd Fnt. and the Oondi.
H. S. G. 20.
 ............
,..,,
z;rq-::Y.m=!-~ ~~f~srrq_-~
~.......

Bi~!I'! ~
-,.
'-.!'
a,~~-~
.
~ P. A. & ~ P are similarly conjugated
~ '3;'JJ~f!n~-~ 3;-ijf<l~--~ 6{/'Ifl?p;t!B..-~
~;a;,:~ '3;~lflf.r-~
.!\ ,...,...,,
8il~~-,i_r
....,

~r ;:r~~r~ a-ftr~e.£11ftf ar,:;1<GP-lll

~i ~~ ~W!E<f ~<fr~
:wl'is aimilarly conjagated.

( 4 ) Tm: P:irnFECT ( fil?:.J

§ 488. There are two kinds of Perfect, Rednplicative and
Periphrastic.
§ 489. The Rednplicative Perfect is formed of all mono-
syllabic roots beginning with consonants, as well as of those
beginning with the vowels 3'f or arr,and i, ~, and~ short.
Exceptrnns-~, ~~, ':f.113:., mG:_.These take the Periphrastic
Perfect neceesary.
§ 490. Ths Periphrastic Perfect is :formed of all roots
begin:ui.ngwith any vowel txeept a, or an which is naturally or
prosoclially long, and of roots of more than one syllable ( roots
of the 10th class and other derivative roots lllclnded ). Exoep-
tions:-'3;ig and~ wluch take the Redaplicative Perfeets.
§ 491. The roots~,~~, .:rr,
ii\",l[, f[, and take eym
both the perfects.
THE RED"Cl'L!GATIVE PERFECT.
§ 492. The root is reduplicated according to the rules Ii.id'
down in§§ 444--449.
§ 493.
Terminations.
Parasmai.pada. Atmanepada.
1. a{ <I of ~ ~ ~
 ~ 493-497) O0NJUG.A.TI0NOF VERBS. 307

.2.~
3. 6l"
§ 494. The Parasmaipada singular terminations are strong;
the rest weak. Before the strong terminationsthe penultimate
abort voweltakes its Gu1_1a substitute. The :final vowel and
penultimate at take Vrddhi necessarily in the third and
optionally in the first person singular. In the 2nd person
singular the :final vowel takes Guna and the penultimate at
:remainsunchanged.
§ 495. *Speoialrules about the admission of the intermedi-
ate t beforethe terminations'f, ir, ~, ~, q, i:ff,1.it;see(§457 ).
( a ) All roots, whetherset or anit, except ~, ~. ~• ~, 'ii,
~. ij. and ~• adnut t. But ~ with ~, and ~ admit it before
1:fias 18 ◄:l't<f>l(", ~-
( b ) Anit roots ending in short ;ir, except ;ir. reject it
before~I as ~ from ~; but arr~ from ;ir.
( c) Anit roots with a final vowelor with a penultimatest
admit it optionallybefore~-
§ 496. When initial tor :s-of a root takes Guna or V:rddhi
;;ubstitute,the reduplicativet or '3' is changed to ~ or ~;
-0therwisethe two vowels combine to form longi or :s;-;as
~+sr=~lf, '3'st1r.l:.+st=;rom;r; tm; &c.
§ 497. The :finalsr,short or long, is changedto ~ before a
vowelweak termiation and t to ~ or q:as it is prec~dedby a
eonjunctconsonant or not; as n+~=~ 1 dual; f.t;:fr+
~=f.r.:g:+~=f.!r-:~!f, mfir+~=ful~, &c.
*~I~~ I Pan. VII. 2. 13.
~~~tm~I
~ m:_t'itirrf'~~ &k ~~II (Sid.Kan.)
 308 1§ 498-502·
§ 498. Roots ending in m take a:i:1instead of a; m the 1st
and 3rd per. sing and drop their final SIT before vowel weak
terminations, and before such as take the augment ~; as ~,
~Rill, 1st Per. ~, ~~ 2. Per. sing. of 'ff·

§ 4139. Gulla is sub,titnted for the final vowel of roots enc:.-

ing •:::i<Ii' prec~ded by a eonjnnct consonant, and in !oDg Si;
and of the .oots ~- >ii."~ and ~; 11s~HiITT 1 du~l of 'l:I;!',&c.
f.,~ and ~ optionslly take the Guna substitute before th~
weak termrnat10ns. and shorten their vowel when they do not;
as ~~Rlil',m~- 1 dual of 1. &c.
§ 500. Monosyllabic roots, having a short :,:r :for their
peuuitrn:iate, change it to q-and drop the redupllcid ve syllable
before the weak terminations and before ~ when it takes 5 ,
provided their initial letter undergoes no change in the
reduphcat,on, e. g q<I_1st dual q,:ra::+r;r=~+~=qlffif, qrei!IX
2 sing, ~~, ~of~ 2, sing. of~, but ;:r,rr~ 2nd dual of.
~ as the :a:rhere 1s prosod1a1ly long,

E::rneptions:-Roots beginning with ~ and the roots ~~

and~.

§ 501. 'l_is inserted after the reduplicative syllable in the

case of roots beginning with Sf and emhng in a conjunct
consonant and in that of~' to pervade 'and ~~' to go '
The reduplicative a; is changed to an; ais:s;·Sl'~+st=a.+
~+~+~=~+Si=:sm;'1ll", similarly m~ l sing. of
~, ~ of at~, &c,

§ 502 The change of a semi-vowel to its corresponding-

vowel is called Samprasarar;ia. Samprasarana grnerally takes
place before weak tero::inat10ns in the case d the following-
:roots-~,~~- •i'l,• ~ ~'to dwell,'~ ;it, i, f"tl,<i'{, ~,
~, ~, ~, i;r..-«.) ~, ~~, :!l'ltand ;;r~ In the case of the,
:Perfect.the roots Sf'!~, ;;rs.~and, '!l~ form an exception.
 1503-504 ] CONJUGATION OF VE»BS. 309

§ 503 Before the mtrnng termi.l'.lationsof the Perfect Sam-

prasarana takes place in the rednpliea.t1ve syllable only. In this
'.)ase the initial coniunct consonant of a root is reduplicated as
it is ; i. e. ~..::'t<lt<i':l:&c.
( a) The vowel following the Samprasarai;ia is dropped.
§ 504 Tl:.eroots that reject { altogether in the Perfect-
'Ii P. A,' to do'
1.~,"I~ 'q~ ~ ~ ~ "'
'<1~11~
2.ffl ~~: ~ '<!Wi'cl1lifu 'q~l
~,
.3.~ '<r,fig:
~: ~ 'cli:!i@ "lllli{
Conjugate similarly ll, ¥, and <i!:"except in the 2nd per. sing.
whlehis ;r,.f~-
But 'Ii with ~"'
1. ~ffi<:, ~~,it ~11' <EF&~): e~~ ~~~i
't'lli!ffi
2. ~~~ ijli!f<fif'~:
3. ~* ~mg;:
~ ~'i~f <lmi'TT~ I ~lRl'f '9" I "'1t?lflif<l<'!~f<i"fllfl.!l<<lT~RJ
'9"
Pan. VI. 1. 137-139. ~ 1s prefixed to the root~ after the
prepositions mi: and !fffwhen it means to ornament or collect
together; and after the preposition ;;q- in the above sense, as
well as in the senses of ' imparting an additional gnahty to a
thtng without destroying the thing itself ( ~ :1:11rr,;n1m-r 11~,
,Kas. on Pan H. 3. 53.) or preparing as food, or supplying
what is 1mµlied.'
t The ~ is changed to Gni;ia as it is preceded by a conjunct
consonant now ( Vide § 499 Sid. Kan. on Pan VII. 1. 10-11. )
+ The I[_of the terminations Ill•~, •~, and ~~ of 2nd per. pl.
of the :Benedictive, the Aorist and the Perfect, is changed to~
when preceded by any vowel except :ai-or 31"T
or by <T~, , ?.(_ ;;r or l'l:_.
When the intermediate ~ is added, this change is ~opt;o~al, if
·.the;.- be preceded by one of the consonants given above.
 SANSKRI'I G:BilOUB. [ § 504-50E,

1.~-~
.2-~
3.~
Conjnga,e similarly~,~' ~-
~5U5. Roots that admit ~-
( 1 ) Set roots ending in a vowel.

~ 9. A.' to choose.'
~ q<!Rli 1.<r<R~
~: creR 2.~~
3.<l<lR <f.ffil: ~= 3. q,R ~
~• ,, l &c. a.resimilarly conJugated.;ff~TNl~ffr, ~ &c.
'[ 9 P. ' to tear, ' &c ~2 P. ' to sharpen. •
I.~ ~li:UM ~ 1.~ ~ ~
~
2. ~4"
~
l>iffl:g:
•
ffiR
~~
2.~~ ~~: fflif
~: ~
3.'ffl!R ~: ffire: 3.~ ffl<i1;j;: ~:
~: ~: ~ is similarly conjugated
Conjugate similarly '; and 't·
~ 2 P. i...' to warble, to go, ' &c.
1. ~ ~'lf.iq ~ 1. ffl ~ ~
~
2.~4' ~'1;: 2.~
3.W<f ~ s.wr
Conjugate similarly~ P. 5 P.
 ~ 505 J CONJUGATION OF VERBS, SU

~ 2 A.' to lie dow-n.'

1 rij:;ir ~l~) &if~
2 ;zy,~q I~~ ffi!W~-i
3 ~:5~ f:;1~@ ~~
mP. A.' to resort to.~
1 w..w:r
1w'¾m1~1f~,~
~
2 ~i~~ fui'?,:p;~: l1i!!~ /~ri~<il~r~m~~
2 ~?.TR!q
s iw;rr:q ~TWiij! fu&j: 3 rolw:li~r.:~~ l~fm1R
(2) Anit zoote ending in a vowel:-

~T 1. P. A.'to give.'
,..., ,...'"'
1~ ~'t-1 ql~ 1~ il;Tqc!~ ,n~~
2~~~~ 2 ~fa:'i.t <V(I~ ~~~
3~
~1:
q<@:
c::c::
~: 3~
-.
;:;:eycr ~--
G.li:{{

a'fP. 'to sing.'

1 ;;i.11 :;jTi(<{ :;i-r?r:ii-.
2 :.im~..:m'irq 'Wf1:j;: :;;.r
3ml :;mg;: :;i~:

All other roots ending in :arr,i:r,it, and 3ITare similarly

conjugated t~-3rd per, <{~<TT,<{~~:, c::•~; e{T
'to cut' 3rd per.
~i',~,~:&c.
l 2 P. 'to go.'
~-T
~'1
~~:
f 1 P. 'to go' is regular; l"-l'N·~, ~lll' ~tilr &c f 1. 2. P.
4 A. 'to go' takes the peri. pert,
812 SANSKRIT G:aA:i.mA.B [ § 505

r-p~,
ilf . A. to carry.'
Par. .Atm.
1 ~-f.1.p.r See ~ 'to lie down above.•
f.n'i'l!lf
2 ~-f.f.l'ii
3 f.'i;wr
~ P. 'to remember.'
~<i
;;r~~:
~:

fir 5 P.A.'to throw.' ifr9. P. A.'to destroy.'

1 i:im I~ 1~ 11~ ~ f;i~
2 +lilN ~: fitRr 2 /ij/;ljq f.i;.jj~ r;n~-l
.n;itT
3 'Im !~: ~: 3~ ~ fq~

~- 9 P. 4 A.' to adhere.' 1. P. 'to melt.'

Par. Atm.
1~.~,~

~.•
2 ~-'f, raef,'~

3~,~ ~: ~: Like~-
( 3) A.nit roots ending in a consonant:-

~ 5 P. 'to be able.'
~1i'~<i ~
 § 505] OoNJuGATION OF VERBS 318

~P.A. 'to cook.'

1. qqi:q.qq,q gm
2. ffl, qqEfq ~:
qi~;r
~
1.* tt1~,i~.ffiil)
2.t1AAq'ql~ qr~if
3. qqfq ~: ~: 3.~ (fqffi 'qAA
A

~ GP. A. 'to release.'

l.5iil'il' ~~cf ~1.r;r l.5~ 5ijl~ 5~
2. 5ii\!'fN 5~: 5!l'il' ~~
2.ijW'<I?! 5~
3.~ a~s: m= 3.5!1~ 5!l'il'fij 5~):
R~ 1 P. 'to separate.'A.'to purge.'
1. Rt-.1 ru~ Rl~l, 1. l{R?i° rot~ ~
.2. (t,~ fo~: roi'il ro~ Rfij~
2. IU{l¾f.f
3. ~":q RR'<lil~ftiG: 3. rlR~ IU{'iJ!~ MAA
Conjugate ~i'l: 7 P. A, rn~
6. P. A., ~~ 3 P. A., ~
3. P. A 1 ~ 7. P A., ~ 7 P . .A., ~ 7. P.A. and others
having'{ or :go for their penultimate, similarly; f~-~
1 sing. ~ dual; ~~ 2 sing &c., ~-~~ 1 sing.
".:!Jlfl'I~2 sing. &c.
~ 6 P. 't.oask.'
~
2 qsrf~.qsm q~:
~=
1 P. 'to abandon.'
f?.t1!{
la~ ~~ ~
~

2~~
cl~
3~ ~: ~:
 314 S.1.::,s:o::iu:r
GR.A:\IM.I.R. [ § 50.E 1

+{'-if ;-P. breakor to destroy.'

".l. 4"1"\': ~q iil.-il~
S:'"+1J~,pr~ <l+l!il'::J;: <I+!~
3 3'"'~":F, '1'-,~: <T<r~:

~6, A. 'to fry.'

1 iil,!:1: fflij ~·" <i.:rr~·
1 :;r,;rn <mlw.!&
':f~

2 in,iii:.rS;~~~:
q:;71~ q~
q,if;i '
q~
2 <Ill~
q:,{j~
·~ ffi~
«+!<ill~
<f~~

ol+ll!-iif:::l'2
:!'~4 ;;;~~: <!"~ q;;,jj;iq <l~f,q <!J;jf,,i\tj
h
B <I'"~ '3'~:' '
q+;~: 3iii~ q~i:f .:i~
iil;iiri! "-f~: <!~: <i;;l;it ii~ <ml~
A

~4.A. 6. P.
l a;':li ':!.,jJ!9 ':li:l.1:i~ -=-y~ ~,;)}~~ €~~
2 "Rl\,~ ~':I= lfl;j' 2wi~ ~l<:t,91~ 'ffi;i~~
"F-1"2
3~ ~[}} ~: 3~ ~
<

~1. P. 'to see.'

should he u:injngated like~~; 11:~, ~!" 2 sing.
~ 7. P.A. 'to cnt.'
1 fq~ ~,i,Rt<i~ 1 RIM Pi!f.3~ !'¾~~
Z ~~~ ~l~~: Ri~ 2 ~~~q MG.~c(i~ F-il~i~~j
3 i¾,$.: :°¾~;;;":g:
1-il~<Jg:3 1'¾1~ fl!l~fi l~

~ 4. A. 'to go.' ffl_ l. 6. P. 'to decay.'

1 ~ qfi14~
qi~ I :!R!l:?.;·lll~ ~ :uf~i:t
 ~ 505] CONJUGATION OF VERBS, 315

2~ ~~ qi~ 2 ~~-~ .._

3 qa: ~a ~ 3 ORflill: ~: ~:
ConJugate ;i-3:A,~~ P., W£,P. ~ P., A., ~p, ~A.,~
A,~ P., ~ P., ,a: A., c!'!l:P,
~ P. similary; l"l'<l:·m'.rl
2 sing , 13'~-~~~-~;!l:(' 2 BlDg1 ~-~'m!l;f•i'f,f,'~ 2 Sing I ~
~-~ 2 sing., ~-i!'~~-;:r,;:a, &c

~~ l P. ' to drop ' <ifv'•i:

9 P. ' to bind. '
1 ~ "=111:iliKci
~ 1 <1;:r.:'<1 ofq(~e"f<i ~
2 ~q ~:g: 'ill;qi,ill: 2 o11:1f.'1:1•.-r w,m: <fol•l:T

3 "!~ ~: 'iW,li~: 3 ii'/ii•\:T ii'/ii'/~: iil•F':!!:

:;-r,-r
4, 5. P. ' to grow, to accomplish '~ 6 P. 'to touch. 1

l ~~i<T w~ wM'ij 1 ~~ ~ ~
2 ~!~4 ~U'e11!j;: Wlil' 2 ~~4' ~~: ~
3 «ref «r<TEJ;:.:;;:r::r 3 q~if1 ~= ~:
;i:~ and ie;;;.r:_
are similarly conjugated.
( 4 ) Set roots ending in a consonant.
;r,~ 1 P. 'to be glad ' ~l A 'to salute.'

l ~ ;;;:rr~ <lrl~IZ 1 c!~ eyey~ iil~l=!~

2 ilrli"kr4'qif'~~: ilrl•ill: 2 qeyf.~961~!~ 9'11~,~
3 ~ ~: w~: 3 ci;;r,~ weua c11W~
i[ci'.4. 1 P. ' to dance. ' ~ A.l. ' to rejoice.
l ~ .J~RF! il~@ij 1 ~ 1mfil:~12~~
2 ;;i;rr~.-riFJcj~: ~ 2 ~ 12~!~ ~~
3 <iii~ <l'BSJ:!rl?.:!: 3 121i i!!~ :ire~
'alt1 P. ' to afflict.' ~ 6. P. ' to go '
"
1 a-i~ ai-rv1fi\:ey
.a+r;:i~.r 1 al'R~ i31'1v!R~ efRl~~ll
 316 SUSli:.RIIG'.F [ § 505-506

2~ sn~~= ~ 2~ a:r~:
3~ ~: ~: 3a:{l~ij ~:
~ 1. P • to worship. ' ~ 1. A. to go, to acquire ' &e.
1~ ~ l3li<II~ 1 au;f.r 5l'rl~ ~
.2a{fc!l~'l ~: ~
3~ ~: ~:
~ P. ' to vomit. ' ~A.' to give.'
1 cffilf~ q<{j~ ~ 11ffl: ~1~ ~
.2~ ~: <lqlf 2~ ~4" ~t{
3 cffilf ~: cr,m: 3ffl wmr ~
~ 6. P.' to be crooked.' ~ 6. P.' to flash forth.'
'to cheat.' 'to throb.'
l~<!,~* ~'t.r ~~ 1~ ~ ~~
2~11 ~: ~ 2!!~~ ~= ~
3~ ~: ffi: 3~ ~: ~:
fi 506. Roots taking 'l'l;sf\ll<Ul ( regular a.nduregular )-
~ 1. P.A.'to worship.'
~ ~ 1~ ~l
•
~: ~
• 2 i~?r ~~
~: ~: 3~ ~re tm
~ t 1. 2. P. • to speak. ' qe:_1. P. ' to dwell.'
1 ~, a;fq, ~ a;m 1 <f<!Rl'-ffir i3il'fci•
$ Roots of the ~~ class ( see § 463 ) retain their vowel un-

oha]lJ!:ed optionallyin the 1st pers. sing. of the Per£,; 'a:~llf,

fFl'I'lstsing.
t ~ as & substitute for ,i: may also be oonjuga.tedin Atm •
.a. g.~~~, 3;1~, 1 Per &e.
 § 506 J CONJUGATION OF VEE:BS. 31.1

2 -3<1~-~ i3i'i!1I: i;i:;'il 2 ~re<f-'39l;'tl" a;q9:: ailif

3~'<1 ~ij;: i3i::!: 3~ ~: ~:
" 'to sow seed.'
1. P. A.
erq__
l~r.r-~ efqq a;fqi:j 1 a;q <li!(!<!l a;f4,:rl:.
2 ;;iqfq<f-~ a;q 2 a;fjq a;qrit a;fqi,1i'
3 '39ftl
a;q~:
i:l;<:fij;: ;;;:1: 3 a;q a;qrij a;m:~--
e:i~ 1. P. A.'to carry.'
1 3q~-~ a;~q a;f~i:r 1~ a;r~~ a;~,i~
2 '3q~<f, ,3,ng"' a;~~- ~ 2 (3;~~ ~i\" ,3;fN-}
3 3i:!~ i3i~g: ~: 3~ ~a i3ilill:
q'i:( L P. 'to speak.' ( A.in some senses).
l ~lq·"a"i:!q g;r~ a;{itl'.T 1 ,a;~ i3i~<{~ i3;!~~

2 ;;iq~<T a;c::~: a;c:: 2 a;fu:i¾a;c::r~ a;r~~

3 BcITq ~: ~: 3~ a;qia ~
~'l 2. P. 'to sleep. ' ';r~T 2 P. 'to grow old.'
1 ~er, ~qq WCf-1 Well=!1 ~m fu~lfq" f~rf~<!ll
2 ~e!!'!"f ~q~: ~q 2 ~~<l<f firz;lf~: fu:;;ir
g;s:~ ~;Jfl"f
3~cr ~Cfij;: ~g· 3 fu~<it ]'¾-~. 1~:
2. P.
ill"i?,!._ <to desire. ' Etr"l'.:6, P. <to deceive,' •to surround.'
l <!cif1N9'!1 i3ilffl i3i~.:f l f?i
01.1F-! ~i1ii¾i:1
~~~l'.T
1ijo;J[:;;i

~When <t,heill:substituted for the if, of the roots 'ITT[ and ,f,[ is
dropped, the preceding a:r 1s changed to :w'rand not to an;
<isi!:+~=:a-,n'[+~==:rst+:::r,
by§ 416, 3, 4=~~+;;i-=~cs
 318 S.iNSXEI'r G:&..uo.tA.R. [ ~ :06

2 ~ffil'<l '3iof';i: ~ 2~<l tcll<l-.f~:~~

3 ,3qm ~: ~: 3~'ii f.ll~g;: f.11~:

~ ,... ' to take.'

9. P. A.
1~~ ~ 'S{q~;f 1~ ~ ;;pff~
2~ ~:!!: ~ 2~ ~ ~~-i
~"'
3~ ~: ~: 3~ ~@ ~{

'S~, 4. P. A.'to pierce.'

Tffll'~q

f.;>q"'1. P. 'to swell.'

1 f~<r, J:U'iFf ~ J:Ul~~
~'~
.2~,~
3~,~
:j@◄4
T511~~:,~~:
~:,~~:
•
r~.~<!'
ill~:, ffi:
~ ( Regular ).
1~ <!l<!q i:fl~ 1~ ffl
2 <!<IN,~ ffi:... qq 2 "1¥t cl~
3 !ffl qc!ij: ~: 3~ qljJ6
l {Irregular).
1~ 'a;j~ "'P.i+i 1 i:V-{ ~
~ ~~ ~ ~ -a;i'iffi:
• Rl is to be optionally considered as ~ in the Perfect.
f 'it optionally assumes the f~rm :.,m::before the strong, and
<hior~ beforethe weak terminations of the Perfect.
 § 506-508] OoNJUGA'.l.'LONOF VERBS. 311)

.2slell~~ ~~: i3i'l! 28il~ ~!¼ ;gr:i·~-i

8,~: ~ a;~q i:ficll~ i3ifq!c~-i
3 ;g,ff!f 3;'lfij:8?:f: 3~ i:ii<!frl &.T~{
3i1!f!: ~: ~ i:ii<ll~ i'l,12[{

~*P.A.
1~,~ feil~q fiifoi:r.r1 ($;~ ij1§'~
" ._
2~~ fiioi:f'J:l~ 21%~ 1<1a.rroir
3 f<ta;w.r l~°'G: ~: 3~ rcloll'ffi
~ t P. A.' to call.'
~~ ~~ J. ~e/ :2sl<!<!\'i ~~
"!l ...... ,-... '
l~B~
2 ~i[f~q, ~~:q ~q~: ~¥! 2~~~q \i!i~~-}
3~ ~~j: ~: 3 ~?! ~§'i[5 ~~{
~

§ 507. Wet roots;-

§ 508. The root~ ~. tI and 'i: admit il' necessarily before
consonantal termmations e:xcapt'l:l'; ~-'3"~ 1 dual, ~'ii",
~i 2 sing.; ~Ii.TT~
~-efct~, 2 sing. of~, &c•
.a-~1. 7. P. 1to shrink, to con tract.' :a-~6 P.
~
<to cut.'

1 @if qt'\ffi ooi~.r 1~ <!llf~<I ~-.:r

00~ ~,;i:r q,jl''eq <!::l"'c+I
2 ffij~q a~: a~ 2 cf,l[~oif ~.J1j: qlj,;[

<:RWfq <!?ii'g
'
3 i;!Qlif oolif(:[: aa:;~: 3~ eiw~: cf;l'l'~:

,a-~ is similarly conjugated.

before strong termmations and fiiafr

-:.iii"becomes r-\clR(. before
the weak ones in the Ped. t
lis to be considered as [ in the Perr.
320 [ § 508

~1 2. P. 'to purify.' :arq__7.P. ' to anoint.'

1 l'.ll1!:;t .i;,:fa'l Wm:! 1 a,Tij~ en,if§!,! 131'1.i:'"!+I

P.lt::;;;i +IV'i
.rmm.:rmil.r ~iii' ~

~~: ii~
2 m:lif~-:r 2 Wi<i~<T '3'.fl<l~"!: Bn<I~
~~ +M1~1=
{ij~i~ 13,'i.j~<J

3.r;:r(i ;,~: .:r~: 3 '3'.fl<l~ ~: en~:

.:r.:r1~:r:
+1:mi:
%,~4 P. 'to be wet.' ~ L A ' to distil.'
1 ~ fi!}J~.i
Rl§f;¼:-! 1 ~~ ~~~ ,W-l~l-1~

l~~ RIG/-:~ B~~ ,W-1~

2 f.tj~.Rlq"~~:!: fi!~ 2$1~ BBRF?f BRl~~

i¾~ 1:ff'-r;.'ffi ~~.
3~ FTT~g;:
Rll~:J;: 313'~~ ~If! ij~Fc:;{

~~*4. P. 'to destroy.' f~~l P.

1 ,,:;,a, ,roSa,q-~~<i 1 fuq<l' ftifqfi!r.1~
wcrn-~~!-J fuf~f4·i:i-~i:r
2 Wq<4•% ;i:;r,=,a:J: wa. 2 iffii~, 1~le1,y;.fufqer
iffl
3 fu~ef @fit\ag:!13'!~:
~q:_ 1. P. ' to be able.' gll",4. P. ' to be pleased.'
1 ~q ~~ '"]'m(q~ l aa& ati_ftr+i1
i'l<'lf9"1-I
~~ 'lf:l:~'~ 117.Cq~,{
2~ ~!~ ~ 211am,
'"]~ij' ~~ tr:M,too"ll:
aq:q,y;:GQ:I'•
3~'.! ~ ~9{ 3 oo¼ aq:q~: ~:
E', is simile.rly conjugated.
"' "i._and ;,;,i:_insert a nasal when th~ir final 1s followed oya
vowel. ,<[,,however, does not do it in the Aorist or when it
takes{, aoapt in the Perf. t flee § 471.
 § 508] OoNJUGA.TION OF VERBS, 321

SN._1. A.' to be ashamed.' ~ 4. P. ' to forgive.'

1¥'1* ?!149~~~ 1 ~~,~ '<l&illwt ~•
?i"1): ~i 'if.,J.:j '"l?Jllc!t 'e!~l=l'
-
231!~ 5[qf4' '";Jjq'ci:j" 2 :qa_,~.,;r"la-TTPJ: '<!ey.l'
~~ ~~~ =iila:1""-V.-
3 51q ~a- '""
:;!lCf{ 3 'iila_:ITT!"=qa,:mg:"!~!f.
~ l. A.' to forgive.' ~ 5. A.' to pervade.'
1 '<!ey;r "la.,TlN) ;;,eyf;i;:i~ 1 slTii'f~ an<lfu~ enu~
:;ieyo~ :;,eyo~ an;;~): arr,,~11%:
2 B:rRfuit Q11<Rllq ~~
'<100 '<If.:!~ B:rli'lfd i31'~t
3 '<l~ '<!a:n=rfci'<lefr'i:i"i: 3 an.&!ioif<l'1!i~~~
lgi~ P. 'to be afilicted.' .;~ 4. P. 'to perish.'
l ~'ii i¾~raoi Ri@irai:r l;:r,im i'il'iilcl ~~i:i-
R~Yet r'¾'f~if>r ;;;:w. ~~ ~'lll'
2~~"' Rii'ii:U'!J::l~@i'1! 2ij~ --
ii'11~- ~
I~~-~ <1.:ll;it
3~<i! r-¾~:!Jg: Fil~: 3 .=r.TT'11~~: ~;
~1 P. 'to occupy/ ~rn:
with f.r:i::
9 P. 'to tear, to expel'
l i3W!a:! er,;:rr~ :;m.,~ 1 R~q f.ifflm Rffilq.:[
'i½T<li\9 an;;~B" ~~ f.r~~
2 8TI<!ley"1"
a:rr<!,J'!J::
an;,aJ ~~~: f.'l~q
2 1;)~'-liJTq<f
a:rfiil;j Ti'G~<firn
3 a:rr;;ey a:rr,ieyg: 8Hii§,!: 3 f.i~il!Sf f.l~!!i!Sfg:FI~~:
~ and n"'!'._' to pare' should be sin:ularly conjugated.

"' See§ 512.

t Roots ending in i:i; change to ;i: when followed by lit or ar.
t~§~ ~
H. S. G, 21.
822 [ §SOS

i!1t 1. .A.
' to enter.' ~ 1. A..' to take.'
1~ ~ ~ 1 ~ sit•lfgE(( ~
~ ~~ ~l
2 ~ ~ff ~~er-; 2~ G!•l~l'f
~~ ~ :;f<l~

3~ ~ ~ 3~ ~lil'a ~
iJi.2 A. is Set and should be
conjugated as such. ~ 10 P.
A. takesthe PeriphrasticPerf.

~ 1. P. A.' to conceal.'
1~ ~lit lG lifl~ Wi
u - ~,
~ 2~ ~it ~~
ffl~ ~*
~: 3~ ijll~ W1~
~ 6. P. ' to kill.' ~ 6. P. 'to kill.'
1~ ~ ~'1 1 oi!li ffiir't-f ~ii
2 aaii'-1"
~:
;;liffl' ~

~ 2~ij:
~
G~~:
*
~ ~
ijffl: 3~ ~: ~:

~ 4. P. ' to bear malice.' ~ 6. P. 'to hurt, to kill.'

1~ ~~ ~~ 1~ ~ ~
~i ~ ffi~ ~

is dropped,the precedingar,,or a-ii lengthened.

•When, or i::_
 § 508-509 J 0011.JUGATION 01'' VERBS. 323

:2~~, ~~: ~ 2 q~/f<T ~: a~

~' ~~ll"<I* Q~s"
-3~~ ~&ij! ~s= 3~~ ~g: ~:
~ is similarly conjugated ~ is similarly ~onjngated
:gg~!f gg1_&I dual, mr~, 2nd sing, !ife!11'r,
,, ,r;rrl~-<i';ri'
;gi?~, ~ 2 sing. &c. ~! l duaL
~ 4. P. ' to love. '
l fB6ii'ti!: mfe.i~li fufe'11&,:i
re~ ~~
2fBi;ii)~ ffrittil!['e'I: !~~
fut;~, ~al
3~ fur~: m~:
~ is t-0ba similarly conjugated.
!JUIEGUL.l!.R BASES

§ 509. The roots SJ:!'~, ~, ~!(. and '<'fS~ drop their nasal
•::lptionallybefore the terminations of the Perfect. ~, !I"~,
~~obey§ 500, even before the strong terminations when their
nasal is dropped.

~~ ~
l ~!r..!J: ~~ ~f.!fl1 1~ :.rm~i:{ ~!"ill
~ ~~ i1'fq11 Wi m~ '?:!~
2~~ ,if~: ~ 2~ ~-~: ;;{!:!:;:,:i-

~ ~,m: ~ m9N ii~: '?:!~

3~~ ~: ~~= 3~ ~<!"l"g: ~:
~ ~"lg: ~: ~ i{"lg: ~~:
" The finai ;i:_of the roots~~• "W,'_,ffiil, and G1{_ i.s olumgecl
to <{_or .,:_when followed by any consonant except s m1,salOK a
~emi-vowel or by nothing.
 324 SANSKRIT GRA:M:!v!A.1L [ § 509-511

P. ~'?§IA.
~ iti~r~.i~
~

1~ ~ <;!<;<ii~ ~<!~

~ ~7'.! ~~ ~~ ~~•it
~...r,g: Wl=i
2 <f.f,1l1':r 2 ~ef."-frijffi!!~
"~.
'n+l'<T 't,m: "<l:~ ~~q ~;;i~ ~~,ey
3~ ~: ~: 3 it'!~ :e~m~ l;W.ifui(
t'1 ~: ~1: m~ m<!>fffi 'B~i:!M1
'' 510. The ~ of the xoots ~, ~, ~, ~ and ~, iE
dropped before vowel weak terminations except those of· the
2nd viniety of the Aorist; the ~ of~ is then changed to~;
and~ and 'qff become :it._and ..:._:respectively.

~ ~
1 3i1TI'R ';/f!JP,<j ~.:r l iilerfi'i s,lffl s,f~o{
~;=: ~

2 ~mir4' 'Sf:1,1'~: ~ 2 :;ief.l.r ::;i~g: ~

:;rri;;,:i- ~
3~H! ::rmg: ~: 3~ "1'11'g: iii•~:

~ ~~
1~ ~~ Conjugatedin the
2 ~ ' IS! Perf. as a substitute·
.,_
3~ ~ ~ of i¾~, whichsee.
A

~P.A.
1 'ii!ilF!''q€f,l :;i:i{:~ ~Ii l~i'f 'ql{@,'(efi'cf!C~~
.2:;;re@r4 ~;';J;: ~ .2:;rr~;:i~ ~~ ~ii~~
3'i.i1'!\ii'f ~: ~: 3"!~ ~~ '<!~
§ 511. ~ is optiormlly substituted for 31~in the Perfect.
 § 511-512 ] 00NJ1K!AUO!, OF "VERBS. 325

1 a:rre: am{<!
'51<TT'9',
::;i~ ;;i/eyer
2 arn'if,;i:* sltlqB;:
~r,ri~,,:r :,ra:r~:
3e~ arrqg:
::ii\:f[lc[ :,r~:
§ 512 t The roots 1, 'Ii% ~, when it means 'to
'if'.:l:and TT\:l;
offend or to in;;ure' nece,sarlly, and~, ..;fll:,'if'i(, <I\"".{,1. P. to go,
~, sfT~, ~' ~~ and liei':!;optionally obey § 500.

~ l P.' to cross.' q:;~ 1 P.' te bear fruit.'

,~ -..~ q;w;;:r
1 oo!Hlffi: i~ c!l{<1 l qq;re, qq;~ 'Ii!~
2~"1 ~RB;: a~ 2 CfiRJ>.:r ~: 'ii<'£
3 mm: ~~g: a~: 3 q<F,[~ ~: ~:

~~ L P.A.' to serve.' &c.

1 <r.:rr:.r,
"~ ii~ m~ 1 ~~ ~~l
2 ~4", ii!lffl il~B;= ~ 2 ~~q ~~
:3 <1'11'51 ~: ~-!;!: 3~~ ~i
-u~ 5. P. with ai'i.

2 ai,,-u~ arq-~B;: srq-~

3 <31"'1-«fef e,q-~li!g: srq¾;·
'i 4. P. ' to be old.' ~ 1. 4. P. ' to wander. '
1 ~R '51'51~ ~R+f t <!,;lf<l <11.il~"l ;;r.;if.l,r

"Vide § 515 t i~~'f'>[ I :i:tm~ri:zl 91 ~f.!Tli{ 1 q:;rrr'<l:

l Pan
"-'1Hlof[i=z VI. 4. 122-125.
326 [ § 512-514-

2"lillk"i ~: ~ 2 <mrli~ of"!:l-.:m: ~

m'"{>::,~:£: w: ~,if ~: Qi-l

3 ~ i!01~tj: ;;nr;:;: 3~ iii'-~: cffi!J:
~: ~: ?i.ig;: ~ij:
W,"i_l. A. • m shine.' ~ l. P.' to sound.'
l ij"~ of£m~
~ "
qQIT;,;[+J:~ l i:11:ltf<i 1:1~lw( 'I;!~~
~ ;i1i,i~ if~~ ffl:'il'! <:ll1i'r<! ~
2,r~~ '!J;JJ-:;Jli;; ~r~ 2 ~1!"7 ~+1~:
~n"
~ ffl ~ ~!ll"1 ~-~:
3~ 'f,;ri>lre il,;fl~ 3~.r ~g;:
;.~ ~a ~"t wig;:
~• ~' u~ are to be similarly conjugated.
§ 51$ ~ forms its base inflgularly as ~-
1~ il~ of~ 1~ ~ ~~
2~4 ~~: il~ 2~ ~~ ~~~
3<r-:fi <r-:fiiJ:: ~: 3~ ~ if+1m'
...
§ 414. fu anil fi are :respectively changed to fu and Rr,
and R" optionally to fa;,after the 1ei!uplieative syllable in the
Perl. and the Deside,ative.
~ ~
1~ finw,q ~;qi:i 1~ 1~~21 fflMI'!'
~ ~
2 iwt4 ~~: ~ 2 IJ!~"! l~~: ~
lst~ti4~ ~~
3~P-l' i¾l4i;!: ~: 3~ ~: ~:
~~
1 ffl1<7-~ ~
~-lffl Flf~ '""'~"'
~
 § 514-518] OoNJUGATION OF VERBS. 327

2 Ff.lii~!T-T~:,,"f P¥P1'~: Tffl

Rfqm:if ·f11~ Fi'<<[~: ~
1'¾<f:r•Fr~~:
3 f~r-lir<1-R1'c!r<l'1'¾ef:irg;:-1~g:
§ 515. 31;;::,=i' and EQ"admit~ necessarily before sq.
'=ii
lam: isllR<! aim+!For ~ and ;;~ seep. p. 325, 319;
2 arrR<1slffi~: em:
3am ~: ;amj:

~-*
1~ +!<!~
2 +1~~/ll-J~<T l'l~:;i:
3 i:r~ 'i'losrg;:
t~'to go.'
1 firerr:ir,
roJ<l<l ~, 8l'lrofei
2 ~m, ffi~
ai-rrm:r
,~~=
31~ ~:
§ 518. "{' to go ' lengthens its rednplicative :r before the
weak terminations.
For the :forms seep. 311.
§ 517. The base o:f i with 131Rf'to study' is~.
1 SlT~~ 1311~~ "1f~ll•!t
2 1311~~ eif4:;mi~ 13TT~~
3 au~ BT~<l!a' 13TT~:srm)
§ 518. ri
forms its base as m-
Its vowel is optionally
not gm;iated before a strong termination when it takes i•
11-See § 476. t See § 477.
3.28 [ § 518-519

Par.
~ ~

•
l~.~
2~<r~m ~:
3~ ~: ~:

.d
A.tm.
1~ 3'i!lfilfffl
-~®!121<1~
2 ,J-jfu!f,tq ~ ~itr-}
"~,
3~ ~f<R
519. ~and~ are optionally substituted for ~in the
Perfect, and necessarily in the other N on-eonJngational tenses.
<i!ITand ~ take both the Pa.das.
Par.
~
6lf'qr,fffl
2~.~q ~1:
~.~ a;r,;r.w~:
3~ ~g:
ii!U'q!f.m a:{l'qlf~:

Atm.
atRl'qf~

~
~
a:,~
s!il~
~
~
~
~~
 S520-527 J OoNJU<UT.t0N OF VERBS. 329

§ 520 ~is prefixed to vowel weak terminations in the case

()I !ft'
4. A. 'to obey.'
1 ~I~ ~:!fc!l ~~~
.2fwf~q- ~ ~~-l
3~ ~ I~~
§ 521. it 1. A. 'to protect' assumes as its base the .form ~
in the Per:fect, ~, 1 sing. and dual mi°lf1>"1f-f
1411<11:i'g, 2 pl.
§ 522. ~ after reduplication assumes the form~;~,
1 sing. , ~IHG" 2 sing.
§ 523. lfi'is substituted for~ 'to grow fat' in the Per:fect
.and in the Frequentative; fiic'it'
l sing., fqft?.r1,it"-l
2 pl.
§ 524. The root~ takes Samprasa.una in the reduplioative
syllable in the Perfect; ~~ 1 & 3 sing , f.mn~ 2 sing.
§ 525. For the forms of ~. see § 466, ~ 1 sing.,
~ ~~: ~if 2 per &c.

PEBIPRlilSTIC PEBFEO~

§ 526. The Periphrastic Perfect is formed by adding au~to

the root and then adding the forms of the reduplicated Perfect
of W, '11,,or ~ as terminations; when the forms of Ii, are
added, a Parasmaipadi root takes the Paraemaipadi forms and
an Atmanepadi one takes the Atmanepadi forms.
§ 527. Before ~ the final vowel and the penultimate short
.except that of ~, take their Guna substitute
Paradigms.
(' .,.,. ' • :>
~ 2. A. to praise.
1 ~~ i~ ~iiil
- ~ tGIR
 [ § 52Z

s:sicri'i ist~ ~i.r~'irn

2 i,rrz-ii ~~~ :{sR!~
t6Tm~?EJ bB~r is1.:rr~
..

s~sm
istat(q~ ~sfq~J~:
i"si~:¾1d
.
~!''!~
~,
-.:sT"l!;ii~
~~ ~~- i;;n:ria;!:
~ ""'· ~rai;,cfri":
...\-.:., ~sfE!+ra-:
::::.._~
i!i!:.,
~, 3,ii',, &c. are similarly cOnJugatcd.

~'to give.'
1<'\~ ~ll=!Ri q<li;;r~
2~ ~~<1' q<lF<~~
3~ ~tf <\:<!l•lw
~-is similaxly conjugated,
arr:i:;"
1~ ~ an~~
2~ E'ffffiof,[~ lll"fffi•it
3 aITT!Riif. aw=rRi"fiia ~5fi{
al~o ~'<f, ~T<l'~ &c.
~-is similarly conjugated.
~, 1. P. 'to burn.'
1 acili;r ~ -a;~.,
o{!'!i~, &c. en~, &c. ai1""• &c.
2 ;a;il~:ir a;~i'j'~: (3;l:j"
~. &c. ~~=, &c. ~~, &c.
3 ;a;jlq i3i!l'g: ;p.;[:
ai~, &c. ~:, &c. ai14i¾:!f:,
&c.
~2. P.' to know.'
1~ f<ii'itf~q ~
~.&c. !~,&c. ~~,&c~
 § 527-528] CONJUGATION OF VERBS. 33:t

f<l~rm~,
&c. ~:,&c. ~.i@,&c.
3~ 1el1~: fcl1¾:
!<r<UBIB,
&c. !<f<Ulll~:,&c. ~.im;:, &c.
::l'!1i2. P.' to awake.'
1~1-m:,~ '$;jl<fftci ~lTR>f
~.im, &c. &c.
'"IFRl'1imei,&c, >Jfl-RT+llfu.l',
.2~'w ~<R~: ~

-,rr,Rfli"l~, &c, ;;fl-R'fi:flli!~:, &c. ~mr;i,r,&c.

3~ ~!%1: ~:rr~:
&c.
>Jfl•Hli:rR1~:, ;,rrm:ri:rrti;:,
&c.
~-~. &c 1 sing.
•ii<lr<li-c!ii510:, ~m. ~· :q)ffli':cr-
~, &c ~ITft~:ir)qr,:ri::qri, &c
dual; ;g;rrf;r,;:;-, 2 sing.
~::-~, or ~r,:rr~ra:,&c. 1 sing•
~-wf.l'.,,~, or ~~M~'im, &c l sing.
~::-<tGT
or ':rOTl•fRi'llm:-( q-QfqRfiifi according to Bopaileva )
&c. 1 sing
q;r-tf.r or q;:rrqt~, &e. 1 sing.
~-.;r,:rnor SltifT<IT'ef~
&c. 1 sing.
§ 528. When :au;;:ie added to the roots ,fr,{r ~ and f they
are first reduplicated as in the third conjugation; e. g.-
it 3. P. 'to fear.'
l~<r,~ !~l=IJ<[ ~ll+f
f.i~-~. &c. li!l'l<l'R~,&c. f.l'i<li~, &c.
2~,~~ f.l.:.r~: ~'.l-<f
f.h:1~~, &c. &c.
&c. f.rni:il;;r,i;,
f.t~FfRW":':);:,
3~ f.lP.T~: liP-~:
~ffiil~, &c, &c, rn~: &c.
lil+l<!Fi<f.ih:
 832 [ § 528-533

~3 P. 'to be ashamed.'
·1 l~Ri, ~ M%Plil f~~+r
~j'q~\-:;m: I &c, f£i&<1i"l't'ei, Gi0<lf"9W5+r,
&c,
2~Fl~~~~ M~;!J;: 01~
~R~&c. 1~aj:2j;r,!g, &c. ~'"Ioli, &c.
3 :?i;,;1>.; !~'-@: i~~~:
~~,&c. ~<Ii~:, &c. i¾m~-,&c.
"I-:fl,W(,~, 1 sing
f.i'"ITT:f-i:i$fl:·ll!~·TTIU\'1' [•~g-r,;r, ~;
-~~-~-<mn.r l sing &c.

( 5 ) TE:E AORIST ~-
§ 529. There are se,en Varieties or Forms of the Aori!t.
The augment :., is per:fixedto the root as in the Imperfect.
First Variety or Form.
§ 530. The terminations of the First Variety are the same
as those of the Impe:rf., except that of third person plural
whioh is :s-i:r-

§ 531. The radical 3l"f is dropped before ~-

~ 532. t, 1:lr:IT,
~, '<if,and roots assuming the forms o:f l{f and
m ( Vide § 459 ), qr •to drink' and "s_take this Variety.
§ 533. The roots m-,
~,'"'T,
,fr, and ~) belong to this Variety
optionally. They optionally take the Sixth Form, ~ iakes
the Third Form also.
Paradigms.
 § 583-540 ] O0NJUGA'.£ION OF VER:BS. SSS

2.~1: ~m.'lfl'. ~ 2. eror:

3. ~ ~~m!lfl'.~: 3. ~
§ 534. ~ takes ~ instead of~ in the 3rd per, pl. and
changesits vowel to ~ before the vowel terminations ; e.g,
~, ~W' 1st pers.; ii~, :a:f-!ffTlil;,
:af'll<I', :a:f~ 3rd per.
§ 585. tfT is substituted fort in the Aorist, :ariwa:, 3111'R,
3{;rm 1st per.; i' with :a:ff\l'
•to remember' :.fo<l'lfl1!;,:afo"I.J11Tcl',
S!~,&c.
§ 536. This Variety is exclosively Parasmai padi. !fl','QT,
and ~T take the fourth Variety in the .Atm, ~ when .A.tm.
takes the fifth; and 'i with atNAtm, the fourth.

Second Variety or Form.

§ 537. In this Variety Sf is added on to the root and then
the terminations of the Imped. of the first group of oonjuga-
tional classes are added; viz.
Pai. Atm.
1. atli_ if +f 1. ~ <Iii ~
2. "l i'!'l cl 2. ~1<:!_ ~Ii. ~
3. l'( cllfI.. ar,r_ 3.c! ~lli.. ar-=c1
§ 538, The preceding St is dropped before :at;,:,3tl3;, and
afril' and lellgthened before <I'and
i{, The radica.l vowel except
a final 'Efe,short or long, and the 'Efeoft~, does not undergo
Guna or V:tddhi substitute.
§ 539. This Variety is Parasmaipada with a few e:;rceptions
such as 'Efewith ~ll, ®T, ~ • and ST\\ •to throw' with a preposi-
tion The roots ~ci:,, ~~' and~ take this form in the Par.
and optionally in the A tm , in whioh they also take the
Fourth Form
§ 540. The penultimate nasal o:f a root is clroppEd; as~
ol'!ffltf_,~-SI~~, &o.
 834 [ § 541-542

§ 541. The roots~• .:::.i:rr,

~, ~,~,,~and~ become
-~,'@:I',~,~' fu~, ~, and J, respectively; e. g.~,
~, ~-' \l!IT~, &c. 3rd aing.
§ 542. The roots gi vlng the following couplets ( Kii,:riMf
belong to thls Variety necessarily:-

~ffl "1B"l~ ~ ~~k!,lc;-ll~f I

q_m!'!Rfi: ~~r ~fa: t1a@l:a111r n, u
~r: ~....fri9':'
' ;ffea!~ lclii.i'::'ct:
*ij~~:
....
I
:a'~:"1!~€i II '<, ll
:.'!;!~,frgf.ri;reft
iolf¾l\:!!tlll~ ~ ~ ~~ffi l

ri: ~qi'~:'WQ!: g.:1J1~--,n~~rn:n ~ I\

iii~ :.-jfflli'al +!r-'cff:[ijl•lfl1i~IP.fffi I
-1Wlley'l:iw!l
'1'(IP.!fa:
~P.:fm: ijf4: 11'if 11
,.... ,.,._ ,,....._c,,...., .,...
~m: q;;j" ,;Jl':ilil~ '!~U@iWn! I
~~fart: fit,,~:~~: ~: II "'. ll
l~~ -i.i~l~~"lf
~rq:~ !~~;rr I
qr,ar: ~ 6i'"BT!a~ II ~
~¾'W'1fl1i: ll
,..., t\. "' ..\. r-..N;- r-, (-;,.._
"il{PT-91
~f ~ijfi;JEln~m: I
+r~€r~fui%!) ~l:<ITTf:
<ill~ciR~II \j II
{i!la,Qffi!l~:Wl
1¥,~ffllllf '1~<l:_
I
:,..r.. • ~ ,f",,. r,...
~IT~ qw.rqiii.'1TllP-l1t_
l:T!cW! H , ll
~~ ~1Tfuitq,a~~~ I
.afu.rfc'i:
cl!clF!~sq~ ~:irra~qr~cfr
II «., II
1m~r.P:n§..'Mien~~ <I~ !

~ P. .rith~ A.
1 ~~ iill~l
2 ~l!i:TT: 13TC~'!Jlll
3 ~a 13leffl
 § 542] OoNJUGATJ:ONOF VERBS. $$5

' to go Li,with ~
:Fi"3 P.
1~ i:SfRT<i il1Hl+l l '-'l.rR ~i i!r.!FO~
2 611{: err{aq_i:if!'Sl 2 tll'.JH~l: il:l.r~:>.Wl~~
)3Slml 011rnrq_ 6-JRil 3 tl+ll{i:I {{llf~+l ~f,'i:1

~ P. · to go'
1 ero~ii:_ '3fij~J9 aRRlll'
2 Bj"ij<(: ara.:a.r_ Sitffii
3 e{ij,(1i, :S,ij~(ff'{ a{er,r_
1 I'. A.
16@l <ll'@"l<l' ilf~H'.f 1~ ~q~ ~fu
.2af@: BT@ii>l,e;~a 2 af@!:ff: ~~rq_ ~
3~ 8l'(§c!TI{_~ 3 af@cf ~a~ ~

~ 2. P. ( also that substitutedfor ~ Par. and .Atm.)

1 ~ 8l'E!Rl'f1f afcTT'<fm 1 f:li~I~ iol'ir'il~ at~~
6i'ir'<ltli:J:.aT1:/r"!cr 2 i:lf'if'i:l~r:ffi~q_
213feTI"!: ajqRfill'!l
3 ilr<TT"f<l:, ~:q;r_
ef<ff'c/alij_ 3 a,eyt:qc(61~ ffl-n
re'{6 P. ~i.
I il1'RF1'l
af[ij'cf[i( afre"flj'.f I afRI~ <3TTij'q"lq~ an1ii;m1m:
2 •=
3 a;f~=•m:
afffi'cf('{!I_ '3l"R!'<fli
8f[ij'qofl{_ i3f!ij'<fi!_
2 arfu-:cr4!:
3 ai11!'%
aTTe'~lq_af~c!l'.l;_
a:rfi'.i~ml'(
i'lirfF-1."f[

~~
1~ efl~qfi'f i3f!~qfij l 61"@rt af[~Cijqf1 a(!'~~
2arr~: e,~q~ ar~a 28l'@'N'f: 81"~~ ar~qeo"lil
Sar~ strn.qmi:r_am;q;i:_ 3 af~9'cl* eITTl~<:lliI_elfwG;~
--···--------- -----~---s~•-·-
"'~, r~ and l ( also take the fourth Vamty in the .Atmu)
:a:r~rr,
a;f~m~mi.
 336 (§ 542'

~4.P. A.with tfft.

1~ o,J~f<l illll:<Tili 1~ ~~ ~
2 o,11;"-l:
3 aff<f-\'..~~
~ ~ 2~:
3 q.i'j~ .
~ll
q.(j~
"
ql:[1~
•
q1:fl~

We give below the 3rd per. sing of the rest,

Roots. Roots.
5 4 P. A. ) am=E<l
?il'~# ( g-i_-~\lt'f
4 P ' to collect •-sr~
"3"=.f ftrc1-3'1fu~
~-~ am:..-simr.
~4, P I to wallow.'-Sl~ ~-'Siw«{_
ll<i,-~tn<l: ~-4. P 'to be confused'~
TTfff
4.P 'to be wet'-~ m_-4 P. 'to throw'-~
m-{4 P.' to ba oily '-Slli~~-~
~-a;"~ ~~awra:
~ 1 l . .A.4 P 1tobeunctuoue, ~t-4. 6 P. A-~
to melt-~ ~-~'l'«l:.
fu' t 6. P A-~ g,i:_-arg~
\ll' 1 P.' to pensh, to deaay' ii'!.-' to kill.-~lfo;
~ ~-4. P. 1 to lnll-sr.r~
~-~ ~~
m,r-an-1~ ~-Sl~
5. P 'toprosper'-a:mfu: ~-~
siv.r._.:._4
~-a!~ ~-Sll'IW!_
~-~ na:--anmrr_
;r,i 4. P. •to covet"-ot1l'«l:. ~~
:r;r_4. P. •to hurt'-3'tril'i!:, ~ll'l.""31'~

"' ~ 4 • .A takes the Fourth, as well as the Fifth Variety,

in the Atm. :mra;,~ 3rd sing.
t ~ A takes the Fourth or Fifth Variety, af\q'<f,~~ Srd
si.ng.
t §q:_takes the Fourth Form in the Atm; amB°•
 § 542-543] O0NJ't"GAT.tON OF VEBllS 837

~-~ ffi 4. P. 'to be dry'~

"lfli{-a:!~l'!<I, iia:-~
::a.i:1 P. 'to be confusedor ~~ 4. P. • to embrace'-~•
agitated.'-~ ~-1. P.' to eat'-arer~
ffl 4. P. 'to be thin' ~ ~ 4. P. 'to release'-~
~-ar,mq_ 4. P. 'to fade away' :a:ret~
ITT:!;
~ 4. P. 'to fall'-~ ~ 4.P.'to decay,to perish•~
~~ ~ 4. P. 'to be straight'-~
ffi 4. P. 'to choose•-~ ~ 4 P. 'to go, to direct'-
crr_-~ :a:rf.i'~
lN_ 4. P. •to be thirsty•-~;~ 4. P. •to throw'--al~
~ 4. P 'to be spoiled,' &c ~ 4. P. 'to weigh, to change
fq'i:_-a:iiq',:ra: [~ form'-:a:rR~iJ:.
~-~
lf{-4 P. •to burn'-31'~ ~ 4. P. 'to cut ' Sfi"«it.
fu1:
4. P. 'to injure, to kill'- ~
4. P. 'to strive' ~
am~ ere;-same as -re:
~ 4. P 'to be angry or vexed' ~-same as ~
-m-q-11:, i!f( ii )<l_-~( i )«it.
~•3.P.A. tospread through' ~n~-an'iir'f<t.
-~ !l~
iia:-Sf~ ~-~
o!1ia:
4. P. •to divide'-~ ~-at~
~~ ~l-~
§ 543 The following roots belong to the 2nd Variety-
optionally; they optionally take the Fourth or Fifth Variety
according ae they are Anit or Set.
ia-~~~.ft •?Alil~li€1§A~: 1
R1l11~~~ :;;i~ '<i ~,;;qf~: II ~ II
i!i'!('qi?i{~~
''" "
i:{<!l~~~H
.... , "" ' t\
~:r.. I
~~1 ~fu~ ~~elf~: II <. II
$ ~'i',Atm. takes the Seventh Variety, s:r~:;nr.
H. S. G, 22
 338 [ § 543

~ft~ ~f~~f f3;;~~ ~~'lf l

,.. ,.. :;:_ ,,.._ r-. ...... ..... ~
<!fl-:f!cl~qll]~
l:;ic~·;;;.?,,i (!Flii:lll: I! ~ ll
~ ..~fu~m
~rqfur~r <!~: 1
~~I~fa~@-q~1~1~ ~ ~, " n
" ,-. ~. r.. "r "
l<!~l~lrl! {ffl;f-lq)':f<'i,
'll?.;1

Roote. 3rd .~ingOptio!l.al forms. Roots. 3rd siug. Optional forms

~ ~:,:_
8IT~%<r<l:_,~ ffi-~ e:rira1cr_
<!l:~l'<l ~;a,~~~ ~~ra!'<l
;;r <31':.rol: <3i"';i!Rl<{,
2
~-a,~ ai-~1a:,8'!?Jn
~ 01~ ~ ~-6,1~<70:.<\ ~m:.
~ ~a: ~~ arr~
~---
~ill:.~ ~a:. ~-w~ ~Ta:.,
:a~
"
al~'<ia:_ ~ra:. ~~
~ "1~ ~"tf<l ~-SiQ:10:, ~,'3l'i:!l~2
T~-~ " n
alR'ffi
a«qil<I._, n-~10:.~1tra:,ai'~~
~-an~ ~~. 8j19'qi

~-at~

~-i>i~
R2
"-
' ili:ITT- l~-an~~
i>Wf~a:.
n
at<l~T<I..,
~-tll''M,
r,,
al'[<fi:li

am\ey1a:.
~~
~•
srkfm:,arrl!n

~l~l<I._
~~~ ~'qi :if'![-~~ Sl9l'iTT"i:f..,
<31'<!1Tl?/'i
~-a,~ ~
ai4eJ'rcr,, "' ~ ~
<l""1:-~c"!a: i:lHJ<Bl<I._,
~-:--"'~~-i._
81'~2:'la:. ~-a{2qa:_ i3j'~{Cl:lla'._,
iopff•
~-eq:~ q10: c,fla:_,
amr.ffa:_
,;;~~~ a:t"ll!i'il<l_ ~--aRire: 6ll<Ut«ia:,,a:ra:1~a:_
~~ll:.. ~elf'\,
a{o'!JR(2 ~-~e~a:.a:i1:~1ri:.
ft. iili"takes the Third and Fifth Varieties besides the 2nd.
 543-544] Oo::;JUG.A.Tio::;OF VERBS, 339

Roots. 3 sing. Optional forms. Roots. 3 sing. Optional forms.

~-~~ ~~ ~
T~-an-~ arl'i~ ~
~-amq;i: :ritftcr,
~~ art{i<t
§ 544. The following 25 roots, which are all Atmanepadi,
are conjugated in the Parasmai.pada when they belong to this
Variety. In the Atmanepada they take the Fourth or Fifth
Variety according as they are Anit or Set.
~!® ~oa:1JT~%c1:
I
fs~ ~ ~~: ~ 'ii '!{~: ~N":U 'I II
~) l!;!'®'~: R ~~~=I
~~~~TRI:: ~f~fa: II 1\. II
8il"~<lT ~ ij/t ml ~l'lfliRTT
I
ali ~~ <t~'SI ~'tclf II ~ II
Boots. 3 sing. Optional forms. Roots. Ssing. Optional forms,
~~ ~ ~-81'!00!:, 6{l!l~

~~ 8l~I~ ~~ ~'i!
~~ a!ih'~'i! !ffl'.{-~r:ra:. ~~~.~a
~-~ srelra'i! ~-a:r~<t aaj\Jwg
~-~ ~'i! @'!-a:rs);l'!<l arerr".:m
~-a:r~ !ll"<i7!@'2 .;~~ afi'ffl:rn
Wl:.--e:i'le!cf, 6{l!l~ ~-~ ~1:i'i!
~~ 13i~@'i! ~-~l'!<l ~~
l~?f{-~ ~~ ~-~ emiw
~-~ ~ ,;w~
~-~er_ ~.
~
•,~-8fccl!ilcl:.
,;i~---an;iaa:
~
o!liii~'i!
i9fffl
~-13il~ ~ ~~ amm
 340 [ § 545-548

TEilill YAEIETY OR Fomu

§ 545. Terminatrons:-
The ssme as tlDse of the 2nd Variety.
§ 546. Roots of the tenth class, causals, some derivatives,
t'::o root ~ and the roots p,;r,:r and .;- when expressrng the
agent, iake tbis Variety neces,;;rly, a~ the roots q and N
do it opt10nally.
§ 547. (a) The root is first reduplicated and then the aug-
ment si'fand the terminations are added as in the 2nd Variety.
( b ) Final il"and ~ are changed to w-i:_and ~<l:_before a, and
:final a,) is dropped.
Paradigms.

mP. 1. 'to go,' &c.

Par.
1 61:f~n';ri:rq_ a:rfur~q r,;~mi:r
2 a:rful'?;p.r: eir1i~.:r_ eir~w:ra
3 e:nW~ arfm1.;'1Clll{ a:rfaP;p.r,r_
ltm.
1 611~PJ~ e:r~~m~ iillW!i~<ITT!fu
2 a,f~~: amll~ a,fu~~q+l_
3 a:rr¥~'1Cl e{/%f~r.i:_ a:rrlf':l'<Rr
~-a.,~ 3 Sing.; i--::."'!~~qif_ 3 Sing; t!'S;,:-a;~('!".
( <l,':;rri;mralso, when it takes :s:;PJ:_;see § 461 and § 548. )
3 srng f¾-a;fsffe,;r;m: ( see p. 338. foot-note ); ~-mi:~~-
( ~ also takes 1st and 6th Varieties besides this ),
~ 548. Roots of the tenth Ol11Ssand Oausak-
( a) The 3'l1 of the base is dropped ( the vowel changes tak-
ing plaoa berors it being reta'.ned ) and a short vowel subati-
 § 548-549] OoNJ'UGATION OF VERBS. 341

tuted for the long one (If and it being shortened tot, and afi"
imd su to :a-).
The base so modified is then reduplicated according to the
( Can B o:f'll_) =liF!:_=~=~ alter
general rules; :i:it'ii<'I'
redupllca1;1on; ~~ ( from 'Rl<J:.
)~a:=f~r.r_=~~a::_ &c.
( 'b) t is substituted for the 8l" of the redup!icative syllable if
the syllable following it be short, and not prosod1ally long; the
t of the reduplicat1ve sylleble is ler,gthened if not followed by
a long syll. or a conJunct CPnsonant; thus o111.r..=~lll!'._=oi'r~
~=,;;ft{'~; ~:.::"ef~=~, the t is not lengthened
as it is followed by a conjunct consonant; ~~=ffli~ only,
as q-is followed by a syllable prosod1ally long.
( c ) Roots having a penuU1mate sit, short or long, optionally
preserve it, the long ~ be ng changed to the short one; lla:.
eauaal base m='iii after croppmg 31,r and <lO::by ch1s: 'l'{='ii'iii;
~a:.=~=~=<fl<lil:: f<!:.~tW=!ifra:, and ~a::
by this; ~fff-
R:iht; ii<j_-:;ir~.
( d ) To the base so prepared the augment 3l' is to be prefixed
and the terminations added, P. & A., as in the 2nd Variety:-
a:!<Trll<la'.-n
from 'Ii_; a:r"el'rr'?;;@a:
from Ra:, ~~-ff" from
~; :a:m,:r.:~<I:"n from ~q-;:~; a:1q;r~-a-, ~-n from <lil:;
a:i~-a-,~;r_-a-fr.f<!:.;3l"i~·n,3l~a::_-nfrom'a,q:_,&c.
N. B. The Atm. form in a when no;; given should be
1iupposedto b9 understood.
§ 549. Bases with initial vowels:-
( a ) If a root begilll! with a vowel and ends in a single con-
sonant, the consonant is reduplicated and t added to it in the
reduplicative syl111ble:~=atr_t=m1~=:au1i'!a"l,·n,SIN,=:an{q--
q-a:·n,
aii{=:a:i"t~-n;
&c.
( b ) If it end~ in a conjunat consonant with ..i:,~ or ;: for
its first member, the second member of the conJunct is reduph-
 [ § 549-552

cated. ""' an d.nna 11y :.flf•'cre;o:-n

;;~==~:~:=a-r.:21~ "'- 3 srng,;
. ' ·1ax,y
s1m1 '
a:irf~<I;-FI'from ::.:~ ( considered as $!~, otherwise ~1~),
3-i,f:~-i'l' fro:n " s:rn~~ii
"' • & c.
from G'!~,
( c) The roots a:;,i:,31'~, a:rw, ~,
~~. w~ Atm. and some
others, rn:iatitute :s,: for ~~in the rcdnphoatrve syllable; 3 sing.
:a-f~, 3\7~il::,3ll':,ji-T6:,:a.1r.:;;:.:ra:, ~i<'i~n,&c
§ 550. Roots ending in a-, short or long, substitute ;;i-
( e!mngeab:a to a;- lil:e i:) for Ii; in the reduplicative syllable,
p,ovided 1t be not (immediately) followed by a l:lbi(l.lconson~nt
i!/4'1~;;e@'.•!i,Wi·'i>I~
or a semivowel ox~, followed by '3'for :a:!T;
~a:-;:r,>[·~, v_-a.afr-
i!I·~i.i"li:·ff, &c. But 't;":s:!IW!'il'~f:!'I',
mra:-a-,
;g 'to hasten' , g ' to bind '-,m:fti:i-<rn:
:,:r:;•fl<ii'of13: , ~ ' to
billd' ~ll!i<r_, 'G'-'Sl~-cl'; ~-'il'liTill<fa'., &e.

(a) Tlle roots Sf, ~ if, i:r 'to go'~ 'to swim' and~ optionally
retain the~: ~~;.11:.
o; ~ll, m~:.;mr_ :a:r~<ra:
or a,m~<r_,
or ~:;ra:, a:ifur.rn:
or<>!~, ~g,rn: or~, iliT~ or
~~-FI'.
§ 551. The roots 'ITIG:(,im;;,in~, ifirz,
:;fr[_, ifr~, lfR:,o51JJ:.
'to moan'~ 'to sound,' 'to go,' 'tU!,_
'to sonnd/ 'll"!_,of"{,_to sound,'
~ 'to give' ~ S. P. A 'to cnt,' %°?:, 'to harass,' t, ~• ~<I:and
~ 4. P; shorten their penultimate optionally; I. sing.:-~-
~ or ~~, ai<l'T~ or ~f'fil3:, or :a:f.nlTl!fl'(.
:a:r!it¾-q'"l_
:a:11f!R<rn:or~, ::a:i:;fo~ or ;.z~~, an:fm:l~ o:r31'1~-
;:fi:~, :a:rrflft!~ er a,:yqf~, ~~ or ~lll'll'l::, a:i'efr~
:.ifulli<::
or :a:!"'i"<lill,a:, or 3!'HTUi<l:, or :a1<PHl!Tl3;,
:a,r,f'rl{llfl'I: <li<ff-
q'fJ'(<J'.
or ~ll'R, ~~ or e.~~, ~ia<rn:or '3'fifair~,
~tiei.; or 3!i-96i'l"l;,<il"i&~ or ~~ ( see § 553 below),
a:n1~ or :o:r~)~, ~1§~ or a:rg~~; &c.
§ 552. The STo:fthe reduplicative syllable of ~1[, [, «fl::,~'
~' to pound, to wish,'•~-· and~' is not changei to {; ~~ 1. A.
 § 552-556] O0NJUGATION OF VERBS. 843

' to surround' and ~ optionally change their i to sr; 1 sing

Sl~R'~, ~, mr«T~, aN~, snm-~l:t.,Sl(ffil'~, ~1
~-Sl~~i~, ':WQ'~ll;i~-a:rf~~'IJ:., Sl~,
§ 553. The roots l and ~q:_cau. take Sampras3.rana1 1~
does it optionally; ~-i-~-WT!:l_ or W<l:_,
then ~, by
iiN'{ii!'...
550; then ~~, ~; ~----fflq;;i:_-~errr,_-6"q:::-fl't..-
ti~i 3-l'{i~;i:; f,1;r-~ wf~ let sing
§ 554. The roots given under § 400 preserve their vowel
unchanged; 1. e. do not substitute i in the rednphcative syllable,
&o. ~-ar-.r~, en:-"St~, ~lt__-31~<!., ~-amR,,
t@'.-aN'«la:, ~-~a:. ti'i'{-Sl~a:.
§ 555. The roots ~~. ~' ~- ?€~, !!fr,, ~~, ~,
f~, i'IT~,~,~--ml:, 1ITT(,
~. V'I~, Uil:,
q'flil_,U'ii!'.., ~'Fl.,
~' ~, ~~,~,~iii:.,~,~~'~' and ~It.,~,
others less important, do not shorten the,ir penultimate; 3 sing.
s:r~, ~' :s,,;;r~<I_, SlRl'ifiT~,an~efNa:,
:a!'i;ffll'~,
:s:rf~, &c.
§ 556. Roots which form their Causal Aorist irregularly:-
t with SlN''to study,-m~, Si\~, ( t with SIN
'to remember' s:r'<~R'([, ).
i.il'to envy '-q~qq_-n, ~~--ff
ri~
iruc.-a:r~, a:i;;fi:rrore:
EIT-Sl~tra:, atr~fWI<!_

'qq;R:I;_-~~, Sl'<l''cil!H;,:rlt_
~-~.ia::-n
q-r 'to drink' amttr<I,
( qr 'lo protect' forms its Causal Aorist
:regularly as a,~).
 [ § 556-558

'l!m-m~~-n.
~-lll~t~~a'.-n•
Paradigms.
i1 'to do.'
Pa:r, Atm.
1 <>Rr:;;i;q_i>l""lh\1e: ~:;;;;ui:i ,,,'<l1;i:;):
~1<ii~l~ ai:'<ft~i:::r~
2 3,'',l!iii{: ~"l>\Cl!'.{_ ~l!i\'.1 i3FW-fi~aqr:
i3fili'1k<i!B:_
i3l'ol[;i;~<Jll
3 ~ Bfi!l<f.wllla:r~~ ~a a,'<!Teii{;a
'i>Rffil:,;lrl=!_

1~ &TI~ i3l;a::[::ilij 8TTcB!11 !Sl@?i~ e:f@';!4[l'.!~

2 a:r@a{':r:a,fa,iqaq_~~qa :an'i'i,r:im:
ai-fu:;'i:;iq1q_
:an1B!q~c1i:r_
3 <llKi514n._ i3j@3!''.!,t arfa:;qa•qmli, an~?!q~
,;Jlq'Jl4aT>!_

1 81zy!::.~Uc! ~u:::r ~
~- a,~1
.2 $1~: '31~jl..q<i_<li~~(d ={:qT:
-,.!.-::, ~{:>.:ff+!_
3 ~ a,~~a!l!, 6j~f.l;_ ~m ~{afij_

SIXTH V AR::ETY OR FORM,

( Only Parasm~ipadi)
.Y. B.-The Sh::th and the Seve::.th Varieties are given here
before the Fourth and I!'irt!J.as ii; 1s more cor.venient to do so.
§ 557. i'erminations of the Sixth Form:-
1 rn~ f~ let;;:[
.2 ;ir: 1%zq_ mi
s mtt !W.ij_ ri~:
§ 558, Roots e:iding in arr ( including those that change their
"'3'.P. (i. e, with f.i, m, ~)and~
final tom), the roots 1:fla'.,
 § 558-563] CONJUGATION OF VERBS. 345

take this Variety. ~ with ,a-q-or .r~, A. and~ A, take the

fourth Variety.
§ 559. The roots ending in 3'!'f which are restricted to the
First, Second and Third Yar;eties do not take this Variety.
PARADIGMS

~-
1 8l<iIB6f'l ~R{6<f ~ffi'lil
C) •
.., ar:r~r:
~
ar.lrfu12li_ 6l'~fe2
3 arir~a:. ~IB~!-{_ 8J"!h'~~:
~--<Kl~, ~fu"<r,ajfur.1 &c; il.J:.-BF11tr"11l, i3l'ilm6<i,
&c; ;;:n-arfJ!rfuisrq_,
6l'i'IT6tl=!, &c; §l-31''<ffifu"11l, &c.; f.i or
+11-aTll~, a:ri:irfucl'f,&c.; <ifr-61~"11l 31'o5TIBG<f,
6Tl=ITT1i<F.!,
~'?!t;rr, &c.

SEVENTH VARIETY OR FoRM,

( Puasm. and Atm. )

§ 580. Terminations:-
Par. Atm.
'Rlcfrri
:ermq_
\'ll(!l!l
~ 561. .A.nit roots ending in ?J:_,'!!!:,<.\andi[ andha.vingi, :s-,
-It or ~ :for their penultimate take this Form E'?lis an excep-
tion; it therefore takes the Fourth Variety.
,;i~ and~'
§ 562. ~?1':., 1 P. 6 P . .A.. optionally belong to
this Variety.
§ 563 The roots ~, l~, ra~, and~ when Atmanepai.li
drop the initial ~ o:r m of tha termmat1on~ of the 1st dual, 3rd.
:,.ing. and 2nd sing and pl. optlonally.
 346 SA.c..,-&KEIT
GIUill::.rAR. [ § 563

I'ARAD!Gl!S.

f~P. A.
1 ~" ~eym~
1 i¾~e.'!l"i ETI&:a_m:r
81"~1'\1-l ~ e:rl;;:Ja:i ai'R{','l"lclfu

2 Wfqa,aq_:ef~~'R'! 2 81'~~:qr: ~2Jj<ill'.l._ ~~"<l+J:.

3 Ol~a:;~erfe:€tirn!l
~aff. 3 a,~~ i:lf~ifflalij_ ~a:r;q

~P.
1 a,11/&1-.:r_
isM'~lq 1 aw:!!ey arfue,1!:lf~
al:~aJi+l a:rNa.,r.ifi[
en~
2 sffff[aJ: 6l'Naf(il1_ 2 e:fi~a:{'4[: a:rr'¼aJ!
arf::.:reya 1Wl arNf;J"c{!l
io'[~l'<{[: crfir,,qq_
3 ati'EllWtio'fNaf(iJ'l
e:[!qafl. 3 au1r~-a..rfu~ ~i\F{'[
i3'f~q
iggis to be similarly conjugated.

16'/~+l ~<tl"l<l' al'~+f 1 arf~aJ ~a.,r<l~ ;#raa_,~

81~~
2 sm~ey: et~aJW!, a:rr11a_-ia
2 "t"reey'4T:8j@&J!~!I_ i31'~1;J"'q,f_
~6[: a:f<i}!~
3au~ ~a:t""i'lTTia:ri~ 3 iolf~ 8Tl~2Jj(llli, ~af,a'
~J\ri

l~t¥!_

2~a.,: 8lS~
~* P.A.

a~eya
18!'~1:,
am&J!11 8T:<};2Ji+l'

2~aJi:ir:
.\[
alft:&J!<lfu
<ll!'!;~

6'f1'!1J"q,f_
i'>i!J1Jli:ili:r_
~: ei~
~
wt..being a Wet root optionally takes the Fifth Variety.
~.~~,&c.
 § 563-565] 00NJUG.A.TION OF VERBS. 347

3 8T?ie;:ra:. 61§:8f<l3 ai!leacr

8"/~&Jffil=l..
'"1~

Roots. 1 sing. Roots l sing.

RaJ_--aiR~ l~y_-:S,Rcr~,
<ll'R<!l~
~-~~q_ f~q:_ aim:rey
-an1aJ1=!_,
~am,;~, a!Ri~ !~g:_-e:rr¾a_:ii:i:_
~-8!,?i~ 1%1l-e:r~ey~
~-a:f¥J}&Jl{_
izll:_-ar~~-a-r,fi~fisr
~*-a,f~~. ~~li!~
• ,i~--8,~eyB:_
~-~~. ~qf~'f>l:_
~srreyq_ t'J:~8lcf&.W
~-~~, a:rma_~, amreyl{ ~-af~eyq_, ~aijqq_
~ with {ij~-f.lcya:!B",, 1~- r'°~Bll[aJ'l,el<!~l=f_
ifil~
~

~-~ey+i:_, a!i)!i[a:f,
8{<fif~,
. i~~eyq,, a{i:j~li!lt_

a,si;r~,~'ey <i~-8,<ja_,+{

FOURTH VARIETY OR FORM,

§ 564. Terminations:-
Parasm. Atm.
1 ijq_ ~i:j ~!'! 1 l~ ~~ ~ml
2:m: ~ ~er 2 ~r: m~q_ ~c!B",
3~ ~T+l ~: 3~ ~mnq, ijcf
§ 565. ( a ) .A.nitroots not belonging to any of the prfced-
ing Varie!ies take this Form. Anit roots that optionally
take any of the pr€cedrng Varieties and Wet roots optionally
belong to this V ar: ty.
~ Wet roots which belong to tlm Variety, as Aoit, optionally
take the 5th as Set.
 348 SANSKRIT G:&.A.lilli\.B, [ 565-5c7

Exceptions:-
( 1) ~anil la,when Parasmaipadi, belong to the Fifth Variety,
( 2 ) Roots ez,ding in Sli"preceded by a conjunct consonant
may take Fourth or Fifth Form in the .Atmanepada.
f :.i ) ~ and Ii. Par. take tlle Fiffo Form only. ~ A. may
take t'.le Fourta or the Fifth Form.
( 4 ) Of Set roots !land those ending in'[ (long) when .Atm.
belong to either ( 4th or 5th Variety ). and onii_ when .A. ~a-,
belong to the Fourth.
§ 566 (a) In the P.uasmaipada the radical vowel takes
its Vrddhi s11bstitnte;;ft-af.tl.11'1l!,i
!fi-~; ~~, &c.
( b ) In the A.tmanepada, Guna is substituted for final ~ or
.r, short or long; final '!It' and the penultimate vowel remain
unchanged; final '!It'is changed to h:or~ in accordance with
§ 394; ~-~!, ;ft-af.l"a',~-~e-, ~-atm'.!',1fi see below,
~.,.,.- ,..., ,.., t;"' f',
'"'--mlffl'. ~-:'!~, i-~~-
( c ) The Pannltima.te '!It'of .A.nitroots is optionally changed
to ,; ~-~ or 31i!iTffl<!.,
§ 567. .Aiter a short vowel, and after a consonant except a
nasal or semi-vowel, the ~ of terminations be!!inning with ~
and N is dropped; J-3lin 3 srng.; ~-~: 2 sing,; lW[:-:1~:
m~; ~-~ 3rd sing. &c.
Paradigms,

~
1 anla:fll a:t'll~i! ~ a:t'lley ~~ ~~
2 a:t'lle-~r: a:t'll~ l:lll!T"$ ~: ar:r~~q 8W~l!ll
3~@:. ~f.!. ~: ~ ~ffili'.. et~
Oonjuge.tesimilarly other A.nit roots ending in oonaonll,]lts;
~-~ P. 1. sing.; 31T~{f .Atm. 1. sing,; ~-~,
 § 567] O0NJUGATI0N OF VERBS.

:w.p'ifr
1. sing. P. &. A,; :ia~·3'.!?l"T~~%
1 sing, S!ffll!:a;2nd dual;
rn-m:r~; with il.1,a:.A. <if;f~~ 1 sing.; !.T~B'lSfrll'{~ l sing.;
~ :ii,1:n'l!:l'J;
siill'Tfl,P a:ii:rr~ 2 per.&c,• '6'lta:Rlffil'i'.
"' 1 smg;
' " ~
~~J?<!lr:
2 sing.; a:i:u~
2 per. dual., &c; .A. :!!!lt\'11'8" 1st sing.; ~~,
;:~rnT;i: 3rd sing. and; dual; ~-3'{1:fT~ 1 sing,; ~T~
2nd dual.
rnP. with fq itm.
16'!¼ 6'/~ "
B'{:;jtij ~~q ~~~ •l:[~E~

.2~r: "'
~:;r~q_ "'
6'(;;\'2: ~~gr: •'-!~q-J~fij_~
3 ~~ "'
ai~:
<>i~'ZTB:, ~'i ~~ISflcll>I ~<@:
Fa,.fr, i'r, t &c.; ~' ~' 9. P. A. &c;
Oonjugate simil11,rly
~-~~, a:i~T\l 1 sing.; ir 9, P 4. A. a,raq-~
1 sing ; :a:i~r&',
a:r~~, 1 smg.; ~~f'li:i:,&c
~P.A."
1 ~ll ~l'~ a{<li!E!{ ~fq- ~~ ~,tj~

2 Sf.li!ISIT: al'<iil~q_ a:fi'lil~ a:flli"!f: ~qr~ ~

• <ll'<lilfi:
3 6T'1iliifcl: 8f.lil'2:l>I ~cl ~ar::i:. ~
~ P. A. is si!llllarly conjugated. Oonjugate i .A.. similarly~
,A..,,_
A

~~
"
A.
1 ~fq ·--- ~i[
8f<lcillll 1 6ffittl61 ' S"
eR:ar:9~ ~,~i
2~:
"'
,J eiw:
. •
a:r~~q_ a:r~q_ 2 a:r~1rn=
• "'"
a:r~\T
':lT~lG!+J',.
6T~ffi"i1i=!_6'/W~
3 ~ill~ am11qfo1i:i_ ~tl'l~il"
~A. ~JP.
1~ a:i.ir1,;f;% 51'ifu 1 ~l~q_
Bl°eff'
• aJofi!a;lf
s:\l<lilq<{
6plil8Jll ~If! ~¥{

* Vide § 465.
t Also take the 6th Variety when it substitutesar1for 1ts Jina!.
t ~~, ~ and rn also take the 7th Variety; <l:'I.. and ig;_ take
the 2nd and 5th besides this.
 350 Sa:<ro:U,ITGR.!.l\I:IIAR, [ § 567

2•: ei:~V-ll!;,'Tlj_
:sf~!~+<._
• 61<1i12'.
2 8fe!i!ef]: atlf.l'lB: •
i:$!ifafr:6!~ll 8-rfil!!
3 ar<m~~cTI'Tiffi'l
8fif1Cla 3 ilN.!efi11:. a,~: •
ilfcli!i/P.:.
s,~~1<l 6f,!i~[ll a,;lifi!i:

~ Atm.a;~, &c.
lB-Tmai~at<il~~ ~'1 • ,imi!arly?:~~'£,'9;'!:C,
ConJ11gate &c.
2 ar,:nefi: B-Tmt.:i_'ol'lli~ &c.
iF-emrcBia, 6-!""5f!C€ra:.;
3 a,ma:jfo;, '
amiillt_ ar.ilij: ~-~qrefi<J:,S~li[~l<l;&c.
~~; &c.
~-ar,:jie;Ji<'l,
* qlU P.
1 B-T~!J_ a,,m~ ole!lwl
2ar~: ~ ilfi!!ij
3 am-c€m.6fe!T'ffi>tar<m~:
,...
"'if.P.A.
1 ilfi!l~ ~-<[ Bfefi?,,f 31q;ey ~1 ~~
2 ~aJl: 8,'e[fGll ~ ffl: ilfi!eaw.r,i: ~
3'81~~ 6ff!isll!_aren~: ilfi!!G 8'!1!~flt. sll'i:!1,jc!

t <Tffl:
A. ~ withSi,
~
1 lllml'?a 8'!~ 1 llr;i;rf! m~~ ~m)
2~i: o1"i-ITaf,~Bl'<l~ 2~<-Tf: m:ii~ri:i:. m~
3~ 8-N[~ il'(Ei!~ 3~ci limr@[ij_ 51f.i;ij(!
~ to be similarlyconjugatd
~~ 1 sing. &c.

~ ~-Vide § 480. ~+~=3l'9fi\+~11{=31'<fl'ofi:{ 3rd

dual. ~ A. takes the 5th Varlety sinceit is Set.
t Alsotakesthe 5th Variety.
 § 568-571] CONJUGATION OF VERBS. 351

Irregular Aorist or the Fourth Form.

§ 568, ~i, m, and roots assuming the forms o:f1{Tand Ioli(Vide
§ 459 ) and ~\!TTsubstitute ~ for their :fiw,l vowel in the Atm.
This 11"doe, not take its Gui;iasubstitute. In the Parasm. these
roots take the first Variety ( vide § 532 ).
§ 569. ~ ( with :s.'11'
A. ) drops its nasal before the termi-
nations.
It takes the Fifth Form optionally both in the Parasm. and
.A.tm.in which case I!'(~ is substituted for it.
§ 570. ;r~, and <!"»; with ;;ri:r' to marry,' optionally
drop
their nasal, when they take the Atm. terminations. ~ when
it means ' to give out ' ( as the faults of others) necessarily
drops its n&sal
§ 571. The third person sing of ~ is <!Tffllf,~ 4. A.
takes the termmation if optionally in the 3rd sing, before
wl:uchthe penultimate ;;i: takes Gui;ia.
Paradigms.
~A (with~)
1 av~i av~~ er~
.26fl&:!U: sll'T~'!:IMl+f.. 61'!M+f..
Sar~ sljf~ijfll <lll~<:Tc!
-!lil'.with :3'~ & au.
l i:!r{l<!l~ i:l~~q~ i:li':J~
~ 'c!qllj"l'f: i:!C::[<f.:l!:!l"fll i:l<l;f<!"~
3 i:le:lljcf i:l<:,:r.:rmor+I,. i:!Gjljiffi'[

-T'3;with~~-
1 ~.-irn ijt{~ <ifll-i~•lf~
2 ijt{tj~; ~<l~'!:111'l ~~i:J..
3 'Eli:r.i~ ij>fl1ffla1l=J', ~tjiffi'[
 352 SANSKRIT GIIA:MMAII, [ § 571-572

~ with i8'lf to be similarly conjugated; ~' :a'Wl'IB l

sing; ~ft, 1 dual, ;a"~:,~:
:aq1<1-Ee1ig 2 sing.' &c.

~1
~-
~
~c!Tll
t:Js'.
~
~ll=l
~@li:j'_
~with atN,.
l~'it ~eq~ l!f<ljt{J~

2 eR.frnr: ~ll ~~
3 ~'11'2 iBl'~iTI'ffllll ~'ffi
1~ ~ ~~~
2~: SN!fflTi:j'_ ~ll
s~ et~~ aMlffl
~i:r~ 1 sing
~~ ,,
.an~?r ,,
iBl'~

FIFTE VAIIIETY 011 Fo11x.

§ 572. Terminations:-These are obtained by prefixing the
a:igmentif to the terminations of the Fourth Variety, dropping
the ~ in the case of the 2nd and 3rd per. sing.; ,. g.
•Vide §486.
 § 572-574] CoNJUGA!J;lON OF V:im:Bs. S53

Par. A.tm.
1~ i(Eq' ~•If 1~ i!_S~ ~
2 l: ri:IDl ~ 2 w: ~mit. ~~"ll
3 t<i:. ii.~ ~: 3~ ~ ~
§ 573. All roots not restricted to any of the preceding
Varieties take this Variety. Consequently it is peculiar to Set
roots ( Vide § 565 ).
§ 574. (a) In the Parasmaipada, the final :radical vowel and
the penultimate :a:rof roots ending in '( o:r ~ and that o:f~ and
~ ~ke their Vrddh!_substitute necessarily; ~-~~; ~-
a:!~ ; q:;;r-31~ , &c.
(b) The penultimate short vowel of a root takes its Gur;ia
substitute; r~-~f~, &c.
(e) V;ddhl is optionally substituted for the penultimate :a:r,
not prosodially long, of roots having an initial consonant and
not endmg in I: or~; q~-~~, -i~-wn~v:i:_-
;wTTIO"\!fl:!;;
3!1TT~.
(d) But the vowel of roots ending in i[, ~, ~, and of the
roots~, "iffl;, oi1'3l,e.t,~ •to cover, to surround,' ~' 'to
break, to pierce,' ,;;ra:,~, 'to ask, to beg,' 'i~ 'to go or move,'
' to chum,' ~ 'to stick or cling to,' ~ and ~ 'to sound
;i-!1[_
or to be diminished,' does not take its V;ddhl substitute.
(e) In the Atmanepada the radical vowel takes its Guna
substitute; ~-~~-
Paradigms.
~-a:mm'7i~ 1 sing. s.rnrmn:
~-:arn'AA~1 sing. :arn'i'R'!!
3 sing. 3 sing.
ij'-afsTTR~ l sing. ~'hi: 'land i:-P. am~ 1 sing.
3 sing. ar.rr;fr<(
3 sing.
'![-aT«T~, ~ 1 sing.
B:, S. G. 23.
 354 SA:i'SKRIT GRA..iDIAR [ § 574-575

;,:"J"-3ffiiTT~-
Par. af•i'!RN,,ij-sr~;;rf.iq;,:1 sing. 3W!'T·
~fo~7,"r
...•Um. 1 sing. "TT'!
3 sing
"'7m~m:-~i:r:2 sing. ~-:;;;;mlllfl'l: l sing. amrii-~
'ff,"!"A -3i'P.fl°ti''l·-w-m~
l sing. 3 mg.
• a:rmc~fi, o:rcrfrt.r~,
&c. jl";,:-si«Rrl!f~, ar<iRr[q1 sing.
~:r:,forr: or <!lq"~i:fr:Par and .A.tm. ( See § 569 ).
2 sing. &c. ~-5-l'oli~'l!<il: 1 sing. ~O:
3 s1ng,

For the optiona,lforms of these :roots see the preoedrngVariety.

Fil-~ Ising, SI~ A.P.
3 sing ~'!_- t ~IW~, Slifl'~
1ii!W:-a:r::;rc~ l sing. sn:rr- 1 sing.
lTUO:3 sing. ~~-aurm-r.. 1 sing. ara-lffo:
~-3ITT~ l sing. aIT.i'r<i: 3 smg.
~ s sing. wi:.-:ii:~llfR~1 sing, ~·hr
~-mr!~'lfl3; 1 sing. ~ 3 sing.
3 sing. ~-si~'?n'q 1 @ing. ~
~-7. P t <liM~l!_ 6. A. 3 sing.
~q- 1 sing. ~-~~' Slel:iitr~ l sing.
~~' a,o1'fuTq., 1 sing. m::-;;mR'ill:_ 1 sing.
~-~l sing. ~T'!. ~-r;z~~l sing.
3 sing. :ITTil:_-o:fi!T~rq"
1 sing. 01:qr~~
~~~ 1 sing. ~,fta: 3 sing
3 sing. ~--,~~ x ,oil!~lq- 1 sing.
~-~, ~ l sing.
Imgular .Aorists of the Filth Form.
§ 575, The roots~'~, m;, ~ and ~ optionally sub-
st:tute if for lf'a'( third person sing. Atm. ),

"'See§ 475.
t Vide § 466. t Vide§ 461.
x Vide p, 249 foot-note t;
also takes 7th Variety,
!bi!:_
 3 570-578 J 00NJUG!.TION OF VERBS. 355

§ 576 Roots of the 8th class ending in "I'..or~ drop their

nas&land substitute optionally mie:and i:'f for the terminations
~r: and. ~E of the 2nd and 3rd person ung. Atm. ;;,~
lengthens its vowel after dropping :;i:.
§ 577. The vowel of ri
takes Vrddhi optionally in the
Pa.rasm. i e optionally takes Gu:i;iasubstitute; also it option-
ally :remains unchanged before ii" ( Vhle § § 4136,518 ).
§ 578. The an of <l.fW is optionally dropped in the Aorist;
consequently it takes the Sixth and the Fifth Varieties.
PARADIGMS.

~
Para,m.
1 an~qi:r_
2
&')
an~r:
..'.t!;~t\
~-~-
~j~fc{sq
i3TT?!l!Wl'.,
.,...
-,.
i) arl!!!1fl<l:. <lfl~
1 an~ <JTT!llll~"ci ~rc!l;{l1
..,..,..
~~,-..
6l"i1lll~
~i'r,..
a:flllllc!tl1'
2 6iluficll:
anu/lr'wr, a:fIIJf<[f: ~l</2
a'Mrr'ij2.J_
SUuiIT~:
<lfifllTili2fll
3 GiMlcITTJ:. au~ ~,;:,,-.,.
8l"l11!!<m!ij_
~,:,:,-..,.
iofllJJ!<!~:
Atm.
l ail~fajq ~~11~
-,,o"
2 aili!ffernr:aii!IJ!1!i;il!l!ij_
3 6TI~Rl2 ati~ij_
~,:,:,-... ,...,
l an~iilr'GI i311Ullcl"'!l~

."
~i::,-.. ♦
2 <lfiift~r: iofl0111Jl,1J-~
3 an~m -,.
SlllJJloiC!i:T
<ITTliJ-~~. a:i~rhfia:, 1'ff'!l'._-3l1'!f[<(l'f; :a:mrf.r.
:a:{i'fTT!i!',
~-an;f.if,t; ~, :a:i:;;-r,r.
tt;Tir,-:a:rc,nf,ffif;
:a:{t!l'fW'e, $1"·
;frt_-:.rn-r'"'m N<e-
1 sing. :a:r{1 t<:(YTQ'.
3li{1Tlf
3 sing. 'l.:-:.:im~,
~mi.:,
si!'l~•
 356 SANSKRIT GR.!.IDU.B. r§ 578-sso
Roots of the 8th Class. Roots of the 8th Class
i!tll!.-~ 1 sing. Par. w!'.~TR~, :a;af.;~ Par.
~~ l sing. Atm. 3ffiT~~ Atm. 1 sing. :a:rn:-
~:, :an.qr:, ~. ara~r:a:il'IR'/!, ~
f?ra-r.,
-an.r
2 & 3 sing. Atm. 2 & 3 sing. Atm
~-a,~ 1 sing. Par.
a;mo'!Nl sing. Atm. ;:r,i:-a.efi!W1 sing ~gr:,
~r·; a:r&, atmr 2 &
'-i~ara-r:,
:.rra:rm:;
a.~, 3 sing.
3!&@'2 & 3 sing. Atm.
~-azq~, ~MN 1 sing. ~~fil',i;;i:, 3'f/.lT,f"i~1 sing.
Par. Atm.~:,~:; Par. a,qf.nq 1 eing, Atm.
,. "-
31~, ~if 2 & 3 sing. ,a:r,rr,,1TI:,~~r; SI~,
Atm. a;,rn- 2 & 3 sing. Atm.
~-~ 1 sing. Par. Sffif.rllftl:
.r-i:-an:rrf.l~, l sing.
~ 1 sing. Atm,
,<
Par. ~m'l',1 sing. Atm.
:mrromr:3iif<ff:; 3tt'!Tllre, a:ref.te-r:,
:a:!ffl>qT:;~'!,
~ 2 & 3 sing. Atm. 01~mi2 & 3 sing. Atm.

(_6 ) THE J3ENl>D!CT!VE { ~:s:).

§ 579. The Pazasmaipada terminations of this mood may
be obtained by prefixing <mi; to those o:f the Imperfect,
a:
dropping its final~ beioze the ti: and of the 2nd and Sid per.
sings.; and the Atmanepada ones by prefixing 13:to the
terminations of the Atm. Potential and also to the a_and i.r_
occurring in them. These, therefore, are:-
Parasm. ltmane.
1-n~ l:j~ <lTi:l'I 1 fflll' ~ ~~
2 <j'f: ~ ;qi~ 2 mm: ~!~ m~
3~ <11'~ ;:rig: 3 '912 <:]{<ff~ ,fa:.:r.,
(a) Parasmaipada.
§ 580.The Par. terminations are weak and therefore occasioa
 § 580-587] OoNJUGA.TION OF VERllS, 357

no G111taor V rdd.hi change in the root. .All roots reject the

:i,ngment f.

§ 581. The final ~ or :go ia lengthened; final 5li' short is

i;hangad to 11', changed to ~ or to a;,: when preceded
and final =lt"
by a labial or ei:_before the Par. terminations of the Benedictive,
and the 1l"of the Passive; ni--:i'f<l'~, ~-l:q_lrn!_, ~-1~11!:,
:;i;--,€....k
e rr-~n
~.,p.,__,
e: i=,.,
&c .... '

§ 582. Fmal 'it" preceded by a conjunct consonant and the

root 5li' are changed to Gui;ia under the same circumstances;
~~,51i'-3'(1:lllJ:,
§ 583 Roots capable of taking Samprasarai;ia tak<1it. ~
substitutes ~ :for its vowel.

§ 584, .A penultimate nasal is generally dropped. Some of

the roots dropping their nasal thus are·-s;Silf,~, ~' ~'
~) l:~, ~11:., ~, ~~, ~q;..~, ~) t~, <!'-~, ~'
~l'l'f, ~~- i~, ffll:and~~.
§ 585. ~, m and roots assuming these forms, m, ~'!:ff, '¼i-,
1if, 'to drink', iIT,'to abandon' and m,change their final to tr,
Final arr( original or substituted ; see § 459 ), if it bs preceded
by a conjunct consonant, is changed to q: optionally : ~-~t<I.,
::rr-~, ~-J(l:l'r<r,~r-i~ra;, ,orr<lra;&c; but G'i to
'protect, 11"f<l'@:.
Atmanepada,
§ 586, (a) ~ is prefixed to the terminations after Set roots
and optionally a:fter Wet ones.
(b) Roots ending in 'it" preceded by a conjunct consonant, the
,root ~ and roots ending in ~ admit of i optionally.
§ 587, The Atm. terminations, are strong. Before the!e
radical vowel takes its Gni;ia substitute, but when the inter~
 358 ( § 587

mediate wi3 not prefixed to the termination., the fini,l =It"

1emains ui:cl:mngcdand 'Jiltis changed to in:, or to IS''!::
if a labial
~-~R'fra."1!°-linITTl\l!,
or '!._precedes,fi;r-,;;qr,!, ~--.Yl'l"le, or
i:- cy~tfrl!:or ttif'e,&c.
-ffiT'!iT~.

Paradigms.
fa.'.
Par. .Atm.
1 ~fijll "lll:[f~ "'!!</Tt;i'l 1 ~'Wl' "' r-.
'ql51{9J1l: ~Tli~
2 '<ft,rr: :.rt<l~ll '<!~ 2~m: ~l<l'f~l<{q_ i;lqr~
3~ '<l~TTI,~rg: 3 'iWf!! ~am:_ ~
A.

~P.A
1 ~l.'l+l ~R;q ~ 1 <ilm m~ 01f~ .rr%~
2~: l"l1~i:r. ~~ 2 m'¾'lm:
"11~ +ll~~ci-~
3--~~ ~~lll:_~: 3 fflQ. .-ii%1ll~+l +ll'ilqR-i
,._
~- P.A.
ll~ fil;~ fil;lri~ 1 ~<[ ~l 'li'IT11~
2fil;-rl; fil;lITW{_l~lm 2 ~1'21: W{l~ ~lrl
3~ 1%<!ffillll~: 3~ ~('!TTI_ iif-(!'{'1_

~Par. ~ Par.
1 ~li<flt!ll~l:<l• ~;:r• 1 af<i!!JIJ_ Wir~ a:f1/l~ •
2 ;wrr: ~wn~ • •
~I~ 2 af<f{: ~
af'!l1!iuq_
• 3 af'!lff( 81<1~
3~1!:_ tl'!l:!l@TIJ:.~11.;rg: ' ~:
"
~q A.
1 ~~ ~(lffl~ ~1(4111~1 ~
 § 587-589 J CONJUGATION OF VERBS. 359

2 @~tft2r: ~.l'if~qj;;i~ii:. 2 wn2r: ~<I!f41li

,;1:!RCfr«:!ll:.-fl ~~«l+f·§ll.
3 ~R!!l2 ~GR!TT<!TT~fill=!_
ffiR"TR•l3 ~ 1fri! ~ri:r~lll:. !iQ~
Conjugate ,E~ Par. like~~
1 sing
~R:Srf<f,
~<t-~ffi<[ll;!ll:., ~cllll!l<l"efll-'3tliT'f!ij_,i:RTT<l
I'.' '"'"
!-'ll!l~, ~f<[
,f'
i:il{l'ff<T, <!FJ_-~r~, <!ijr:f
<{!-~<TT~,<tffif<l" ey-~<!Rli'./,_,
e!lef!<l"
m-~•rm~, <1IB1;r ~ -<Jl<TTB+J:_,
O<!Hi!Flf
m- ~i-~-<!l~, m€ri:r i-[<!fijl=!_,~[ffl
q~~ !:!@~
W.._-QWm:I_,
~-EC<!Jml W-{-~~
~~~ ~-WllJml
~~-~,~aJ\11",~~Tu- m-w~
~-~~, <!a_l[<l" ~~Ill
Irregular Benedictives.
~ (' ...,.,.,.:, r,
§ 588 !£' to.JS>•-~tr~; but shortens its&" a:ftera prepo-
sition 1 '!ff~~;· Atm· ~T<l'- ~ also, when joined with
prepositions. ahortens ita a;' before weak terminations beginning
with l/l:i'Ei6t;ll<:i:S:,

SECTIONII.

THE PASSIVE
§ 589. Every root in every one of the ten conjugational
classes may take a Passive form conjugated hke an Atmanepadi
root of the 4th Class -1:,
* The only difference is in the accent; in the Passive it falls
on ;;r,whereas m tbe case of the primitive verbs of the 4th clas2 1
Atm,, it falls on the radical syllable.
 360 SANSKBIT G:&Am.tA.B [ § 590-592

§ 590. There are three kinds of Passive Verbs:-( 1) the

Passive properly so called ( morsro ), as millr l(.q' ;fl.ra;
( 2 ) an ImpersonalPassive. ( ~ 110), as itRl'ff' it is gone; '
and ( 3 ) a Refiextve ( ;;mm q-o ), as smr-r: '
~ rice
is cooked '
00NJUGA.'.CIONAL TENSES.

§ 591. Formation of base:-

( a ) ~ is added to the root, which is weak i. 6, no Gnna or
Vrddhi substitute takes place before it; ;:fr-;fllf, n'r1:-m.
( o) Before q- roots undergo the same changes as they do
before the Par. terminations of the l3enediotive; ~-'!ffN, if;-
'@N, ~-~, qr-sit,f-ffl, '{-~, iF-1i_-~, ( but ~-
~ ), ~-~, ~-~, &o.
( c) The final au(original or substituted) of u '
to give, '
~. ~, ~, ~, irr, ~. qr' to drink, ' m
and g-r 'to abandon, ' is
t;
ehanged to in other cases i1; remains unchanged; u
and ~-
~. ~-tfi1r,n- ffl; but U • to cut, to purify m-
'-l{N,
~, W-iQ'Ttl".
§ 592, The passive b&seis conjugated like a root of the 4th
elass in the A tm.; e. g.
" It might even be suspected, that the occasion&!assumption of
an Intransitive signification and a. Parasmaipada inflexion by a
pBS!liveverb, was the ca118ewhich gave rise to a 4th class of Primi-
tive verbs as distinct from the Passive. Instances are certainly
fonnd of passive verbs taking Parasmaipada terminations, and some
passive verbs (e.g. jy6yate, ' he is born, ' fr. Jan; p-A-ryate, ' he is
filled, ' fr. p,:.; and tapyate I he is heated, ' fr. tap ) are regard•
ed by native grammarians as Atmane. verbs of cl. 4. Again,
many roots appear in class 4 as Intransitive verbs, which also
appear in some one of the other nine as Transitive. For example,
yuj, 'to join ' when used in a Transitive sense, is conJugated
either in cl. 7, or in the Causal; when in an Intransitive, in ol.
4, So also push,' to nourish,' kshubh, 1 to agitate;' Klish I to vex';
81dh,' to accomplish. '
Monier Williams.
§ 592] CONJUGATION OF VERBS. 861

~ 'to be'
Present.
~~
+I~~
~a
Imperfect.
1 etw.l" il'fil:fll:l~
2~'lfl:
"' ~~411l
3~ et•tiitmi:1.
Imperatz've.
l 'l1f
2~ ,~
+P-TTcf~
"'
3 ~11"<:ili:J;_ ~arq_
"
~ll!&:
<i'-T~
i<F<:lfll
Potential.
1~ ~c!~
2 <J_~r: ~rq_
3 ~l'@ ~~i:rrari:r,
~Present.
~l:flc!~
~~~
~~
Imperfect.
l i:l'f~~~ a:f~l:ff~
2 et~'«l'~r: a:r~~~
3 er~~<m a:r~,~<ll.:J:.
 36:: S.u.SKRIT G:&!l.!llUR. ( § 592-594

Imperative.
1~ ~
..
['<IT~
2~ ~~l+I_ ~li!+I_
3 ~l@lij_ ~ffill ~~rq_
Potential.
1~ ~ ~i:rrl
2~~: ~~ ~~
3~ ~~ ~'c,;jvi_
§ 593. (a) The roots~, ~, ~, and ~;s:, optionally
drop their~ and at the s&me time lengthen their er;l<A:-
~. ffllffi', &c.
( o) it 'to lie down' and N form their basesas ~ and ~.
(") :3ilshortens its~ when a preposition is prefixed to it,
( i!.) WT,;irir and ffl drop their final vowel before Q',
( e ) li[ and ~ substitute ~ and 1l for themselves;~ and
II'"-':abo substitute SI\ and .fr respectively.
§ 594. To assist the student, the 3rd sings. pre. of som&
roots, regular and irregular, are given below.
Roots. 3 sing. Roots. 3 sing.
ffl m-re ir
....
~
;;.rr ;;fr.re ;;r ~
,u I. P. 3. U. a:'l;re °'
~ ~
...
~2.P. ~ ~ ~o
m <ll<f~ ff $fcr
qr ' to drink, q'r,rn q '1Rl'6'
qr ' to protect' ~ <U ~
irr ~ij" ~ ~')-re
 § 594] OoNJGGATION OF V EBBS. 368·

Roots. 3 sing. Roots. 3 sing.

~P. ~ c1, ~er
" ~
~ A. zyi-~ ;i{':J'

:;;fi.r) ' ~~11

T~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~~~
m ~ fare~ fer~, 1~121~
ir #I<@ ~ ~
~'r ~ <Rf
..... ~
~ ~ till!_ qo.re
q11jfl2ffl,
51; al<@ ~ ~a.~
ii A ~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~
~d ~ ~a'
'
~
<Ii
E
~
<€14a
~

~
'
~
~
~ ~~ ~ R,R
'~ ~ ;;i-,r. ~er
:srr-re,
wr.. R,~ ~ ~ij
q,i:_ qilll2ffi,
~ ~ ' to dress' ~
~'l ~'-Rl,i!T~~ ~ ~
cf'l ~ ~ mfl
ffi__ ~ ~~ l?I'~
~ ~,~ft ~ cf~~
~ ~~ ~ ~
~'l ~~ ~ Wei
~ :am i3ii!_With~-
&c. &c. &c. &c.
 SANSKRIT GRAll!YAR, ( § 595-596

:"i°ON-COXJUGA!IONAL TENSES A.ND Moons.

( 1 ) The Perfect.
§ 595. (a) The Rednplicative Perfect of a root in the
Passive is formed in the ordinary way, every root being consi-
dere~ Atmanepi:_di: <fr-1'1~~;"i_-<I'~~; f.r.:~=f;:r~; S;~-
~; :rn,:-:;m:r;&c.
( b ) The Periphrastic Perfect of the Passive does not differ
from that o:fthe Active, except in that the Auxiliary verbs take
Atmanepadi terminations necessarily, f21-f~, h:rhr~,
~; q;-~~-~, ~ &c. --..
( 2, 3 ) The two Futures, ( 4 ) the Conditional and
( 5 ) the Bendedictive.
§ 596, ( a) The forms of the two Futures, Conditional
and the Benedictive of the Passive are made up in the same
way as those of the Active, every root being supposed Atmane-
padi; ~-~, ~, ~~, ~; ~-~, trr~il',
'"'fa"R,il-;
&c.
( b ) Roots ending in a vowel* and the roots ~, ~, and
~ optionally form the two Futures, the Oonditional and the
Benedicti ve of the Passive by changing their vowel to V ;ddhl
and appending the Atmanepada termination of those tenses
with If prefixed to them invariably ; in the case of roots ending
in SiT ( and In i;r, it and air changeable to su) ~ is inserted
between the root and this ll'.;\\"T-~, \\"ra-ft;i:fll~, ~;
~, ~; \\"T~q; ~; and similarly ~-§rftra-rt,
~; &c. .ft'-~ml, il'ffil; ;:rr~, ~; ar.rrr'il"~,s.~;
.rrml'l',~; ~-;m1icrTt, t ~ft ~tt, wf.r.i:t;a:t'cfrf.\'tjr,
~qt;~, ;.rr~, 1 eing.; !ll:-mmm-, ;rt'@\l";~,
~~~. 3i>!{r~; !ITT~,
'ii(f6?.i"; ~~ &c. rn_-\\"1'1@-Tt
m: ~ttt, lra'if: ~' ~~; cf~, ll~, &c.
i" <!.and 'I[ take V rd dhi in this case tb.ough it 1s usually

:forbiddenwith them; see § 463; ~ takes Gul}a only.

t The .i:._of ~ is changed to st:immediately before ;,: and before
an a.ffixcontaining a mute 53:. i. 6. ii- of the Passive, &c.
or or_,
 § 597] 00NJ1JGAXION OF VERBS. 365

(6) The Aorist.

§ 597. (a) The Passive of the Aorist of roots belonging to
the 4th, 5th and 7th Varieties, is made up similarly by append-
1/li'-
ing the Atmanepada terminations to the base; 'l'J:,--3'!'11-f~Tli;
~T'i; \TT•:amTI'fi
~-:stllfu-;~-:stfttr~; 1~-:stftfi/1',&c.
(b) Roots belonging to the first, eecond, third and sixth
Varieties take the fourth, :fifth or seventh V anety in the Passive,
in accordance with the general rules; ~'lff-~ffl 1 sing.; ~-
~; ~-~f'I'; TTil'-Sl~~; !-Sl;TT~; ~a:r,rr~, &c.
(c) The third per. su1g. of the Aorist Passive of all roots is
:formed by adding t:-
(1) Before this ![ the penultimate ( prosodially) short vowel
takes its Gu"9-asubstitute and penultimate :at except that of :;r,i::
and oi Set roots ending in ~ except ~ with :s:rr, <Sil, and i!fl:J:_,
and the final vowel take their V,ddhi substitute; ~-:st~~;
but ~-o'fMl~; g{-3ffl~; 'S'l;~clffiq'; 'l'(-S{ol~; t'fe't-
3T'mi; but ~~; ~-~; but ~-~; &c. 'i:111'.
with m-m:;;rnil-; ~-3f<!m;i', &c. .fr-~; ~-3ffim~;
~-~~; if or ,s-~TR.
(2) Roots ending in m original or substituted ( i. e. of roots
in q-,~' m) :.t-~;
insert~ before this ~; <!il'-ar,nrq-; ~-
~;~-~,&c.
(3) ~, ~ and •~ insert a nasal before their final consonant,
so that their penultimate Sl' cannot take GuJ.la or V,ddhi
substitute; affii"<T,
Sfffi';;r, ~;r.
(4) ~ without a preposition does the same optionally and,
with a preposition necessarily; ~~It, ~; but IIT<i!'~.
(5) ~ •to break' forms a:r~~ or~; ~;;i:-~ and
:ormfir
in the sense of 'to observe ( 10 A. ).'
(6) ~ takes Vrddhi; ~ lengthens its vowel; m.r~, '3!3tfi.
(7) t 'to go' has ~N; with '3\'NA., '3\'•!fl'N
or 31,1,.~nii'.
 366 SANSKRIT G:aA.:IL'uAR, [ § 597-598

(d) The roe;ts at§ 461 will have two forms; ~q-a:i;rrrr'cr,
:al!Ti~
-
imq-,r~-~<1r,.~,
- r,.. -
atror~n«-
r,., - &c.; ~-mn;~ or ,a,rrm'!f
,-r,."
"0 ,rng.
,.,•

(e) § 596 (3) holds good in the Passive Aorist except in

the 3rd s,ng.; the optional forms must be made up by append-
rng the Atm terminations of the 5th Variety as the roots
necessarily take if; tff-:,rf~fii, ~~; ;ft-ef.ti'q-, ~rfih°q';
~-~~R', &T;f;T~l'il; ~-:.lm«, ~; at<rNR; 1 sing; ~f[-
~' amn'ifq- 1 sing. &c.
§ 598. Roots of the tenth Olass-
(a) The sr,r (i.e. ~ with the fu:u1,l
:a'{ dropped) is optionally
dropped in the General Tenses, except the Perfect. The Aorist
forms, except that of the 3rd @ing., are made up by adding the
terminations of the Fifth Form; g{ 1 sing. "iliR:'Q'm-o:rwt,
Per£; ~~ '!iTRtTI~,
:q'"),:<11¥41-Ei 1st Fu. ~~~, ~R&q'
2nd Fu.; :al'!l~q', ~~' .A.or. ..fl,f.pfrq, '<il'TRffl
Ben.
(b) Roots which do not lengthen thier penultimate '31'( see
·also § 603 ) lengthen H optionally in the general Tenses of the
.Passive, except in Perf., when B'l'lf.is dropped; ~-~fq-fi;,
-.S,${%11'!;
Aor. 1 sing., &c.
(c) The 3 per. sing. of the Pass. Aorist is formed by drop-
pi.JJg~ nooessarily and adding t; ,;;rmr-~r\-~IR; 1.f1;r-
~,... ,.._& ,-... ,......
A • --...
~1~; la-lSi!fm:, -c.; ~-aRT~, :atUTg-,,_or.3 smg ; ~ir-aro-';r,
a:rufirAorist, 3rd sing. &c.
P.!.ll.ADIGMS.

~~ l P. 'to know.'
Pe1fect. 1st Future.
l ~2/ ~~~ ~~~~ 1 ifflEffil~iffl~T~ ~!Ni:IT~ll:
2~1rti ~qr~ ~I~~ 2 iffl~ffi~~:,;, ... iffi~l~--~
3~ ,~"'
f!~~ ~~{ 3 irn1@1 ol!Tl:Til!U ~N<:iR::
 598-599) O0NJUGA.TI0N OJ!' VERBS, 867

2nd Future.
1~~ ~<!T~ it~
2 ijfNo!!~ irfu~4' ~~~
3iij'J~ ~r~Glla ~N~~
Gonditoinal.
1 ~!I~~ afiffl~~ stiffl~a:j~
2 ~~= ar~~~ a{,j\'feT6<j'cqlJ,_
3~- ~~Ill ~~
Aorist.
1 arofmq eroJ~ ~!&I~
2 stij)f&lm: ~~ ~~I{.
3 8tlTIN ~ ~
Benedictive.
1 ~f.lql~ ITIN'frcul ;;fu~~
2 ~=
''"' ~ -il,~~ iiTII~~
3~ <R~lm~ iltlffl-l
N. B. The Passive forms of roots of the tenth claas do not
differ from the Passive forms of Oausals for which see the form.a
of n cau. Pass. given in the next section.
SECTIONIII.

DERIVATIVE VERBS ( sr~~: )

--- · " a'nd' • -· .. -~
TREIB O0NJ'UGATION,
§ 599. The Derivative Verbs are divided into four classes:-
( 1) Oausals or Nijantas ( fim:r.a-:
); ( 2 ) Deslderatives or
Sannantas ( ~ff ); ( 3 ) Frequentati ves or Yanautaa ( ff•ff' );

·-
368 [ § 599-603

and ( 4) Danolllinatives or m.madhatus ( ;;fr.r.rli'iq":). The

formation and the conjugation of these will be given in the
present secti.on.
I O¾:JM.LS.
§ 600. Any root belonging to any one of the Conjugational
classes may have causal form which is conjugated like a root
of the Tenth class.
§ 601, Tha Causal oi a root implies that a person or a
thing causes or makes another person o:r thing to pe:rfoxm the
action, or to be in the condition, denoted by the root. It is
also employed, sometimes, to con!ert ~~ intransitive verb into
a transitive one.
( a ) Formation 0£ the Causal Base.
§ 602, The Oai:wi).Base of a root is formed like that of a
:root o:f the Tenth class. In the case of root3 of the Tenth
class the causal form is identical with tbce,,J>rimitive. The
Causal form tak!)~either ;pada. Thus #01!1 ~ comes the causal
base <fl"Wl', <ff'<l<1m·ff
' he causes to know '; g'l;(_-~@' he
shikes or agttates,' :irur--illl~' he causes to count, ' ;:fr~
'he makes another lead or carry'; ~ 'to do' and a; to
~ s
scatter~'!"@'' he causes to do or scatter '~-c€rr/'m%, &c.
§ ~03. Eoot~,Jndi_ng)n aw:_,except ~ 'to go' &c., ~
'to love/ ~ •to eat,' ~- when it means ' to see' and '!I'!!_when
it does not mean'to eat,' and the rootsff marked with an indica-
i. e. their :'~~l.takes its G_i;u;ia
do nc>tc?ange.theirv,:11wel;
tor;,-i:r.._
sub;!itute; ~-mf<mf, ~~, "11'[_-'<ra<nff, ~-sr.rtmi',
* Theae are:-~, J:l'I.,111:(, 'to spread,' ~ 'to pound,'
ii1!;:t_,
~ 1 A. 'to destroy, to cut,' ~ 1 A. • to go,'~~, ;i;i;i:I A.
'to pity,' <i>~, ~"ii; 1 A., <91:,_, ~' lflf, 1 Par. 'to distil/ ~1{.' to
surround,''¼_, ~' to speak,' ~• to dance/ ~ 1 P. 'to resist,'
~ 1. P. •to shine,' ~P. 'to laugh,' ~P. ;o doubt/ ~ir_P.
•toclingto',~,~,'!:i'l:., ~,all meaning 'to cover,' ""1l',~ ,a:fll:,
8 to movein a zigzag manner,'~.<:!!( ~or..,
P. 'to go,' "IOI.., llfllI.,
 § 603-606] CONJUGATION OF VERBS,

~-e~; ,-~'if; "lll'"'~, ;;n"-'--.,~, &c.

but~-~; '<:!'~-~, ~ 'to see' ~Ta"; but~
in other cases; ~-.:rm;rrn, &c.; but i;r~ ' to eat'~.
( a ) The roots <ff!'.,.r,.;:,~, ~, ij?.i'., and R, lengthen
their vowel optionally when not preceded by a preposition; .rmml',
~. but ,r~, &c.
§ 604. Roots ending in arr( irr,it or 311'changeable to 311";see
§ 459 ) and the roots~' !ft 'to be ashamed,' ir' to go,'
to go,'
( 9 cl. ), •to flow' ( 4. cl. A. ) and ecfr' to choose, to go/ insert
the augment ~ before 'ill<!'and their vowel takes Gnr;iasubstitute;
~ff fr.~.~ or <fr;'
'\TN'~ fr.~;~ fr. ;I-,&o. !i"-'ill~-
__ei!_ ~"":.. ...._ - ,., ~ ,...,
<ffl'f;(f-wcrtrra,u- .."<l'ii'I',
f" ..... ,....
~-oii!q'lTii!f.

§ 605, (a) fir 'to throw,' m'to destroy,'

,fr 'to perish,'~ to
tonqner,' and .fr 'to buy,' also insert ,;t, but.after changing their
final vowel t~ SIT; ;rmr%, ,iiqiii-~:
~'@. ~m'ffl'. , ·
( b) The roots ~' s;rror ~ 'to cook' and m ( mit. ), shorten
their vowel necessarily, and~ and lifT optlonally, before the
iuerted ~ when not pr€cedad by prepositions; ~ll'ffl, &c.~,
( ~ i~'io slay!; ~ ~ &e.); but mti<mi", ~.
t~; ~,ff,~~; but i:m;imfrr,~'fl.Hff only.
§ 606. zjt 'to pare, to sharpen, ' m 'to cut,' ~ 1to finish,' l
P.' to give,,~'~• iSti:_~!!_,all P. and meaning' to injure,'
1~ kill,' :;;r,r,'to kill,' ,r~, P. 'to honour,'~' 'to shine,'~~,
~, ' to shll>ke,''to move,' ~, a-I P., 1 to fear,' ~ •to guide,' ~
•to cook, to boii,' ;in' 'to kill, t;
gratify, to sharpen, to manifest,
~• ~, 'to Ii ve or to be' (~!;;rl'@ in other senses),~ •to sport,
to loll the tongue,' :it~ ' to be poor, to reduce,' 1:;~, ~~. :;;~ ;;r,
lili~ •to be crooked, to shine/ 'i:'1il.,.:ti:,
~, ~,and 11itll'~1 P. •to go.'
11eSee § 6-05(b).

lI. f!, G. 24
 370 [ § 606-610

'to eall,' cij- 'to cover,'~ 'to weave,' t 'to waste away,' and 1:11'
'to drink' insert 1l.instead of '!, ~ll'f, '1:l'TW!ff,
~, icmr-
~, &o
(a) q-r• to protect' and li' when it means •to shake,' in.se:i:t<:!:.
and ~ respectivelybefore ~q-; qr~ 'he protects,' ~ 'he
abakes.'
§ 601. T~e.t~PJ!!_::Ul!_,
~' ~, and~ insert a nasal before
their final; ~-a-,
:.:"~
,,
~.r.mr-a-,
&c.
§ 608. The roots '!N,,, ~,I!':!:.,~'~, and~ have two
:forms in the causal; ~-a-, ~fer-a-, ~-
;rrqnrq-ra-a-;
~fa--W;
&c.
§ 609. ;fr.if,ffi and ~mdrop their final vowel before~;
°il"~-a-,~~lia'l"a"-a-.
~f'INffl"-a', ,
§ 610 The following :rootsform their Oan~~l ba.se an_ema-
lously:-
:r 'to go'- ~, with atN'to remember.1-
~•!J.t<!@,-' to study' ~ff.
with srrn-~Mil~.
<Flor ~ •to smmd,' &e. ~ 'he causes to sound. •
~•to tremble' ll~ffi ,, ,, ,, tremble.
~ 'to conceal' ~i ,, ,, ,, conceal.
f.i 5 cl. 'to colleot' ~-ft ;;;r~-~,, eoUeet.
,. 10 cl
~'to awake
~--a-~-a-
~ he rou!el
" "
~-•to sin, to be ~%-4i"he cames to sin,
unchaste' but ~!t-1:r, ,rrffl~-4r
in
the senseo:f' he corrn.ptsor
makes depraved.'
'Ii 'to shake' ~iml'-5'he causes to shake.
~ 'to please' !frUN@,, ,, ,, please.
'Ill' 'to fear.'- ~-iii" he :frightens with.
~11', im~ he in.spiresfear.
 § 610-611] OoNroGA.TION OF VEB:BS. 371

~•to fry'-fflffl·a', ~fit-et he causes to fry.

t'S,(-'to wipe'~.
~to dye•-~ he dyes or paints: also in the sense of
cf. ~ ;rt;:r ~-
•he pr_!!.Pitiatesor BJJ,tialies':
'llffl'Bh. Ni Sa..s. But~ only, in the
sense of 'he hunts deer'; (Vide Kir. VI. 84).
q-'to grow'-~:ft', ~-a he plants or cause,to grow.
tir-'to take' and }
81'-'to embrace,'
~-a-, 1~wNflld•'tt;and~,
~ ln the eense of ' melting an ·
•toadhere' unotuous substance •
V ~t~ blow'~ he o&USesto blow or move.
~ he shakes.
'mito smile' i'il~IQQn\
he causes a sm'le by, or astonishes
or frightnes by. f.lmm~ he astonishes.
,fr- qJ'qV@',~ he causes to conceive;
~-~ in other senses.
~ 'to fall'~ he causes to fall, cuts down.
~ he cause■ to go.
~ he accomplishes or prepares.
'ffl1/l.
'tobe { ~ he makes perfect, &c. with reference
accomplished' to sacr:id rites or things only; as ~ ~
aq-:&o.
~•to 1well'--m1Nrif, he causesto swell.
~i:-'to tremble; to shine forth.'~-~ he causes
to tremble or shine
~ 'to strike or kilP-~ he causes to strike, &c.
(b) Oonjuga~on.of the 0.11;0,,1,t1,l
Baee.
§ 611. The Oausa.lbase is conjugated like the base of a root
-of the 10th or Ohur&diclass in all the ten Tenses and Moodsof
 372 [ § 611-612

the Parasmaipad11, the .A.tmanepada and the Pas.sive. The a,t~

with the final a:rdropped is retained, as remarked before, in
the General Tenses, except the Aorist and the Benedicti ve, !l.lld
ia dropped before the ll" of the Passive. The formation of the
.Aorist of cansals has been folly explained along with that of the
roots of the Tenth class, at § 548-556.
§ 6Ul. Paradigms of all the Tenses and Moods in the Par.
Atm. and Pass. of ~. Causal base ~-
Special Tenses.
Present.
Par. Atm.
1~ "
~: iileimt!: 1 <ffl,f¾'~ ~~
2~ ~: ~N<N 2~ ~ii' of!'«~
3~ ~: ~ci<1f"~3~ ~cr ilf~-a
Imperfect,
P.
l~NWi ~<Fil+{
2 <3-t~<Fi: Sl<!fc"l<l'c!ij'_ a,~
s~ ~ a{~

A.
1~ <>!<TI'~
2~:
3 ~e/<@ ar-il!:l"~~r.:r, ~
P. Imperative. A.
1 Mf<i ~ol'lIT<i ~~ lo!I'~ ~ ~
200 il<l<R!ll<U~ci 2ii!l:lffl ffl\llil:_ iij"~
3~ ~~ i3ij'~if~JB_ ~~
 §'612] OoNJUGA~!ON OF VERBS. 373

P. Potential. A.
1 i!l'ffl~ ;ii~ ;it~ lsn~ ,ir~ ,rr~
.2 oir~: <IT~~ 2-il~: <ijffl~ ~
3~~1l: ill~,~ il!]~: 3 ~cTik!<f!ffli'!f+!.<U'~
GeneralTenses.
Perfeet.
Par.
J. i!l~-:;m: * <If~ i/rcFIT~
2 ~~~ ~cl<!~: irr~i~
3 <TT'<FiR1liR ~~g: ~:
Atm.
1~~* eyfcf<j~ ~fflii~
2~ ~r~'i:i ir-m~
3 <if~~i~ ifl~<IT"I~ <Wffl~
1st Future.

1~•~
2~!%
Par.
~91~:
~1'[~~:
~~:
ill~
3 iijf'c!l~fil ... "' "
<lf.-rrreRT ~!i@ri.m::
Atm.
~ ••f~~ ~~~
ifr.ffemt~
i/l'c!mcTT'BTit
~Pii:lm ifrEr~:
2nd Future.
Parasm
~!W1~11Te!:
 l § 61~

2 ;it"!'!~~ ~:
3.iN~ ~~QR!:
Atm.
1~ ~~
2~ .ii'rc:ri¾~4"
3 ~q'~Slld ~~
Conditional.
Par.
1~ ~~
.Atm.
1~ ~qfu ~il"~~, &c.
Par. Aorist. Atm.
1 ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ ~~ ~l.n~
2~: ~8'1~ 2~m:~~~~
3~ ~ ~ 3 ~ a:r;,_~iirelq_
~"Q
Benedictive.
Pa:rasm.
1~ ;i)~ ~~
2~: ~~ll
...
iill"<IT~
3~~ ~~i:J.. ~'il!Tg:
Atm.
1~ ~91~ ~~
2~: ~~q'l~ i!l~W{
3~~ ~~~ ~
Passive.
Present Imperfect
1~ ~ ~ 1 a,;:il>~ a,.;il~ 8Nf'c<flil~
2~~~ ~ 2 ~: a,.i~ ~~
3~ ~ ~~ 3<>!~~ ~~~ ef~«Rt
 § 612] QONSUGATION OF VERBS. 375

Imperative. Potential
1~ ~~rem
~"'-IT~ 1 ir,~ q{i:44~ q)~
2 ~~ <ll"'1"7!+l ~l'<l'"!ll 2~r~: .irt•q~ -il~,;;p:r
3 ~ ,i\s~'l ~'l'c<R!T,{_ 3 ;it·,~ <ii~
<iji'Uf<IIB!+!_

Perfect.
1~-ffi ~l~~ ~~-<!~'ii~
'
~~' "' ~~ ~~
2 ilf\,i,!jf"'l~-q~¥f ~~N" ~~if~-t
ii'l•P-ll•lliflq ~,mrr~ ilN<!HlTT~
3 ~~-<!~ ~~~lfi" ~-mfc«
~~ ~~ ~'ffl:
1st Future.
l~m~, i/r<i~, ~~,
~1 i/rN'i:!~ <ijJ~
2~. ~1@p;nq, i/~it,
~ ~ ~Nell~
.., ~ ,.,
3~~, •llifP.R!l{!, iiU~~,
~ ~'?rnlu ;u1~
2nd Future.
1 on~, ~~, ~,!j[~,

~~ i/r~ ~Qfl.:1;
2 <fMT'il'51:!~, 0triit,
i/r<111J i/rerr1!~~,
~ in~ i/r~
3 ~er, ~p;f~, ~~~,
~ ~~ it~
 SA.NSDIT G:aA.:l!Ot.UI. [ § 612-613

Conditional.
1 ar<rron~a,i\qf~E<ITiUi at~lif!1i•<!l>ll&
il1'oill'4"~ er~~:rr~ i3fc'lrr~~•r'rr;:
2 e,;rr~:ir4T: 6iitt\:f[</~[B, <$!r$<T•:iro1l.:r_
~IT~<W sll'iffl~41+l i31'<1TlBIC<!~<lJ:J:
38!~~ e,"~\:j~- 6i~<!Ff•lfl'(
~~er 6ft!IT~1rari:r_~J!efQ:f,cf
Benedictive.
1 ~lmWr<r, ~c11~;.lr1f!1, ~m~~
.it1~1<[ a11f~'Wl~ if!IEl1fl<11l
2 ~~'Sf:, ~~~q_, ircT1~~<1i:t~
~f.riim: ~r•~,i:r_ cTIT~1~
3 ~il'fir/;12, iilef~i:r_. ~41~1:fR;:i:_
iTTl~ if!~@lij_ ~
Aorist.
lat~, ~~f46E4~, <Jlijl\ifl~~,
ar<ffiffi iiii/l~~ 6i<ITT?i
6l'l~

2 ~r,wtw:, oft!l'cil~"!Tl!. ,of<!fcf!lf':c/ll:.·~

~iimi: ~~ eriilM~ifll:.
3<ll~ er.ni,,f~qrmi:r.,ill'<!Tli!f~IS!cf,
of<i'TT>~ '3l"iilfc'!'m
For the various irregularities, &c. see the third Variety

11. DESIDERATIVES.
§ 613. Any primitive ;oot of
the ten classes, as well a
any causal base, may optionally%take a Desiderative form.

""Or the notion of desire may be conveyed by means of a

sentence; i. e.~~ or qfdg;fZ-,,0@
~hewishes to read,' &e.
 § 613-616] 00NJUGA'l'ION OF VEBBS. 877

which, like the causal base, ie conjugated in all the ten Tenses
and Moods of three voices.
§ 614 The Desiderative expresses the notion that a person
or thing wishes ( or 1s about ) to perform the action, or to be
in the condition denoted by the root or the desiderative base;
•ritlft~'a°' he wishes to study ' from ~; mfir ' he is about
to die ' fr. ir; &e.
615. There are a few primitive roots, which, though they
take a Desiderative form, do dot convey a desiderative sense
( See§ 396 ). As these are looked upon as primitive roots,
new Desiderative bases may be derived :from them according
to the rules given below; aa ~~~q-a-'he wishes to censure'
from~&c.
§ 616. The Desiderative base is formed by reduplicating the
root or base according to the general rules of reduplication
given at § 444-449 and § 649 (a) (b),and by adding~ ( which
mny by changed to 1; according to the rules of Sandhi ) to it.
The :at of the rednplicative syllable is changed to ti , g. If"'<"
~firq_+~=~ by the following rule.
N. B. The~ of a primitive root is not changed to ia:when
the characteristic ~ is changed to ia:; ~-~, ~-ffll~
•( <i+'( ); ~-~; Q:.-ftia:;but ~~-@ffl!;; ~ cau. of
~~;~,however, forms i!;!;'i@.

Note:-(1) A root takes a Desiderative form only when the

agent of the wish and of the action expressed by the root is the
same; eo ~r: ~ mi"~fcr ~ and not f~; also the
sense of the root must be the object of the wub: ;n:r,l'if l~
cannot, therefore, be equal tommm-
N ote:-(2) Though the Desiderative form of a root is not
to be found often used in clamcal language in its character of
a verb, yet nominal and partic1pal denvatives from it aze not
uncommonly to be met with,
878 SANSKRIT G&A:MMAR [ § 617-61S

§ 617. To this .;:_the augment t is to be prenxed after Se'.

:roots, optionally after Wet ones and not after those that are-
.Anit, subject to the following exceptions:-
(1) Roots ending in ::g-or a:;, Sit and~ ehort 1 and the roote
~and~ do not take t; !Vii-iii:;Vide § 618. ( d )i '!{-~, &c.
ExGeptione:-ll!t 'to go,' i A. 'to respect,'~ 6 A. 'to hold/'
a::idi. A. 'to pmi:fy,' admit of { ( see also 4 below)

(2) m:r,
a:;~, Sf~, ;s;~ take t neoe!sarily.
(3) l(Q_,~,, ~~, ~~ and ~ do not admit o1 l[ in the'
Par. (see§ 484) In the Atm. they admit t, the last two do•
so optionally; vi:_-~f.l, ~, &c.
(4) Roots ending in long Sf{' and ~ and the roots ef(~i, m.
ri, ~'t, i, to prosper,' ~, ~ ~q:_
~, Sit'<!__' ( i. e. ~ ot
the 10 ol. and optional Cau. Base of m ), ~' to give,' ffil:,li<l,
~. ~' ~,~'and~( Vide § 485.) take { optionally.
Exceptions:-~ •to scatter,' ,: 'to swallow,' take { neces-
sarily The intermediate t is not lengthened in the case o:fthr,se
:roots;~' &c.
(5) The roots~,~ and 'II take tin the Par. and reject.
it in the Atm.
§ 618. The radical vowels undergo the following changet·
before ,e::-
(a) The :e::
with t is strong and without i weak.

The usual rule as to Gni;ia substitute holds good in the

on~ c~e and does not in the other; <fr!_-~, fqn:i:;
r-~'i, &c,
(b) The final t and ;;r and the penultimate 31' of ~ and
~ ( substituted for t 2 Par. 'to go,' and for t with "'IN'•to-
 § 618-621] O0N.TUGATION OF V.ElUIS, 879

remember' or ' to study ' ) are lengttened and final ifi', ahort or
long, changedto ii:, or to i3il: after labials or II' when the ~ is
unaugmented; tit-~, ~~' ~-1~, <!--mfit ~-m,
'I~,&c
( e ) The roots ~, f.il:
and ~ do not change their vowel
to GnJ;ia; and the roots !II, ~ and ~ take Samprasarai;ia;
~~.fit~~I:.~,~~.~-
( n ) Roots with an initial consonant, and having t or ~
short for their penultimate, and ending in any consonant, except
or ~• change their vowel to Gui;is. optionally when t is
u-.._
prefixed to~; ~-~'ilia:, ~rmia::fj~~ or !i~ &c
§ 619 The formation of Desiderative bases of cau1ala and,
of roots of the Tenth class does not differ from that of
primitive roots
Art § 550. should be attended to in forming Desideratives
from Oausals and roots of the Tenth class.
§ 620 Roots in their Desiderative forms take the same
terminations, Parasm er Atmane. that they do in the primitive.
Theroots l!IT,~. ~ and m take .Atm. termtnations in the
Desiderative.
§ 621. The following roots form their Desiderative bases,
irregularly:-
Roots. Desider. base. Third per, sing. Pre
~•to eat' ~ ~
9'f1l ~
it ' to go ' ~i!ll
i{ with 81N' to study ' ~~
i{ with 5IR! 'to beconvinced'iretfq'l
(- (tRii<i\
i:! 'to sound'

~-
'380 [ § 621

Roots. Desider. base Third pers. sing. Pre

,... r--.. ....
~~
~

~~<J:lll[i:i-ij

~<lleJll i3;!3F!f€!oi@-~
~ ~ aooili!fcl
< .,.,.
~1{ 1 to prosper ' ••
~ ~er
a:r~{ia'rl!_ ~~
'mi_- ~;ill ~<T~!Sf@'
,, with~, A. ~.... ~~m~~
~-' to swallow' ~ill~ ~<TT1iml
~'a\ l~•lRIIS!Rt
FI ' to gather ' ~'{ ~jq@
R,tig_ Rllii"lm
~ 'to conquer' f;;i,ng__ ~q@
~~ 10 d. & optional}
Cau. Baseofffl-
~~ ~\Cijffi
~~IS{@
l~R1~
fflll opt. cau B. of ffl ~ ~~fij
~ 'to stretch' @ffi.(
or@~ @aij@,@omfu
or Rktf.ltt_ @~
W,'to kill' Rttl~ fa1J:~m
ldW~1l fmrf~q@
~ ~,~~ f~,:,fl~
f~ ]%~qfu
~ey ~'-l ~~re
~~ ~i:lRWS(Rt
~.Jo g!ve' ~ -~!5r
~ 'to protect' l@e\
~ 'to cut'
" ~@
"
~ ~,ITTiell ~~fer,~l~IS!@'
~r ~t!. Ncij!~
§ 621] O0N'JUGA.TIONOF Vmrns. ssr
Roots. Desider. base. Srd pers. sing Pre._
~ ~ M~
~ ~a]_ f.l~e..'f@'
~ f.r-lr~
~ ~
~
~ ~
T~ ~
~t ~Rt
,, m,j~ ~a_n'ij
m'l ~
"
~~ ~~fij
" ~ff' ( oo:«1irrnr
),'
oo:t~(also ~)
;rr 'to measure' fim3:. (iltlitld
fir 'to throw' ,,
1ft''to destroy' "
,,
'if 'to barter' " ~
~ 'he desiresfor liberation.'

~ fiWif'hewishesto befree.'
~ ~
~ fim~
i ~ rofff
fitef<A:.iiJ4 i4'SiM
~ T~ ~ft'
'U'-l_'!oinjure, to kill' Ti~ R~
to propitiate' ~ ftmrii'
~ ra~ ~
\T'i: ~ ~fa
 384, [ § 624-626

Roots. 3 sii::g Pre Roots. 3 sing. Pre

<['-:{-~<B"fff, ~;iffi",f,; a-,.fq-m~,;rn--i{, !$'.!:!fffl'i@"·ff·
~-~~1", re~<IT~~ff.~,, fq~ei:-ff, !l:~lcfi1f'llff•~
fu~mt ;;;~,,f~ol"f~'{@' 11',~<l"f~j~-
fQ'-Ri'!"ca•flm,
f?,,,~tpl'ff, ~-a-
~mi &c. &c.

HI. F.B.EQITENTATlVES.
§ 625. A Frequentahve or Intensive form may be derived
:from any monoeyllabie root of the first nine classes, beginning
with a consonant The Frequentati ve or Inte:nsive is used to
signify the repetition or the intensity of the action denoted
by the verb from which it is derived .,
Exceptions:-
§ 626 (a) t A Frequentative may be formed from ~
< to go, ' :it' ' to go, ~ 1 to eat ' and ri ' to conceal, ' though
these begin with a vowel: and from ~ cl. 10 'to hint,'~
cl. 10 ' to string together ', and ~ cl. 10. though they belong
to the 10th el.
( b) The Frequentat,ve of roots signifying,motion conveys
the notion of_.tortuous motion and .not of repehtiou, t The
Frequelltatin of roots ~!.' to cut, ' ~ ' to sink down, ''e!'{
• to go ' :;f{_' to mutter prayers, ' ~' to yawn, ' ~ ' to burn, '
~' to bite, ' and ~ ' to swallow, ' imply reproach on the,
manner of doi.ng the act $ ~r~l:<fff 'he cuts awkwardly, '
~m • falls down badly,' ~lli't &c
...
*'<.11iil{i$i'<IT m:;<rrefl'f+lm
~115r~: <r~ I PaJ? HI 1. 23 Tii'i:Ft
~~ ~;:rfi',~~: I ~r~ q~ ma'. I Sid. Kau
·I ID~ij_/si;i'S<Tat~1/a..<it ,;ra,~'ffw: I Vart. on the above.
t f.\7ti'~('Q' ?l'ntl Pan. III. 1. 23.
lll'l:lf&ll.illl; l Pan III, 1 24
$ !a<lt!N,:,,iii;_il~til•J•<rf
§ 627-629 j CONJUGATION OF VERBS 385

§ 627. There are two kinda of Frequentative bases derived

from :roots; both are formed by a peculiar reduphcat;on of the
root; but in one ~he affix <l"(;,~)is added to the root before
redupl:~-~tion takes place, and the base is conjugated in the
Atm, a1one; in the other the affix q is dropped ( 'Q':S:__i!l"~
)
and the base is conjugated in Parasm. only ( in the A~m. also~
accordl!lg to some grammarians). It will be convenient to
call the one o:f the Atm, Frequentative, end the other t1e
Parasm. Frequentafrve

ATMANEPAD.l-FREQ'GENTATIVE,

§ 628. The Atm. Freg_uentati,e base is formed by adding

'Q' to the root before which it undergoes the same changes 11s
before the lf of the Passive; qr-<tf<f, ~-'1:f11<, ;,'r-.filf, ~-
"a_1T,'fl[-'l;.-:r<t,'lft'-:.:i.i-,
f-lli'rit, ~-~T<r &c; f.:i~-i~, i-~,
;;r,:~-;;.:sr, &c.
oi'o'q'_-ol"e<l',
change their vowel to f, and ;i.- preceded
and e-.:l'r
( a ) .:TT
by one radical consonant ia changed to ;fr, and not to ft; .rr-
em-·.;;1<r,1al"-ef.'n:r.
:fi:.:r,
( b) The roots EQ'~, •<T•J:, 'cll'<l'.,~q:_,~• ~, ~ and
;rs.~ take Sampr&Eirai;ia; ;;:<TTand Eff substitnte and l, :;,;-
f,
for their final vowel; ~ becomes full:and a.:n<[_ tfr: &.~-f<t=a:q-
~'{-~, ~-w, t·ir:r,;;:<1r,
~' mti:•foi;ir,c<1r.J::•.fr.:r.
( c) § 395 should be observed.
§ 629. The form in Q' derived as above is reduplicated
according to the ganeral rules o:f reduplication.

( a) If a root begins with a vowel, the :following syllable

is reduplicated.
( b ) The vowels { ar.d :a-of the reduplieative
H. S. G, 25.
388 [ § o.29-630

their Guna suhtitnte a:i.dthe~ of the reduplicative syliable is

~ ~<l'6';
lengthened; !];rf: ~:tfn~.f <TT ~-G'Ttf'&l'ff &c.

<ff·<fm by reduplication ~efti:r

by§ C28i&.{1;:i 'a"==it(Pfn
by 629 11+
Si:-~ ~ ,, ;m;ffTQ" +~==::ii~TTtl'a-
~-•,·ft;:r ~'cfr.:r ., ~i:r ., ,, :::::'~~ii
~-"<Iq ~"71" ~7'j"' ,, " ::::~if
,E"-31~ § 629(a)a:r:i:l<l'
:,i~by ,, ::::<>1~rtr~
ie;-~r<l' ,, fu.fN by reduplication "$f.1<!' ,, ,, :::::,;rfirtr'a'
!-~ ,, !:i'!'=r ,. " ~ " " =~1'£
~-~ w.~ by§ 629 ( 11):m:T«:r ,, ,, =~f<!>Xff
~-31~ ,, a:;?ITW ,, ,, ~'Ii.« ,, ,, =~"'1eyT<(tr~
~-'l:N'ti' ,, ;m-~ by reduplication ~ ,, ,, =<l'l~
. l l ~ -..~ "' ..__ ""' ..... ....
Sl.IDJ al' J ~-~f.fl«f, ~-<!'~, ~9:_-~t'f, ~T'(i\-
~~' amz-Wr.rn-,
&c; m-mi:r-Tfflffll'-mTWff; i.rr-
~l,-;:;p.jff&c.
§ 630. When a root endo in a nasal preceded by <11"and the
:nasal is not dropped, ;i: ( changeable to an Anuswara or the
nasal o:f the class to which the letter following it belonge ) is
inserted between the reduplicatrva a, and the first zadical
conso1u1nt; the :a, of the redaplicative syllable :remains un-
changed ( against § 629 b. ) .

~=~ or ~~, :;;;,:~-_~..;r=~.=.iff

.:r:ii:_-;n:;:r,
or :;,~, bnt when :;:r,a:=:;irq:_,
the A. Freq. base is ;;:rr-;rr.:r,
3rd sing. :;;ram.
( a) The same ru.le applies to the mots ~, ag:, :;flf_,
q;;;,,:,
q, ~R, ~ and llR. ~ end q;~aiter inserting '\ change
the 3i of the followmg syllable to :a-; ~='<l<T-"il':qi=m
or ~="oi"'!lln• •~ er ~a- c~ by ~;; 394. ~=~=fl"~= "'
0

~ or ~a-;
~=ffl-~==~~ or ;r,,~efa':s:t'!._-
~ or ;;i~~.
 § 6i0-633] CoNJUGA'.cION OF VERBS. 3b7

( b) .ft is inse:ted after the at of the reduplicative syllable

( wlllch then remains nncbanged ) in the case of the roots if:i="!:..,
~' "~'~' ~, q-;:r,~ an:!~; ~-~-<i~-
q;fi~, ffl\-$1~~; ,.~=~~ff, ~=~m.
~=;i;~, tf<t.=q-.fr:r,qii',
~=q'iIT'!;::@, ~~=,i;;:rr~a-.
§ 681. When a root contaius a penultimate <ii:( a-) original
or brought in by sampiasarancithe syllable fr is inserted between
the at of the reduplicative syll. ( which rema1Dsshort against
§ 629 b) and the radical consonant; ~=~=~=~it,
Sl'~=~=llfT~, ~=~;i:ra, ~=:;mm.
Conjugation of the Atm. Freq. Base.

§ 632. In the Oonjugational Tenses the Atm. Freq. Base

is conjugated like the Oor;Jugational base of the 4th class in .A.tm.
In the General Tenses, and in all the Tenses of the Passive, the
base loees its :finalat when the :final q- is preceded by a Towel,
and drops the i:r it!elf, w!.ien 1t 1s preceded by a consonant.
As regards the Perfect, the Fre. Base takes the Periphrastic
Pedect. In the Aorist the Atm. terminations of the 5th
:form :.re added. In the remaining Tenses the Atm. termtna-
tions with tbe intermediate ir prefixed to them are added
as usual. The passive is also formed like the Passive of
derived verbs.
§ 633. Paradigms:-The 3 sing. of ~,;ir the .A.tm. Freq,
B ..se of the root ~ and ~i:r that of the root ~r.

Tenses. A ••
~~CL!Ve. Passive.
Present. ~~;;rer~{rim ~~<Rf ~«Tel
Imperfect. a:rill~lffiai~<U:!fi:i ~1@ ~((«@
Imperative.<li~arq_ ~[;,j'i'ffl={_ ~ll"ffi+l ~P'A!i:illl,
Potential. ~~qq ~'! ~~~q ~~
 888 6A:S:SD:!T GR!:11:Y.ll't, [ § 633-687

Tense. Active. Passive.

Perfect. ~r~,&c. ~T<J"Fqili&c.
Like the Active.
"'~,-.,
Aorist. ~:~2 ~~2 '31<ITW~
~TT<J
F. Future. ~~~ ~l?icll Like the Active.
Sec.Future. ~~N6'1?."~I~
"
Conditional. o!~~1:t;;?, o!~'iloi:rci
Benec.ictive. ij~"'qjz ~;.v.fra "
z,;:B. Irregular Atm. Fre. Bases will be given
"
under§ 639.

------
PAR. SMAII'.!.D.!. FREQ'C"ENTATI'vES.

The Par8.!!m Frequenta.hve is peculiar to the Veda. Its

forms a.revery rarely to be met with in Classical composition.
Formlt,on of the Base.
§ 034 The root is reduplicated according to the general
rules of reduplication; the vowels t and :.rd the reduphcativJ
syllab!o tak~ their gun:i. substitute, and the a; of the redupli-
oative syl:a· le is lengtl:ened; ~-~~; N-fu~-~~, ~fl-
<{f~; ~-:q-',S"-~; t¾~-:ef'~; ~~-.fu):u,: &c.
§ 635. The rnles S 630 ( a) ( h) apply likewise to the
Pa.ra.sm Frequen. Basa; ~-~ or ~; ~~ or !{-'~;.
~-q.ffq~&c.
§ 636. ~ or the syllable ft or fr is insert£d between the sr
of the reduphcative syllable and the radical consonant c£ roots
enihog in s!iort ~ or having it for their penultimate; similarly
o: ~ Ol gr is inserted in the case of ~;"-....
;;.,_ ~,,.... or ~==~
<m~iJ.
or..-frfl:
I'\ t'
lzi'-~,
__.....
or:;;m:;,i;or'<l'f!qi':~~,
- t;,; r:.. ,:,
or~JPl'. c.
~ltF..,, w_-~-a~-~«~or~-
"-
Conjugation of the Parasm. Fre. Base
§ 6Si. I:i the Ooojugat:onel Tensest~e PJ.ra·m.Freque~tatins
 § 537-638] 389

:folhw the conjngahoIJ. of the special base ora root of the 3rd
class, w1s optionally prefixed to the terminations of the singulars
of the Present, of the 2nd and 3rd singulars of tbe Imperf.
and cf the 3rd sing of the Impera; when is prefixed to these, i
i: pecml:imate shore vowel does not take Gun~; or q1-~11rmt
~f{f¾; i<r_-rirn or efrorm
0? ofREffil' or oj',forfa·
or '1TT1!1iTI~
or
t" ,.., -. \' rr, 'C' ,.., ,..._ ,-., r,::, ~ -, r, - _r ~
'a~ITT@, ~~@ or "'=l:F-Ufff,~rmcr or ,,.m:$lf:Trn,""'1~Tff
or ":!U<!mRf,
§ 638 As regards the for□ ation of t:.e N on-conjngationaJ
tenses grammarians seem to be at vadanc2, The Perfect follows
the nsnal rules for the polysyilabic roots. fo thg remaining
tenses to.e angneut ~ ia al waya prefixed cxcspt in the Benedrntive.
As this form of the Freq. is mostly confined to the Veda
-thtails e;re not g1veu here.

Paradigms.

~~ or orn;~from the root la;.

Present. Imperfect.
l iiltmT~ ., <W'!.:r:
or i:TT"f:T: a:fi!T<li:i!l 6l<TI%f~m:r
.,
~Hl<!Wr "'
~,
2~fcr ~1-_q: err~
~. or
<W-rri:rr: e,;<Tlttcfll ...
Bj~"R'[

or ilr:/!enfq ~+foll:
3 i!rmm Eir<➔cl: ~~qlq or e,;~~arq_
a.rci'rm;i:_ 8f<ll<'l~:
~@ "' a:i~+i~ra:.

Imperative Potential.
l <ihF'!llii ~ll'f.!!q <ITW!fil l '11<,f-f!'i, ii!l~Tcf ~i<!ll'.T
2~1 <II~ Eif~i:l" 2 ~f<f!TT: iii+l<!Ta'i,
"'
iii+il:ff(l"
<,
s iilmsZ
or ~clll'.I, ;il1~
"'
3 ~i•Hll't, ~w:rrari:i,
~+1~:
irlii!'lij "' "' "'
 390

Perfect.
l iil+l9i~{,'<l'-iiil:,
&c. ~,&c. &c.
i'r+1<1R!iili
""'· ...
off+f,f or a.rni<l
......
- .,
or o;r~ ii~o!, ~r<,;i-:i~&r'll~ll or <ifl.:f~i:f
~maj:q3!i
2 ~~"'~, &c. <mi'-li-.:l,r,~:
~~ ~!f-i~: &c. ~
ir~<'l"
~,
3~~,&c.
~~: .,-
;iir-.:r<1~:
~
i/i+!qfq:g:
~ ~~~:' <lfi<@: ai":acr;
"'1.'~'3'
<IT+fcl';
~'-.:,

Aorist.
1 ar,u~ ~<,
~Tm!~ ~~
2a:i~:~r: ~~
"'
~+r:
"' or a:i-ir.:rerr:
.,
~mfr: a{<ff~~
~m~
3 a:i~i:iiwr., ~:
6j<lffiq'rn:_
~'9" a'!<!!~:
a:fijf<W{rc{ ,, •
1:ll'~?imij_ ~af!J:
1st Future.
oir~:
&c. &c.
2nd Future.
~:
&c. &c. &'~.
Conditional.
1 a,.i~~~ ~~c!
&c. &c. &c.
 § 638-639 ] CoxJcGAT!ON OF VERBS. 301

BenecUctive.
1 ii'r'f{T~ll ~~
&c.
"'
&c.
Tenses. Atmanepada. Passive.
Pre. in~ ~.=i,ia-
.,
Imperf. ~; <¾T~
Imp. qj~ ,nii.rcrn:r_
Pot. ~ ~mm
<\

Perf. &c.
<ir+1<1pq~ ii'f~pq'?i;
1st Fu. illl'lT<@T ~~cff or <!lmr~
2nd Fu. ~lif.!e'l'?! iQT+ir<i~
Ol.' iQj+!Tfel~
Con. <>fill"l!<l•irn<ll<IT+!l~
or '3l<!lml<icmr
Aor. <>f<lr.:if~2 6i<TI+!!r<!
Bened. ~~!'2'. ~'2'. or ii'rm,~'2'.
§ 639. The following roots :form their Frequentative
irregularly.
Roots. Atm Fre. Par. F:reg_.
~ to cover Brlir~:ra
~ lcl. to sound ~,j'ij
~to dig ~!laor ~Rf
'i:Tla«l"a
or '<l~Fci, &c.
~r<Ta-
'I'.to swallow ~~a 'o'fmfd
:;;i-\tOwalk See§ 630 a. ~fu6 or :q~fct
'ql'{_to worship ~if<r'€! ~·r.,RTor~~
~to be born See§ 630 a. ~;;frrcror GfflR1,
&c.
~ to shine ~?J(<ffl ~a!Rror ~rfu
tfi~ to expand See ~ 630 a. ~mm
or r.i~ia
 392 S.L'\SKilIT GRA.ltlU.il. ( § 639-042

tarto lie down ~~;;,;rij ~1@ or ~~1@

i%to swell 51!~ or ~Wd' !U%l<IIIB
or i1l¾icr
~<lto obtain tjij~5" or ~ oo.fuer
or ~~
&:'lto inj.1re ~Elll!d ~r@ or ;;ierrSa
in other cases \Jlltl-4dor ~...fcr

IY. No:IBNAL VERBS.

§ 640. V~rl)~ are formed from noie~l ba.sesby means of

~ertam affixes These ate not very much m common use and are
gen~'"i!Tf.used in the Present Tense. They have Tarious mean-
!ings. They sometimes couvey the notion of performing, practis-
ing, or using, or treating like the thing or quality e:s:presse~
by the noun and are used transitively; sometimes they express
tne idea of acting, behavmg ·Qr ~~\/,~IQ.~~t~erson or
. thi~g.~xP,!~~~efl.by the noun; and at others they yield the sense
of iie,iring or wishing for the thing expressed by the noun.
These will be arranged here under :four heads, according to the
affix~s by whic:i. they are derived. ' ,.

(a) By means of the affix if(~) and

Conjugated in Parasm.
§ 641. When the sense ~f 'wish' 1s to expressed, a nominal
verb may be derived from e.ny Subantaor nominal stem by affix-
i~- ,q-to it The derivative verbal ba~e derived m this manner
i~·co~Jigated in the Parasm. only.
§ 642. Before this i:r,
( 1) fin.:.!~ aPd all' are changed to f; !J:i'
~: Nffl'-~-
lllff( ~+.r=S:fr+ir+fcr) •he wishes :for a son\'.
-·~~, II'-
·-
( 2 ) final t and a-are lengthened; ~1---!RTll"@' ' he wishes
for & poet.'
( 3) final 9i' is changed to fr; ;p~-q;;f'r:mr,
 § 642-645] CONJUGATION OF VERBS. 393

( 4 ) final a,i)and :ai-l

are changed to a:t!!I'..
and ~; ifl'-trcQ'@j
"" -
-rT-lfT~H'l',
( 5 ) a final nnsal is c!ropped and the preceding vowel is changed
like an origmal fin,,l vowel; ~-\l~fl:l'lff •he wishes for a king.'
( G) m other cases the final consonant remains unchanged;
!lf'<l:-qf~ •he wisho~ for words,' f.R-fit~ff ( ~!ol:l'@'
according
to some ) 'he wisl.ie! for heaven, ~~-lirii'l:.<l'Tff'he wishes for
holy st.cks,' &c.
( 7 ) The Tad. affix expressmg ' a descendant of' is dropped
and then the changes mentioned above iake place; irrrir( the
son of iflf) :am;r;:r:ih~@ irf~ ( :rJli~+<r+@=iffir+q+
m=irrifi+q-+ra), &c.
§ 643. The consonant '13:.
and the syllable amare inserted
between any nominal stem and !he affix l:l'; ~ :aTIH!li~
;r~~q'f!f or ~,;;i-~trfit 'he wishes ior honey'; so ,r~fir, ~~,
&c. Final a, is dropped before~,; g;~.
(11)~ is inserted after i\'f and :a{ll<f when the sense to be con-
veyed is that of longing for them, after !ttll:
and l_:!qlJfwhen the
one is de3ired to be drunk and the other to be licked; ffflrn 1TT:
'the cow longs for the ox,' a:t~ !le<IT'the mare longs for the
horse;' :#RW@ '"®: , the ohild desires to drink,' wi:l'Um!Tff :a-~:
'tho camel wishes fo1 licking the salt.' But ~ri.rfa-•he desires to
have a hull,' :a,-l:l(m •he wishes for a horse,' efrffl.Trn,
wMfff•
§ 044. The affix q 1s not added to nouns endrng in ii:,and to

--
1ndechnables: q;r;r,.iITTf,
...__,,..,,,"--

~cfR~fff( he longs for heaven ).

§ 645. a,~ has :at~Nlff
'he wishes to poesees food,' :;r~-~rllJ1
't/1' '

' he wiehes to eau,' and atw.fl<l'm

1,1he wishes to dnnk
i-.,..

water' and :.r~lfrff' he wishes to possess water,' and 'ifoiihas

 394 [ § 645-650

~@ 'he wishes to acquire money,' and ..-r-fitl'ffl'

•he wishes to
be wealthy,'
§ 646. This form of the Nominal verb has not always a
desider~tivemeaning.
(11)T ne affix~ is added in the sense of •treating or consldering
li~e;' ~'a' ~ 'he treats the pupil as a son,' ~~ fg~
'he treats the Brahmai;ialike Vishi;iu,'srr\fr(1<11'if
!iclli'f~:·the
beggar considershis hut a palace,' ~a- !mf~ um 'the king
in his palace considers himself to be in a hut '
(b) It is ,addedt2.~,~~ and f.;r.rin the sense~,of.:J1or-
i~/ 's~;viDg' lil;
and 'striking with wonder' respectively, '1,il'E<I
~:~~~o;'.!s
th~ds', ~ ~ •heserves the preceptor',
~~ • he strikes the people with wonder' It is also
added to ~ in the aesseof ' practising,' ~
! § 647. In the general tenses the affix~ ( ~ and ~~ to
J be given hereafter) is
dropped when preceded by a consonant,
~ Perf. l sing. ~. ~~ 1st. and 2nd Fu,
3 sing from ~fw.;irnr,
but ~,m- from ~T<l'ffl,
~~i.i,.'.5J
(b) By means of the ~) .an_d?ODJagate~in Par.
§ 648. To expressthe senseof wishingfor that whichis denoted
by the noun; the a:fnx ~ is also 11ddedltke thP,above and the
base so derived conjugatedin the Par. as before,~'a:!..he
wishesfor a son; <l~IW:.IWfr!'he wishesfor fame,' ffl'l'll!fiTi:tr@
'he
wishes for gh,e.'
§ 649. The restriction given at § 644 does not hold good in
~or:~.
the case of this affix, f.i;$Ti<l'Tff,
(c) By mellllBof the afb.x ~(o) and con3ugatedin Par.
§ 650. Nominal basesare formed without the addition of any
affix:the characteristic signs of the tenses and moods•and the
§ e5o-mJ O0NJUGATION OF VERBS. 895

personal termintions being added immediately to the nominal

base. The bases thus derived convey the notion of acting or
behaving like that which is expressed by the noun, and are con-
jugated in the Parasm.

§ 651. The penultimate at of a noun ending in a na9sl is

lengthened. Tbe base is treated like a root of the Jst con-
3ugation, its last VO\Velonly taking Guna before this ar; 31"
( name of Vishr;iu ) ~ ~--a;ra- ' he acts like Vishnu. '
~~ ' he sets like ~ ' ( ~ 1st sing. ), q;fil'-~-
!1Tlll'' I act the poet or behave like a poet, ' Tll'-l!l<fl'it
, he be-
haves like a bird, ' ~-;mrn'if 'he or it acts like a garland '
( Peri ffli?JT'efO 'he acts like a father.' '(_-lf!mf
&c. ), rq"q-Na"~ffi'
• acb like the earth ' ( Perf. ilif!f, &c. as ~ is the base ),
~-'(Tli{r,'fr<I'
' he acts like
a king,' ~-q-!Q1;ml- 'it serves as
a road,' &c So llffir@' from !{!ft!:,qefrur@ from ~~
name of Indra.
( o) The words ~ ( a bold man ), ~ ( a. child ) and
ffiif take the affixes~ and fffia'.._
optionally and are conjugated
in the Atmane. Sl~\ia' or ~it, ~or~. ~li!ff
or~a-.

( d ) By means of the affixq- ( ~ ) and

conjugated in the Atm.

§ 652. The affiit,i:r. ( ~) is added in the san:!e. sense as ,

above to nominal
_,,. .......stems and the nonunal
... ,. verbs so derived are
,~~

conjugated in the Atm '

~
§ 653. Befo;a"tliis affix the final at of a nominal base is
lengthened, 3lf remalDSunchanged, other final letters undergo
the same changes as they do before the other q- ( ~ ), The
final ~ of a noun u changed to au optionally and that o:f att:a.:~
 396 SA...~SKRITGBAJll:1,U.B. [ § 653-655

and at~ t;r ~,

necessarily. 'i!i'ISIJI' iimtl'tl"a''he acts like
~;' <f~~, ~<fa' ' he behaves like one who is
famous, ' ~i~-f.l~l<l'a', ~i~fl' ' he acts like ,a learned man,
&~.; b:i, ~-~' acts lij,~one who is lustrous ' ( power-
fu.lJi a:rttI~-31'Cffi:f'ffi' she behaves hke an A psnras.'
(a) .lfaminine noun not having ;i;- for its penultimate drops
its fem, term., w;mr,r
3'1f'qmf-F('R:r<fa" ' he behaves like a
girl,' ~Rufi4~ gRIJl'f<fa"' she acts like a female deer'; ~la
~ ~ 'acts like a stout woman ' But qrf.;;rli;r tcf ~
qrf..tij;fl@"'she acts like a female cook,' and not qr~~-

(b) ~m
has ~it. ~ and \'lll'ffiil'fl'she acts li!,E\.
a
co-wife,~ has ~ 'she behaves hke a young woman.'
""§"'651 The affix1'.fis added to a few nouns, euoh as ~
•much,'~ 'slow,' •q-f~ 'learned,' trJ!ij,:_'generous-minded',
~iffl: •agitated,' &o.iu the sense of 'be~in;;hilit-;~ot
be:fure,;o'r,;hatit wa! not like to before,'~•
~ C
~'i~mt
•~what
~ ~

I was not much now becomes much,' ~@ 'he (who was not
\ agitated before) becomesagitated,' similarly~ &c.
§ 855. The following are the different senses in which the
affix ~ is used in the particular c.-asesgiven below.
(a) It is added to~, ff, ~ and~;; in the sense of ' de-
ei.rous of committing sin;' q'fq' mrrar-;a:rri:ra-,
ffNff', &c.,
ndded to lii'I!' it has also the eense of' prompt in',~ 'i!ii@'-
~Vi:, Sid Kau. ).
( qrq<f.iij½i.ffi&d
tf;!:T<fff
( l,) to mr.:v
used ObJectively,~~ 'is ruminating.'
(c) to lif!Si •tsars,'~~ 'heat,' and q;;;,in the sense of 'send-
in~iting;' ~ff' he shed1tears,' ~ 'gi"";;s
out hea;t/~ 'sends forth foam.'
-=-,~~-- ",1,~ , ........ """'""'
 § 655-657 J O0NJUGAfION OF VEBBS. 397

( d) to ff and others in the sense of 'experiencing or enjoy-

ing,' ff ~ff la~ 'he enjoJS happiile!t"1;·bttt lR~'tl'm,r
~<!'ff' he shows the happiness of another.'

( e) to~~, if~,~, a:r;r,q;u;f 'sin', iaril:.r

'a fair day', ~
'a cloudy day' and ifTiH •fog, heavy dew/ in the sense of 'mak-
ing or doing;' ~l ~r& ~~ ' he makes a sound,' ( also
~ cau. ), ~~ff &c. · ·

( s) By means of the affix ~ ( Q' ) and

conjugated in Parasm. and Atm.

ji 656 The affix Q' 1s added to~~ and some other words
and to words endmg in the affix a:u ( ~) and the nommal
base thus formed is conJugated in the Parasm. and Atmane.;
e g ~rr1"n-~1~ati:rfct•a- ·becomes red.' iramq-1:£'utters the
sound Patpat.'

(/) By means of the affix if ( fut~and TUI~

)
and conJuga'ed in Para,m. and Atm.

§ 657. Verbal bases are formed from the nouns given below
by the addition of the affixes t ( ~ ), and if (fur~) with vari-
ous senses; those derived by m~ans of~ are conJngated in
the :Atm,and those by~ in the Par; e. g ~ with '(q',;re:,.
:md q-ft-;a-;~if 'raises the tail,' f;;rg;-~, qft~ff; ~-
<l'ff•collects together f1tg. •the mendicant
tl:.e vessels'; 'ij?;frq;:ifcrr
collects together or wears tattered garments;' g~-~i<ifa'
fflllf!r,l;lI:'he shaves IDnavakB', fi:r~--f;r~ll't'ff~' he mixes
boiled rice with ( curds, curry, &c.);' ~-~~rer <!~ 'he
weaves cloth of a very thin texture,' ~Tff 6'1"~ 'mixes
salt with c,ndiments;' mi<flffqq-: 'he observes the vow of
lJ.ving upon milk only;' mw~l~ 'he "'obsirves""thevow o:f '
 39S SA~SKEIT G:RAl\IYAll. [ § 657-660

abstaining from eaLing food at a Shndra's hou:e;' qr~

•he cbthes with a garment;, ~-g~ •he uses a large
plough;' ~-~@ 'he quarrel~!' ~ff-~IB' ( ~ ;;r~
Sid. Kau ). ~ 'sin or ha1t or matted hair, ' ( ~ff !i:im II'~
~- m I Sid. Kau )-q_~a<mi'
{;i..:ir q1qf1-11<14< 'ties into a
bra:d the hair,' &c

§ 658. t is changed to ;mfq- wl:e~ added to ~, ri and

~-~~ crora
SIR~ ~l.TIB'.
qt ~q'!.TT1\";a:r~im1r,

§ 659. i is :further added in the following cases;-~.rtrr an-11"·

- _..._ '"' - - ~ ..... ,-.. r,. -
~ <f!r;iqoI•m1; ~-ri:m;r ~(:rmr-~llf<l'rff; ~ ulfm<l'Ji:f
-udrormr, ~ij;; .r'ffii1nr-a-~1'ii; ~ ~frl'-~;
~T ~-\%fflfit; <iUT~ffi-!a(11Tqnf; ~: 3'lll"o'li~-a:r;r-
~; 11.ftl-ll-ila~ ( declares her variegated); &c., &c.
The various changes taking place here before the affix <I'the
studenli will easily notice as irregularities.

(g) By means of the affix if ( ~ ).

§ 660. There are several 10ots• which are al.a Pratipadi•

kas and which may be regarded as Nominal verbal bases derived
by means of the affix if ( ~ ). The
from those Pratipadil..as
more important of these are given below:- ....

lfi11i:·~'a'-a-
he scratches. ~-\:!IN@ he worships.
~-ff~ he offends agamst, fi'l"~-f~ treats medically.
he becomes angry, al!o ~~ it contains arrows.
ii~ according to ~- ~-~ he stammers.
~-~ff he becomes hand- m, g-~, ffi5TQ"r~
son::e,m1ldorgentle,honoura he sports or becomedmerry.
am-~-ff (~)he 1s ~-~ he is angry or
jealous, he envies, &e. feels ashamed.

• In. the Kaumudi these roots 1ue classed separately under

the head oi 'i:fJU';
1fi{'lo( or the group of roots beginningwith~.
 § 660-661] & .A.TfilNEPADA.
PAEAS:M.A.IPADA 399

~r~tvfrr he shines. ~ffl~ he approaches.

:g,:re;-~111'~ it dawns. ~r-~ he is adored, &c.
ii'cTT-~ he is quick in ra~-frmtrl:%
he disappears.
understanding, ~-a;q~ he becomes healthy.
lii~-~@ feels happy. ~-~he becomespowerful,
W'!f-ig,~ feels unhappy. ~-lf<J~ffi' it spreads,

CHAPTERXIII.

Parnsmaipadaand Atmanepada.
§ 661 .A.salready remarked there are two Padas in Sans-
krit, the Parasmaipada and the .A.tmanepada. The Parasm.
denotes that the fruit of the action accrueli to some one difl:ernt
irom the agent, as q''q'ffi 'he cooks for another,' q;rorl'ffI makes

som9 one do something for another, &c/ The Atm. denotes

that the fruit of the action is~ i s. it accrues to the agent,
ffi •he cooks for himself,' ~ •he makes another do some-
thing :for himself,11<
&c.
( a) If, however, there be a word showing the accrual of the
fruit of the act10n to the agent, the Atm. is optionally used, as
~ ~ ~;;;a- or ~fa' 'he offers his own sacrifice,' l:~ ~ i~ or
$Ufit'he weaves his own mat/ ~ ~ ffli!lffl·ff &c
( b) When the causal form of a transitive verb is used re-
flexively, or when the object in the primitive sense becomes

$ This distiuction, however, seems to be very little observed

in practice. Even the best Sanskrit writers are found u!ing

both the Pa.das promiscuously. It cannot even be suppos~d
that this distinction is meant to be observed where a root
admits of both the Padas. The Da.shakumaraoharita. and the
Ka.dambariafford several instances in which the two Padas are
used exactly in the same sense.
 400 SANSKRIT G:RA.MM.A.R. [ § 661-862

the agent in the ca.llsal, the Atm is used except in the sense of
'rtmembering with eagerness, &c.,' ~ tr,r ~ 'devotees see
Bhavs: 1 ~l!ffi ~~ •Bhava shows himself to his devoteee/
but~~~ra~citf.i;m,; UR:mar.r~: (iii~); ~,$a'r~!fi'Ei'nT
fqqqr li<l'ffi«ri(Sid. Kan.). Vide Sid Kall. on Pa:i. 1. 3. 67.
( c) When the agent of the action denoted by a verb cannot
be ot~er than an animal, the callsal of the verb takes the Par.
even when the action refers to the agent as 'l>~: ~ •Krishna
m!fr
sleeps,' ~ ~ 'the cowherdesa lulls Knshna to sleep,'
but q;"t ~ •the fruit :falls down.' ~ !iii mtl:I'@''the wind
causes the fruit to fall down,' &c.

(a.) In the case of verbs meaning 'to eat,' except s:i~, and
•to move,' their ca.usalstake the Parasm. even when the fntlt of
the action reler;i to the agent; i'il•IF(4Id,~~'-fffl'makes another
eat/~~.~, 'he shakes' &c.
Exceptions to ( c ) and ( d )-to ( c ) ~ ' to pscify, ' ~ with
~' to draw in I i:re: with 311''to endeavour,'~~' to faint, 1
~' to shine,' er~ 'to speak,' ~ 'to dwell', and ~ 1 to
drink; ' to ( d )-qy ' to drink, ' i[<i_' to dance; ' in the case
of these roots the usual rule holds good; ~ra, ,r+l'lrlt;
~-a-&c.
§ 662. When the notion of 1.fiilatl@g-rri s doing what is not
proper for one to do, or the exchange of dutJ.esis to be implied.
the .A.tm.is used, -m;,rr:,3~rf.rarfi:lw,f'ra
'the Br!hmana reaps
corn' ( which is 1,hework of a Su.d.raand not his): \:Ill: ~et
' the religious duty is changed' ( as when a S'adra discharges
the duties enjoined npon a Vaisya, &c ~~fit U~il': •the kings
exol:ange blows.
(a:) But verbs implying motion, or meaning to kill, the
r&ots~ and other Bimilar roots do not take the Atm. even
when an Exchange of action is imphed, 6lff11~, afffiiftrff>
cefmn~, ~~!ff.er.
 663-664] PA.BA.mA.IPADA& .A.TlWiEPADA. 401

§ 663. The Oausalsof the roots~•~. :n;, t with ~fit,~,

!, and.! are Paratm: if~ qv;{, ~ 'lmJ'l'f.t, ;:i-mi:rfiir
t:\IP.I:,~ ~. S11!4W-lld, Srt'Pmfsnqq-a'fri:( Sid.
( S1d.Kau. ). ~ EQW(4ffiA:1¥l';
Kan. ); !Ufflff lil(i)IQ4<1'it!N:
( Sid. Kau. ).
664. The following is an alphabetical list of the roots that
ohangetheir proper Pada after certain prepositions under ihe
oircumstancesgiven in each case.
~-when preceded by a preposition is conjugatedin either
Pada; iti\f ~-a-.
t with :a:mr-inche causal takes' the Parasm. atlilMUfi\.
~-when precededby a preposition is conjugatedin either
Pada; qyq- atqrgra-ff''he destroys sin;' ~ •discards;' ~-
trn"·a''he gathers together.'
'Ii' with "'11:is Atm.; ~ mft'1mIT: l3h. VIIL 16; •all
my desires have come to me t e. are gratified.'
~ with "'11:-i■ Par. when used tranaitively, and Atm.
when used intransitively; ~ 'he collects;' ~ 'i&
collected.'
tt-without a preposition admit■ of either Pada. It i1t
Parasm. with~ and m•; ~~ ~ ;nmr~ t (Kad.);
ai ldfll;>,j'(i~~~ &c. ( Bha~ti. VIII. 50. ); it is Atm. with
preposition in following senses:-( 1 J :imr;; t or •hurting,' 'kill-
ing,' as :a-~ ' illforms against ( with a view to injure );'
( 2) ~ or 'censuring, overcoming;' ~ ~ ~I;(
'the hawk reproves the enail;' ( 8) ~ or 'serving, attending

"'31il'ff0:4t~s:r:I Pan. l. 3. 79.

t ~~~iililij fiSf: PAn.I,3,32.
ICRtif•UIR14fflSl4iil•fN4M@.
H.S,G. 26
 402 SANSUIX GlU.lltlU.B. [§664;

upon;' as fR'l!F; 'he serves Hari;' ( 4 ) ~~ or 'acting

violently,' 'outraging;' as q-~ !l'Fff 'outrages another's
wife;' { 5) trrM or 'imparting an additional quality' (ffl
wir~~ Kashik& ); as q;'tT:~ nF'a- •fnel imparts
heat to water;' ( 6) ~ or reciting;' as tfNT: sr~ 'recites
stories from the Vedas;' ( 7) :a-~ or 'applying to use;' ai ~ii
~ (m:mi ~ feif.1@6 ~:) 'devotes a hundred ( Rapees,
&e) to holy purposes;' cf. also BhaHi. VIII. 18;-with amt.,
it is .A.tm. in the sense of 'forgiving or overpowering;' ~
~ 'forgives or overpowers his enemy;' but im~r,:mr~)ra-
ffl 'the S'astra authorises men.' With f.tt it u Atm when
used transitively; gf:iT ~~ •pupils study;' ~ T~~
~= 'the musician varies the tones;' bnt ~w N<iU@' ~:
•Love affectsthe mind;'~~~ Bh. VIII. 21. ii with.
n in the sense of ' helping or doing good to I is used in both
the P11d11s;;:rfg-sr,fiqt ~ n~: (Shar, Bha.) 'two
etrong lights do not indeed help ( i. ,. serve to intesify) each
other;' ~ ~lff~~ ~ q-~ 'that is wealth by means of
which one obhge! another' ( Kir VII. 28. ).
The Causal of ii is A tm. when fm;qr is prefixed to it; ~
»1Vwl>i(Q6 •mispronounces the accent on the syllable.'
r-'to sca.tter' with :sNt
is .A.tm. in the sense of •turning llp
or soratehing with joy,' or turning up with the intention of
making an abode or for maintenance ( by quadrupeds or birds;;'
in this sense ~ 1s prefixed to Ff;Sl\f~ ilfTJg": •the bull turns
up the ground in joy;' !imilarly ~ i'fi'?T ~; Sflf~
m.ffi (digs a hole for lying in) ~ 8'{fl!l'Q'l'tfT;
cf. ~~­
m%<&e.(Up.II. 9 ).
• ~: ST&e'ir
Pan. 1. 3., 33,
t it: ~: I :atilaiei.t;qI Pan, 1. 3, 34-35.
t am%1a,>qr
...~1:!ira'l1rifP&n. VL S. 142. :wm%ffl:
fi.
~4 nN n~~ lfiSolf:I Sid. Kan,
 '§ 664) PARASYAIPADA& .ATMANEPADA. 403

When the root has its original sense, the Par. is used and
~ is not i11sert1d: i'~ ~ ffi •the woman scatters
:flowers;' ~ il:ffi' M I
~-;-when not precededby a preposition is conjugated in both
the Pada.s. Bnt it is used in Atm. by itself when the meaning is
'free movement, energy, development or increase,'&c;, ffl w
~: •his intellect moves freely in ( i. e proves very powerful in
'moving unobstructed in
mastering) the Rigveda; 1 ofi+1+1(0TIR\i'81~
iliifff1ahows
the assembly of the enemy' (Bh. VIII. 22); :s{$;44wlitl
ability or energy for studying,•;r~q-~~I Vikra.I.1&
~sfm;3: ~ •the Shastras find enlargement in him or are
satisfactorily mastered by him.' In the same senses 1t is Atm.
when preceded by :,n-and ~ only (i.e. is Par. if preceded by any
other prep.) ~. ~ff cf. ~r ~~ ( showed his
might); q-,~M,qt,fml" ( made bold ) ~ imr ~ 1 Bh.
VIII. 22-23; but ~ ( ~ .iF(: ). When precededby arr it
is Atm. in the sense of •the ascending or the rising of a heavenly
body;' ~"it ~ir:'the sun rises;' but amfi'l'i{ffl'
~~•the
smoke issues forth from the upper terrace.' .A.l!owhenprecededby
ft, in the sense of •a graceful movement of the feet, or ascending/
~ ~~ ~ 'the horse moves gracefully;' but f.ramn'ff
~:
•the joint splits,'-and by sr and :g-q-in the sense of' beginning,'
~, as in~ r~, stli:!Sfi~iillwl(. •Kum.III. 2. •thus began to
talk with him in private;' but l,('iilfiiif 'goes,' ~'comes near.'
a:r.r,qi{ and fir
ifi'it-'to huy1 is Atm. when the prepositions
are prefixed to it ( with firit means 'to sell'),
arotirumf, qfo111of@
ef.Bh. vm. 8. ~~ •fl<Tt:
trmflTOll'illef'~
I

~~1a;;r:1i;lf~I ~~lii'q'r~.;ua-~I
Virt.~:tmfrq'{'U1'1!f(l!'fm~mT~ISffl~IPan.1.2,38-43.
t 1ff~: fiiN:Pan. 1. 3. 18.
 4.04 SANSXlll'.r GB.UrDUB. [§ 664

~"-'to play' is Atm. after the prepositions :ati, 3tl', qft-

and iij1:(,31i-:atr·im:◄~, but not whenq governsa noun, as-
i. e. •plays with :M:ai;iavaka.
'41Uiciii,.:&ij'l61CIB ' ~with~ is
Par. whenit means'to creak as a wheel/ as ~ ~-
filirt-'to throw' is Par when preceded by the prepositions-
3mf,srfitand ri; ~fir •throwsup,'~ 'throws out,'
~ 'throws back,'

ffl-with ~ is .Atm; ~ fflit ' whets or sharpens his

weapon;• iii'~~ 'dispels anxiety.'

mi:t-with~is Atm. in the eense of 'to be proper, umte

with, join';~~'~:~. &c., bnt !7n\"
~
goes to a village.' In the Oaual it takes the .Atm.in the senseof
'having patienceor waiting,'a:ii•l+l4t'I ~ 'have patiencefirst'.

'N:,-'to be greedy' is Atm in the Oau. whenthe sense is 'to

deceive,' ;rtffl ~' he deceive& but 'IUit~
MAi;iavaka;'
'he makes the dog greedy. '
n§-with ~ is .Atm. when the meaningis 'to pledge one's
woril, to promise,to proclaim;' :ijq ~ •hepledgeshis word;
~~•he promises 100 (Rupees,&c.),' ~ fflf;r,ft ~
'proclaimsthe merits of his master;' but ~%!1'Tt 'he swallows
downa mouthful' If it ( i. e, 6 Oon.) be precededby aw,it
is A.tm.~ ~ fflTT'q: ' the fienddrinks blood.'
~•to walk' with ~ is Atm. when used transitively,

"'s'1illde4R~Pin,.1. ~~I Sid.Kan.

3, .21. :ar.ft:
f aiillSIN@W:~: I PAn.1. 3. 80.
t '{11{1
•IR{l~t-<114(I PAn.1, S. 29.
§ ~: ~: ?l~~ I Fan. 1. 3. 51-52.
$ ~: ~ I ~fillm( I ql'tl(Sjif ffl ~•ijliA!lft
Pin. 1. s. 63-75.
 §1364] 405

·~ ' he transgresseshis duty.' ~: ~:f!ftl{T vt-

~~ 'ii' I Bhatt- VIII. 31; but i11Mi•Hla'vapour rlses up.'
With~ or ~r it is Atm. whenused with tbe instrumental
of a vehicle; ~ii' ~ •he moves in a chariot' ( See Bh.
VIII. 32 ); ~~it~ Rag. XIII. 19. , nowpasses
,throughthe path of gods;'~ ~-
:;:r,i:-inthe Oa.usaltakes the Parasm. ~-
~*-when precededby ~ and m in the senseof ' to con-
quer,' and 'to defeat' or •to find unbearable,' reepectively,is
Atm. ~. ~~. ~ ~ 'gets tired of
-study;'~( 'l'(l'"l•U:ll;Jl«r 'filling up the sky, &o ' af q~
'6' sffit:'her who was getting disgusted with,' &c. Bha~t-
'Vlll. 9. 71.
mt-' to know' usedintra.nsitivelyby itself is A tin. ~
-:a:rr-ffit
( mm~ sr,mil'
Sid. Kan. i. e. •proceed, to perform
a sacrificehaving obtainedgheefor it ); with the preposition
1'1fit is .A.tin.in the senseof' denying;' as ~~denies
a hundred;' with smr in the sense of ' acknowledgingor
promising,'and with ~ in the eense of •expecting,'it is also
Ahn.; ~ srfir.:n;ffit' acknowledgesa hundreil;'{t-EIM<iQolil
~ ~ 'promises the hand of his daughterby ( i. e,
on the conditionof ) the drawing of Hara's bow;' ~ ~
4ooks for a hundred;' ;rrm
• '
~ think• of his
'l!lother.' When this is used without a prepositionand when
the fruit accrues to the agent it takes the Atm. m;m;mt;
whena prepositionis prefixedto it and it is used transitively,
.it takes the Par. ~ ;i- ~ Qi:, In the Deaideratin
this root takes the .A.tm.
~-• to heat' with f( or ~, when used intransitively, is

*~ ;w:I PAn.1. 3. 19.

t ~ ~: I ~ I ('l~llfaWIMIM~ I P&n, 1. 3. 44-46;
:j:~ CN:I Pan. 1, 3. 27, ~lji·ill¥1i$1<ilfl ~ I VArt.
 406 [§ 664.'.

Atxn. ~ or ~1ffl ~:; when uaed transitively it is Atm.

H it has a limb of the body o:f the agent for its object; ~
or ~ qrfih ' :O.ewums his hand, but ~@' ~QT ~~~r
's. goldsmith heats gold', ~1 ~ efqm; when it means
'to practise penance' it is Atm. and is conp1gated like a root
0£ the fourth class.

According to some nil. with ~ is .Atm; 3'!m'flffl

'repents!
in-*'to give ' ( S cl.) by itself takes either pada; but when,
preceded by 3TTit is .Atm. in any othe:rsense than opening ( the
month, &o. ); '<i* ~ 'accepts money;' ~ ~ 'acquires
knowledge;' ;ry~ llol!'!T~;il;; ~ 'ta<f ( Sak, ) ' does not pluck,
your :foliage through all'ection;' but ~ ...n~@ 'opens his.
month;' 1~~ ~qT!ff ~,q, 'the doctor opens the tumour on
the root;' ;r~tt o<fi~IB' ' breaks open the bank of a dve:r;•·
but if the mouth belongs to another the e:s:ceptionis removed;
~-{ff ~;;r i~ fq,firatF-T:'ants break open the mouth of a
moth' ( Mah. Bhar. ).
<V"-'to give' ( I cl. ) when pzecededby the preposition tr.i:.
singly or coupled with any o,hsr preposition takes the Atm.
provided it is used with the Inst?umental in the sense of the
Dative; ~ ~~ or ~:q~ 'gives ( something) to th&
maid-servant;' but a:r~rwt ~Si~ ferirr:ir'gives wealth to a.
lhahmru;ia through his maid-servant '
m-'to see preceded by :a-i:rand used intransitively takes the,
Atm.; ~~ 'sees ( thi~ks ) well,' this root takes the Atm. in
the Desiilerative; ~~ 'wishes to see.'
I-'to nm' is Par. in the Oau,

;:r~-with ~ is Aim. in the sense of 'preparing, being ready

•:a;Ti-'t~.s~<Rur I Pan. 1. 3, 20. :a;wrq~~erfflrcrlit

Sid. Kan. ~~ f.:l'f'ol: I Vart.
 § 664] 407

for,'~~ t~' prepares for battle; cf. ~ ~ f:ITTT•

~il'!'TI~ ~ Bha.
;,;p.r~-'to beg or rnlicit for any thing' is used in the Par. in
the sense of' to hope for', 'to wish well' or 'to give blessings to,'
it is exclusively Atm. ~ .;r~ '{'frqij-~~ i{~: 1
~ gf;r: ( Bhop, )
Sid. Kan. +l'Tq-,"'jl.j

In" ;,r~ fq i:rm ;i- ~T~ " Kir. XIII. /;9. the root is,
nsed in the Atmanepa.da. :Bnt Bha1toji Dikshit supposes that
the reading here should be ;;m
and not ~- 1\fammata also
in his Kavyapiaka.sha finds :fault with the Atm. use of this zoo!;
when critising the voree tfr1f~iTT~5" f'i:i~if q;rrwfITT~r:
should be ;;rm?r.
&c. and says that "!T!il"~
;ft1-' to lead or carry ' with a preposition or with the pre-
positions q, or
13'Q' f.f is Alm in the following senses.-

( 1 ) ~;,1;;,r or ' showing :regard for; ' ~1~ ii''<@'giYeS in-

struction in the conclusions of the Sbtra' ( ~ 'q' fu~~
q;i~ Sid Kan. ), ( 2 ) ;;.~ or ' raising up; ' ~~
:zT1&:i'«'IT~<l'i;
( 3) m'<fnf~ or' initiating into sacred rites, r
mur.r<i; a-l'fiNl~Rl.:ir:,u,+l':e.:rf'i
11ftP.l'rfi,~: 1 a-i:r-to.r.r~'S'QT-
,qif,T~ ~oft ~,;;;r~ ra;mt( Sid. Kan. ); ( 4 ) $if or 'aecer-
tai:ni.ng the real nature of; ' a~:i'ii11ff ~m~i ; (5)~
or' employing on wages; ' i.f.fi!f,(iid,4iil.lcl'employs labourers on
wage,; ( 6 ) f.i.wr;;or ' paying off as a debt, taxes ' &o ; ;:i;t
ft~ mt "a::i:f ~ q-(~~T'i1<171WN:, and ( 7 ) !9-i<I'or < spending
~r-a
or applying to good use; ' ~ l<i•P-l~ tm~i'!i iill''<X: ( Sid.

~ ~fufq-;;r~: I V art1ka.
t ~f~T~fr~~~lq.qmifctf~ 1;;q: I ~it~
I Pan. I. 3. 36-37 f,r,r: ~~~ 1.F.~~;!~
:;;rrmft1.F.+rfiir srr'ii'
~T:rntrfll''i;" !.ill!'~re:I ~ ~'(!(~~ a~~ wq<I~ I ~ ;;
~ ~ii'!l'Tff 1 ~ if!{ ~ ;:p.rf.:cr 1 ;,;~,erwt-
trt<i'IITTITR"
il'~l<l"r 'l!iJq~ff I Sid. Kau.
408

K&u..). ;ft-with ~ is .A.tm, when the object is something other

than a limb of the body but e:tlsts i.n the agent; as <ITTif
~;
but ~: ;if.f ~~ ffi11V:; ~ ~ ( turns aside ).
~-with :m"is .A.tm.~ 'he praises. '
~*-with arris Atm, in the senee of taking leave of'-
I

,,~~~" Meg. 10. ' take leave of this thy dear

friend,' aho witll the preposition~ when used intransitively,
~ •he ascertains.'
~t-is .A.tm.except in the sense of ' protecting, ' mct.t
~
' e1ts food/ i§~ i~: ~ ~~ ' the protector of
the earth enjoyed( experiencedthe pleasure from the possession
of) the earth alone;'i~ ~ i:~ ~ ' old people sufer
hmd:reds of miseries; ' ilfl~ ' protects the world. '
~'i._-with qr'{is Par.; ~ ' endures; ' but ~~' he
touches. 1
~f-with 3TTis Atm. eit~er when used intransitively or has
a limb o:fthe body of the agent for its object; ~~ ~: ' the
tree epreads; ' arr~
~ • stretches forth the hand; ' !:rat
~% ' draws up the rope from the well'; preceded
~
by iEFi.,~ and :mit is Atm. except when it has a literary
~'it
work for its object; ffl 'puts on a garment;!'m~
•li:ftsup a load;' ~ ~ ' gsthere rice;' bnt ~ ~
itries hard to leam the Veda'. ~--with a"C£is .A.tm. in the
semc of •aooepting,or espousinga girl;'~ ~ff •acceptsthe

'If :allf:s-
~~: fVa.rtika.
t ~s;r,r,j" I Pin. 1. 3. 65. ~ ~ff ~~­
~ff !i'ffiotfS;:r,Jfrf
iillii:{ciiiil'l'ii ~~ ~1,1-1i\q,o'<hwrr~ 1
t .i:iwr ~: I Pan. 1. 3. 28. "'"f~T ~T !T-'itI Pan. l. s.
75. ~: ~\ur ran.1. 3 2. 56. ~ml'ffqi:rif.i
, Pan. 1. 2. 16.
 409

gift given;' :;i-q-~ ~ 'marries a girl'; in the A.01istthis

~:rops its nasal optionally; ;o'l'l' :i_:rri'lt~ (See Uttar. III.112).
'<!"<TT<i'«'fl
but tf~ lff<ff :;;-~ 'makesanother's wife his own.'
~fl--preceded by ITor :a-tr, or generally by a prep. 'beginning
or ending with a vowel, and doeenot refer to sacrificialvessels,
is Atm. $, ~' ~'a'lr.r: fil:m-
<if'q': ( Bh. VIII. S9): but
~tminur Ii~ 'arranges the sacrificial vessels;'~~~-
·,mTil~ffi(E'ak.) 'who appoints her to the duties of the hermitage';
a:i.:$ ~~: fuff: Rag. XI 62. •the lord of the earth azked
his preceptor;' G'lli~~O'!T"!":s'f! "l"J$ 'Aja employed the
~ix expedientsbeginning with peace.' Rag. VIII. 21.
~-in the Oau. takes the Par.
'{!!_t-•to sport' changes its Pada when precsded by the pre-
positions ~, :a:irand qfo ot«'i!ITTm'~ ' cease, oh child, :from
this' ( Uttar. I. 33 ). uf?ft!f ~,t~ Ibid. I. 27. 1ifffi:r@,
~1cll'Tff =err~ Msnu II 79. q"Rmffi; ~ ~~ ,;-~
•was for a moment delighted with his sight.' With :a-q-it is
,:Par,i ~ :a-G"{+nff m4i~• ( Sid, Kau.) When intran-
!litively used it takes either Pada; ~~-a" 'sports'; cf. .rl'\"t·
.eff:if~; ;:m, ef~'fflf<'I",&c. Bhatt. VIII. 54. 55,
®l'-'to melt. to embrace' ie .A.tm.in the can. in the sense of
'adoring, defeating or deceiving;' ~ff 'is adorable on
account of his matted hair;' ~-I" ®Ttltrn°o>qT'the dog ie defeated
,by means of a stick ;' ~~) err~G'!rit ;r~r;i.1q: ( over-
powers ) ; mar ~ff~ ' the Brahmai;ia is deceivedby
zeaeon of his folly.' ~r:itrn" ~i.rer«ri:I
~t-in the cau is .Atm. in the sense of 'deceiving;'~
sir~ •deceives lUnavaka;' but:,;~ 11{~ 'avoids a serpent.'
"' sfrqrzj ~~1:qf!fp;rl! 1 Pan. I. S. 64, 'Ei!~M'llqij•lf!'i;'fi\otm·
~ I Vartika..
t•~T~+-qr :o:r:1:a-qr;;r
I fqm'l"rs~ 1 Pan.I. 3, 83-85.
~ Pan.1. 3, t\9.
¼~l\1<1:::,..,4):
 410 [ § 664'

~-t'to spe11k'is Atm. in the following senses:-( 1) ~

or •showing brightness ( proficiency in);' ~m ~ 'is adept in
the Sastra ;' ( 2 ) i:l'tl~olffl or 'conciliating or coaxing' (generally
precededby~); ~;'{~ff ~ 'l:J~il"TN'<i=;
• " " (o) " ~!'ii or 'k now~
ledge' ~ ,i~ <knowsthe Sast1a;' ( 4) ~ O? 'effort, toil;'
~ :;riff•labours in the field;' ( 5) r~ffiti or 'disagreement,
qwmel;,
(generally preceded by f.r m thrn sense); f.ri:i~; ~'R
~il'lifii'!T ~TfflGTI;.i:'of mutually conflictrng Sil.stras;' and.
( 8) s!'q.:{""r.(Q!or 'costlng, requesting;' <{fmti:l'tf<T~ 'praises th&
donour,' &c; with~ 1t is Atm. in the sense of 'distinct and
loud speech( as that o:fmen gathered together;;' ~!.'f;'{~ liTT\',1'.llIT:
•the Brahmai;ias are speaking aloud together;' but i!.T!lq"~i'I'
1~:
~IJI':; 9"~i 'tr~ol<[I~ 'oh beautiful one, the oocks are
crowing;' with~ it is Atm. when used intrasitively; :;;{ij<i<fff,
~: iiim~ 'the Katha Brahmal,l,aimitates ( 8peaks on the side
of or recites like ) the Kalapa Brahmai;ia;' but ssffi~<!'~ff
'reproduces what is said;' a:f~Tff '111llT•the lute imitates the
notes (indistinctly);' with jqlj" it is optionally Atm. in the senst?
of 'disagreeing or disputing;' ~Q"!i~f.:ir-;%~: the physicians
disagree; with :a:(l:I'it is Atm. in the sense of 'reviling, reproach-
ing, refusing,' when the fruit of the action refers to the agent;
~ ~ :a,;:1:nt 'greedy of wealth reviles others unjustly(
so Ai!<U-i<ii:l~ct'refuses justice;' but :3'PR<\'Tff
'reproaches' ( when
the result does not :refer to the agent); cf. -i'@ft'-<~!WJ:'
Ma:nu. IV. 236; when the fruit of the action is indicated as
referring to the agent the Atm. is optional; ~ll'~ at~fiHt i:IT
( Sid. Kau. on Pan. 1. 3. 77 ); ;;~ with ssl'.fin the sense of 'advis-
ing or speaking stealthily,' when used traDsitively, is Atm.
rot>.i'
~ 'gives advice to his pupil;' l'.f'(~Tw.l:a'lf!I~, speaks
stealthily with another's wife.

t ~<-1J\TT~r.il!lii<~l;'1>!~1!!~ ~: I ~m<ffiifT'('f§;;\ff~ r,
::ir.!~<ITT<l'_If.f~rll!r~i:ra-iiiI altITlFFI Pan. 1. 3. 47-50, 73.
 §6MJ p AIIASMAIPA.DA.
& A.TMA.NEPA.DA. 411

'11{-i• both Par. and .Atm. but with !f is restricted to the-

Par; q.r~.
~"-' to know' ( 2nd cl. ) with ~ is Atm. when used
intransitlvely in the senseo:f'knowing of, befog awareof,' and'
adds ~ to ~ optionally in the 3rd per. plural; or ~m~
'they know well;' cf. $' ;:r~ ffllli~'11ifii@J,ar~ Bh.VIII.
17.; ' who do not know that the mountain MainAka is the friend
of Vayu P;' but ~iff: ~ffl ~ ~1 Bha~t. V. 87~
as it is used transitiveiy. It ia also Atm. with~ in the sense
of ' recognising;' as ~.
~t-with R is Atm. ~;~~~&c. Bhatt
VI. 14:3, Also when ~11-is prefixed to R, arfi%f.ntQTa- ~
( Sid. Kan. ) 'takes to a good path;' see Bh. VIII. 80.
~t-meaning •to reproach or to abuse' takes the Atm.
even when the fruit of the action does not accrue to the agent;
~A"ffll
~!l{§-takes the Atm. in the sense of 'wishing to study;"
~'it ~ ' wishes to study arohery .'
'(_-tt 'to hear' with l:llil:is Atm. when used intransitively;
~ ' hearswell;' ~~ l'fiq'( Bhat. VII. 16. ) 'Listen with
h~, oh monkey;' cf.mlliirq-: ~ \l' ft q: Kir. 1. 5: but
~ ~ff ' he hears the sound.' This root takes the Atm. in
the Deaiderative, except when arror !fin precedes it, g~; bnt
:atr-llffr--g!J{"ffi.
~~$.-with~ ;arcr,srand f.t is Atm,,~; ;ro-q·i~¥1>Ull~1~

# ~llME<l(dl~~ 1Vart1ka. ";jifmffi Fan. VII.1.7

tit~: :Pa.n.I. 3. 17. t ~~ 1 Vartika.
§fu~~~~Vartika. ttamr~ ~ I Vllrtika.
$~:~;I Pa.n.1.3 22 arTe•!.i@~l<lii,4'3(.ol.li~VS.rtik11,
sr<F,1aj'1~Ko<l<lll$c(I :a<p~~ I Pan.1,328.24 i~ I
Vartikas. :Sq'j.:+(.:.jl:f,(O\' I Pan. 1. 8. 25. :Oq'i(il'l_,fii\:lil"ia"<il~-
~ <i"fotl'1t: 1 <IT~ l Va.rtikas. arifl'1=!~ I Pan.
1. 3. 26.
 412 [ § 664

~ ( :Mud.1. 36. ) 'fearing an outrage does not abide by

-onewho is mild, ' see :M:rch.l. 36. ( In the sense o:f standing
-still, &o.it is needin the Par.~ if lild!l@~~: ~~
~lf: l Hariv. ); lflll{Rt~aS'ff' ~ ( ~: ) ' it a being
zemalnsbreathing though only for a moment; ' ~ ~
-~ .rr<mtl!ia' 1Sis. 11. 34. Sl'@!RrSee Ragh. IV. 6; Kum.
ill. 22. Nfaa-'a; q~ ~ M'a!lmtSis. IV. 4; with anit is
Atm. in the sense of ' laying down a proposition, asserting
-solemnly;' ~ ~ au@l!l'ff' .Affirms that sound is eternal; '
~ l'ft 1TT ~ i:fiF(Ullql~•.U~( :Mah.Bha. ) ' :forthy sake I will
drink water or poison;' in the sense of ' observing'it takes the
J>ar.when naed transitively; f.mti:lml!l1'€t ' observes the vow.'
~ i.aAtm. by itself in the sense of ' disclosing one's intention
or a.biding by;' ii1,ft ;pllN fffn,~ ~ff ~ I
~ ~!! fitl!l1I'
~: Kir. Ill 14; 'who, whenin doubt, takes
.l'ecolll'Seto Kar:r;iaand others ( as the decidersof the matter in
hand ),' With 'e-( it is .A.tm.except in the senseof 'getting up
•Orgetting by right;' iibli!faal, 'earnestly thinks of ( aspires to)
.absolution;' ( See Kir. XI. 13. and Sis, XIV. 17 ); but i:fm-
·~m; !ll'4i¼dfJhl8@ 'a hundred is yielded to him by a
village ( as tax, &c.).' With ,aoq- it is Atm. in the senseof:-
( 1) 'worshipping with the recital of holy texts,' ~llT-
~' worships the Agnidhra fire with the recital of Vedio
t.exta,'~((Qgqt'ae;ia .,c,,:r.Bh. VIII, IS, but .:iaf(ijqlfil!I@~-
:;t,:r( or 'fRIWmlffl ;nuVop.) wherethe meaningis 'to appro-
ach for intercourse,to serve,' See BhaH. V. 68, ( 2) 'waiting
upon, worshipping( a divine being)' :am~@l!lft; ( the Atm.
useof the root in'~ ~~ rndr' Rag.VI. 6.
i.ato be explained,thmks Bhattoji Diksluta, by the faot that the
king is consideredto be a divine being ), (3) 'uniting or joining;
l11l'fq;ngq'ii!Wf!'; ( 4) 'forming :friendshipwith' ef'~-
Wd(ia.il$(110N1~:(Sid,Kau.); and (5) •to lead to'~: pn-
tffl!"EI
'this wayleads to Srughna.'When a desire to get something
ia implied ""1' with n takes either Pada; ~1,1;: 14!JiQldernt-a
 § 664J PA.lr.W,WpAJ)J. & .ATKANEPADA. 418

'a beggarwaits on a lord ( with desireof getting something),1 •

Whenit is used intransitively it takes the Atm; ~ n--
im 'comesat the dinner time.'
~-is Atm, in the Desiderative;~-
y-ia Par, in the causal;ffl11'll'Rf.
~with ~ and ~ is A.tm.1 ~ 'roars so as to terrify;'·
!if~•R-f1e .BhaH,IX. 28; ~ 'utters a loudsound.'
l'EE<r
.,s:•-with an whellusedintl'&llsitively or whenit has a limb,
of the body o:fthe agent for its objeot is .A.tm.; amw'kills or
dashesdown;' m'lR' ~ •strikeshis own head;' but ~ ftrt-
smf.!r ( Sid. Kau. )
rt-with at!Jis .A.tm.in the sensesof 'following the habits
of,acquiringthe natnral oualityof;' ~ ~ 'horses
alwe.ysfollow the gait of their progenitors;' so a irtir:-
~; in the menseof 'acquiring a newquality by imitation,.
it takes the Par. ~!Rm!', imitates his iather. '
ll--a'lf,precededby n, f.l',N,and ~ and used intransiti-
velyis Atm. n-f.f-r'ii"-~-~~; with sirit is Atm. in th~
senseof' challenging;' fJIU!iiilC((fll/ilffl' • K1ishQaeballeng11&
Ohli;iurato battle;' ~ ~IR Sis. XXI. l; but,
~Rt.
ThefollowingK arilt3,, extracted from the A'khyitaehan-
driki.are subjointd here, with somealterations here a.nd there,
asa help to the studentin rememberingmuchof what is given,
in the presentchapter.
am~fflaq~mi:fic1•1:
u
mer~~:~~~11
~~~~~g~<[.11 9 U

• srwr l'l'lf(Wfl , Ptn 1. 3. 2s. ri rnt~ A....f.t:Q.,. ..EQ "~:

ull'lffl~: I~ Iii' ~!I'~ tr,mfllffif~•
I sn:rJlf
srri:i:r~inmtu I Sid. Kau. t g(ii•\Rinl.,.@l&il Vertika.
t ~Rit g:; ~~: Pen, l. s. so,31.
414 SANSXEI~ G:BAMMil, [ § 664

~~ar~~afq§@u
!i1~1~5Fii!UWTT~fflliil?fact.ll ' 11
~ ~~ ~~: 11
o!!@~"ljT
qffl lf~ ~~~ AA~ II ~ II
@~'<:hlr4d{d'U44eyITT~~
11
~ 611@~ !~ f.ltrofa;u:
II ¥ 11
en~: .tr~~ 11
em!~,:l~IB!SleF(Ul~ ffl:ll ~ II
;r;f: a_:rqrzjffl ~: ~1R-u:II
:q ~~ ~al<li !ilifi: ~:
q;ii'-+<!T II ~ ll
~~~ii~~ ~~ II
~: ~ !iltM~ f.luiiai
Sliii~ II " II
~ ~~~~ II
~1if•lifi(Uit{S11~q~ ~if; II e. H
~~ II
!:TI~ +r,'Sl<li(1J!Si6~~
iiff ~f iifll: ID~~~'ffi: II ~ II
, ... t, ""1b::nt~
~eia,:i-r,t;qijikf ~ ._-.,..---,,"1+i~<t: ll
~<IT dtffi ~•~~: ll 'I o 11
~ ~cre-r'i+<rt
i: #cl~ II
~ ~: 11'I 'I 11
~'<lilfcl(i401(1«
~ ~: ll
51@1~51~.tl'W\'!
' .... ' «:: t
<lN: ~ ~ ~i6+104ifi%1<( II ,, II
~-mij '<£~ ~ II
~ ~ ifi""~ g 'i1Ti_a,i;il(or
II 9 \ U
i'('¥SH!.%RRll!i! ~quq,n-: u
~;f.(~~: ~ffi~ II W II
~ mtll~fcl.ittila<ltt4ifil<(11
~ifiliif~~ij';i:i;re: II 'I~ U
!§ 664,] PARASMAil'ADA & ATMANEPA.DA. 415

,rc,imn•~~il\~~
..... ....
,...,,, ~ .
II
~

~i:ra.:i:rr~ II ,
liil'lffl "lllq <1;,::c!: ~ ll
ciJ.l~cJT'qj ~i- "' fcl'simq
1'iilm!tm11
mS"lf~: 51R\~ ~ ~i!if<l:. ll , " II
~~~~!~ q.~: ll
" ..... (:~ ,..,"' .....~
~ 'iil~?J:I~ <lJ'll:
l~o !!I~: II 'It II
re~ iioi ~ <!~ ~:,.rnII
~: ~(~oo~irrilf.fl~-Ill 5@:~: n , "' 11
..... ~ ..... (:
~~ ~ (:.tl<i.lktl'-1~(!:II
~
~i:r: ~•irr~H<lcJii uwm
11s.o II
•Wli.ruit~ <!icl'r
~l<l<l~ II
... .,, " . (:
~,,!!:<1a~rm~~: ..... ,'I II
~~~!: :.!4i:.ti!il-s\i@l+l<l41~~ct'N:
II
~l'!?f ~: ~:.r1m:sfq :q II s.<. ll
r~il:fll!lci~qq;,::a: ~~
qtq.a,¼ fui:q:U
~acli~fil fui=.r:
q;~ "I <fi'Sfµ:[SlliJ" II , ~ It
tf<I~ ~a
li£t" ~ II
<fil{<ffi
"era:
~:~~~11<.Yl!
..... ,.,,,
~ ~

~if\l&cll~~f g iii II
II ~a-
~~~~: ll
ll~lR~~:U
II <.to, ll
~4G_ii"'ll+llct>siiSt<l~(l4(1<i._
~qjffl.<r: mg_l~l?r~: ~: II
ci<l~1:+m <.:rs!4li'~m~ ~~<Ii: II s.~ 'I
~!fol~~~~~: II
~~ 'UNcJ:ll ...." II
Fffl<Riit:f.T
~~~~;qB,T TUl~cf II
~l<ll!ml4R!ro
cf qt~: II , ,t; II
 416 ( § 664-66&

CHAPTER XIV.

VERBAL . DERIV A.TIVES

,,,.,,,.
or
P1m,URYNo~~ASEs.
Derived by means of the Ktt Affixes.
§ 665, The Kp affixea (Vide § 337) are added to ro!>Js or
to their modified forms to form D.Q.WlS, adjectives, and indecli-
na}.les;e. g. 'fi~, q, ~. ~. q;~l'(, '<l't\'~, 'PU'
• &c. These are ea.I.led Krdantas or Primary Nominal Bases
as distinguished from tbe Secondary Derivatives formed with,
the Taddhita affixes.
§ 666. There is a peculiar class of X:Jt or Primary affixes
techni!)lilly deeignated by Sanskrit grallllllarians-U11adt ,or
those begillning with th~ affix_i11t,i, e. the affix ;- with the-
mn~ or indicatory letter.".(_, so called from the words <if,~,
~.~-in the first satra being ~erived with the affix. These-
, UJ]&dl,affixesform prim~l',l'~ns, lik(:\,other Krt a@f.~§ form
verbal !Oots, but are classed separately because thei.r applica-
tion 1i,~ted, because tha nouns derived by their means are
either formed irregularly, or the connection between their
eenses and the meanings of roots from which they are
supposed to be derl ved is not so clearly discernible as in the
case of other primary derlntives; B, g. at~ ll!nnRllff'
a:r..ollil
; 1Q'~ 'a horse' which is derived either.from 3ffit.'t? pei;vade,'"
: or.froman;r~ 1 road;' and 3lT'I" with f.t, &c;,~ 1 an artisan~
:homw'to do,' &c.
 § 667] PR:nIA3Y NO:MIN.A.LBASES. 411

SECTtO:S I.
P .A.RTICIPLES( Deolinable and Indeclinable )

1. Partic~?!~B
( DscZinabls)
( a ) Parti~iples of the Present Tense
§ 667, The p~rticiple of the present P,uasm. is formed by
the addition of the affix ara_
to that f9,Wl-of a root, primUive
or derivative, whioh 1t assumes before the thitd ~person plural
terminatlpll of the .Present Tense. If the base eDds in Sf, the at"
is dropped;-s--g. ·
1l_( 1 cl, ;-.r;i:_+~ Pre. Srd pl. ~+ara,=~ Pre. P being
~ ( l cl )-fcia:+affea',, falr.+<11<1.=fiwa:
,, standing
@:'i;( 2 cl. )-fi:11:+~ ,, ~+ara,=~ ,, hating.
similarly from
~ ( 2 cl ) ~ eating. ' w,_( 7 cl ) ~ preventing.
i:n ( 2 cl. ) ~ going ' ~ ( 8 cl. ) ~ doing. '
f ( S cl. ) ~ sacrificing no,:( 8 cl.)~ stretching, &c.
~( 4 cl. ) ~ playing. ~ (9 ol. ) ~ buying.
~ ( 5 cl. ) ij""~ extracting. ~ ( 9 cl. ) ~ stealii:ig, &c.
~ ( 6 ol. ) ~giving pain. ~ ( 10 cl. ) "iffli:f<I.
stealing.
~ can of~.~ causing to know.
~~ desid. of~,~ desirt!!g to know.
~ desid. o~.~• ~ desiring to give.
~ fr~~-of~' ,itr'iwfa:
thro~ again and again.
&c. &c. &c. &c. &c.
( a ) Tha term. a:r,i:_is optionally changed to ~ when added'
to the root f.r~; ~ or ~ ' knowing. '
( b ) The affix ara_ when added to m
and 6" ' to extract Soma
juice in a sacrifice' has the sense of an ~ as fitq-<t_m. 'an enemy:}
~ ~if ~: 'all are the extractors of Soma juice in a sacri:6.ee.
H. B. G. 27
 418 SANSRBIT G:&Am!:AB [§ 867-671

( c ) When affised to 31j'it has the sense of ' fitness, respect;'

<Ii'~' one deserving respect,:respectable.'
, ( d ) i 2 P. an(i ',a can. take the affixs:!lJ:.
when the idea of di-
:ffi~J!ltY
i,i"riotpresent;~'studying without experiencingany
difficulty:'~ •holdingor bearing with ease;' but ~ s:i\'ffit,
~~-
§ 668. The declensionof the Participles in 3«=rhas been
:reated ofin § 116.
§ M9. The participles of the Pr~~:iit•._µin. is for~ed by
adding amr__ to .the root which undergoes the same changes
before it, ,as beforethe termination afc\' or ~ of the 3rd pl.
pre, srr,; is changed to ;rr,r,in the ca!e of roots of the ls~, 4th,
6th and fO~li-clasies, and all deri!ed roots, or rather when the
base ends in :at, before which the :atof the base remains un-
changed;e. g ~ ( 1. cl.) ~ 'growing;' ~ ( 1 cl. ) ~
'sa!~~ing'_; ~fr( 2. cl. )_~ying down;'~ ( 2. cl.) ~,
tl:( with arr( 2. cl ) :s:rmf.r1:7"Elling;' -qr ( 8. cl.) 'NTff 'holdmg;
i (8.cL)~;~(4,cl.) (~'playing;'tr(5, cl.) F<ml'
• extracting;' ~ ( 6. cl.) ~ 'giving pain;' ~ ( 7. cl. )
~ 'obstructing;' ii ( 8. cl) i1fTlll' 'doing;'~ ( 8, cl.)~
'stretching;' S!fi' 'buying;' m (10, cl) 4:if'(i.11-1101
( 9. cl.) lili11ll1il'
'steahng;' &e. ~ ( 1. ol )-can, ~ff-ifN'l:l'iif/i'f'' causing
to kilow1'-desiderative e!"iflTTfQ@~l.fm'Uf•being desirous
to kn.ow,'&o.
§ 670. ( a ) The ~ of srr,:ris changedto i in the case of
the root :a:ire:
( 2. cl. ) 'to sit;' Pre. P. ~-
't ( 3)srr.radded to the roots i and ~ forms nouns; e. g,
'that which purifies,hence,the wind' (cf, Rag. vm. 9.)
'v,lll'Ji'f=
also, 'one of the saared fires;' ~: 'one who saoxifices.'
§ 671. " The terminationsrr;r may be added to any root
-
 § 671-6i5] PRDIA.RY ~o:irrnAL BASES. 419

:.n the sense of ' in the habU of ' or ' to show;.a _particular
s,and:mi of nge, or ci.pacity to do a thing; e g. ;in,!'gm;;:
' one l::abituatedto anioy pleasures;' '.f.<l'cf~.,r,;r: ' o:fa sufficient
age i." you3g enough to bear armour;' ~t f.!lir;;: ' able to kill
the enemy,' &c. '"''
§ bi2. The participle of the Pre. Passive is !armed by adding
+ir'i to the Passive base m <f; e g. '§f~l'liTii ' who oz what is
known, ' ~~i:!Fi ' what is eaten, ' (T~ who or what is given,
~l'wi ' who or what is gaihered, ' ~~+fl'\1r ' what 1s done, '
'f-'1€t~ ' what is scattered, ' ~ji!J '. who or what is
stolen 'i,r-cau. Pass. oTT'o'l:fl:rR ' who or what is camed to
know, ' Des. Pass. i!l:<ffN~i:r.TTO'f ' who or what i, desired
to know,' &c.
§ 673. The participles formed according to § 66:l are de-
clined like nouns endrng in ~ m f and n
( b ) Participles of the Perfect.
§ 674. The terminations· of th~ Peri. and the Past parti-
ciples are weak, and therefore the radical vowel does not take
its Guna lmbst1tnte befofe these. The penultimate nasal is
'-...,/,';. -·
generally dropped ( see § 584 ).
§ ffLJhe partic1pie of the Per:!. Par. and Atm. is formed
by adding l/1'6;and r.mr generally to that form of the root which
it assumes before the termination of the 3rd per. plural. If tlm
:form consists of one syllable only or when the root ends in :.l'i,
,r~ has the intermediate t added to it. t 1s optionally prefixed
to~ in the case of the roots ifT-!;,~, ~~, f.l~ and R~( 6 cl.);
:Jiil'.and~, and :rr,i: and~ when they do not take t, form this
participle from that base which they would assume before the
2nd per. smg. termination, e. g.
p .A.RAS::ilIP APA.
Root Perl. Base ( 3rd pl Pers. Ptc.
~ to go iRiare;
who or what went
~-;, SIITT<i'6;
') ''
 420 SAN5ER!T GR!IDLAll,, [ § 6715,

Roots Perf. :Base ( r-rd pL) Perf, ptc,

;:fi- to carry f.!..fTll'l;
who or what
carried.
~ tocook ~ ~ ,, cooked.
~ tospeak ~ ~~,, spoke.
~ to sacrifice f::;i:: f~,a: ,, sacrificed.
+!~ to break ~ ~,, broke.
~ to throw '3l'Te'._ /3ll"~~,, threw
~ to praise ~ ~~ ,, praised,
~ to do 'ofi;" :sr~ ,, _did.
~ tosplit f.r~ T~~ ,, split.
~ to give ~ ~<1''8; ,, gave &c.
~ toeat :.m:,. :s{T!ff<re:
,, ate.
~ to see irm !~ or ,tt!"~ ,, saw,
~ to know,&o.~for~ ro~e:_ or R~<r~,, knew, &c.
~ to enter f.lf,{~ ~~ or R~ ,, entered.
~has~,~-~, ~-~Ri:f~Or ~~,and
~~O?:sr'i(~.

( 1 ) In the case of roots beginmng with :a:r,

~ is not inserted
as it is in the Perfect; ~-am~~,
( 11 ) For the declension of these participles see § 124-,

A.TMAJ.IEP.ADA•

.fr to carry f.i;ft f.t;:;rr;r

qi' t-0give ~ q~
q-:;rr,r
q~ to cook
~ to sacrifice
~ "
~ ~r.r
f.: to do 'q"~ ~
0
1:(:;r.__
to speak :;;;-~
~,---·-
3i'illil
~ii to praise ii's ~
~ to hear ~~ ~~i:f11li
&c. &c. &c.
 .§ 675-681 ] PRI:lU.RY NoMrnAL BASES. 421

( b ) Theoe are declined like nouns ending in a:rm j n.

§ 376 Roots ending in~ ( i' and ~ included) form their
::?erf P. irregularly; <Ti; i. added to the root, which then
u!ldergoes the changes mentioned in § 394, and 1s finally redu-
plicated· when a root is Atm. it is fir,t reduphcated and ~r;r
afterwards added, the final'[ changing as before; e g. f +lffl:=
~' by reduplication Nffit\'._;
1-by reduplication :;r'f+ ~
similarly ~-ra?fiie;; RIBU!!i; ~-fu~
=:;;rr~fl!T; ~M"-
i-!l:~G:, 'f!!~iOl', &c.
~TIIT;
§ 671. The Perfeot participle is not frequently used. The
only participles that are most c)mmonly to be met with are
those formed from the roots ~, of~, ~'<ITand ~-
§ 678. The parheiples of the Periphrastic Pedeet Par. and
Atm. are formed by the addition of the Perf. Partieipal forms
of the au::dlrnry verbs 'if-, ~ or 1a,to the base in ~ e. g.
~ra,re::, ~1;'h,~. lf!ll<l'fai~sre;
mir_,-l'f1ll'<11lllffi<l"'l\, &c.
(c) Past Passive Participles.
§ 679. The Past Pamve Participle is formed by the addition
of the affix:c,1'to the root; e. rJ. ~i'fi-~ 'bathed, ' ~-f~n; ' coE-
quered, ' .fr-;fu:r 'carried,' ~-~ff 'heard,' ll_-~ ' become,' ~-ln
'taken away,' ;q~-11ttf, 'abandoned,' ~-Rl'i'I",'•thought or me-
ditated upon,' &c.
§ 680. Roots capable o:f takiug Samprasara.na take it before
the affix:n.
§ 681. The affix:a-is weak.
Exceptions:-
( a) The roots efr,~~ l cl., TT£~, f~~• 'il'J:and ~ admit of
the Gui;ia change before crwhen 1{ is prefixed to it; 'I, 1. A also
,does the same when it takes ~ ( see § 686b ).
 422 ( § 681-684.

( b) Such of the roots of the 1st class as have iS' for their
penultimate change their vowel to Gu1:,1aoption1tlly, when the
affix a is added with the interme.ili,ate lf, and the P. P. Parti-
ciple is used impersonally, or when - it conveys the sense of
beginning to perform the action or undergoing the condition
expmsed by tbe root; ~ 'to delight' ~'but' to begin to
delight' qr~ or ~; or sr+Tirof
sref!((i 'l'm!;:ffi 3i!if~: or
~: l;illli similarly, ~-~@'a or smrfc'ia&c.
§ 682, The Penultimate radical nasal 1s generally dropped,
(See§674).
§ 683. The augment lf is prefixed to this O in the case or
certain roots, optio_:1allyin the case of some and not at all in
the ciise of others.
§ 684. .As a gen~,ra.lrule, all roots ending in a vowel, and:
such as take the lf optionally before any termination, and .Anit
roots ending in consonants generally, do not take lf; the rules
of Sai:dh1 given in the foregoing chapters that are applicable in
particular cases ought to be observed,-
Roots. P. P. Ptc Roots. P. P. Pto.
qr-i:mr protected ~-;lf'i'fi abandoned.
m-iira' resorted to ~-l{'a' :fried.
;fr-;fin carried. ~-n saorificed
~-~heard. ~-!ft awakened.
1l,-~ become. &r<I,.-fet;( pierced.
W-'i!ffi done. ~-ijli slept.
~-=~ covered. ~~-~~ obtained.
it--a-n woven ~~bound •
.it-.fur covered ~-~seen.
i"~ called &c., ?,J;"~-!i'! cried out &c.

1 l substitutes a; for its If,

 § 684-685] PRIMARY NoMIN.U. BASES.

Roots. P P Ptc. Roots. P. P. Ptc.

~-a-m spoken w:_-~ bitten
~--i!!_G" concealed ~~~~ hated, &c.
~-l['e wiped off, &c. ;;r,~" -~ governed
~-~ accomplished, &c. ~-a:,\l"burnt
\i!J:.-qa" satisfied ~-~borne
;,:;;;r_--;rzperished, &c. ~-'Ef!<Eendured
~-~ grown 'c;f-13:_-'cofl:ff
destroyed
~-7a,;; happened, completed, ~-,;fg lioked
&c. ~-W~ or ~lEfainted
~-~mable ~-~bound
fu~--firm sprinkled i~-fflo dropped
~-1l!! asked
Exceptions:-
(a) m, and ~niiT take if; the final vowel of the
<iilll, '1:<;JT
first two takes Guna substitute, and the last two drop their
final; ~/qa-, :;rmf.:ff;~'lffi, ~-
( b ) qa:_takes ii'.t~cugh it admits of i. optionally in the
Desiderati ve; lif'ITT'f,
( c) The Anit roots ~ and r:g~ad?Iit .. ~ before ii and ;.rr;
"fl'ii'I"'!l!fmr.
§ 685. Set roots ( subject to § 684 ), and all derived roots
admtt ;:,f ~; roots o:fthe Tenth. Ola,s and causala reject their
final 'a:f!f, Par, Frequentatives their final si:r, and Atm.
Frequentati ves their .r:-
Roots P P. Ptc. Roots P. P, Ptc
?11'~-~ 'rnspected.' 'told '
~-ili,!1;r;:r
~-:::_:a-~ '!poken ' ;:rw-i:rfmr 'spread.'

*Vide § 437
 424 [ § 685-686

Roots. P. P Ptc. Roots. P. P. Pto.

~-'tl,l'li@' 'increased ' ~ can :Base of '1f'1.,ifl'Nci
'made to know.'
~ des. b. of ~, i~fq-Q'
'desir€d to do.'
~-,g-;'trn''stola:n;deceived' .Atm, Fre Base of 'if..Z.,
<TT'i,,;e!T
im!Rra ' frequently known '
;i't~-Par, Fre. Base of 'la.,
.U-l_f>;@'.
Exceptions:-~;,{, 'lit~, 'to go, to kill,' &c., F:lcr_'to know,
to observe,' &c.,~~, sr~, ifrn:_,;i~, and 1:l'l!_;~' 'lit'!, m,
~' srn;, <ITlf,
~' :tRf •

•Y, B. There are many Set roots which reject the intermediate
~ but as some of them :form their P. P. participles in ;;-and
others irregularly, they will be given in their proper places.

§ 68'), The following roots ~~sert '{ _optionally:-

( a)~,~,!!~,~' ~~, ~~, ~' ~, a:i.r;,ijli'., -with
~,.;~with an, and ili'. 4. 1. Par. when imd with ffil=ll3:'the
hair,' or when it means 'to be surprised or disappointed;' efT~,
~; ( see § 696 a. ); ~, ,iJT+ra;ttr[ ( see 688 ), f{«rl'; ~
~:f, ~r~;
•wasted, perished,' 1{lffl"l'ii'f~, 'tl'f!iITTl'i :lit!', ~fqa-;
'6"1!,'Eiffif; '3,'T"n
( See § 696 a), a,imrr; ~ij~ ~:g~fq-a-; :a:rr~!ll;:a",
~; n-ef'«f~i1i!:'horripilated with joy,' &~f-§T~T ;i"::l:
fu%ra:~)m.
( b) ~ and !l:take if optionally before ff and <i:ll";i~e-,
~flITTf; in, ma:. ~

( c ) The following roots admit of if optionally before O when

the P, P. Participle is used impersonally, or conveys the sense
of beginning to perform the action or to undergo the state
expressed by the root;~,~,~,~'~, ~~' m~,
1.
4, cl. W~, ~~-~~and !<f<i~
1. 4. P. 1 A.; ft~-ffl-
 § 686-690] PRIMARY NOMINAL BASES. 425

fti: or !.1'~: ~:,: 10haiha has begun to perspire;' !.(~~R~ or

<hehas perspired,' &o : m'~4 cl. has ~~fitffalso.
"Sll''?~i:i-it,;
N. 13.When the participle is not used in the sense given
above these roots reject t; ~~-f&~mir; 'perspired, sonnded
inarticulately,' &c.
§ 687. (a)~ in the sense of 'to worshlp' takes W; <>f~n
iworshipped ;' but arn;: 'gone'; with ~;:i.:-~
.• ,--,e ...
(~f ~ mrr)
(b) 'i['a: and ~ll:_rejec;:,,~ when they expre1sthe idea oi 'immo-
<l.esty~P!, rudeness;' ff 'rude,' f?r:i:m1: 'ill-mannered;' but 'olfin
overpowered,trifled with,' &c , mn~ 'tol'lllentedor ill-tre:i.ted'
§ 688 ;r~j~_ijubstitnted£or a when it immediately foliows a.
final ~ or t:; this final<€:is also changed to ;i::~-~, ~-~1111;
d-~ (See§ S98)
Exceptions .-
(a) f~ has liffl' when it means 'a part, a portion ,' ~ in
other senses
(b) fit,[
tJP. A. takes O in the sense of 'nt w
enjoymentor
famous;'~ 'wealth, property,' f.rn:'famous'; T~ in othercases.
e,;A ~-'"H••

-(;) ;i~, ~ and ~~; +t'i'I',~ (also ~ whenit means

•~~!1•'
the same as i ), ~-
§ S89. Roots ending in an11-(~,it"and ~ changeableto ~r)
-and beginning with a conjunct consonant containing a semi-
vowel also substitute ,r for o; i'IJ ' to run, to sleep,' !:HIii";~ 1 to
fade,' ~; ~i¼-~«rr-'!'
'collected to a mass,' &c
Exceptions :-.µrr •to name,' &c. 1,~ 'to contemplate,' ;;:q-
and
i; ~T,\<l'):n, ~"aii<f~. ,~ ,
-- § 690. -lt'Theroots given at § 414 and ~r substitute
,_...,r.., ,.,,for r\',
~rai .r:~~ :q-~: 1~~rcn'iffimfll'l@":
"' ~<i:rirt ,~~-ir- 1
Pan VIII 2, 42-44
 426 SANSXRIT GR..unrA.11. [ § 690-692

Roots P P. Ptc. Roots. P. P Ptc.

fr to flow,to move ml' ii to grow old ~
~r to melt,etc. lir.t"" I toto lead
tear ;ftur
~ to go, to :hold ~ 'I .
;:fiur
gr to go, to move fr;r
~ to shake ~if , '{ to fill, to gratify
to bear, to nourish
~
d
i to destroy g_;\'.
1i to hurt, to kill
.....~..a-to choose ~
~ to cut ~ i,lll'
'lie to go itJT • to tear asunder
5l' 1ITTllf
to scatter iirdr ~ to scatter ~
"" to utter a sound, •
:.;llf to grow old :;ft.r
".
ii'
" to praise, etc. i!TUI'
§ 691. !sand ~ 'to soundindistinctly,' substituteif for a-and
their vowels; ~ 'gone,' 'I.if,
l811gthen
§ 692. The followingroo.tssubstitute if for.a-:-
Roots. P. P. Ptc. Roots. P.P,Ptc.
~4 .A..to fly er-r.~ \ to dry, to be J.a.nguid ;mr
lifi'4 .A..to move,to cover ~
.._
i to torm8llt ~
-.ft'to hold, to '-f\'ir pql, P, to grow, to swell ~
·- a.:complish , '«.4;,,A:.t? br,ng fort)l.
if 4. A. ~ to produce .wr
, '!t~
4 A.~~ ~ive ~l.:!. ~to break ll';f
\ pain ~6P. ~
<ft',,to perish,
to 'l'ffl,Ste
fr ,.hurt
-·
<ITif

fror
~6 P.
~ ,, to break
~6.A.
w.r
~
~
if to go ~ ~ to be ashamed
iJ'Jo abandon glii ~-with~ ~ "
~- ror,a-~ with m- m~-~
~-
~ 1. P.
fiaf
~
~4.A ~
 § 693-695] P:BIMilY NOMINAL BASES. 427

§ 693. ( a ) 'lfi'ff when it means 'to incur debt' substitutes -ii·

'!ltlJf ' debt; but -ltn, ' gone. ' .....,,.

( b ) W,when the P. P. Participle ha.aan active sense, substi-

tutes if and lengthens its ii ~. reduced, emaciated; but when
a curse i~ implied, or pity expressed, the change i~ optional;
~fi: or ~: i. e. ' die;' !fllUT'
'¥1!1' or l'ffi;: a;it a'fffl' oh,
the poor ascelfc has grown thin ' but TI{{n:il>f¥;T;J?.IT.

( c ) t ~ takes if when it does not mean ' to gamble;' ~

' a sport inihfch nothing is staked:' but ~ ' gambling. ' ...

( d ) t l{f with ~ takes if except when it has l{fa for it&

subject; ~!ftUTTsijf:-'the~re is extinguished; , R'-fftlrr
m'ir:the
sage is absolved; but ~: m:
( , ) ~ takes if when the notion of touch is not pre!ent;
~Til'I'ef~: 'a scorpion contracted through cold;' when it
means 'to be coagulated or cold' it! ~ takes ~SRffi"f(t); ~');:r~•
but ira ~ and not ~');t as the idea of touch is present here;
also when preceded by !ffif;sr@mit~. &c.; with atf~and 3N
the change is optional; mlrwr.for a:fl'll!ll-i~ff,3lcll,ll'TiTT
or 3N-
~ ifQ:; but~@:
§ 694 The roots w(, fq:, 6. A.,~, i, ill and fr take if or
n; ~Orij"tt, ~ or f.hr,:(fOl'Or!ffil,EITUl'Of
..,_,..
~
:ernr
and ffl'tlT
oritn',
§ 695. a:rr~has q"r,rwhen 1t is used with 'one's own limbs!
~ ff,
and a:rr;:ror iftif in other cases, as a:ry;;: or q't,:f: t~~:;
t
when it is preceded by a prepoeition, 1s not substituted for its
vowel;~:: but when it is used with ~ or i:li''il'~ with the
preposition :au,f is necessarily substituted; :a:wfi;;: ~:, strlft;f.
i:li'\T:,

fr ~"lffl I P~n. VIII. 2. 60. t ~,)fq~~;

N!ftllTI'Sl{fff
I Pan.VIII. 2. 49-50
 428 f§ 696-699

§ 696. ( a) Roots ending in a nasal lengthen their penulti-

mate vowel before a weak termination beginning with any
consons.nt except a nasal or a semivowel, or before the affix Tai':(
~-~!l'i!, &c
ml!',_-?:F.l'i'Ff,
( b) A.nit roots ending in a narnl, the root .r,z1. P. and the
eight roots of the 8th clase-wl: and others ( see p. 355 ) drop
their"nasal before ; waak termination beginning with any
consopi:mtexcept a nasal or a semivowei:-
Roots. P. P Ptc. Roots P. P. Ptc.
~ <to think', &c. ~ ;:r~ 'to bow' .Vo
i,i;l.to. &trike,' ~a: <J",i;'to restrain ' <l'i'I'
.:g!~o sport' w er~1. P. <to sound,
~ 'to go' 'If({ to serve,' &c. ~

~ l'l'ff ~ .. .ror
c,~
'to shine'
~"!_ 'to graze'
to
a:rrri: ~ff ~ff
-~ ~ <!'-I:
'to beg' ,«;
~ and 'fl-3:,drop their nasal and at
§ 697. The roots l.ll'-3'.,
the same time leng~hen their vowel; ~lei', ~ra,'l'l'Ti:i.
§ 698. A radfoal 11:preceding or following a vowel is some-
ti.mes changed to oi' before a-or .r; when it is preoeded by i: it is
dropped; !l!~-ri, ~-1'!:llf,~-<lOT, R':i:_-~or
fu<J:.-~Wi,
sr.r( See § (fos,c. ). --•·"~
§ 699. The following roots ( some forming their P. P. P.
irregnlarly) reje~.i[ in the limited sense attached to each:-
[gif-~'=':i 'a churning handle.' f.r"t~-l~R='<f
'a note.'
't=C;i:~mr 'the mind.' 'l,17!_-'ti'l1l"e;'a decoction easily
-~-'.<fr;:a' 'darkness.' prepared.' ( ~;rr;:rr;,,ffl'.'1:1':
~~ 'attached.' 1-l'i'"!'Ttfl~~"l'•
Sid. Kau. )
~ ....§~-~~ 'indistinct.' <1~-m 'much.'
 § 699-701J Plmi:ARY NOMINAL BASES. 429'

In their usual senses they have gr'1ia,wf.m-

1 ~!£, ~,
~. and ~1-a'.
'fi'furcr
§ 700. itr 'to give/ and~, :formtheir P. P. Pte. as ifn; the
if of ifn is dropped after a preposition ending in a vowel; SRI"•
~ &c ; in this latter ease the preceding t or :a-is lengthened;
.ft'tr,~, &c.; if may optionally be retained also; 11~, ~,
~/"&c.
§ 701. The following, ~oots form their P. P. Participlee
irre~~:!y:-
Roots. P, P. Ptc. Roots. P. P. Ptc.
~ to eat. m to inst:ruot. ~
~with~i,r:, ~to cut. fu:r
'ffl'OrN to be bulky or strong, ~
with ~ in the sense q otherwise lftr'in'
of 'being near.' oi\-'1ftrr
\TTtO put, mf
in other cases ~ ~ to cleanse \TI'nor \TJ'm
3i'ir 1. A. to weave. a;cr \1"tOsuck &
~"to bediffi- ff,as;ri6t!T• ~to cook. ~
cult or pain-~- The qy to drink. lfln
:fuL study of gram- R ~ ~tink, to putrify. '{a"
mar is very diffi- ~ to expand. p
cult; q;-i
lilii&c.; ~to bind. l;[(I'
but~'qa"~ ;rr to measure. ii:rrr
'gold rubbed on ;r to barter.
lthe touchstone.' ~to faint. ~or;i_~
ff to be lean. !i~ ~N:_with ~ ~ 'conva-

!!TI'l to be intoxicated. !ffi.r leseent'

<F!lfto stink. ~
ll'i:tlll' to shake ~ ~ ({) ~ or t ({)~ ffl9:e' a master,
i tobetbin ~ with qft [ qf~ (ii{) T~ or q-r~-
q to sing iftcr (i)~ &c. ' grown, increased']
m to split mnor~ ~ 'to sharpen,' lITTffor fun
 430 SANSKRIT GRAlli:IIAR. [ § 701-705

Roots. P. P. Ptc. Roots. P. P. Ptc.

~ 'to go, to become dry.' l!J;n 1:;tt with >l' l:l'™ii or mt"!r~
~Tl!l' 1to delight' ~ 'sounded,
~i to cook (aiso 5Iff 'boiled' ~i'll' whh f;r f.r~lllffi ' clever.'
m cau. of ~r) (when it quali- with ;:r<frii;flslli,' skilful,
fies~ or~~·) experienced, cle-
else~, S.!Tltffi. ver.' ( lit. one
;,rl-!_with itra m~~•.r, f.mi- who know; the
and R' ~ (here the~ dangerous spots
is not changed in a river); but
to i;i:). f;:n;rrff, ,vfr~,:rrn
~ 'to grow ' ~>mo in other cases.
§ 702. ( a ) The roote ij' and «iil: take the affix ~ like i'l'
, i~,.-~m.,.,.c~i.ve~ense; ij,'<l';;i( 'one who extracted Soma: j~{ce,'
~~ 'one who has offered a
~~-~
sacrifice;'
..., (',
~a:~,~
is added to :ss-
e
optionaiJy in the same sense; :;Jltlf or ;;£'1:~' one who has
become old' ( also ~ ). -
§ 703. The participles inn or ;:r follow the Declension of
nouns in :a:f.
§ The P. P. participles have not always a passive force:-
§ 704."" The affix O added to roots having the sense of
•sitting or going, or eating' shows the place where the aotion
takes place; ~~ ~~ :mftnt'this is the place where M:ukrmda
to sit; ' ii!{ <1tff
~i;:ri,ra: ' thi! is the path by which the husband
of Rama used to pass;'~ iraa:
ar,r0 ~ •this is the placs where
Ananta took his :food,' &c.
§ 705. The P ••P. Part~ciples of :roots implying motion, of
intransi,tive roots, and of the 1'0£!S rn-q_,
m,~m,ml3::, or~i!Ul~§U,'
~,~,and~ ;ra).st :i:f!:f~'I went to
4. cl. have an act!~""'s,~,nse;
Madras;' 1=t?r.;r 'the boy has becomelanguid,' <.iJ~.i:1i:ni'~~~:
<ifTTiJ:
'Harl embraced Lakshmi:' ~HNWFfn:'slept on Sesha; '~~ 0 -

"' a'{f~Q\' 'ili' ~ffffi!:l'?!l!f'lWTTih.r: 1 Pan, III. 4, 48.

 § 705-709 ] PRrnA.RY NOMINAL BASES. 431

;zf.rfm;: 'dwelt in Vaikunths;' f~\l"i~ff: 'served Shiva/ w~-

r~gq'i"0: 'obsarv€d a fast on the dsy sacred to Hari/ ,m,n'j·
>fin: ' was bnrn afte:r Rama;' <f~: sat on Garuda; ~-
;.fror:'grew old after the world '
§ 706 P. P. Participles have sometimes the sense of nenter
'speech', ~p.ra'sleep', Wffil'r'laughing,'
abstract nouns; as :;;fi;q-er
-re,
similarly ~'l:l"cl, etc.; See .Bhatt VII. 125,
§ 707,"' The '.P.P. Part!oiples of roots meening 'to think or to
wish,' •to know,' 'to adore,' and of the roots ~la, 'l:fretc. have
the sense of the present Tense; ,~: .i:ra: 'he is honoured by the
king,' :a-eri
flm?I: w:g::a:rm-:
'the fire is kindled,' so lfii'f: etc
(d) Past Active Participles,
§ 708 Past Aotive"participles are derived from the P.
Passive Participle! in eror ;:rby adding to them the affix <i<l",_;
e.g.
Roots. P. P. Pto. P. Ac. Ptc.
l! to be ~ ~ one or that has been
i!.> to do ~ ~~ ,, ,, done
'f to scatter ~at qfrr;r;ra::
,, ,, scattered
i~ to cut ~ ~<!.,, ,, cut
etc. etc. efo. etc.

( e ) Participle of the Fnture Tense.

§ 709. The Parti~iple of the Simple Future, .Active as well
as Passive, is formed from the third person singular form of
the Se~•~ndFuture of a root. 'The Pararsm. Ptc. is formed
simply by dropping the final~, and the Atm.and the Passive
one by substituting :.rr;:rfor tlie
~,
final a-;
e. g.
Participles.
Roots. Par. Atm. Passive,
~r- ~~a:: lf~+l'i.f or -~~li:<Tl,l'{lll'
i.:...~ll'<'!_ 'li~t:l'flli or efr,1~11;:iTGT
 4:32 [ § 709-712

Roots. P,;r, .Atm. Pas&ive.

~-"ff{~ 'i:;Hl<!•'<'~l"I ~~rur or ~Rs:;;rm-ar

~.....;y~l'l'rf, <:PT~TU!' .Jfff"<l"ITTl!T
~-~ ft~mm i....--ITll!',
:;,nf~'tlll''i'Tlll'
i!i-,r;RIIW-1:. ej;fi~or ei,,~ITTllT,~ISl.HHlll'
~-'lltsi:rij_ ,s':,:f!••n:rrlll'!l.T),;;:n,rur,
m~~rur
lf,,t-A. ef~<iilTUi irf~or
~-!'IT~ ci~ ~;ir,t

Similarly ~~ Desi. Base of q-e;-~-~, '/qq-ra-6.:{mOT

&c.: oTI1!,
Fre. B. of ~-\\W.1/'?t~,
~)l!"f.i!ltfi:!'TUI',
&c.
§ 710. These Participles are dec~d like words ending m
a._and :gr. • -- '.

( f) Potential ~eiples ( and Verbal Adjectives ).

§ 'ill. The Poten_ti~..fartioiple is formed by means of the
affixes "nctr, n and rarely~'
si:.f'fl.l', added to a root or deriva-
ti~~;-b:- -This 1s
-
Passive wh7'n' the verb
impersonal when the verb is intransitive,
an adjective when denoting fitness;&c .
..,.. ~:,,C- " -'1"t
i;-t;~n~iti
ve 11,nd
It is also used like

( l ) Participle~,in oe;fa_n_d
8'ffi!t·
§ 712. The affixes a-~ or ~~ri:r
are added to roots or
derivative bases in the se~e of' mu;t be fit to be 1 &c. Before
these the ending vowel and the penultimate shoit
' ' o:f a root
take their Gu:ga substitute, Before~ Set roots t~e.r, .Anit
roQto do not, and Wet roots take it optionally. Before ~1l:f
penultimate :i' is always changed to~ and not to ~ ( as it
sometimesdoes'); e. r;.
 § 112-713] 433

Roots. Pot. Pto.

~r-~;ir, ·~••fTl:i
what must or ought to be given.
~-'IE!'f!'atr,
'of!flfN what must or ought to be searched into, &c.
.fr---il'~, ~ • · 01mieil.
~-~@&r, ~1<!' ,, ,, heard
~-r/ita:~, m:r,fr;r ,, been.
~-~, er;:,:ufii:r done.
~-.ftr~aw, -IT'i(;ft1r,
~ ,. known
~-~,~N ,," releaEed.
~-~, iiFl'f,,fir.r wiped.
~-,reo,;r, ~~r:r " created.
~-~, ~'
~~,.rar.fri:r :fried.
~-i"."1ral"_f,
li{;f'l<!' ,, split.
~-f.if.:~;..-, f;r~w; ,, eansured.
~-'ITT~&!',~<I',
~-i:rt . ,, concealed.
§ 713. The final~ of roots of tho tenth class and of can-
s.i,Js; the final :;;rof Atm, Freq. Bases, when their is preceded
by a vowel and the whole i:r when it is preceded by a consonant,
~re dropped before, :af.f/i:r.
To Desiderative bases· it is added
without any c)rnnge e. g.
c;;~ what m1ut, or ought to be told.
~~- ;;ti~ " ,,
stolen.
an\"N
cau. of ~-ffi.ftlr ,, made to know.
~w.A.tm.
Freq. Base of ,, ;;r°ffl~ ,, ,, known frequently.

"'The~ of~ is changed to :s:i1~against§ 712.

t The 'il" of ~ is lengthened instead of being Gui;iated before-
a strong termination begilllling with a vowel.
H. S. G. 28.
 SANSKRIT GRAl\i:uAR. [ § 713-711

~-Atin freq.
Ease of 'll:-~wr,fri:r what must or ought to be frequently.
g.TIN~
Desi. :Base
oi ~~ ijm1~1<f ,, ,, desired to know.
(2) Participles in _:i:r( i.:f<'(,erll'! and um{),
By means of i.:r<'(( :i:r),
§ 714 The affix~ ( ,;ra:)%i! added on to roots ending in a
vowel in the sense of 'fit ~o:r,or fit to be, or oug4!J:obe.' Before
this <I'the radical vowel undergoes Gu1ta substitute and final
rt and at'rchangeableto ~) is changed to q'.
:.:rr( Iii.",
l{T-~what is fit or ought to be given.
~-~ ,, ,, sucked,
it~ ,, ,, eung.
m-~ ,, "
cut.
~-~ ,. ,, collected.
led or carried.
" "
§ 715. Boots having at for their penultimate and ending in
a consonant of the labial class take the affixll; ~~~; ~'l!._-
~; ~~, &c.
(a) When W,I_i!precededby m, ,i: ( changedto~) is inserted
bet,}V~~iil' and~; 3lR-l'"!~T~ 'what ought or is lit to be
killeil i' -3:ia alao inserted when~ is preceded by <fG' if the
mea:ning be <to prise;' :a-mir: ~: 'a Sadhu ought to be
praised;' but ~ !!!'if'wealth onght to be acquired.' '
~-§"716. The ?oots a'li' 'to laugh at,' ~ •to kill/ 'q'<!_to
'look for, to ask,' '!I'<{1to strive,' G'A'.,~ and ~![ take the
affix<T;m 'what is fit to be laughed at,' ~~ 'what ought to
be killed ;' &c. ,. '
§ 117. The zoots ~, ~, ~ and ~ , take the affiiu;rwhen
not preeededby a p-reposition,~-~i!l' 'what ought to be spoken

~ ~~I Pe.n. III. 1. 97.

 § 717-722] PRIMARY NO:IIINAL BASES. 435

or told;'~, 1 ir;v. ,;;r;::withanmay take this affi~,if itdoes

::;;i;t
not mean 'a preceptor;' in which case 1t takes the affix tnra:( q-)
~1 ~: 's. country fit to be gone to, but ~'<1111: 'a preceptor.'
§ 718. The roots q: implying reproach, qar_meaning ' to
transact business,' and ;r 9 .A.tm.not denot:ng limit or restraint,
te.ke the suffix <I';as ~ ffl •sinis reprehensible or merit, COD•
damnation;' but~ ( ar,,:+~+~e e q-) ~i:r 'the name
of a preceptor ought not to be uttered ( out of respect ),' ~
1J"r:'a cow is saleable;' but mi:r: ( qur._+m:rn_ i e ;r) ~:'a
l3rAhmal}adeserving p1a.ise;' ,ri;f' that can be chosen or sought
after;' as ~if ffi ~ 'hundred men ( i. s. any one) can seek
the hand ofa. girl;' but ;rm ( t+oflN.. i. e ;r) il$NlT• to be me.rlied
by a particular man.

§ 719. The root~ not deno:ing an instrument for carrying

and 5i' in the sense of ' a master or a V sishya' take ;r, qt , ~
carriage
_.,t
or s. vehicle;' but ,r~ ( ;rr+
Ii[
tnra:)
0
'what can be borne-'
,
<11q: 'a master or a Vs.ishya;' but SITQ'(!i!i+tn:«() •flt to be
approached or adored '

§ 720 ~ with \?If in the sensa of 'being conc.iived' takes the

;rr:itl!T'l:Tr.m¼
11ffix':fi as \?lfij111 m-llf :;i-~ ~~- ( Sid.
Kan.) but~ ( ~+tn.Ta:) iJI?ifrSfl''ifiQ'fi~!N: (Sid, Kan.).

§ 721 'i takes this affix with the negative pn.:rticle prefixed
to it and forms 11:;i-q-'r1hat c~nnot grow old' bu~ this must
qualify ~ 'friendship;' ef ~ t-rnRNOT ~Ni ~ f<l'I!; I
:Sha.Hi. VI. 53. In ~~~ ;;mrrqf'~~&'<fr'qltl' ix;;~ I Rag.
XVIH. 7, the word ~t@' mu,t be considered as naderstood. If it
~ ..
does not qMhfy ~'Tii, it will take the affix q; f>S:at:sITTiiT
§ 722. ~ takes the affix ;ra: optionally, before .!!~h ~ is
substi_tp.ted for it; t';"(+li=<l'i'i='what ought to be killed;'
it optionally takes tnra:, in wllich ca~e ~ is_substituted
:for it; m-l<f:,
.. ""'"....
 [ § 728-728

By meansof the affix~ ( q-)

§ 728. The roots i l 2. P. 'to go,'~,~, ll 5, P.A.;:,
~, and roots havingiii: short for their penultimate, except n
and ,a:, take the affixi:Flf1!.
( tr) in ,the same senseas qa:.When
a root ends in a short vowel, ;i:_is inserted betweenthe final
voweland the affix<r;e. g. t-icl:f 'worthy of being approached;'
~ 'deservingpraise;'~-~ 'fitto beinstructed;'llil:-;r,'11";
t-am'<l:f; ~~tT •worthyof being served;'i<l:,-!l<l:f; ~~"If
•fihto be increasedas wealth, &c.' but q,~ C.i'q:_+?.fc{) 'able;'
~~ ( ~+ u.ra: ) 1that ought to be teased or hurt.'
§ 724 Accordingto V!mana, the roots~.~ and~take
this affixoptionally;'fi~~ 'praiseworthy;'~-~, ~-~;
op~ionallythey take the affixu.ra:(to be givenhereafter); ~~,
erm.~.
§ 725. ~ also takes this affixoptionally; ~Q' 'what is fit.
or ought to be cleansedi' optionally it ts.kesO'~ before which
the final~ is changedto~; i:i-mf.
§ 726. ( a ) 'i:_whenit has a Subanta prefixedto it and is
without a prepositiontakes the affix !p:lf{_impersonally; iillf'ITI'
lfl?f: ~ 1 ideLtity with Brahman.' When no Sabantais used
prepositionallywith it, it takes the affix ?.Ja:;'ll'ol:f or Sl'\lol:f,
( a) q: under similar circumstancestakes either ~ or tnr;i:,
in a passivesenseor impersonally;~ or~ 'Expounding
the Veda' ( iigr ~i:f:m ~ Sid Kan. ).
727. ~ takes this affix,but drops its ll and adda f to its,
penultimatevowel~+i:r=w+~=w+f+i:r=~ 'what is fit
or ought to be dug or exoavated.'
728. i 1 cl. takes this affixwhen the participle so derived
doesnot form a name;~:•those wh.>ought to ba nourlrhed
or maintained, hetce servants,' &c; bu~ \'!NT: ( t+o?.Ja:) a
clsas of Kshntriyas'; when ~ precedes~. ;prq_and O'lfO: are
added optionally~1q'f: 01 ~~<IT:,
 § 728-731] P.Bna:&Y NOl!INAL BASES. 437

N. B. The word 11Tinmoaning ' a wife' ought to be derived

from 1 of the 3r~ class and affix ~.
§ 729. *The followiog seven words are irregularly formed
with the affix~ in the seD.llegiven in each case•-~q-:
(~+~X,f<l''f..) ~ ~
'ffi'1'1W: ~"1ff!{~: 1~
~: ~r'f:u:i:rr~ i~-~m ar.rtrtf1f.t<i;'81' Aqr,r,rr-
ep.rq:_1
ihf.;also U~~; ~: (~+;prg_1 or~ 6 P 'to incite,' 'to im-
.1/14!-i _;"" ~
pe~ +~) ~ml a:rm~1 1$6~ ;p:rq:,•~ 1 lftr ~
~:; ~ ~ ~ ~ <f!iii"r '4.i~~'l'il'll'
' falsehood '
(l''rom~+ '(~+ ~~ ); U'<fff~ ~:; i"~ (any base metal) fr.
I ~~: i<ei''q' ~ 1 S"~fl~
Wf+;p;rcr..._ \l;\" p!t!; I CJ.
Kir. L 35, l\[anu. VII. 96. ~q: in other cases takes the affix~;
ii)l;t ' what ought to be cJncealed ' ft ~lt<f ~ ~~:
ririR I~ ii i:j;l{fur ~~: I ' growing in cultivated
ground;' if ~ ~;ll',.;:i:r: :not feehng pain. '
§ 730. ( a) The following two words which are the names of
two rivers are derived by means of this 11ffi.x;f~ p m:
from ~+;fll'l; a"":ti~<t a-~:,~+~; see Rag XI. 8.
In other cases these roots take the affix q; ~r, a-t~.
( b ) Similarly the words lJ"!f: and fi11;q-:;both the names of
the constellation Pushya, are derived from~ and m'J respeeti-
-vely with the affix~; ~mr,g'<f[: ~:, ~q;~~ ~w·.
§ 781. The roots i, ;ft-and fGr,preceded by ~, take this
affix, when they are connected with the words iFf,lff:li and g~
respectively, T'iil!trl'
~:• The Munja grass to be prepared for
weaving into a rope' ( §''!l"l~q;;:oT!lr IITT'l~atl' tri:N: Sid.
Xau ); fir;:i\1r:~: •sin which ought to oe destroyed;' ~?TT

'll~<J~'f'('IT~t"'<ft'"'l~'e'i"'<IIW'l.<lP I Pan, III I. 114. Vide

Sid Kau. on the same.
t Of in) ~rur), &o.Rig III 59. 1.
o'fifl;>/;ltMfiit
 438 SANSKRIT GJUllr'.M:AR. [ § 731-73(>

~: 'The plough to be pulled with great force;' m ~:, in

fiii-rq-,
other cases these take the affix:;rn:;TejG'1<!', ~-
§ 732. The following words are derived from the root !I{
with the affix:~~-:.,:;iqld, ~~, ~ 'two technical terms in
grammar;' ~r: 'birds restrained :from free motion, such as
parrots,, &o.; ' !P-lf~~;; in:w:fr~ if?:Ti I Sid Kan.
~r ~llT ' an army stationed outside a village'; an~~ff
~i;l": a;q-~ 11<1~:( Sid. Kau.) 'siding with the noble. '
See Rag. H. 43.

§ 733. The root!~ and ~ take both ~ and ITT!"<i_i

~~,
ffi; ~,~,~'what onght~~obe _chosen, best,' &c.
§ 734. ~ in the sense of 'to be har,n(ssed ' takes the affix:
~ and change, its fin.al to 11!_;~: ifr: ' a bull to be harnessed
to the yoke;' in other sense, it takes the affi.xll"Q"<J:-1:f~.
• ' -~ ~ sf', ~

By means of the affix:11!«(,

§ 735. Roots e'!lling in,.,
and "th;s; ;~ing in a cons~nant
~~-~E2.~n~e
take the affix:l'J'tl<l.(::!t s~_ns~,ss ~ Before ihu affix:
the ending ~ and ;;i: of a rc.ot are changed to ~ and :i:t_respecti-
vely and the final~'tJ?weland the pen:!!timate a{ take V riddhi

~=~ii"
substitute;; any other penultimate vowel generally takes Guns.
'what ought to be done,' ~-\Tf?:f ' what ought to be
worn,' &c.; '11§:-!fm",!f~<.IT~<r
'what ought to be impelled,' &c,;
~~ •what is arranged, a sentence/ q-~-'TT<!'!T'what is to
be cooked,' ~-.:tTrir 'what is tJ be purified,' &c.
§ 736. The root~ when preceded by an:rr'with' takes the
affix 1117<!.
before which the penultimate a{ is optionlly changed,
to Vrlddhi; ~ ~~ <l"B"ffi'Sffl::;r,;ney:;'1'
3,1.:n«~ror !iT~ 1\he day
on which the sun and the moon are with each other i. e. are in
conjunction.'
(a)~ when preceilt'd by G'TTW or the preposition ~,r;;r takes
the affixll'Q"<i_jas murzj tffl!J'R,~f ~;g: j similarly ~i,nrnrf.
1;!:S:t!'ff
 § 737-740] PRmABY NoMINAL BASES

§ 787. (a) The roots If~, ~' ~. ~• i'!I'~, and~

do not change their ~ or '5.1.:to ~ or J,t_ before mra:,;~
~; u;s~, ~( ~;),at~,~, lfT'oll".
( b ) ~ does not change its ~ to ~ before mra:. when the,
meaning is 'what ought to be spoken out, speech,' ~; but;
'f'TlN;
a sentence/
( c ) ~ when it means 'to go' does not change ~ its to
~; when it means ' to bend' the ~ 1s changed to
;J(S:;J!flJ.;
~;~~-
( d ) ~ when it is preceded by 11'and(it, takes the affix mra:
in the sense of 'what is possible or cap,ble of,' and does
not change its '5.1.:ton; sr1ITTt ~~:,~flt ~:
~rw:~:1 "' ~ "'
( , ) ~ has ~ meaning 'food, ' and ~ 'what is fit
to be enjoyed.'
§ 738. Roots ending in a-,short or long, take the affix ~
ii._.
in the sense of 'what ought or mnst necessMily be done;'
'what must necessarily be cnt off;' lfTW'what
must necmarily be purified; Q; with :SU-3'!Rmi!r, I ' to
mix,' :inair, &c.
(a) The roots lil',;{,~. w1l:,ll'lf..and '<{'t alao do the same,
<rJi:it'what must necessarily be sown;' ~. 'what must b&
spoken of distinctly;' ~, ~, ,;;i-~.
§ 739. The following words are irregularly derived by
means of the affix O'tr!t;arr,:w:tr:'what ought to be brought from
the GArhapatya i. e. the Dakshinagn1;' ( fr. ;fr with :arr)
,t~~~ q~ I li fi ~«rfl'!l!lffSTii"IW lii'li'l~;rr,J, t
( Bid. Kan.; ) but a:if.rtr1n other cases; as 'a ia.r,' Sl'O'Tt~T:
( fr. ;fr with 11') ~R• sft-~ t'"..f:( Sid. Kan ); 'disgusted
with worldly pleaeuree;' as srun~T ~{'m ~~: 1 but
ffl in other cases.
740 i:ft11i\'
:atit.r~RfJW:li' a measure ' ( fr. RT); ~ .fNff
inmmfvsrfa'1{@'~q- ( from. .fr with ~ ) gfEIT'if~q-:
'a
kind of offering ( See Sis XI. 41 )'; f;\-..furitsfu:r-:.r~~
 440 ( § 740-745

~: Ji'Nffi,( fr~ with (if ); ~ Slilflfl' ~ff l:Tf'tq"f

( fr. \TT) ~; i~ ~a' ( :a:rfo:r,3;ml{: ) ~~ lfiil:;
~Sffl ~: ( a sacrifice); qr'{~:, \:!'~:, ~~:
( particular place, for depositing the sacrificial fire); q-~,
.fit'i!l'<l';J.',
;jq~ a:im~&r: :amr:; sru:
in other casss; "l.fl1l'ff
~~ a:ifuf.i;rm.
§ i41. The roota ll and ir take the affix tfa:i ~and~
a.nd ~, g and qq_take
take s:r,f\-Q-; mm:,
in an active sense;
'lfflft&~.l:f: ( also ~ifif ); ITPral@'if11':
' one
who sings'
( also i'{t ~m ;af.t;r); ~ 'one who speaks' ~~· 'one
who staude by'. ;;;.=1.(:,
~:, qwr,.
( S ) By means of ii;r~ ( trre"lt).
§ 742. A few transitive roots·take the affix • having
the same force as the affix lf; q~Q fr. q:q:,•fit to ripen or to
be cooked; as q~;rr m,n:; Pt!{l'tRf: (fr.~) ~r: 'the pine
trees ought to be felled;' &o.
§ 743. The declension of these Participles follows that of
nouns ending in <It•
JI. INDECLil!l'AllLE PABTICIPLES,
(a) Indeclinable Past Participles.
§ 744. The Indeclinable Past Participles are of the nature
of gerunds. They fall under two heads:-( 1 ) Those derived
~ to the simple root 1 and ( 2) Those derived by
by 11:ffixi.ng
means of Ii &fflxedto the root compounded wlth prepositions or
words used prepositionally; rr.i;-mlft' 'having gone;' lI. with
,ffl-Sff!~ ' having experienced;' &c.
I Indeclinable Participles formed with ;.rr.
§ 745. The indeclinable Past Participle or gerund in <lit' ia
formed of all roots or derivative verbal bases to which no pre-
position ( nor a prepositional word ) is prefixed, The &fflx;qr is
of the same nature as the a-of the .Past Pamve Participle, so
 §745] PRIMARY No:MINAL BASES, 441

that all the changes that take place before cl' generally also take
place before «H, In other woids from the P. P. Ptc. of a root,
1iepamtethe O or if from it, add t!ITinstoad1 and this will be the
:form of the gerund in ,ll.'re 9.
Roots, P. P. Ptc. lnd. P. Ptc.
;ifr to know ;if@ ;1m<1T
q, to give !;'fr ,r.orr
~mto stand tt'<ln fi~?.H
~rto go {l'T"f i!T1<fr
1TT to abandon ~if ~
'<iiito place ~ T{1El'f
ffl to conquer ran rn1<!T
1l_to purify qf,ra or i,ff q-f;t;.fl'or 1{1'IT
~to be l!n 11{,i:fr
~ to do 'ii(<'!' ,E,1o!T
~ C
:;;rto cross aTOT t'if;;ff
< 0
~ to fill lUI' ~<if
i to protect smr SiT;;fT
~'<l: to release {i'ffi' {!llfcofi'
~ to eat o'll'<i ::11n-.rr
m to cut ~m, re-a- ~!«!T, ra-,.rr
~'?!.to sea i!: ~'!!:i
~r. to be hungry gf~ff ~r~r
;gfui<IT'
~·· to dwell 'il'M"o :a-~Rl'r
~ to speak .rm 'ifol'f<l'f
<ii{ to carry ~ a:i~T
~ to sacrifice i{e' l{~r
qq:_to sow ~'fr 'il'P-fT
~ to bind
~to know
if~ .
;r;irr

~~ to rnle
R
fu!' ~·
~~T
mw
$See§ 684 ( c ); § 750,
 442 SA.NSKR'.l'.T
G1U,MllU.R. [ § 746-747

§ 146, When the intermediate if is inserted, the preceding

vowel takes its GuQa substitute; fu-~r, ~-m«rr, ~-
::;:nim;;{r,
&c.
(a) The roots Q'.i:.:,
~, Rand~ take Gru;ia optionally,
,...._ N::- ,...,, ,-(I, ,,.,., r(I
~Tor a-r:,«rr,
l{i'<f<'ITor +ll'l!'rEiT, ~"1"1'ff or <j;T'f<'fT, ~-
~l' or arrn;.rr
( l;) But the roots ~.~i W, ~, gq:, and~, the roots
mentioned llt § 463 and f.r.:r--.!
7 cl. do not take Gn~a; ~"{::-~fir;.rr
'having :rejoiced;' ~--llTT{f1.£l',~-m'<H!O' I having covered,'
~. ij"N;;;.rr,~-ftftrrerr or r~n i'~"ifi"';rrerr,i~~-
f.t~, &c.
§ 747. Wet roots, except ~ which takes'{ necessarily, and
~,~and la:which reject'{, the :fiveroots given under § 472 and
the roots marked with an indicatory :a-• admit of '{ optionally
before ffi s. g.
Roots. Ind. P. Ptc. or Ger.
~ to cleanse ~
i:ir@l;.rr,
m~ to enter tm'~ffi", m~r
11-The following are the more important of the roots marked
with :a-;~ 1 p A. a:i~ 1. 10. P.A.~ 4 P. ;iroi:_,~ 5. P.
1. A. Wi(, ~ 1. P. ~~ 4. P. l:fl'lll: 8. P. A. ~ P. P A. ~
1. 4. P. ~ 1. P. ~ 1. P. ~ 1. P. A. ~I{ 4 P. ~ 1. A.
~1.P.~~1. P. ;~1.P.~ 8. P. A, ~1 P. ~
1. P. ,;;i-~ 1. 5. P. ~ 7. 5. A. :;;l!_ 1. P ~ 4. P. 10 P . .A.
~, 1. P. n'l'._8. P. A. 1. P. A. 10 P. ,roi:,8. P. A <l'l'~5. P.
~ 4. P. f<t'-1'... 1. P. A. 1:.,ris:
4. P. 10. A. 'lil'l<l:._ 1. A. 'l4: l P.
~ 1. P, ~ 4. P. i~ 4. P, ~ 1. 4. P, ~ 1, A. 4, P. ~
l.A.~8 . .A. ~1.P. ~,~ 4 ,~,~,1.P.<f~, ~•
w_,~q:_,all of the 4th cl. P. ~, 1 P.A.~ 8. P. ~- 4 P.
~ 1. P. ~ 1. 4 A. 10. P. A. t~ 1 A. 10. P. A i~ 1. P.
~4. P.A. ffl'l:1. P. ~~1. P ~~ 1. P,2.P. A. ~:t 1. P.A.
~ 1. P. ~~ 4. P. f,l{~ l. 4. P. i%J'q_ 1. P. ~ 1. P. 8, P. A.
ffi<l.
1. 4 P. IBli._ 1. 4. P. ~~, tff1'~, 4. 9. P. 1:!11'(1 P. ~~
1. A. ~ 4. P. and iil!T~ 1. P.
 § 747-749J PRllUl!.Y NOMINAL BASES. 443

Boots. Ind. P. Ptc. or Ger.

~ to conceal ~.1!1Tffl,~
m_ to proteot mtrr~,iitfci'm,mmr,~
if. to de.9ire q-1'1';.rr
or ii"{!'
~ to endure ~orqr
~ to covet ~~m or ~r
~ to go, to worship ~ having gone,afna,!fT having
worshipped
~to kill lfllUTr<fT
a:mIT,
lifiltodig ~f.f.irr' fflr<l'r
not:to stretch ft'~?-fr, ft'NI'
'{1l;totame ~
1'f1rnn',
~ to pacify ~.~r
l!iti;to go &c. ~. ~, !ifi;lll*
,re:4 P. to be straight, &o. ,mr..rr,
lffi!fT
ta:1 A. to be !{fflrlff
or~ &o &o.
But ~~' ti~!ff, 1:7i1lll,1(~.
§ 748. The roots Per, tf, ~.'{and~. Set roots ending in
consonants, roots of the 10th class and all derivative verbs,
admit t before .irr; roots of the 10th cl. preserve their ~ be-
fore riff; rif~, tr-m.irr, 1-~ ~--lflffi!fT,
or aifu.rr,
~-~,~~.~-~.&c.,~~;.
~-~, ~-oan. ~; desi. ~lfm; Attn fre.
iff!Nm, &c.
§ 749. (a) The roots~ and ~ do not drop their nasal;.
~~iil'T;~~~,~-
(b) The penultimate nasal of roots ending in ~ or 'Ii: and
that of~ 1toroam abroad,' <todeceive'and sr:;:~•to tear out/
are optionally dropped, !fffl,.::-'li~~m, !l'N<err,
~~m,
~; ~~u, ,r~r. ~-~~«rr.
!f1.ri'lifl'; ~-
1,, The :a;is lengthenedoptionally before m-.
444 l § 749-752
(c) Roots ending in~ such as li'li!, ~'Iii, ~G!, ~'!l'I~ &c. and
the root a~ optionally drop their n~sal b~fore ~r; l!''ll!,_-~<!'1<1T
or "l'W1'fT,~'i:ll'~>;f1i!!Tor 'l'.ofr!l'f;a:r~-S'l'Rii,u, ~;!ff or a:r.R!l'r.
(o) fH\'i:l;a•~ ;i-~ insert a nasa.l ;tionally; ~r or ~c<IT;
;,ifu~<l"T, ;:f~ror -1tr,
§ 750 Gul}a is optionally substituted for the penultimate
wand::.-, roots beginning with any consonant and ending in
any except ?!,or <!'... has "{prefixed to it; fur.r~~Rli'1iiif
when <EiT
or ~; flfJ(-~,!l'T or ~,-rr ( also~); ~-6. P.
ef~r or ~<'<IT; ~-~?-11', ,rii«rrand
fu:-fu~!.IT,
i£1l'ra1!1Ti
f~r; so~, &c., but ~~<'IT, ~rlfT.
2. Indeclinable Participlei formed with i:r.
§ 751. When a root is compounded witroneat· more pre 0

positions or words prefixed to verbs like prepositions, the

indeclinable participle is formed by affixing q- immediately to
'it; the <I'is changed tc «I' after a short radical vowel ( even
when 1t combines with the final vowel of a preposition to a
long vowel ) ; e g.
~ with au-m~!<r ~ with i:r-!f1l:!'
'Rfwith Fr~-f.rr~«r ~ with '6'>1:-~f~
ni' with m-~ ~ with ftlTl'-ra:~r~ii:r
;ft' with R-w.;r:r ~ with f.i=e:-fiif~<ti
~ with Sf~-~ ~a:with s:ra:-sr,t~1lf
~ with au1l-'Sl"<frnr &c. &c. &c,
§ 152. The rules given at § § 394, 395, 459, 502 and 587
apply to the r3ots also in the gerund in !;I'·-
~ with!:!-~ ~ with !1-!iFl!f
f wHh:wr-~i ,re:with 11-~
t with a:ir-~ ~ with N-~
 § 752-160] PRIMARY NOMINAL BASES, 445

of,'l:'!' with {i{-f.i;rw t with atr-S!Tg:<r

m,~;n-and1 ;fr with ;a-q--:a-q-1ni:r
with ~ij"-~~
~;,i ;_;frwith ~-~'h:r or fflc;J-1<!'
~ with qf{-qfu;rli &c. &c. &c.
~ with :an-;Jtmi:r
§ 7 53. Roots of the 8th class ending in a nasal, except Q'~
and the roots ;f;,(, ;;r,:i:and ifol(, drop their nasal necessarily; :q-:ll:,
-t;i:, ~ and <:I;(do it optionally; !'l;:i: with f.r-f;rnr<r; ~-3:with
Si"li"-3l~;f11f;'!ilo.'.
with T;t-T~ or (.p:r?.f;.;:i,: with 1~-~,;:q- or
r'irvtr;~ with !!.f-l:fOTIP.l'or lltll'itl', &c
§ 754. The roots ~<i'.,:.i'f'.(_ and ~'3:have respectively f.11'!1';:q--
f.@Ti:r;l't'l'ii=l.f·l:f:.i'f~; and !i~·lHH<f.
§ 755. T~ lengthens its { before the affix i:r and :s;i-;i changes
ih final vowel to Gui;ia; Sl"!iffli;~:i.
§ 756. it, ii!IT and ~ do not take Samprasarai;ia; l:f!fl'll';
lfii!TT<i'having become old;' ~N 'having covered;' but sq-
with ttft or ~, takes SamprasArai;iaoptionally; fflo<TTl:T
or
ffl~Ttf;~ or ~!WT.
§ 757. The roots mentioned under § 486 do not change
their sn to j; i:rn,.r, !:l'Trlf,~, &o.
§ 758. Roots of the Tentli class and Oansals preserve theh
~ before <f, if it be preceded by II short penultimate vowel; i:f
not, it is dropped; '<i'R<f-~; w-cau. f.hi;r.f;ifll'
liIT\"l<f-sr.mll";
can. wih 3lf-3lr;;~, &c ; but o!Ul'..;-~ttr, i:ruri:i:i:.r,i:r~v.r;
sf.tfir~q' having again and again caused to be broken.'
§ 759, (a) Si"l'l oau. may retain its a,~ optionally-~
or ffl.:l.T.
§ 760. Desiderative bases add .:r immediately and Freq.
bases add it after dropping their i:r, when it is praceiledby a
consonant and dropping the final a, when it is preceded by r.
vowel; ~-~~!!lf; Fre. i;r;rr~w; ~ Fre. i:r.r)~&o.

";r changes its final to ~ optionally; so ilffl~ also.

 446 [ § 761-763

( b ) THll! ADVERBIAL INDEOLINA:BLEpART.tOlPLE

QR

The Gerund in a;1{.

§ 761. There is another Indeclinable Participle having tlie
-same sense as that in ..rr,formed with the affiJ:~, Before
this the root or the derivative verbal base generally undergoes
the samo changes as it does before the t of the Pase. Aorist
•having carried or led'; ,u-~
Srd sing,; ;i'r-;m:r;:i:: •having
given'; l!-llT'f~, ntll;-lf<R'.,
'qf-fl~, '1'13::-~, &c.
§ 762. This Participle is generally used at the end of com-
pounds; ~ ~@ wa:•he was pelted to death;' ~if 'liflft'T
( Vik, I. ) ' She was taken a captive;' ~ ~ ;:~Tl3lf
( Bha~i. I, 2,) •He totally ex!erminated his enemies, &c.'
§ 763. The participles in i'ilT and a;1{ 11-when repeated yield
the sense of repetition of the action or condition expressed by
the verb; ~m ~ or ~ffl ~ 'having repeatedly remeJD.•
qri'qf
bared; lfull'T or '1ftrqrq-~ •having drunk again and again;'
similarly g::.J;-~ ~ifT or 'lffii ~; ~-~«IT ~l(f or ~IT
, '1'13::-IT<l!T
-l&INII; or mi'llll'll;, ~--tlliil.-ff ~ii!•'lll'T
ir,;rr or irnt 1f1li'-1;
or~ ~¥11!:oriiflt ~if!:{_, tral=t~, t
r;:£fll-:;JfiR;;:fl1WJ.'., &c.

•~~I Pln III. 4. 22.

t A.tthe end of compounds this may not be repeated and yet
as in
have ~he sense of repetition;
•~ i'~~lf ~~i~Fii I
1il'~•N i1t~r;:r amcr
@q_eiiili%il't!IM144~t n'Bhatti. II.11
The desoendant of Kakutstha, smiling gently, repeatedly
bending down the creepers would pluck their flowers, wading
through every stream ( that he cama across ), woald sip the
waters, and seating himself on every charming slab would
.rillllai.nthere ( in admiration of the scenery ),
 § 764-767] P:antARY No:m:iu.:r.
BASES, 447

§ 764 The Gerund a.TI!.

does not, in many instances, ell:press
the notion of :repetition.

§ 765. This gerund or the one in ;.rr is used with the words
S!'mt
<11!1", and ~, used as prepositions, although the notion of
repetition is not present in these compounds; e:t!!"~:;i--~Rrr <l'T
'having first ea.ten he goes out,' so sr,:rR'mor ~«ff
9!"oiffi' ii-
~:;ror Wfi'!iT<Nf!ff,
§ '/66. The gerund in~ of the root ~ is used *
(a) with the noun governed by it, U it be compounded with
it prepositionally when censure is implied; ~F{ffl a.tfi!itlIT@'
( ~~ ~fir;;.r,;f:) ' cries out ( he is ) a thief, a thie:f.' In this
,case 11(_
is added to the noun governed.
( b ) with the words ~lffi!;,~, and. ~'\'qi, ~ being added to
E#i"
these as before; :rll~i!!~ ~ ~ ~ ~iifii-i?i!!ll!-~tr,lil"-<1,lt
'he eats having sweetened er seasoned his food.'
( c) with the words ~f, lf<i',
f~, and ;i;~, provided the
root 'i!i"loses its sense; ~rt ~ff •he speaks in a different
manner;' ~eliR~ 'he eats thus:' similarly {f~q;lt, ~<'.\':!'.,
butm~~j:iti',
( d ) with the particles 1:f'mand a~r when an angry reply
~~it iim'e!iR ~&it fci; liofTiili (Sid.Kan,);
is given; <l"m<ii"!~
'I will eat in this nmnner, I will eat in that manner, what
have you do with that ?'

§ 767. The Gerund ofthe roots~~ and~~ t is compounded

with then objeots and expresse totality; ~•Q"T<fi ~1:fra'
' chooses as many girls as he sees, i. e. all of them;' iif"l'ijl"t!Tej'ef

% ~O"i{~ ~;;:r:Ill"~ l ~i~m 1!1'g~I :alNf~~m~~lTT1f1{r-

ltll"fil~ I <Nrli'<f<TT:t:\i!l'ist@ffi
I Pan, III. 4. 25-28.
t q:;;ffur
ifui'il'~):ffl~ir I Pan. III, 6. 29.
 448 ( § 767-769

~, tf i;j-WP m,m~ ~~ T~r~:i:n'ff q'f ff ~ii m~mt~i:

( Sii!. Kau, ) 'he feeds every BrlhmM}a that he knows or comes
aaross or remembersii. e. all of them.'
(a) $The gerunds of~~ 'to get' and~ 1to live' are joined

with m,ra:in the ~ami sense;1:fr!:i~(j9ii 'eats what he gets.'

( l; ) t With the words ;;m'l'._and ;;~~ the gerund of n is used;
"<flfirt -:~!illlff;;:r~~ ~ ' eats so as to fill his belly,'
§ 768. This gerund of ~ is used with ~,~, ~ snd
~~; t ~lief.~ ~;m ,g~ fG;fe1~: (Sid.Kan. ); so~ fq.1ft
•he grinds to powder;' ~ff11!;•
§ 769, 1 With the words ~' ~ and :m'!f are used res-
pectivelythe gerunds in ~ of the roots &'I:1 ii and 11:f~
in a cog,
nate ssnse; ~ ~ 'kills destroying the roots i e totally';
~ <$::f:'mt'does what ought not to have beendone;' -i'iroT>ll't
~fr' captures him so as to preserve him i e. alive.'
( a ) The gerund of Rand Rt;; is nsed with words signify-
ing instruments ( of action ); G'r~mif~1i=ml.r~ ' strikes
( kicking) with foot;' '-3~q,t~=~ ~' grinds with
( usi!lg ) the water.
( o) Similarly the gerund of ~ and ~ is used with ffl
and its synonyms, and that of~ wlth ~; fEcii:iil.:rirrrf.r;so
~~, ~ ~~ q;-mf11<N:
! Sid. Kau.; t~irJt •lWif!%;
similarly QlfOl!lh'l'---.,
~, &o.

"' t11crrn-
~: l Pin. III. 4. 30,
t ~~: ~: 1Pan.III. 4. 31.;
t ~~ m:I ftn. III. 4. 35.
1'i.i~~ r~~: l ~ ~: I ~ ffl! I ffl ~@~ ~
~ff. I Pan III. 4. 36-40.
 § '170-772J 449

§ 770. " The gernnil. of <l'i"sT__

is used with words denoting
pecnl!ar arrangements oi stanzas, &c., ::;;r.i;~ ;;p-,:rn'a", m~;,;t
~:. ~,if~ ~:, ~'lf~~~, <>!~r-r.'lil-I., &c.
§ 771. t With the words o'fr. and!:!~ used subjectively the
gemnds of~ and~ are used; m'f'i'!iey ;;~ ~) "l~i!l&.ISG:.
~rt ct~'ff!!~rlf&"rfrilN:
(a) t The gerunds of ~'sl'.and 'l'( are need with ~ simi-
1,J'~IB".
larly; <!;'E~ftj- ~~1,;r i{!f fii-8'3:
WfifT?rJ I a,•~
s:mr~~i:
~it, a;1,ig« lI<f 'ileil~~r1[<i;TI~ 1 Sid. Kan.
( b ) tt Sometimes the Gerund in ~;i:: is need with words da~
noting a standard of comparison; f.r~ :;;-~' the
>lfff?iliITll
water was kept with as much care as ghee;' Sj:;ij~t il"a':sll"~
~~~~~i: I
§ 772. § The gemnd in :.l'~ of roots having the ~ense of~
'to strike,' &c. are used with words denoting the instrument
when the object of the gernnd and of the prrncipal verb is the
same; ~]'q<ll'ff m: q;r~ra i. e. ~~ci 'he collects to-
gether cows beating ( them ) with 11._stick;'~~; but ~
~~ ~r: ~'ff.
( a) The gerunds of lfr~, ~liJ.'. and ;;i;twith :;rq-,are used
with nouns having the sense of the Loo. or the Inst,: 'W<f1~
~ i. e. q-r51qfii:rt i#rwi :rrr:,;:~mrn i e. ~
;;"q-q"f<!l'11'{;
ri' :ai:iU~;.rr; q-r~q- 'il'Fff: <S~ i. e. 1'.!TGTTJ!}lt/,iv tmGT-
~~if <fr I Sid. Kan.
~<!'-Ffi. e. ~~ 3m?lifT;~;:J'fi i. e.
( h ) Similarly 'il;<if!;!Tg"
'¾:IN~ iiir'<l!1 t:il'm~ Pan. III. 4. 41. 42.
t ~..~-tr.rfu.rit: I Pan. III. 4. 43.
t ~'if ~f~: I Pan. III. 4. 44.
tf .rq-m q;.f/ur'<I' I Pan. III. 4. 45. _
$ fi«r~f ""'l'fffi,i~'5TO'!T~ I ~r ~'clef;~: I ~:e-virl
!imuT
"I' 1:a:11:rr~;:r
q-fll:~Ttl~ 1 fui'TtrTq-f"<!"I Pan. III. 4. 48-53.
H. S. G. 29.
'4:50 SANsnrr Gn.AJIOU.B, [ § 772-775

~~; (iltt•tilEq:;q ~ffl fw.n~ i. e.~~

~~· ~ ~ ....
( c) Noun! ha.ving the sense of the Ablative and the
Accusative are used with this gerund of a root when haste
or hurry is intended; ?1(~ \Tllffif'mns having qnicldy
got up from the bed;' tr'ra!flt ~;~.&c.
§ 173. ff A root may be used in its gemndive fo:rm in 8111;
with its object prefixed to it if that object be a part of the body
which can be severed without fata.l effects; ~r.r~
~ 'nar-
rates contracting the eyebrows; but ~ :e-i~tr (not ~i*'41U
e.s the severance o:f the head would cause death.
( a ) Similarly when a part of the body is completely hurt
or prea!ed in the action, the gerund in :a:;ir is used with that
part; :a1'.-i:rfctqq-~~ i, e. ~: qr~ir.a-:'a:filicting the
whole bosom;' ~'{rt i:rffi'<l~~;iw, I
§ 774. tThe roots f~, 'iii:_,~, and~ are used in their
gerundl ve form! in ~ in the sense of ' complete occupation or
pervasion or repetition' with nonns which if not compounded
would have stood in the Acc.; i'rrn!ll1t~1•mit;rt llij+liPl◄ :11~ I
lltlfiJlfflf'f!Jmll: I so ~@I!;, -lflfl'~, q-
~, &c.
§ 775. (a) are:
t The gerunds of and q'l;_ere nsed with nouns
denoting a period of time intervening between the repetition or
performance of the action; a'iltr~ or~~ m:'iTtr!mf'he
makes the cowa drink water allowing two days to intervene.
i. e every third day' ;aw mrRr,;.r~~ !Jll'lq-~~ 1
( Sid. Ka.u.); similarly ma-~ or 11l'tff1'i:J:.

oG~~ I ( q;; miT ii :;filr,t~~ I Sid Kan. ) qfu~

'cl' 1 Pin. III. 4. 54, 55.
t ~~1qRf1f1~~ arr"4+11<1i~ar~:
Pan. m. 4. 56.
itwf(i;'~ fihtrrr~fist1tfih
~1r,r t~ ~ra:t fiiiQlvr:
'IA•9.◄+u"Et<t-tt{ , Sid. Kan.
t ~~: fiitrfi'i:i°t
- I
 '§ 775-777] PRIKA.RY NOMINA.L BASES. 451

( b )* Similarly the gerunds of~ with arr, and ~ a.reused

'With ;:rn:r,i: and in the sense of the Acc.; -,1ii<(iil..CI ◄ !:; <nlP.l'Tt
~~%, &c.
( c ) The ge,und of 'I{ may optionally be used after ~ and
W•l"<j) g_lllITli,lf-'l{cq'f~j
~' ~;:,rr, ~-
( c ) The Infinitive.
§ 776. The Inlinitive is formed by the affix~ with the same
•effect as the ffl' of the Fatnre; e. g.
Roots. Infinitive Roots. Infinitive.
~ to go ~ ~ to compose~
11N;,togrow ~ cook~ ~to
~ to give ~ to cut .r-~
p~ or .TJIJ:
;fr to carry itQl:l. ~ to cover it~ or~
;sto do ~~ ~ to bear '8~ or~
11_tobe ~~~ ~ to steal -ii'ef'~
'i{ to shake \Tf.r~ or~ ~<Jan.-rl'~
'{ to chooee ~ or l!R:fijl!; Desi. ~il'TT~~
it to sing ~ Atm.Freq ,r~
~togo ~ &e. &c. &c.
SECTION II.
VERBAL NOUNS Fo:&:M:ED BY 11:EANS

of
Various Kft Affixes.
§ 777. In the following list are alphabetically arranged
-almost all the common K;t affixesforming noUDs( substantive
and adjective) with va1ious si~cations from roots or deriva-
tive bases. ar-(~, ~-;-3lll,-~, ~,i;' ~; ~• 11',~,
-c:·~,e, ur,and~):-
 462 [ § 777

:at'ii.-iienoting ' the agen~•jll, added to-q~ and other roots;

mmt q,q: 'one who oooke;' "'-R:--'<R:, ~~: l{-"Nt,
~-;;!{: (;np);-to f and ~, when the words :sfrt and ~
are prefixed to them respectively; ~T 'an adulteress;'
'lllRf: 'a CUnda.la '-to gowhen the noun governed by it
is used prepositionally and when the idea of diffi.oulty is not
present or when the whole compound denotes 'age;' ~ ~
~: • one entitled to a share, a heir '; but~: ' a load.:
'beaYei'( -;m:+ go+~); ~: 'a young child; ' also when
srris prefixed to it in the sense of ' in the habit of.' ~
~~~~:;-to the root Ii[ when the words~
'a missile, ' ~ 'a plough,'~ 'an iron hook, ' mm' a
javelin,' ~ •a stick,' ;ra-, m and \Tij~ are prefixed to it;
~ i~fir ~q: •one armed with a spear,' &c; ~:
&e.; also when Wi is prefixed to it and the root is used in the
sense of 'wearing'; ~: 'wearing a sacreil thread; ' but
~: ( ~+ ~+:a;r,r.)'one who takes in his hand a _sacred;
thread;'-to :aJi,when ~ noun used objectively is pienxed to
it; ~1@ ~ m~ur: ' a Brahma.ea. deserving worship:'
-to ~ and :irg:_when the words ~ and q;uf in the Loe.
are prefixed to them respectinly; ~• 'an elephant,'
mq-: 'one who whispers into the ear, a spy;'-to any root
when the word~ is prefixed, ~:, ~'llf:, ~: &c.,-tom
when a word showing the place of action precedes, ~ w- w
( W)~: 'dwelling in the sky,' so~: 'dwelling in the
heart, i. s Madana';also when words hke ~ m, ~• &c.
and ,a-:ar,r,&c. precede, q"N~-w-~: 'sleeping on the-
sides,' &c., ~: •lying on the back with the face up--
wards.' so ~: (a{lfflffi' i\ll ~ ~ ~ff') i. e. 'with the-
:facedownwards. ' When added to roots endmg in t and to
some others it forms abstract nouns, 'Rl"-<e(lf: ' a collection,"
ra-'5'111':, 1fr-~. ~-er~: I a shower of rain.' &e.
;a{q(-is added to roots when the words lonning their objects are
prefixed to them, ~: 'a potter,' ~:-When a su-
 § 777) PRIMARYNo:r.tmAL BASES, 453

banta is prefixed to ~ with ~, the ~ of this root ia changed

,to ~ optionally; <{OT~: or-a-: 'a collection of words.'
-wr~is added to roots ending in :a-and !It;' short or long; it
sometimes forms abstract nouns, sometimes shows the place
or the instf1;.rp,ent of ac1'i'on denot~ by ~he root; ~-ffllf:
praise, i--l:f<r: barley, i_-q-cr:, 'l{-lr,f:, ~-<IS{: the instru-
ment of doing anything i. e. the hand, ;z-~. poison, ~-~:
fear, ![-~: a boon &c., ~ with fer-N"c~:a tree or a seat,
iii:
mffi:: d~erwi'.se'; with '91!.takes this affix; ~tr: a collec-
tion; ~ also takes it, mr: al~ preceded by a preposition
takes this affix and is changed to 'tll3;; f.r'<re·, Sl"<ffi:,~:
&c ; food or eating; ( when no preposition precedes it takes
'EIS!-'iffif: ); the roots ;;rq:_
and~ not preceded by a preposi
tion take al't_: :;{If: muttering prayers, ctr,T: the act of piercing;
( but when a preposition precedes, they take tr:if; as ,a-~:
secret whispering into the ear, separation, &c.); the roots
~ and g-~ by themselves take~--- Or 'il'sr._;ffl-~ or ffll'I':
sound; g-ia:~: or g-re:; with a preposition they take the
latter only; Sf~; sm~: &c.; ~ without any preposition
or with tile preposition in,~' ferand ~ takes either <IN_or'
.
....... ~ -
'Sl'Sr;:q-;r: or trri:r: restraint, control, &c , :a'll'lni= or q-n::r:'
........
m":!':na,se; s1nnlfl!lt ,TiP-llf:or f.t;m:r: &c.; the roots ~, ~,
...
~ and ~;r,i:, with f.t take~--- or -.rsr._; ~: or~· speech,
~ or f.r,mpsound, &c n with or without fiftakes SN.
or \t51:.;aiUf' or arror , f.m;ur·or-iififQI'. the sound of a lute;
•the root ~ when a word other than a preposition is prefixed
to it takes a:fl!";with a preposition it takes 'i:fSri ~: the
pride of wealth, ~~= madness, insanity; but when pre-
eeded by sror "'1:1: it takes ~ when the meaning is joy; Slll'lf:
or ~; in other cases Jt takes ~; 'lfll'l'lr-,~: careless-
ness, oversight, a blunder. The affixes S'f'l:_and trsr._ate added
1;o several other roots too numerous to note here; the
duf11I~llc.ebetween these is that ~ occasions V r1ddlu of the
preceding vowel, :at'{ does not
 454 [§ 777

,i;-is added to roots having t, sr,\111:, or ~ for their penulti-

mate, and to the roots sfrand ~ and denote~"th.!)Jl:~nt; ra«r-
~;r,r· one who wri.te8,~'!:-~-; one who throws, ~-~: &c.
l:fr-rsri;r:
one who pleases; ~-m: one who scatters; it is also
addsd to roots ending in au-with or without any preposition,
the final SIT baing dropped; ;ITT·~: o:r 3f~: one who knows,
wise; l-i: or ~: one who calls; also when a subanta is
used prepositionally with it; ~-tifl{: one who gives cows or
cuts the hair; 1:n-~: (?fTWTfq-;rarr'ff) an elephant; when
added to 1'~Tit has various meanings; m:mr:happy, f;i-11Ti:r~~
placed in difficulties; it~<q: a measure of cam, &c. Tlus is
also added to ~-:qt a house, .z~r:a wife, a house.

~-is added to t~ not meaning 'to see' when a pronoun pre-

cedes it; ffi!:+e9-1:.==at==n~; like that; also when the words
~and~ pzecede; ~: like to, at.tl'T~~: like another.
;;:-is added aimilarly; .rr/tf=,nf~: &c

~~ and ~-Before these the a:rof the noun :forming the object
o:f the root with which it is used prepositionally inserts the
syllab1e;i: after it lll'~ is added to the root 9~ after (,lv
and ~; fst<t!ic;-cfrm Tl:i<l'i!l'1.f:
' one who speaks sweetly; <l"lii'iiof:
'subject to the rnfluence of, obedient to the w,ll of;-<!, after
the words ~, fr.rir, .n{, and.,-;:,; ~-~<r-'llii:-~: doing good,
&c.;~: causing fear, dreadful, ,a:imj-o1;'(:;-to the root ~;i,-
a:fteira snbanta; ~: passrng through the sky, a bird;
-t-0 ,he roots ~• ~. 1!, rn, "I[, 1:fi[, n'!. and !.['I!,
when the
whole is a name; ~: God; ~~,t a portion of the Sama
Ved&; 'l'fw.m- a birde who chooses her husband; ~;;h:rn': an
elephant, 'g;"Ttf{: name of a mountain; mi:r: na~e of 11,
name of a king ;-to ~ after i:r~, err::..:i,nr:
king; :si-f.:·q-i:r
one who restrains his speech for the observation of a vow;
-to the roots ~ and a after the words '-'f<land !R raspec-
tively; ~r the earth, 9;m: Indra;-to ~ afterthe words
ri, ~, llll:l'and of-ff'!"; ~<li:p'lf:all destroying, all power:l'ul;
 .§71'! ] Pi:mURy NoMINAL BAsEs. 455

also a rogue; ~- ( a river) sweeping away its banks;

~: dashing against, comillg in collision with the clonds
:as th;; wind; q;fr~~ blowing away dry cowdung, as a strong
wrnd or gale ~ is added to qo:i:can. as in :;r,:r;r;:n;r·mak,ng
the people tremble with fear; name of a krng,-to ~, 'if,
and ff 'to go' after the word~ .rra, ~.fr, @?,'Tand ~
f!'¾'.
:fl.atulerw; ;rr,;;r:;,· :facing the wind, a kind of deer; mii~: a
kitten; ra~ij~: an oilman; and w,io'!~'f: causing flatulence
( +Wif ) a kind of bean;-to ~ and '<+ZT alter the words l/clii'!'
and ;;rt\", re,pectively ~o;:i-1:f4: a taby sucking breast; ;;rfir•
( ;ft )-.i;r: a goldsmitb;-to ITT:after R'i and :a:i~; fu~:
the af!l.ictor of the moon i e. Rahu; :s:rt~: ( :a:i~ .:riirflli
ij~ITT@')wounding the vital parts, pamful,-to ~ after
words showing measure as '!:ft'<itRIT'f~tliT :t=l'TITT'!>'' q;gf&• and
after rno and.f@.'-f.nf1:r:;;r:one who cooks measured corn, a
miser; ;;~r nail-scorching ( as ;:;-~ );-to ~ ond a-q:_
after the word,; 3H[<fand ~mra; a:f~tl'~<fr. those who do not
see the sun i e the queens of a king who are shut up in
the harem; (1!,~f?.:l'!t\'!scorching the forehead;-to ~, ~ and
'l>"iHafe:r ::nr,~~:a;and i:rrfiil' respectively; srtjcr,s,;rof a fierce
aspect, th:;q: hgntuing; trrfiir"Tl1: a road ( shrouded in such
darkness that one has to clap one's hands for dn,ing away
serpents &c. that may be in the way ); to ;r.;: meaning 'to
consider oneself' as, qfosrf.:r;<r,a pedant, who cousiders
himself a Pandita: l'ffw:1:f:one who con;iders him;elf a cow
i e. who is very humble; &c.
~-i~ added to any root with io:rn:, ~r or ~ prehxed to it
' when the idea of ease or difficulty is pre.ent, iflic!:S,: done
easily•
~l"<Ff,
&c.&e.
a-~,
done with difficulty; ij":f.'f done easily, su irli'fffii'i,
\
"li.j'-isadded in the sense of the ,P}~,?r the instr::i,n;ien~\of the
action or forms abstract nouns; i;' with :a:rr-su;;s,:a mine; ~i:l'.'.
with a, 1, a{T~: witli m, :a:rr111J1:
a spade; tfO!,_ a place of traffic;
~'l:-~~: a touch-stone; :;;r.:-m:;;r,: a pasture-ground;
~: a path; ~-1.f6: a shoulder; ~: that by which the
 456 [§177

people are guided, the Veda, ~: and ~: a fan. Before this

~ not prece:'ied by more than one preposition becomes~;
:r.-n-o.s,q:
the hp, J:1'~.; but~~~:.
"if:it_-adced to roots ending in consonant, has almost a universal
e,pplication and a variety of eenses; before this the.linal ~ or
, ;;i::are changed to ~ or lJ, tf<:(-~: food; lf.l!_-;i;m: deshe;
&!:l'-l<P>TT.f: re3t; ~-~R; etrength, snbgtance, with ~'it-:smr-
or :anfreredysentery; i-fl"n:. a necklace, ~-G'lq: a foot;
~-~~: being, a thing &c; ~-~~: a house; ~-~:
a disease; l:ffl-~Q"~: touch; !f~--cr~: fuel; ~;,,;i:-s:r~f'ii:
laxity; R~: ( ~,,fo;~w~rfett ) the body, with~-
~: a house, &c ;-to~ wb.en preceded by a preposition,
~of: the warbling of birds ( otherwise 'l,,l' ). The roots
<:${ and t$oi,. changetheir vowel to :.lT before this; ~ff: or
~: the throbbing of the hand, &c. ~ and J precededby atr
take blth ',j''5land :al~;3lRl1f•or-'{cf: a loud sound; :.m!;f<f:-
~: a deluge. Sometimes the affix:es~ and a:ig:are used i.n
different senses; .fr-;mr chief, >f(ljl.i: friendship, kindness;
q~: the act of moving a piece at chess, draughts, &c.
1:!R!!r!r'
marriage: f with 1~-.-,rrr justice, 'i'<f<l'.ruin; >Ii[ with
o!"f or f.t-:a:,~: or Ff!fl'&: impediment, separation; slr,I'~:
a grammatical mark; :;i~ f.m'[: the oonfmement of a
thief; but :a:i,r~,-~: draught, want of rain; f'ofafter ~
take the affix 'q& when the whole means 1gathering flowers
with the hands' ~cr-;;rri:r·,but ~Gtf"tf<f:'collecting flowers with
a stick' &c.: it is also added to ijo'J;:and~~ with f;t; ~:;;:
the hand;~~: hump-backed, the Nyagrodha tree.

e-;is added-to the root~ preceded by ITTT, «a:,ITT{,~,

-.rri_:i:,
a numeral, and nouns governed by it; re;;rr ~"rtirfit ~~1,
¾7'~~ the sun, «~: &c :-to~ preceded by ~~:, sll!f~:,~,
and 'It,(:, 11:t·m::, :s:rira·m:: a leader, &c ; and to 'i:i'~ preceded
by N!l-T'f,
~, ~ftT and words showing the place of action;
~: a beggar,t~: a soldier, &c.
 § 777] PRnU.RY No~,;.ALBASES. 457

-~-is affixedto iii preceded.by :;rm or mi',r-J:changing to 1f

the whole meaning 'bearing an inauspicious mark '; a hus-
band causing the death of his wife~: bearing a mark
on his body indioative of the death of his wife, similarly
qraifi';-this is also added to ~ when the agent of the action
is not a man; ~if checking btle, such as ghee; ~ (llTfiir·
~ffl ), &c.;-to g-~preceded.by effflll:. and ~ in the sense of
'having the power to do what is denoted by the root;' iffi!if
'one able to kill an elephant,' &o,;-and preceded by qnarand
m in the sense of 'one having the skill;' q1'fiiN 'one who beats
tune with the hand, also a drnm.mer ( beating a ii.mm with
the hand );'-to q-r 'to drink' and ir if not preceded by a pre-
position; 'lifTRq':'one who drinks the Soma jnioe'; ~HI' iwra'mt
~: 'one who chants the Sa.ma Veda'; but~: (when
a· piep. precedes it ); q-r'to protect' takes 3;; ~ ill6(1JTI',
&c.
T-is affixed to~ preceded by ar-=cr,
~, ~, m, \i<f,
:ar-.,r,:r,,
~, m, q;a- creeping on the ground, ' ~ ~d ~
and denotes the agent; to ini: preceded by~ and ~ and shows
the,pl~e of ao.1;10n, before this the final consonant with the
preceding, vowel or the final vow~\ of a ro(!t is dropped; sr-'ff
~@' ~: •one who goes to the end;' m~: 'a traveller;'
(J:{lf:,:rtf;r: ·a ser;;ient;' T~~ is changed to fq--mir: 'a
bird,' ~: 'a fortress,' &c ;-to ~ when a blessing is implied'
ncf!,r,f: ~: ir'i@:'may thy son be the destroyer of his enemies;'
-aleo to ~ with :arq- after the words ~~ and ~; ~~qg-:
'removing pain, consoling, a son;' .imq-w:'the dispeller of
darkness, the snn,'-to ~preceded by a word having the senss
of the Loe. or of the .A.b.and not denoting a class, or when it
is prec'";d~dby a preposition and the whole is a name; ~-
, born in a stable;' ~~- 'a lotus,' ~m:r: 'pr.ed after
_!\some operation;'~: &c; ~:, ~;~ounge~ brother;'
I --· -• -
the words ~:, ~·, ~: &c. are also formed by means
of this affix• this is also added to ~., with q-ft; qr~f 'a d~tc!:l'
"''
.......... .....
 458 ( § 77T

ur-is added to roots ending in :atr which insert tl' be-

. foiieit; ,n-~f!.l': •one who receives a share,' '1:'IT-\'fllf: 'one
who holds,' &c-to ~ when preceded by at!f and in%,
~rr: •mist, frost,' sriff~l:flll'' • a catarrh or cold,to if,
~- ._:t)and i preceded by a preposition; 3tlll"Ttr:' violation,'
m;r: ' oozing, trickling;' 3l!f<!Tll': ' end ', a'{q~ 'a thiei, a
seamonster';-to ra~,~' Iii!:,-.rst_, 'lilt( and lJ:.;~g-: ' a.
lambative, an electuary;' W'I!: 'an embrace,' ;Ql{, •an alligator,'
li!jf'q: 'a bnnter,' 'l!IT<f: ' respiration,' 1r1q: ' a thing,to if'r
a.nd§' not preceded by a preposition; ;:n;r:' a leader', ;;:r<r: 'a
forest-:6.re;'-to ~, ~' ~, ~'to be confused', a-~
•to smell,' "1l:,II'&:,~, !!:;;;,,~, ~' l~, lfo:, ~, ~.
if'if,,~,~.~i:,~,~~-~,i!N.,and~, (these may
also take ~ ); ~: ( or 'i<f®' ), :6.ameor blaze,' &c·-
1to ~' ~ and l!at._, when their objects are prefi:x:edto
tbem; ~t?: ' one who keeps flesh;' m~: ' one who
wishes for flesh,'~:' one who eats flesh';-to ~, ~
and ~ with an,lHirsrtif!ll': ' one desiring happiness,' ~:
•:forgivmgmuch' ~r:;,"R: •good-conducted;'-to i, %and
irr after their objects; .--rir ~ ~b, ifa;<l'f!.l':
'a weaver,
~= ' mea!nre of com;'-to ai~ with f.i,~: 'food. 1
~-ie added to 'IT, m, ~, \T, and ~,a; lfl'-iir-r: 'one who
drinks;' ilr-~: ' one who smells; (~-ffl: ' one who
sees;-to ,n and ·u 3 cl.; ~-;r"(f: 'one who gives,' 'il'T-
ifil'' •onewho holds;-to [ij!'!_ and~; mq-: 'one who plasters;'
~'one who knows;' also when the former is precededby f.t
and the latter by ;ft and other words; ~;q-. 'a god;' ifll~
'llllme of V1sh1;m;' ~:' a Jotus;'--to the Oau. of~, a-,
Q'olwith ;,;i:, and 'i; ~: 'one who thinks or knows;' 'l'r~:
'one who fills'; ;;~q-: 'one who makes another tremble,' cf.
Bhatti. 1. 25. '<lR'<f:'one who holds'; added to all roots 1t
forms abstract fom. nouns; i!i-TI!i'IIT ' an act; ' ~~ a
•wish;' m~~ 'service;' ~~r 'hnnting;' ~
:araratrrambling;' ;;n1l~r• wakefulness,&c,'
 § 777] PRIMARY NoMil'.l!AL'B.1.sEs. 459

:a:f-forms abstract nonns from derivative bases; 11;-f.a'q;r-rr a,

desire to do; ~1:ITTl'lll'
a desire to have a son, &c. Also from
roots ending m a consonant having a long vowel for their
pei:mltimate; t1t-ifl"rdesire, ~~-~r a gness; reasoning, &c.
~-similarly forms abstract nouns; it is added to roots marked
with an indwatory ,:i: and to ~ and others; ~-o;u old age;.
shame, &c,; fif~-~ distinction; separation; T~-
3"':!·Sl'G"T
fu;:1u contemplation, anxiety; :ipi'.:--~ cleansing &c,-to ~
mercy; to roots ending rn ~ if
which changes its :i:to '!ili"-'Sl.l'f
a prepoaitioil or the words lli<!_and:m:i:rr
precede, i:{l'-Wf[ giving
gift, :>J"T-tr~lustre, &c. '<ITwith ~-~r :faith; with ~I;--
a:r.'\'1'11disappearance.

~-(w;;:,~-~'~'~l-
~"!_-is added to ~:;:~; ~;;;: 'a washarman, '
li1J;;,{-io affixed to all roots and denotes the agent of the aetion;
~-$1'{1$! one who makes, acting, &c,; 'i~-GT"l'!!i': one who
&c; it is a,dded to
cooks; t-J:-'llT1'f<ll':i:{T-a;fliq;-:, 1'lT-'<lT<f<j;:,
~;i: and other roots of that' group; but in this case the preced--
ing vowel is not lengthened ~i,:-~:, ~-<r.:r1ff:,~:
a killer, G'fi'!'i$':a father, &c. Added to some roots it forms
the name of diseases; ~-!.f"E'i9~,ITT vomitbigj li'~-!:l'<TTfi<$T
dysentery; diarrhrea; :;;i~:.fq:;:lf.;;11:i;ritch, scab, &c; somet1me3
it is added to denote the meanings of :roots SITi:1:,-~
sitting, ~fr-mfirij;T sleeping, &c.; sometimes it has the sensa
of futurity,, ~ l:{itef.i' miff he goes desirous of ieeillg
Krishna; ;;re1r tfT~" &c.
~3l-is added to f;:,~,~'€1:, ~ •._l!F{;~with f¾",
~q__withqft
• ~;;:_,~, ;'ij-,~rii: 'and~ in the sense of the' agent,' or' in the
habit of,'~~-~: 'one who blames or is in the ~a~it of
bl~~ing or censuring others,' ~13'._-T!f'l1'f.:, &c.,
Jffi'?I_-Wlifr;fi:
-to ~<!'.,and ~ preceded by arr;a:rrt~·q;: 'a gambler,' alTTl'ir~Ff-:
, one who calls out or vociferates, reyiler. '
 460 f § 777
-~~-is added to !J:,~ and ~ in the sense 1skilul in,' i-~:
~-~:, 1 skilful in walking;' ~;;,i;· 'skilfol in cutting:' this

may by added to any root when the idea of a blessingis to be

conveyed; :;:ftq~ <!QT:'mayest thou live for many years,'
;;;;~;j- +!<TT: 'mayest thou be the giver of delight.'
'':l:'l'.-is added to ~i:l:,~and~ in the senseof 'one who knows
the art of;' ;;~· 'one who knows the art of dancmg;' ~;;~:
'a digger,' 'a. miner;' ,'1l'f;i;· 'a dyer.'
~~-(:ai-~)-e;tr..;:-ltt;~: 'tremor;' f¾-~i:r~: 'swelling, a
tumour,' 'i:;--l!:i:1:~: 'pain, anxiety,' &c
<li'l'.-(~a:, ~. ~1:!, W~)-
. U!f<'l'.-isaffixedto ~ and WT;ql<fri: 'a singer;' ~f<l'rf: 1a year,' ' a.
kind of rice '
•,!!~-is affixedto verbs meaning 'to go or to sound,' ~-'"l"i:1l'i'f:
'one who moves.'~-,:;;crr:'one who makesa sound,' so lifiefoi:&c.
Itis also affixedto verbs meaning 'to ornament,to deck, and to
be angry,'-lJ;l:-~lil1lf. serving as an ornament :i:fli~-if~:,
fPI_-~'lir,f:, ~-TTllfUi:angry, irascible '--to:;g,~, izsr_,~, ~~,
~, lf<i,, ~; ~-~:'a swift walker:' l[-mi:ir,' one who
goes ' ;ql'l'-<Ti;;: ' a glutton;' i;!f<if,i: 'that which blazes,
fire;'--to some other roots ending in a consonaut,ia:~:,
i<t·erwr:&c.:-to the freq of 'fill, and ~~, ~mi\'!lf:, ~~:
' one who goes again and again ', 1t a1so forms fem. abstract
nouns with the causals of roots and the verbs ~•iJ , ~---' ;;~
and~ not meaning ' to wiah,' ~-,i;r,(l!Tf ' doing action, '
i-~. sm.,:-~.rr, ~~-!3,~, 'iR;'<IT!ill, ;;;:~ ~~.fr,
f.Rr-~·~•fi.
~ with :a:i~·ar.=!f'it!TT
• searching. '
-~--is affixedto~ and other roots; .r<f,i: ' one whodelights, a
son,' tl'~-;:rifii: 'he who e:x:bilarates,the god of love, •,~l[:-
,:rr.r,r:' one who accomplishes,'<:!~-~: ' one who bears, '
~~: ' the killer of Madhu,' ~--:;r;rrt,,r , the
chaetiser of the sinful/ m--foi'+!'l"flll': ' temfier, name of
Ilavana'a brother.'
 § 777] PBIMABY NOMINAL BASES, 461

~-is added to all nouns to form wu. abstract noUllSj ~r-,

~ endurance, ~-g-~;i laughing, efr~ sleeping, qy-j
qr,t drinking,~-~, ~-m\Tlt, &J.This is also added;
in the sense of 'the instrument of an aet1on '; '.iifS\~-iilJilq: an I
instrument for cutting; an axe, &c; iffl'-imi'ft;rr a milk/
vessel ( here it shows tb.e place of action of
Adhikarru;ia ).
ami;-( "1'$o'.)-is affixed to lil'~, ~, ~ ~ and i in the
sense of •in the habit of;' ~: ( ~q-if ~ ) 'a
prattler; r'ita:r~~: ' a beggar,' ~: 'he who divides or
cuts;' ~Jll;: 'a robber;' l/Rfei;I •a poor man.'
~-5l-~~ destructive, hurtful; ~-~ praising, a
panegyrist.
;a:rr~-is added to tb.e can. of ~, tl'i[ and ~. to ~ and to
the words f.tu, ffi'JT and qr, ~ longing fo1, desirous
of; ~ compassionate; ~ disposed to sleep; ffi'JT~:,
~: 'full of faith..'
l-( ~' il'!t, fit;-)-
~.
~-\n-'iil°ir: •one who tills the ground'; :g-mR:
a mountain.
~-is added to cf't_ and other roots; 'fM: a well; qfffl: a
dwelling.
~-is added to :at,si:and other roots of the group; ffi: a
battle, a:rria':
&c.
r"if;-is added to the roots errand 'ifT and others assuming these
forms; 'ill-~: fraud, condition, &c,; f;h~: a treasure,
~: a joint, peace, &c,; i5fll3N':
the sea ( here it is used in
the sense of :atf~ ).
~-( ~) is added to =It, ~ I{, ~, ~. ~il:_, and "'{; =It-
~ a rudder, helm; an oar; ~ a sickle; ~ a fan
made of the deer's skin; ~;;r cause of geI!eration; {lff.r;t a
forbearance;'qfui,
spade; ~{Sf pa¥-en.9.,!l,
1i,:-(
~
)J
tf.t,~l3% 'i'un$r
_,,, ..
 462 ( § 777

,,.,_.,,,,arn:re.. tc ~ m.u
~f;:i-is .,._ !:f, r:;;,
- e, T~,
-- r~ w Uh;;;.=~
'"'' .. -~. ~ 0 •

with m, ~ with .:.fi:r, ,a: with qf{ and~ with i:r; i:r:m~
swift-goiDg•:;;~ a conqueror; ;;-Ft-i:: timid. &c., ~ wast-
ing away; it is also added to~ with f'!f when the noun go-
;uned by it 1s prefixed to it and when the idea 0£ censure
O! :reproach is to be eonveyed; dii5f.i"li<lI.
~lil\':irt, &c.
f~-is affi::;::ed
to ~- -in:c, ~, re;i:, ~
l!'.'1i'l", ~'
~ with a;r, ;ra:, ~~ and ~ with :sTT:~, ~i ~,

~, ~, W, all with m:;~, ~ :;;.,:,all with ~; ~~

and~ with fir;~. 'la·:q;:,r. ~,~all with 11; ~ with
:.mi" and~; t'!. with zj"i:r, ~ with ~; and denotes the
agent;~-~-:( one who abaJ1doi::s,'CTTl'R'. ..nll of passion,
impll,!!!ioned,a Jover; .;if;i;:i: one who takes a share,~ one
who blames; similarly~, iTf%.i, &c.; this 1salso added to
~ and the other roots of that group bnt without occasioning
ar:,y!!hange in the roots; ~i;:-~fi:r;:: tranquil; ;:i~-;r~~; but
:i:i,rwith~ or "lf-r.:!IT~. in:rrf~.
iurr,r-iaadded to the roots of the .r,r group in the sense of
'the _agent:' ~'.!'i(~ 1 one who takes;' ~r~,~~,

re with f;;r-~ 'a sensualist;' •fsi with 3<G'-~:CI~

'one who is guilty;' 1i'lwith m-i:r!D;1~ 'one who defeats;'
&c.,-to &~ when precede:! by ffi'l,Rand mcr;
~. ~
Wm"'t'!Tra~'one who murders a child,' ~~llff\l 'one·wlt<iou&
othlre1ieiiZ!: Thiti- is· ai!aooto anyroot, when the subanta
other than one denoting a class, precedes it, in the sense'of
'in the habit of,' <ilisposeg to'; :a-~mr~ ( ;;tot m-~
!ifm.:r~'-<)'one whoeats hot things;' .,,rw-trmi: 'one whoacis'
wei1{i!'~~ 'one who expounds the Y edas or the nature
of Brahman;'-!o ll:~ after any subanta.. q;o 6 ti~ 'one
who con,iders himsa.lfa Pandita.' <r~r.nrrr;r,i; 'one who con-
sicters,~imseli' h~jsome,' &o,, this is added in the .~ensEl_of
, the ast ~~ to ~ preceded by the name of a sacrifice;
t'*-liilifffi'f13lt~"Wno
ha~_£,~,;;irmedthe Soma sacrifice;' so
 l 777] P:imar.Y NOMINAL BASES. 463

~ITTl''U and to s'!: when the noun gove_r!ledby it is

prefixed to 1t; ~frl<!: 'one wh? has killed his uncle.'
This is also added to a root when a noun signifying a standard
of comparison 1s prefixed to it: ~')f~ 'one who utters a
so:md like that of a camel'; ~lfT~-,; 'one who cries like a
crow;' this is also added when the· observance of a von to
be indicated; ~~~~ •one who observes the vow of
sleeping on the alter;' also in the sense of 'necessity' or the
payment of a debt; ~lillT~ ''!h~t takes !)lace of necessity;'\
~iilf~ 'one who pays off a debt of Rs. 100 '
~-( ~, f~) is added to~ with 3l'i and f.m, ~
with sr,q~, qq_and ;r~ all with ~' ~~, :F!, with m, ~,
~, and~ in the sense of •in the habit of, possessed of the
properties of/ or 'expert in' 'acting well;' 3l'~ij;R~'decorat-
ing, skilled lll decorations: Wfef.(!~r~i:ft'Q' f.ru~l~: ( see
Bhatti. V. 1.) 'repudiatmg, turning aside,' ;r.qf,l~ 'clever
in flying up;' 'l'ffl~,ml"&l!J, ,:Tli~,URl'tl!J.&a; it 1sfound
added to some other roots also by poets; e. g !I'll~ 'power-
ful,' ;rr~~ <tesplendent,' m~, &c

'{~ and ff-( T(tl'6~ 1 ~~) are added to 1a:with the words
aTTiil',~lflf, ~~, ., lllf, 3t'tfand ~ prefixed to it in the
sense of &J~~ •being what a thiI1g or person was not
before;' :sr,m.:r.
~: ~:;ml': snm~· or-ir1~q;· becom-
ing rich not being rich at first, ( see Bhatti. III. 1 ) so an~,
~&c.
?(:-a-,andi)
:a--is added to Desiderative bases to form nouns; Rrllf~,
desirous of doing; f.t~llll desirous of coI1quering, &c.; and
to ~~ with arr,~, ~, and~; <ITT~ij':desirous, hopeful.
~: a beggar; ~- one who knows, knowing; ~- wishing.
J-is added to 1a:with fir, sr, and ~li;; f.tg: all-pervadrng,
mighty, !f!J: able, \l!J: creating; also to g-rnff?: th&t whiob
 ( § 777

moves to a roeasnzeddistance; ~n:;[: whlch :rnnsin a hundred,

streams, :S-ameof a river.
affixedto~, G<l,q~, oo, ~- ~, ~' ~, ~:,-
sf!j;'-{S<F->-!_)-is
and ;;i:1JJ1d denotes the agent; Wif:-~1Wf.:sporting, g1ittexing
'iiglS': falling "a,-+rr~: happening, living; ~-~:
~~: a:itorons.

-a-:i:-(~ )-is aff'xed to T¾'.

..1~, and 1¾ ; ~~: who knowst
knowing;' ~: ·breaking, brittle;' ~: • cuttrng, ·
~-( ~) is add€d to ~ and the Fre. Bases oi ~, ~i{
and ~; ~ ' watchful,' &c. ( vide :Bhatti. Il. 22. Rag.
XIV. 85. Sis. XX 36 ); !Ff: !'.f,,: ~.. ;i;r ~:;
:i:r~: • one who perloims sacrifices freql!ently' (see Bhatti.
mr~:
II. 20. ); !'.r,,' !r-i: 7,j7~i!' :;rr :;;crtfira 'one who
mutters prayers repeatedly, en ascetic;' !r,i: ir,r: :s:f@~il' .rr
~~!al@ ~~;r;: ' biting frequently, a ierpent, demon ' ( vide
Bhatti I. 26 :,
~, ra;q:nnd rn;;r-Derivatives are formed ?1ith these affixes
which ,ue dded to roote atil then dropped; the di:fl'erence
between the first tll"o is that m the case of the latter
(( is inserted between it and the root, if it ends in a
short vowel.
~-is affixedto 'El?!.preceded by a subanta; ~'lW •one who
touches ghee; ~ ' one who touches anything after recit~
ing a holy verse,' &c. except when the subanta means water:
~: •one who touches water' and :r.ot ;;-q~i;;si:, The
:folio-wingwords are to be accepted as they are; ,q-~~
( ~ Eit'it~) sacrificing regularly at every season;
a priest whJ officiates at a sacrifice; -q~-~~-proud,
haughty; ij~-'oi'~ a garland: ~-~;;sr_ a direction; 1~-
~ name of a metre, words like STT"l"Rderived from the
roots~. and the word, ~and~ ought to be considered
as derivedby means of this !iffus:.
 § 777} P2:rn:AaY Nom:i.AL BAsEs,

~-:-this is added to a root with or without any preposition

piefixeil to it; ~ff ~ or !l';s:: one who brings forth,
a mother; :;;r~-~m!': those who sit rn heaven, the god8,
~g:-!:f~ a powerful enemy; ;g~-3,"'q~oJ:: the constellation
of stars called •Aswini ;' ;:fr-~.rr,:fr the leader of an army;
'l:n'J::-T«T'S'J( the creator; f.:,-:,i:firf;. 0 , one who consecrates
the sacred fire, a householder; fiir-~~O: the conqueror of
Indra, name o:f Raval}a's son; ~g;-a:;rfi:l;<l:.he who praises the
gods; ~-mi:;~ the extractor of Soma juice, i!;i-ir;i:i~,
~, iffc!;lif,l'J:,&c, This is also added to~, l:':r~, and
~'&i:when the object governed by them 1s pn,fi::ted to them i
'l'l'<f~seeing all; ~~ touching the vitals; J<f'l;l~;;i:: the
creator oJ' the um verse ;-to ::,i~ and ~; ~~ a fiesh-elilter,
a demon; ~ the Killer of a Brshmai;ia ;-to ,g'!~ changed
to~; a~:;;~ a garment, :Before this affix roots ending in
a nasal lengthen their penultimate; as l.i[>e:-~;;;: tranquil;
<1~-S«fl"l; one who str.itches, &c., except in the case of roots
;p;i:, il:ll;, ~, and ('!<:(, which drop their nasal and then obey
the general rule; ~~ :rf:;mf'rrn3'11'~ a traveller; llR
n~rra-rtfr('!cI_ stretching on all sides; ~a: yielding, poor;
~<I: well restrained, &c ; them of ~aa: is changed to~
before this; w:t ~rmfrrn-~~ one who gives advice to
his friend; :a:irf~q_ a blessing; ~ forms fin:speech; the roots
i~, ffl:l;,and 'ol{~ drop their nasal and insert <i.before their
final; efli,ol'.<i_ dropprng down from a vehide, ::ri.;rma: dropprng
dITTVn from avessel ; q,,r~.;<3: fallrng down from a leaf; before
this affix ~a: changes its <r,to ;;;"and other roots change their
<!:__to 3;; :,i:~~ ( a;~;tr@') a gambler; ~-a;-: 11 weaver;
a:i;;i:_-3;: a prot€ctor; this forms V pddhi with a preceding :a:r; \
ili~+3i=:;r,rr· theprotector of the people, ;;<ll:;t: feverish,
«rr-q;;: swift-gomg; before this affix~ or~ following r is
dropped; ~~.:--~ swooned; ijif-~!'.:hurtmg, injuring; a;~'<U:
what troubles, i. e. presses heavily on the axle of a carriage,
hence the cart-load; the following words are uregularly
H, s. G. 30 . .
 [ § 777

derived; ,,-:r·-•rr'-"" speech. ~-~'J' one who asks; g-~:

aetlng ~y • r;~me of _Shi-v~ a ki:cd of worm, a gamble;;
&e; (£',;r-;fi: wealth; !:r"&J:-ml;Tl"&J: an ascetic; ~~-f.i~
; ~-:;:i,to:_ the world; 1::q-~r the inteUect.
f:"l'"-is afilxecl to ~ which lengthens its :a:ibefore it; a\'~'llf~
one who t~kes a share; Sl'~ devoted to, worshipping, &c.

fn-( ~) forms fem. abstract nouns; if,-if,ffi an act, &c ;

'q'J-lfij;ffi prsrne; :rr;Jt;-,mfgait, &c ; r+r.-Uff sport; .r.i:~
a bow; ~~i-R'i:fra state; ;\--.ftfit a song, &c; GT-ifrrn:drink-
i~g; tf'i:f:-~: cooking; .,~-tra-: a sacnnce, &c . It is
added to the roots ~, ;q~, :qJ and ~ in the sense of' tha
instrument of'; ;cgtft:the mstrument of hearing i. e. the ear,
&c. To ihe root ~ with ~ or fit, ~ or rn;q_ is added;
~: or ~' prosperity; f.t~ or f.tq~ adversity; f;t
instead of fit is added to roots endmg in S[ and to ~ and
ctbers; ~-!f.T1'irr:scattering. The following words are to be
taken as they are:-m--©"T'ff end; &<J::-l(a a weapon;
~ii_-i'l"rn'
:fame.
~--1:~-.:(!;;: )-if3'..;::--is affixed to
(' .l
all roots and denotes the
..... ,,,..._
agent; ~-~ a uoe.r; ~-IT.:g:, ~-~, ~-"1l' or ,:;~,
~~~or~~ &c ; ~-~ or~ or~ one who goes,
&c., ~ •one habitually sacrificrng' ( ia;i:) &c

;;r-~ is added to "ir or ,fr, .fr, ~, ~. i~, '1J,ij~, fir"=!:_,T>l'i'f,

q-a:,~, .:r~and ~ and shows the mstmment of the action
denoted by the :root; ~ or ,n-~ an rnstrument fo:r cutting,
a sickle, ';:r,tthe ir:strument of guidance 1. e. the eye, ~:e;:-
~ a weapon, ~TT::I:-:ITT;;;i", ~~-«r~
~-;i-).i-, the rope by
which an animal is tied to the pole of a c11rriage,~i!--'l:ffl=f
a hymn of praiH', g-~ a whip, r~-~<f-Jf a watering pot,
~-~, r,ra--rr.r a ,ehlcle, the wing of a bird, &c. .fi{-.rur
a leather-strap, <f?J:-~ the jaw; 1t is also added to-i in the
sense given-1iri the mont of a hog, a ploughshare,the thun-
 § 777] Pru::II.AEY NOMINAL BASES, 467

derbolt, a ge.rment;-q-1~ an insi;•ument for purifying, a sort

of ring of 7..usha
grass worn on the fourth finger on retgious
occasions, alld to¾ and~, i:mfr:a mother, a foster mother,
the earth, name of a tree, Emblic my::-obalan,
~-( iiF-rn:
) is added to a few rocts; ~-~: ( trr,i;if
~;;: ) ripened, matured; ef;nr artificial from ii', ~:
produced by gift ( see Bhatti. I 10, 13 ).
~4-~: a 1inger.
.:r-(~.~)-
.:r~.:..is added to ~. ~• ~ f.1.,,~, ~• and ~; <!'lif:a
sacnfice, ~ beggary, <◄<of: an e:ffprt, ~- going, lus~re,
SATa question,~: protector.
~-~: sleep, a dream.
~:._( ii'~ )-is added to ~, qq,_,and ~. in the sense of
•in the habit of;'~~ sleepy, ~ thirsty, ~ bold,
confident.
I!!-( <ffi)-is added to si-~, ~. IN_ and &itr.. in the sense o:f
'in the habit of;' $lliJ timid, ~ covetous, greedy, ~lg bold,
~ throwing, casting.

3R-( ~ J-ll~{ going, a kind of deer, ~-~ and

~~ voracions, gluttonous, glutton.

:q--( ~)-1s added to ~, ~ and li' and forms fom.

abstract nouns; -amrr asceticism, an attack, l~i a sacrifice,
'ifi"1T doing; it also takes ~ and iw-3:; ~. ~@:; it is
affixed to~' ( not changed to .fr in this ease) with ~.
~ and q-a: w1th fij-, ii~, f~, ~' 'if, ~and~ in the sense of
either the place or the instrnment of the action denoted by
assembly, ~r
the roots; '61:rii'l.l'T a couch, a market place,
the hall where an assembly meets, f.fq«rr shppery ground,
Jr.'tfTthe nape of the neck, ~i!IT, ij"m a spriDkhDg with the
Soma juice, ~~ a bed, ~m wages,~r a vehiole.
 468 [ § 777-778

m.,
.:-is affixed to;:;~, '-f.<'4"., ~;i:, ~' and~'!_; ;;~- bowmg
doin, yielding, :;:i;.:.r ahaking, trsmulous, ~ .s,:ndrng; _of.lr
desirous, bem1ti111l, ~ injurious, murderous, '{(!:I" shrnmg.
is
The wozd 31"~ adi', also c.enved from :5il!_.With;:r(changed
to :,.:r)a::d.:
.;-ie added to~,~ fu",~Ff and,:;~: ei:r-~: 'one who gives
· or i;ats;' iit-~. 'one who drmks;' ~: 'one ,,ho l:inils/
~: 'one who goes or i!sstroys:' ~: 'one who goes or take~
re;t.'
«'3:,-( lf.f.rg:J-q-r.:~li.<i~
from ~' one who has seen the otbe:r
side, hence, adept in,' ~'[e;r,a:, ' one who has fought with a
king'; similarly~. ~1':f\, and m:-~~-
<l'f-( ~~) is affixed to the roots t, f$,', ;:r~ and ~; {~{ go..
ing, cruel,~ ,..ictotions, i'f'\'ff perishable, fleeting, 1t ,s
also added to ~; .J<,f{ transient, going.

CHAPTER XV.

§ 778. Syntax dea1s with the mode of arranging words in

fentences. Of the three di,nsions of Syntax-Concord, Govern-
ment and Order, the Syntax of Sallskrit 1s mamly concerned
with the flrst two. Syntax in Engli!h depends principally
upon the last. In Sanskrit and other cognate Languages
which are rich in rnfiection, the relation, winch one word
bears ro another in a sentence is determined by its grammatical
form, and no changa occurs m the meanmg of the sentences,
how-so-ever the order of words be changed. But in English
and oilier language,, deficient m inflection, 'order' is every-
thing, Oha:ngethe order of words and there is a corresponding
change in the meaning. In Sanskrit, therefore, the mere orde?
 § 778-780] 469

of words is Dot of material importance, though a perfect

arbitrarine~s in that respect is not allowable Sanskrit Syntax
also takes further into account the meaning and use of partici-
ples, the vuious tenses and moods, and participles ~ These
will ba treated of in their proper order.
TREARTICLE.
§ 779. There are no articles in Sanskrit corresponding to
the English Definite and Indefinite articles The words lfil~
and trill', however, are often u!ed in the sense of 'a certain' and
the pron. at_ m. f. n as equivalent to 'the;' ~~~ ~: a certain
man; qq.: qr,:?l: a traveller,~ mr the king, &c.
§ 780. .As already remarked ( See § 54 ) there are three
numbers in Sanskrit: a singular number, denoting a single indi-
vidual, a dual number denoting two, and a plural number
denoting more than two. Besides these general senses-
1• A.a the great bulk of Sanskrit hterature is thrown in the

:form of verse, the laws of Syntax wtll be found not to be al-

ways observed by the poets. In ordinary prose writings the
usual order of words in a sentaoe is, first the subJect with its
adjuncts, then the object with its adJ1mcts, then the adverbs
and other indeclinables ( extensions of the predicate ) and lastly
the predicate. The chief characteristics of Sanskrit style are,
in the words of Prof, Max Muller, •the predominance of co-
ordination, the use of the Locative Absolute, a fondness for
compounds and indeclinable partwiples supplying the place
of subordinate clauses, the frequent employment of the Past
Participle instead of the finite verb, a predilection for passive
forms, and the absence of the indirect construction and of the
subjunctive mood. For the latter reason the use of the tenses
and moods is comparatively simple, on the other ha.nd, the use
of the cases, being much less definite than in Latm and Greek
,presents some difficulties.'
M. Williams' Grammar for :Beginners.
 [ § 780'

( a)The singular may be used to denote a class; ~:.

~: the lion fa the krng of beasts; ~~fij" ;:r~:iie-:&c.
( lJ) The dus l sometimes denotes a male and a female of the
same class; NITTT pimnts; ~ a male and a female of sparrow.
{ 1) Note:-Words like~, ~1«, ~' ita, &c. meaning
'a pair; &c which are dual in sense but singular in form ought
to be always used in the singular, except when @everal pair11
arBmeant
( 2) Note:-Words like ~a-1, ~, w;:1,&c. should alwaye,
be used in the dual in Sanslmt.
( c ) The plural, like the eingular, may represent a class~
:lil&IIJIT:
~: ( or ~: ~: ) Brahm~as ( i. e. the Bdhmru;ia
class ) are adorable.
( 1 ) The plural is not rm:l'requently used as a mark of res-
pect or reverence. {la'~f~<l,~~:; so ( says ) the venerable
Shankruacha.rya; ~ff :a:rr~T<l'TT;;;t:this is the opinion of the
revered preceptor, &c,
( 2 ) In the first person, great personages and writers some-
times 11sethe plural instead of the eingular; ~l:fllf ~(<ff
~ ~.,: we ( i. e. 1>) too ask you something; if@ G <itr
but we ( i. e. I, the writer ) hold this opinion; ,r,:r.ift'<I" fiih:r-
~ we rule over speech ( i. e. language ).
( 3) Words like1.fR1':,ffi:,~•,ffl<li'tff:, 8Wf:,murr:,<ilN'l'f:,
&e. are always uaed in the plural, though some of them are
singular in sense.
( 4 ) Names of countries which ara :really the names oi the
people inhabiting them, must be used in the plural; ~ R~R
;s,:rr«:irr
he wei:t to Videha, &c.
But in the case of compounds ending in words denoting a
country, so.eh i!lB ~lif, ~tr<r, &c. the srng must be used; :9i~ff
ir,r;.re.-~
~g;;r ;:;;;r ;;.r~ there is a town called Pataliputra,
in the country of Magadha.
( 5 ) Tte plural of proper nouns denotes a family or race
as in English;~~ ~ ~ ~~ iiT=CWij'~ Utta.
 § 781-784 j 471

SECTION I.
OoNCOll.D.

§ 781. Concord is the agreement or

words in a sentence as
regards gender, number, person or tense
The concozu, deserving notioe in Sansk;it are three:-( l )
Concord of the verb with the Subject: ( 2 ) Concord of the
Adjective with the Substantive; and ( 3 ) Concord of the Rela-
tive with its Antecedent.

CONCORD OF TRE VERB WITH TRE ScBJECT,

§ 782. The verb must agree with its subject in number and
person; ~ ~l;;n' .J'ci.fT
.ir;:rthere was a king, Nala by namE;
a'li'~fi:f I go; illl&l'otf
~ 0 : two Brahmai;ias go, &c.
§ 783. ( a ) When two or more Bnbjects di:!l'ering in number
are connected by 'and' the verb must be plural; <'fl'f' ~r =or
um :;:;j'~r-+!<l<f~ ;r,:ijf~: 1 ~ri i.rr;t o~rmtn?r:&c. Mah. Bha.
Sometimes the verb agrees w,th the nearest subject in number,
m-~ ~«r.rnrir,fr ;nr~:nfr
,;i- ~~fu'.fr I UJr~r'(. lfRvIT in;:mu
'c!Tri'MQQfII Mah. Bha. ~s,a- Uf.rlla' a-~ 'iii' '1;:'<"lt'<l+:!Tri
:;ff-lTlffifffi ~ ii
( b ) But when they are connected by 'or' and are all sing.
the verb will be singular, a.nd when the subject differ in
nnmbe:r the verb will agree with the one nearest to it; ,rr;r:
~rf.i-1.ft
lfT iini!i 'Let Rama or Govinda go,' ;a' .rr ti':r ~!f,T ,rr
m.f ~~i;;!" <let him or these boys take the mango fruit'
§ 784. (a) When a verb agrees with two or more 8ubjects
of different persons connected by 'and,' the first person has
preference over the second or third, a::id the second over the
third; «mt ~Hi~1~l,': Rama, you and I shall do this: ,i{'
,1ir~ trrol[ITITT
;r~.
( b ) But when the subiects r.,e connected by 'or', the verb
 472 [ § 784-786

agrees with the one nearest to it '!:l'err;i.r err~~R': he

or we accomphsh that; 3'!t t~ mn ~ off lfR&tf@
either I or King Rama or Lakslimar;iawill perish.
~ 785. The predicate may not always be a finite verb; bat
a participle, or an adjective or a noun may take its place.
( a ) When a participle is used as the predicate it must
agree with the snbJect in number and gender; '!:l' ~<l"RI: he
said that, '!:l'~ she said that, a,ri .p.r,mif~ their
bonds were cut"'off, ~ W<tthe work is done, ~1'11' fu.a'rthe
creeper is cut; &c.
( b ) When an adjective or a noun is used as the predicate,
a form of the roots ~ or la.may be used with it or may be
omitted; the adjective used predicatively agrees with the
eubject in number and gender; words hke ~' qJ'Sf, ~,
~, 1f!f&c. retain their gender and number; ~flitlr: ~.r: a
good servant 1s difficult to be obtained, ~: NQ:if!f~ a
good son 1s the object of his father's pride, ~: 'f<{irl"1'rt
riehes are the abode of miseries, '!:l' e; cl'ffl m'ir~: &o ;
in these cases the verb agrees with the subject in number and
not with the noun used predicatively; ~ ;mq-,;t~ '!:l'~
and not :a;mr, &c.
§ 786. When a substantive or an adjective is used predica-
tively with verbs of incomplete predication such as 'to grow,
to seem, to be, to appEar,' &c. the substantive or adjective so
used must agree with the subject in case; In' ;I' f.l'SJ<l'lf:
this is
my resolve; '!:l' ~: 'lfifl~: ~ that king seems
emaciated through wakefnlne,s; lirifflilifi!~ desirous of
being the lord of the three worlds.
(a) The same applies to transitive roots of incomplete
predication need passively;a.r~ '!:l'~ r~: ~- by
that sage the mouse wae made ( transformed into ) a cat, &c.;
;zqr@~ ~ a king is thought to be Vish,;iu.
 § 787-789 ] SYNTAX, 473

§ 787. When an. indeclinable used with an adjecth-al :force

takes the place of the >'erb, the object governed by it is put in
the Nominati\'e ca~e. '• /~ism;nfu ~~ ""€§tJl4'3i1.1~
:e-r:re<r (Knm,
II. 55. ) it is not fit to cut down e·ven a poisonous tree having
fast zearad it up; here the 1ndechnable an:rimi' is equivalent to
and the whoie sentence to :rt i:l°l:l"1'i
"'f ~:pi'<!"ff 1
it .,,;; a:f'fffl'!:fi'f( of
~';i'Q"ff ) i:itfir~q-t: t<ITTJ:,
!
Concord of the .A.djecti
ve with the Substantive.
§ 788. An adjective, particp1a! or qualitative, must agree
with the substantive it quah:ties m gender, number and case;
~~ ~: a handsome man; ~cfr m
a beautiful woman;
:i::nr~~ a great calamity; :qa- :il'~·, em~~sf,TI~; .r~..ar
;;1fr,&c.
But numeral adjectives of fixed gen.der and numt;;r remain
unchanged:-~k ~orr: a hundred Brahma.gas; ~nt \'iiif!.f: a
hundred women, ~r'ff· <11~ twenty children.
§ 789 When an adjectives qualifie two or more substantives
it agrees with them in their combrned number; when the
.substantives differ 1n gender, the adjective will be masculine
when the substantl ves are masculfoe and fiminine; and neute,·
when they are masculine, famini"'le and neute, Uo'l'i ~ "'1'
~ij«l'"F.lmtT «'[: the klllg and his queen are of landa.ble
conduct; ~: ;i;r.,:,a-<l.'~ll<f 6 0cf:li!il~·~~ crtr:I ~~t~aTril' '{f11fTTUi
!!:f;i'(l"ffif .j~: fulfilment of duty, satisfaction of desires, pride,
anger, happmess rnd long lifo, all these proceed undoubtedly
from wealth.
( a) Somatime:ithe adjective takes the gender of the majority
-0:fthe snbsta.ntives; 00 '<I' i:rfffITtffiU ~T •lTl,l"Tg;;: fu!B':I
~li~ff ~off :irffel'.fr li1i•iif.frn: IIaged parents, a good wife and
a young son should be maintained even by doing a hundred
foul deeds; so has Mann spoken ( laid down ).
 [§ 789-793

( b ) And sometimes i.t takes the gender and number of the

substantive nes1e,t to it when the particle :;i- is used; :;.l::ir,
~: ~: ~E<lm'il'i:;i- '1:f'-Jff dejrntion, qmmel and an itching
sensatioriprevail all the more they are attended to; ~ .ftlillT
<ziffiiIT
~ 'i:!"!J:;r,;TR:;;;-( ~arf.r) by whose valour we have be-
come happy and so have the three worlds.

§ 790. When a past or poteritial pa1sive participle is used

as predicate with a noun in apposition to the subiect, the parti-
ciple agrees with the subject; :amr: ~.ti' ~{UIT rna-n:( S'ak.
VI. ) the demons are made the marks of your arrows by Hari.

CONCORD OF R:ELA.TIVE WIIH ITS lu.'ITT.KCEDENT.

§ 791. The relative agrees with its antecedent in gender,

number and person, the cases of the relative and its antecedent
being determined by their relation to their respective clauses;
1«1:nf«'f~ ~ ;rr: ~.;: he who has wealth has a noble family,
ffi<T:tw,; ~ ~)ii; i~
<I'~ ~;f~a.i~ ~ what, which
is fit to be umted with anything, a wise man should unite
with it &c.
§ 792. When the relative has for its predicate a noun
differing in gender from the antecedent the relatrve generally
takes the gender of the ant€cedent noun the demonstrative
pronoun following that of the noun it qu;lifies; ll"WIJIT'l'i~«T
~ <!'ffl \i;.;;i'llil'T
<f'l•mr-non-endurancaof the merits of another is
but the nature of the wicked; ~ ~ i:ri:~r Q"ifl"ff;;r,il,:Q".

§ 793. The relative pronoun ~ neu. sing is used like the

English 'that ' to introduce a clause, the gender of the demon-
strative pronoun bemg the same as that of the antecedent noun;
~ 3jtq' -fi:' 3i--;:,rr,:r ~f[OF.frn ~ '-T;:rmr
~ 1t is the pride of
wealth that €Ven II learned man slight, another; :i.:r:oi:rrf
i;!"v[!:!'efiq:
it is a true saying that one good fortune
<lffl'l<Wl4'1'ii.•!1,,fTff!lff
:followsanother.
 § 793-797] SYNTAX, 475

Obs:-Sometimes the antecedent noun or pronoun is omitted

and has to be infened from the gender and number of tha
relative; e fJ, 'il'ili'ffcl';;ft ,:r ~~% ;q~ i. e 0 ~ .r;t.r,&c. what
is the use of wealth to him who does not bestow it on men-
dicants, &c.

SEOTION IL
Gon:RNnNT.
§ 794. The only portion of Syntax treated separately in
Sanskrit grammars is the :Karakaprakarai;ia or the chapter on
Government. Klraka is the name given to the relation
subsisting between a noun and a verb in a lientence. There are
six Karakas in Sanskrit belonging to the first seven cases,
except the Genitive, which is, therefore, not a Karaka case.
;i;i, ~,
These are <ii<'IT, <ii~, ~~Iii and <J,Nll,i,or.
§ 795. There are several indeclinables rn Sanskrit which alao
govern cases. Oases governed by indeclrnables are called Upa-
padavibhaktis, 11s dtstinguished irom those governed by verbs
which are called Ka:rakavibhaktis. In casee where both are
possible the latter predominates over the former ( ~<l:i~:
~~~ ); as in ij'i~;:i' ~~1<1' although ~ alor:e
would govern the Dative.
§ 796, The Nominative, as in Enghsh and other laDguages
ia simply the naming case, its office, when used by 1tsel:!1 w to
express the crude form of a word, gendsr, measure and number
and nothing more.'-' When used with a nrb it forms its subject.

Tm; .A.cci::saTrvECASE.
§ 797. The Accusative denotes the object i. e, the person or
thing upon whom or which the effect of an action takee place~

~ ;fl"@~~l~ll"Rl'TTllT~.:r.fr=t ti'll+l'TPan. II s. 116.

 47G 8A::i"Sll3IT GRAJ\Ll!AR. [ § Hl'l-800

~;;rahe worslups Bari; !:f!H ~,i: ~ t'l~ going to a

village he touches grass. '·

§ 798. All transitive verbs govern an A.cc11sativa;9;&fTO't1of•

f:~F!TRfcollects flowers; SN tt<l"'a'~o'ff~l"( the creator ) created
water .first, &c. Several transi.ti ve verbs govern what is called
in :English a fact1tive object besides a direct object, ?-ITTIT;r;;r;;l'f
$l"W@ "'1T;fof~ ~: Kum. II. 13 they consider thee to be
Prakriti, they know thee to be P11msha; i";f!'f ;tmf 'F,'ii, having
made Kumara the leader ( of the forces): <iHITot:rf;;\W+l'k'if ~
"q:i;t'( made his son AJa by name.

§ 799. t Intransitive roots govern the Accusative nouns

denoting space or country, or duration of time and distance;
~ ~qr~ he sleeps in the country 01 the Kurus; er=r q;rn-
~ ~ a:fl'1:!'ll: there he dwelt for some days; ;i-)<ft~
he sits down till a cow is milked; ~ :srfrra'~ he walks for a
Rosa; lKtlft ~ ;:r.frthe course of the river is windmg for a
fu:{ma-
Kosa; but +l"l"ffitf studies twice a month; ,!'i)~oi;"€(i '<!fff:
the hill is aituated in a part of a Kosa.

§ 800. Roots havmg the sense of motion, real or metaphori-

cal govern the .Acuu,ative of the place to which it 1s directed.
m-i:r~@' goes to a village; a:,f~Q"liJ-'!ITfir~ qr:;ra:with his
bow strung he roamed all over the forest; a;r;r,:q~ qrj' <l'i"Tra'+i'l:.17-
~ they reached the hlghe~t point of joy; .:r.rm ~itfu
goes to Krislu;ia (thinks of him) mentally; jf@'~'-T ~ ~irl
:q,rrwhile thus pondering he sank into sleep.

(a) When the motion is real, the Dative may also be used;
:;i:rr,:mrm:tr'11'~~; but not ot words denotmg 1a road;'

,;, But when the relation of object and verb is expressed by

the passive termination the noun formmg the object is put in
the nominative ease; m:~-
t ~T<f~a-Q'tit I Pan. II. 3. 5.
 § 800-804] SYXTAX. 471

,:r,:~r,r
~ only; but :;-~ii;i q-~ :ir~mhe reaches the mafo.
road by takrng a by-pat.h.

§ 801. The roots"' ;m, l:m- and~, with sl'fT"I',govern the

Accusative of the place where the action takes place; S'll'ii-
~ ~fol'ffl'!Tff a'l:li~R'ff;,r l~ ift:; fm;r,:r[m~~.:i-r.rr reclining
on a stone-slab; 3'!'\Tffii'f.!Tl~~'il':fii~moccupied half of Indra's
~"t:i:fm1:ffl1._ lived rn Ayodb.ya delightful in
seat; :;J.Te<fisii
all seasons.

§ 802. t ~ with aTf.TTif governs the Accusative; -ll"T~-

fei'~ff..,;;:;rr.-r,;,,:
he pursues the path o:1'goodness; '-il'ollr
'8'T;rfcr.
tliT~R'-li"i .:m:f<f
~.r.rrsfmiiR~ff happy is that harlot girl on
whom you have fixed your mind ( see Bhatti. VIII, 80, ).
Rarely thts governa the Loe. 3lfmi!f.r:ITTt trN fondly resorts
to sin. ~ with a preposition govsrns the Acc. but with ~
meaning •to sit' takes the Loe. sm,~sfm.:~~ sit on this seat.

§ 803. t The root ef~ preceded by the prepositions :;rq-,:a:ra-,

3'.INand :si-r
governs the Accusative case; :a-,:r-~-&N-31'T-~@"
ltt ~ft- Hari dwello in Vaikuntha; ~:i,~,:ra;:i' he dwelt m
a dreary forest; but '-f:e:
with ~ meaning 'to abstain from food'
is used with the Loe; ;a,..,Gfei-
.f,t rrn·:Rama obse:rves a :fast in
the forest.

5 804. f Tbe particles :S-'+!<fff:, ~c@":,;a-q:ifq-r1, aT<<fN

'3'T'oTf<:f:,
and f~oii';:alrlf('I':,1trla-:,
'lil'Wl"T,~, m
ijf and meanrng •to, and
:a:i;:1n:r<between,' and :a:{-'11'~81"'without,' 'regarding to,' govern
the Accusative; sri:r;:rn: fsOT;r)qr: the cowherds are on both

*3lf'ir~~~T.JTq»f l Pa.n.I.4.46. ts11~Frfir~lsq'

Piin.I.4.47,
+~'w<f'l:<fT:S:..
;;rs:r:I Pan. I. 4. 48.
T'<m91TT~
f ~;{<;{,@',iti.;r..rr ~ I fi;fr:n~~or;:il~ nffi"-'l.l'™
~ !tITT!<TTm"ir
~tiff I $!No ef;ra·'lil=!~T f;,;;.mT I Vartikas 011Pan.
I 4 48. ~,f!Wo~lli ~ Pan. II. 3. 4.
 478 [ § 804-805

sides of Krishp-;:1ln ~rm'.t "1r>!ra ~if, guards keep vigil

OU all sides of the palMe ;a·i:iicr~m:
iiri Harl lS over all the
worlds; e~ ~: l'atala is below the world. sii'l::<l"TTf
~!if.<{.if~ ;,ff~ fie upon you rogue,; m~ii'i' ~@' fie
npo:!1the lord oi the Kurus, with all his brothers; ( fq~) is
used scmetimas wHh the Nom, and sometimes with the Voc.
m!J.T.:rr:fie upon 'ii ealth which is attended with
~ fie upon thee fool; ~fu ~~ qf~ITT"
troubles; fi:.:r&= f;m-~~-
~~fua-: ( Bhat~i I. 12 ) he d1epelled the demons
!;!"cTT;;~
from around the altar and offered sacrifices to the minor deities
arranged round the principal one. ~niffiff 1l'llm!!i=~~"!' trft-
m Kir. XI. 8. mi:i' '8'.:t1IT-~"il' .;o;ra goes near to the
village. Vide Sis. I. 88, VI. 73. ~ ~l<rai woe to him who
is not a devotee of Krishr;ia; ~l';~~R' ;;;r~:i:ril" Sfiff
I have
but a faint desire to go to the town; ar.m:r ;;rt ;rr~R::~'fhr.ft(ur
w
<I' happines. is not possible without Hari; ~1 ,fflil"ffi~~ar
with reference to qusen Vasumati

Some of the iudoolinables given above are need with the

GenitJ.ve; e, g. ~~ ~lliro{mitf il!f ~ ( he stood) very
.high abovs all by !us lustre, hke the sun, &c.

§ 805. '$ The following prepositions are used with the

Accusative.

(a) <>'I'@ •superior to, higher than,' ::Jii;'Just after, after, by

the side of, inferior to,' a:i-Rf
'close to' and :a-q 'near, inferwr
to;' e. g. ~ff~ w~ur: KrishJ?a excels gods in might; 3£Tft'Uif
rir~: Govinda lS superior to Rama; ;,fq'~ij !;il<l'i<l_ 1t rained
just after the muttering of prayers; 'Erli" ~ Ffevery thrng

t<s
"'"'~~ ~ ' m:tiTQ"T
~ ~ P'an. II . 3. 8. ,P repos1t1ons
.· nsEd by
themselves and governing nol!lls are called Karmapravachaniya.
~Ti I ITT~
I .. irNif; 'q' I ~~i~~l~fl{~Tl'[;frc~ i:ira-ri"
"l!f: I ~~Tit I Pan. 1. 4. 85-87. 90. 91.
 § 805-806] 479

of thee is after mine; :at!i mt ~ ~: the son imitates

his father; if \l~~ 3iiJuif ~a:
if you are not inferior to Rama;
eo 3t!i (R im:, ~ (Ra:rfi{the devoteeis cloee to Harl; ~~
if 6' 'l'lf your act i~ not like that of a hero ( lit. is inferor to
his ); mff «u: &o

(b) The prepositions amt,:at!i,liRand smr

are used with the
Accusative when they refer to particular things; MT1-31TTl"-
~ the lightmng flashes towards the
a:!i-q-it-!ffff-fcr.mlit
mountain; also when they mean 'to every one,' &c. it '[~-
S!!i-ffl-sr@-IB'<.l'IB' waters each and every tree; so a:r'/l:r-
S!ij'-ffl-!l'Cff ffl ~• :.mn:r,=,N:1
( c) :at!i,ffl and SfIB
also govern the .A.ccusative when they
imply 'one's own share;' ~i:fr: g-fu:ri-qft-srnf
Lakshmi is the
ptoper share ( property ) of Han.

§ 80u The roots given in the following Kariki govern a.

double.A.ccus11t1ve-

~ffiot,;i'itsif~@Rli!~llef~~ I
ri~r~.i cNT ~r~~ n

i e the roots ~itto milk, q,;:.r__

to cook, !i'~ to punish, W to
obetruct, ~ to ask, k to collect, ~ to speak, ~T~ to instruct,
~ to win ( as a wager ), ~ to churn, and ~ to steal 1 as
also ;fr,f, and 'iii;. and ;f~; and the synonyms of these; ;rr~'rir
•q'<f: he milks ( draws lllllk from) the cow, q@ ~ ;;i-g"clt he
begs theearthoiBalt; ~iil'l~ 1:fql"ff
he cooks rice (into food);
similatly iflllil:~if ~imt",iiof~OTR{ ;rr,i::r\'lll"!i<i;
~ ~e',
,~~rra ~rf.r, ir~ 'l:iR~-~Trffi, ~ ::.ri:rfer ~,
~ ~ruin~i::r'4'ifrnt,~ ~ pm&, rm:ill:.n
;:m'it-gm,--
~, iii-ft~ ~,
.Ji1trH-~ !ff; So irt~ 'l:iit1TI1ffl-El'R6
&c. Vida Bhatti. VI. 8-10
 480 SANSKRIT GRA.ll.DUR. [ § 807-S0S

§ 807. * When these verbs are used in the pauive, the

secondary object m the case of the first twelTe roots and the
p1incipal one in that of the last four is put in the Nominative
case, the other Accusative remaining as before; ~!l: ~ ~,
a-~~ UR~~ !FS'1fu'-f, i'lff~: a-~ ~ it~: &c, ff1'I'm!i:
~ .f1;:r;:a-~~~.a' <IT,&c.
§ 808. t In the case 0£ the causals of roots implymg 'mo-
tion,' 'knowledge,' 'eating,' roots having eome hterary work for
their object, intransitive roots a":d the roots f?I_ and o;~, ~
with m; ~'!:with ft,~ and~, their subject in the primitive
sense 1s put in the .Accusativecase,
~~~ij ~I~ l
-3\ll!ll.i!Ql'irl~WT~~~ l
3\~1131R~{h: ~;r '!,fi!JH:•f@:
n Sid. Kan.
That venerable Hari is my refuge who despatched the enemies
( of gods) to the next world, explained the meaning of the
Vedas to his (followers), made the gods drink nectar, taught
Veda to the Creator and seated the earth ( made it rest )
on waters.
mfir iff ir$R he makes the devotees see Hari; oi~ff
lTA1l'ffi Rm'{l.lffl ri~ ~~ , !li mmf!TTitl"<f_(cj. Kum. I. 52);
<lfolil=ll.lfqR~- But when the double causal is used the
subject ce11sesto be the subject of the root in the primitive
sense and therefore takes the Instrumental; :rn:fQ'ffi
~: q-~-
~~ ~ ~:
tJl{tfra'
<l;W,
03s:-~is sometimesfound used with the Dative; ~-
ffllitiif '<I',1.rrq-~,:r,:tm
Rag. XII. 54.
( a} The causals of ;ft, and qi!:_when it has for its subject a

• ~rur
dior "'~ "'~r
~ffl!f;fm-~..-.: t:l'ffi': Sid. Kau.
on Pin. VII. 1, 69.
~C<fil'm<fN~q,4'rct,+f.t,IUl!tt(Uf ISMlEI'ut'rl Pan. l. 4.
52. ~~r~~ 1 ~ljq' Vartikas.
 § 808-809 j SYN'IAX. 481

noun other than one denoting a driver, govern the Instrnment~l

of the primitiv~ subject;* ;;r~'if ~Tl!'!l'Rf
!fT ~ ~;; he mak~s
~i:r~ tin= the cha1ioteer
his servant carry a load; but !fll"Q"Tft'
makes the horses draw the chariot.
( 1 ) t ThA same holds gooil in the case o:f the causal of:a:i,
and
\of~; ~ff ~ qT sr,i ~ he mJkes the boy eat .!:isfood.
( 2 ) t mt_ when it has not the sense of ~ffl' ' pain or injury
to a sentient thing' does the same; ir~ !ilf;;f; but ir~fa-
ifit!Tffl ~ (when the loss of ccrn causes pain to the mind).

( o) ~'!'and .rr wluch denote a kind of knowledge are construed

with the Instrumental, though the former when meaning
'to remember with pain' is sometimes found used with tl::e
.Accusative also; ~ ElilNrfff !iT ~;r; ~ ~1'1'
~@ltil•·Mtl~'J;~ mr: I V1de also Sis. Vl 66.
( c) § The causal of the denominative ~~ also is construed
with the Instrumental; ~~ffl ~ he causes Devadatta
to make a sound.
Note:-41i By intransitive roots are meant such roots as are
not capable of goverDing an obJect other than one denoting
space, time, &c. and not such as, though transitive, may be
used without their object being actually expressed ; ;rr'li amT<nff'
~; but~~ q~ and no~~ though the object of
~ is not actually expres!ed.

§ 809. $ The primitive subject of the verbs i" and ~' ot

~•.:mt~iiI f.r.:rrii~ <1't,i;{~:I VArtikns.

t SU~fflilllif I Vartiks.. t ~,fim~ ;r I VArt. § ~~1.ffl-r
Vart
1 "irtril~rarr~ d ;r rnfct fl~!fiT: 1 ;; 1<ff.r.rr~-
~ Sid. Kan.
$ (ii~~ Pin. I. 4. 43. a;'ntlm1emW$1'il''il,f'I'@'
~~;; I
Vart.
H. s. G. 31
 482 [ § 809-812

ef~, and~~ when used in t!::e Atm. is either put in the

Accnsafrve or the Instmmental; ijf'!:<l"ffi~ <IT~q ~;;
he ea.uses the se?vant to take o:r weave a mat; ~!1il<IT-
a-r 1:f,e'.+.\
~ff <ttfi:.T?f.<!"
'ii'The makes the devotee bow down to,
or see, God.

§ 810 "'When the causal forms are used in the passive, the
prir.cipal object ( i. e. the primitive subieot) is put in the
Nominative case; but in the case of roots implying 'knowledge
or eating' and ro(,ts having a literary work for their object
the principal object is put in the Nominative case and the
secondary object in th, Accusative or vice ve,·sa; ~ifefif: q;a:
<l'infflDevadatta prepares a mat--~ipf ~;; m q;@:oi;n:rn%;
~'<!": q;i ~ he makes Devadatta prepare a mat, ~:;r: !fri:1-
~ Dev. goes to a village; ~~ .i-rtf<fl:r<l"ra' causes Dev. to
go to a village; ~~'lf: 'fm';r;:ir~; Devads.tta is made to go,
&c.; .,-~ \1ir~% he makes Mai;iavaka know his duty;
EW»1J'~ ..t!!r,!:F,'-.r~:,moTm\Tier lfa- ,ir Manavaka is made to
'irrnmer
know, &c,.; iif<;i,fili:\.i he makes the ch1!d eat food; <I'~-
~ ~ff O!r ~<f,IT m~ the boy lS made, &c.
§ 811. .As :regards the causal 0£ roots governing two l!.ccnsa-
ti ves the general rules given at § 808 hold good; tli°rr~: ~~"°rq-
,:nt ~1n (~r:) oi€t~"il;;, if{~ ~T'<l<ril'., .ftq)s;;n-~
~' (mm) •ft?r.r ~ ~R<f@",&c.
a:i::rl
T:a:E faSTR1;1!EXTAL CA&E

§ 812. t The Instrumental case primarily expresses either the

agent ( when the construction is psssive) or the instrument or
mean! by wtfoh an action is done; n'=f~*S!~Uf~T SRf~i!'i-
ffiT« thou wast disrespected by me, not knowing thy greatness;
ii';:,-&-,..,.-•--.. • • ~-- .._ •
~ T~WTT I
"'""'"'"'!~f. !ifw.fii;:WJTT sr:f!~oi;i:rinr,¾-1r
u.:r~ ~f.i:trrm;r: ll Sid. Kan. on Pan. VII. 1 69
t ~~~r I Pan. II 3, 18,
 § 812-814] Sn'TAX. 483

'Uitutiili'i'r.r
~ lfTil'
V.lh was killed by Rama with an arrow
( here ~ is the agent; >.rrar=r
the instrument ).
( a ) ~ The Instrumental is also used in the following senses.
W,c'tTTw.fri:r: lovely by nature, srr%uf
trr&f;i;: he is almost a
rituahst; tr)5fllfirr..f: Gargya byjamiZyname; ~ Ill'@ goes
&c ~iluiil ~ lilTTIITTffi'
with ease;so ~i:r~, j¾qifotfir, he buys
two dronasof corn at a time; ;_:n-mq-~ :ifturr&he buys one
thousandbeasts at a time, &c.
( 1 ) In the case of numerals and words expre;sive of mea•
may alsJ be used; ~iUtlr~ff
,mre the .A.cc. 'i'fT;:!f,~ ffilir
~ G"rri q,:r:;&c
~ff ftTl't
( b) Obs.-t The root r~~ 'to phy,' however, governs the
.Accusative or the Instrumental of the instrnment used; sr~:
'at~ errl{TS<lffl
he plays at dice.
( c) t The root~ with ~ also governs the Accusative or
tl:.e Instmmental; ~ JqnrlfT~ff he recognises or lives in
peace with l:.isfather; but ~ ~ remember Vishnu.
§ 813 t When the accomplishment of an obJect is to be
expressed, the Instrumental of words expressing the length of
~ ;rr~,1mfra. the section ( of
time or apace is used; :a:Tffii
the Veda.) was studied by him in a day, or a Kosa ( i. e by
going over it); but +iH:1'1.fidf ;n,:rnr: as the acJomplishment
does not take place.
§ 814. § Words expressing some defect in a limb of the
body govern the Instrnment&l of the defective !1mb; :at~ ilmJI:
blind of one eye; so G"Tl-r &c
l<l''lJI':

fF ~~~~I Va.rt.
t f;r,r:1.p;r
~ I '8"~1~ 1.lanUl'
I Pa.n, I 4. 43, TI, 3, 22.
+a:mifqffilfTt Pan. II, 3. 6. ~: 1ii~: I ~i ;in-E'Q"T<IT
~'llffl~~~i't ~ ~Ta: I
§~mH: I Pan II. 3. 20.
 484 SANSKRIT GRilrn.ill. [ § 815-811

§ 815. • .A.characteristic attribute indicative of the existence

of a particular sta.te or condition is put in the Instrumental;
:;ramr: ffi'R'f: he is an ascchc ( which is apparent ) from his
matted hair ( m!~fqi:t<•H'iH~1e ~"ill'~ Sid. Kau. ).
§ 816. t Tbe Instrumental is also used to express the cause
or motive or the object of purpose of an act:on as disJngu.i.shed
from the mere instrument of it; 9:inr;;~ ~: Hari was seen
by ( virtue o:f ) merit; a'i'lmT~ ~lffi thou art to be
punished for that fault; S!o~ii ~ dwells for the purpose of
atudying; also when the obj~c~to be accomplished is simply
implied; :a:ra~ away \Vlth your efforts i 6 they will not
~ri: ( Sid Kau ).
mi,,t <l'fTffl'
euooeed;!i,'fi!IJI'
§ 817 The Instrumental is 11Sedwith words expressing the
idea of-
( a ) excelling; ~ ~ i'Rnlcrii'fOh fortunate one, you
excel your ancestors in that ( devotion ); 1:lmT@~llf '<Til=l"
"'"~'lHf" ( Mu 3. 17 ) he surpasses. by his lustre, the lustre
of the enn; ,;{~r ~ •m;ram- <riim!ITll· l S'ak. I.
( b) re@emb;ance, likeness, equality; 'Ii~ ftlffi:;{~f% resembles
his father iu. voice; ~i'l' ffllll' 'cl' ~~&',tff ( "C'tta.4. );
~ BQ' iUiI: m .;fqq1'ffhis iace resemblesthat of his mother;
~ '8'~T.ffirequal to Vishnu in valonr.
( c ) swearing; ~;;r 'qff ~it I swear by Bharata and
myself; ~ffi m:r:;ftf.f~ifI conjure thee by my life.
( a) rejoicing, being ple&Bedi~T ~ ;r~r ~ i:fumtir
I am pleased with thee by tby devotion to your preceptor and
c,mpassion upon me; q;j~: ~N g;~ff a low person is
satisfied with little.

~ imi~fffol , Pan. II. 3. .21.

t ga-rl Pan.II. 3. 'a'iiml; l& iij': l 11:otl'll~l'TT'<TI~
~-
"i:1'~~ I ~rii
'8'T'clRIIT G ~'-Hm:rm-ff .i:rl'fflTij~ 'ill" I
Eid.Kan.
 ~ 8I7-8Hl] 485

( e) motion ( 'Gheconveyance or the part o:l'the body on which

a thing i.s c,nied being put in the Instrumental case): ~~,f
~~ff' he move, ahJut in a chariot.'
price ( real or metaphoric:tl ) at which 11, thing 1s
bought; ~~;; ;ifier:bought for a hm,dred ( rupees, etc. ),
~l'l'l"'OH~frq '{~Tlfl'" l:!i~""· ' tile life of a friend ought
to be saved even at the cost of one's li.fe.'
§ 81.8. The followmg words also gn·em th;i Instrnments.l
case·-
( a) Words exprassing the 1dea of nse or need, such as fol;,
;i;rir,~-,"~and the like, and the root ,s- with f,i;used in
tiie same sense; -.:rl:i;;
f;::i;q: &c whet is the nse o:1his wealth who
mrar~r;,i:-' enn the rich wmetimes sti,nd i.o.
&c ; q;ilt.ri:f.Tti°
need of grass,' similarly SF,)?.f:!r,il'!JT o'fia.i ;;r) .; T'°if~'iffi~:, ~
~;.rni~T.rt +l'tl'Tfii;;n'criii:n:;;;,~, &:c.
( b) The particles~ and if.ffmeanrng 'enough,'~~~
'enough of your weeping ( do not weep ):' '?iif ~<!"~ 'away
with overpressing'; '9'\'iis also used with a ger11J1ii~ ~r
~h'H<l'f 'away with misunderstanding.'
( c) Particles €:&:pressing' accompaniment ' such as ffi,
mi, '<:fif,'6"~, &o,; eiTt!i' ;:rlit i'i<!'T :m:.:i-
( Bh. VIII. 70. ); .r,:r
~ mi:mfu" i;rcr-;r:Rag. XIV. 63; ~ITTl~~i~Ter .,n;imuri'-
:rr;rrf.f:
I SakI. 27. &c.
( d ) Words meaning 'having or destitute or,'lllr~m:
( tfR¥rofG'~<11fu
ii'lfl'.!f: ) ' though pomssed of wealth,' &c ; ~;,
fr,;: <destitute of wealth.'
N. B. For the optbnal use of the Instrumental see the Abl.,
the Gm. and the Loe. cases.
THE D.!l.TIVE OA.SE.

§ 819. ,;, The primary sense of the Dative ca~e is Sampra-

'<f>l;if.lPiin H. 3 13. q;'~ll(T .r;rflfi;fra'8" ~

* "'fij'<ff
l'an.I. 4. 32. ~r ;:r;i-f.rsrra~ :a;:r~r,::i;i:Vart.
 SaNSKRIT GR.HJ:MAR. ( § 819-822

da.na ( ~'{ref ).. The incthect object of the ?oot err

is called
Sampredana; also the person or thing with refe:rence to whom
or which an aot1on is done; l<f!.TI<l' :i;t ol:-l"iTff
' he give, a cow to
a l3ra.hmana;' ~11:f ~~ 'prepares for battle;' ;;i- ~ m'ff
~s!l'l'!:'Tl.ie Sudra should not be instructed in the Veda, &o '
,,•But in the case of the root~ the Foper object is put in
the Inst:rnmental case and the indirect object in the Accusa-
tive; ~ ,i"I{~ 'he sacrifices a bull to Rudra.'

Note:-Thongh the root a;rought to govem the Dat of the

indirect object, it is sometimes found used with the Gen. or the
Loe. '!'.f~ fu.fr.rti:jf \ ;Jfqrrn'nor~~ 'Oh sky-wil.nderer, I
will give yon the prosperous kingdom of the Sibis;' ffl tii'f
'[!~ ~m-i~1~ 'thou who art thinking of bestowing the earth
upon Bam11,'&c.
§ 820 t The roots ~ and others having the same sense
gove:rn the Dative of the person or thing pleased or satisfied;
~ v...a lITTf,: ;; 'l'm:<m:T
'Han likes devotion;' a;qi- ~ <!ITT<!'
~~~: wr~: ~qff ij'mr'a stream of sweet water, cool and per-
fumed, i3 not liked by one who has already drunk enough o:fwater.'
§ 821. tThe roots sgr;{ •to praise,' il'l:•to hide,' 1:11:lT
'!o stand,'
and~' to $wear,' govern the Dati.v';;of tho person to whom
some object or feeling is to be conveyed;-r11fr~'!Ji[_ ii"tUTfl.i"
~a--~-:tta11-~~ <IT' a cowherdess being incited by love
flatters "'K,:shi;ia or apparently conceals her feeling from him
or waits for him or swears beiore him;' ( Yide Bhatti. VII. 73.
74. ); but~ :gr.:r't;~ 'a minister praises his king.'
§ 822. § The creditor ( or the person to whom something is

";:J';i{. 'f-i'lGI: ~ ~ ,;:i-~B'~ I Vart.

t '!i:'oi:r;i'r,rt
ffll<filT: Pan.
I. 4, 33
t ~i!l1~T ~: I Pil.n. I. 4. 34
§ m't~il'OT!
I ~rort"'l:rn·
I Pan. I. 4 35, 36.
 § 822-824 ] 487

due ) ll:i the case oi the i,oot 'i1:• to owe; ' and the person or the
thing i!eeheo. rn the case o:f~ITT[,
are put in the Dat[ve case: ~-
t lil'R'!:T~~ 'you owe me t,;;o sprinklings of trees' (Sa'k. );
~::;ri:r
~fff ~rlf;' ~f.:,;( Sid. Ki:u. ) ,r~ f~lJIR-ri ' he
'l<m,'1"
longing for her ( Bhatti VIII. 15.);' ~'i~'1: ~~~<ii~ 'he longs
for floweza;' but ~fur ~~rii where no longing is implied.

§ 823. # The roots~' ll;~,~, and :a,~, and others hav-

ing the same sensegovern the Dative o:f the person against whom
the feelrng of anger, hatred, &c. is directed; il'S:~ ~1:.1,ra
~ra-
f~-~~m <fr (Sid Rau ) 'he is angry wit!! Hari, or bears
hatred towards him, or is jealous of him or finds fault with
him;' tiTi'!ltl';;r~.,,~~q;r ( :BhRtt. VIII 75. ) ' he ,b1
.neither get angry with Sita nor find fault with her;' tut .:mri'-
ifr~ ' he keeps a jealous watch over his wife' ( that others
may not see her ~~~r.s~~,'~iff Sid. Kan )
( a ) t But !fJ..._
and a~
preceded by a prepoaition govern the
Aconsati ve case; H,;rt '8'@1,<!'ffl' why do yon get angry with
me P' ~•<l'ITTR'il~'i'.i1T~ITT~ «i'lff( Mud. I, ) 'he always endea-
vonra to do harm to my body.'

Oos:-&[ with an~ is also found used with the Dat.; w:rr
~,R+Q'{f~Tf~t1$ ( Utta. VII ).
§ 824. t The roots Ulil:_and fa;:
both meaning 'to detcmine
the good or bad foriune of' govern the Dative 01 tb.e person
i~tff
with reference to whom the inquiry is made; ~"lll',<f 'TTl:.<l'Tif
~T I i!'c!I'
;r.f: ~~li •:p:{~a-r;;;;r~: I Sid. Kau.
, ' " < •
~rm;:rr
·· W<Ti&'llTI' • '"' "-
<I' i:m,:;i:;r:r:!
PA
an. ,., .,A 37. w:msw.r.
, ' r•

iftr,Sq'll;f'(: ~f.S~i ~\!<ff .Zui1!; ~ffit~,ul' I ~~r~mqiro;-

~i ~or~;:ff I s:fITT
~'iut ~~ I Sid. Ksu.
t ~~,jq'l'[i!'1'f: lli'i I Pan I 4. 38,
t u\'fii;,ll;)tf~ ~i:r~: i Pan I. 4. 39.
 488 [ § 825-827

§ 825. '' sg with and ;;;:rrmeaning ' to promise, ' gov-

erns the Dative o:fthe person to whom a promise is made after
m!.i@SJufu?i'
eolicitatio:i Rv.rr.r m~rm ~ 1~'i:rili~ ~fil
~,<fi:l Sid. Kan.
!!f.iirrnf:Ql'f!:;:rr;\'ffl
§ 826 tTLe root a;-)wi:h q-ft:'to hire, as a servent,' &c.,
optionally go,erns the Dative ( and optfonally the Inst )
of the price at which he is hired ~ff.r ~ .rrq-fofm:: I
Sul. Kan.
§827. +{ a ) A noun expressive o:f the purpose for which
anything is ilone, or the result to which anything leads or the
eifoct for wtieh anything exists, is put in the Dative case;
m ~Tt.raiff ' worships Had :for final beatitude;' ~.fp.r
~~ff~~ qy ' devotion leads to knowledge;' ~l<I'
~ ::;rp:ia- ~ <l"'lliit' ( Mb. ) 'water gmel tends to
(produce) urine,' ~ll" ~ii" ( Mah. J3has.) 'gold for
Kundala ( a kind ot ornament ) ; ' ll_'IT!l' ~Hi ' wood for a
sacrificial post, ' &c.
X. B. The roots ~or~ are often omitted after a Dative
used in this sense ~oli ffi ( mn1f), poetry is for fame. '
( d} § An evil foreboded by a portentcus phonomenon is
also put in the Dative case; e!'@'f<l'!j;~ 'the tawny~a:
lightning forebodes a stozm. '
( c) $ The word ij-a-is used with the Dative; ~!ITT·!l' mi
' good :for a Brahmana '

~or:~ ofmt
"' >l1•H~+<4T I Pan. 4. 40.
t !TT~ur ~~;j'~ll'J.: I Pan. 4. 44. f.i~~Effi';;'(IIT
~!{J:?;iltlf
! Sid. Kau.
~ i'l'Pf!l:!f
~,fr oil~ I q'([lq' ~r;!j' ~ I Vart;ka.
§ ~~ ~ffcffi:;;i- l Vart. <ifITTll"ll,lqe111;1~~f!l'l!Ttfl'ra~w.fr
I
~~ %~
qrar<!''TT<!' fuaT;r;r<I_
1Meh. Bhas.
S ~)q 'lil" I Vart.
 § 828-829 ] S~AX. 489

§ 828. '' The object governed by an infinL'ive mood not

actually used but imphed, is put in the Dative; qrai.:ir~@' £. e.
( ~ffl :a;~ ) ' goes for ( in order to bring) fruits; ' ~
ill:rt!ift:( i, e i[l~ol~iJ) ' We bow down to Nrisimha
( to propitiate him ) '
(a) The Dative of an abstract noun iormed from a root may
be usd to express the sense of the infimtive of the same root;
<iTllltr~riff ' goes to perform a sacrifice; ' ~ ~
( Rag. 1. 7. ) 'who had amassed wealth in order to give it
away/ &c.
§ 829, t The particles ;m:, ~, ~ and tl'<Tf ( exclama-
tions used in o:fferingoblations to gods and manes respectlvely),
Slitmeaning ' equal to, a match for ' and <l'~ ( an exclamation
accompanymg an oblation to a deity) gov~m the Dative case;
a~ ;n:r: ~ 'bow to that Sambhu; ' ~: f,iim 'may it be
well with the subjects; ' f<i~tij' ff ( Rag. V. 17. ) 'Farewell to
thee; ' :a'!ll"it
~'this o:fferingto Agni, ' similarly•: ~;
t;lfl•Ql tR:~ 'Harl is a match for the demons;' so ~ara
~ ( Mah. Bhiis. ) 'one wrestler is a match for another; ( see
Rag. II 39. Bhatti. VIII. 98. ); bri:r ~ 'this oblation
to Indra,'
( a ) But when is is used with ;;'if:, it becomes the principal
verb +and therefore governs the Accusative osse;' ;:r;r~
~!fr-3; ' bows down to gods' ( when the sense of an infinitive is
suppressed, of course the Dative will be need; see § 828 ),
( b) Words having the sense of ai"5:,such as tnt:, .r~:, ~:,
&c. and also the verb sr-t,are used with the Dative ( Sid Kau.)
~~ (Rl !i1il m: ~~ <il'itnJ:-tfri:-~: init ~;
~ i!~f ~; RNU°it if 'itw: Sfll"1ff(Bhar. II. 94.); ~ snd
the other words may also be used with the Genitive ( Sid. Kan. )

~ ~l:l'N~ 'II" ~ ~: l ~'<ll:f~lii. l Pin.

II. 3, 14, 15.
t .ri:r: ffl~(Wlli<Nlib◄ lll'!<ITll"Tle I Pan II :i. 16
+,a'~ !litmql{ftriw1~1" 1VArt.
 4\lO ( § 829-8!}1

!:l'lr.rlff
~ ~;:i;r,i;Ta:I'~ ;rg-im;: ( :Mal.:Mad.IV ) the great
king has power over his daughter.
( c ) Verbs mear.ing 'to salute' such as ~ , ~' &e.
may govern the Dative or the Accnsa.tive; q tl1lli:l'(iil' ~n'T'iQ':
( KAd.) they do not bow down to deities; nT~Mi!l4n'lq ~~T
~ saluted her with a mind bowed down with devotion;
~m=r~~
31TUfq'i'q' ~RT~ ;iaui{ITT ( Rag. X, 15. ) the gods bowed
respectfully to him, the anmhila.~or of the enemies of the
immortal!: ~ ( .mnn:~..rr!lf:) ( Kum. II. 3.) having
StJQTq'/q'
bowed to the lord of speech &c.
§ 830. With verbs of tellmg such as~' ~!IT,t~, ~•
~~ cau. &c. and of sending such as ii' with !f, ~ with N,
&c. the Dative of the indirect object is used; ffllf;j••Hl;,i:(~-
~ m~ ~~:I (Rag. XI. 37, ); He told the king
of Mi.thila that Rima was eager to see the bow; :aweri
it ,it ll<l'Ti~: ( Bhag. XI. 31. ) Tell me, who thou art in
this fierce form, &c., ~f~m ~srat m:'it ~<flfir ( S'ak. IV. )
I will tell my preceptor that it is time to offer the morning
oblations, ~«:~Ii ~ifili' ~ ( Rag. VIII. 79.) Indra sent a
heavenly damsel against him ( , e. to disturb his contempla-
tions);~~~ (Rag.XV. 21.)
§ 831. "The indirect object of the root ;i-.J: cl, 4. ' to think '
if not an ammal, may be put in the Accusative or the Dative
case when contempt is to be shown; q ;qt qQT;i-;:i( qOTllf<ITI do
not consider thee a atraw; but q ;qt qQT ~ ( Ii~ cl.; 8 ) when
mere compauson is meant, the .Accusative is used; ;.rt qtir
~(lib.)

"~mm;f( ~,)!fmll~ I Pig. II. 3 17. On ~S!TillTI!!;

Kat;ayana remarks '~~!.l' ,.(l'filtftr
;,1i:61i:61iiliji:65J•liWii
~' i, ,. "Instead of 'I:f not an animal' 1t should be said,
1 if not one oi a sl,ip, or food oz a crow or a p11rrotor a jackal,"

q «ft ;r;:il-~ ar-i ;rr, q m ~ "qy;f 'ff ;i--.:ir;in the former case
though neither ;;r nor a:tlil'is an animal, the Accusative ought
to be used, in the latter though 'Ill!: is an animal the Dative
may be optionally used,
 § 832-834] SYNTAX. 491

§ 832 * The object of roots implying motion ( a. e. the

place to which the motion is directed ), if it be not a road, i&
put in the Accusative or the Dative, when actual motion is
meant ; :mr ' goes to a village ; ' but ;r.rmffl
tfllfTIT i!fT:q'6'ij"@
;;f:.l'lff,'l'~~-
T:a:E.AllLATIVE CA.SE.
§ SSS. The principal sense of the Ablative case is~ or
'motion away from t;' hence the noun from which the motion,
real or conceived, takes place is put in the Ablative case;
!l'ft:fl'lfTlll'@''comes from a village;' '1:TT<ra'l"\ll';tfffiff'
'falls down
from a running horse'; ,a-~~-
(a) t Words having the sense of~,~ or 'cessation,'
'pause/ and sn:mf 'swerving from/ also govern the .Ablative

"m:ffl!' •=(
case; qrq-re:_~1:iet 'he hates sin;' if ;r,r: st@(i'iial4.<11~
Rag. VIII. 22 ) the new monarch, steady in
action, did not deaist from efforts until they bore their fruit ';
'!11n'rSr~fcr 'swerves from duty'; m<nRr~ ( Meg. I. )
'careless, falling in the discharge of the duties ( of his office)';
so lilr:fi.:mn'ff; ~~ ~ :a,1-114::t'E<I ll'ISllmt.( Manu Smr.
V. 49,), &c.
~ with srin the sense of 'to be careless about' is uud with
the Loe. also; ara"Nfur ~iiffi: 1 ( Manu Smr.
!:l'tlllQ'l';ffSlll'4.ffl'
II. 213) on this account wise men are not careless about
their wives.
§ 834. § In the ca!e of words expressing fear or protection
from fear, that from which or whom the fear proceeds is put
in the Ablative case; "ifflllimff is afraid of a thief; ii@t ~
~ I was afraid of the white-hO'rsed one , e. .A.rjuna;
imrr
~~a:ro:r ~..,. swr?f -1!:ll'a'. ( Ehag. II, 40 ) even a little

• ilrlii~ ~~~ ~ifo'ef.r I PAn II. S. 1~.

t S\'lfll.'{Tij'
li'il.lm I Pan II. S. 28. ~ij- ~ Pan I, 4. 24.
i ~gi.,1:11fa<rW!l+¼lqtv.tliflli~r,:i,a:I Virt.
§ 'ITI:INTi'IT
Wiffi: Pan. I 4. 25.
 492 [ § 834-837

of this ( kind of) piety saves one from great fear; 11sirt~Rftiff•
~ ( Bhatt IX. 11.) were afraid of the roar of the monkey.

(a) !I- That :from whioh one is kept off is also put in the
Ablativa; qwrfw-rr~ wards off from sin; ~~!IT;it lffllfffi"
keeps c:ffthe cow from barley. •
§ 835. t In the cs.se of~ with q-uthe thing unbearable is
put in the Ablative c!lse; m~~a- finds study unbearable
or difficult; of qm:[1fi:it'llT 6 sf@':( Bhatti. VIII. 71,) who got
disgusted with the love ( of RavaJ].a); but~-!:~ 1

§ 836. t When concealment is to be had recourse to, that

whose sight one desires to a void is put in the .A.blative case;
m«l~Tlra~: ' K;is~a conceals himself from his mother;
but~~-
§ 837 (a) § The teacher from whom something is learnt
regularly is put in the Ablative case; ~\~ learns from
the preceptor; but ~ if1"1.IT SJ:ITTlff•
(b) Similarly the prime or original cause in the case of ~
to be born, and the source in the case of 'Ii are put in the Abla-
tive; iffll'OI':
i:r:;,r: SN;~ the creation proceeds from Brahman;
ifrq~~) :;ffll'a"the scorpion is born from cowdung; ~ffT
~ The Ganges ri!es from the Himalayas; ~r$'1'~-
1T1!'T
~ from desire anger is produced.

Note:-Verbs meaning 'to be bom' or 'to be begotten upon'

are often used, with the ¾oc.; ffi<lt~Tl'!l•f~ :a:n~.,:;rfl@'from
her was born Satananda Ang1rasa; ~,m begotten upon
lf:ena.ka; See Ma.nu Smi. 154. I. 9.

1(, <ITT1Jrri..1hm:i1fcac1,
1 Pan. I. 4. 27.
t i:r,TlP'1AI":
I Pan. L 4 26.
t ~1 ~fR'6IDff I Pan. I. 4. 28.
§ ~qq)ij I Pan. I. 4 29, Wi"if~: Sf~; I ~ l:fll;{, I
PAu.I. 4. SO. SI.
 § 838-840 ] 493-

§ 838. '1When. the sense of an indeclinable participle is sup-

pressed in a sentence the objeot governed by that ptc, or the
place at or on which the action takes place is put in !he
.Ablative case; i:rr:a-n:rn:!l'~ff see§ from a palace ( ~!Bli:(4mil!1
~=:a:il'Ef.r~~ 'if~;
irl:l'fffSid. Kau. ); &imilarly :arr;a;;rn:
"la~U~%:r%="i!11J~ ;f1q,:rfum,'Sid. Kau
§ 839. ( a ) t The place or time :from which the distance of
another place or poin: d time 1s to be expressed is put in the
Ablative case; the ilistar:ce in space being put in the Nomina-
tive or the Locs.tive and tha~ in time 1~ the Loc:,tive; ~
>fm'T~ ~;;:f.r «T ( Sid. Kau. ) the village 1s a ynJana :from
the forest, ,pfr¥{ff: fflij;'l'~~;;.rf.:
:qr.,.:m'i:r <n~!i!;
'i:lg'f ~ (Mb ) ;
<iffia.p.rr 3TT>fi\'r:l'UIT
iZT~ ( S1d Rau. ) ths foll moonday o:f
:M:ilrgai:irshais a month ( at the interval o:fa month) from that
of Kirtika mEiH<''l'frS!iT~'1.
( b) The Ablative is also used in questions and answers;
~;:{TTJ:l:lf l ;:i-~: whence art thou? from the river; ~) ~FJ; I
11"ii!~':f"fe'.where do you come from ? Pa.+aliputra.
§ 840. +The words ~, so{ Md others havmg a similar
Eense, the particles 'S'iRfcl 'near or distant, '"ltff ' without, '
words expressi va of direction used with raierence to time or
space ( except when they refer to the limo, of the boby ) and
those derived from the root :;.;;i:_
at the end of compounds, and
in declinables ending in :.:irand ~ are constructed with tha
Ablative;~) fw;r~ ;rr ~'l!lift!. di:ll'erent from. Kzislma; ~ITT)
~f<!Tlrr,tlll'U~"{U ~ BhHi, VII. 106. If he be one other
than Ra:vanaand a :follower of Rama; ~mJ:ifTi:'( near or away
from the f~xest; "lt°il lli'r:i:rh~rtrra:( :i3hatt1 VII. 105 ) come
without ( Bettmg aside ) his cruelty; ;;m,i;:;-t'3"'tfU;:;-r to the

* t'll~tf <lill"l.TT~{Uf
'el' l Vart.
t .:ra~r.<rciiT~1:rMcr;r~tfr I a~,~~•r: sr~.:rr~•lt
<j;T~f1\i\l~f '<l"<ilmol:fTI W.,:,fT~!.l"T~fll<f
I Vartikas.
+~.:irr~Tf~o~f?fi!z~~r:;:~~'l'~T~T~~ l Pan. II. 3. 29.
494 ( § 840-841

east or tha north of the village; ~.~: lfi~!Jii: the month o.f
Falguna is prior to that of Oha.itra; but~ olif<1flfthe (fo:repart)
of the body; ~ ~~ en;;rr;mr_
to the eut or to the west of the
village;~!<Fll""ii<'ll<!,
( :BhaW,VII. 106 ) before the day dawned;
ef~r c:[~~rf't<IT~ to the south or in the southem direction
of the viilaga; ;;ruu'tll';irr<i,( Bhat~1) in the north of the sea.

ObB:-~°ff is eometimes used with the Aecuse.tive, ~fq- i:olt

;; ~Rf ~ ( :Shag. XI. 32 ) even without thee all will die.
(a) Words 1.ke ~""IB', :.wr~i:r,~:. ~t, a:;1.i, qt &c. are
used with the Ablative; the firot word may also be used with
adverbs of time; n•-TT~n"qffi" from that day; nn:-na:r-~
a,m~ ~- (Kum. V. 86), 1,rr:, ffim;
sinoe then; :a:!sr.:PJcl1q,lITT11f
~' ~: l:N~~~i~; Wfl,l'~q{~:outside tha
( ffi~Ta:.)went out of. the emerald
village; !l,(•l!¾<Wti•ll:!~lj!r[:
ga,te of the town;~ ~<Ti'El"ffi!'.
( M S. IX. 77 ) after a year-
~ 3i1:.i hence forward; ;r~: q-i:(Rag.I. 17) beyond the path;
~mr: 'rt; !:/;~!014:M•lfl!~;:r,:ff~ (Rag.III. 70. ) after the
dropping of old leave,; see Bhag. XII 12.
§ 841. 'I; The ablative is used with-
( a) The prepositions 3'.l!J and qft meaning ' away :from,
whnout ' and :a:iymeaning 'as far as' or 'inolndmg, comprehend-
ing'; <ffii:ir,trtr m~ ~i.f <f<'lffl~To: ( Ram.) now that he
dwelt in Lanka, in terror, away from the worlds;~ go°{:
~! Sa:msaraexists outside Hari; '3N T;JT!~.lIT .:rer
it ~:
:rained everywhere, except in the country of Trigarta. S1milarlv
qfr~: 'l'iffl: G'!r~ .. ~'if ~: ( Vop. ) &c. aTTt;=i/;
<rr ;a-i!;!T;,
am,~~ ifWBrahman pervades every thing; aui:rR~ R\:;l'ffi
until the !earned are satisfied.

* ~U' ~ I :a:.m:~mI Pan. I. 4. 88-89. G':?aR!'~-

Pan. II. 3. 10 !.T@:!irnR'N'li@!ff,flTI:
'tl'R'l,;f: I Pan I 4. 92, srrn-
~l.l@ef,t "l" ~ t Ptn. II 3. 11.
 § 841-844] SYNTAX, 495

( b ) l:fffimeaning 'the .representati.ve o:f, in exchinge for or

giving m return :for;' ~~: if.lilriT~ri ( Sid. Kan. ) Pradyumna
is the representative of Krishna, Rf'8'<'1.i,!:TIB'l?~fff.:fl1ITTI:
gives
mashe.s in return for aesamum.
§ 842. 1·' When a word expressive o:! 'a debt,' is merely
inte11ded to be stated as !I cause, it is put in the Ablative case;
~i.'iT~il:fii{;;.r
a thing mortgaged for a hundred rupee~, ~~~
![<t tied down as i.t were by the debt he owes.

§ 843. ( a) The Ablative often denotes the cause of an action

or condition and may be translated by ' on account of, by reason
of,' &c; .i''\-.:rr"'{J:-roi:rn-
one is considered a fool by reason of
his silence ( if he keeps silence ); ~'TT\'l!T ~ra::( H. ) on
account of my killing cows and men.
( b) The Ablative is used to make a causative assertion or to
advance an argument; q-,m) '!ff~r<l( 1:;r.;:mi:_1 The mountain is
fiery ( has fire on it ), because there is smoke; ~~r~iftllf-
'li'-'l'iffi,fit ~~~~li'il'"fsf-rn~,i.rre: ( Veil. Sn II 1. 1 ) A
disputad says-rf you say that our argument is liable to the
:l'aultof giving no scope to your am;-itis then we reply: this your
argnment will not hold; for in that case other smrltis will
have no scope given to them.
( o ) The Ablative is used with comparatives or wo,ds having
a comparative sense; mm+rmra, ~1;;.rr.r: ~Fi: the wr.y of
knowledge is more efficient than that of devotion; a:rcirrn::;ii:ifr.rR
smaller tha'l an atom; fi11"qF{"q'~: 'Sf~IBTT'&@" trntn
alone is superior to a thous11,I1dhorse-sacrifioes; ~'!.S!!l!l.-i.ifnot
inferior to Ohaitmratha.
§ 844 t The indeclinables ~' ~iiT and i'fl,ff govern the
Ablative, the Accusat1,e and the Instrumental cases; i;r.r~
:m:ri<i_~!if-;J~lll' ~ different from or without Rama; so ;;r,:n ,:n:r,

~ 31~£1i'r q-~;ft I Pan. II, 4. 25.

t ~f;~;,r.rrfi:R~1<TT.:i:rn~~ 1Pan. II. 3. 32.
 496 r § 844-847
&c. mm-;;rff ~r ~l"if.<ff•ir ( Vop. ) worldly life 1s varn
without a woman ( wife ).
§ 845 •·.The words mfti; ' a little ' ?l~t\"' a little,' @iv4,_'diffi.
culty, · and lj;'f~ 'some' when usetl in an adverbial sense with
verbs are used in the A.blarive or the Inatrumental; ~0)ii';;;
'H,l:,,;ai
~- let off wi:h little; similarly :.:r~q,rs!!,rtrr~:, rpr
~ ~rr· done with difficulty; tf.Tf!ir,.j'rf q;1'i{q111irrimr, but
~~.,: ~'ill! el'f: kill€d with a little p~ison; when u;ed adver-
bially they iab the Accusative also; ;;fir,!;~mi goes a little.
( ii ) F and ~rl<!'i and others having the sar;ie sense, are
used in the Abl:itive, t::ieAccusative and the Instrumental cases;.
.m:rtlf ~ll<l I{ ~ilf ;,r away from the village; so <il~eFf.TG:,~i'i'116
ef~~ ;rr near the village.
THE GENITrVE CASE.

~ 84131 The Genitive, ;;~;1;;Jf ffl'l'ttrked, is not a Karaka

case. It, therefore, expresses simply the relation of one noun
to another in a sente!:ce, such as that o-f a servant and his
master ( a relation whrnh is other than that expressed by a
Karaka case ) , u~r ~:, ::!:~ +rrm, :;:cqtl, ~llT &c ; and even
in those cases where the gemtive is nsed in the seuse of
other cases it expreEses simple rehlion or ~•~:r only, as in
'l'fnt :r1r;,r:;
._;rfqfi;;rr,r1'it; I.Tlif;g"i:f~ ~'<'§ff"ilir;
;:iTij: 1:i::r,i;fer; i.~
~or~:; ~t qff', &c.
§ 847. +
When the word ii1: ( cause, object) is used in a
!entence, that which is the obiect and the word~ are put in the

"' tRUr :q- ~]tf;wtr~i'~tf<4m'!:1i:'l'f~ 1 ~n~1rq';lij-i.:"«

fi:a'r:rr
:q- I Pan, II. 3. 33. 35.

t wr~q-Pan. II 3. 50 o;;r~rr?ftrfcti.Sr..f( the sense of the

Nomi.native)-oq-fiffu:li: ~<If: 0 :r ffl ~I.WI_
~~rm.rmfit«~;r,.'<'f, 1,
~');:m:rftr ~'if~cl'~<IT ffi21"I S~d.Kan.
t ~T tnli~ 1 Pan II. 3, 27.
 § 847-84:9] SYNl'.AX, 4:97

Genitive case; ~ ~.f~fit dwells for the sake of ( with the

object of getting ) food; :(jfi:tfq- ~ ga)': Mark P. 23. 12.
~ai;it>¥~~~: Sl'Tfflr.fri~<i'1111:( BhaW. VIIL lOS. ) he
beganto give her an account of RAma in order to show her
that he ( Bannmat) was RA.ma's messel'g6r.
( a ) • When a pronoun is used. with the word 'ta', the Instru-
mental and the Genitive may both be used; ~ l'af:, w,; lwn'.
with what objectP Why r The Ablative may also be used;
a;r~. ~~),, nW Wn"T ; when a word having the same sense
as ~, such as f;ti;m, <ii'R111', &c, is nsed with a pronoun it may
be used ~nany ca~e in ~g,::ecment w~thJhe pronoun; \};W 1'i:ifi:A~,
~ Sfqflf~; $i£ r.tTilWif,<lim(,i!R'ifl'tf &a.; but they are
generally used in the Accusative used hke an adverb; fi;-f.rnni'-
$Rllr-SN~--atq", &c. when a pronoun i~ not used, any case
except the Nominative and. the Accnea.tive may be used; m;t;:r
f.lftffl;r ( ~: ~: ), ~ ~fif with the object of acquir-
ing .knowledge.
§ 848. t Words ending in the termination ffi:( and showing
direction and others having the !ame sense, such as ~.
~. :ar;r,,
al'<mms:, !:!;{:, ~~, qlJffa:, fflt,&c. are used
with the Genitive; ll'llnll' ef~cr: ~- &c. to the south or to
the north of the village, &c; <ilifi'tlllq~( S'ak. lI B.) on the
Arka plant; ~lllll'• ( E:,'ak.I.) under the trees; ~ ~
;pmfq-~: (lleg.) 1tanding before him with great difficulty, &c.
(a) t Words ending in q;:rauoh as ~' ~. &c. are
used with the Genitive or the .Accusative;~ m.t ~ u
to the south of the village; ffillf ~ ( Mu.l.Mad IX. 24. )
to the north of the river; ~;:ef~;,ni ( Bhatti. VIJI.108. );
'E(;{q@ozg1~'6°tut ( Meg. 80 ) to the north of Kti.bera's palace,
§ 849. +The words ~ and ~ and their synonyms

* ffll~ '<I'I riffl Sl"N~iftf; I VArt.

f.tfJ1'tlq•f1qsrq1it
) 4'hd'EI\QSlAl'<fl'I'
Pan. II. 3. 30.
t q;:rqrfiifrmI PAn.II. 3.31.1p1itt'irimtlellfl1TftlnJ'll'N
ISid. Kau.
f rof;a~: q~
... I Pb, II, 3 34•
H. S. G. 32,
 L§ 849-851

govern either the Genitive or the Ablative; .m:rra:_

!IT~ <IT,r,½
~-~-~ ll{1"the forest is distant form or near the village,
rt
~ trT i:rr,:r/s'm'l-l'
:irrf~ he who is away from Rama
or Siva is ne~ sin. swrr~r ;JT4iil,,IO,a4t<lclose to the bower
of the :'dadhavi creeper; n~ '!J~, &c.
, § 850. ', The root :;if meaning 'to have a.n incorrect know-
ledge of' governs the Genitive;~ mffl :;;r,:ml'supposes oil to
be ghee, but ~lit
( a ) Verbs implyrng 'to think of, to reqember,' such as ~' t
with a:rf.l,'to be master of,' such as~, 1t, with i:r,&c. and to hase
compassion on such as ~ &c., govern the genitive of their
object; <!i~ij: ~d~, (Meg. 90) dost thon remember the lord?
~m:'!_~iifilJTTiitft;).j'~ ~: Ram. VI. 60. 3. si1:.irt?r el¾
~: ( Bhatti VIII. 119.) Lakshm.ai;ia.reme!!lb~ers_thee; mm
~ <f.i-tlel:ii"1-i~ ~: ( Ma.I. Ma.d. 4. ) the great king has
mastery over his ds.nghterj 1.1'~ ff it~ ;au~ ~
( Uttar. } if after I see him I shell have control overmyself;
~t ~Sm-1' ~: ( S'ak. II. ) I have lost all power over
my limb!; ~~frQIT lv!ffl ~: ( Knm. III. 34. ) with great
difficulty they could co:i.trol their minds; ~m~ ~ ;:i-
~ ;mf;:a ~T ~~;; ll;.'~ ( Bhatt- II. 33, ) why dost thou
feel no compa.ssion for those whose weali;h does not see
the morrow ? :q;:r!;<I" qtr;rr;:r: ( Ibid. VIII 119 ) taking pity
on Rama.
( b) e;' meaning 'to impart additional properties ' governs the
Genitive;~$~- ;a-r.r~~ 'fuel imparts heat to water. ';rr
<fJ~F-li/illfb•H; Bhatti. VHI. 119.
§ 851. t Verbs meaning 'to be af!Uoted with a disease »

• ~sf.r~ 1 ~sr: smi~;r1-Fa.;~

~ 1 ~~t <li'mor
II. 3. 51-53.
· t ~ ~;;l'Ff[Wffi:: 1 Pa.n. H. 3. 54. Sl~ruii'llt.i!Rra
~;Vart.
 § 851-855 ) 499

govern the Genitl ve o:f their object when used impersonally or

when they have for their subject name, of diseases; ~~
~ ~, the thief is afflicted with the pain of fever; ~
~-il<frtl@<ifl'l:: dysentery inflicts pain on the man; except when
~ and ~ are used as subjects; ( vide Bhaiti. VIII. 120; )"if
::;:;nnff~: 0? 'ffiilq":fever Or affl.ictiOllpains him.
§ 852. $ ;;rir_meaning 'to wish' governs the Genitive when
the idea of a benediction is implied; 1:i:i'<TI'
;rr~il?!i wish to have
patience;~ ;rr~ desires to have wealth. So~:-~1,q,1-~ ;:-
§ 853. ie:,, ~ with
t.Th;~oo·is· f.{- or !;I' or with both,~'
~ and fii'!J'.
govern
the Genitive when meaning to miure, ro
punish, &c ; :;m:~frt u:.rra king punishes a thief; f.iz;rr-
~~iI ~ ( .Sis. I. 37. ) to kill the enemies of the world
( the demons ) by his own power; r.-...fl~"li'll('Jtll<'1i!' kill ( drive
away) your anger; ~ ~ or ~rirll~i?tor~-
~ra or stl!il$Mi54@ui:r: R§.ma will kill the R1a!rnh1111as;
~~~ does injury to a V:rishala; <:11gfu<h'ftl
11ii'll'%
~: &c; in other senses they govem the Accusative;
'\iT,li: ~ he grinds irted rice.
§ 854. i The roots ~ ( i. e. i' with R and ~ ), 'f"! and
f'~ when they all mean to transact business, or to sta~ in
gambling 1 govern the Genitive o:f their object; ~ ;~
invests a hundred rupees in businese: m~-a-rm he staked
his life; ~ mr..fmr;ulost hi! brothers and pleasures in
,gambling, &c ; but when ~ is preceded by a preposition,
the Accusative may also be used; ~ ~ "IT ~imftotn'a'
(Sid.Kan.)
§ 855. 1 Words having the senses of~: i e denoting fre-

" ~1 iIT<f: Pan. IL 3. 55.

t ':!ifu/;li:n;o1t'l'~ffl ~ I Pb II. 3, 56.
t ~r: ~: l ~!i'td~'4;;tl' I~~~ I Pan II.3.57-59.
·,rw,~ <ITT~SN~ t Pan. II. 3. 64,
 500 ( § 855-85&

quency of time, such as Ti:,f:;t:1 'F-i!iE!f• &c. governthe Genitive-

of the time in the sense of the Locative; ~ ~
taking food nve times a day; mt£ ~:, &c.
§ 856. 11The Genitive is need subjectively and objectively
with Krida.ntas or Primary Nominal Bases derived by mean&
of the Krit affixes( i--e~is"used fu the -sense of the subject or
); ~ ~:
tha Krii!a,1:),tas
the obJeotof the acti..!!!.-d~oted..hy
'fil.\lf"
an act of Krish~a i. e. of whioh Kri,sh~a is the agent; i.l•(d.:..
the Orea.tor of the world, which is the__ol?j~ct_ ~1.~~ action,
denoted by the noun ~; similarly \idi' '41ff: the protector of
the good;q,n:r: qr.rthe dnnking of milk; m ~: "h a work
of that poet; ~ ~1!~ ;; \l'Ti! · ( Rlmacharita XII. 117. ).
This is not a commoncreation of Brahman,
(a) l In the easeof verbs governing two A causatives the-
secondaryobject of the Kriilanta may be pnt in the Genitive or
in the Accusative;~ U ~ ~ ( Sid. Kan. ) the taker
of the horse to Srughna.
( b ) ! When the agent and the object o:f the bases derived:
by means of Kp.t a:ffi:te!
are used in a sentenoe,the obiect is put
in the Genitive case and not the agent, ~ ;riff ~S1Tfit;r
themilking of cowsby one who is not a cowherdis a wonder.
Exoeptions.-This rule doe! not apply to Krit nouns ending•
in the affixes• and at when jeminiM;~~ ~ ~ ~
;;;rira: ( Sid. Kau.) the desire of Rudra to split the uuiver11eor
the splitting of the univene by Rndra .Accordingto some when
the K;i.t affixesare of feminiM gender, and according to others

• ~• Pa.n.II. S. 65.
t~~tVArt.
t ~rifur I Pan.u.3 66.~~v-lil$F(<lllfl'4 f;t!:ir: t
~ mmt Virt, mqf!N
~ I 4'Nq,lilti)~u.
fiii:i,'Nfi:l=..vfFcl-
II
Sid.Kau.
 '§ 856-858) SYNTAX. 501

when they are of any gender, and the agent and the object are
both used, the agent is put in the Instrumental or Genitive case;
RRT:rT ~: ~: ~ tiT wonderful is the creation of the
world by Harl; til,.'\lcili-idiiil'l'lili-il'Sil4UII~ "if ( Sid. Kan.);
~T ~~ lfrfo'f.t:( qfferf.r,;r'1T) ~ isra:I ( Mb. ).
§ 857. ff When past passive participles are used in the sense
•of the present telll!e the Genitive is used; ~ ~ R: ~
'!!ITrespected, known or honoured by kings; ~ -.nf: :a-'lfflf;ra-:;
:ni:rer :awr Bhatti. VIII. 124.
( a) Past participles showing the place of an action, as well
as those used as abstract nouns are used with the Genitive
:ij'~ef~t ~ ~: l ~i@"~~fttll' ~~ II
~ ~. <1,rf.l;~ ell~,~~. wr;m- Wt~, &c. ( Mb.)
See. Bhat~- VIII. 125.
§ 858. t The Genitive is not used with present participles
-except that of ft!J:,verbal derivatins ending in ii and ff
,except that derived from ~, verbal indeclinables, past parti-
ciples, passive and active, nouns formed with the affix~ ( see
i,, 466) and with such as mean 'in the habit of, or hiving the
properties of or doing any thing well'; ~ ~'l:. or~:; but
fR~ .rr~ m:Bari, the enemy of Mura; WR ~: desir-
ous of seeing Harl; gff~~:, ~~~:Bari is the
killer of demons;~: tirP=, ~•ff~ &;c.~ tar
t;tfl':,l<lfr.i:_tff~ ~: Slffi iRurTworldly life goes easy
-withHari; S'!TfRTil' ~~: in hah1t of decorating oneself;
~ ~: a habitual beggar; !fiqTcni'one who prepares a mat;
.:J:also in the ease of nouns derived by means of the termina.tions

ff mW"'!' lfflitlitI :.:tN<l,(DIEii~.:tlJ<fI PAn II. 67-68,

t if ~ij,(6ti4M81(,j"5dq,itii(I Pan, II. 8. 69. m~: Var~.
;I:siil,;u~:dr- I Pan. II. 8. 70.
 502 [ § 858-86!

~ showing :futurity and ~~ showing necessary payment; ffl

~ liITTf
he goes desiring to see Harl; ~ ~ one who has-
to pay a hundred ( rupees.).
§ 8[9. 1' In the case o:f Potential passive participles the agent
of the action is put in the Genitive or in the Instrumental case;,
~r m:
::r,?TT.:i;r qr Harl ought to be served by me; u~
~ +!'ltTEei:nmf;r,r( Bhat~i. VIII. 129.) this forest which the
lozd of the demons ought to p:reserve must be destroyed by me,
:rr~;crr ff <i'liITTf(~ &c. ( Meg.) Thou should go to Alakil..
§ 860. t In the case of words denoting equality or likeness,
such as ij~, ~, &c., the person or thing with whomor which
any object is compared is put in the Genitive case, except in
the case of~ and~; ~: ~: m:IT!f1' ~~ !I;~;; <IT
equal to or hke K;-1sb.J;!a.; mn~ ~~r +!ii who else is equal
to me? but ~ ·~ ~ <if ;;rr1n( Sid. Kan. )
ObB.-The words~ and :a-qm, however, are found nsed by
good anthers with the Insrtu.menta.l against Pal).ini's rule ;
~ ~ ~i-i'ltll\Hl1 (Kum. V. 34.) which rises to the high
poeition of being compared with yonr lip; ~ <!~.f
mr (Sis.I. 4.; clearly deservmg to be comparedwith S'ambhu
white with ashes; see Rag. VIII. 15.

§ 881. t The words~, +rt,~, ~' i.!~, 3N:and ij(f

and words having the same sense, when used in a sentence con-
taining a benediction, govern the Dative or the Genitive case;.
~ R:iMfih-i
f;llll'!N ~ 'IT ~ ( Sid. Kau. ); may
Kris.!n;islive long; similarly~. mi:,~,~'~,~, a:(!lJ:.
~. W,. ..-,;,,r
if!' -tirnt ( Sid. Kan. ).

11-~ 1.1im'
or.i :PAn.II. 3. 71.
t ~~~t!,i.lll4+11WT qa1q1;.id<Wll:( 1Pan. II. 3. 72.
t ~ :;;nfaM!1l,"<!Mlll'iti\\ill~li1%~: 1Pan, II. 3. 13.
 § 862-864] SYNTAX, 503

§ 862. The Genitive is used with 1 inil€clinableslike ~,

m,~, &e.; mi!' '<it'ill' in the middle or on the other
l'lW1'<ll
$ide of the Ganges; ~ ;mm;rr ~ for the sake of this life.

§ 863. With superlative!, and words havillg the sense of

tb." superlative, the Genitive is used; \[UiT~: m:; ~-
~ff!la~ ( Rag, V. 4.) the cluef of sages, the authors to the
J;fantras.

Nott:-Words having the sense of comparatives are used

with the .Ablative and sometimes with the Instrumental; ~-
~ ol'a,; \W{:or :...,'¼ii;:
this :personis superior or inferior to
him in strength i 1imilarly ~~) l:l'~m~: ~~1 'TT;iii'~
~ w:rrwho will have a happier end than I? The word
~ is used with the Genitive, the Locative or the Instru.
mental; mi ~ ~r-:;.rera:
he was more ( i. e. dearer )
to them than their sons; ~if.T +!HIT: <:r'?.ll
'<'l!Uqiif ~;
they passed five months and twelve nighta more than ( thoae
yearn); ~-'.ifff: ~: A Prastha is larger than a Kudava,
Tm:~!.~~O~~ ...
§ 864. * The pla~e where an -ru:.ti9,L takes placii with re-
ferenc~tto the ~ubject or object is called ,A.dhikarsi;ia( :o:rRr~)
and is put in the Locative case; t ~ff mf:m~ (Bham. 1. 60);
ifml'~if ( lbii/,64 ); ~ a:rr,r,1- !Rillffcooks food in a
cooking utensil; l.f.Ui
~ tells ( something ) into the ear;
~~ 3ff1n,&c. The Locative also denotes the time when
an"11<1~j,9»
takes place ; rn~~ r<iSfi;f.nT!~~ ~<:l°)qj,;,:f:( Kum. II.
1. ) the gods being harassed at that time ; ~..ff ~ iJ~
( Rag. n. 1s.)
(a) t Verbal derivsti!~~Jn.,t~ and having the seA!eof the
P.:.J\fa!:~?!Ple govern the Lo~wve o:f their objeot; ~r

"' :mmfuq~t( I t ~~ :q- I Pan. I. 4. 45; H. 3. 36.

t 'i'bt4~~<1~ do$1"1~fil.;: I i{iil><r~ir '<I' 1 Va!til.as.
 504 [§ 864-866

~ one by whom grammar is studied; qtnfl'~ by

whom the six Anga, were mastered, &c.
The words ~ and ~ govern the Looa.tive of that with
reference to which they a.re used; ~~: ~ ~ well be-
haved towards his mother 1 ~ ill-behaved towards his
maternal uncle.
( o) _,The object O! purp~ee for which any thing is done
is put in the Looative case when the thing desired is intima-
tely oonnected with that on which the action takes place; diot
~.~ ~.=a'~'l'l; l~=.n:R:1efr'cr'61lt1~ (if: II
( l[b ). ( Man ) kills the tiger for his skm, the elephant for his
tusks,the Gliamarydeer for her hair and the musk-deer for hill
musk.If there is no intimato union the Dative is used.
O&,.-Sometimes the Instrumental is used to denote the
object for which any thing is done; 'i{0ir,; ( for wages ) \'fii'4"
~-
general; l:I'~ n)ffl 'qf:ff.
Sometimes the Loe. is used to denote the object in

the creator to do duty, iulfil it.

a~ ainoe you are created by

§ 865. t The Locative or the Genitive is used with the

words m;fr a master,~. ~'11~ a lord,~ a heir, ~.
sm(1(a. bail, and sntlf born for; tr,ff ~ <ff ~ the master of
kine; ii~: or ~ {"«: the lord of the earth; !flt{l'Uf1'or
vlir,f;~: the lord of villages, similarly ~ fir=iv<IT
~. ~ 5Q"II~ <!'I'~rl!fr,~ ~ qf smi~ ( surety
for appearance in a court ) 1 ~ ii-lit,rr ~- tirq-:a cowherd
is born for cows.
§ 866. +The words :amr,:li and ~ meaning 'appointed

ff f;h~'iili'ifZ~q'PT
I Vart.f.r~1r{~ I l:l'm:~)q: ~-
~ I Sid. K&n, ~: ~ir,'\T: ( constant, inseparable
111llOn
). Ta.rk. Kan. - - ·- ~-- •· ' ' ·" '
t ~~~!ff~"~ I Pan. II. 8. 89.
t lillt!."<fii*iiSl.irt ::;jl{illlqlt( I Pan. II. 8. 40,
 § 866-8'10] 505

-0r devoted to' are construed with the Locative or the Genitive
~: i~ !fr gi-1~if fr~.Jit!l' !fr appointed to worship
·Hari; 'ii~'l!'(lf~!l"~~~i:frur 1 (Bhatti.VIII. 115.) In
other senses they are constru;d with the Locative; si~ ;n:
~<¥a" a bull harnessed to the yoke of a caniage; ~rar~:
expert in the performance of an act.
§ 867. %When an object or an individnalis to be ilistingnish-
•ed from a whole class, the Locative or the Genitive is nsed;
-~t ~ lll sifftlflli:~a-: ( see Mann S. I. 96. ), ~ ~t 'ilT~r
'if[~:fRT;,ras~nt~iij' !fr m"i:l''!,tjr~:, m~ ~ lifTh: 1:1s:
!
(Sid.Kan.)
§ 868. t The words ~ and T'ir~, not preceded by the pre-
positions ~, q-i1: and ~, are med with the Loe. when the
sense of adoration is to be conveyed; iirm1 ~~ "ITreveren-
,tially disposed towards his mother; but R~: l('!;if: ~: a clever
servant of the king. When preceded by the prepositions ~, qr1
and srfa- these a.re used with the Accusative; ~Tiltii!l:lltf,ff~
'Sf@'li<iij qi.
§ 869. t With the words ITT~ and~, the Locative or
the Instrumental is used; SITT@' :a-;~ <iT tfuirr ~U•H intent
:upon Hari; lfil:fl'i::imfct.T
~r srf~'<l'ff
qf ~r\'q~~, a woman gets
aiu:w11s( or restless ) when her husband goes ont; fm'ffii~.
~~ Kir. XVI. 7
§ 870. § When the names of Nakshatrasare nsed as showing
a particular time the Locative or the Instrumental is used;"@·
.;r1~;fi- '>lliUfif~~~~ t ll,~ $;1";iilr
i'ffi'~r I ( Sid. Kan. )
R~
% llo'SJ<I' 1 Pan. II. 3. 41. :;;f@'~O'!f~mrr~: ~-
~opi{~l:l"'l~ f.rfflor.,;:
I Sid, Kau.
t~Fi'!!:tliTl-~fw.tM ~F!l'l'f~: I Pan.II. 3. 43. attr11llfu~
-~if! Vart.
t !f~~T'ij'<!TT\.1IT ~I
II. 3. 44. mtTTEi'iil'~
,rti'NT 'ill' l Pan.
~<'ll~tl'T e;~r I Bharata on :Bhatti. VIlI. 117.
§ ;.r~ '<1'i2NI Pan. II 3. 45.
 606 [ § 871-SZ,5

§ 871. ~ Words expressive of the interval of time or space

are used with the Ablative or the Looative; aw ~i;i- 1/Jl:-
~~ badng dined to-day he will dine again after twc,
days: ~1r<i ~a:~ m ~~ m~ standing here he will hit
a mark two milts distant,
§ 872. t The prepositions ;rQ" in the sense of ' exceedingt
a:id arr~in that of' the master o:f' govern the Locative;~
g~fl!T: the merits of Hc,riexceeda padrdha; ~ ~~ u;r: oz ~{i:r
ui:r1a_:Rama is the lord of the earth; in other senses these
prepositions are used with the Accu~ative, £or which see § 805.
§ 873. The words ~ and ffi<f; and others havi:.g the same
senae are used in the Locative also; ;,mr~ (t-'!:{~-~
err;~r: ~-~q;;- '€1111-r@:
l!,;n.
§ 874. Verbs having the sense of 'love, regard for, attach-
ment to' such as~' <>Ill;~, ::t~~, ,~, &c. and their deriva-
tives genera,llygovern the Locative; ful1'!JS'1~fff II father
love, his son; a:{T!f;i- ~~ ~~ { S'ak. I ) I have a
mm~=
sisterly affection for them also;;; ~ 1fT¼tl$i-<li./,l<li
I do not, indeed, love the ascetic's daughter, ~Sf'5nf ufu"
:;r,rar ;;rm:,~ peopie do not love a king whose ministers are
corrupt; ~ .mnl.ft~ ~: ( Mann,S. III. 179 ).
~~ ( Mal. Mad. III. 2. ) takes pleasure in solitude; ~•
~1% ( Bha~t. I.) devoted to !:uswelfare.
Note:~~ and &'!~ are sometimesused with the-
.Accusative also; 'l.i~~ (Rama.); l'-1'1~
( Bhatt. IV. 22. )
§ 875. Verbtg.f~aoting, behaving towards,&o. anch as vr,
~• &0 and of throwing, such as ~, I~, ~If, &c. govern
the Locative;~~~ if~: <i>t'!irone ehonld act modestly
towards respectablepersons, W~ f?iq,a-1.41~tti
;i:r:f~ ( S ak.

~~~I Pan, II. 3. 5.

i ~~ ~ ~ l'!;f :;n,;rr I Pan, II S. 9.
 § 75-878] 507

IV.); a erfiit..,..§1'0,~: ~; if qif q ~:~-

~ qf;t ;z~ I ( S'ak, I. ); il~'ill'N1~"1¥1'61l3,
( Rag. VII. 23, )·
§ 876. The root Ul( with3N'to o:ffend'isgenerally construed
with the Locative and eometimes with the Genitive; ~
~ ~~ S'akuntala ha■ offendedsome one deserving
respect; if a;~ tit1•1'14(1:i{~~l!; ( S'ak. III. 9. ), ~
~ lllldliil'14<1,i I Vik. L

Tm: GENinvE AKD THE LOCATIVE A:asoLU~S.

§ 877. '' When the participle a~~~~th a subject different
from the subject of the verb, the phrase is said to be in the abso-
lute construction. 11 Bain.
In English, the Nominative ie used as an Absolute case; 111
Sanskrit the Genitive and the Locative are eo used. The English..
Nominative Absolute ought, therefore, to be translated by the
Sllllilkrit Locative Absolute. When the Absolute Oonstruction
is to be used, the subject of tl:.e participle must be put in the
Genitive or the Locative case and the participle made to agree
with it in gender, number and caee.
N. B. When the subject or object of the principal sentence 1s
the same 811that of the participal phraee, the absolute contruc-
tion should not be used; as awl~ ~ um
<l,..211-1<60(
..nd
not am,.-u ~ ~ ,e- &c.; am'fih:q't ~si~T ~U11Wi.i..sii)l1:
and not ~'! m'! a-+,r:&c.
§ 878. ~ When the action done or suffered by a person or
thing indicates another action l. B. when the ume of the happen-
ing of the one action which is known indicates that of the second
action, the Locative Absolute be used; ~ ~tlliiltl mr:
he went away while the cows were being milked; 31iltliilli.ii

• :qw 'il" ll'f.tii'

~~ 1 Pai;i. II. 3, S7. ~ ~ ~i.i'Tini
~~ 00 : n;ft ~T<I. 1Sid. Kau.
 [ § 878-88.2

~ the night being ended; ~ ~llrr~;!'• 'i.ffl'T ~&@ft<lir<l'

whence mm there be obstecles to our religious rites when thou
art the protector of the good.
879. The locative or Genitive .Absolute may be used to
e:;;:pres1the sense of the English particles 'when, while, since,
although,' &c. ( and may thus supply the plaee o:l'a pluperfect
tense); '{°~ l"(!IT:~{ while they two wue thna bilking;
<1'1:{ffi:;
rl ~ ~~fq, .r,rr,:m~~ ( Meg. 40 ); Thou wilt accomplish
the rest of thy journey when the sun rises again.
§ 880, ,; When 'contempt or disregard' is to be shown, the
Genitive or the Locative .A.bsolnte is used; ~ ~ITT.:rr9:~
-~ m SITTim'!'"rn:, he turned out a recluse disregarding his weep-
ing so11i. e. in spite of the weeping of his son. In this sense
the Genitive .A.bsolll.teis used more often. The Locative or the
Genib.ve absolute may thus have the sense o:l' 'in spite of,'
'm:itwithstanding,' &c. in English.
( a) The Locative Absolute be made to express the idea of
'as soon as,' ' 110 sooner than, ' ' the moment that' &c. by
compounding it with the word~ or m'lf; nr~ ...ffl~i:rJ':i ~
( Rag. XVI. 78. ) no sooner was the anow fixed, &c, a:filqffl"i{-
'-f'=!'it~ +!ftscarcely had I finished my er,esoh when.

SectionIll
PllONOUNS,

§ 881. The chief pemdiarities in the Syntax ol pronouns

have beenalready noticed mchapter IV,
§ 882. The pronouns of the first and second person viz.
~and'!!;~~ have no gender. The other pronouns follow the

•ffl~~ ! Pan. ll,3. 38.

 § 882-889) SYNTAX. 509'

gender of the nouns they refer to. For the uses of the shorter
forms of~ and~ see chapter IV.
§ 883. ~~ is used in the ~1:condperson like 'you' in English
as a courteous form of addr.ess though it is to be iegarded as a
pronoun o:f the third person and ought to be treated as such,
~ atl\l' sraolf: you ought !o be asked here; ~ SINm;r ~
you may also go there.

( a:) When respect is to be shown, ~ and ITT:fare prefixed to

~ according as the person with reference to whom it is used
is near, or at a distance or absent; :sr,p:;,n,i:q;1~: the venerable,
Kashyapa ( who is near ); ~~ aIBi.i:'U?.i'Sf~ may you,
occupy ( lit. ornament) this eeat; ;r.r~ '{U<!'ITT
lady lrav&ti
( who is not present ). Sometimee ii~ is used with ~ to show·
respect; as ~ ~q!.ITffi~ '+ll1'T':1:_l'1i,!i°;I Mal. Mad. I.
§ 884, The pronoun a~ has often the sense of 'well known,
renowned/ &c. a) tlTo@T~'\Rfthose (well-known) Parvati and
Parameswa.ra;m,:ii;,r;;r,r~~ii those well-known forest sites.
(a) When repeated, this pronoun has the sense of 'various,
several;'~ ff!! ~i!!~ ~!:! in those various highly delightful
spots; ~fir ff~: Ifq;;r. notwithstll.lldiDg several efforts-~;.
~ai'ii;ifril"f: &c ( Bhag. VII. 20 ).

§ 8!:55. The pronouns 1flll"and :s,rq~or ~ are used in the

plural in the sense of 'some-others;' f.i"1<fn:rr:
!f,Hianr: ~
l{1tri ~ms:rmm;: tf.t'IT
~i'<l•?J f.l~ ~~qr some think that w1dow-
rem11rriageis sanctioned by the S'astrns, some say that 1t is pro-
hibited by them, while others hold that it is not allowed in tbs-
K&li age. tr~ may take the place of ~-
§ 886. The pronouns ~' and ~ are o£ten
~t;rn: , :q-a:
U!edin combination with other pwnouns; ~t-~r~qtf ,n·ir
that I will describe the race of tba Ragb.m; ~It '6<fNl:i'r
tl)'1if;·
 510 [ § 889-890

~h&t I am the most degraded of all the people; ,a-<lf ~~ ~

~-:.ir.:.:rllift-~ that thou dwelling in my fire-sanctuary;
&c.;~ ii<I'~ :;:_r,:r;r: if~~ we, of this desc,iption,
10am.OYerthe earth for ( in search of ) Damaya.nti; sometimes
srmcr. and ~a:_ may be understood; m ~ITTrl"@'!',~ ;ra ;rr i. e,
m ?.fthat thou quickly sit in a chariot or mount an elephant.
~ ~ ~~ ffl1lWli~:WHi this is that son of thine, the
suooner of elephants shedding ichor; ~ f<i~: ~gm~!lli
:;ft(~ I, who wish to live still, even though deprived of my
l!ons m that manner, &e. &c.

Co:i.tP!.RATIVB AND SUPERL.!.TlVB DEOllEES.

§ 887 Adjectives in the Comparati..-e degree are used with

"theAbiative; ~ ~: protection ( of one's subjects ) fa
betrer than aggrandizement. ~i~1:!1%{t ~~'l:. Udhi.sthi.ra
was older than Arjuna.

( ~ ) Sometimes the comparative is nsed with the Iustrn-

ment11l;mu't
iw«R:dearer than life. See also § 863 Note.
§ 888. The superlative may either be construed with the
Genitive or Locative;~ lr,l\l!.rr rr~: ~lit <ff.
§ 889. The sense of the comparative and the superlative may
also be expressed by the particular case used; :;mr ~ ffltOTT~-
ra-lhis hea.zt is harder than stone; ~ruri' ffi~ ~ ~: tfi:
Chllit:ra is the cleverest of all atudents.

§ 890. The words <A:and ~ when used in the sense of the

, snpedathe govern the Genitb-e or the Locative; ~ ~~ lli't:
'a son is the best of things posse,rned of touch;' ~ ;rr:!:i"<iU
~ ~ ~ ' the cow is the best of qnadrnpeds and gold of
metals'; the nen. sing of ~ is n!ed ( with a word expressive
of negation) in the sense of •batter and not, or but not;'~-
~ '1ftdoing any thing slowly is better than not doing
 ~ 890-894] 511

it at all; ~ra~l.<illlTT ;:r "EfWi'{;f: of ( the three kbds

o:f) sons-uot born, born and dead, and :foolish, the first two
are bett.er, b·,1t not the last. !l'r'5ff .ml1 ~~ i'ITTTR" ~<l'$
! L 6. 'ft ~~: f.l,:j'j,1:;:r :'I ;t~: better death
dfagraoe.

SectionIV.
PARTICIPLES,.

§ 891. .All declinable participles in Sanskrit partake of the

;nature of adjectives i e. they agree with the nouns they qualify
ln gender, number, alll.dcase, The participles often discharge
the functions of verbs. They are largely empolyed to take the
?lace of the Past and Future tenses and more especially of
passive verbs. When so employed they follow the same rules
of syntax as are laid down for the roots from which they
are denved.
PRESENT PA:&TICIPLES,

§ 892. The present partiople is to be used when oontem•

poraneity of actiou is to be indicated. It is often idiomatically
-:isedto express the sense of 'while' o:r'whilst' in English; ~
"<!"~ while wandering in the £orest; W<I'~~ ~lira' '(['<fwhile
he yet wore the ma.rru1ga string
Vide 670 ( b ).
§ 893. ~'The present participle is nsei! to denote the manner
in which an action is done or the cause or object of an aetion;
~~T g~!t <r!flll':the Yavanas dine by lying down; er1~~~
~ a man is absolveil by ( reason of his ) seeing Harl ;
similarly @S"-:(ll_:ftn'a,-r~'l: ~ ( Mb.).
§ 894. The roots~ and t~r :ire generally used with present
:participles to show the continuity of the action denoted by
ttiem; q~;;i' ~* :a{rl:il'
f1i'l'.. used to kill {always kept on lulling )
animals i l:rl.fl%Q1~.~ ~f remainedwaiting for him.
512 [ § 895-90()\

TRE PERFECT PARTICIPLES.

§ 895. The use of the perfect participles is very limited; it-

is used in the sense of 'who or what has done &c.'; erm~?lt'l'i'
iiiilU%0~ ( Rag. Y. 81.) him who had b.nJJedin the vicinity
of the city; ~<It~ ~~~ta' ( Rag. V. 34.) of thee who
hast obtained all good things, Sil' g,g14ifi!i'("tii ( Bha11i. I. 20 ),
when he heard his words; &c.

Tu PasT P.asSIVE:P,rn.TICIJ?L:Es,
§ 896. The past passive participle is very frequently used to·
supply the place of a verb; sometimes in conjunction with the
aiu1li1ny verbs ~ and ~. The past passive participle agrees
adjectively with the object in gender, m:mber and case, the
agent bemg put in the Instrumental, while the past active
participle is treated exactly like the verb in the past tense; ffrf
m ~ by him the work was done; ~ o:r,:-.r,;rf.r ~lf.i' by him,
the bonds weze ent; ~firalil'I"~ \TTT1o.:rr I am commanded
by queen Dha.rini; ~ m ~!fi"i:. he did the work; .;m: ~<•U~,
~~ Rama killed the Rak:sb.asas ; ~~% -mN'roiri' thou
didst never despise me, &c.
§ 89i. In the ca.seof past passive participles of intransitive,·
roots the agent is pnh in the Nommative case; ffilTirv~ Uoif
~ then the king of demons wept; ,a-;.i- ia1l'hiq-7q-:
&c.
§ 898. The past passive participles are 0£te11 used imperson-
ally, the agent being put in the Intmmental case; ~ff or
~ ~ it is shone bythe snn; ~ ~ili:urrvictomms ( all1
powerful ) is the affection for sons; 1:tiomlrfir!t n:i~l'IT hs
showed his learning; !l'~ii or ~i:ftRti'
~r1f,ir,&c.
§ 899. The past passive participles of the roots W-1::i~
and ~ and their synonym! are used in the sense o:fthe Present:
tense and are oonstmed with the Genitive, ( See § 857.)
For further particulars vide §§ 705-707.
§ 900. Many past pasaive participles are used actively in
 513

which case they ms.y t;;o-7emthe .Accusative case, like a Ped'eei;

tlense active; ~-:I'. ( Rag. VI. 77.) whloh had ascended
at~'f!liJT:
the mountains; similarly •llriilW.'4.:r!~: '<:l'f¾-11n
crossed i. a. got over the calamity; ~r~cfi'ar: descended:
·tc ·the bank of the Yan:mna,&c.
§ 901. The past passive participle is used as a neutsr aub:-
stantive; ~ departure; '{'if a gift, ffi<f an excavation, ~.
ff, &c.
§ 902 The past passive psrticiple aotive and passive, may be,
med with the auxiliaries are;and ~ in any tense, the mean-
ing of the participle changing accordingly; m?ff1:.r or ~'1a:r
I have or am gone; so ~~ or "l'rf!fRi;:j' or mTT~I had
OI!' was gone; so ~~+!', iffi'Tq.j' "ill'.:n~ ,m::r:that Ra.ma
is to go to the forest to-morrow; ~,m;: <!fir'a'll~f ~<>me
thou wilt obtain great glory, &c.
THE FUTURE p ARTICIPLES,
§ 903 The fnture participle denotes that a person or thing
is doing, or is about to do the aotion or to undergo the condi-
tion, expressed by the root; $!~ going or abont to do; ~~
m11f about to do OI what is about to be done,

§ 904, Besides showing simple futurity participle e;;:pressc@

intention or purpose; ~tn'ftr~ i!M~~ wishing to follow
the daughter of the sage; ~~ wishing to give, ~
~~iliNf!< wishing, as it
fii!-€1-.:iiil-l were, to tame the wild beasts.
PonJN'l:UL p ASSIVE p ,U!.TIC!PLES,
§ 905. The Potential psssi'l"e partic1pie is used in the sense
of' what should or ought to be done;' besidts this, this parti-
ciple yields the sense of 'fitness, obligation, necessity, capacity,~
&c., the agent being put in the In.!trnooental case; ~~­
Arit fit'~ ~nr,'{T ( Devi Bhag, IV, 'l. 1.) he considered in
hi11mind what he ought to do; ~:a:fij:ff•:11ihn religious duty ought
H. S, G. 33,
 514 [ § 905-909

;:;i;:.rr ...-ru
to be :followec1., ~'f<l': thou art able to bear this burden;
~~: this :roguedeserves to be killsd; ~r ff <i~
m;r lf~"<l"'TTG'if
thou will have to go to Alaka., the habitation
of the lords of Y ak,has, &c.
Obs-Sometimes the agent is put in the Genitive case; ;{'ii'.
ig,,:flliff•Had 1s to be se?'l"edby me; ~ 'li~ ~ boiled
rice to be eaten by Brahmanas.

§ 906 Occ~sionally this participle is used impersonally in

the neut1r gender and singnla.r number; ~1.r,ffir 0 ~ ~
his honour should go to the penance grove; l;i1lT :;rnr~J~: ;elli(
Ii~ I should have to dweH in the company of Chilnif.afag&c.

s 907, The neutei·forms 'l1:eine~ a!!il .rr;;;rare used imper-

sonally in the sense o:f 'berng,' or 'what must be or in a!! pro-
bability is,• the noun denoting the agoot being put in the In-
strumental case: ::.{Sf 'it-i!'Tiil'
~imf ~;<I" there must be some
cause; ~ ~~?flii:<ii'rai ~ur +r[qi'lo!i'or ~;i: in all probabi-
lity bis strength mu,t be corresponding to his sound; 01~ ~-
lll•mi,ii<l I ~'af1'i;m:i::the lady mu.t ( in all likelihood) be seated
in the carriage, &c.
§ 908. Thls pll:ticiple is sometimes used aa & noun; 1ra;;tt
[¼d'©.t<I to him who asked what was to be askedi ~,,<.f
ffloi let that, which is to happen, happen.
bmEOL!X.!.llLl!ii p As:r p .A.RT!Cll'LES OR GJ!RU1U)S.

§ 909. The past indeclinable participle in Sanskrit denotes

the prior of two actions done by the same agent and eorrEl!l-
to the per.foot participle in English; ~ ::;r,f"« mUif
having s~id thl! he stopped, i'fA'.~ft<l" ~~ .fr«rrll~RC
having seated them on his back, he carried them to the lake
and ate them up.
As the past indeclinable pa.rtfoiples or gerunds serve tne
J.lU?POH
of carrying on the aetiO.ll.o:f the verb and act &II\
 § 909-911] 515

-.:onneotingJinks between sentences, they account for the spar-

ing use made in Sanskp.t composition of relative prono11I11,con-
junctions and connecting particles When several gerunds are
used in a sentence they should be translated by verbal tenses
and copulative conj11I1ctions;~ qi.(lq:e..cii v~: 'i!R'JIT•
-mir,r ~~ Rg: ~~~ ~ 'ol'filli'Jltii::18f -o{l''Rlf
~ ~-,awwi'?l~r~when the evening time approached,
Ohandr§.pida went to the royal palace on foot, remained in the
presence of his father for an hour, saw Vil!savati, &c.
§ 910. A few gerunds are 11Sedprepositionally in Sanskrit;
f.mtr1 ~ except, ~ with, m~,~11f, ~"lf with
reference to, &o.
Tm: INFINITIVE Moon.

§ 911. The infinitive in Sansk:rit generally expresses the

'Purpose or that tor which an action is done and thus corres-
ponds to the infinitive of purpose or gerund in English. T.he
infinitive in Sanskrit thus involves the sense of the Dative and
ma.y, if desired, be replaced by the Dative of the verbal noun
derived irom the root; qy;fiq-~ qijillq'.'il@3Wffim descended
to the bank of the Yamuna. to drink water; here ITTif may be re-
placed by q'fl'l"N ( qr,:i~ q'fl'l"N ); :iiic(l;{lf..lqq1-,;~~ ( Rag.
:X,25.) where ~=i\1rN.
"The infinitive ( formed with~ tum) in Sanskrit " remarks
'Prof. Monier Williams, "cannot be employed with the same
latitude as in other languages. Its use is very limited cor-
responding to that of the Latin supines, a.s its termination tum
indicates."
(a) ''Let the student, therefore, distinguish between the in-
filnitive of Sanskrit and that of Latin and Greek. In these latter
languages we have the infinitive made the subject of a proposi-
tion; or 1 in other words, standing in the place of a Nominative
and an Accusative case often admissible before it. We have it
also assuming different forms, to express present, past, or future
 516 [§ 911-912'

time, and comr,1eteDess or iDeompleteDessin the progress of

the action. The Sanskrit infinitive, on the other hand, can
never bemade the subject of a verb, admits of no Accusative-
before it, and can only express indeterminate time and incom-
plete action. Wherever it oconrs, it mnst beconsideredas the
object, and never the subject of some verb expressedor under-
stood. As the object oi the verb, it may be regarded as
equivalent to a verbal substantive, in which the force of two,,
oases, an Aconsative and Dative; is inherent and which
diifers :fromother substantives in its powerof governing a case.
Ita use as a substantive, with the force of the Accusative case,
i:orreapondsto our me of the Latin infinitive; thus ffil'6-i~
~ 'I desire to hear all that/ 'id awlir, capio,'where ~
a.nd au.direare both equivalent to Accusative. Similarly,~
stt'ffT•she began to weep,' and irtf ~ m«, he began to conquer
the earth, where~ smit,he began the conquestof the earth,.
would be equally correct;.'1

(o) "Bopp considers the termination of the iDfinitive to be-

the .Accusativeof the snffuctu ( § 458, Ob,. ), and 1t is cerl;ain
that in the veda other cases of nouns :formedwith this suffixin
the l!eBSe of buin1tivesocenr; ,. g. a Dative in tai:, or tavai, u,
from Aancomesliantaiie•to kill;' fr. anu-i anutavs1 •to follow;'
fr. man,manta'llai, •to think;' there is also a fonn in toagene1ally
in the l!8Ill!e oi an Ablative; e. g. fr. i. comes ~to,' from going;'
:fr. lian, hantOJl,
as in pura Jiantoa,'before killing;' and a form in
t1-icorresponding to the indeclinable partidple in tia of the
cl1111sical language; d, g. fr. Aan, Aah-i' killillg;' :b:. bli(l o/iutvi.
'being,' &c &c." Sansk:rit Grammar.

§ 912. The iniillitive cannot be used aa the subjector object

of a verb, abstract nouns 1upplying its place in this caae.
Where,therefore, the infinitiveoccnrsin English as the subject
or,theobject in & eenten(e, the absiraet noun derived from tlie,
 § 912-915] SYN!IAX. 511

!%Oot must be usedin Sanskrit; ~li.l+it<;!ll(U( fi~ to do one's

duty is beneficial and not ffi:i+11-i:ll<ij.
§ 913. • The infinitive is used with verbs and verbal nouns
mearung 'to wish or desire' provided the agent of it is the same
as that of the verb; <tl'~ ... ~lff g"{ll{Jl1f( Mud. I. ) who
wishes to snatch away the jaw11of the lion; ;mi;iftn!f.i~I ('<l'-
·fitt ~; Bh1utr. II, 6. But nira~~rf;r I wish
him to do this, is wrong.
§ 914. t The infinitive is also used with:-
( a) verbs meaning to be able, to make bold, to know, to
be wearied, to strive, to begin, to set about, to bear, to be
pleased and to be; ,r ~ f~ ~ ( Kad.) is not able
to support hi~ neck; :..mrrfu f.nrflityou know how to re-
<il'if
strain anger; ~ii' ri qf,jj+l•11°2'!
(Bhatti. XV. 17) he strove
to fight with Angada; tr-'ij'~ol:l'~(Meg. 22) thou wilt
try to go; cl'$~: (Meg. 103.) begin to speak; all1a'-~-
~ .rr~ ( Sid. Kau ) there is food to eat, &c.
( b ) +words like ~ and others meaning sufficient or able,
proficient or !lulled in, &e.; ~ !fflf: ~ ( Rag. X. 25 )
thou art able to protect the creation; 1p: ~1 ~ lSij
who ia able to change destiny; ~~ ~~ ( Meg, 66 )
the palaces are able to stand comparison with thee; i~ !jqTIII:
-~: qil't ( Sid. Kan.) skilled in ea~ing.
( c) § words having the sense of 'it is time to do anybhing ;'
,ms: ~ ~ ~ .rr ~ ( Sid. Kan.) it is time to
take food.
§ 915 Tho infinitive in Sanskrit has no passive form. In

* ~q ~Pan.III. 3. 158.
t ~~~~ ij~ 1 Pin. III. 4, 65.
Wide Apte's Guide§ 176 and note thereon.
+lfql(&il-i:lij~ I Pan. III. 4. 66.
§ ~l•f6+14"~1!i ~ I Pan. llI. 8. 167.
 518 [ § 915-918

turning, therefo1e,an active eonstrnctio;:;involvingan infinitive

into a passive one, the verb should be changed into the passive,
the infbiiti.'l'eand the woids governed by it 1emainingunail'ected-
l:!' ~ :rr,,(i~,,@/a,~ 31Tit ~ ~~-except where the object of
the infinitive 1mdthe verb is tbe same, ~ .rrt~r"wt'Jfff, 'a",r
mu~.
§ 916, The root~ 'to deserve' when nsed ( in the second
person) in combination with the infinitive expresees 'a request,
a respectful entreaty,' and is generally, equivalent to the
English 'I pray, be pleased, &c.;' <iifu~tf1; ( Meg. 55 ),
please put out the fire; ;;- ~~ !!li'li:l'f!'iltfu( Knm V. 40)
if you have nothing to conceal :from me, please answer me:
f{snllttiW,·tltffi~~ ( Rag. V. 25) pray wait for two or three
daye, 0 rei!pectahleone l &c. Sometimes it 1s equivalent to a
gentle command: ~ q-~~ ( Rag. I. 89 ) you ought to
ple:1Seher; ;; ii ;ir11'i:lijl-l~ftl
you ought not to bewail him. In
the third person and under the same ciicumstances it expresses
power or ability and can be translated by 'can;' \U1ll '1%'~.ft
<its;:;.rr
~11i@' q;r~ Mah. Bhar. IV. 58. 27. ~ ~mar
<it~it~fa Ibid I. 1. 246.
§ 917. ., The infinitivewith the final oe:_dropped is joined with
the nouns ~'!+I" and :ir,;19:to :form an adjectival compoundmean-
ing 'wishing or having a mind to do any thing;1 ll:li'i~f
Si@i.ildif.il+¾
~ttj- ~: &c. (Rag. V.18) the disciple of the
great sage was desirous of ret1m:ring&o.; ~ :;r,v:~i:l'N"i!:
( Kum. V. 40 ) this person h!lila mind to ask you a question.

TR:!:i'"SES
A._'{DMOODS.
Tlil: P.RESXN'.l: TENSE.
§ 918. The Present teme shows that an action is taking
plw.::eat the present time; ~'ij"la' a;r !J::f:here comes( is

"-'~)m-1
 § 918-920] Snrru. 519

coming) thy son. • It is the Present progressive, which expreslell

the continuance oi a:i action which is begon over sometime
ud is, remarks Prof. Bain, a true or strict Present tense. It
b only by means of a special adverb or the context that the
sense of the present tense can be limited to that of a present
act solely; st~r ~ ilti !!ffan~ now he dwells in this city.
§ 919, Besides the general sense given above the Present
tetse in Sansk;it has the following senses:-
( a ) t It is sometimes used in the sense of ' immediate futu-
rity; ' ~ ~lil:lli when wilt thou go ? q,- ;yq-rr'i{ Bere I go
( i. e. shall go ); ai''birT!fq'~ I shall die an hour after.
{ b ) It may also be used to denote an action which is xecently
completed; ~ r!j- ;;;m;;:rinnR!'-&-1t1l-ll•l.,ill+f
when didst thou
eome from the city P Here I come ( have come just now).
( c ) In narrations it is used for the Past tense; q~ ~ff'
~ the vulture says, ' who art thou' ?
( d ) Sometimes it is used to denote a habitual or repeated
action; 1111~ :.ft;ria'. ,
§ 920. +When a question is asked and an answer is given to
it, the Present is used in the sense of the Past tense when the
particle ~ is used; lit 3i<lil'i1:TiR;-q ~rfir it: where !iUfit

., "The principal use of the Present Inddinite 1s to express

what is true at all tim£s; 'the sun gives light; twice two is
four 1'-.,fl,' Hence a more suitable name would be the Universal
tense. It expresses present time only as representing all time,
Tbe permanent arrangements and laws of nature, the peculiari-
ties, habits and propensities of living beings and whatever is
constant, regular and uniform, have to be represented by the
Present Indefinite. • ff It is only by a special adverb or by
the context that we can confine this tense to mea.n a present
act solely." Baiu, Higher English Grammar.
t Pan. ill, 8. 181. See p. 525.
t tm ~l!Si@il-.lifl ;r.=im1nrffl I P!n. ill. 2. 120, 121.
 520 f § 920-923

is eqnivalent to ~ ; when the particles "I' and ~ a.re nsed

the Present may be optionally used; lira~: fii;'u:--lieifflJCor
~-~ ~fi:r or~-
§ 921. fl. With interrogatives the PreBentis often nseil.in the
11enae oi the Future when thonght or desire is implied; f.i; ;rilm
},a;-.r~fr.:ri. e. ( il"mtmT'it) Whe.t ahall I do?
i. e. ( im:is;;m'i'.
Whither shall I go ? lft{i_n':W<t~or ~6'!T ~ <lT\i'l<lffl ( i. e. irr-
·~t'!ITTI' or ~~ ) which of these persons will you feed ?
so t ~ ~ ~:l\mif, &c.; bnt q;: !lfif ifY;(1ltja"I
( a.) It is also used in the sense of the Fnture in conditional
1entencesas implying a condition and the fulfilment of the
desired objret; ~ ~~ ( c(raT !ff~rff l!IT) ~ ~ mfci' ( ~i
~ ~) he, who offers ( or will offer) food, goes ( or will go)
to heaven i. e. if one offers &c.
§ 922. With the words <i"f.ra'.,~ and others having &
l!il:nilareense,the Present is sometimesused in the sense of the
Future perfect; ~ <!ITii' r.r,m1r
~'Rl'~ before he sees
yon, move away ( before he shall have se~nyon, &c. ).
( b ) t With the particles lro and l:l'T!fir.
the Present has the
senseof the Future when certainty is indicated; Q'l<fi:i'ff~
~ 1 ( Rag.Y. 25, ) I will endeavour to accomplish your
object. !ID ~ro ~ ~ij'm"a; ( S'ak, VII. 33 ) he will
oonque?the earth consisting of seven continents. ll:~l'ij~it fftf
~ WI': I Kir. YID. 8.
§ 923.+Thepartiele~ whenu!ed with the Present converts it
into a Past tense;~ml'~~ ~lff ll'f;f ~: !f@'l'ffla' m
in a certain nllage there dwelt a Brahmal}aMitrasarm&by na.me;
Q"ffi:~'ITTIT=!'l%' ~ ths citizens ran in hundreds. The particle

10 ~~ TWtllima:
I ~>!filru:@;1 "<l'l Pan. III. 3, 6.1.
t ~ (;tq;ll~a: Pan.m. a. 4. R'Qfffi~i.- fu~lt ~: ,
Sid. Kan.
+~ ffl' I H.n. III. 2. 118.
 '§ 928-927] SYNTAX. 5tl

-~ may not necessarily be joined with it; r;t m ~ ~

-~;r ~:, ;r;sr
m~. &e.
§ 924. • When ~ or 3llliis used in a sentence a.nd con-
demnation or censure 1s implied, the PreseDt may be used in the
aanse of the three tenses; :a:ifit
:;ff<l"t ~<r.i~ :nrg :qfo1s1¥11qd-\
where .~ and ~ may have also the sense of the Past or
the Future tense; ~ n,if~ ~ ~:;r;:ry'if ( you will even
make a S'udra perform a sacrifico),
bi:PERFEC'.r, PERFEC'.r AND AORIST.

§ 925. In Sanskrit there are three tenses denoting a past

action, itz. the Im.perfect, the Perfec~, and the Aorst. Ori-
ginally each of these three tense:!had a signfication of its own
and was used in its proper sense in ancient writings. t After
Sanskrit ceased to be a spoken language the exact sen2es of
these temes were lost sight of and wnters began to use them
promiscuously, so that now any of these may be used to denote
past time with certain limitations The original senses of these
as well as their other peouliar1ties are noticed below.
l:Ml'EREEC:I:,

§ 926. t The Im.perfect according to PAi;iini denotes past

action not done to-day i. e. done at some time prior to the cur-
rent day, ffTil'lTiq'ff ~: ( Bhatti. ) Bibhishsi;iaspoke to them.
§ 927. The Imperfect is optionally used for the Perfect
when the particles g- and ~ are used in a eelltence1 m g-
aiflm'it.
or 'q~: ~l'q'q~ or ~-
(a) ,rIt may also be optionally use:l in a!king questions refer-

• • Rm:rwrr: 1 PAD.Ill. 3 142.

t For a further expllnation of the difference between these
-three tenses the student 1s referred to Dr. Bh!ndlrkar's preface
-to the 1st Edition of his 2nd Book of Sanskrit.
+ar,filfM ~ I PAn.ill. 2. 111.
§ ~i~ "iii'l 'Ifsr~'oTTfi,i;w I Pb IlI. 2. 1161 117.
 522

ring to a very zecent time; ~ fii; ( Qu.) ( Ans ) ,.:fll~;.

or ~n:r fii;? :;im;:r; but when the question refers to a very :remote
time tb.ePe1iect alone ought to be used; 'li''!lf: ~ ;;;m,rfii;? :;;-m;r.
§ 928. When the particle ;;rr in combination with ~is used
wifo the Imperfoot in the sense of the Imperative,the augment
w is dropped; :.irm-~ar:,m-m ,m:)<J:,m :rn!tWI~ ~-r.
PEEFECT,

§ 929. "'The Perfect denotes an. action done before the current
day and not witnessed by the speaker. It has reference to a vexy
remote time and should, therefore, he uSedin narrating events
i (il-:;:,;rr,ru+r:1 Rama killed her
of the remote past; at <rre,.,1,<¼
whose name was Ta.taka.;r,:rqner~~~ (Bhatti. XIV.H. ).
(a) In the let person the Pe?:fect shows that the speaker was
in a distracted state of mind or was unconscious when the event
took place, or that he wants utterly to d~ny something that he
has don", 1ii'[ ~ ~re~ <'l'i'lTI'~~ ( S'is XI. 39 ) being
frenzied I prattled much, I am told, before him; ;i;r~t-~: ~1
didst thou dwell rn the country of the Kalingas P rflW ll:if%1ff'GI~
ifl.:r I never went to KalingM. With these exceptions the Per-
fect should not be used in the Ist person,

.8.0R!ST.

§ 930. t The Aorist simply expresses past action indefinitely

i. e. withoat reference to any particular time ( ~~ il11~
);
mi,.~~;;if(ii<!~iliil<1e
fitr,rnfiw~ ~1 ~,~~ .fi<W
~rn ,;rr,nire.(m(:Bha:tt.1. 2.) 'He studied the Vedas, o:ffered
sacrifices to the gods, satisfied his departed ancestors, honoured

...m# ~ Pan. III. 2. 115. :a-~ R'll'R#~ v:rro-

~ l (Sid.Kan.); ~~ ~ i!fmo'-1':
l VArt.
t ~ Pan. III. 2. 110,
 § 930-933 J

his telatives, subduedthe col!edion of six ( i. e. the six pas-

sions ), took delight ill. politics and totally annihilated his
enemies, The Aorist, however, properly denotes a recent
act'i.onor one done during the course of iha present <lay. '·It
is similar to the English present Pedect, " remarks Dr.
Bhand,rkar~, "whieli the student will rtmembe:r i!en.nesan
action as having happened in a podion of time which is not
yet expired; it brings past action in conn€ction with the pre-
sent time," Sf\!~~~ it rained to-day.
§ ~31. t The Aorist onghi;to be used when the idea of the
contlnuonsnessor neerness of an action is to be implied; ~-
<i~ra: ( Sid. Kau. ) gave food throughout his hfe; ir.f ~~­
~;ar rrttrmm;:;;,.fur ;,mr;:;,<l"a'
( Sid. Kau ) he consecrat-
ed the fire on the last Pnrnima day ( the full-moon day ) and
offeredSoma, &c.
§ 932, + With the particle ~r not joined with ~, the Aor-
ist, the Imperfect, the Porfect or t.be Present may be used;
•H'lrIDS-~r ij'r,;if '9Fff~l:i;<l'T 1 ( S1d, Ka11. ) here formerly
dwelt pupils. But when ~ is used with ll;tf the present alone
can be used; :ir:;r.'% he formerly sacrifice,!.
~+!"!!:'TT

§ 933. The Aorist is used with the prohibitive particle ;rr

(~~)or :mm,with the temporal augment al cut off. and has
then tha senseof the Imperative; ~fl~~ti:rr ~Ma. :BhaV.
-m-:do not go against.
132. 16. have no doubt &c. .rr ~;i- !fITT'l'
Rarely ill ancient works the augment is retained m 'fif'lmi:
!.llffi ~: ~m: '131U:may you not live, oh Nishada for
many years. When a root is preceded by a prepos1tion, the
a. is sometimesnot dropped; m ~at~i;.i;:qm. do not submit to
« SecondBook 0£ Sanskrit, P. 154.
t Pan. III. 3. 135. See next Page.
t ~ ~ ~ 1Pan III. 2. 122. ro~~irr'iraa:a1;;s1o;i
~r-
o:rm
fil: '<I'~ <1'ij ~tNri'tI Sid. Rau.
 524 [ § 983-935

sorrow or anger ( here the a. is not dropped ); sometimes it is

dropped; as in ~: ~ do not despise your soul
( conacience ). Some explain these anomalies by considering
the particle to be m and not ir11::.
T:a:ETwo Fuii:;nEs.
§ 934. The difference between the Two Futures is the
same as that between the Imperfect and the Aorist, the only
<ii:f!'erence being that the former reiers to a future time and the
latter to a past one. The Firet or Periphrastic expresses
futurity definitely but not of this day; the Second or Simple
Fntme expresses futurity indefinitely as also that of to-day;
-it ia also employed to denote recent and future continuous
time; aa rit~ "{:!;l'iml'TRf,i;'q- l!Uml~ ( Bhatti XXII, )
oh monkey, to-morrow you will go to Ayodhyi governed by
Bhare.ta; srr;rf~ ~ ~miW-l'lIT: fu;na:1 ii-ra,:~l~r
'"1'.T::q-~ q~ ( Rhatti. XXII. 14. ) they will be delighted
on seeing yon and will ask you questions about the welfare of
us two and SitA; and Bharata also will be greatly pleased;
t(iir... ~R(~dl'(• q.f(fii,a;jif ( Kir. m. 22) they will be extirpated
by the ~onkey-bannered one ( Arjuna ); ~ ~ S'ak.
IV.) Sakuntali will go (goes) to-day; a:r~i ~ ,rr
·gdl34'nif<II in:r ( Bhat~i XVI. 13) if my sons are killed I will
die or kill the enemy, &o.

Tu Fmsr FUXUllE oP.PERIPHlMBTIO FuTUBE,

§ 985. Ob,. • When the continuousness of an action or

Ile&rnesaof time ( i. e. the non-intervention oi the same period
between the two points of time reierred to) is to be expressed the
:First Future must not be ttsed; qf<ii:ill•Hfoi ~ he will give
iood throughout his life; and not l{m, <IT~ SI~ Rt;fi
4111•11

• illiliQMiiW-h/4ISl ◄Wililfl~: I 11A1111@1Nli:\lil'<M.:i~ I

"liiffHl:!(llllli.(I qm~
·$1i.i514¥11ii I Pb. III. 3. 185-138.
 § 935-939] SYNTA.X.

a-ffl :::i~r.:iT~!'l' ~,r ,;;i-;q-~'ff

he will consecrate the fires !llld.
offer a Soma s&erifice on the cDming Amavil.sya.day; and not
:acmmlT. and ~,; also whe~, limit of time or place is e:x:preMed
and the wozd ~ is useil in a sentence ; ~: ~i:mm ~:
:a:rll'ffe@?il;'!il'~
..t:~., ~~ ~~•lllff ,.. i'i'li ~ •rr~im:r:
.. ~ and not
lffi'IT'tl1:;'li: <!'!<I'~;rffl','.: ~ ~ ~...: ~~: ITT!'~
sll1'ir~T~ and not 011>~mitbut when the word ,rsr is used
the First Future may be used; ~ m'8': <fll:im:fr ff;p. ;,,: ~:
~~US/f. mr:m.~a-r~~ we will study in the earlier fortnight
oi the coming month. When the period of time meant lies
beyond a certain point of time, the Fust or the Second Future
may be used; l.TT.)>:f ~;i_;~: ~T ii~ ~&l"<Tll<ffiil:itw-m•-
~ or :sn.~omrl,
&e. ·
THE SECOND OR StMPLE FUTURJ,.

§ ll36, When the close proximity of a :future action is,

1>1

intended, the Second Future or the Present may be used; ~11nr-

~% when will you go ? ~ fi~;r or 11f1~ I shall just go,
§ 937. t When there is the idea o:1.hope implied in a
conditional form, the Aorist, the Present or the Simple Future
may be nsed in both the clauses to denote a foture time;
~ij'. ~liil.TT~
<l"'ffff ~ ~<11'~ 11am.: <f~m: 1( Sid.
<TT
Kan }. if it were to rain we would sow corn.

§ 938, The Simple Future is sometimes used as a courte-

ous way of command;~m: !ira.r~,a ( Vik. IV.) then
yon will go ( i e. please then go ) to the lake, &c,

§ 939, j: The Simple Future is aione nsed when the idea of

and words having the senaeof ~!'.Ti lal!:-
hope is conveyedby y"ifrsr

~ i:lii¥WH-milttl
iifim"l'il'!ltf I Pan. III, 3. 131.
t ~~~I Pan. III. 3. 132.
+~Qq:;i,t ~ I Pan,III. 3. 133,
 526 L§ 939-942

~«if!( ~ citfuf◄T ~ ~ ;rtElmf: if a shower were to

come quickly we would at once sow corn.
§ 940. When the word ~ is not used with roots me8lli.ng
, to remember ' s.uoh as ~, &c. the Second Future is used in
the sense of the Imperfect; ~ ~ ~ !I"'~: Krishi;ia,
do yon remember that we dwelt in Gokula 1
§ 941. * When disbelief in or intolerance oi au action is
intended to be expressed, and especially in the form of a ques •
tion, tbe Simple Future is used optionally in the sense of the
Potential;;i-~hii◄ i.il~ or;;ffi ~gft f;t.:~or ~
I never believe, or oannot tolerate it, that you would or should
speak ill of Bari; q;: or !j;ffi': ll;r\1f: gff A.-c;a_
or ~ who
will speak ill of Harl ( I do not believe that any body will,
&c. ); it~~~ or ~fa', &J.i when the word
~ t ( a particle, showing great anger ) and roots having the
sense of 'to be' precede, the Simple Future only should be used;
.r ~ or ;:rqir~ ~ ~ i.i'~ I do not believe
or like that you should make a Sndra perform a sacrifice; so
3'!ffif~ ~ ◄T ~ ~ i.jf.,filCl.lld•
§ 942. When the idea of wonder is to be expreued and
the words i.j;if, i.i:r and ~ do not occur in a sentence, the
Simple Future should be used; ~ ;:mr pif ~ it is
a wonder that a blind man sees Bari.
(a,) The Simple Future is also nsed when the partfoles
411'and atNexpressing a doubt are used; '3n ~: ~ will
the stick fall? an-1\TIBmt~ will he close the door P
(b) This Future is also used when the particle q mean-
~ ~~ Krishna is
ing sure or able is used; art ~'11TI'
aura or able to kill the elephant. ·
 § 948-944 J 521

THE MOODS.
T:a:EI1tl'ERATIVE Moon
§ 948. '• The Imperative Mooddoes not express merely com•
:mand,but also entreaty, benediction, courteous enquiry, gentle
advice, ability, &c.
( a ) In the secondperson this Moodis used to expresscom•
mand, entreaty, gentle advice and benedictions or blessings;
.r,;;w( ~ ) ijj'~ go to Kusumapura; ~ ~ help !
help! ~~ 0 God! forgive my faults, &c.; ~lsf{R ~
~ fsi<l\1{!111~ ~ ( Sak, IV.) serve your elders and treat
your co--wivesas if they were your friends; i:tN!61.f!h(tteiit "f;ll'T
~ u'<lt be thou my messenger, go to Raghava, and sa.yto
him; ar.r;:tr~ trldl-tf_ljg1ia~r ~~ ~or she was
addressed the truth by Hara when he said 1do thou obtain a
husbandnot devoted to any other lady.'
( b ) In the third person it is often used to expressa blessing
and sometimesgentle oomma.nd;f<N'nt~~ ••,mat:~
\ijj('i:j(OIQl('iiff~maythis handful of flowersscattered on the
:feet of Han give ns success;TfWiQ': ~~ 'lt'f~ may rain pour
down in time;~~ 'ITU ~li.6il(i@q. ( Mud, V. II.).
( c) In the first peraon it expre!Sesa question, necessity,abi-
lity, &c;~ ~'ar 'it what should I do for you? ~ ir,.:iJl'f.t
I must go now; ,t;(ill~di.4' ~firwf nil' we will ( are able to) do
this thing, oh queen, which is agreeableto you; ~ ~ ~
il,(i:IIU<IEij d ma:(Bhat~i XX. 6,) let your thought be' 1 must
not commit the horrible murder of an ambassador.'
§ 944. The third person singular of the Imperative in the
passive voice 1s often used and sometime3 as a courteous form
ff~ '<I'1 Pb. III. s. 162. V1de Pan. III. 3. 161. quoted on
the next page.
 528 [ § 944--95()•

of expressioni m.frtii'i'f u~: the prince should be brought

~ 1'it "<~a-r: may you hea:r, ye Pa:ndit8; lt~re,,~t
take this seat.
§ 945. When time after a ~ ( nearly equal to an hour ) ii?,
exp:resaed, the Imperative is used; ~ m offer the sacri-
:fiooa:fter an hour.
§ 946. The Imperative with the particle :mis nsed when a
request is courteou~ly expres5ed; ~1."m<J<i ~i:i-please teach
the child.
§ 947. The Imperative has sometimes the force of the pre-
s,int when used in combination with the particle a=rr;
ITT'¥;,iij' no,
a-
it is not so; ;rr ""I° Mila,~~ trn~ 1
§ 948, i~ ~ or ~ I wish you should dine.
See§ 958.
§ 949. % There is a peculiar use of the Imperative which.
ought to ha noticed. The Impera.ti ve second person eigular i~
l'epeatad when frequency of an act is indicated and the whole
need with the root many tense; i:m'% ;m'i \llK <IT@( Sid. Ka.u. ),
he goes every now and then ; so ;;rm'!frir@ ~ i:m.; trr~ '!l'T~i-
~; 81'l;ll!lill~1«1~-.fiithe studies steadily. The Imperative
1100ondpenon is also used when several acts are described as
iione by the same person; ~ T"it.r, 'iffi"il: ffl'it&ro-~ra( Sid.
Kau.) he takes his food, now ea.ting barley, now ea.ting fried
riae; similarly ~ ~ ~rf~ooir~~,i:a ( Sid. Kau. ).
Tn POTENT.Ur.. MooD.
§ 950. t The Potential Mood expresses the eensa of f.h-'1:r
(com-
mand., directing a subordinate, &c. ), f.r~ ( pressing invita-
'$ ~~l" ~~ ~ifmoTTc!T n'<-.ri?r:
'1:1" 1lil~'i:l"S..:J~ I
ll'<lti<iW,i!I.IQIW ~:.•rf~i:r;i:
I 'ti;J;~ lill>!r,:ll"f~ l Pan III. 4 •.
1-5. T;tnfl'~{R it ~ 1 Vart.
t ~f?!filqr.1u!i'l~~~Sf~!l ~ I Pau. III. 8. 16
 § 950-953]

tion ), ~>!lJi ( giving permission ), a:r.fi'I!

( telling one to at-
tend to an honorary officeor duty ), ~~ ( courteously asking
a person a question), and !Tf'liifl'prayer. ti~ one should perform
a sacrifice; ;,t !HI'{~~: go to the village; l~ ~ ~'IITTff your
honour should take food here; m;fm ~ you may sit here;
!:f,:tJ:f'e"tl'~<l'. you may teach my son ( as an honorary duty);
fii;-;it~ :;ra-~ what, oh l sl:all I learn the Yeda or
logic? mm~m good Sir, . can I get food here: i. e. will
yon kindly give me :food? ( All thsse senses are optionally
expressed by the Imperative also).

( a ) "' In the case of the first two senses tiz. m~

and r.r;:r-
and in that of 'proper time ', the potential participle may
;a;;ior
also be used for the Potential; ~ <f'2'.ollaf(_,
&o.

§ 951. t When the words 'after an hour' are used the Poten•
tial ( also Imperative) or the Potential participle may be used;
~T1;_1'Ef '!iiffii,,i:s;;rl, ;;re~ <IT( Sid. Kan. ).
§ 952. :j:The Potential is used with the words tj;fl.?, ;a-;,;;r
and~, when the word <!'ii_is used; ~: ~: ~ qJ' ~~l'f
~ it is time now that you should dine.

§ 953. § When the idea of fitness is to be expressed the

Potential or the Potemial participle may be used; and some-
el"{:,«Tvl<Tl:fl':
tim€s the noun lll l;!: aiso; «Tw,:.:ri' .rm
or ,ari:rr
you are fit to many the girl.
q;;:<rrllfl<E.i:IT

(a) The Potential or the Potential participle may be used

when the sense of capability is implied; +fri:;,t ~: or ~<TT"
m;;i:r; thou canst ( art able to ) carry the load .

._.
w.trraw/~ti; ~li<l'11Pan. III. 3. 163.
t ~~e-¾1=1i"[f~ Pan. IIL 3. 164.
I
+~~I Pan. III. 3. 168,
§ ~ ~<i~ I~~ '<I"I Pia. III. 8. 169, 172.
H. S, G. 34
 530 l § 954-958

§ 954. %With interrogative vords such as f.r;,;,rat, !J;'tilt; &c.

the Pote:dt:il or th0 Simple Future may be used when cemiue
is <if iR f.\'~a:f;\Ti:~ft 'i'ff I
( w § 937 ); ;,;;.ef.i1ro'

( r:) W!im wondez is implied the sin:ple Future 1s used i~

prcierenoe to the Potentia.l if tha wo:d ~ be not used; *Sjif<f
;:rri:r~ ~ 1t is s. wonder th::,,ta Uh:,d ma.n should see
s:'l"i'~l"
Hird,b-it ~f-lGiJ-~ ms..ffii'11 it is wonder if l.e study.

§ 95ii. t
When hope is expressed without the use c:f the
the potent;al is generally used; q;]'ITT
word "iiT'•l<s: 'i=!'1if?ill"i'r
l'!"<i"l'J;
it is my cl.Esire ( I hops) that you will eat; but q;T~<l'fa' I
hope he lives.

§ 956. t When the sense of 'I expect ' is imphed, the

Potential or the 2nd Future m~.ybs used provided the word ;:;~
is no. med; :;(:p,ror,.m'iif~j::fm ~afa" off .-im;i: I expect you will
e",,i biJ.t~.:ff;;r;:[~ ~'GlT'<mciiflil:
( Sid, Rau ),

§ 057, ~ When in a conditional sentence one thing is expressed

aa depending upon another as e:ffectupon a cause, the Potential
w the Simple Future may be used; ~'Ji" ,r;l'~;,r:tli',ni.re:
if lie will \low to Kr.:slllJahe will sttam happiness ; so ~at
;froff ~ri m~'it.
§ 958. S When word~ having the sense 0£' to wish, ' such as
,n:, <i;!i,. &~. sre used, the Potential or lmperai.:ve is used;
i!f~l'f ~g--.im or ~~ I wish you ehonlddme; :{~~ ~)+i'

$ ( ~rqt ) fij-~oait ! Pan. III. 3. 144. ( ~<Ii~

f'-=f-~ ) ~
~~f I Pan. III 3. 151.
t ~,:{~-~q;furil Pan. III 3, 153.
: ~m-..r 'liffif;:t~:;;r.rs«r'it I Pan. m. 3. 155.
~ %ala~ ..,i Fan III. s. 156.
$ i!~~~ I ~ :q- I Pan Ill. 3. 157.159.
rac;:.eli!i"
 § 958-961 ] SYNTAX.

yq,jj,'qili EfT~'S: ( Sid. Kan ) I wish Y o.i.rHo~o;-,rr.1:l drink

Soma.
(a) But wh~n ths agent2 d botn t..iea,,tions are the same, the
Potential alone is used 111 the sense .:,f t:ie Inii.Litive; ~-
~ ( Sid, Kau.) i. e. li\'i'!if;!¼i'tl w1slm th&t he will eat
( wishesto eat ), ~
§ 959, Sometimesthe Poter:tiai is used without a subiect
when it is use:!1n the se,:;,sevf 'i. preoept er adn1.e'; "111:1'~'l,l;r
~ ~~ 1 -a,r,:m;i-mra- ~~~ ~ 11( a man)
should sa.vemoney for adversity, he should save his wife at the
cost of his wealth and :m11salfe-venat the expenseo:fhis wife
and wea.loh;~ ~SfWffl'ti~li'~: ( oi.o ) should serve
Br4hmai;ia3with all that they like, wifao11tbe:.ngjea:ous.

TlIB BE~EDICTl:VE lUOOD.

§ 960. The Bened1ctive Muod is usd to coi::~r ~ blessing

er to express tha spe,i,ker·s wish; Rt :;:fi-.i.rra:
~,rr,r may you
live long! Ef1'1rirl'ff. ~~ <l"il:l'ff'i:f ~fil: t -tim,i"~
~~ff~~~ o'Q'ffl-.:rlfl' 11( Bhatti. XIX. 2C ;; ~i: ~
may I be successfult

TEE Oo::mxno?rAL.
§ 961. 11, The Oondiho1,al is used in those cond!t1onal
sentencesin which the Potential may be used when the n':lnper-
iormanceof ihe action is imphed or 1a wl:uchtze falsity of the
antecedent is involved as a matter of fact. It expresses both
future and rast time. It must be used in both t!ie r;ntecedent
and the cor.sequent ciame;; ~~~. ~'ll~n!¥tf.ili4
i.f thore would be ple:itiful rain tJJere w•JUldb3 an abundacce of
 532 SANsnrr GRA:IDIAR. ( § 961-963

corn; "''i
..&;;. ,.. ...
~"lt<k<lfflrt!~ill~f(l•f.-Q
• " ,..
a<i m~~~~6\1$
• ,:,-..

~ hadst thou obtained ( which thou hast not ) the sweet

fragranceof her breath, wouldst thou have had any liking for
this lotus?
Obs.§ 962. ~ When a past action is to be indicated tile
Oonditiona.lmay be optionally used in the sense of the
Potential; ~ ;;m ~ or 1llif;how could you.
give up your religion l'
(a) Also where the Potential is used in conjunction with the
~ &c ; atNij:f ~: fflc!T
particles in, s:rr'it, -lTi~ iilo: I
~ GikiiC<iR<>Q"I~~~ ~$1'11; II~ •Ui:f>I{¼@ a-slit
~Hf•HiiH!Il (~r) <:l~'lt4'1t41CIC€'<1~e<hl'+f mrf.r~
II(Bhat~i.
XXI. S. 4.)
( o) When wonder is to be expreseedthe Conditionalis
optionally nsed where the Potential 1s used in combinationwith
tbe particles 1f:if,~ or ~ when the action doesnot take place;
~ a 'll'lf m
Fis~a- norI sttml{~r
fit
fiA'IIT<l'f
&+11&St+<ltf1,1'imi.1"11( Bhatti XXI. 8 ).

SECTIONV.

Indeclinables.
AD'\"Elills.
§ 963. The neu.singulars of the Nominativeand other casei
of several noUDsare used as adverbs; Rit or Fif1oror ~
~;qr having contemplatedfor a long time; i:~ or i·~ @!re
he is in distress: so ff or &c. m
(a) The word f.hTris used advethially in combination witli
•n ,:a-Pan. III. 3 uo
 § 963-966 J /533

,several words such as ill'[, .fr.if, &c.; ~"T, ;,r,rrf,r.t in various

ways. The word ~ is aiiio used adverbially as the latter
member of a compound when. some action is to be expressed as
having happened before; ffif.r[sthaving ,aid something by way
of cc,nsolation; ij!{l\f.l"'.thonghtfnlly, (i.e. thought pzeceding
a certain action); ~~~ '!f~~1qr mrr~ 0 venerable Sir,
1 killed this cow unwittingly; ~~ Sf~'!!'ll: &c,
PREPOSITIONS.

§ 964, The use of Prepositions has alreidy been explained

at § 365-371. The Prepositions governing cases are already
noticed under the various cases.

O0:SJUNCTIONS,

§ 965. The use of Conjunctions has not many syntactical

Peculiarities and needs no special notice hare. They are nsed
in their proper senses in sentences.
§ 9G6. The most important of these conjnnctions and the
one very frequently used is :;;r. It can never stand first in a
sentence; nor can it be used hke 'and' in English. It is used
with suoh of the words or asaertions it connects or is placed
after the last of the words or assertions it joins together; tT+l'.ls'<i
or ui:r:1;3"~llcl'; ~+!~ ~f;i,er~ ~i-;i;t 'i:i' love with
<Olf,!"U1$J<1'
its excellences expanded, and fresh youth; ~ ~ ~
.:r~;,~ ~aN~R! ,
( a ) Sometimes this particle has a disjunctive :force; ~Rl'-
f'm;~;t @ffi 'ol' of![:-the hermitage is tranquil yet my
arm throbs.

( b ) Rarely this particle is used in the sense of ' if';

;;:irRa;~ffi~E'~;:f it~i:'f: ~ oh fool, if you wish to live,&c.
 534 [ § 9M-968

( t) Sometiines it is u,ed as :::.nexpletive; mlf: lfN'frl'~~ ::;;r.

( 1Z Sometimes it is used to conneGt a subordinate fact
wit:i a main o:::e n,~
1r;:ra-<IT~n;.:r wande~:l'or alms anil bring
,..._ ,...
a COW: ~;g.rr :a-~f'8'i!fi
"" ...::_.."'
•n'if"" H ,..,, - "' I'.".....
'<fF'!ff, tf.of~':~ljq ~'(~:
the
proc1J.reasw,2s ohaso::seC:,tb ~ :w.:,miess wss expelled and
Kar:.dn:r_::aketu 71&~ ho~ot:rl:2.

( e) When the 1-arficle is re}e:;t,d it !:as n1medmes tLe

sense cf ',.,n :he oLe hand,' 'on the other h::md,' 'and yet,' 15 '"!"
m~r.:rr~1fui"
:;rrm;psIB
Bi''<f f?rfuaf,,"ri'nH ~l!Jli1i' where,
'1~<:IT"~,:
on the one tanil, h the e:x:tremBlyfrail life of fawns, and
where, on the other, are thy :mows hard like adamant and
falling .:iarply; ;; ~~-i;rfi~~i~f ~ ffl f.i;i:n'it~'tmrf(i/;::ih~-
! on the one hand the full moon-faced lady is not easy to
;::rll:_
ob~ain ard ye:. there is tbs unaccountabls sport of. love.

(/) Sometimes the repetition of '<I'shows tha simultaneous

or undelayecl occ □ rrence of two events; ff' '1:j" ~Tffi~qi'ff ~!!~
:;;rr~: tl:.ey r€aehed the oaean and at the same time the
• 1
pnmsva .. also awoke.
§ 967. a-~r·likewise' often supplies the place of :q; ;;:ri:m,'<!'r
~r.er Rann a11dLakshmana; a:r;,r1ra-r~l'.111l'r
"!' !:!'<1fl:~ff\':ff:ii-r
bot!:! Anag,i,t,,viahataand Pmty~tpanuamati, a-~r ft means 'for
instance, to be more p:ain;' a;-.;rr
s:!"'likew1se;'both.are often used
intrubc:ng r,pob 'ior:s.
sil68. [ bui, ~ for, because,and '-Hare also e:x:clui:ed:from
1 ,m tl;:V:il:rffl ~!<ff ~
the first p!a,ie in a sent,nce. :a-i ii ~ijar
~ the s~u id one's own se.1, the wife one's friend, but the
daughter ;1 souroe of an:idety; .1,lC<Q'~<TTmfu'~,+r~Tl:ir 1:mi'rrn-
~f<trXF.ii!T.:.:rt~I<f.T~ ~r.i"~i{f_j; l&t!Tl.T
~,ff~~~?{ I
 § 968-970] 535

( V. 10. ); '°1.;f!Taf!iT ~ elT~ choosee'tl:er the i:::issi!esor

yoar person.
§ 969 .:r~and :;J"a: 11f' :ue usually used 1,it!1 the Potential
or the Co::l<1itional;as <I'll£l:ififtri%'~r.rll"~t<f.eni i;:r;{ ~:i'
i<flll:.
if he were he·o h~ w&uldas!iBt we; <rr';r ~i"!i'fl=l'ri:f~i!!.r,'i!-
;;;m~$1'161l<J:.
had Devadatta beenhera, he would h-.vou:idcubtedly
done this; but tl:ey are also construed with tbc Prea~nt Ind10a-
t1ve; tr~ ::;flilll'ii
mi:r/iliq'~tflff"ii he '.1veshe mll see prosperuy;
~ II'~ ~r:rru;;r sr<Tt:n.m1tn if Your ::.Iaie,ty bs any thrng
to do with me, &c; ~fur(~ ;:r;:r :::f;rera;; q~ qp.;rr;; oj;qqf;;
I conJ11:eyen by my hfe if you will not tell it in words. ~
is i:ever used at ~.cebeginnrng of a ser::ence; ei' ~~ffi~f
~ ;;Tilil~ ( S'ak. VII. 4) if the thouaand.raye.J.one (SUD)
did not place him at the yoke of hfa car, srr'ir~'1§'fr~
( have rocou:rn to ) ;ft ~a:&c :Bha.V. I. 44.
The Particles Ol~ and tfcr.
§ 970. ~S.!ll' is used in the fvllc,wmg 5enrn,·-( 1 ) as a sign
of aaspicionsness t; oi"mm' ;;,~ra;nfli.:rl now begins tl:e inquiry
abr,ut Brahma; cf. the Bha,ya on tllis sutra. ( 2 ) marks the
begmningor commencomentof a work; 31~~ ~qlt ~~
now is begUDthe Ist Tantra.; ao ~ :Tfi{!~, &c; (8) 'then'
after that,' &c ; ~ Wif!l'l'mt~- &c. ( Rag, II. 1. ) .After that
i. e passing of the night ) the lord of the earto, &c. ( 4 ) a~.ks
l{lr,ffiJ;~T~~
a question :a:!!ll' i'~~r~: is ti!e veneuble
Kasyapa. e.llright that he may oblige the ;vorld? ,r.:r~IN ~
are yon able to eat? ( 5) '1.md,including';~: st'Q' ~~: Bhlma
and a.IsaArjuna; ( 6 ) ' if; ' SN ;,,l'(Ul'!';l~;i"l' ~T• !f dea.this
sure to be:fa.1!a creature, &c.

~~i:;ll!i\T¾ST~ :a:i~ I Amara.

t Properly speakl.ng this is no~ the sanss of :li!ll', T!.e mere
utteranceor '.Jeam1g of th;s word 1£considered as ausp,c1ous
a,; the wo:d is supposed tJ h3.ve emar.ated b1m the throat
o.f Bra!.ma
 536 SilSKRI'.C GRAMMAR, [ § 971-972

§ ~71. As SfQ' marks the beginning, so ifffi" marks the close

of a composition. This particle is used in the following senses;
( 1 ) to qnote the exact words spoken by some one, thus ta.king
the place of the quotation marks and being used generally after
the words quoted; fo' 'i{<.'f>Tl4:'liiii,msq1;;:q$T~irr~ri:r ~ ~-
~ .. ;~4q1~<®i1l•ldlt:£;1~ 4iii\/Jil:5€1¥i~lll~iflfr I O lord
a certam CkandaZagirl requests Your ll.laJesty(saying) ...... " I
who have come to ycur majesty's feet wish to enjoy the happi-
ness of the sight of Your Majesty;' i!11f111T: q: ifi~: m
~% the Brahma:i;iassw.d ,, we have accomplished our objects;"
( 2) ea.use( rendered in English because, since &c. ); e\'l~-
~ ~rfi:r I ask you because I am a foreigner; !l;UUfllfrir<f <I'
""'i .. ~ every thing is not good simply because it 1s old; ( 3)
purpose or motive; if1 "(~l>a.llicf~RI qr1~~• they two took
a limited number of servants with them that there should be no
disturbance, &c,; ( 4) so, thus; as follows; Ull'IT'!'\Tr-il' fflR:~.
( 5 ) in the capacity of, llS regards; fifirfitr~ ~: ~mfi\"
~:
as a. father he ougllt to be respected, as a teacher ought to be
censured; ( 6 ) to state an opinion; i{ffl':31"~~: this is the
opinion of Asmarathya. It is often used by commentators in
the sense of ' aocording to the mle'; irffl~ ~ &c. &c.

!NTEBJEOTIONS.

~ 972 The following st&nza from the BhaHi KAvya

illustrates the uses of some of these interjections:-

au: ri .rn ~ ~ t ma~erarf.r ~1

t:Trim:iliTffll :5'JIqt~'{;: II

* In Sanskrit there is no indirect construct10n, so that in

tr11I1Slatingindirect constrnct\ons the actu!l.l words of the
speaker followed by ifffi"
must be used.
 § 1-5] APPENDIX.
PROSODY. -is

§ 1. t Poetical composition in San!kfit may be in tbe

:form of 'iRr'prose, or '~• verse or metrical composition.
§ 2. Prosody treats of the laws of versification or metri-
cal composition. Sanskrit verse is regulated by quantity, not
by accent,
§ 3. A ~ or stanza consists of four lines each called a
pAda or quarter, A pa.da is regulated either by the number of
syllables ( ~) or by the number of syllabic instants (;:mn).
(a) A syllable is as much of a. word as can be uttered
.distinctly by one effort o:f the voice i. s. a, single vowel with
or without one or more consonants.
(b) A matd ( ffl:rf) is the measure of time required to
pronounce a short vowel.
§ 4. A syllable is llli 'light,' or~ •heavy' according as
its vowel is abort or long,
(a) The vowels :ar, ~. ~, ;;i;;- and ~ are short; and the
vowels <RT,f, -$', =[, tf, 'it,atr,and ~ are long. t When o.short
vowel is followed by an Anusvr4ra or Visarga or by a conjunct
consonant, it is converted into what is called 'a prosodially
long vowel;' as ifi"<l,~, &c,
§ 5, The last syllable of a. p!da is either heavy or light
according as the exigence of the matre requires it, whatever be

.,. The earliest writer on Prosody is Pingalacha.rya Bis word

is known as "The Plngalachhandas-sastra." It is written in
Sutras and is divided into eight books. The Agni Pura~a also
deals with the subject very fully. The present chapter, however,
is chiefly based on the Vrittaratnaka.r and Ohandomanja.rt
t $Tctmi "ii'~ :;;i-nl:~if otfq~ I Da.ndin Ka.v. Pr. I.
t ~l)q ~ m:rlff"ii' m¾. •
.2 [ § 5-7

its natural le11gth;11< r.,; in •.r::tr:~r S:lf]'ij .zr ~lTT'?a', &c.

( Vik. l. ); i.'ff'-f'":wr.ITB''TT'it~ ( Rag. II 2. )
§ 6. Iu tbe case of me:,ei 7e,,msr,,n l.y syllables each line
is <li~ide1hi'"o ,;rc,up:; o:fthree irydg,b1es
each, c3.ll~d Aanas or
syl~abic:fee:, na:c:.eaas ~, ~, ~, :;;r,~. t~ :r.:r,
and Ft The :rmmee,

-
and the Schemes of these ar8 ;;;,,tn in the fo:lowmg stanza.
~-~'5",,'it:~~
,,.,.. .....
e\":o'f"'.i
,,,...
;,.:Hq~
- ~
1,l;;r,i'.l!'lf~tl': l
~r~'b~~r~~':-7: ~s~rr,;,::~V'nloe-da~~(i:
II

i e. ;i- has al: its long; <I'has r,ll its syllabl~s short; 1!f
has its first eyaa,ile lm;:;, .:.-he its first syl:able short; :;i- has
ite middle sylbble long;;- ha.sits m:aa.ia!ylfable short; ,e- baa
its last sy lhbh 1ozg and ff has its fast sy:hble short. t
The sym'bol ~ stan:is fo: a short o, light syllable; the sym-
bol-danotes a long vowel er a heavy syllable. Symboll.tcally
.repesent€..'i these Gai;ias will stand as under:-
;;- --
~.___.,__ a---~
Shr.il:u ly 1.he'.e,ter ~ is us,d to denote a short syllable and
lTa Ieng one at tl:0 close o., a h~e.
§ 'i. In the case of metres regulated by syllabic imtan,s
each iins is dind;,d inco gr0ups d four matrils called the Matrll.
Ge1_;la,;c;::el,T:;TT or in;tar:i; ls allothl to a short vowel and two
to a long vne. The :l::atra gur;msiire five in number. These
miy be !y-mbo;fo"11y rep,esentei thus:--

~ Vide ·l"rit•l-11,ratn&.ka:a
L 9.
l!fn?:'8"1.fi'iri[li~
cTWi~ii'm's;; ;;r n Chhndomimjari.
f T;le ,ene b e:1alerto rememberthan c.negiven
above; a,r~l-lWf'fffi~'I ~m i'.l'iM'i ITT'ii"l'r,:
1+i'~~r ifi'{'!!fl:l'l'Rf
~ij;'!l.M!'i.lS!ilil;II
 ~ 8-13 J PROSODY. s
§ 8. A padya er stanza ::r.ay be either a~ or a '"1nei,
(a) A V ritta 1s a stm1z!l.the metre of which is regulated by
the number aod positior:. c: syllables rn each pada or quarter,
( E) .A.Jati 1s a stanz, the met.re of which is regulated by
the number o:f syllabic ins~eJ1ts in each Pzda er quarter.
§ 9. ~' A Vritta again is o:I:Hree kinds; ( 1) trl'l'i'<i or that
in wl.nch all the quarters ;:re similar; ( 2 ) a;·~~'n" or that in
which the alternate quarters a,,; sicl!ikr; G:id ( 3) ~ or that
in which the qnsrters are all dlasimilar.
§ 10. There are 26 classes of Samrrvnttas or regular metres
generally accepted. Thil classific:itfo" r$sts on the nu::1be:r of
sylla.blesin each quarter which my vary from one to twenty-
six. Each of these clesses comprises a variety of metres all
d1fferrng from on.<1another accordi:cg to tho e;nnbination of the
various ganas.
§ 11. Yati ( ~ffi) is the Sanskrit name :for the c::esura or
pause which may bs made in recitiog a quruter or verse.
§ 12. Only the metres in common us0 with theiz schemes
in Gai;ias will be g1ven here; all ummportant metres, as well as
Veofoand Pr!knta mttres will be ignored.

SJlCTIO:K I.
SAMAVRITTAS.
Metres with 8 Syllatles to a Pa(1a,
( 1 ) Sf~~.,., or ~leli.
§ 13. This is the commonest of ~1:Sans'nit metres; it forms
the chief metre of the gm,t epics and mnny of the Pndi;ias,

;i "1'>-l'J:r'1'{n:f m:11'""""'=:==•·
ll'ff f..'qi:f'=l' n!l:iTV.:~ l! 3l"if.:>1i:ff
Ul'~i~f: ! d'B~:~T<!lin~[; '3'~ !l ,,..,,,,.,fii:·sr"'·"'ilr
qa1tl"SJa"tmf
+rla:1 irfr~~~~ n ;;r~ ~T~ ..
?:~·~~~ij~"it
~sR ~?;;f ~ ,:mq-:i.:~
l ~'{i"~ffri;;:.:T'B'•q=•:~;,"' 7 "~'' 1' il
 ( § 13

There are many Varieties of this metre; but that in common

l!l.sehas eight syilables in a Pada the fifth being short ( though
occasional variation from these rules occur rn the :M:ahabha.:rata
anil the Ilamayana ):--

Ex .•-Vids 1st Canto of Rag.

( 2 ) •T'S'f-1@
( 4. 4. )
Def. ;:;~r ~,rra.I
Sch of G. ;;, .,-, <1J',.r• .....,.....,'-' I - ._..,
'-' I .....,
-
Ex, ffl"~fflf.:~'ff~!' ff~ t"t: l
~~~~cru
( 3 ) !fmTVJJ<iil
( 4. 4. )
Def, l:f~f ~T I
:;;-~

Seh. of G. ;;;, ~, <1)',;r, ._..,- I - .___,

.___, - I _..,
-
Ex. ~ ~~ ~'{l'o!Imfi~: I
~~ 11
we.~snmuieirr
( 4) mure(qi ( 4. 4. )
Def. ~Tf~FIT .:r1111~ I

£eh o:f G. :or,a-,1.ll','lf. - ._, .._, I - - .....,

l ....,
-
Ex.~ "if<tMffi~: $~ I
~ITT:~
1.-i:wf'l'roi' ;:r,:qgi{l=I~ II

( 5 ) ~~~l~T ( 4. 4. )
Def. ;it ;fr m:rfr~ I
Sch. o:f G. ;;-, ;r, ~, of._....:_ I - __ I __
Ex, ;;rmr.m-1
~mtll'T ~arr~mq: 1
•rr+rm-~~:
~;m-r:mt nT'ilh@Ji ~: 11
§ 18 J PROSODY.

( 6) ~irtFfefiT
( 4. 4. )
De£.• ~ ~ ~f.r<f.r ij I
Sch. of G.,, ;;r, ii-, liJ',- '-" - I ....,,.
- .._,I - '-'
Ex. ~ ~~ltcl ~ I
t:fr:~!~ WI ifil~ l=f~~ II

Metres with 9 Syllables in a quarter.

(~)
(1) ~~( 7.2.)
Def, ~~iffi il1-i:r: II
Sch. o1 G. ii', if, i:r• .._,...,.......,,__, .._,.._ I - --1
Ex. ~~ey\OJr ~(t§Jiam <llS!:lli\1
~~ iflir:;i.r.r~ ~u
( 2 ) ij~~ ( 3. 6. )
Def.~r1
Sch. of G. '6', G'f, , . ......,.....,- I .._,
_...,..,_ '-' -
Ex. ~ rj(f.',Rii't~ ~qn 1
,,...==,.,.,,,,,, . ,... ~
~ •=M:i"'IF(i:6~4i!5:
~'<.'l QI ~J~:I
( 3 ) iifur~ ( 5. 4. )
Def, ~q-r,,;r{irr;,\,r
~;rffl: 11
Sch. of G. ll, .,, '(f. - ....., .._, l - - - I .._,....,
-
Ex. ~mwi~~a:~'i!T I
r~m ~ ;:r,m
~G1a=u

Metres with 10 Syllables in a quarter,

( q~:)
( 1 ) fcTRoil'@:
{ 5, 5, )
Def. ~lslf ~:
 SANSKRIT GRAM:IIA.l!., [ p3
Sc;i, o:fG. .r.;;:f; ;;, ir •
.._,._,..._...,._.._.._,,f.._,.._,,..._,,1-
~~!
Ex. i=!Ra-lm~@~'iligar I
~~T ~~ 1mU;reT~<'!! I
(2) iR(f ( 4. 6. )
Def tllT WITTii'~~ I
Sch. of G. ir, ir, :e-,
ir.

( 3 ) ~cfr ( 5. 5. )
( Also called ~gr ]
Def ~fr :a-rQ lf~: 1
Sch. of G. ir, ir. 'Er, :q.
_...,....,1---1...,'-'-I-
~ ~6[ .:ii%.I
4R§4.~~
Ex. cf.14+liflillef~:
~~~Rf~~:la'§~ll

Metras wlth 11 Syllablesin a quarter.

(~J
( 1 )~( 5. 6.)
Def. ~~ l:f~ fil ;;,irr;r: I
Sch. of G. a-,a-,;;;,;r, ;i-.
__ .....,1----1 ,_,_ ___, I--
Ex. ~ f.'r~iil~!Jf W<lll:.i~~~ I
-rl;rf~ ~ 'ii" ~ 'ililiiii ;i't~eyg'il'ifi4T~: ll
 § 13] PROSODY, 7

(2) acr~:m
<5. 6. )
Def, ~Q"i':{,ra'f:;;~nffT ifTI
Sch of G. :s;, a-,:;r, tr, ;r .
.__,_.._,,__ .._,i......,,_,_,,,
__
~~ lliffl I
Ex. ilri'il"il%11ie;wfo1½at1':rr~~r
~ ~Pi~;fi",f ~ iiMRUn~~ II

(3)~.
Def. aTi'fi'l'R'.TaJl~'iPTT:s:rrG"T;fr
~ 1HIT"l~: I
~ ~!fT~!!!T'i{ ~:f ~fa -iillil~<i~ iil+r II
Sch. of G.-A mi:i::tursof ~;r,;rr end w~gives rise to
the metre called ~q-:;rrra-.It is said to have fourteen di.ft'erent
varieties. ~'or examples see Rag. II. &c. Knm. III Kir, XVII.
Bhatti. II. &c.
When other two metres are mixed in one stanza, tb.emixture
is still called Up:i.Ja.H,.as in the fol:owmg verse from the
S1sapa.lavadha which is ~ oomb;nation of ~,~f.rwand ~~-
~ \'4i~lfH41P..•11
5fil.rir iC(TU'llit"<l"
~: I
~~aa.i+rc!~~(31J!G3~~~ II

(4)~~~(6. 5)
Def. ;{'Ni.iiOl.,,-J (a ~mir 1
Sch. of G. 'lf, lT,lf, if, :ir. - ....,."-' i - '-' '-' I - '-"....,I - -
Ex. ~tf <:I<t!lif~~ :err~
Wl1fi • 61
i:ji'l2io~ ~~~~a <11-tl{_
lffer~1+fif,16 II

( 5 ) ~+l(R!~~~ ( 5. 6. )
De.f.~ .zttr 'If. ~l,&iH~<.i6R\nl\I
Sch. of G. ;r, ~,.;,a-, ir. ---1-....., ---1---'-".....,
I'-'-
Ex. ~~ i:n-i:
~~ ;::r1~ ~ ~~ &:il:I
~ <lit~w~i~ ml'lf
~ llfi!;lffi'l U
 8 SANSKRIT GEAM~rAR, [ § 13

( 6 ) ~~~i:l"T ( 3. 8 or 4. 7)
De:t •WiiltlA\1 'l!'l'/!~ ~ i
Sch. of G. .:, ei, "!',©°,if. - '-' - l '-' '--''-'
I - '--'- I '-' -
i>'"fil!!!Pl<m".maT
Ex. m~ '-..l'<li¾&is.-i!BR!T 1
~ l:IT~~fu~a:.11
<:1a~~m m ;;rrin:r
<1 ) ~-n <4. 1. )
nm
De£. lillli.'3'9,!,mil'ffi' ~<Tffi: I
Sch. of G. +r,'it, K, if, ii• - - - I - - '--'l - - '--'I --
Ex. aN'fWff~ ~ mf ~ ~ ::al'~ I
:im ~rraoft
al¾ ~· 'l't<ti:fNr~.rr,:rr r~~l1!'<ifffi":
11
( 8) ~( 3. 8)
Def. ~ ~~ "i:i"I

Ex. <re:f'i@IB~
~
~,fr
Sch. of G, ,, .:r,':11,<T,,r. - '-' - l '-' '--''--'I - '-' ._,I - -
~',fi'jj1!<'Jlt!la;~: I
'f<l.:i.R~+ll~: ~l~ldlis(i!i(: !C_!W'"l:
II

Metres with 12 Syllables in a quarter.

~
( 1) ~~~ also called ~~ and ei~~ { 5. 7.}
Def. 'ffl~il' ~fort :;:rar;;;~I
Seh. of G. (;I', a-,:;r, , • .....,- ~ I - - ......,
I ~ - ....,I - ._,,-
Ex. ~~~ ~f.\~: >li ;;r:~u-mrlt-(;:i:.l
~+!!Cl w'f:<111'@1;;:ij "1'W~ .;r &:R:~~ ;,: II
c2)~w
~ ~it I i. e. the same as the Vamsastha-
Dei ail.-i:.<i~T
vila except that its first syllable is long.
&h. of G. o, ,,-,;;;,,. - - .._,I - - .....,
I .....,
- .....,
I - .._.,
-
Ex, (14-ll.i.1~1f~~{!Nm: qfffi~Sffl :omcrt ~SCJ[[: l
~-&ll-l"'2!: :ire+IT~ ~'!<f
ij fflllH~ l,~l~IS[: u
 §13] PBcsomr. C

.::ir::'i"'=""'
( 4. 8. )
De!. ~~«:r \,-'f;re·: !
&h. of G. ,, .:r,+!', 'El', - .....,- I ~ ....,,
'--'l - ......,
_.,,,I "-"'-"'-
ft!i~ ~@~1: v~ ~~
Ex. 'if<if"lcil:
t • ...... r-.
f <:_,...,_ ff'.

~ ~ ~tl' :'§'-121(;:;:1;;i m,..::'.'\"l a

@:f-i>T
( 4) ~viii:F5! ( 4. 8 )
Def • .fr '.!Ri:r)~"'-~''i{l:l'l~lc.o~: !
Sch. of G.;:;-, 'If, 'l:f,;r.--- l-'--' v i '-' ....,._,__ _
Ex, <l'T~;:rt crn~ ;;rw~;:mlll <!o1.f!
<!i~R~J"<:1l:11;JT 1
~~~~ ~~1'3T ~l{rjij{..,~ffaTcF.II
>lo!JF!i!U
( 5 ) ~,tiJl~d•1ki:{ 6. 6,)
Def. ~ :;=r~f~'fl'm''a': I
&h. of G. :.r,~, ;;:r,'sf. '--' - '--' I '--'"""- ! ......,
_ '-"I '--'.,_,
-
Ex. ~ f<l~lcf!rlcI~ 'iii~~~~@: I
~~ l~~ ~'3! ~~ ~~ ~: ~ ~ ll
( 6 ) ~~ ( 5. 7. )
Def.~~~;;;:rm.:r:l
&h. of G. .:f, ;;, .=r,<f• ......,.....,'--' I .....,,
.__,
'-' I ....,.
_'"" I .....,
- -
Ex. ~~~~~t ~~lf,lT~~q@l'.i_ l
(!~jl'.j{tf ~ ~rci<!iil'iu -'!>!~ ll
( 7) cne!fi~( 4. 4. )
Def. sl'<tmvi;;rf~·,n:r<rn"'9;~
I

Seb. of G • .r, '<l',~, ~- -........., - I ._,._,- l "'.._,- i ....,.....,.

_
Ex. <l!fl!d2J.l~cii\i~<r-@Wnf"'f~~~~ I
ef~!Se:~W{ii° :iif;;::
~ffi ;;i;;,i ~ "''wJ:I.
ll
H,S.G. 35
 lO SANsK!UT GJWIWAB. [ § l.3

( 8 ) i~~ ( 4. 8. or 4, 4. 4. )
....."
Def• !ill•fo3IR!!'l+rrg" "' ~r"' I
il'llf
Sch. of G. ;:r,'l.1',-r,, . ....,..__,
.___,, _.._,.._,J-._, -1- ....,_
Ex:.a<1u1s119f~
~1111~ ~ ~~m:_ 1
\~~~~ ~~i ~ ~ •itII
(9) ij~ or SI~ ( 7. 5. )
Def. ...m'iiracll ~ ~f I
Sch. of G. -1',-i,t, , . .._,,_.._, l .._,,...,.._..,,.1-....,,-1---
Ex. <U~<it ilm~il'Qf ~ <lBl'~it-fr I
~'ii!~f~k!µ.f!"™~il+tr~ ~ ;i;:rt:f@liiR: u
( 10 ) 1:1'(;@1~( 5. 7. )
~~: <fi'"«IT
Def, !i'Tlffitl!ffi I
Sch o:fG.~, :;;, 6, ":f.,_,.....,_,....,_....,,...,..._,_
(.._,,..._,,._
Ex. ~aBr ~<!i{~ll@r
~~m~Rar ,
Slli!CITPJ'U
~~10Jfci;l~~R itii: II
( 11 ) 1~~ ( 6. 6. )
Def. -gs{f'll<rn{ ~!liTt l
Sch. of G. q-,<i",q-,q-, ----J---1---- 1---
Ex. '6<;.l(k'IGl~!I~ ~ ~ ~ re~: I
:st"tcr.i
il<il~: <6TI~ ~ ~ ~6 [6 ~ ll
( 12 ) ;f£0l+1Ri5l
( 6. 6. )
Del. fll't"
<ll);rfur;mrr13'iW!&<lWi•
I
Sch. of G. ii', er, a-,q-. --.,.,.1-----1---1....,- -
*IJ!f
Ex. ~~qri ~~ ijlml@f;i;l!T +ll'ui.n~
I
;11~~~ ~ Fro~oil;ef~;d{
{l;;f(<t(\!(JUlltll(('{i It
 § 13] PBosony 11

( 13 ) ~ ( aiso called~r 5. 7 )
Def.irrra~~G'ftrl
Sch. of G• .r, ;;;,;;;,,. '-' '-' '-' I '"'- '-' I '-' - '-' I - ....,
-
E:x:.~~~~:1
fi+l'edl~id'<Miet'i;{~q ~ ~ ~: II

( 14)~ (5. 7.)

Def.~~r ;nrrq-"j-1
Sch. of G. ir. ;r. q-, q-.---1---1-..,--f '-'--
Ex, ~ ~ fw<il+1<1u11+1~~
~~ ~ I
~~ 'lW!iif
°a~: ~ ~ II
( 15 )~ ( 6. 6)
Def. !St~~ ffiilpf ~ I
I - ._,- I - ...,- I - '-' -
Sch. of G. ,, ,, ,, ,. - '-' -
~ jiji'ifdf~kl$Htl(e!I~
Ex. ~,i{<i1<6Jq~q rrnm!I
-l&!'!"t-4§~: ~ ffiJd~ ~~ <.i!"P'crlrr
II

Metres with 13 Syllablesin a.qua.rter.

( a\@iSMffi
)
( 1 ) ~ alsocalled~ and ~ ( 7. 6 )
Dei. ~r: ~"ol' ~: ~1
Sch. of G, ;r, Gr, w,;r, q.
Ex, ~~ ~ ~jij.iiifi~,id'6i~: I
Sllll(~ d<I~:
<11M©Ri6ew1~: u
 SANSKRIT G:a.A.lI~. [ § 18

( 2 ) cfi+l1'
( also called and ~r,rre;;fr
'iS!fffqif 7. 6. )
Def. ij~@'m n~) ,r; ~>IT,
Sch. ol: G.;;,;;, ff, <i, '!'f.

Ex. ~ ~~: f.bf;;;<\_-,.1.rr~:

~6~{ 'fll~ l
~'i~f,r,;t ~~1¥! [Gq{i:icfq,l '-l"J<l'ilij:
CR!l:_
II

( 3 ) ~1-uft( 3. 10 )
Def. ~TT~'i:•lT ~N~ I
Sob, of G. ;::r,;;, :;:r,;:-,-r.
Ex. a'f<a~:§f~~q,;;r~ l::l;;{f:;i~TJ'l~<l~<11~ I
3l'~lfi(~~iil~ -il~l~~~i:i~~~~ II
(4) ~.:Irrl:f'Jft
( 5. 7 )
{ also called ~)f.llm and wi'l$i1)
Def, 1:1~ ,;i.r) ,;i- <l"~ ~ll'TMIITT
I

:a-,:;:r,if.
Sch. of G. 'If, :;;,
Ex. Sj",;rei~/k!"'"'<ll"f ~ 1
~1"'4~<:1tlt,iR!{Wllar?i~r~
f.i<.Ri
~rRi~na ;;miff ~>l"'ia
o--=INcr
.:r~rr~UJr
u,
< 5. >~~r <4. 9 )
De:£.l~~<i'-'flif ~~: 1

Sch. o:i:G. ;r, ff, .r, :a-,.r.

Ex. mar'a@Sfi'i~ ~~~rr~~~a-ij~ si+rci: ~: 1
~~ <!lq<f
<3:'fi:4
ID~ afqJ-~:$1' ~mi~~sfq tt

(6)~~r{4.9)
( also called ~e@t )
Def. ~ ~ firm 'lif.';.u~!J'}: 1
§ 13 J PROSODY. 13

Sch. of G. :a;,'ii', :ir, ;;;, it.

Metres with 14 Syllables in a quarter.

( fflf)
( 1) attrol~ ( 7. 7.)
Def, ~~ ~ffifl' I
Sch. of G. if, if, ~, :a-,e-,it-
Ex. ~~S@lq~rw <l~-ii"1'<l'i_:~~ I
~'!fi'i ~ +:ill«1R9.j;{,i
\1"G!<lla-
;;riffif ~: ll
( 2 ) an:rorr,;rr
( 5. 9. )
Def. l=!fPl,l ifJq!ffqgmfa-t~'<TI' I
Sch. of G. i:r, a-,if, '«",it, ~
~1~ ~~1::srmr
Ex. 'f!l!l~Iil.J::;qo;fu ~~1<!+fflill'<rr
1
~ ~~,r: ~ \1"ei;m'R:u
mlfJferri;rt
( 3 ) !l~~!fil ( 7. 7. )
Def. ;r;,r~fi'mf srw~v(lf;f~liT
1
Sch. of G if, if, ir, if, ES,it.
Ex.~ ~iw1~\01'iiie'!it ~~ olt ~ am,
T~ ff~ a€r~<1:JUl~('JlllM«tll ll
( 4 ) 'Jt4l{iliU ( 4. 10. )
( alsocalled~ or ~-)
Def. ;i'\;lfm;rf i11TITT'imrr
i:~ ~') ~I
Sch. of G. i:r, 11',if, If, it, IT,
14 [ § lill

Ex. <ftm"'W~ @:{~1R!{~~::i~~~ ~: I

s,-!jiil;iii'(i"<l,~~'<.k1w~~! .i~sr..r~:~R'l!~i n
( 5 ) ei4ia~ifil ( 8. 6. )
Def. ~ ( a-mr) •H1.:tl@~!i5( <m') nlmf ~ITT~:
I
Sch. of G. er,i;;, :;:r,~ ;;, if.
Ex. ~ iJt:1-<:1fuei
1~ ~ <'II~ fil'fl:i,ici
'I>~~!@ 1
eiw:l'-i
~df "f@l&R:~ !'.l~i~~ &e1f· ~: H
( 6 ) ~ ( 4. 6. 4. )
D.if. mm;;) isi iff m~ m"<{1TT ~~ J
Sch. of G. :R', n, ;:;,:.r,-r,-..
Ex • "'"
~il'W!~<iii(lC,:
=~ ' ;;,_~
' ~
,;.[sall;;ji;_(•f;(1!f<'l<1~iffi i
~)<?! 4,B'!we~wi~: ~mum
~fu fflit ~!<ll'l n

Metres with fifteen syllables in a quarter.

amroaift
<q"ei,ro{~ ~~ >
{ l ) t'llJI~ ( 4. 4. 4. 3. or 7. 8. )
Det ~ m:uf'~ ¼ilfj,oifH( 1
Seh. of G . .;, :r;r,~, ::i'f,,.

Ex. oijl~ m:ri~~~ ~~~~ 1

~H~ ~ l:rfl,Tcil'll'
~ m'~ ~Rf ~ \'ij<jT fir.rr
~ II

(2)~(8.7)
Def. ililfi<li.l~d<fd'~ <m'ii®1'1i:
I
Sch. of G.;;, ;i-, ;r; i:r, <l°•
Ex. ';l}!4@'il'ill q@'ii~ :qf-.l,J~1~, ~~ I
~~ $ltl,(ii-.lOl'!!-W
-~~ ~[ ~ ~ 11
 § 13) PBOSODY. 15

( 3 ) ~ll?R~(i3:1
Def. ~') f.lq..qn,M~f ~~: t
Scb.of G. ;r, ;r, ii, ir, ir.

Ex. ~ -TI!~~=
~i'.eJf!JTfq~
-~gm:{: ~ ~-. I
~ ,.. ........ -4."' ... - ~ ....
+f""".I !@1(141::a
~~f~l<ilf
~~= ~= ~rfu: u
( 4 ) ~fflili3T ( 7. 8 )
Def.~~fl
Sch. ot G. ;:r,if, if, .r, ~.
Ex. ~~ia<?Mtlj~d~l~l'I>~ l
i151?:J.illd~~aq;.1,1c1,1a1
~~~l~ ~ ~(~~ U
The same is called Wli:_when the cresura is at 6th and 15th
when it is at the 8th and 15th ayl-
syllables, and mir!f!ITlffllfS'{
lablee, as in
i!Wf~'ill( ft~<ll ;il~d(ci4•ld41(lRill I
m ~ 1~~ ~?a lj(¾G<ii~~ II
r.i1~ii!!;Wll~~e&:-at1ile1eRr:
-l(ifiR!J<cfg 1
~~l~R!cl: eroumR<I~~: II

:Metres with sixteen ayllables in a quarter.

stW( tile'l(ileyO ~: )
(1) ~ ( 8. 8. or 4. 4. 4. 4. )
Def. Rt:nj;t1q'\fot
~~ (t I

Two Padaa of Samanikamake one Pada of Ohitra.

Sch. of G. 'i:',:;r, 'i:',:.r,'i:',lf.
lS [§ IS

Ex. ~~qu~~~tgiffif~ I
«rt~ qfij~ ao~"ll"~<l <F~Rr-riii~tj!;+Rlt'itm~ n
( 8. 8 or 4. 4. 4. 4 )
( 2 ) ir;;r-;;rrSR:4(
Def tf~;p~q- if~ q,;;r'qii:m{ I
Sch. of G. :;r, ,, ::;:r,,, :.r,-r.
Fx:. !!7~oo;iosrcr
f.l"Rlsm.r~f.{ff
<'>~ffi~{q~ '3"e'i~ 1
~ilr~ffl~'ii'im:i>~<;fi~ ~ ~ ~ ll

( 3) q1iur.ft.
Def. ;:ra.r;,n:~r'lt5f@' efr;mfrif~: I
Sch. of G. -r, :;;,or,:s:r,
,, T'('.
Ex. ~g ~~ ;m q11'ot-11@~
<:Iii"RIJ!~qf'6o: ~I

~~~~
~ ~,: mfffi: ~i!ITTI'
~ II

Xetres with 17 Syllables in a quarter.

( amn%)
(1 )~(8.9)
Def. ~ ;r,r;it ;ra) 'ltir~ ~~1
:.r,e-,if,
Seh. of G. -r,'ii'f,or,:s:r,
Ex. '!i;i<1Pia1<1€~d<'>klilill~
if~ 5l"~cflisoo~.i:i:_ I

~wr ~~ ~"wlw
~<i~aa.t~ ~= n
 PROSODY 11

( 2)1i~ ( 8. 9.)
Def.~~~llll"~Q."!fr~: I
Se. of G. :.f, ;i;r, :;;, ;a-,:q-,a-,ff,
Ex. ~iJlR~:~:iq~
~ Tfflre,.rriii'~~~: I
:e-~ :;mai
-rfa~1am~m
~ ~: ~RH:l-!(•l-<11~\1.i~:II
( .2) ~ffi ( 4. 6. 7. )
Def. ~~T 'lr.iT at~~ I
Seh, of. G. i:r, ~, if, o, o, ;r, ;r.
Ex. •q: fsRr1~Q(Ql:
~TJUTcrrf~-
~.:crr Q<J;~~ ~;rm il@T I
~ m~~ •JI~: <i!<fil<lf
~:qimi~'*
~~r ;,: H
( 4 ) ct~efa'cffl;
( 10. 7. )
De.f,~ ◄ ~(qi(qicld lRi('~: I
Sch.of G. ll', {, ;r, ll', ;;, ti, ;r.
Ex. @:SIRI ~~ ~i: <ii'41ffer ~f.r
~0144~q~q ~ G!~ I
<Ril~ ~~ fcifolm:
<Eifclsi:!Tu!.!i
~ +f<IRI
~: lf!l<s~: u
<5 ) ~RUTT
( 6. 11. )
Def. ~<if <m~r ;r: reffl(lll( I
Sch. of G. <I',ir, if, ~, li, ti, ;r.
Ex. ~~~-m~Ruir~~-
~;;r: ~: ~ lil<Ti:!t!if~~~: I
 18 8.A.NSUIT QBA.m[All. [§ l&

~(I Sj('<li041tll'¾dl<l"'Jtli~l4-51Md
~~~~~:n
( 6 ) ~ ( 6. 4. 7 }
De.f ....... '~"a"-
,..,
......,,.... iii-§4&61(11\HraTI
i'l(il,l('('ltaPl,
Sch. of G • .r;~. ;r, ,, \1, w,ir.
XX. ~ ,;i ~ ~ ~ ~fl'I!I~
~ '0,U(~trillw.:J<i~ I
~~~
~&3' ~t,l(qci(-q<ili_ll
oi.j(<f,(i\JM,

::Y:etres
with 18 syllsblesin a quarter

( ~:)
c1 ) m~ <4. 1. 1. >
Def. it~ldilifll i'l%iH.1.!!di'!irratrr
~ ll
Sch. of G. ir, lf, ;r, If, If, <I'.
Ex.~ISW'*-!.
~ ,:JR~ ~'f-
:lFlRI
~ ~ <f<ffil m ~~ 1
~~a~
5ffarj('<lf~'lf!llll
(2)~(11.7.)
JJef.~1~ ~: l~Qga,frq_i'l'(l
&eh.of G. ;r, Gr,":IT,
~, ,, ,.
:0:, ®'iil~old(~"f<l'l:
~1$1l~WJd
4@'~1<(4i;<il(-51:~ I
¼J((<~'¾fed<licil'6cli46~1-t<i
~@de;t~ ~ ~ ~ ~iflI II
 § 13 J PBosoDY, 19-

( 3 ) il'RF:T;i:( 8. 5. 5 )
n
IS'ef. ij,j,(;;,jij•ii/ifl,'I!
1;11'11(i;;,j'11;;,jltid'
Sch. of G. ;f, ;r, <,,, ,, ,.
Ex. R,li!i(d.f!IIM~<llT-f.i:qJq t-<ni'M'
¥11 \Telf~ I
~i:jUlf.t.Mt,~;roleytlT
~ f.h'ifiu'ij
<i:,jijl(l'<l&ilS(J@~if
oo~~~n
Metres with 19 Syllables in a quarter.

~-
( 1) ;rvQ~fl!dT
{ 6. 6, 7 ).
Def, ~;:ii ~) ~~ fflct. I
Sch. of G. q-, '1', ;r, ~, ,, ,, if,
Ex.~~~:~: i\il;;;W:
lcliii~I: ~ ~ fu~~~~: I
~
f.il!ll~c41~@<.'5Nd<"Stl~&itll~~
Jw;f:~,U~ ~ ~~tl
( 2 ) tt11,i0fel~Ra4(
( 12.7 ).
Def ~ '1': ~ ~: ~~lfu~I
Sch. of G• ...-,~, :;r, ier, a-,a-,if.
Ex_, iflFr~QUl;{\'dl-!lf(ij~ ~ ~~
~ l-fi[:
qJll!f ~ git ~ ~ I
{tci~~,at% ijlf mi~~
":,,:,. . " ~ ,... ~ ....
Cl>1<,.1~ ic1 4ti:il-l&l~ll:_e1i:jl!;[lisc!li,
II
{3)~(7. 6. 6).
Def, if~ 3U;:ft~ i<lSltij(~•.rffil ~I
 20 [ § 13

Sch. of G. ;,r, ,, ll,.:r,;;, ;;r.

;i-,

Ex.~zrr;~ ef.tfi-i '1 :;;r~ ~ ~qj~ffi'

l-l&!li~i:i!a'l'asifi 'ti~'Sl ~12l~i:1re~
<1<:!<l' I
':f18"!$11 Tey'i~'if 'cl~ <pm+f:1Rl
'-l11clwf!: ~l
'ilf~iml 'q~~ <i ~ ~{ l[l:@~: [i

Metres with 20 Syllables in a quarter.

(~:)
( 1) .YI.?'fefiT
( 5. 7. 8).
Def. ~~ .ru
~ l:f1.TT q;T~ITT ~ lffi~o{;T
n1TT I
Sch. of G. :;,, ::n,:;;,.;, .:, l!', ~, ii,
Ex, 9:.{111.,.ie\'i!et-t~,iJ.,i:r-i'mlT
{liUii'i¾!!J,l~<il~~iji'f ~ l
~~~~ <:!<I uf.Toi
~~~<ii~ '!lfi!;\)~rm:<1ri~;r;r ll
( 2) ~ ( 7. 7. 6 ).
Def. ~ .r~ffl~i i;Pi) ~: !i'f~
Sc!:. of G. :i:r,'{, .r, "I',,.,,r, ~, .r.
Ex. ~~1il_«l~<-110i
~iRffl<!T:;{fij~

f-IT"«li~ f.,~ -R~ ~~~ I

~~reyr <TT~1m
<{fflij lf-Ii:f<!f
'!ir.!l@~'film ~ <t{'!il@ U'iff i:r+r~ II

Metres with 21 Syllables in a quarter.

( !ffi11't)
( 1 ) ~ ( also calledq~~, ~llfr: )
Def. ,r.;~ ~ -rr~a-~:ir~r ~1:11
,i;.:fr"cll:
1
§ 13) PROSODY, 2!

Sch. of G. if,~, if, ;;r, ;;r, ::;;,'{,

Ex. Pi~<<iiw14~<1~a~g ~'~
~<!<f,11¥¥!1~ fcr~-tiil<llw"l'lll®<il~ I
~~ifil~!;! ~
64<"'44.~ >1'"1<i•!ici<l<il~ fu!.!+1_
ll
( 2 ) ~ ( 7. 7. 7. )
Def. if~iff sr"itw
Quf;iq@i!!nl W\TU<€1fa~ t
Sch. of G. i:r, '{, if, if,~,~,lf.
~
Ex. 61lm~l<Rl+nitici<li<h"ie:eeft(!<um:
•i~qail~l~~·~~'qjqlfiUI~ I
Jiijo<j jij'tjiq~~%o~fuc;fu~
~ G[l[@"
W'wilw:f cl: Wcffi ~Rf ll

Metres with 22 syllables in a quarter.

(~)
( 1) ifr1U,
Def. ~ili~~aqg4.1'(d'(f i'I'~ I
Sch. of G. if, ;r, if, ir, ir, ir, ir, 'IT.
Ex. ~fc!<Mci(<\iij,t:i~~~-
~~ l
~~1a.f.r i:!i!m!1ilci+rrre
~ll~W@i!<iifwM~4'1-iii4'1-il.:ilW
({ ~ ijJffi<if{cl<1<ll!i<1<i!~l'f14il+!I
ll
( 2 ) ~ ( 8. 14 ).
Def. it!'mlfllllr,fflf ill' ill' ~ffi'{@ ~ WTt
Sch. of G. i:r, i:r, "°';:r,if, ;a-,if, 'IT.
Fx. ~ <61"<1~<1i1~ctsm
ffl<F,~ ~ fq,jrcfr
ifi!'l$!~~6>11:i~'='a~~ ~ I
.22 [ § 13

;i;n\r~ ~Rw.l"
'1''ii'!'./n•-Nl(q(«it!(F!
~a ~ ~ i6t'.:roliraf~ 1~~RI
~ 11

:Metres with 23 syllables in a quarter.

" "' "\
( t~:;.
( 1 ) 311~ ( also called~~~ ).
De:!.;;m,~ ~ ~fi;i; il'l'~W~
'T-i"t, I
:rr,.:r,:;;, +r, ::n,.r, \3, .r.
Sch. of G. ;;,
Ex. ~~~\ilr-RfiFT~m:r~.rr
;;i-~•;fJt~ffifu;,;lJ'-[~lei: II
ii](ii <lkl~ltll-11.-ll•llil-ll
..... ' ,.. t r,,.
r& li[
~i'l!t;_crli.!dR"9\1{'4'CT'<ll.:c'RfS'icllilJ
~sf~ eli~~~i!fu ai:i~iwl<!r u

Metres with 24, 25, 26 syllables in a pada are omitted as

they are very rare.
~~"ii.
Metres with 27 syllables or more in each pada are designated
the general name Danil.aka. Many vaneties o:f this are
mentioned ( as the number o:! syllables in each paila may
sometimes reach 999 ), such as '-i:leire!lf<fln,
~' il:'<'I"~~-
~, f«tfihwa,~~, :a,;f<r~ffl, ~ &c; ll!e.l.Mad. Y.
23 ie an inat.ance of the species last named, having 54 letters
to a pada.
SE0'.1.'IONII.

al'-~i[~.
or
:Metres with their alternate quarten s1milar.
(1 ):s~.
Def. ~ ~ lfl"~iff ~ 'l'ff~ ~q;'lij}{~ I
:§18 J PROSODY. 23

Sch. of G. '6', '6', '6', ~, ij ( odd quarter).

~, ll, ~, :it, q ( even quarter ).

Ex.~~ ~il•TI~J<li~ill~I
'll<Til ~ ~.fR"cR.~~
'iffi5Trli~ II

( .2) a:{q~.

( sometimescalled ijdl(.i:11«1~-)
Def. it$!iil.;.mIT ~: ~ di;Q(ll<f:ilii{~ li\ffi'=.t'U
I
Sch. of G. ii, ii, ,, ~, q ( odd quarter)
ii, ;;;. ;;;, , ( even quarter ) •

.Ex..~~:l)iflR!l~ii'W¥f~ +IM<lli.
I
~~: ~If ffl ~T '[('IRR!~I tl

(3)8J~~-
( also called s'Z1q~@-¥~ )
Def. ~~ ~'IWiffi" ~~'""~~~I
Sch. of G. ;r, ii,,, i;r ( odd quarter)
ii, :ar,:ar,(, ir ( even quarter ).
.Ex.\IN ~qwn;d ~ qi'{~ l
•~ ~~ ~JJTcrRa~~u
( 4) +11€HIIRUA.
Def. ~ ~ ;:rit ;pi' i1flEl'ilft§qllf~ ~irtftufr~ I
Sch. of G. 'IJ, 'IJ, ;;;, :rr,ir ( cdd quarter).
'IJ, ~. ,, i;r, ( even quarter ).
'.Ex.tis<i•lili'J.dl"i~ 511~ey{lffll~ I
~e:f«~ ~irer~: ~qd -i ~ si;n
Sak.III. 23.
 [ § 13

( 5 ) ~frr-fr.
( also called~~ or ~u ).
Def. l~ ~ ~: -irs~~mrr1r.ft
~~ s:il.l'CT I
Soh. of G. ~, 'l:f, ~, :rr( odd quarter )•
._;,.r, ~, <ii,:rr( even quarter ).
Ex. ~ ~4@ if f.f?Wl~,Ji: rro:irqtj~ij'_ I
~~ ~ liw.~i:!'!iIT~ui
~~<11: ffli=i"l ~q~: ll

( 6 ) ~-Tc!ffl.
Def.-8$1!<B1,!¥:ITT~~ mTilli "if~ W1f>l"fl(i'
Ii
Sch. of G. \'i, ;_;, <:l",:rr( odd quarter).
'll, +I',or,.-r,
if. ( even quarter).

Ex. ~~ ~i:rr ~ffl!~-TI 1

<l'll'-Mr
<+1lil1'§1~~ ~.:r ll
~f~f.lii-ii•/;q_llf

( 7) ~Ruf~.
Def • ......,.,="""""~ ,~ " " ~T<:~aT
'Ut ~!JT;r\';:i"lt <l'ft$T
'(1:!!•lli<:ff•l°i!.
T<1 ~ I
Sch. o:fG. <if,~. ;J, QJ, :rr( odd quarter).
if, l'I', 'll. ~ ( even quarter ).

Ex. ~i'i"'ill! ~ettmQ!"!~~(!;IT~: l;l;c!T

I
• - "'"' ..... r... ,ii:::
if,\>.iii,€:a,i.?l{q'l1ll<il<il ii_U(i~ ~:
1<11?_{<:tl U

S:EC!IO~III.
~~irii. ( UnequalMetres).
The most common metre of this class is called :a-wrr.
" ....
Dfe • Sl'[f>! ~ .,. .
~ l:Rif 'i:f i'i'Ern~~
l:!GIT l
~ ~: ~ti'r l3:;f~ ;;rll!
'<Iffl~T ll
 § 13-14] PROSODY. 25

Soh. of G• .J, ;;:r,~- ;i- ( first quarter)

if. ~. :;;. ir ( second ,. )
~, ;;. :;;, ~- ir ( tbud ,, )
.J, ;;,, ~ :;; 1f ( :fourth ., )

Ex. ~ 'ITT!~ ~ ~Rl{i:Ji:{ii~¼:;;r,:{'i_

l
ffiiT'&~'+t~ l~ffl!!iI% ~4' <T-1~:
II Kir. XII. 1
Another variety of ~ is mentioned wherein the third
quarter has ;r, if, ;r. ;r instead of ir. if, ;;r, w,ir.
Other kinds of metres in which every quarter of the stanza
difiers in the number of syllables, are included under the genera.I
name ' Ga.tha ' The same name 1s applioable to stanzas consist•
ing of any number of quarters other than four,
~@:
or
Metres regulated by the number of Eyllabic instants.
§ 14. The most common variety of metres regulated by
syllabic instants is 3l'(lTT.It is of nine kinds:-
q~ I~ :q~ ~T :5l'ilil"l~ 'ii I
;ft~1~~ au<rhnra~n r(<fc{l~

of these the last four are generally used & deserve notice here.
~
awn.
De£.~: 'IBt~ ~ l'lf'Sf(@~ q;c11~sn
I
a;~ ~(I~ 'qsf!l~
~ ~!<ll
ll
'.£hefirst and third quartera have each 12 matras or ayllab10
instants, the second 1 ll and the fourth 15.
Ex, ~~ ~if<l~ !~IT~ I
~~ ~ ~~~ a~~ i'l~<ll ~i:r, II
H, S. G. li6
 [§ u

Def.BTI<i11l•:j"m~;si;r
~<ii: tru~!liR(!l.\'1fu:l
i. e. the third and fourth quarters of this are respectively
similar to the first and secondquarters of an Arya.
Ex. qii1,:iF! qi\<fFif.:q;'{qr2;1fi:lmlti~il.
<l~w.fq i!lli fq~r'ir, ~'2;:i:_
~1fi!iqi'{;:i~: ll

::s-qm@:.
""
De£ Bfi<ll~ ~~ ms111<fi@ll 1
i. e. the first and third qu;.rtersof this metre are like those
ofan Arya wliiie the second and fourth q11arterscontain 15
:ma
tras eacb.
Ex. ~1r~~Pmar€i~1~
WRrfaq_
i
~11i1~~t ,\'Rf:
e:i~l!I{,,:f[1•11Rt: 11

"8l!Rlt
Def.oilll;~1iaB1£i~11'.ict
i:1<rR~1i11fc!:
l
i. e. the first and third quarters of this metre oontaillla
syllabicinstants respectively; the second and fonrlh containing
15 and 18 syllabw instants respectively.
Ex. ~ ~eraw1fu: lci~~(l!l 1
Sfilf<i'ili!m~&w:~i,:13~ u
ffi:'fal:
"""
~~mmn.
Def.<lli<itQ:,~ir.asfof.ii~'l.<C!U~.JTl!1.fi@:
I
:i. ~-the first and third quarters of tbis metre, as also the
secondand the fourth quarters must contain 12 and 20 syllabie
insta.ntsresp~ti vely.
Ex. ~R'Jl~(jif i[RIJJ~~llffl'I iJ~ I
~• ~~ ~U flR~ill
ll
 ~ 14] P:aosonv. 27

( ~ )~'-·
Def.qi~~r ~~ -i-"i:r
-i-?i- ~'if~:,
;; :ai:rr;r m ~:iRi ~r
'RTP%c!T ~=11
The first and thud quarters o:f this metre should cont11,in
-fourteen s" llabic instants and the 9e'!ond and fourth sixteen
each; of these the last eight matras should consist of & 1(tl'GI'
·( - .._,- ) followed by a short ~nd a l!lng syllable ( '-" - ); the
syllabic instants in the even qur.rters should not be at all
composed of short syllables or long syllables; and the even
sylfabic instant in each quarter (, e. the 2nd, 4th and 8th)
should not be formed conjointly with the next ( i e. 3rd,
5th and nth).
Ex. ~ ~ ~ ffil:,<!"!if ii~~ I
~q-u: ~rcr,u~~g ":!llifE!:n
q\6cjfq

( ~) 4(q~,.ij~.
De£. ~am ~~~~~I
cl~<I
This is the ea.meas Vaitaliya except that at the end of each
,quarter there must be a ~ G111,1a, followedby a <I' Ga1,1ainstead
of iiJ and tf i. e it is the same as Vait{lJiyawith a long syllable
.addedat the end of each q111rter.
Ex. i3l"Rf.'l!A
~r/{"!ir-'ffi~~ffi~ ~ q I
~ ~ l~ ~ q~ ij ~ tl
ffl it<TI?f
 l!.ppendix:II.
DHATt:KOSHA..
Abbreviations.
Pre. Present ~l:;,'.. Im. Imperative ;;m:.Imp. Imperfect ®~
:Pot. Potential f.hm~:WPert Perfect ra;r.P. f. Periphrastic
or 1st future 12°"°~· Fnt. simple O:! ind Future~. Con. Condi-
tional <');6~ A.or. Aorist ~if· Ben. Benedictive <ll"iffl~- Cau.
Causal f!lr~. D. or Des. Desiderative :i:r.r. Fr. Frequentative
'!f~i:f or <l'~i2'T'i'ff. P. Pamsmaipada; A . .A.tmanepada;U. Ubha-
yapada; PaBs. Passive; p. p past Paseive participle Inf. Infi-
nitive. Ger. Gerund. The figures 1, 2. &c. after the roots refer
to the confngations to which the roots belong. Pre. p Present
Participle (~when the root 1s Pamsm; ~,;r,'ff when .Aim.)
Pot. p, Potential parUciple.
ai~ 10 U. f.i'-rr:;f;,f
to ihstribute; ir~.i-1%-a-
( also ~<ITff-ff)
pre. :;k~PTT"l'lf.'R-~-m:a--;;rw.r per. :i;-~~T P. :fut
mli!T'if~<I_con. aj{~r~-'ff Aor. sf~, *~'ITT! Ben.
~ 10 U. like the above with the only difierence of~ for 'e'._•
~ 1. A. mrr
to go; ~ Pre. :i:rr~ Perf. ~r. P. fot. silT1"
.A.or.<Afi'lfTi'!
Ban.; Can -~@-ff Pre. ~~~-i'! Aor.
~ 10 U. m~ to shine; ~qfif-'1t Pre. ~g.rl:a:;i;r~__,,.~, &c,
perf. :,ig-fqm p. fut. s;rf~-<i_ A.or. ~ma:, :im~ifr'I! hen.
a:tfuj;inf. ;m1c{. p. p.
~ 1, P. mrr
~ra<?SPJi- to move tortuously; <>1<m'a
pre. s;~ped.
fat.~
31Tffi p.f. ,m~'IS!'ffff aor.; Can.-~ro-a-. ~ p.p.
:awr_1 & 5. P. to reach, to pervade, to accumulate; ~'ir-a,;!fllin%
3 sing. a:ff.t'!"fu-lITTf!lllft
2 sing. <>!fl'{TP'f-a:!!l-"ll!TT;{.
1 ahig, pre.
:m~a:-am<JTfli'., ~:-m'l-1JTT:;a:rr~·alf!t'IIT<R Imperf. ei-~-
31!\l'!TfrJ;,
'il!f~·N'f'l-1!Er1°,
areTTuf·:ataJ\Jl<fflii
Impera. a:r~-31~~
Siift:-a:r~<IT:;a:r:i'l"~-~w,.;~ pot ~foi!tl"perf. ~tiffm-au:r
 p. f. :an"'"~-s:ra:;.rfir
fut. ~ ben. atmi~-~ con~
~"'flr.aor. an~T;J;-'!f{JZl':it_3rd dual, ~l'!::-ang: 3rd pl.
~11'-'!f{'f~~ Des. Pass.--a:i~ pre. aufijraor. Oau.-
~-ij' pre. ~~-n aor. ara p.p. ~--s:f{T ger.
a;r~, ~ inf. arr-l'a'!fl'l:,Peri. Part.
~ l P. ~ mrr
to move tortuously: am@ pre. afrlf perf,
~ p. fut a;rifrn: aor.
ara:10 U. qrq-~iitto go wrong, to sin; ~fcHr pre. ~uf,;;;-
QITT'--"!ffl,
&c. peri ~nl' p. f. af~~-8' aor. ~-~-
~ ben.
~ 1 A..~ to mark; af{a' pre.~ perf snl;nrp. f.~
-..Qfft'fut. mf~ hen. ~ aor, ar~~qff
con. -.:r:s:_f<Wr,z
d68.pass-w~ff-
~ 10 'C' ~ ~,i;ijr '!ii' to count, to mark or stain, to stigmatise;.
~ra-a-pre. ~~-am;-~~f'<l'~~ perf.
P. f.
<i!&...,q,fildl ~~-a- fut. au~l:l'.·ff' con. ~-ff
aor. ~-~qm hen. ~~lf'mt-a- des. Pass.
~ ( also ~rt:lffi ).
ofW1 P. to go; ~ pre. ~ perf. ~11fnf
p. f. ~'a: aor.
-..::-....it~•llfti
des.~ inf.
e:Jt10 U. same as~
pre >11~ perf. effirm
:s'r;;,1 .A..~ to go, to blame; a1'cffl'
p. f.~ aor. ~ hen. a:fl~f.lqfHdes.
~ 1 U. :!ft'iT "q" to go, to speak indistinctly; ar.:rnr-
'"1TT1tt1!$!1.1ii
a-pre. a;RJ or SfR'perf. afr-lrarp f. ~~ aor.
~fir-ff' des. a:fm pp.~,~ ger.
~ I. P. m'nffl~: to go, to run, to censure;~ pre N<il'~,
maq;r,~' f.mtm',~Ist d. and pl. mfih:r-T~!Q",
~2ndsing. perf. itdTor an~ p.f. ~11?.IT'i=r, amr~fii'
fut.~~ con. ~,fi;r_~aor. ifi~ ben.~-
lffil'~ des. ifin or~ p.p. ;fl;;rr or an~«lt,~.;-
 DHA. 1'.IX1WSRA.

aor. Paos.-.,-'h,?r
ger. Cau,-<fi'!l</Tff-N pre. :s'!cTTEi<l'i'i_-i'i
pre. Jq;tj" per:i'. ~, Si'!ofiU p. f ~fti-~i:i-ff-.-i$[~;:;'~~
~ii" fut. <iTT~fnr, -"'""'"·-•·••""',.;,;."'
ben. ~;;rrfii'QTTl'-
~~i'l'-3l1~~ con. ~ifTT~ 3rd srng ~ifir!flml'l;-:.i~'IT-
m;i:-a,r~nr<; 3:rd iinal; <>1oin'u-,:!i.i_-~;;:-,1,1~-,;rrf,:~11:l'
2. pL aor. • ~ • ·
~1 P. <!@"~r!<1r:to go. to worshp; 'oi?.i!llffpre. a;T,R.71p~d'.
~nr fut 'ii!:;;<lTli reay he go. :si~m: may
p. f. ~,?.\!G!l'ffi
he worship. ben SiT~n aor .. ::i;n~-:TTa: c.:;n.Cau -~'l':i!l'.fiff-ij'
pre. :at~~ des. s;~, 31:'ffi\,nth :ai:r.,;n:rn,p.p. sili%r<IT
( when it means to go ) ger
or a:ref<!:l'i
~ 1 u. <!ITT '!l'T'<l'if~ to go, to beg; ananH\'pre. :,:rr;:f~-ilr
perf. :a:rrnc,;rr'ff-a- fut. :a:rnim:,am%:aor pass -S'{;;:,;;q~
:.:imp, p. :a:rfo:"l'cofTger. ~~fll'l: rnf
~ 10 U. f¾-~ to individualise; :ai-~!l'Tff-ff
pre. ~~f"l'·
;m:-~ &c perf ~:;;rmr
p f. :~m;,;r~-a- aor 31~:i:rro;,
~'TT',!ben.
7 P. arr~~cf.ITTrllTIB!l);
a:!'¥_ to make clear, to anoint, to deco-
pre :;:rr~~-.r...1mp :;:rifW,
rate, to go; -;:r;:rfij; ( ~l:i 2nd
sing. ) Impera. S'fS:~m:
pot. 3'ff,Hl'I ped. ~r~-01~
:m::_a:;na-
p. f. :S:,Rifli<TTff, fut. ~ITT'f~O:-~fS::i¼'<l"rJ:
con. ;-.-rqit<I_
aor. ~\WJ: hen. :;rr%fl7.'l'[ff
des. Pass.-~'¥;- pre.:om~ aor.
Cau. srarrm~:,;r~itpre. :a:rr~-a- aor. am; p p :srr:wi~t
~' "'1"~, pot. p. arr~r, 31~;crr, 3-\"<l'<<IT
gt?, with.
~-~ ger. 3i·fiJlcy;i;::,
afs:_~inf.
~ 1 P. ::rim
to roam, to,;wander; s:raiffpre. ~ perf, <½,aiff
p. £. :s,&s.:rf: iut. :a:rrira:, ben ar~ralifiides.
aor. a:11:ifri'i_
Oau.-<>ri2:<l"ln·?ipre. ~"Tl~ Aor ';.,eJesiff Freq.
~ 1 A .. ~@~j:jui;mr: to transgress, to kill; a?[it pre. Sir.i%'
· per:f. a:rflFITp. f :s:r~~a-fut 3'ff1¥ aor. Biiafi~-,;;nl-
iaqades Cau.-~fiHr pre. '"1IT~i'J'.·n :a;r~<J:-n aor.
"'' ~: ~~' Pan. VI 4. 30, :;.~ in the sense oi 'to
;worship' does not drop its nasal before weak terminations.
 4

~ 10 U. a;~ to despise; a,~~ A.or. ~-

·- ~~ hen. ~~Iii; inf.
13i"[_1, P. 'l!f"at t() sound; o,IIJTff'pre. morperf. miilitlT P· f.
~i'f. aor. ~fotfotq@des. Can.~'a"--a- pre. amur-
Uii{-a' Aor.
~!!!:.4 A_.i:iwa:to bre1the. to hve: :a;mi€tpre <11'Tiitperf. a.notar
fut. arril!IB'
p. f. <11'tflll'Q;@' hen. ajiirfiimtdes.
aor. armifr,g
Pass.-.:rcrir1r .Pre.mfur A.or.
~ l P. '611.Jrll'lfiil to go constantly; aiclta' pre. ma per£.
s:i-iffirr
p. f. ~@ fut. 3lTRfSI.Jll:con. Sirll'T<i_ben. manr_
aor. arfrr@mdes. Pass.~inr pre. ll'l'Tffl aor. Oan.-~-
fii'·a-
pre • .:rrr'n~-n.A.or.a;fffit p.p.
~ 2 P. ~a.u\'to eat; a:rfw per. 'Sffl{: 2nd sing.~. Srd sing.
Imp 'Sffl{, ~~ perf. arm p. f. sr~'ir fnt. ~ aor.
Ot•Vil'@' des an~ con. ~ hen. Oau.-alf<{Q""itpre
•~~it'
( also -s:fT\{tf@" ) ~n aor. Pass.-an11r
pre ST~-<i'I'~ perf. <i!f';f ( a.nd ~ food) p. p. :;rn,,rr-~
ger, ~lf_inf,
~l[lll@' to breathe, to live; aef.ircr pre. arr;fr:-;i-:2nd sing.
lifr.fl"a:-arr.ra:
Srd sing. Imp., lofr-1'perf. arf.rm p. f. a.nf.i~
con. arr.fr<t
aor. af!illi{qtff
des. Oan.-a:rr;rqfff-"a'
pre atrr~cf
Aor. Pass.-~ pre. at!Til'a.or ani\";;.rr
ger. with !f·snv'1-
pre. arf.r perf. a;(.lar p. f. This root
3r.i: 4 A. to live; a;;:.;.11'
-is "fili.esa'ii;
.,,,...._, _.....;s;t[--..:•
88

~ 1 P. q,'"q;ifto bind; ~ pre. a:ir.a~?rfut. <lil-'111~ A.or.

31""....JIO:
Ben. Csn.-at~ arr.:.fta:·nA.or. ~<f"il1'it des.
ar,-~ 10 'C".et'~ ~m
to be blind, to close the eyes
~-a- pre.~~ con. afl';:;r.lO:·nAor. ~.
ar..'<lfii.fie-
hen. ar~-fl' des.
~ 1 P. ;r.rr
to go, to wander i :s:i.rfcr
pre. a:rr.m perf. arr~a:A.or.
~ 1 P. ~~~ to go, to sound, to eat ; an:rf.r pre. <l1'P:r
per:f.&mmp. f. am:l"'{Rr£ut.~lfi'!{aor. Oau.-ar~-etpre.
 DJli.'TUKOSlli 0 5

-sm"irmr_-n
AO?.~ Des. Pass.-anm . .A.or. srnrn-
:atr.11'.p. p.
10 U. :flit tl afflict with pain;
'l!IP'J: a:rr~-?r Pre. ~-ii
.A.or.a:i~-amfflqrehen,
~ 1 A.. ;ratto go; 3lliif,with m-~ pre. ~~TU perf.
:aml'nf p. f. 31'Tr'ih!aor. a{fq,fra hen. 3lN!ffi des. Pass.
-JRQ'ffpre. anN aor. Cau -:af~-ff pre. ~-n .A.or.
~r, with m,-q~q-, ger.
~ 10 U. ~ ~if :;;i-to heat, to praise; ~iifcr-~ pre. ri-
<l'T~'l'.--:;;r~-m~-ifll,qperf. ~r p f. ~-if
!1{$(Qfr'!"
aor. a:i;p.fr<J:,, ben. m1rap. p.
a:il1 P. 'i~'itto be worth, to cost; srfrfffpre. m;:i'iper£. :amffiT
~~
p. f . ..,, ,._ - des. Oau -aNQ'@-a'
•11t1_aor. 3lT;;:fftflTI'ff " -~ pre. "'
atrfi{•
'il<In .A.or,
~ 1 P. i.'ll'r<l'T pre. a11'.r-i
to worsh~p;31":;:,r/ii- perf. afRl'ffTp. f.
'Sf~Q;ff;r fut. m-.tfa:aor. ~hr. llen. ;,rlt~ra des. Cau.
-~fa'-a- pre am¾:;;r,r_-
0 aor. Pass.-~ pre. anfli;r
aor, a:rRr«rr
ger.
131~ 10 U. to worship; a:r~%-a- pre. ~-amr-
'q'ffl-:;r;fi perf. llf~Nnf p. f. a:r=.r~'-Qlff-ff fut. ~a:.-
a,,iriq,frghen. a:rT'<flll'~-a'
c~n. m~-n aor an~-
~'if-a- des, Pase -;, ...~if pre. ,m~ ( ~q~-
o,fi"¾1'fnl~ llrd dual) .A.or
~ 1. P, 'Sf*'t to procure, to take; s:ri&pre, ~ per.f.amfflT
p. i a:fM'~lil' aor. m'!l'T<J:.
fut, aff<ilt<J:. ben. a:r~ de1.
Oau -~-a- pre. 3lTT1i;;r,r.-naor,
~ 10 U. ( al!o cau of the above ) lf@l.lffl'-'rqr,ri\'
:;;i-to procure,
to acquire; ~~@ fut, a:r~~~-ff des. Pas1.-
ofIT~ ( a.riNm~-~~ dual.) Aor.
~ 10 A, ;rq,11..,5!1418.
to request, to sue; of~lia'pre. ~-
 6

~ef-:;n;;-~ ped. :;r,ul«IT p. :i'.~~ aor. :;,~if.a- bei;..

iRNf~ des. Pas;.- -st~"tfff,
;,,~ pre. STTN
Aor.
~
..
1 P. '""
:i.rr-:F-r"3:'togo. to b.eg; ;.,~f'- pre. ;,,;;;;r
r-
per.f a:ffq1i[i
~

p. t ";--T!T-!;~8'." ccm. ;.,,(11'I_aor. ;:mra:_ben.s:f!~~mdes. Osu.

-,:i;,,1'ii-a- p~e. e.-;Tf¼~--Fr aor. Pass.-~ pre, "'1"lfer
ao:r.
"<~, 'ITT','GT ( asked ). ( n;;a, ) p p.
'½i10 'C fu=tn:crr.r
to kil: .~T,.;;,-,,..,._,, i>1{1<1llll'!
ben.
~ff;a;fqcrfff-?t
des. :Pass .Aot. ;:;~ p. p.
,;,;-to worship to desem,; :s-,"ifu
l P. ~"1' ;.iw:;,1\- pre~
on~ ped '31finrp. f s:rr~a con. 01iiflJ:.aor Sf~fi!.ben.
off"'1'iW<IB"
d,,. P.iB.-3'~ pre ;.,1 f! aor. Oan.-See below
~ 1017. .
~ 10 17 to woralnp. to demve; s:r~@-ffpre. c;:rf:rhri!f-~-
',f.f.T{-'q'if.'p"ri,4f,;,;rp.f. ;,rf%r~l'f Aor. ~'re:-~~a-
ben. ;:;~fii des Pass.-~ pre. wr~ .A.or.~~ ger.
~l r.
';t~Trltmi'ii',J;to adorn. b be competent, to p!_event;
~@-ff per. ,m,-,ng perf ;;~; p. i. s:rr~re:,~ aor.
O'!lu.-wr~r.;@'-~
pre. .:rrra-~-<'1"
aor. :a:r'f®f.:.llTT'a"-a-
des.
,...- ( ac,mrding to some this root is .Atm. )
1 ~---J~-
~ia<F-1 P,mlfcr~~i:r~~~..f t1!"=iiirn:;!l
~--
~ ifr~ef~"'r~mmn~l! to deiend, to protect, to do
good, to please, to know ( and a variety of other
mem.:mg~.): ,.,~
..fif Pre. ½7'"1'perf. ;:r/'iiarp. f. aniful: aor.
~ be:i. Cau -5'7'<1•11'?Ht pre mr~srn;~Aor.,m'iiop.ps
Pass.-:s:r1:l16'pre. :a;r~ aor.
;,,:l! •'· A. ;;,Jir.:l'ml\-,;;i- to per,;-ade, to accumulate; ~ pre.
~ peri. ;.;~--.:r'cf p i. m~-~qml" fut. ~lllRT:
..,,a.·~.u:tcon.~r/Sr-:-;;iE aor. ~'i'c, a:n~'<!" ben.Oau.~m-
<Tffi-if pre. ¾7T~-ff Aor. -a:r/'~rra~ des. Pass.~
pre. >TI'~ aor. ;s:rap. p. ~r, a.~r, Ger. ~~~'in:!?.
 Dlli':CUKOSRA. 7

~ 9 P, itiifit to eat ( with sr,to drink ); ~ pre, S'lfflif

2nd sing. Impera. :.,re perf. s:rroar p. f. s:rrire:_
aor. :w.ilil'O:
ben. s:rr1n1rlTI'a-
des. Oa11.-au~l'.l'la' pre, s:rrr1I~ Aor, Pass.
-s:r~a- pre, ;i:nfuAor. s:rfua- p. P•
~2P ~f.r to be; s:rttnpre. t.:Rr2nd pera. sing. Impera, ~*
perf. .:rf.rar
p. f. llf~l'.flff fut. &c.
s:r~4 P. ~ to throw; ~fir pre. a:ire perf an~rl'Tp. f. a:rrfu-
S«J:con. 3{1'~ aor. ~rn<J:,
ben. a:rfu'ramdes Oau -amr-
~-il' pre.auf~-.r aor. Pass -at~!.ffipre.s:rrra aor.sm;
1 a:r~ ger.
p. p. SITTre'41' s,~;i: i.of.
3Tl'-
a:m:~1 P. a:mni:r
to lengthen; a:r~fa' pre. a:rr:s~
( according to
some m.rr~) perf a:rrrav.;r
p f '3l'~Tff fut, a:r1~
con m~"lll. Aor. a:r1~".;;gq(tl
des C(III --arrs:~<rm-a
pre. am'?a~-n Aor.
srr,:v~10 U. ~it° to smg, to rock; arr~-n Aor.
a:f~!(r<:'l'~-S: des.
~ 5P urrm-
to prevade, to obtain; a:rrsmer, a:rrmrir
a:rrtl'm', 1st,
2nd & 3rd sing ( arr~: 1st dual a:frtijqf.:n 3rd. plu.) pre ..
~ 3rd Sing ( Siltr!fil; 1st eing. s:fTtiJ!I' 1st dual, arr~
3rd plu.) Imp -amr-1g 3rd sing. ~ 1st sing. el'ftijrf
2nd sing a,;r~ 3rd. pl11,Impera. a{flf perf, a:mTT p f~
arr~ fut a:rr~a:con. ~ aor Cau.--a:rrqi:rfcr-a- pre.
a:m~-e aor s:rTR' p. p. S'flt1<1T
ger. arr~inf.
mq:_1, 10 U. ~ to get; :snf<rnl:-a-
Aor. ( 10 conj, )
~ 2 A. to sit; pre. a:rram-~wr-:sm:r
a:rrffl perf. a:rrrnnr.
a:r~lt fut. ~.rrrattrn
p. f. con. a:rrf'ft aor. arrml'! hen.
pre Cau-1:lil'~@'.
Pass,-a:rfflffi
~ ~i_: 1 ~ is substituted for ~ in the non-coniugational
tenses.
 ~ 1 P. ,n;) to go; ;z;:.rlfi
~-
pre. W!l◄'i Imperf. ~!<i perf. Cfi'IT
p. :f.
fot. ~ll"l:l:con. tl:fra:Aor. ttrrC: ben. Oau.--~m·i\"
pre ;:;rf~-11" Aor. 1p.fr~n%des. Pass.-tera- pre. 'Sffitr
J,.or.
if 2 P. ?J:_~1
to q"Tffpre ~<!' perf ~ p. fot. IZ~ff fut.
~~ :CJn. :a:rma:
Aor. Pa~s.-h~ pre. ;;r!'!n~-aor. Oau.
-.rw:rra-a:
pre .:rm~;:r,r-na.:,r ( with .rfii',!:f<tITQ'<fi'iHt)
mr~ffi des.{ WJ.tl:QTii'-llff,~ff)
_- 2 A with ;:,r\r,;,~~;l' to study; ;zlfrff pre ;z{it:;i-;r per£
;,-1,~ffr p. fut. ;.i--.ij,;:;q"ij-
fot. ,f~~;f)1n1a--a::p,1),;'!l'ff
con. B'f'o;Jf-
.fra-;ri;~!! arr., w·.;i:;G'r:a-ben. Pass,-:s:rli!T'-<ff
pre. :SZl:.'tl'ITifll~
-s:rroftr( 3rd "5fe"l:flTT~'ifffffl'.-ofl:.1'fiTTliff1'1~-;:r1:.,rrfirw-
(l"~-Wotr'il<Uil;) aor. ~,;m'irar-miim p fnt. :s:r
•.:rr~t.llff-
;:n,~"<iff
fnt. mq.rr~Q"a-
-;z~~<Tn-Wo"l.'.!'M'in~'l:ir-
con, ,-J"'o'1Tfq.ff'2',;:;;,~'if\! ben. Oau.-;::,1:~
11'!l"rf pre.
;r1;.-r.r,f,h;r-Wo"-l'o-ri~
aor. 5i'iTTff p,p.
~ l P. -ri'i)to go, to move, tfffl~ pre. t~llf pert. trf..lrnr
p. fut.
~Aor.
ur_1 P. to go, to agitate; ~ pre. ff~l1:·ii"Wf·:sfr'<:f perf.
'{~ p. fnt. q1a:_aor. ~1f'a'p.p. [Also A. see Bhag. VI.16]
~' l P. i!mto go; -rem
pre.~ perf. l[Ti!1'ffp. fut itita:_aor.
~ 1 P. ~ to have groat power; ~@' pre.~ Imperf.
~~~-il:~-a:rra p. fut, ~111T!'ff
rerf. ~fi=ifITT fut.
~~~;r con. ii;~ Mr. t-ma:hen. ;,-~~ffpp.
F<l 'i A. to shine, to kindla; R pre. ~~-a:fT'l.'r-ii~
p. :fut in~,-p,i:rl\'fat. ~~~ff
(~ in the Veda) perf. if.l\TI:'TT
Aor. {~Nlffl" des. ~'a'
eon. "r(f.lq"e ben. Pass.-~i,,:ra- pre.
0111u.~~@-a- pre.~ p.p.
n:_ Ii P. ~r-3:._to wish; ~@ pre. ffl perf. ~'IIT or ~
 DHA'TUXOS:EtA.. 9

p. fut. q~ fut. ~ con. ~lllla'. Aor. ~ des.

t&!ilo:hen. Pass.-if~ff pre. ~T<f aor. Oan,-1{111'~-ft
ger, ~ P. p,
pre, qft~-n' aor. if-fr or qfq-1<IT
a. p. fut, ~l'f p. p. ~1~
4 P. tier) tq go; ~fir pre, IIT1!f1if
ger, Other forms hke those of the above.
i!"i; 9 P• ~an~ to repeat; iftOTl"ffi'
pre. t~ &c. like those
-·of~6. ·

f _1P tl\ttto go; 2 P. to go. to pervade &_c.;~-qr'ff pre.

3WT4'~-.rWl'-3ll\'T ..perf. q11rp. fnt. qqJ%-fnt. ~
con. Wm_ aor.
f 4 A. to go; fi:rit pre. awr:oriti
perf. ~ fut. tre .Aor.
ir:filll'ff
des. Oau-~-et pre.
~ 1A ~*-'to look at, to see, hfit pre. fut~ii;--~-r-3ffl.'I'
perfh-1:@rp fat tf'~it fut. q:~tr<r con. ffulfte- hen.
itrmaor. Oau-~-a- pre. ~~-cl' aor. {Rr~
des Pas!-hifii pre. ~~ aor. f~ p. p. ifitl-mger.
tr~inf.
f.,; 1 A. m'if~: to go, to censure; f;;;a-pre. i:;:rf:;;m;
perf.
aor. ff.:@
°Qfira- p. p.
~ 2 A., ~r to praise; ~ pre. ~-~-amr ped; fm=rr
p. fut. fr~,ra-fut. ~tl'l'f con. ~~!' aor. im'Wa'
hen.
Pass-~ pre. Oau-~-a- pre. q-~-!I' aor. ffi';;rr
ger. m~ inf. fmr p. p.
ti: 1 P. itfil to go, to shake; ~lff pre. iRnP p.
U: 2 A. itcr"t to go &c.; ~ pre, i.r,;;f.l;
per:f. ~R!IT
p fat i~lf'ii'
~R~l«f
fut. con. ~fte aor. if{'{T~
ben. Cao-form-a-
pre.
o:f~-n'aor. iRn p. P•
• According to some, the forms of the p. fut, and the:
gerund in ?iiTof this root are qflll'nr
and qflt1c!Tonly.
 10 t:. i,i:ror
to mo17et to throw; i{;qra-a- pre. f~r:i:: or
~ ~f.:-.o-ffaor. i"i~11rp. fut. f~rn-a- fut
con. W'!:/Tli:,-~7;\'.ft',!
1t..fi;c.ra:-r1· Ben.~ p. p.
ir..r_
1 P. ~p:rr,;rto envy; istrfffpre. ~lifol'$!-l:·Sffi1·'1'~
if'~ p. fat. ffqr&qf1i fot, ~~ con ~
.,,. de,. Cau-w..if,n'iHt
11cr. ff,;i;ftm"i{ or ,;.;,,m,o-m-::r pre,
~-?[aor.
iw.2 A ~ to colI'.mand,to rr.Ie to pcssess; pre
.mr-~. ifi;iffir p fat. i'f:sr,.;,:,1t
:fut, q-~~ con,
:n'~I!!:ban. aor. P;iss.-f~ir pre ~ aor. Cau-
~ff-?l' pre. 'itf~-r, J ..or. ~lo p P•
l A ilfrl'~:l:'!r;:;ii-;,,g
';o ~o. ::; kill, to see, pre. ~llfT~
per£. iflfnt p fat. ifqi;;,r'a' fut, in~ con. (f~!!: aor.
iflll'~ btn. ffi1l'P P•
1 .A ~;:rr;; to ai:n at; iii'i"pre. ht;r,i;-m~-;:i-~ perf.
ifump. fat i~n fut. Q."~ff con lril'a'aor. f~~
des. ben. Can-hi:m;-ff pre. lt~cJ::-l'iaor

'ia:f..1. P. ~ to to wet; ~~ pre ~1:j;T~-if"l-;r,:i-

'Sfra" ptr:f, :a-f~ p. fat. '<i~fit
:fut. am~~a:'3l"r~
con,
des. ~f~ p, p.
bfn. '1!"Rffa:1"'1l'ra
a.or. ;r~.r,r_
~ 1 P. to go, to move; imperf. ~ perf.
;:i'iwf.fpre. ;f'r«<l',
ofrr«i.'ffp. fut. ,?rf~·~mfut, irmm.ra: con. ~a: aor.
oTTR
k'Iq/a-des.~ ben, Pass-~ pre. Cau.-~l:i'ffl
p. p. ( also written as i~-~ffi'
-%pre. tj'fffiff or iffi:iiil'
pre. ~c.)

:r~ 4 P. ~ to collect together; ~@' pre. ~ perf.

p. fnt. :sz~
'~lf=1:l1U fut. w'rr~;:rn:
con. :a-:;;;q-r~
ben.
~ &or.S'Piififor air p. p.
 DH.A:TUKOSRA, 11

to finish to abandon; :a-'6wRI'

-a-,;,g-1 P. M"'1'r~ pre. ~m,m; &c.
~perf. '3"~1.1"@' fut.' w,~~<l aor. :a-f:;3rRwlS{Tff
des. Oau-
~<l'fi:r-a-pre. ~f=e:..,ga-_-li
aor. ~~ff p, P·

~ 6 P. :a-,:a-if
to abandon, to avoid; ~ra
pre. ~~­
~Pif·<i~ perf ~s:ror
p. :kt. ~,r.ll'ra fot. ,4-)f~
con. ~i""'~t'icr_
aor. Oau.~'!frff-R" pre. "'111~-=~ld.-!:'iaor.
d~·if~cimdes. :a-1¾f<r P. p.
'3'5$ 1, 6 P. to glean; ~rn pre. 'a"~!S.'q'i!i\T perf. ~~llllffi'
:#r~ra: Aw. m%~~'lilff
~fut. des. Oau -~~ pre.
<A"rf;;:~i'tn
des. ;a-f;.,.,1!'
p. p.

~ 1 P, :aTi!Tff
to stnke, to destroy; '3frn;rn perf, ~'l"ra'-
pre ;;i-:;ft;;-
m p. fut 3iIT~<l'fn
fut. -srt:frcr_
Aor. ;a·ftffp. p.

'3'~ 7 P. ~~~ to wet, to moisten; :a-;;fffpre. '3'l'qr'i:fffl &c.

perf. :a-fr~rp. fut. :a-r~<s11Rr con. Brr.:fnt.
fu.t. m~:1:~<i'il:'.
des. '3''if or ~ P. p.
aor. ;ar,~fit'TTff

'3"1or <l<'-3:6 P. ~or

to fill with, to cover over; s!"liiffor :a,:i,rn
perf. i'rf.:r!i<im
pre. :a-sr)~or :;r:i:,rr;:;;:q11m: or ;~f~t~{# fut.
or sti.:>l'ra:_
:#r~'i'a:_ aor. '3"~1!' or ;.~;:rn-p. p.

1 A. +ffi!"i:€Tef<l"T'=I"to measure, to play; a;'<[if pre. a;a-f~-

-
.r~-olfl'3' perf . a;t<,'.ITT
"' ........ -rt
p. ftn.. '3,f~ff ""' • con.
.n . 01°/Pf"<!n
a:rrff{e:
aor. ~~ff des Oau.-3i<fln°a"·ffpre '5-i~<i[('tff aor.

1 P. 'W,!Q'l1l.;to kill; ~;ffir pre. ~iff:;;;rif,f~

pe:rf. ~iii p. fut
.1:1..t'{I- .::i.. rl'
:SZH~q_ con. 3iT<l'TO: aor

1 P. <!"~to burn, to punish; wm'ct

pre <>'ff"l',3lf'ri:;;r~il:·:s:fl"'E!'
-~ p fut. ~rRi~i:rrn
ped. <liITlffiT fut. ~)R~ oon,:;!~<l
~ r,.
ben. af11S!@: ........... ,-...
aor. a:fll'«f·:a'llil'ifp. p,

a-i1 P. :sz~i=i"
to hurt, to kill, to destroy; s,)1dffpre. i:!<flg"
perf,
' ,a.i~1ff fot. <lfria:,
~frn:Aor. :a-mo
or :si:fo~ p. p.
 12

:a;ai:-10 U. qf~ to lessen; '3,-!tfffl"-it

pre. ~~ftr fut.~
-ff .A.or.'3ilrlifmr°il--H
des.
"3,<l_1 A. ~.:af.l' to weave, to sew, a;,icl'pre. a;'ft::;rt-if\l'l'-
;;,-reP~;_ -
f ·,_'3i'Nnlp. f ut. a;r~
,., --..:'ut,
• "C::,,.
con. ~
'Sif1--.lllin "'"

aor. ~os;!' ban. Oau-a;,rimi·n pre <fin p. p.

"3i"ir_l,10 D'.~lU!lf;Jtlf: to ,treDg,ben to ltve, ~'@, ~T~-it
~ "1' ~~r-t
pre. ;:i-r:n@',
;:rrr~-n aor.
:a;rg
2 U. ~!'!r,f to cover. to hide; a:;tltT@', a;ui'fr'a" or~
pre ~--,f,f or ri;r'it per£. ~~nf or ~'!tf~ffi' p. fut,
a;tffl'tlITTl"--H or $!g1;r~ ~ fut. afoii.fr~., a;rarhntr, ~-
"'
~.
r.-
J: ~ r,....
ol'(ll'(f'J!IS;! or "'fitg['il"'e aor ~a:,
" ,:,," "'
or-
'3i111'Tcf'if'lr
~r:,: hen. Oau-a;<11f!il<ITTf-it pre, Si'1G/ll'!{cJ:-n
a.or. Pass.
-~ pre. oi1!i"ii~ perf. ai-"rarf~aor, ~fun', a;'llfTT<l'fff or
~ p. fot. '3;'0T~'il'c, '5i11t(l°iRf'e or ri~ ben~
~ir~Qfff, S{1uf1~~~1'(l or S{"\l!f1~~i'foon,
~ 1 .A. to sport, to play; ~ pre, ( same as <f~, )

~ 1 P, r:fTQ'11>;to be disEased or disordered; a:i'ilff pre. ~-

~R &c. perf. ;;:rrtfra;
aor. a;f'ttf p. p.
:Ii'( 1 .A..(somctunes P .) i'i@i6
to conjecture, to reason, to infer;
imperf. ~ &c.perf. :;;ft<:rr
;;;gwpre. "Si'(la' p fut. o;ft-
Clffl'fut. sfifglSQ'a-
con. aut~aor. sJii«'rt.!' ben. Pass-~
pre. "Sitilaor. OaU-'3il<llft"•ff
pre. arr~-naor. a;ija--
p. p. '3;[t;u ger:

se--
 D:a:A.'TUKOSRA..

~ fut 31TT~ con, :w.mi:

hen. Pass.-S,f~ pre.
atITT
aor. amper£. mmrr-airar
P· fut. aTTR~'il'-~i:f<:r
:fat. 3!Tfttfr,;r-~,a- ben. Cau,-~&--a- pre. :autf.rll-n
aor.
:aTI(K"IId des. Siin( also 'lliUfdebt ) p p. ift<'fTGer.
5fi"'i6 P. ~ to praise, to shine;~ pre ~ perf. ;m=.ffu:
aor.~pp.
~ 6 P. ilttTrr~f.f>f01:!'J_ttWfnl~ to become hard, to fail in
faculties, to go; ~~~ pre. 3!~ Imperf. a:r~ perf.
~p. fut 'llib=g&<(@fut~ra:Aor. Oau~-
ff Pre. am~--.r aor 5fIT~w:rt'ir
deo. 'lli~.,;11'pp.
1 A.
!i!lt<iJ; 'ITTifOOirt~~ to go, to acquire; mffi pre. ~
perf. :arnrar
p. :fut. ~ff fut. a.-r~ con ,n-1:r,;a- aor.
ar»rOt"lffJes ~tfrsa- hen. Pass.-~ff pre. a,-r~ a.or.
Oau.-'31i;ftn'a--a-pre. :a:,r~-<!'aor, ~ffp.p.
8 U. to go;
=E"UT~ ~1fir-31i:g1rpre. '3Uifut,
ilt1llT1l'f-ilo~ff• 311'~ perf.
31T'or.rr
p. fat. 31rfora--smi
,a:il'(l('rn, Aor. an'n1/u1q1a·6'
des.
!i<r."'~qt ~T :;;r to censure, to be compassionate;
&c, or S-ir.n'f
i!tiiTf.fa' pre. Slifflf.ff"iil'ili perf ~T or a:rrm
p. fut, Siiif~ff, ~'ii fut, ~rf.i""l'l~-~ hen.
~~'!!: or <lf@'inaor.
~ 4 p. ~ to prosper, to please; ~ pre, a:rr.N per£
amrnr,p. fut. a:rr~ra: aor. a:r~'wmf,i,:m'a des.~ p. p.
<Ii~ or =It-ill
., ger •
~ 5 P. to increase, to prosper; ~"'fll<'I" pre. a:rr\l"rn:
aor. ( For
the remaining forms see the root ~ 4 P. )
;;i.,;:, ~ 6 P. to kill; ~'if, ;j.qn'if pre. an;:(qi, ;pq;~
&c. per£.
~ 6 P. approach, to injure; '11:'if<r pre. a,i'il''tped. :s;ritra'rp.
fut. ~fit fut.~ aor. ~ p.p.

•This 1s not in the Dhatupi.tha but it is given in the

Sutra '' ~~"
ll. s. G, 37
 14

~ 9 P. ·lo go; to move; ;i;:,mrn

pre. '½'1~ &c. P rf.
~,r or~ p_fat. ~iri.n'a" or~~ M. 'SllU<£_
&Jr.
~,..~~.. hsn. fcrr
pp.

1 A. ;frarto shine. P. ~ to sl:w.ke;"~"'--r>t

pre. ~i'H!
imperl. l;fili..,.if,-:;i-~ p. fat. !{~Gtffi"-R<
perf. irf;rrITT fot.
~ff-<!_ con, 'q-r1ra",-'?t;-f1'ls
aor. '{~pp.
~ l A. ;rr~rto annoy, to resist; ira-itpre. crfuffpp.
tr-;(,;l A. ~f to grow, to prosper; 'i['"l'ffpre. 1{'\lf::eriji-ii"i'l-~!"11i
perf. 1{1'•:«iip. fnt. trf'\'ftl:I~ fnt. tt°~"i con. ttl~ll!aor.
~;:r des.m~~'eBell. PasS.-tf""~ prs.m aor. 01111.-
~<'f-~. ~~--.; Aor. Q,:'ftr<i p.p.
11;'1: l A. to go; ~?."pre. IT~ p.p.

lij'mt 1 P. ?ffiT:iili~~): to be dry, to adorn, to be sufficient;

~ff pre. ::iirorl~-ii~-s:rnr parf. irrfurffl'P. fot.
:am1.<r~f<f fot. a.I~ aor, :si-"r~r«llilff
con. a:i"rw'ra,: des.
Oa11.-ili!<.i:!<1{;i-"#r
pre. att~i:(-<f aor.
~ 10 U. ~~ to throw up; w~?r-ff pre. a:rr~a-
p. p.

'f."~ pre. ~ ped:.

1 A. ~;;ii to wish to be proud; <!Sf$ff
,i;-~ p. iut. !F,fi,f;&<ii,t
fut.~~ con. ~ aor.
~ 1 P. ~ii to laugh; li,"lffif
pre. ~ perf. 1$R<lm
p_ fat.
~~i:ri6" fat. ~f~ cou. atcfiffla;-~T~aor.
t With sr=imimr.
 DlU.'lUKOSHA., 15

'$'~ 1 A. to go ; <ff.ff'pre. ~ per£ t.fit.l'fT

p. fut. ~
aor, ffla p.p.
~ 1 P. ,~ to sound; lf,:;;f!lf pre. '-.I'~ per£ lliTffl p. fut.
llir~fn fut :sni;r~ con. ;rc;-if.T~ aor.
~ 1 A. ~lilil' to bind: ~ pre. ~ perf. ~ p. :fut.
~:fut.~ oon. ~cl' aor.
~ or <Ii~ 1 P. to go; ~11' or ~ pre. ~ or ~ perf.
llSraffT
or itfcnrp. :fut llif~lflff or ~'a' fl1t ~
or s:i~ con, a;~;fur or ~ aor.
~ 1 P. 1!5➔:s=fi<Tif to live in difficulty; Of.a'@'
pre. ~ fut.
sr,ma:-ar,m'r,r_
A.or.
~ 1 P. 10 U. lm'1flil' to remember with regret; m'ir-mfa'-
it pre. 'li;i;a', mpq,m:-:q-if; &c. per£ ~ or ~
p fut. ~qfir, 1$a1~"'11tt
°fffut a'f<i;r~qll:.oi- ,wisa1,h<1a::·d'
con. ~;f;;fra:,
~-a- aor.
~1 .A. ~ to be anxious ( with ~ ); <iiiitpre. ~ perf.
mr p. fut. ~ aor.
~l U. ir1( to be proud; ;,j;gfif-'a-
pre. ~ er ~ per:£.
~ p. fut. $1"~-'a- fut. ~ll_-i:I' con. ~-
~~ aor.
~ 10 U. ~ii' ( ;rlt',rNij'Uff!T) m 'Ii to eeparate the chaff,
to protect; miff-a-pre ,t,,s<1i:;;iq:m,-=ri;,
&c perf, q.
mrTp. fut. ~'if-a- iut. s:(sif'$~-fl' aor.
,i;or_lP. :a:mfmto cry in distress; ~ pre. 'Ii~ perf.
~ p. fut. <Ii~ fut. a'f<ITTOI~COD. ~' 3fll;l'·
ufra:
A.or.
~ 10 U. f.tifuirl'to wink; !frnll'<l'Tff-a'
pre. ~iMI', 3l~if.T-
ara:-cr
Aor.
-~~ 1 U. 111:u'a'il~Ui
to rub, to scratch; lt{~r'it-a-pre. s:i~-
tfill:_1stiP((q,a- Aor. ~, lfN~'il!r hen.
 16 SANSKRIT GR.AM:ll.!R.

~, to praise, to boast; <f.'~ pre. :;;r,i;,~ped.

1 A. ~T'<i,1171:(
If.TT'"~ p_ fat 1f.Ti~fffut. ~wi<><rn con. ~~'TT!::hen.
a:f.f.P'1'a"aor. f'ii:i<j;wiqa- p P.
des. <f,f<""4!i
10 T.7«T!fi;r!r,f,'~
<f,'.t_ to tell; 1f.,.r,::/ffi·a'
Pre. !f."<itlf~~, &c. Perf.
,:imr:r.:i:ifu-ff
tf.!l.TI~ffi p. :fut. :ut 3{~14"''-l'J..-l'i con. 3'1'el"i$•
'l:l'n-n' or -ey;~Rr4i1;r
aor. f~Ri"ef1'l'-~des i:f.1;411! ben. Pass.-
tf.>A°tipre.
~ 1 A. ~;<i;Q" to gncve; pre. 'eJ;#tper£. i:f.~ni p_ fat. 3'1<!'i-
~ aor. t£fi{qT~
ben.
to shine &c.; 1f.ijffi pre. ~Tif
1f.~ l P. :frIB'!iiT~iFTTil:~ per(
mm p fut. 3,~.frsr_
aor.
q;;:r;,:( ile:u,m ) cf.,!1~f<'f
pre
• !IS"!'{l A zi'rnt to ileme; ~!!_ff pre :;;ii;i:i"
or tf.TW-lT~ffi"&c.
"':,-peii'151;;-~irr-o;-iimrr
p fut. o!ml'fi:r•trff
or <l'ii~ fut.
or 3'1f.fir6ll"<'l'c~n. 1f.T+TTQ",(r'ir
'~3'."'l'iFl'l1'-f'"<@' or ;;;fi:illfre
!Jen.
r,-- :a:;'<fr:r:.:n,or a:,;_:r,µ:;t(aor. Pass. !li"ii:tra' or q:;i<r~pre_ :a:!<!iiTT'i:t
·,. a.or Can -1f.l'l"l"lf@-"ir pre. <Iii!•&"p. p. q;f.r,"!T-ciiTi'nT,im:r-
~<l'rS!T ger
if.'l'C:.1 A '-.l'iif to shake, to treinble;lf.l:fffpre. ~tf perf. ltfurr
P. :fut ;i';!'\l:.lln
fut. ,:r::i;f<f'><l"n
con. ii;fqq-'le:ben. ~if."Rl'e:
ao:r.
J?ass.-"tc<rff pre. Cau.-itr,:rr'iHrpre. aF:!~- 0 Aor.
f.;f:i:;fi:q-q-fi
de,
~ 1 P. to go, ~fn pre. ~ perf. ey;l;ii@T p :fat. 311f.-
~rn:aor.
'if.ll.!, to pierce; ,i;tll'ITTff·6"
10 U. >i:1.{i'i pre, ~T'i!{q,['("•'Effli perf.
$l!il'irarP. fut Ef.Url<l'Qf[ff-i\"
fut. ani;o'i~--a- con. ~'<i'-
~-ff aor.
~ 10 U. ~~ to slacken; cl'iffQfo-~ Aor.
pre. "'1'<!"\f.ffir,-a"
~ 1 A. ~~~irr, to sound, to count; ~a-
pre :;;rq perf.
~ p fut. ti,fflJl>'-lff fut. a:i~ con. ~f~<fl'e hen.
~?; II.Or. \f.f~ p.p.
 DRA'TUKOSIU., 17

~ 10 U, ifi'IT ~ii' "I' to go, to count; ei;alffn-'a'pre, ~-

'fir{~ perf. q;~r p fut lf-&ra<><l@·d':fut 3tqfii"cll'a'-
ff con. ~-a aor. m~%-a-
des. If.Ianpp
q;;r_10 U. ~q-to throw; !pra'!.JTR"-"ii-
pre ~:qim- &c. per£.
ei;a~%-'irfut ~$ffi{·i'f Aor ~m-it des. Pass.
-llmlla'pre 3t$11~ .A.or,q;ngff' p p.
<R_ 1 A. ~'\- ;ruy'1i°
"I' to praise; rn
pre "l'$'it perf. q.;fal.,r
p.
fut. !iTii&@'fut. 'S'l'~<I_ con. ~ a.or Cau -~@"-
a' pre.
~ I. P. w
to sound; q;m~ pre,~~ 3lif.TliTT6:
A.or,
~ 2 A. il'Tff~r~: to go, to pttnish; ~ pre. ~ perf.
;i;fuinp. fut. ~ff aor. -; / ".,.....
u _, -,

i:fll!;1 P. ffl to test, to scratch, 1.pq'!~pre~

'q'lf.'f'f perf $NIIT p.
• fut ~~ fut. 3'1'$~ con. :a,~71{-3lq;'l1'{1{ aor. l'lfq:;-
R'lfrades. w( q;'! painful p p_).
.J;'l_1 P. to go;~ pre. 'q'lffl1' ped_ q;{'ffiup. fut. q;R{~ fut.
31'$~ con. af$Te-@: ,-atli«ra: a.or. ~~'ffit des.Oau,
,1 f -.mri.Tffl'·ff
pre. at'illllffio;_-aaor.
:, ~ rJ
~ 2 A. mrmmt: to go, to d~troy; !f;ffipre ~ Aor.
( Also written~-) -
liia:i:_
1 P. ei;i~t to desire, to wish; limfff pre. ~ perf.
iliniltt!T
p. fut. ei;if~ fut. aiw~ con. :a,~a: aor.
hen. Rr~
liT!l-7.l'l<'f.. des.~ p. p.
~ 1, 4 A, <frm- to shine; lif~ or
ll>TT1rffip fut. q;rm~
fut. 31i:fllli!l&tln
,m.."
pre. 'q'!ifflperf.
con. $!~'tll! hen.
r~lffl" des. ~I! aor. Oau. ~@-a- pre. Pass.-
$£~ pre. map p. ~ell, W,i;T~ ger.

~ I A. ~W<ffl<ITl'l:
to cough; liT~ pre.-lliR'ff'q'lF.'&c. pa1::
~ p, :fut. liTfe'"ll'a'
fut. :a,;i;n~ aon, 3llll11~ ,Ji
~11;n1A'itdes.lifT~ben Oau.-!f;f~ff-ff ~r'ff;,r_·;-:" tor.
 l P. ~ ~ '<I"to
f.F.o_ suspoot, to cure; T~~rapre~
-~'Q'T'i':i~ &c. perf. P-l-~17«m' p. M. ~~'4@' fut.
arf-:.n'it!~con. "'1RIRii:eft'a:
aor. Pass.-R:1~,~fl pre. Oau.
pre. ~N,1?€i'llrldes. ( Also A. f~
-fi;:rfiim,«rff•e' pre.
~ 1'$,~~ aor. )
1 P p~p:it to desire, to live; mff pze. T~~ perf. :a:r~am:
fil;;':!'_
aor_
~<I 10 P. ~t to dwell; ~F!<fffi pre. ~i'alitf@ fot. <li'<l"ll'iraO::
aor.
~ 1 P. ;.i 0 iiii!.srrm:
to become white, to sport; pre. 1~m
f.;r~ per£. ~lif p fut. ~i~l.l"ra" con. aiil;-
fut. s,'i/;fii!"~tT~
t'@:11.or.
<ITT~1 P • .r~:pr perf. <trram
to binil: ~~IB pre. fuef.'rii!" p, fut.
ai~1l:_ aor. f.ir'!':i!MGIII
des.
~ 1 A. ~,.;_ to sound; q;;& pre. ~ peif. lihrnp :fut. ;ir~<T~
fi:t. ~~ con. ~N aor,
i" _2P. to sound; i\-Tapre. ~1;, ( ~f;r~, 'l!,i-;)~ 2nd sing )
per£. m p. fut. ~ra M. o:ri'r~ con. azq;r'lf1a: aor.
'cl"~Freq.
f 6A li)o~ ( to sound. to moan;. ~ pre.
:a:rrereft) ~W'T
perf.
· ~ p. int. 3'~ aor. ;tr<Ji;;ftr
:freq, _,,.,,.

~ l P. W~ 1m:ffi.;'$fT~~e1''1".mimt :;;i- to sound

loudly, to come in contact, to be crooked &c.; ~ pre.
~p;f perf. ~'Rrarp. :fat. '=!i11~ffffut. con .. :a,q;r~a:
~a:_aor.
( ~a1R) to contract;
f!~ 6 P. ;,i<f.\.;:i;t Wol'IB
pre. ~'cl' ( :!J(f-
f=;ro-~nd sing, ) perf. ~~'ifra;aor. ~f'q\'11~
des.

~ o P. to curve, to bend; i'e!?fpre. ~e ( ~Wla"<T 2nd sing. )

perf. ~ p, fut. ~1~ra
:iut. ~s:i:m. con. ~rn: aor,
Oa11;~4t pre. WI~ p. p,
 19

~ 6. P. ~~m~<i'r: to sound,to support; ~iff pre. ~;iltllT

perf, ~fl\JTITT 2m. ~tu@"p. p.
p. fot :a:,;i;-l'llfi<i_
~ 1. p. ~@~lff to be ~ornpm. "'l~O: aor.
~ 10. U. ~oe:i:i"
to cover: a?ua<rr~-ff
pre. .:r,g~- 0 Aor.
~~ 10. A. ST<i~qiitto abuse; lJ?1l:f<l'ff
pre ~r;_:;i;rr"<fif.
&c. perf.
i'M:l'~~ :fut. a:r~~ij'cf 11or.~li-11l'r'1!
beD,
w,,;,_I.P. ~~Ti'~F'!<t): to ktll &c; i'<I@ pre ~i~ perf. ~fuorp.
fut. ~~ffl fut. :s:r~~ci:ra::con. a:it•,fi<:(
ii.or. ~ir'iriefa-des.
Oa11.-w,.:r:n1Htpre. Pass -~ii:i}r pre. i~~1!if ger i'J';:,i,rap.p.
~- 4 P. Fi'r¼to be angry, ~fff pre. ~~!f perf. <firitlnr
p fut
<itfcl~trlff con, a:r~ aor ~i:f,)fq,:;fit,
:fut. a,ey;")iq,;;;;a: ~-
N'iiffdes. ~<l'i<f_ben ~i!fffpp. i:f.ITcrrJ;ll'J'.
Inf.
~ 10 U ml'!'Tlri ~r::;i-to speak,to shine; i:f,fq'l:/'@"-ff
pre.~-
Aor.
1:1',q';-ct
~ I A. ~Plf to play;~ perf fl:~"if
perf. a:r~ Aor,
~ 10 U. l P qflf'l to shine; t~~1Hl', WQl"Tff pre. ~R-
~$; ~~ perf tf,rrmr,~1ra-r p_fut. a:r~~ a::, ~a:
aor.
~ 9 P. R~q to tear,to expel; ~rn
pre. ~Iii" perf. llS!Nffi"
p. fut c1fr~<riff fnt. 11io5r!lfrc!:
aor. Nif.1~qftj", ~m
des. Paas. ~tQ'a- pre. Wl,il'f Aor. Oau -~-i't pre.
at'f}il!f<l-a"
Ao r.
~ 4 P. ~,~qfrr to embrace;~Q1"% pre ~~ perf. cf.rre"nr
p.
fut. a:r.s~
:fut. "if."!ffiti:flff con. imO: B"n. ~~ aor.
f-1:iWR!"!fRr,
:'Jtfreq-fudes. ~rn, <j;)r'?f;.rr
ger.
~ 10. U. 1 P . .ff!ifl'l1f to speak; t:i::r~rn-'if,
~:i:,11i'pre. 3'!~t:i:rn:-
l'f, &J~. Aor.

*'With f.11:
this root is Wet; R~~' !il">Jq"of.l"a-
2si.ng.
r.Rffllcl:, R"~W<ll'cI.
Aor. des. f.l~~irn-
also; hlf,f.l~i,~ :;.i;o.
20 SANSKRl'.l: GRAMMAR.

10 A. fin:i:i1tf.tto astonish; (ifu pre. ~llid, &c. ped:.

~~ aor. "!~'q,ra de!.
o A. :'i'fo~to sound, to cry in distress: Wfflpre.~~ perf.
~~ITT p. fot '§Tii~1l' con. ~T<!'i!"
fut. :>f~r<l'stfli aor.
9 U. m-~to sonnd; ~r(if-.fiff pre. ;i;f.i&rrn-Fr fut. ~ra:_-
3W-~i?: .A.or.
~"?fto make an marticulate sound, to coo;
~ 1 P. :.:r;;i:r#;-
~ff pre. :3~:li"perf. ,;F."rn<fr p. fot ~~ffffut. ~~;re:
con :S,,;f,-..910:
aor. ~,,,.,:fj<J:Ben Pass.-~ pre. <ll~firaor.
Oau.-~:s:r:rr~-il;pre. ~~«IT ger. ~~<i' p P.
~ 6. P. ~r~ to be firm; ~sTdpre. :¥.is" ped. §"~!H p. fut.
~aor.
n 10 U. -s:rr.-rrtl'at
to speak, to converse:i!l;"'1T'-l"T~-'a'
pre.~p.p.
wJL 10 A m;;f.r to close; ~~ pre. ~Offi' Aor ~fiirffp. p.
~ l U. ];f."f~ to iurup, to frolic;~@-~ pre. §"Tlta"p.p.
~ l P. ;zror{O't to cover; ~~~ pre. ~~ perf, ~rn'liT p. fut.
~~fut.~~ con. 'il1~<l:. aor,
~ 5. U. fi~ to hnrt, to kill; ;~11irrff~l/Vf
pre.
8 U. ~ to do; q:;ffra-~ p:re. "'!''-ffl-'ef~ perf. m p.
?.i
~ffi-ij" fut. ~,i;'i'~ -n con. :;:rq;roifo:,-a:r~
fut. a.or.
~~;i:fi,r Ben. Pass.-i~<l"lipre. ~ ( 3rd dual ~-
Wffi'!T;i:, aor. Oau -!lifffilT-;Jffitp, fut. ~"i,'-
:;Jf\F,1!frafl'l;)
<l'i1'11il<ff
±ut. <l,IR'l'l'2'-~'TI~, azm~•!l:ff-afe!iR~i.ra con. Ca11.-
$Rtna--'if pre. a'l'tl"riror,-0 aor. mro'if-ff des. ~<I'p.p, 'iJ<'l"T
~ gex. !f.ijll:inf.
~ 6 P. ~ to cut, to divide; \13•<1'@' pre. ~ perf. ~r
fut q;.¾t« fnt. a;ef~ aor. ~;tif<l Ben.
con. ~1l'ifili:1'_
~q;-raq@-RW<ffl des. Oau.~~ff-ff pre. ~a:-a- &c.
~-n aor. Pass -~ff pre. ,ai,i;{a- A.or. ili"'t'I"p. p. ~
-~iii<T ger. 1.fil"if~ Inf.
~ 7. P. ~ to surround; ~Rf" pre; for perf. and other
forms see the above root.
 21

~ 4. P. ~:i;silit to become lean or thin; ;;-~m

pre. '<1~1
perf. $~~!fr% fut. :w.i;r~s!.li'l:,
con. at~ aor.
l P. ~m to draw, to pull. to plough; :;r.-rra
pre.
perf. e!i'i!for l'fi'ef p. fut. ~!riff or Wi'l\-<I"@"
fut. ~<1:-~-
con. ~Tq,T(i_or a.~rnfui:
&<T<!_ er ~~E}10::aor ~ff des.
Can.-g;qtrfff-'& pre. :a:i::;ft~-;:r nr 3J'<l'~l:J'.-1iaor. ~ p.p.
~WGer. Pass.~i.-ff pre :w.i;,fq-Aor.
6 P. A. lEI"~ to make furrows, to plone:h; ~-ff pre.
perf. ofi"ef
'qof;\i-'qj,"q or ?iil!'Tp. fut, efi'l\-i@-i'i
or i;fi;q~-Ff
fut. at':f.a:ifil:11' con. aw.ra:r'fa:.-,n.;;r#fa:-~,
, 3'/!\li&<ffl'.-11'
:mf.'a"·S:f?-!ll<f ben. l~j,"q'f@·~ des. if.1Gpp.
aor. ';!i&Q'f<J::-il:i1.'ll'2'
8 P. ~iifq-to pour out, to scatter; ~ pre "eiffl peri.
~liT or ;,;fu:rr fut. o'!'f.:Ra:ra:-~-
p. fut. q;ftCl:fT6'·$'(i';.:rrn-
IS<f<l:
con arc1m:r<r.aor. s1,ri;rfu:
ben. Rof.P"!'@' des. Pass.-
;.ifr,ra
pre. Oau.-~;:trrn-1f pre i'f1ifp p.

9 U. ij~Tll'. to ininre, to kill; ~n'iii or ~!JITff

pre. ,;;rem:-
~ perf. :a:i:1f.Tfr<l,:a:rml:-fr-<ia:iii'riaor. Fcr$ITT'!ff-ff,
·ff, ~<lftqfcr-'ii
f?cri:lifrtTTff des.
l OU. ~ila!{if to name, to glorify; ':f.f<i!IT';;-if
pre m<l'i~•
"'t~ per£ ii'r~imn'
p. fnt. ,tr,ff<rtll"@-nfut. a:i;1cf(ii~-ff
con <1ifm:rfa:_-efrtffirirfi'l
Ben. a:p;;ft~a:-naor. Pass-t!TT~
pre clfr@n p.p.
q:~1.r,1 .A..m~~q' to be able or fit for; ~'1?1pre, "'!'~ perf.
q;-~irar, ;:i;~m p. fut. $~lfll~'ir,
;m;t~~-1~ fat. si;ra;,rn:,a1q;--
~ ~ aor. q;f~qirfi'l, ,f~!il!'e" ben. ~~ll~, f?cr~-
des. eITT~r, ~,rr ger. q;-~~, ~Ii_ inf.
to shake ; iif;q-ffpre
~If_ l A. <fil'll"il' Rf:i;q-perf. afij;f,ra aor.
°ii:ol'.
l P. to shake;
=:J"t?."if ~tll"Rf
pre. 31~0: aor. ~if p.p.
* 1 P. ~~ to sound; ofil<l'T<fpre '<l'ii1 per:f. ':f.T<irp. fnt.
q;r~i:rfitiut. :s:i~i:rey:con. 31~0: aor. ~@: Ben. Ff~.Jf.i
des. Pass.-~,~-
 8.ANSXBIT GRilJ:MA.E.

if.~ 1 P. 10 D. ft~NPJ:
to kill;~. ~-ft' pre ~a:.•
3l~, a:n'°'"'ffl';~-a-
aor
~ 9 U. to sound; ~;rrrcr-~r~ pre. ~' ~ aor,
~ 1. A. ~~ ,s;:if '<I' to make a creaking sound; ~&' pre.
, ~~ perf. <fii,N<if p :fut. ~ fut ~'! aor.
Can -~r~-it pre. ~<!_-l'I' aor ~'ia' des
!if.~ 1 P. u~it,
amef.l'to cry, to weep, to call; ~f;r pre.~
perf. ~~T p. fut. ~ fnt. :a:ntl~'-<f<!_ con. ~I<!;
aor. Rll!i~
ben. :;r,;i;;=ifrcr, des. Oau ~-« pre.
~-l'I' .A.or, Pass.~~, ~a- pp ( Also .Atm.
~ pre. ~f.<{'! aor.)
~ 10 "G.( l:£.f) ,ay;.r,i:fto cty continually; generally with
am~-;; pre ~m~-~ &c perf. ""'~ p. fut.
li!i~~-a- fut. ~f.rsi:rcr_-ff con. ~-l'I' aor.
~PP
~ l U. & 4 P. q-rnq-m to walk, t, step; arri:rnl-,
i6TRl'ffl',
a;ir11:
pre. ~->q~ perf. E!rmnT-~p fut. li!iT~-~!t
fut. 3Uf:fff"c.rn:,
arii~n con. F~la'.-~'e." ben. 3ll!ifff<l,·
rim aor. !'ii!f:mqya-,rer~ei des. Can -!iF.;r~-a-.
an~-
$110:-naor Pass Pi:r«pre. ~pp. ~rifT ~, :fr"'""«if•
~ger.
;ifi' 9 U. !r.~ffltO boy,to purchase; afrurna- or :i;'iufri\"
pre.
~, f,.r~ perf. "$nrp. fut §l...:n%-it fut ?lfm<I_,~
ben. ~. 3lR aor, l~-~ des. Pass.-~.
<ITT!mlaor. m ~<l:. Aor.
pp OauS.-!if.f'll'll"!lf-a",
m l P. !iii~ to amuse oneself, to play; Ri'rer'ff
pre, ~
per£.Ri'rmrr
p. fut. s~'ir fut Qfn"~ con. ~
ben. a«!frn-ra: m~q-fn des
aor. Pass.-1:Jflm, ~
aor 011u.-~·a-, an~~ aor. !!i11fi p.p. qf~
ger. ~ inf.
~ 4 P. 'inNto be angiy; ~ pre. ~ perf. ~ p. fut..
~ fat, ~ con.~'lfll: hen. ~ aor. R p.p.
 Pass,-~l:<l"ii pie ~TN :m. Oau.-!Sr~r1Nit, "$-J~•m:-n
.A.or.~<tic~ des.
~~ I. P. a."!lf,;!~:fur~'61"to cali, to ery, to lament; w.~& pre.
~~ per:£.~l:!r p. fut. iita-'lim- fut ~lf.T8-1«i'.
con•. ~lff
hen. ~~O: ao1. PasS.-jf\\<fff, ~~ aor Can. ~~~­
~, Si:ir~~a::--;; aor ~ffli des. ~'e pp. ~ir ger. $1?;~int
~1! l. A.~~ to serve; $<{ff pre. ~1r per.f ~7TT p, fat. !ll'~-
Tq'a'aor.
Wirq1. P. U~i'fto 1amant1 to call; ~iff pre. ~ perf, tf~r
P. fut. a:i,jj{r<!_
aor.

~ 4 A. ~if.i;lf to be confused, ~~ pre '<lit ped. \ii"~ p,

fut a:i~~ aor.
§0:: to whisper; ~iwrfi-Ff pre ~'WT'lii'-!m"-
10 U. :a:iE!Ti'F.~To?[
;;j'lt&c. perf i!;itrfif!'t'T
p. fut. i>i~~q-,r_-aor.
~ l & 4 P. ~r~) to be fatigued or tired; ~Hila' & ~1.:tfrnpre.
perf. wfitor p. fut <F~Q!Tff fut. ~a:
::;J(1.R7.n:f hen.
~i:ia: ao:r.Rf'f~il''l'lff des. o!'olr.i'fpp. <fl'l~<'fT,~T ger,
~4P a:irffpulfto become wet, ~ pre. ~W~ perf i~clT,
~'\if p fut i~,;i;,fu, i~lff fut ~tf¾is.r<i_-,,iim~ con-
~ ben. a:if~ aor f~i.ir pp. Pass -{~siff, ~fit aor.
1~ ( @iR;) 1. !J q-fr~;t to lament; ~ef<t-ffpre. ~~-k
perf. ~f.:~or p. iut. ~~,r,nfi-ff fut. :::if~f~<l'('I,-a" con.
~-3,:~q'e aor. Pass.-w.~a-.
ffi~ 4 A. ( ruely P.) to be afflicted, to sn:ffer;Ti§'~'it
'3'Q'1iT'f
pre f~~ pe:rf ~~ffi p. fut. Wllil!SliFf fot. ;;.i~rs;:n; con.
ifu~ria-ben. ~~'a" aor. Rf~1fqa-, f~~q'it, des, Pass
@i~~ pre , alif:!Taor. f~ or frimr p.p.
to torment, to distress; f~mia' pre f:,;r~
f;\!i~ 9 P. fi."iITl'iif
ifunr, i,r; p. fat. ~"11Tff,i11-'tfr<i
pelf. fat. a.i~r°?rotfrl:_,
~ con. @i~ma: Ben. ~~Ta:, au~~<I.aor. f€..~~
24

1-eitf'ifullim,
R~ltfffl des. ~fu;r or ~'l!.' p.p. &"fu;on
~\ll Ger.
~R 1 A <>t'<flll!'i
to be timid; ~'),repre. ~if~ :perf. i.lfrf.mT
P.
:fut.~~'e aor.
~1. A. ~'ffi'l<rt,nf-;::rto
speakinartioulately;i~pre. f:aTi~
perf. ~r p fut t~i;;.:fit :fut. f~~ des,
'§"'!!:_1 P ~~ to hum, to tinkle; ffi'l'J!lff pre :;;rar1rrrped.
ffi'ftirnT
p. fut. ffi'!OT"<l"IB"
fut :a:rn:;/iir~l:ftl
con ffi'Wf@:ben. S11F,-
aor. a;/umpp. Oan. ifitrrqJ%-a-,
OT'ia:_-3iai!'!I!@: :wf~-a'i!l'l<I.-i:I"
aor. Rl"lf;!Ui"l"rd
des.
~ 1 P. ~ii'; to boil, to digest; ai'~ pre. '<f~lll" per(
a':N1H p, fut. ai~ra fot. mEf~~ con m~~nc:r: Ben.
~ii'.. aor. ~m dss.
~ 1 A, 9~ to kill; il:f:;:tff
pre. ~~<!'fffut ~1~1: .A.or,
~ 1 A, .rar~r;i""'i'
to move, to give; ~:;:ia-
pre. ,;;r~~ ped.
~r p. fut. 3l"~~'e aor. ( Also 10 U. 1. P.) ~.=rtn%-ff
qrampre, qrai?rii!,~f:;:rnrP. fut. al"'i:1'~::;t?!;-o,~!l{:;fre:
aor.
~ 8 U. ft~ to hurt, to break, to kill; <l'f!l'!Tffi',
!f!~'it pre.
~, ~~~ 2nd sing, Impera. :;;J"q,"Tl!T.
'i:iil:iilr perf.~furaTp,
fut. ~m-a <lf~fut'l!.',
fut. at~rcrt~U:-ticon. a:rq'!orf<l'_,
at~ aor. Oan.-~Tllr<l'T1Hi pre. ~\01"'ireHrdes. ql"TGl«l'r,
~r ger.
~ 10 U. ~ m:ut
'<I"to send, te dimt; il:ii:rtrra-a-
pre ql"~-
~1'~ &c. pert 1.f!G"fu-1rrp fut. l;'l"'l~ll"&-a- tut. ~ql"liN-
~-a- con.-~'«t_-il" aor f:;:rq:rqf.tq@-ff des.
01~ l A. lff~l'fto allow, to suffer. <1:n:ri'i"
pre. :;;J"qf~perf, ~Ti@'T,
~ p, fut. fffl;l:I"~
'1lfi:j"1;q'i\-, fut, awnil·Q;f({-iicon. ql"rn'TT'!",
~1~ ben. a:l!l'ff~, atITTn ~~ des. Oau-
aor, T'iJf!l1m're,
~-a-, ar~-a !or.~"ff, qffitff pp, ~rn~r; ~r;;:,,rr
ger. Pass.-qtl'111'1',~ aor.
 Dru:IUKOSE:A., 25

.~ to endure; !fl'T:i:.mt
4 P. 'El&;it pre ,;;r~ perf. ~ or r:fl7'nT
p. :fnt. ~;{Slfffi', t~ fut. ~I~,a:r~ con.~~
ben. Silfl"Ril;
aor. Rf!fITTM'lff,
for~~@'des.
~i: 1 P. ~~ to :flow.to distil; ,:rn'a'pre. ,;;rantperf !fl'T1ffi
p.
fut. ef~r'ir fut. a:r~~ con. a:r~ra aor. ~ des.
l!mnP p.
~ 10 U. ;m:qq;;tfiJr to wash, to cleanse, &c.; ~~-a-
pre.
!fl'T~'1.l'ffl-'<fii; per:f. anwftr.irp. fut ~~!>'!j"(.;-~ fut.
ai/Wi~•('f con. ~ !fl'T~IV'l'ra" Ben ~ii aor.
~~~-Ff ces !1-i"TT~p. p. Sometimes 1 P. al~o. ~%-
tlfrafut. Sf~T<I. Aor. ~mi$l- des.
N" 1 P. to decay; ~fir
!!i"il' pre 1 ~~ per£. arnrp. rut.
~ 5. P. Tg"~lir to destroy; r ~~l'.(lff 1ut a:r~~
~TTffpre. I con. ~'In ben. i<~lf.
~ aor. ~ffl'nff des. Oau -
I amri;n'iHr, ~~-n"
~-!.!.,...._1';t.rr~ir~.to dw!1];j Aor l~,ir'f~P-P ~1<IT
~ra pre. ger• .Pass.-!fTTl«f.
nwrr._
8 U. mfrliT to kill; @utnffor iurrnr, ~ or pre. m
'Rf~ or Rf~ perf ~1'urnr p fut, !il'rOf&<l'ra-i'I'
fut. Sl~-
fat~-('f con, a:r~a:_or ~UT'a'-31T~ aor. Rf~lq@-d,
~fiir'fffl·ff des. ~'ur1<IT,~' f~,qf ger.
reg:_
4 P. iti:utto throw, to cast; 'R,t!l'til' perf. ~ p.
pre. ~If
fut. ~~lifff :fut. ~~ con. :at~~'ra:_ aor. fa:fc=:mi:,
ben.
Pass -~-a:ri{q aor. Oau -~qtliff-ff, arrer1~-('f aor.
~ de; fifra-
p p.
Tifl!.. m~itpcrf. ~ p. fut.
6 U. to throw; &ro~-itpre f:..rlfftl',
~ff-~ fut, a:i*i:ma:,
3Jl~ aor. 'Rf~fff-?t des.
fu',r_
1, 4. P. ~~ to spit; Wfllf,efwn1r pre. R~<{perf. lit~·
tina'fot. at~ A.or. 'Rffil=f'irff,~~@' des
efr 4 A. ~~IQ'T to kill; ~lffl pre. r~~'tr perf. '51~'!' A.-01, Oau -
IWlf<ffi{it, 3lm<Ja'.·li A.or.
 SANSKRIT GB.A.l\IYA.B..

,efr9 P to kill; mvrmtpre ~ perf. itffT, p fut.~ fut.

:at~,r con. ~.:rrtr_ ben. ar~llfia:
aor.
~~ 1. P ar-.:r%~1( to soundinarticulately; i:n-:s:mt pre, ~r.;
perf ~ p fut ~~@ fnt. Sl'fn'irs1nr. con ~imi:
hen. a:rfr:.fict aor. R"'1raq@des. Oau. a:f~-~, arf:;;r-
~<f aor.
~ 1. A. ;f.t to be intoxicated;~!ffl' pre. Rrefrit perf i:n-m'T
p. fut. ;ir~ aor. can -efri!Wf-ff
fut. 3i1fl'IT~'Z pre. :aif.;.f-
llTTll1f-i'f aor. R"~f.ilfffdes.
~ll. 1 P. f.n~ to spit; ilf'fll'rf pre. ~4=£"tir parf. efr~ p. fut.
:at~~aor.
:g 2 P. ~l to cough;~11% pre. ~<I' perf. ffiffTp fut.1fl'T')-•
~ fut. 3T1fl'f~ con. 3T1fl'Tqli'( aor. ~- hen. 3 ~1illf des,
Pass~,~ aor. Oau -1f!'fol!l"@-~, ~a' .A.or.
-.,~rnf.
'~ 7 U. ~ to strike against, to pound; ~' ig~. pre.
~, ~~( perf. ~m
p fut. arr.ml-iifut gm!!:,g1tioz
hen.~, Sl'N)~~, Si§'<faor. ~~~ des, p p,p.
~ 4 P. IDJ~ to be hungry;gwftf pre, ~ perf, ~"'ra:r
p,
fut. ll{r,~ fut. ~ml: con, §"~".:rrtr_Ben, Sl'~ a.or.
Oau,-~{t. ~-a- aor. gmp P. wRt;.rr, gt\Tt<IT
ger. Pass -§'Wa'pre. ar~ aor.
~ 1 A Q~ to be agitated, to disturb; ~!Thpre. 3§'~ per:f.
Wt~ffT P. 1ut. ~ fut. ~~a' con. ~~ Ben.
~~, Si~ aor. ~~ff, 3 am1rtra' des. Oau.-w\f•
.:r@"-i=t,
Si~-i'f .Aor. Pass.-~~ff, 3T!ffTTlf aor. gfi:n;,
~ P.P.
gii: 4. & 9 P. to tremble; ~,mr & g~ pre. Wr\l" perf,
i@«rr p f11t a;rr~ fut arwfri~ con. ~ Ben.
~( 4)~.m{ ( 6) aor.~, ~P.P-
'li'i::6 P. ~~if to scratch or draw lines; g~m pre. ~ltUI{'
perf-
!ffl~i'fr
p. fut. ~m: aor.
 Dru.'rnxoslL!.. 27

·~ 1. P. ~"ii'to waste; ~pre. ~~perf. 11mup. fut !lnm

fo.t.~q_ eon.~re: a.or. Cau.-~-a-. m~-ff
Aor. ~des.~ pp.
,'tl! 2 P. ff':sr.t
to sharpen; ~)fff pre. ~ii' perf. a-11\furr
p.
fut. itUTf~ fut. a\'~utfer~con. ot~ aor, ~
des,&lmPP•
~irr~ 1 .A..f.r~ to shake; amq-a-pre. ;;m:rri't
perf. a.mmr
p.
fnt.~irr~fnt. ~aor. Cau.-~•ff, ~-i'f
aor. RrritinfQisQ"ct
des. ~<ffl p,p,
••~'ft.1 U. 4 P. fi!i!ff\4:1•1'41;
to be wet, to release; a-1rara-4r,
~@'pre.~, pert, ~~ p
A"T1ti" fut *~-ft
fut. 13{~-ff con, 31~<1:, 3'1'a'<fm!'; Sf(?.!l'iQ aor.
~ or l~ p.p.
wr~l U. 4 P. t~~!ft: to be unctnoue, to release;~-
a-,~ pre, f.;;r~, f-1:r~perf ~ilf'errrrp fut. a-~-'a'
fut_ ~~-n con 4 P. ~~ 1 at£&~, ~rrf.ra'
aor, Rf~it'ifci'-a-,
~~-ff, des w-rtJUr or~ p.p.
-~~ 1 P ~ to tremble; ~ pre. ~~ perf. ~it1%ffr
P. fut.
~a.or Cau.-~-a-,~-a-aor. f-1:r~
des.
q_q.
~ 1 P, g-~ to la.ugh; W-flt@'
pre ~ perf. ~ p, fat.
~l~fd fut. ~ aor. «~a: Ben.
~ 9 to be born or produced again; ~ pre.
.P.1!!f51'1%+flii°
"l'ffl'ol'perf. {!lf;;;rm
p. fut. ~/a' fut.~ or ~
aor. ~~ff des•
.~~ 1 P. ( ~- ) ~ to chum, to agita.te; \il'offlpre. ~
p.p.
~~ 1 P. ifrd~ to limp, to walk lame; ~ pre ~
p. fut \il-~iit fut. 3'1'l1if~con ~
per£. \ii'lffifl"
Aor. ~!f.. Ben.~ p p.
28 S.A.NS!tll,l'rGBiltMAR,

~ 1 P. ~mim;: to desire, to wish, to search;~ pre, =.rorra-

peri. efm p. :fut ~~1% fut. :s:rorri~ con. stllfira:,.
~a:Aor
lif'f~ 10 U. <:l~ to cover; ~'if-a- pre ~~f-U perf.
~q:--ii sor.
lii'~..,_l A. to break, to disturb; 'llfeffpre lif~ff pp.
;i-~;:r
~ 10 c. al:1C.l<flJ'e!.l@-npre S'l'ill'lqll'a'a'._·ff
a.or. f~~q'fff·ij'
"des.
~ 1 P. to be steady, to kill, to eat, w~iffpre.
~~'iw.,:rr.r1;,tii~
:;n.tt<t perf ~a-rp fut ~~% fut. Sl{ofl<f6tl?tcon. st«EITa:.
~a: aor. «11.lTll: !Jen. Pass -ffl pre. :a:i«TT~
aor. Cau.-
«r~itfn-fl'pre. st.frll!'~ii,-ff' Aor. ~~ des. llll;;n pp.
~ l U stq'mii\'to dig; \lfi'fia°-a-pre. 'ill'li!Til'or "iii'~ pezf.
«f.@r p. fut rcrf.r"lfffl-a- fut. QA!ill((-rl' con. ~ra:,
3!~@:, 3!ll!'A'c aor. lif~'l., lll1'tmf, «~l'c!" Ben. Pass.-
~~: ~if n aor.
aor Can-lifl,l'll@-fl", at.frlifi'fq_
~m-a-des lilf<fpp ~i!IT or m";;r,l'fger. (with~
~.~;,;.r.)
~ 1 P. intT to go, llfiffa pre ~ perf Sfflin\f., Slffl1ii~ aor.
~ l P. ~it to worship,to pain, to be uneasy; lii'G'O'a'
pre.~ per£ ~"'iiU p fnt. li(~@ fut. S'llif~6q-a:con.
~T<I. Aor m1ra- p,p.
lit( l P.~to bite;«i:{lfrpre '<ffllfperf.~nT p futwitf
p. p.
~ IP, lil'ifto be proud, to go, to move; ri1er pre, ,;;rorer
per£ S'll1f,{"fa:
aor. m
p.p
~ 1 P. ~, ~il' 'a' to move, to gather, lilwlifpre, '<l'ffliiS
ped. ~nr p. fut llll%-lltnfut. S1'mt\il, aor. lif~ p.p.
~ 9 P. 'li((lf!~lif to come forth, to purify; lifiiiffi~ pre.
Another 1ead1ngfor lll'TJ;.
 29

Iii''!:1 P. ~~ to kiil; Wffi pre.

~~ 1 P. ~iit to eat, to devour,~ pre. ~ per.f. ~
p. :fut. ~~ fut. ~~ con. aor ~ SR<rm,r.
Ben. ~ p p.
~ 6 P. qr"hrnt'ITTnN
~ to stnke, to afflict; ~ pre. ~
perf m p. iut.~ fut. ~ con. ~a: aor.
Nl(4«ild des. ~ p.p
~ 4 & 7 A.~ to be depressed, to su:ffer pa.in or mieery;
f«mt&~pre.~ parf p. tut.~ m fut.a:('@"ff
aor.hp.p.
~ 6 P. :er~ to glean;~@' pre.
~ 1 P. ~ to steal; ~ pre. ~pp.
~ 6 P. 'iJ<fif
to cut, ~ pre. at\ll'ma:,
a.or.
~ 1 A., ~ to sport; ~ pre.
~ 1 P, ffl to shake. to move to a.nd fro; ~ pre. ~
perf, ~ p, :fut. ~ fut. 31\ijjegqa:,con ~
aor, Oa.u.-m@ aor. ~a'
pre. i:111-.l~c.iJi:l des.
m--1~to sport; ~p?t,, (<iliSl<li""I~ &c. per£. m
11ffll'
P. f.~ a.or.
~ 1 A., i.f.t to serve; ~pre. ~mperf. ~ fut. 31Wf.i'c
A.or. Oa.u.-~4.
~ 1 P. ~ to strike &c; ~ pre. ~a' fut. 31~ Aor.
~ 1 P iriasmrcmt to limp; m'if
pre. ~ Aor,
~lfT 2 P. Sf$1:lit°
to relate, to tell; ~ pre, ~, ~
3rd pl. Imperf, ~i:mr p p. This is conjugated in the
Oonju. tenses only, According to the Nyasakira this is not
need with the prep. ~-

if+
ilQ; 1 P. ~ ~ ~ to roar, to be drunk; ~ pre. ~ perf.
;rr~RTp. :fut.~,~ Aor.
H. S, G. 38.
 30 SANSKRIT GRA.Mll[AB.

:ri~ 1 P. to sound in a particular way; 'l'f~ff pre. ~ perf.

am'lifht.
itf'llfflT p. fut. a.or.
~ 1 P. ~ to distil, to draw; ~ pre. ~ per£. ~r
P. fut. a:mira:
.A.or.
10u. mf.r to count. enumerate: irtmrrff-itpre. ~-
,m-,;;m;
&c. perf, ~r p. fut. lftlTlqqfff-ft' fut. ~-
~n con. ~Til'IJl'O:-n,
arairarn:-aa.or,if(Jlffl{, ~'!r
Ben. fi;;rur~-"1 des. riforapp, ITUTN;tff, f.tirnr.:q-
ger,
Pass.-'l'(lJtRf( tflJTmaccordingto some) pre.
1 P. ~ !f!'Ri to speak; '!lflff pre, ~ per£ m~r p.
fut. ir~ fut.~ con. 31lf(ra:_, a.or. ~
311fl'i.(Ta:,
ben, ~~ des Oau.-~fl--it pre, ara:ft~~ aor.
Pass.-ir.r~ pre. atiTf&
aor. :ri~rger.:ri~a:inf irf<tnP·P·
.a.~if to injure, to ask, to go1 ifr\T<l'il'pre. ~•'El'ff'
:ri;:,r,_10
.A.or.
ir;;: 1. P. irarto go; :ri:;;J'iff
pre. :;r:rim perf. ifri!Tp fut IITi{~~@'
fut. amf~'«I'. aor. ~O: Ben. fi,i1r~
con. &{il'l'fa:. des.
Pass.-;r;~, 31il'TTR a-0r.Oau.~a-a-, afimi:ra:_-a-
a.or.
mrpp. 'l'f<llTger. ~ inf.
~ 1 P ~ to thunder, to roar; ~@' pre ffi per£. ;rffrar
p. fut. ~ M St"l'fl~ con. i(tl;;frn:
aor. lfiitml; BE'.n.
~lffd'des.
~ 10 U, to roar; it~ff-a' pre. sr,;rq-:;(a:_-a
Aor.
;r( 1 P. $1,
fut.~Aor.
to sound, to roar, ~@ pre. ~ perf. ~ff

~ 10 U. to sound;;r{~~-ff pre. ~~{-'q~ &c, perf.

~ 10 U. &:l'i>T~ to wish; ;rq;r~-it pre. :rii'W-a!fiT{-'ol'fli'
&c.perf. ~-a- Aor.
lfi[_ 1 P. to go; ir;rfctpre :;rl(ifperf. if~i!T p, fat, ~ff p. fut.
11\t.
1 P, ~ to be proud; ;ma-pre, :;r:ri;fperf. iimrp. fut.
~ Aor. ~ des.
-.rf 10 .A. :i:i~ to iJe
'Ill"~de~.

1 A. 'i;;:,y;;if to blame; ,ri~ p,e. perf p. fut.

<ITT'1iT
'll~•trff:fut. Wliftll'<@" e.or. ;m~'e
oon. mrfi'2" Ben, Oau.-
~<IT?r-ff pre :,,:;i-~-R Aor. fml~'IR Jes.
10 U 1. P. ~~ii to censure, to reproach; •~-ff-
"..-.. I:'- ' r,.,. ,r. ~- K ,
~Tff pre ~1.lm"-~ u::o. :;!"!"!~ped. ~ITT, ~ p
fut ;rtf.tQI'@'-~; ~~& fat. a,~~"I_-"i, ~ aor.
~tJ-q•:rfiF~·; f::9<11hia
des.
1 P ~~ ffl'ir""-1"to eat, io i!r.,1p,to :fall down; ~ pre.
:rrf~mrp fut, <!T©~ fat. mrfiii~ con.
".iill'i<ii pert.
STITri'fa'. sor. nmwzfa·
des. Pess.~ira pre. 3',mi sor .
.r;;i: 10 A, <il'l!UTto pour out, to filter; ~ pre. ~
perf. ~r-m-rr Aor ~ p.p.
'<!?< l A. ~ to be bold ( generally with !f ); ~ pre. ~
Aor. fiim1¥itfffiles.
parf. <ll'l'ITT~'a"
>lirr.:
10 U. i::nifor
to hunt for, to seek; ~itq'triff-ff' pre. ;i~-
~c!l'T'{-:;;ra:; &c. perf. 'IT~ p. fut. ~ti:n'a-a- fat.
sr:;;~-n aor. ~m'I' p.p, -r~m ger.
'll'g 10 U. -r~ to be tbiek, to enter deeply into; mi,:riir-i'r
pre,
~i;m:iii;-i.:-:;ii; &c. perf. ~-ci .A.or.
'lTT l A. to go; ~iffpre. ~ perf. marp. fut. im<firfut. S'f~<f
con. W<TT<'ffaor. :mfT'a" Ben. rniTT8"ff des. Cau.-mm-ft
pre. a:t:mliqi'!__-FI"
aor. P.1ss.-<!'T<f11'
pre. 5{tf!Ff aor.
,;rr 3 P to praise; f~rn pre. ( Vedfo. )
'1N · 1 A. m'i'iffl~,:i_:rifur;:~
'tl' to stand, to seek, to compose; m'<lff
pre ~ perf. irfl~or p. fot :rnfq,;![ff fut. amn~i:raor.
~r!¼!ffl!Ben. Pass.-:r11:<r1r pre. STITTN"aor. Nrl'!T~fi°des.,
;i-rr[I A. ~tii'~i'Ito dive into, to bathe; ;rr,a-pre. GmTl
per:f,
iITTh°nror :rrir IJ, fut, -.rrTh"~tr~,
~&-Q"a'fot. mrr1iG11n.
 32

~ Con. ~, ~ a.or. ~, 'lff~ Ben.

01m,- ~-a- pre. a;r:;ft;q~-a' aor. mi, ~ p,p.
;qriv,rr,or :irl{f ger. ~~' ~ in:1.
i 1 A. a;arra; ~ il"m -;i- to sound 1ndistrnctly, to go; lli:iff
pre, ~ ped. ii'm p. fut. ~ fot. ~rttrn coD. ~'2'
11or. ~ ben. ~ des. Cau.-l'fFf~l~-'a'. ~~-ff
Aor.
~ 6 P, ~ to void by stool; ~"1'a· pre, ~IWI' per( mir
p. fut. ~ fut. ~ con. ~ aor. ~pp.
~,, !1:.~ 1, P, Pi!' to hum, to buzz;~' ~'1§1'16'
pre, ~-
~ per!. a:;r~, ~ti'. Aor.
,rs 6 P. ~ to protect;~ pre. ~ ( ~~ 2nd pers,
~. sing. ) perf, a:rma:
Aor.
~ 10 U. to invite; to advise, to multiply; ~iJ!ti'ta-~
:.:{rn"?.4iit
pre, ~~iiil<:~ ~.'fu,\ ~fi:r;l.Tfu
pel'f. 1,!llll<l<IT fut.
;am~ con. ~a- aor. ~•irnM'i' des.
~ 10 u.~~ to cover, to enclose;~ra-a-pre. ~-\'I'·
•ff
Aor.~lfra-a- des, Also 1 P. ~a- pre, ~llo
p.p. ( Generaliy with ~!f)
~ l ~----~P=: ;:._oplay, to sport; if~
per£.

pre. ~1'J~ per:f.

~ .A.or.~pp,
ij'J.__1 A. to sport; ~~ pre. ~~ perf. ~ p, fut. ( the same,
as W{ ).
~ 4 P. ~;t to cover; m~ pre, ~\T per!, s:itrN1'<l:,
.A.or.
~ 9 P. #i to be angry; ~TTff pre, ( See the above root. )
1 P. ~ii" to defend, to prot€ct, to conceal; ~ per.
ij,q__
~l'f, i!T~!fJR, &c, perf. mlil'mr,iffiq'fff, mmp, tut.
m'fl~IB'-ilTT!!'<l'ffl-4'!ft~1:n%, ~ aor •.
fnt. Sf'lll.1ltl'@'.,
~f<im, ~ll'mi', :a~% des. Oau.-iwn·
i¥$•U'11i<ll!ild,
~-it, ifllf<l'T°ff-it pre, 'l!l~mirri:ra:-a-,
<II-ii~~~, .A.or.
pre. 'llf<llfihr,
PaBB.-tn'flv:fff, 1lt:!:f11' ~ p.p. ;JJ"fl!Tl'il-<oi1
or ttrfq;qr,~r, g;;r.
 l>B:A'XuXOSEA. 33

1 A. f.r~
ij''!:,_ to cen!ure; ~;ra pre. if-lc;a'l• perf. ~-
~ p. fut. ;gaf'-\-144a
fut.~~ aor. ~'i Ben.
Pass.-~ pre.
ij1:[_4 P. ol:I"~ to be confused or disturbed;~ pre. ~lfflf
perf. ifu'qm p fut. ~ aor. Oe.u,-;frq-q-frHtpre. ~-
ii aor. :gm'ima', §iTft<lq@ dee. ~ p p.
WI_ l OU. lTNm ~ "i!if' to speak, to shine; .ftq11fir-il pre.
~~ffl~ perf. ;qtq-{iiqrp. :fut. 8':at!l!ffl-8' aor ~itr-
lf~-ff' des. aftft@'p p.
~, ~ 6 P. A to string together; Wiiia',
~ pre ~'
~ perf. ~f, ~c'fl' p, fut, ~' 01~ aor.
m'tti-11',
~pp.~ ger.
ij'~ ( ~) 6 .A ~ to make an effort; !!{ff pre. ~~ perf.
!!Rft'rp. fut. !!Rlil.i"d'
fut. arnt~ft' con. ~,fie Ban. ~1!
aor. Pass.-m pre. SfirfKaor. Cau --im:i!'IB"-°it pre.
~--t'f aor. ~des.~ p. p. ij'f~tnf.
~ l A. !€remto pls.y; ~et pre. ~ fut ~ aor.
~ 10 U, ~ii' to dwell; ~@~ per. 4;\<li'El<lm-..rii
&c,
perf. it~@--ft' fut. ~ii aor.
~ 1 U. ~ to cover, to keep secret; t111a-~pre. iiNJ or
~!ll' perf. atitffTor
~ p, 1nt. it~·ii', '<n'!flrTff·ff
fat,
~ftit: or arq;ii'a'
( V) 31'~-ff or ~ ( VII ) aor. ~
~ or - ben, ~-ff des. Pass.-~'ir pre. ~
aor. Oau ~-a-, ~-8' aer. ~pp .
.g, 4 A, ijfflir;lfr: to kill, to go; it~ pre. ~~ perf. ~ p.
fut. qft?; aor. ~ des. ;iatp p .
:in 10 A. ~;r,t to make an e:ffort; ~ pre. ~~<I: aor.
~ 10 U. ~ to praise; dqfa-« pr~. ~ffl·o Aor,
;z 1 P. ~it to sprinkle,to wet; trifttpre. ~ perf ;J'8T
p.
f. ~ffl' fut. ~ A.or.
~ 1 P. ~ to sound, to roar; ,r:;irrnpre. <Imaiperf, ~:;r1a:,
Aor. Oau ...:rri<lta·a:
pre, io,;;f'~,3;-a-,~-r;fu-o A.or. Also
~' ~'lmffpre. :;:r;.i:~ perf. a,-f,J:'li'!Tr!:
.A.or.
~ ~· to covet , to c,esue;
4 P. :r,w,1<F-Totilli~ ~- ~
~l;tf@ pre. ~i!"l'0 per :f.
iifirITTp. fut 311l~ aor. Oau.-,d:.:rr'iHi',
sz:;ftlllitq'.-n,
r.{;;:r-
<!m!"·ff Aor_ i~<IN'TTN
des.~~ pp <TNi<l'T,~1:.,rr.
~ 1 A. !liiUfto take. to seize; ~ pre. -l'l•i~· perf :irf%or,:rrir
p. :!ut. ,r~~' tl"&!Tff con. ,rijw1~,
:fut. a:r+r~lllicT-8'!'!:fa<TTl'
~ Ben. =,~. aor. f:r,n~, n:i~il' des Oau,-
Sl1fa'l"R"
~ffi-~, s:{:;fr~•ff, -:;.~-1:t aor.
~ 10 A ~ to ,eize; ~tfff pre. 'l~tr~~ ped. Csn;~ aor.
~<!~~ff ces.
6 P., f.ll'T'{Ut to swallow, to devour, to emit; fitui or r'it~@
pre. ;;:fiJF(or :;r,rr~ perf . .rRm,-rfniror '1Jra1'1T, if~fil P.
fat <T~ttflff,:ir;fi~ or <1ra111trn, mfr~'a",fut. '3il11UO:or
WllT~far anr .frtrhr_ Ben fir.n~@or f:mrf~'ij des. Cau_
or ~ aor. :ifror
-im:{ffif-il!n;3l':f!ff. Pass.-t/wff pre, <RiTTR
p, p.
9 P. ~ to call out, to speak; <J:"l'Tl!f
pre.::;;~ per:f.:rrfotr,
~ p, fut. ;m1Sl:ffit, llfMT~fat. ai-:rrm<1:
aor. Oau.-~1%-
~. .a.or. N\:i!Kq"ffl,
ff pre. a:nffll«t:-l'r
murp.p.
~llll'Ta".,
fl:r~fn des.

~- l .A.~I.'!~ to mve; ~ pre. fir~ perf. 81imi'<!Aor.

~ 1 A. ®7.i~~ to seek; if'ia'p:re.~q- perf. i'r~'a' fut.
:sm1'q'a-
Aor. ii~ p. p,
tr 1 P. ~ to sing, to speak in singing manner- :rrN,:,. pre
-\. ' 11(1 ~
:;;.rr perl. mmP. fut.~ fut.~ con. ~T~ ao:r,
~ ben. ~ des. Pass.-~~ pre. ~ aor. Oan.
~-ff pre, ~'«(-('{ ao:r.:iftnp. p, ;fr-ell( with a.
preposition ~rmr. ) ger.
~- l A. ;,iqr,rto assemble; "TT~pre. ~ perf. ~~ Aor.
 DRA'TUKOSHA.. 35

!r,'V l A.~ to be crooked; m

pre, ;:r~ pe:r£.~ p.
fut. m~ fut. ~'e aor. i:-l!lf.:'4'iff'
des Pass.-!I;'~
pre. ~ aor. ~ p. p.
~9P ~i!;ir to put together, to fa~ten; !l'~ff pre ~
' 2nd sing Impera. ~ perf !Tl~~n'T p. fat. ~
fnt. Slll~ aor. ii'~ beu. Pass-11~ pre a:n;r'i~aor.
Oau.-~-ff' pre awr~a;-n aor. ra,nim des !mffl'
p. P. ifPl«fIT,il'r-;:~ ger.
~ 10 U ~. ~ii- '<I' to string togeth~r. to compose;
~-ff' pre. 1i~l.ll->'i:1Siil( 'Ill;~ &o.perf. !l;:1Jrqffi' p, fnt.
~~((-n aor. u;:,,;irrl'{,q~~ b.n ~~-a- des.
Also 1. P. ~111 pre. :wr,:~ Aor.
if~ 1 A ~if to swallow; J1mtpre ;sm~ peri. !'ffirnT P. fut.
!IT~ fnt. 31:i!lff'eaor 1iffl'U'eben Cau.-tmfl.l'ffionly pre.
~ Aor. n;!ITT~'iff des. ;:mrp p !FFi«Hor 1i~tcl1'ger.
~6;. 10 U. ~ to take; !ffil'!l'la-a" pre. 31~-d' Aor.
~ 9 U. ~ii' to take hold of, to seize;~. ~ pre.
~ 2nd sing. Impera• ..rim, ~ par:f. ~rar P. fat.
!fti'&efct-a-
fat. ~a;, ~ aor. ~. ~ hen,
~-a-des. Pass.-~pre. ~ aor. Oau.-1ifi!1m-
a-
pre. aninmr.-n aor.~a p. P. ~ inf.
to invite; !fmllT'ir-a-
!l'Pi{10 U. lin!r.iUI' Pre. ~--n Aor.
~ 1 P. ~ itfil'El'to rob, to go; !l1'q'@' pre. ~ perf.
!TIT~ p. fut, ~!IT=.«!:, ~ aor. ~ ben. ~~
~!flR'4@des, Ca.u,~ff-ff pre. ~-a- .A.or,
~ l A,~ to take; ~ pre, ~ perf, ;-m1;6!ffl' fnt.
~ Aor. ~ p.p.
,~ 1 A, ~rii" to take; ~ pre. ;;rn;5'fperf, ~rg''e Aor.
,~ 1, P. ~ iTffi" 'q' to steal, to go; ~~ pre, ~
perf. ~ p. fut, rram p, p. This root is the sameas ~.
~ 1 P. to go;~ pre,~ perf. ~'i:l'a'T p. fut, &tl~-
~ aor.
,;;ra:,
36 SANSKRIT GBAWIL!B.

~ 1 A.~~ 'Iii'to be poor, to tremble; ~qilr pre. ~et

per:f.~jqs;ra fut. ~ Aor.
ii 1 P. ~it" ( g~ \'l'tg~: ) to be weary; ~ pre.
~ perf. ~ p. fut.~ fut. ~ con. ~-
lwtl'lra_Ben. ~10:. aor. ~~fn des. Pass.-1'ffl{'t pre,
~ aor. Oau.-~'it-'a'. ~)ff-ff pre, ~ P· P•
f!TT;!ff, ~ ger. ~~inf,
tf-
tr.l:..1 P. ~'ittolaugh, to mortify; tftl'lfl
pre, :;f'<lT'1f
Perf.ll{~-
~ Aor,
~ 1 A ~ to he bu•y with, to happen; mpre. ~'II:}
perf, ~~ p. fut, '!fl~ fut, mr~ hen, ~ am·.
Pass:-"il?lra pre• .rrfurr,-er~ar p. fut -er~, tm~ fut.
'5f'illra~, ll{'!fte~con. arofc,arifl~ aor, Oau.-~-6'
pre, ~-~ aor. ~'ifri!ltlf des.
~ 10 U, ~ITI'lrl~ 'Iii' to speak, to collect together; "if!~-
~ pre, mtrrs:'q'ffl-'ol'lli, &c. perf. ~:;mraa:.·n
Aor. ~-
fim'ir-fl'dee,
~ I A. ~ to shake, to touch; 'cf!6' pre, ~ perf. +r p.
fat. "ifl~ff fut. ~ hen. Si'!f~ aor ~~6' des. ~~
p.p.
~ 10 U ~~ to stir, to disturb; lf?M'-6' pre, ~iif.·'11' Aor.
~a-a-des.
~ 10 U to speak; -er~41' pre. ~-n'
1rJ1m1t .A.or
• .Also
1 P. tfOc:lfrpre, ~ Aor.
1fti;''1 P. to eat; 'iWIW pre. sr;fffi( Imperf. :;r;:(Tl'faor ~ p. fut.
~ fut. ~ con. &f!Ri1I. aor. ~~lft des ~ p p.
~ 1 A. JJgut to take; ~ff' pre. ~"tirit pert. ll{~{tt~ Aor.
"'Thia ii a. defective root and is very often used for the
root ~ It is conjugated in the Pert. as an optional substi-
mtefor SR".
 31

~ 1 A.~ to sonnd; ~ pre ~ perf. ~ Aor. ~

de~. ~p.p.
~ 1 .Ii. ~ to return, to ezchange; <Trait
pre, ~ per:f.
~' ~~ aor. ~ p. p.
~ 6 P. i:n~mit
( ~~) to strike against; im pre ~
( ~~ 2nd sing. ) pen. 31~ Aor.
~ 6 P. to strike; ~ pre ( the same as above ).

~ 6P ffl to roll, to turn :ronud; WliTff

pre. ~ per f.
;rrfilrm-
p. fut.~ A.or. :giom pp.
~- 1 A. ffl to roll, to whirl; pre. ~iir per£. a,~
'<11'ilrn'
aor

~1 A. :ll'iir to _ta1£.e,.
to rece1ve; Wlllff pre g~criir perf.
ID01lffil aor wucrra
p. fut. 31~011nr p p
to be frightful, to sound; ~ff pre.
1t G P. "lfi¥tl\Ql!l~<1l'•
~ ped. "ifITTnT
p. fut. mR~mffM. ~~. con.
~ aor.

it. 1 P. ~~ (~ ~) to sound, to declare; 'l;IT'ffll"

pre ~ perf. mfffl p. fnt. ~'% fnt ~ hen.
~, 'il'f~ aor. Oan.-.i'i~-% pre.~ aor.
~~'~~des. ~'ire,'<TT~or~ pp.
~ 1 A. ~if;~ to be bright; ~ pre. ~ perf. 3;tm~
A.or, ~-ij-~ de@

~ 10 U. fil-~ to proclaim aloud; S!l'+~=~'"mr~ to cry

eontinnonaly; ~-if pe. ~,m--~ &c. perf.
p :fut. ffll~ff-if
m,in-'irnf iut. ~~ o aor. ~'ffl-~ p.p.
'ill: 4 A. ~~r: to kill, to bsoome old; ~ff pre. 'ill'!!m!'
Aor.

~ 6 U. '!iti:tlll'
to move to 1J.ndfro, to whirl; ~, ~ pre,
' ~' ~ perf. ~r p fut. W01'Ell'ffl·ff
fut. il~"ti
 i3 U. ;frntto shine, to burn; ~m, .ruif1% & 1~ff, ~
~ perf. '<trinnP. fut, ~m'if·ff
pre. 1i!.:rtrr, fat. ~<i.,
~>!,~,am. des. 1i[ffpp. "l~i, <f<"IT
W!lel!'<'.~11!IB-ff ger.
tq-~'i,:rf°'"'to rub, to crush, to nval; ~ pre,
1 P. '0"<N
~ pe1f. m~ p. fut. "ifNSll"TR" :fut. :s:i-.:r~a:_con. <l'f~<l:
aor. ~ ben. ra'<!mw" des. Pass.-~a- pre. :a:i'ii/q-a.or.
Oau.-mia--°ff pre.~~-ff. :mi~-<raor. ~P-P. ,qft;.rf

-
m
&wger.
1 P . .-i~
mwrn:fot. ~a:
to smell; ~Ei'r<f
pre, s:fllli'
con. ,nmr, '"1<THITO:
pert. m;rr p, fut.
aor. '.tl'Tlil<I_,~
hen. ~l:ITTT& des. Paes.-.w:ra- pre, '=1m'Rr aor. Cau.-,fll:f·
ffl•5" pre. ~~~-ff, aor, ,mr,marpp.
'll'f~TW«!.,-l'T
~-
1 A ~~ to sound; ~ pri.. ~-t;'iiperf. i-TflTp. fut.~
, aor. ~'l'r'<rhen, ~i;_"l<l Jes.

~ l A. ll:81'i:rffl'lmt:q- to be satisfied, to resist; :;;rq;if pre. ~

~ p. fnt. ~:i;t\llff fut. ar-.tih· Aor. Cau,-'<(l'q;~°ff-fl'
pre. ~~-l'!' aor. ~~ff des ,;ney;a- p p.
-~ 1 P. qar to be satisfied; 'ei'~ pre. ~Tcfi' perf ~~T p.
:fut a;-;:;efre:,
a:f~ aor. Oau·-:;;r;,;ffl-~ pre ~°il;ltS!r.:r
des. Pa;;s ~ pre. :s:r;;rr\W, a;~ A.or.
1'11'~ 2 U. ;frff1 to shine, to ba prosperous; :enr;rfur-~ pre.
~ffl~'{~ p. fut. ~~ fut.
&c. perf. "<flf.TTffiTT
31-.(ii!Mtll<i. eo::i.'ll1''<f~, ~~'/! aor. Cau.-'<!'.i;m-
 D:iu.'TUKOSRA, so

tmr-ffpre. a:r:;ft'cl'q;R,(i'.·i'f, aor. "'5!'1.lTTim;

;a:r,;;r::;;p:i;r,.:iil:_-i'i pp
"'1'1.JTT~fger, "l"i$1'1~ inf.
to speak, to tell, to say;~ pre. "-l'~#-
,;;r~•0 2 A. o<l'ml«fof'1f<f
~, :;;r~, :;;rof~r,
'<f<l"~per:f.~1u, mrer p. fat.a:r~-;;;
3i~efrn:, ~m aor. ~~, ~iii., ~'a", ~a:,
~T<i., !f~Rfrl:r ben. Oau -~!TTG1il"ff·ff, ,f~!l"i~-'a- pre,
3i~1:r,:ia:-n, acr. fu~fi'!'·a'
131'1~,;ffi'ffl".·lf des.
,;i-~ 1 P. to go; to jump; "€(?al~ pre, "$i''el"~ perf. ~-,nrr p. fut.
aor. '<1']5:'eltfp p.
at,;i-;;::;;fi(!_

'q"e°'1 P ~U'i<l"T: pre. ~eperf.~~;n

to break, to co,er; ::;;ra-1'ff
p. :fut. ~it-a:, aor Oau.-'eJ1e~m-~, pre. ml21i1%des.
;;;re°'10 U. ll'<l';tto kill, to injure. to break; 'El'W!lff·~ pre. :.;rr::q-r-
S-"qolm:·~, &c perf, ~r p fut, ~~:~ fut. ~'q-
e'fllQT<l:lfcon. ~ ..rn:_-n aor. ~tf p.p,
:;;rir°'l P. q"R.Jeff 'i:l' to give; ~ pre. "<f'ql'l!T pert '"l'iurnr P.
fut. ~Ta:, aor. Cau ~<l"m-~,
a:Rl'l!JTH!:_ RRl"i~rffdes.
:;;;ru~l A. to be angry; :;;r~ pre. ~u~ perf 'oi~i p. fot
a:J"el"m'a'aor. Also P. "ef"~ pre. ~0: aor,
:;:ru~ 10 U. ~i'a-·ff pre. ~~n A.oi·. R!¾Oi§IQ"?11t-l'!'
des.
,;;i~ to ask; 'l:l'q"iff·a'
1 U, :Q'f"i:l"if pre. "ol"'a'Tif·~ perf. '<1"~@-~
~e
fut. S!'<l'<fur_, A.or.
'<f.J:1 P. ~ to kill; 'el";;'nf pre, ~ perf. ::srf.i~ fut.
slf:.r.fta:,
ei~ A.or, Cau -,;r,;m-~, ~'"f~'-TT'a-des.
~~ 10 U. ~<l<lr: to believe, to strike; ::;,rr,:p.r(~-~pre.
"!:;fi:;;r.;o;-a-
A.or.
~ l P. :a:ir~ itrm
'-<I'to be glad, to shine;~~@ pre. :;;r~
perf. "i:l'~iir p. fut, ~;:ft(!_ aor. P-J::qf.:~ des,

"'This root is defective in the Non-conjugational tenses,

When it means •to leave! it does not substitute !flil'T; ~
aor.
 40

,;;rq:l P. ~ to console; Oqqffi pre. "<l"iil'Nperf. ~ p, fut,

pre, ~fqllfW de1.
3f<r.fra:·SNr~ a.or. Oau,-'q'Tcri:l'ra'·ff'
10 U. ~ to grind; ~f.i:~ pre. :;:.n'l\'~!;;'iifim·"l'ili
:;ri:r_ perf.
fflqT p. fut, a;::;&.m:•'!'a.or.
~ 10 U. to go, to move; ~~-6' pre ::q;q,rn;:~-~
perf. ~ p, fut, l'f'q'Oq~a.or,
"I~ l P. ar.t'-1'
to eat ( with stt to drink); 'cl+ITTf
pre.~ perf.
~ p. fut. ~f.i' fut. ~ a.or. Can -'q'l'RlITTJ pre,
~({_ des. :;rr,:ap p ~ or ~ger,
aoI.14:1'\ill;\'(ffl
~ l A. to go; ffl p?e. ~ per:f.~T p. fut, ,;;i-~~ fut,
a:r,;.nqa-
a.or
.Jil: 1 P. iym to walk ( with a;rto perferm ); ,;;i-n'6'
pre, '<l'il"T<
perf. '<l'ft'l'r
p. :fnt.=.m:cmfut. 31~q-a:_con,--'\il'll1({_
Ben.
~ a.01.14:1.;if<lffli"des. Paes ~'a" pre. ar:;nR a.or,
~p p,
10 U, ~ to doubt; ( with iii',Sl'~Q' to remo,•e a doubt);
'If,::
~-~pre,~ 'I' aor.
'if~ l P. qnlll"flll1l~ to abuee,to discuss; ffl" pre,~
perf, ~ p. fut, -.ri"=ii6lil'ir con. ~
fut. at"11"f¾gqa:_
aor =.rf¾a
p.p,
"!f~ 10 U, ar~~ to read over, to study, :;;r,h~-ij' pre, "11"111r·
~-'Qi &c. perl. ~ p. fut, ~,;ta:-'!' 11or,
1 P. ~ & 10 U. •
:;;i.\: to ea.t, to chew; 'If~%& fflffl·'€t
pre. ffl & 'El4•U&,:li$1{·U perf, 'Ell~ & ,riiq.rr p. fut,
~,~-'!'.A.or.
'q~ 1 P, IPR to stir, to shake; ~ pre. ~ perf, ~ p,
fut. ~lit 11or,Oau.-~-~ ( ~~6'-ij') pre. 81'=.rr•
:;raa:-'I'
aor.....~ p p,
~ 6, P. ~ to sport, to frolic; ~ pre, ( see a.hove for
the olher forms ).
 DR'ATUKOSHA. 41

10 U
'i!iol".__ ~ol'to foster; ,;:;rratr@·ff
pre. :;;;rmtn::;:::;r;i;rt-W.
&c.
per:f.<fl:;;fT:;;i-@<'.(
A.or.
'tl'II!:_I U, .ra:,irrto eat; 'i![q@-1!"pre. "=f~l':r, ~q- perf &li"ii'•flt!'.,
<ll'"fi'fra_, a:!'i!iT'le'Ao r.
;;r~ l P. & 10 U. 'fflof.liif."~
tn be wkked; & ~ffi-ff pre,
&i~r,r_-:i:r~ia:_-ifr, ;;µ,-'efr-;r~-a
( 'i:f;rn~) _,\.or.
"<rl•t._l to worship, to observe; '<IT<'('@·!f
U, 1l_G'l'Tf.r.i!Tiii!<1T: pre.
~J<l-'q'~ peri. :;;nf<IB"Tp. fut. "-iT~lltl"ffi-ff
fut. "<1'&"~,
~ C ....__ -
aor. ~r:.11"-
t"°".
~!'Ill!: aor. au-=em:r,mt-n pre. o'!~f~·\'f
n'Vi'f des.

f:;;r 5 U. 'i!f<I~ to heap up, t~.colleGt; fy,~a-,

i¾&tpre.~,
~:;;;T<I',m'ir, 'Ri~lfped. ~m p. fuf. ~-ff fut, ~a:,-a-
con. a,~a:_, ~~ aor. 'i!i!<l'H'f, ~ beo. Rti'-lra-a-iies.
Pas~.-~ pre. ::Jl::;fl"~aor. ~ p. p. Rr.Ti ger,
Rf 10 U. to gather, '61~@'-ff,'i!ill'll"Ti'i·~ pre. 'i:i"li~-'ai,
:;:p:r<1b;;;f~i:r-;;r~ perf. 31~:;:;'«l:_•n, ~:;:rr'<!<la:-n i:.or.
Ri;_1 P & l O U. Cf'(SfEQ" to send out; ~' ~@,ff pre,
~, ~:;;;r.m:-::;;rci; &c perf. ~feITT,~TlfaT p, fut.
31~a-_, a,:;frr'¼a-;i:-a
aor.
T'oi'il1 P. ~:ill;i"to notice, to understand; ~a- pre. for:iira
perf.
~l'!T p. iut.. ~~<lffi fut, <>!~~ COD, ~a: ao:r.
~i<l"T<I_be11. RrRl"IB\lfRf, f~<fqffi' deP. Oall.-~IB'-a"
aor. Pass_-R«<ffi pre <ll~!ffao:r. ffi
pre. ar,;frf.ol'ij<i:_-~
p. p. f:.:r~ & ~i<ll ger.
~ 10 A. ~a-";;r to perceive, to be anxion~; ~e'l<ift pre. ar-;:ft-
Fffiff A.or. 'R!"~~ff des.
f.;;:i:)O U. f::;;r.ir~iir~~ '<I'to paint &c.; 1~&-a- pre.
a:il~Ri~rn:,-n Aor. ~Rr-irl'il-~-FI:de!.
f,,ra:1. P. think, f~ampre. fuf:.rnperf. R@?lf p. fut, 3'1mi'J:'.
aor. RR'!!i!p. p.
f:lia:10 U. w,;:;rto think, to consider; ~tffa'-a-pre. m,rrs;,"l··
42

em:-'El1!i,
&c. perf. Rnftm p, fut, ~~ffi(-8' aor. f?$w:rrcr_
& ~iml'lfl!" ban, Pass-~ pre. lfRTf.8' aor. ~ p, P.
~ ger.
f~ 6 P, ,re;rto put ou clo!;hes, to dress. ~ pre. ~;,;5'
-..perf, ~ p, fut.~~ aor.
~IP. ~f,;fo-irto beeome loose; Riifln pre, f.ei'R:Ti'
perf .
...A~al p. fut, arr~ra:aor, ~ff p. p•
..fr~IO U. 1 P. ~ to sufiar; :;fr~•!if, ,;;fm7r pre. •,fr~-
~im:-~, R'oITii
pert. ar-..rrr~$if-8', aNrcf;l<f,aor,
:;fp; 1 A.~ to boast; ,,fr~'itpre. ~:;frij- psrf. :;fr&cfrp, fut.
ar,;it~ aor.
-ii~ 1 U. :amp;r~: to take. to cover; :;;i-rm-'a'
pre, f.l:1-.iff·
'ii"p3rf, ;;frii@rp. fnt. ~ & 5f'<T!Tq'2' aor.
,;ft~ 10 U. irri:rm ,irar:q to speak, to shine; ~';f-'iif pre.
s~l P. ~ to bathe; '3'6!Tffl' pre. ~!I' perf. ~~ll'Qflff
fut, ~ .A.or.
:se6 P. is~ ( iclr( ) to c11t;~@' pre. ~le perf, ~ff'r p.
fut, ~to: aor.
fil 6 P. rnur('F;'rf.t) to conceal; :Ja@ pre. ~:;:ilia perf.
3mrTp, fut.~ aor,
~ 10 U. 1 P, if.I' to cut; ~@-ff, aife;a,
pre. ~i!<f,·n,
~Aor,
~ 10 U. R,tif to direct, to throw; 'oi'll,f!TT1'4r
pre. 'q~r-;::;,r-
!fl'R-'!lit'
&o. perf- ~q"nf p. fnt. ~~-!if fnt. li1:;Ji'Jlf-
con. ~-a
fqllil<r.--i1' aor. ~~et-'ir des ~ p, p.
~ l P, ~ ira-t
to move slowly; :;ifcrfrr pre. ~Ill' per£.
~ P. :fot. st:;;i-°'rft;!
aor. ~-.;i-r-firfi'tides,

~ l P. liW:i#Tii'to ki!s; ~ pre. @iC parf. ~f;~r p.

fut, lf¥il"ii, aor. ~In des. ~f;iffl p. p.
 D:e:A
'T'UXOSJIA. 43

~i:.i:_10 U. fi«Nl11:
to kill; ~-it pre. :1Jl';pfT~i61'{-'<1'11\",
&c.
perf. ~aT p. fut.~~~ aor.s~if p. p.
3t 10 U. ~ to steal or rob, to take; ~-a- pre. ~'!i-
'!ffl~, &c.perf. ~ p. fut. 'q'Rllf&m-a'fnt. ar-t~if
aor. ,;;r~, ~When. ~'ffif-R des. Pass.~mt.
~ aor. ,;;ftmfp. p. ~ ger.
~. lo U. ~ to raise; ~m-41' pre. ~-11' Aor,
~ 4 A. ,m to burn; ~ pre, ~ perf. sr,r'?-eAor, =;:_ai
p. p,
~.._ 10 U. Il'{Ul'1 ~ to reduce to powder, to contract; ~-
<fffl-41'
pre. ~q;f{-~ &o.parf. ~ p. fut, ~-
filwfii'·itfnt. ~~-a- con. ~ll(il-l'f aor. ~It@ p p.
1 P. qf,; to drink, to suck ; :;:.'f@pre. ~~ perf ~r
=;:_q: p.
fut, ~ aor. 3'!lt'im'ffdes. 'lf!'q;; p, p.
~ 6 P. lg\il!lriliflIT! to hurt, to kill, to connect; ~ pre.
- ffl perf. '<l'ffi;;rp. fut. s:J'q':efit=raor. ~'q'f~'im',
~-
;(1'(irdes,
~ 10 U. ~ to kindle; ~-4{ pre. "<f~R:-'!fi!i &c.
perf. ~ p. fut, s:r~-n, Sl'<1'ii,fa:--.faor. Also 1 P.
,;;pn%pre. ~If... aor.
~l P, ffitO move, to go;~@' pre. ~~ perf. ~~
p, fut.~ aor,
~ 1 A. ~qt to stir, to make efforts; :it~a:pre. N~c: perf,
:i;liea<p. fut.~~~ fut. a:i~n~aor. ~/n'ra Ben. m-
des. Oau.--:it~ffr pre. s:r~~'lre:,
IB'l'a' s:r=.r~e-<r_
A.or. Pase -
~ prt>, Qraa 1-'·p.
1 A mti'to go, to drop down; ~ pre. ~~ perf. "6!'.l1nT
'61:!:
p. fut ~111:l'ff fut. ~!Tic:aor. '6!fflil'e-
ben. Oau.-=;mq-fn4f
~q-"« des.,;;;~ p. p.
to flow, to drop down; ~<f~ pre. ~T1i
"'ii!'.1 P. slffil'=.f.i'
fut. s:J'6iffa:,~t<f°ra:aor.
ped, '6lfl\~ p. fut. '61:lll~'!f'@
~ ben. Oau-;;;i'R(qfit-ij' pre. ~?!q't'f_·n aor. ~%-
If@",R(~j'ijqfci des.=;~, :;fu?l'n
p. p.
 SANSKRIT GRAMMAR.

~ 1 U. a:ft~ to cover; ~%-'ff pre. ~~, ~~ perf.

~~;;r p. fat ~-.,t{h't, at~O:, a,~ aor. ~-
~'ff-i=r des. ~ p, p, Pim.~' per.~ aor. Oau.-
~-~-
~ 10 U. to conceal; ~T~-a- pre. ~~'1:l"ijm:~, &c. perf.
~'irar p, fut. 3'1~-a- Aor. ~~1:f@'~ des. "'
~P- p.
~ l P. ~ to eat; ~% p:re. ~ pe:rf. ~r p, fut.
~.f@:.a,'o~aor ~l~<!p,p. ef~,~ger.
~ 10 u. ~ to vomit; ~a-ff pre. ~~<l;'l't,:-'<iii; perf.
- ~'«IT .p:fot. ~~-,;aor.1'¾-..~~N"l!i!~des. ~P-P.
~7U.l,fi~ to cut, tomow; ~& ~pre.~,
· f-ilf~;;perf 'wnrp. fut_ ~:~ fut. ~-if con.
~' ~:!!: Ben. ai-~, ~R( & ~Ji\ aor.
~-:;;,~<ij°ffi·~
des.~ p. p_
f'iJ~
10 t:-.~~ to bore; f~~<l'ffi"itpre.~!l'll:-i'I' Aor. f'sry~-
fi:rrrn--a-
des.
~ 6 P. ~ (~)to put; ~ pre. ~a- per£ ~'gi:'l'r
p. fut. <l!v-igd!d;
a.or,
ii'! 6 P. ~ to touch; ~qftj pre. ~mq- ped, mmp, fut •.
~~ fat. Sl..,;zt~ con. ll'i'~ aor.
~ 6 P. ll~ ( ~) to intermix, to cut; fimi pre. ~
perf. ~fut.~ Aor. "€!;~ des.
~ l P. & 10 U. ;p,[f'f.tto kindle; ~' ~-it pre. ~'
'3~<1b'il€f.H·~
~- -. .... :f
&e. perf. •
~
~W<TI'
""'
, p. fut, ....t:......t::
'i.91~~1(1,
~n-n nt, a:i~ri:_, ~~<Wi~tl'._-c'f con. ~
<IIA~h-~ ~-q aor, '
~
C,
1 "C.It'{ifii<;"ltjll'f:
....,_
to shine, to play,to~vomit•~·
f"(> J
,.._
~p:re
f 'e!..--1(\
C

~-:;r..pf perl. ~qy p. fut. ~q"~, ~-~ fut.

 45

& ~Jrre •:Or,

~.ire:, ~,Hr'e &; i'[~
RT'-~itil'iHt
f'::;rs.«:•;:;:;.,s:rfii,.il!. des.
~ l(l U. divide, to cut; ~«fa-~pre. i~f-r.:~'if
~,tjto['et·n Aor,
1in'4 P.13·{¾to ont; i"'7@ pre.~r perf. ~fflf p. :fat, ~~
fnt. ~~ con :ii;;;,rr,i:,~r;fia:, aor. R~~ra
des. ~ff,
ffi1l'J?.p, ~SIT, ger. Pa,S,-iff'<ra pre. ~H~ a~r.
Ni<IT

~2 P. ~'tl'i'tl'<I~: to eat, to consume, to laugh; :;;f~n'ifpre.

~~a:, :a;:;;~a:,, 1mperi :;raql" perf, ~ p. fut. :;;r1!tqf1t
fut. <>Nll~a:, con, :a;:;rafm:
aor, :l'i1i-<l'TTl
ben, Oau.-<'f~
pre. a:i~a:, aor, ~li!lff des, :;,fu'a- p. p.
~-~ 1 P. ~ to fight;;;;.;&,oi".i!Ttf
pre ;:s;;;;i-;;;
1 ~'Ill pert,
:s:r:s;efra:
:o;~r, ;;;~r p, :fut. :;i.;:;fra:,:;:r:;;r:;frii,, aor,
~ to clot, to becometwisted; ~ffi pre. ;;er~ perf.
1 P. sim-'a'
;,rftm p. fat, .;j"~fc!:,, .,.;refrn:
II.Or.

The same as above,

\'ITT{_
~ 4 A. ll1~;1,llei'
to be born;:;:rrq~pre. ~ ped ;;;~<if p. :fut,
~~ fut. FJ.i;,rf;;airacon. cmrf.r-Sfm~I'!' aor, s'IT~'ffl!'
ben
~<111-l'Tm"des. Pass.-:;i..rn or ~11' 1,re. ~ Aor. Oau ~
~~ pre. ~~a: acr. T-'l<i!M'fiff ~~, :;.,r~
des. '13''11"117,
ger. m!'f p.p.
:aii::, 1 P, c1:lmf'Q'T ,rrR;r m;;~ "!" to mutter; :;;q-ra-
pre ;;v;mq-perf.
:s:rf''«ffp. fut. :;r1~ fut ~~a: con. Sf~l<I,, ~a:
aor. ben. nral'l"'l'IB
:;;c.na:, des. Pass.-:;rt.rit pre. :::i~n'q,
aor,
Oau.-si!T~!'f-a" pre. ~:;;t«J:-11' aor. :;ef',rap p
~ 1 .A..'1Tf51'T€!<IT;t
to yawn; :;,l'l:l'ffpre. .;-:;;.it perf. ;;f!TI1i'lrp ,
fut. ~'! aor. :;wi.mben. ~'ic'l.'!'if<i des Oau,-.:m,:
q-ra-pre. 1>f1i'f:;;+~ a.or.Pass.-.'fl'+!ff,:3wifi:.r aor.
~ 1 P. ~;t to eat; "11'll1lpre. :s'l'.:flf1
perf ~ffi' p, fut. ~-
;fra:aor. ,;rr;:l'I' p. p.
H. S. G. 39
~ 1 P. 10 U. ;mt;it to deatroy; ~, ~~ pre. lfflt:il',
Gt•lfql:,,,qifih. &c.perf. ~. Slifii~ Aor.
~ 1 P. m to be aharP; ~ pre. ~ A.or.
~ 10 U. ~ur to cover1 ~ra--~pre. ~ Aot.
~l P. ~ ffi to murmur, to prattle; ~ffil' pre. ~
perf. ~ P. fut.~ fut. 131:.1'~ COD, ~ri:(
aor. ~'f@' des. Pass.~ aor. ~ p.p.
pre. 3To'i[?,q-
~ pre, :.:mf1i perf. :;rmrp.
l P. ~ to hur;, to kill; :;Jlil'T6"
fut.~~ aor,
~ 4 P. ~ to set free;;;rri pre. ;;ran; perf. :.rfm p. fnt.
~aor.~p.p.
~ 10 U. 1 P. mmrfffrg';r ...-to hurt; ~-ff', ~ pre.
&c.'1fflTtl' perf. Wf!JNffT, .T
Gll4:14i5'o1¥i(-;:i"iti p. fut.
~ffll-«, ~ 81'i'ilffla:
aor. ~'tHt, fd ~:anRt
..
. des.
lffl: 10 U. 1 P. ~ lfrl{{UI'
...-to protect; to release; ~-it,
~n' pre.~-(!',~ Aor,
~ 2 P. f.m~ to awake;~ pre. ~-IR' & ~•
$R" perf. :.rr11rorr p, fut. a:(T~ fut. Sl-ill•IRGCli\, con.
~ 110r.'il'tmfjq_ ben. ~lira" des, Pass.~
pre. ar.:mTIR:
aor. 0,11,-~--fl' pre. GfftITTo
p. p.
~ 1 P. "1'it~ 'iii"to conquer;:.ft!'@'pre. ~ pert.iar
p, fut, ~ft' fnt. ~ll:. con. ~ aor. ~ be:o.
f;r.fr..-r'it
dee,Oa11,--:.rTlttmf-il'
pre. ~-ft' aor. ~~
~f"!, ~ freq. ~ p. p. ~ ger. ~ izlf.
~L£._f!!IJii to~se; f~pre. ~perf. 811'~ Aor.
~ P.10 U. ~-W &Pf!llk;M-"4@1 ~ pre,~,
l-iliiiii.ll:,,~$1l( &c.perf. re~, f~ p. iut. ~~,
affi!Nti'!4<i,"if aor.

• It i1 .AtmllD8padi.
when precededby the prepauti.81111
~&w.
 47

~ 1 P, ~ to eat; w.rfa'pre, ~~ perf. ri~ ..!.ot, ~

p. p.
,MI( 5 P. to kill, mromfn
pre. ( Vedio).
~ l P. '6:;r,{~ ;;;i- to sprinkle, to serve; ~ pre. ~If
:perf.~ffi' p. fut. fnt. anNr.t
::it~i:rra aor. iitrt,!(T,~
ger.
~ 1 P. ttrllNRU'tto live; :.rroa-
pre. ~ perf. :sfrferar
p. fut.
~@' fat. ara'~a: coD,~ aor Paas.~ pre.
~ aor, Oau -i'r,ri.fiHI' pre, i.ftr~~ ger. ~ inf,
~!'l'p.p.
~ 6 P, ( ~) .r,:\'r,{ to tie up or bind; \!li!ffipre. \¥1.ira'
perf.
&{~.A.or,
~ 6 P. irmto go; @;fflpre. ~ii:. .A.or,
~ 1 A. ltte"'it to shine; ~ma
pre. ~f~ fut.~ .A.or.
ffl 6 -4-,sfiffl6ll'ffl:
to like, toeDjoy;~pre.
~perf. :.irfifflr
p. fut. ~ aor. Pase.~ pre. ~ aor. Oao.-il"fe
,rnHrpre. ~-8' a.or.~ffllffl, ~~ des. ig!' P·P·
~ l P. & 10 U. qfuN;ilrlfm'I'~'Iii' to think, to examine,to be
satisfied;~1'1ifa'
& ~-a-
pre. @;:swir & ~!ffl-'"l'it
perf.~, ~ p. fut.~~ & ~-8' aor.
:S:S~'illl, ~~. ~m~-lt
des.~ P· p.
-~ 4 A. 1't\riiltrill;:q1; to kill, to grow old1 ~ pre. "~
perf. ~~ a.or.
~ 1 P. ft~ to kill; ~ pre ~ .A.or.
~ 1 A. to ya.wu;~ pre ~ perf ~ p.
irT:lfuif.t,
fut.~~ fat. ~ aor. ~~ffl des. ~q p. p..
::;:r 4 P. ~"\- to grow old;;;frfrfirpre :mffl'per:f airron
or ;,rt.
e. a-r p fat. ~@. ~fir. fut ~'{cqa:_' ~ COD.
st:ifTfre:,,st~ ,ben. ~,fir1imq-ffl',ffi:sfr~
aor. :.ftq-"rr_
pre. 5\'TUr
-des.Caa.--ift'w111' pre. J:'&li\ll,..;fmt p. p.
48 SA.."'i"SKRITGRAfilUR.

~ I & 9 P. to wear ont; ~- pre :;n;r~ ped :;rR:nt-

S!(ITTlff,
:sR@rp. int. a:!o'l'!Wi,aor. Oau-~~m-a-
pre.
"[10 U to grow old; .!'!~-ii' pre ~~f'f-~ &e.
p fut ~'ia:-a- aor fifmoorn-il'des.
per:f.:;m:l<tm
~ 1 A. to go; ~~ pre n;#~ perf. :;:rrqai
p :fut ~i;rg ao:r.
~ l A ~ mrr
't1' to try, to go, ~~ pre h9~& perf. ~
p. fut. ~ aor.
i 1 P. ~ to decay; :;i~ra pre :.i-Wf
ped o'ffl'!'fp fot :a,;;;r#T5;
aor ~ be::i ~ff des.
~ 10 U ~ ~ ,;;i-to know, to cause to know, to see, to
plaaae; ~'i!fffi'·ff pre ~tr<n'l.11of.iT'!."-'eli;,
&c. perf ;ifqfirar,p.
fut. srq-,'illl!:ffif·1l" con. ~~-rr
fot a:t;iitJW;<ra:-11" aor.
~Cij'ffi-ilfdes. Pass.-~ pre. ~'q, :.!~l'Naor. ~,
~nP•P·
m 9 U al'<fffl~ to know; :.nr.irm, :;mftfrpre :.:f;ifT,":.:rt
perl.
~ p fut m~ra-'a' iut. ~·<i con ai-mma:,~
aor. :il'T~, ~. ~!'e hen. r~~lff ~ dee Oau -m-,-
<lra'-ff & ;ffG'fHff-fr
(ln the Een!eof ' to gratify, to slay or to,
oanse to see,) pre <ll~'i<I, n aor. Pass -;il'if.fff pre. a:i-mffet
aor. ;iirwi:inf. ~ ger. ffl pp
;\'IT 10 U. f.Nr;rto direct; ~t!Tir-"a'pre ;ill!f'<"!~-'€1"~ pert.
:ill~ p :fut.~r,ffe.tqfn-if:fut.Pass-~fi' ~r(q-eip.p
~ 9 P. ~fr,!") to becomeokl; 1~ pre.~~ perf. ~m
p. fut.~ con 3l~Tef!Q:aor. 'lir!iT<t_
fut 3'"V<l"Hl:f<i ben.
rn~~IB'1es.Pass-it;.rff, a.~rfir aor. Cau,-(;l.'l'Ttf!l'IB"-a-
pre. s;fi;;p.p. :.firo ger. ·
-~ 1 A. to go; '1'!1',ra"pre ::g~ per£.~Ti'iT p fut 3{;;l1f'I! aor.
'Al" l P ~ a:ifffl 'q' fo conquer,to defeat l'l:flff pre r~
ped. ~ p. iut. a:ril'!f!;:J'.aer. '
fil 10 U. >.i<i\~.:rt
to become old; q;ft!<ITTl:·ei'
pre. 'ill.i<l~ffl-
W. &o. perf. ~tit p. fut. ~a-11 aor.
 49

~ 1 P, ;frirto bs h,:;t with h,;er or ~:mi pre. :;r.'-ffl'

per( ~rot, :.r:;;;r,fra:.
aor. 0&11-
aor, f,i,,;;;,fici:i/
,,,,,,,,,,,.,,,.•:;;- <cr'f;:rs:,:r,,,._,,, des.~ p p.
:;;,~ 1 P. to bum, to glow; ;:;r;;;rapre, :l'fF.i!a- :;;efmrr
p. fut. il'~fff fnt. ~~1;:i: aor. Can.-~@'·ff, ;:;m;?{•
,l"ff-ff
( with !.l"·Sl'~~m-'a-) pre. i~f':!\'IBG"ffi des. 'iii'~ p. p,

1l!I"~1 P, '!fil"@'to he OG!lectedor mitted together; ~ pre.

~?i{€ilt,, ~<iitr_Aor.

~a,::1 P. 'S~ifto eat; ~!lffi pre. ~r'!m p. fut. si~i'ra: Aor.

~ l P. f%";;;1.r1;i:
to kill; l\"tliffi pre. ~iC!' perf, ~~ p, fut.
oilW''hr,
a.~o:fta:, aor.
~ l U. ~;:r~~~: to take, to put on, to conceal: lW'tff·a'
pre.:;,~,:;;~ perf. ~1m:r r. fat. s.wfta:,
~r<ra:,Sf!li~
a.or,

~ to become old; 31'1.fra-,

4. 9, P. lf<tttFTT ~'11ITffpre. :;;~
pert. ~Rm,~~m p. :fut. :at~"\a:.A.or. -

~ 1 P. 10 U, to bind, to tie; ~fa', ~@-ff pre, ~.

~ ~~ifil,·"'fli, &c. perf, ~ITT, ~~iii p. fot. :at~a_
srae:fO:,·n
a.or, e~11'p, p.
-e~ 1, P, ~~~ to be confused; ~fff pre. eGT&i perf, mlnr fut.
3!eRIJ1n_
11,0?,
:ti<EJ pre, F-~ perf,
1 A, to go, to move; a-q;'i\" p. fut. a-rm
a,r~~eaor. Oau.~~a"-li pre. 3'!'~q';0:·<i aor,
raq10 U. ~"q-to throw, to send; ~tf<l'Ta"-3'
pre, a-cr~;i;~-~
~ perf, a-,=r/mrr
p 'fut, ~fifu"<m_·ff
11,or.
50

iPt:_1 A. to go, to move;!flf.ft'pre. iu'it' petf, fr~ p. fut.

~lff aor, R!T~ des,
~~ 1. A, to go, ~ pre. di!$~ Aor.

i-
~ q:_10 A, Wl!la'to gather, to heap;~ pre. IW4iS.4.IS perf.
;:-i-qfmirp, fut.~ aor.
~ 10 A.~ to throw, to send; ~~-a' pre, i<'il~~t-
~, perf, g-;.n"~ p, fut. ~Rtt~'2tffi•~ fut. ~n;.r~a- .A.or.
m, 4 P. ijtqto throw; ~ pre. mperf. mat p. fut. it~-
qa:_a.or.
fn_ 10 A,~ to gather;~ pre, ~:;rli;perf. mat p,
fut.~ aor,
i'r 1 .A.,~r irar
to fly, to go; ~~ pre, ffl perf. ~~
aor. ~iilfnr Ben, Oau,-,~-
p, fut. ~ fut. :a:rgf''2f?:
it, ~ft' Aor. !«fffi des. ~fa@,~if (with ~ p. p.
it4 A. to fly, to goj ;i{i!ffl' pre.~~ perf. ffi p, p. For other
forms see l A,
~ 10 U. to throw up; i'rlFn'i·itpre, ~m~t-'qC perf~
~ p. fut. ~-if aor.

t-
~1~ 1 A. itarto go, to approach; ifi<tra'
pre, ~ perf. ~
p. fut, in'"'~ fut. amr-;.~
aor, ~1',,fur Ben, Oau,-m;.rri
-it pre, ~~n aor. ~fli'ffl' des, Pass,-~. ~n
p.p.
lt-
~ 1 P. m ffi :erto laugh, to beari fll6ffl"
pre, n'1'JIJ$perf.
aw;m-p. fut. ~ :amriii~aor. a-r~ p. p.
1 P. ~ ( ~0/lit~ ~ =.r) to conceal,to pare~
1'11!{..
qm pre. ft'fl1\iperf. a~ p. fnt. ~T<l:.
A.or,
 ~ l P • ~~'{ii\" to pare, to cut; i'i~, ~Yi pre. ( oolongs
· to 5th ooDj. optionally in the Oonj. Tenses) a~ perf.
~T- ?• ftu • m~qii('f,
..,.,, .,..,._ ".t. :"',
aor. ~!,:, e ben.
;:;ip;rm,ut. :;J."@iltfll:.
il'i! P- p. i:i~r, a~ ger.
l'l'if1 P. ~!f1~~if ~ ~ to go, to stumble, to shake i illFffi'
pre. <11\W aor. i:IITT
per£. ~i'IT p. :fut. 3!1'1Wfl:!. p. p.
~~ 1 P. to go; 1%"1.l"@
pre. nt!S::;f!'
ped. o!S::;;raT
p. :fut. ara~
aor. mn
p. p. m~m,olf?.if ger.

a;:~ 7 P. i~~ to contract, to shrink; ~ pre. ~~ perf.

ffii;r, ais'<l"mp. fut. i'l~!l-.rnt, nf;."'~ fut; :mr~,
<llff~ircr_Aor. Oau.-~·ff, fiiITT):..=mr
fi@fS:'<l''1ffi', des.
~ii{ same as ~.
~ 1 P. :;r;:Jritto grow; o pre. ij\i!e ~d. a:&rp. fut.
a,minJ:
, :a:imt'ra:
aor.
mq1.:rf~ to beat; (l'ra<TI1Hr
R 10 U. :mtrr'a' pre. ~'ii/Jm'-
" ~ &o. perf. ~ p. fot. ffi~~~@-i'! int. :.m1~-<l'
aor. Pass.-~ pre. iii~ p. p.
~ l A. n~~ to beat; ~ff pre. ~ per£. a~ p_ :fut,
arar~aor.
n'l:,8 U. ~R to spread, to go; ir.!ITff,~ pre. era,;;:, ffifper:f.
~fil p, fut. !'l~~rn-a- fu( ~lq' & ~;ra, a:[ffii
ara-r;fia::
aor. ~rn: & ffffl'ff'! ben. mnmfi-a-, ra~-it, IB<!~"i'f-1t
des. Pass.-~a' & m<ra- pre. ~f.r a.or. Oan,-or,r1lffi·ij
aor. 1'ffi'p. p. af.i«rr,n1'frger.
pre. :amra<!<i_--ll'
(f,11'.1 P. 10. U. ~q-~111~: to believe, to snbserve; cimff}
~-~ pre. ~<1'., amr,fra_,
affi'm~-nAor.
~ 10 ·A. i'~~l.fRU'i to snppott, to govern; ~<@" pre
~~ per f. ama~<i.A.or.Tffil'~ff des. Pass-a-.,ii;;.
({({. 1 P. ~ril- to shine, to heat; rn'ff pre. ffi'IN, perl', mrr
 02 GRA.lD\tA.B.
8.A.NSKRlT

p. fut ~ aor. ~ hen. fcrat~ des. Pasl!.-i'IQffl'

pre. :fint:raor. Oau.-ffl'lN@~ pre. ara~a- aor. fflf p. p.

cN_ 4:.A q-~ to rule, to be powerful; fftt@' pre: 'ffq-

perf. il8T
p. fat. i'f~erfut, <J(~ con. affl!I' aor. a•ben. 8'!I'p. p.

cN_ 10 U, to heat; mi:ri:mMt

pre. (Oq<11..,,.libl~~ &e. perf.
a-mimp, fut. are~mira:-cr
a.or.
a-i;: ~~ ..i- to be anxious, to be fatigued; ~
4:P. !f;f!fl'Tlif
pre. a-a:mper£. crmmp, fut. er~ fut. ant~~ con.
~ a.or. a-r,:a-
p. p, a~«rr & ir-t<fTger.
pre. a:it
a~ 1 A. to go a-.fa' perf. ~a-r p .fut. :a«ml''I!
aor.
~ 10 U. Rtt<i;to guess, to suppose i'f~-ff fut.~-
&e. perf. ft'iiif'im
..a'ffi, fut. ismir~-a-
p. fut. cr.f.tir~(iHl'
con. ~-t'f aor. ffl$n p. p n!i'~T ger.
a~ 1 P. lmli'I to threaten, to menace; cfi@pre. perf. m
a-~a-rp fut. m~ll"@' fut. afflf~ con. ant:.fia:
aor. faw•
~ des.~ p. p.
aioi:
10 .A.ffl to blame; ~ pre. if-;ftl'Ti:'clil;
perf. ~
• p. fut.~ aor. a-r1rcf
p. p.
~ 1 P. fimf' to kill, to hurt; 8'~ pre. ira1{perf. afur
• p. fut. ara(r<l
aor.
~ 10 U. srnm~
to establish; rr~-a-.
~p...: ~ t~e~~eased; ~ pre. ati'fffl{ .A.or.
ffl3:1 P &.10 U.att%~ to decorate, to assume; it\inf&tn-
ffl'~ pre. cicfl:f,ffll?a'~•"q1fi' perf, filffitT1 !\'~{q-ft'T
p. fut.
~,&; iliffl'El'll';i'f aor.

~ 1 A. ~al;Niii5if41: to spread, to protect;mtlll'pre, mmt

perf, ~ p. fot. a{flftiiw, amrr'if
a.or. Oau.~~
»re. sr.ran.ra-;ra.or. ~ ilAA.
 DEA' TUKOSRA, 58

"TT!~1 A. to go; f{q;ff pre. fi~i'\'Tp. fut 3'!filffaor.

fff~ 5 P, 3'.!f~~;r .,:.t'-1' to attack; @,Rr@' pre ~ ped,
a-f.z1up. :lut. S!ffll'-l"fl:
aor.

Tffli5 P. to attack; fmr11fi pre. fff'tmpar:1.ff~r p. fut. ~

aor.
're<!_
5 P. lim<!i to hurt; IB'ITTlff
pre. @'fi'efperf, aRl"nrp. fut,
3l''il'<llit
aor.

@~ 1 A ~!1TT~ to endure, to suffer with. courage; ~

pre IBIB/l.1T~W. perf. @f;:n~l'l'T p, fat. fFt~ fot.
:smtfm~~ aor, rnffi~ql~hen. ~"ii' des. Can.-IBffi-
~•n'?l·ijWhen it means to sharpen ( f.rl!Tfii) 'a'iff pre.
a'M!ZlTff
fo t. :a-tffM'e
aor.
f'~ 10 U, f.i'mitto whet; 'itiftr@'·ff
pre. a-;,-~~:IITT'-~ perf.
~.;r\'mp, fut. 3ffiflH~11' ao:r.
-ratt,
l .A. i.in:iir
to drop down, to sprinkle, ~ll'ff pre, ftmittperf.
RHTp, fut fft~~a- fo\ ;'l~lm' con, ~r'Z ben. :a-tffiii aor,
,@l!_4 P. :anmr'ii'to be wet; @t:l:fIB pre. @ITT'< perf, m11'<!i
p. fut.
ai-a-lfl<J. des. frimnp. p.
aor. l<ilffi'~lff,IBfffil';;mf
,fu~ 1 P. miT to go; ira'r'ffpre, rai'l'~per!, are11r p. fut. ~
aor.
'iff~6 P.
& 10 U. to be oily or unctuous; IB"i:-irff, a~rn-'itpre.
Pc@-~,ti'~!l"T?;:;;fq;'l'{·'qlfi &c perf. ffran'T,a;_;sfunr
p, fut.
ai-aitlrr.,
amrre1wr._-a- aor.
,...lP ~~ "'~A
liig[_ • to go; lff~fi:I' pre, :sffnffi~ or.
~I~ I A. to go; a-r~~
pre. fifa-'i'~
perf efr{ij;ITT
p. fut. ~T%~ aor •
.;ft~ 4 P. ~a}1 to be wet; ifr+!frn
pre. a:ffffl=l'f1i._
Aor.
if,r_l P. -Nf~il"to be fat. i"ll<ffff pre, !'ffifr!fperf. ii'f.rmp. fot ..
~ffrofr<'!..Aor
G 2 P. ~~:imf to go, to g:row,to kill; lmfr,olim pre.
~ perf. ITTITT
p. fut. ;:;)ttrllf fut, 3@'1~ con.31:ITTl'i'!i_
aor~.
IN 1 P. \iia~~ to kill, to hnrt; iii®°% p~. g;ti1:;r
perl. m~r
p. fat. 3,1'tto'£T<!,_
aor.
g;:;:;i::1 P. 1,yqut ~nit o\"~<q to reach, to kill, to be powerful,
ir§lrn'
pre, ~ perf. ;;rr~iir
p. fut. aii,i;<i'l<t_
aor,
~- a;;:.i,: 10 U. i~r-:.;_;riq"r,;~~il~ to kill, to be strong, to live;
~ia-a
lir:si!l1ff•a", pre. !i'riiill'T~ffl·'<l"$, &c. i,i;~l~-
lf;T'(-~, &c perf. ~ITT, ij'lill~or p, fut. ~~il'::a"i
~-1'faor.
~ 6 P. ~ ( ~ ) to qnarrel, to cuti ijm pre, ijffl<!
perf. ijli!ITT p. fot. ~ire: aor.
~ 1, 6 ( ie!i~ ) P, n~ to tear, to kill; if~fii, ~ pre,
alm!r,~fut.~, 'i!!~!ii_ Aor.

~. 1 P. ~~1 to mortify; g~ pre. ~r;;:_ .A.or,

~ 6 P. ii,~~ to curve; ij1l!re' pre. ijm'liT perf. rufiitmp, fut,
atimfrl'!',aor.
10 U. ~ to eover; i!~frr-lt pre. 3'l(l;g1~i'!:,-ff
W1,!'. Aor.
~ 6 U. ~ to sinke, to wound; ~ff-ii pre. ~, ~
ped. ?IT'lfT p. iut. ~<flll~ fut. :.il'i'~if con. S@'"'t~
& a:fij'I!'aor. ij}!fli!_-?{lr~ ben. ~-ii des, Pass.~
pre, a:ra1~aor, Oan,-~-~ pre, 3'\'ffi<frl'.:il'
aor. ij~ p. p.
~ger.
~ 1 P. to search; cr,;a@n pre, ~~ per£.~~T p. iut. at~,

Q! 1 & 6 P. fhi:i.rrto kill;~' ~ff pie. ijiiltf per£. a)fflm

p. fut.~ sor,
ij!6" 1, 6 P. ij ~ff'-li to kill; see the above root; a'l'l'iff
&c.
~ 1 A.~ to kill; m,& pre, ~lll'I, a:1rrrfll'I! Aor.
ill!_4 & 9 P. to hurt, to kill; a+<1'ITl:, ij.-"l'l'I@pre. ijITTlr
pert
mr~ p. fut, a,~ (4) a:rnf'l'ta:
(9) aor.
~,R, 1,6.(See~,~above );~.~pre.
~ 1 P. :atf.t
to hurt, to give pain; ~ pre. ~ A.or.
Aleol0O.~;;r.
~ S P. ~ to make haste; ~ pre. ~ ped. ffifurrp.
snrrfr([aor. ( V edic )
fut.
irl._1 P. mn,:mi:to kill, to hurt; ivh%
pre. iJ~ ped, cjJffip.
, :fut. ~ aor.
ii~ IO U. vml to weigh,to examine; at~-a-1ne. ~-
;m,-;;riiiperf, ~ p. fut. ~-it fut. mrrr'
~I'!' Ben. ~.,:-a' aor. Pass.-m~ pre. ~
Aor, ~ p. p.
ij'i; 4 P. iJ!:'rto be pleased or satisfied; ijl!fffl pre. Qffi perf.
fut. ~ con,~
cirarp. fut. ff'fa'lrnl' hen. SfQq;f__
aor,
Oau.-m'Wfit-a- aor, {ffl'!fl'ffl des, Pass.-
pre. S!?l_i'I'f<l·a'
~it pre. ~ aor. iJ'a:p. p. ffr ger. ~ inf,
~ 1 P. to sound; mmpre, ~Tl'f perf. at~ p. fut
~ aor.
~ 1 P, Sftii-
<N;;r to torment, to kill; !n'iRfpre. S!ijlii,
~ A.or. iig-al-fimt des.
~ 10 A.. ~ to fill up; q1mrit
pre. 811fctUta'
A.or.
~ 4 A. itra,~~: to go hastily, to kill; ~ pre, ~°(
perf. ltffflTp. fut, ati{lWaor, ~'ii' des.
qli_ 1 P. f.tq;if todetermine the quantity or weight of; -
pre. ~'if fut. at~!( aor,
1 P. to go; q!frlff pre. a,W perf. ~ p. fut, :m,:~ a.or.
<l&J.:
~hen.
1lO'[_8 U, <JJ;f.t niffii",
to eat; a-oifffr, qOTTffl-Q:11.fffpre. ffilUr,
aq6r
perf. i'llttRITp. fut. a~ ft' fut. atfl'lrll!(SfnTdra,~
des. Q:a p. p, ~;u, ~ ger.
aor. fffflfur'ffii'-it
='<-,7 U. fi;;iy,r~,irr:to destroy, to disregard; qlll'Ri,
~ ';:,.
a;:;i/tp1e.
<'"' ' f t
p, ,ut, <r~-r:1, n1~a-a- n •
O A
,-,. ,._..
~, i'la'?.;perf, 1'111.fi'ff
~ "" ~ t'{'I r,r,,-..
~-n con. ai-1j'.~, ~~@:, a:rnTifl: aor, ~@:, m~imr,
bell, @<ii~fff, @tj~ des. ;;!ll"OT
p. p. cITT[e.iT,
~ger.
~ 4 P. ~r to becomesatisfied; ~tlilfi pre. <In~perf. Rmr,
oe~t,sr~up. fot. ~, o~fff, ;,c;;i:ni:fut. :a:i~<r_,
'3mt~, s:r,rtl/«cJ:.COll,
a:!<i(!1I_,~f<i'.,~"'Sl~TT:l.':,
;Jffll"~la:_aor.
r;.
ben. @"fffit/Tff,
Fftll'li'f. fffi:rtB"ia-
i:. ,-(\
des. Oau.-a-f<rfit-~,
t,
a!nff~-Fr,
~li'f.~..q aor. liB"p p. a-T'lij'~, ntf.j;~ S\'~1nf.
~-- 5 P.i:fri!r,fto be pleased, to please; ~n% pre. niilf perf.
m1@r p. fut. mtrfrO: beo. @rrfflq-{if,
aor, rc.rni:_ @~t~ffi des.
;aif,rap. p. a~r ger.
iill"~6 P. to be pleased, to please; qQIBpre. ( for othex forms
see above).
'!'{ 1 P. &. 10 U. ~'r ~ 'tl" to be satisfied, to light, to
cri:fra-,
kmdle; ~ff-Fr pre. nnf,n'N~ffl-~, &c. perf.
<i"Ni'lr,
i.'\''ll"trar
p. fut. a!i'mit, a:rrrn:frcr._-a- aor,
a.T<lTqq'il:·i'f
rrmp. p.
1;'Ga,
~' ~ 6 P. i:frof.t,
to q;:tfilff pre. ~~
please; q;q;-1%,
~aor.
~ 9 P. !frllf.t to please; ~rii pre. qj';q.!flfffot. <li<'fl'':rla:aor.
~ 4 P. mrm~.n~ to be thirsty; c[~Q"@" pre nclofper£ EfTISf('IT p
fut ii~ fat :a:rm"r&?.Ta:, con. at~ aor ~&tl'li{ hen.
t"-,,,,..,,....
0 !IU.-<'!q.f@-~ r. r, ,-... .ct.-""-
pre "'~\fii'._•n offfii'ia:,-l'f aor. Tffi!'t"l'!H'I'
des. ~ p. p. <l~, tll'iffl ger.
6 P. m,rllito kill, pre na½
to hurt; ~g-Tff perf afhrr;nef,
Jl fut 1{$;1rra-,
l'(~ iut. ~Tu:,;{'2<;<0: aor fflt'l~ra,
rn~fu des. Oau. ( see the next root ). <!i p. p. a~r
wger.
~ 7 P. to rniure, to kill; ~rn-pre. mi per:t. c1ij,;rp. fut, ml·
.,.,f;,,.ft
""'"' 11 • a:rnrg~
-<- con, a=rama:.
" " ~ des.
a.or, q~ra:ben. fl'fQ.fflii
 57

Oau.- 0 ~-ff pre. <!Wetifa:-n ~l'll:6'!·ef aor. Pass..-q~ff:

pre. mn'i aor, ~ff p. p. n1'if;<fr
ger. n~ ini.
;i~ 6 P. to kill; cfr,~pre, ffii.iperf, ~, ~G'f p. M ~-
-~~ fut. iif?rn:,
a:!iil~]Q'._ sor. lI~a ben, ~&, fiiri-
1%~@ ~~ mf.
iies ,if~(!l'l:,
~ 1 P :r,r;:rn,"!!lf: to cross over, to swim; ffi:IB'pre. a-;m
a,rm
..perf. eri~nr, p fut. i'lft~, nfrt<iffifut. a;i;rua:ao:r.
ben. IBnr.f@,
ffil:!'l'<!'. Tffi'HNraiie;. efror
firar1illfa', p.p. filr<if
ger. Pass.-~'a' perf. !lrfurr,('!RITT
pre ITT'. & ~@i p. fut.
iioiftaor, nrR'fra,ITT~'l!!'e, & mq'f~ben Oa11.-aro1rn-a-
pre. 31ffilmto A.or.
'!~ l P. ffl'mii q"f~if 'cl' to whet, to protect I ~:;,rn
:pxe.fn1t.:r
perf. ~l:,arp. :fut. :a:fit;;f'Tl'!_
aor.
'i!q 1 A. ~1ir ~'q- ~n'r :q-to drop down. to shake; al@' pre.
~ff'q-ped fi"~ p. fut. :a:fitflre;
.A.or.
~ 1 A.~ pre. <!!al~~
to play; a1:t;!f Aor.

· ~ l P. ~T to abandon; ;;.r.;rn
pre. ~r~ perf. 1<rmr p, :fut.
ctt~ fut :.:r,.q~ con. ~efia: aor. 1lli>lT!qben. Oan,-
pre ~i<Nic!:·<i !l.Or.ffir!flf,rades. Pa,s.-1,1:,;;:r?{
;!l'r,;:r:n1i-ff
pre, 'al<!l'Tfuaor. r!J'i'!i p. p, ~;;r ger. ~ rnf.
:if 1 A. to go; :r~ff pre_R:l';f per( Sil[ffi' p, fut. aqsr~ aor.
~, 1 P. to go;
:ails..,_ a-~@, '.a'~Rpre. l'!:lJl<f, a~ per£.
p, fut, a,i;r~eJ:,~ffl,
1i!Tffi'(T-:Hi1H & :a:i:;ilfr,r_
ROI",

0
sr~ 1 P. to move; ~@ pre, n=tWpref, ~11T p. fut. <!'!S.(-rtl
aor.
'li'l'.,_1 A ~:srr~-t to be ashamed; ;:iqit pre. srq- perf ;.rrq-m, :;rar
p. fut. srfij-~11~,,p:p:rcffot a.-,1fG'&licr; 3l!S!Ct<Trr con. :.:i,1fq,/;.
~tl' aor. :i:wfra, '=fi:irehen. Oau.-:t'l'll'@-'a' pre. :otr~si-
'➔<i;li aor. ffi:f!G'ffl
des. :ltl' p. p. lilfi:wrr, :;ri:-r;;rger. mG'r:!l'I,
. ~~mi,
 58

;.fll:{_1 & 4 P. ~~ to tremble, to fear; ~:«rn,

;;rt1,f@pre. l'l':il'Rr
ped. ITT1f6ip. fut. ef~ M. amfu~ oon, :m!T~,
:a:i~ aor ~1:~ ben. Pass,-sf~ff pre.S!;fH~ aor.
pre. 3iffi'!fmr,-i'I'
Oau.-:TT'l'l"lTTi-« aor, @'JJ'ffi\'fm'
des. >l'ffl
p. p ;m:fr~Tger. ~rn'lRinf.

!ffl;.10 U. ~~ 'e!T'l,it!fi~ ~ to take, to hold, to oppose;

~-if pre. SIT@m:"o!'!ffi:·~ &c. perf, 'ifff!f"«'ITp, fnt.
:a.fu~l'l' !IOl'.

,ma:_ to speak; 'lfflffi, si"~'fFa:

1 P. 10 U. 'lff'fl<IT pre. Sl'ifffli'{1
ora~•ff A.or.
, ~ 1 P. to go; ~rn pre. @1'if\Iper:f. fsiliITTp. fut. ~~fT<J:.
aor.
~ 6 P. ~ii ( pr~) to tear, to break; ~l!f pre. !J=l'l"e
perf.
~ p. fat. ~l~lfl"it fot, :a:i~@: sor. ~ra: hen. Oa11.-
pre. <fl~i!Q•i'I' aor, ij~ra'll!'ffl
Sfra1ITff·?f des. Pase.~
pre. 3i=l'Tra
aor.~%n p.p. ~1<l'T ger.
~ 10 A. ~if.:rto tear; ~a' pre. ~ perf. ~m p,
fnt. ~ aor. s«rnl!fra-
ben.
~, ~ l P. ft~ to kill;~' ~;qr'ffpre, ~)tf@:, ~i:qya:_
.A.or.
,~~Same as above.
Mi 1 A,. q-r~ to protect;\Tftnf
pre~ ~Si' P~fut.. ~
per£. :;rrm-
:fut. ~ con. ~r'ffi' aor, smite-hen. Oan.-~-~
aor. fa;;raa-
pre. Sf@'=l''«J'.~ des. Paas.-:rri.ra- pre. ~rfir a.or,
~ra ( :i!U!) p.p. ~ mf.
ST)~1 A. to go; l:i~ pre. ij"!'rcl;per£. ST)~ p. fut. ~i;f,S~e'f
fut. ~1~ aor.
-~1 P. ~i'r to pare; ~~pre. iir!f~ perf. ~r, «r!T p.
M ~. ~\"tlffi' fut. ~i't~f!ifl~~ aor. t'l"!\'ll'~
ben. fueflff1!rct, des. <lf'i!'p.p. ~~!IT, ~ ger.
OO<f<l.'l'T%
 59

~it 1 P. mfr~ii' "i.\'t<,go, t-0ehake; ~ pre. 0~

i'l.!f~ p fut, :.i:;q-'@:
aor.
~ 6 P . .j,Rill: to cover; i'i:!''!l'fffpre. n~ perf. <-1fi«!T
p. fut.
~')a:_, ~ro;;fta:aor.
1 P. to go, to move;«l"~rn'
;.i;;:::ey: pt'e, i:i"~'?i ped:.• ~ p. :fut,
~~ra:aor, ~11: ben. rn~'l'ffi'des. Pass.-~.
•i~ l A. tmr
to hurry, to move with speed; ~:;:a- pre. If!~
perf. ~ p. fat. al'lm'e aor. i"'ffffl1! hen @~R''ffl'
des,
~ or~ p. p. Oan.-~m-'ilrpre. ~~-:;r aor.
1 U. ~ to shine, to glitter; ;~fiHt pre. m'?-C1ii,
ITT"'t fijf~
perf. f~T p, fat. {/l',ftllff·ff :fut. :a,c~~cl' con. i.t~•l'f
!u1r, @r<ll'!!,!'ii'·ff
des.
""ffi: Ip, ffll'mto proceed with :fraud; ~ pre. ffi~'.' perf,
i:mm p. fut. amrrfur.aor.

-~ 6 P. ~,rolr (~~) to cover, to hide; ?,'l;s@pre. ~~

perf. ~~r p, fnt, ~!<'! aor.
·~ 1 P, f~f!rl' to injue, to hurt; 11!:iffi
pre. e;~ perf, i[r~T
p, fut. <>!~if.aor,

<{~ l P. t~ to bite, to sting; to speak; ( mll!Ti:ri

~) ~ pre.
«~ perf. \f!Tp. fut. ~lffif fut. :azj'~r<I_
( ~i;i:_ dnal)
aor, wra: ben. ~!!T@"des. Pass.-~'l<ffi, ~~ aor. ~
p.p. ~'!'.,inf. l!."~ger.
~ 10 A.~~ to bite;~ pre. :al<frf$ Ao.r, ~(~~ des
Pass.-~ pre. ~'i',m-r
p. p.
~~ 10 U, ~f\lr.rito speak; ~~!ffff·ei°
pre. al~l!l<1:,-1'1'
_!\.or.
~~ 1 A_ ~'t ~ml (mm~) to grow, to go in speed
pre. ~ perf. ~fut.~~
to go, to hurt; ,t!lffl" Aor.
 60 SANSKRIT GBAml:AB,

a:ei:_5 P, tlF'f.t~ 'i:l' to kill, to protect; !{llTRf

pre. lffl'!Tperf,
~ p fut ~' ~a:, aor. ( Vedic ).
~ 10 U, ~q-ra;r ~ ,..-to fine, to punish; ~-~~
&c. perf ~ p, fut. a;ogfiltqffi-ff
qug1.11-,.'i:iiiiT,·'<rEfi.
fut. ~a aor. ~r'l!' des. e:fuen
p.p,
~ l A. if.I'to give, vm
pre ffl per:f.~~!IT p fut. ~
fat. at!{~ aor. ~ ben. ~i!{~ des. Can -e:nr:n%·ff,
pre, 'S'f~i'f aor.
~ 1 A. \'ITTVt
to hold, to present;~ pri!,~ perf e;NnT
p.
fut.~ aor qN'il'I!ben. ~ des. Cau.-,n~-~
pre. Pass 7\'!ffl pre.
~ 5 P. itilf.r to hurt, to deceive;i!{+otff!f
pre lftf"lfper( e:f;¥rat
p. fut.~ fut :at~irra: aor ~m. ~'f, ~-
lffit des. Pas!.--!{t,'tffipre. a:jitTf'lT
aor. ~pp efPT<'iff-~T
ger,
~ 10 U pre. ~1'"fl~·ff,
q.;iitto seno: i!{¥ll'i.l'rn·ff &c.
pei:f,~;lfa:,-a' Aor. ~ a;nmrqra ben Pass~"!@'.
~ pre ~ perf. itf;rn:rp,
4 P. ~ to be tamedt crti:.n'a'
fut. i!{~ fut. ~ con. :al\llfi:I:aor. Oau.~~ only
~ aor. Pass.-~; ~, atmir aor. ~. ~
p. p. ~r, ger.
e;Ti'r<IT
~ 1 A. rrr,t~~~ to give, to be pity, to protect, to
injure, to take; ~?r pre.~- &c.perf. if(q-!'IT•p, fut;
~cl' fut. a:fl$;~'i!'aor. ~'l!' ben.~firirit, des. ~ p.p.
llffifr2 P. ~ to be poor or'needy; ~m,- pre. ;;:R~.
~itperf ~'l~p fut.~. ~mn~a:.
aor. lffl·
ftl'a: ben. &i!4Hsil(lld, des. ffiffl.cf
i'~l{R/a.1:0'if p.p.
lf.?i 1 P. ~ui' to burst open, to expand;'m pre. <{'!{Ho,perf~
~ p. fut. arcrrltl'a:
aor. efi_;ra
p.p. Oan.-to cut, to tear
~@', ~ff pre. ~~'a' des.
;r,; 10 U. ~ to tear; ~ pre. ~i{ff.--a Aor,
 Ol

~ 4 P. ~ to perish;~% pre. q,,rfflperi ~ p. fut.

~aor.
~ 1 P. 10 A. mit~: to see, to bite; ~' a;~ pre.
ffl, et'~~ &c. perf. ~. ~ Aor.
~ 1 P. 10 U ~rmri to speak;~' ~a-it pre.
~ 1 P. ~iit to burn, to pain; lf&r-ipre.~ perl. l1;'m p.
fut. '\T&trfcrfut. 3l\TT~ ( 3iiftnT11l:dual ) aor. ~(l'_ ben.
~~ des. Oau.~~-fl' pre. SfEft<Wr.-4'1
aor. Pass.~
pre. <licfflraor. lfi'q"p.p rp-ro ger lfi'g~ inf.
~ 1 P. ~ to give; l.i~Rf pre. w
per£. l{@T p. :fut. ~
fut. <lfi{W«J:con. "S;~<I, aor. ~ hen. ~ff des, Pass.-
~ pra. <lii{T~aor. Os.u-~-'it pre. ~-n a.or.~
p. p. q,'eilT
ger. ~ inf.
~ 2 P. ~ to cut; ,ry@pre. ( for perf. and fut. see above,
~ aor. ~ hen. ~fflff des. Pass.~. l{RI' p. p.

~ w,
s u. 4f.l' to give, to put. «Tm,~ pre. ~ pert. crrar
p. fut. ~4r fut a:r~--n con. ~, :adircf
aor. ~,
~ hen. ~ff-fr des. 4'6' p. p. ~ ger, ~ in1.Pass.-
~ pre. ef~ aor.
~ 1 U. ~ an*-t'!f to cut, to make straight; ~-=a-
pre. ~hrr~~f~-,•iifi"&c. perf. ~Ill<'!., ~~ Aor.
1t"lcth~•11'ff-'ct
des.
lfl"l:.10 U. ~ to cut. ,rr,ri.mr4r
pre. :at~;ra:-cr .A.or,
~ 1 A. ef,t to give; lfl'!ffl
pre.~ pert ~~ fnt. ~
aor.
;;:m 1 U. ~ to give; ~-it cf4Tlit,perf, ~~
pre. 4<ITTT,
~.aor.
~ 5 :P. fht;_rrto kill, to injure;~ pre. ( Vedic ).
~ 1 U. ,rritto give; ~'81%-it
pre. ~' :atl{mraaor.
fit<{ 4 P. lfi'ril~~iil'~l(Wff~ffi'm~li4sE'-ht<61~ to
play, to sell, to shine, to wish; to conquer, to triile with, to
H. S. G, 40.
 rejoice, to be sleepy, &1:;/qc!f@'pre. ~~ perf, ~~T p. fnt.
~~ aor. <f~ hen.~' ~ des. PaeP.-cpelra"
pre. Cau.~enmr4t pre. ~<!:cl' aor. fa or ill" p. p.
~ 1 P. & 101!._iwt to rub; ~i!l'ra,
~m-a-pre.~~' °i{lf-
~~ &c. perf. ~r<r., <lii!.ll<t~-a
aor.
f.t;( 10 A. ~it to canse,to lament;~ pre. a:rcfrfct.ffl
Aor.
~ 6 U. ~~ to grant, to allow; ~41' pre. fm.~
~~ p. fnt::-~~m-:a- fnt.~?.flt.--iicon. aTT~lf@_-l'I'
__.,,,..,,perf. 11.or.
~'~hen. ~f~-a- des. Pass.-~!f~ pre. ~fu
aor. Oau-~fcr-a-pre, a:r~""<i aor. fqg-p. p. ~ inf.
~rger.
~ 2 U. ~ to augment, to anoint; ~?11, ~~ pre. ~.
i4~t
l'er:f.~r p. fut. ~~q-fir..if
fnt. :aN~-fl',con. Sf~,
a:r~, Sf!~ aor. ~~r<r.,~ hen. ~~iHr des.
Pass ~ff pre. a:r~ aor. Oau.-~!fTff·ff pre a-
a:r;frfi\~
ger. ~~ mf.
aor. f,PIT p. p. fqfl."l.TT
,t\" 4 A. ~q-to perish; (!Ifft"pre f.r,fi~perf. <flcl'fp. fut. ~
fut.~ con a:r~ffl a.or.,rr~rtr hen ~ des.;f1;rp.p.
~ 1 A. m~~l4il4ilf.iturna1~it!ito invest with a sacred
thread, to dedicate oneself to, to eaerifice,&c ; ;fr~ pre.
~ perf. ,tt1'itnr p. fut. ~!' aor. Pass.-lfr~l:Rf pre.
~rr~ aor. Oau -~a-a- pre. amt,fr~-11'aor ~
des. {m;n P. p. ,frr~i<i'f
ger.
to shin&, to appear; iifm pre. (r'61ITTlili
,thfr2 A. (n'a").,11,tq).
perf. ~ffl p fut. ffl-irif fut. ~\l'i!' Aor ( Vedic. )
;{M:_4 A. ;tra")-to shine, to hnrn; ({1:lffl pre. ~;fiit perf. <fum
p. fut. ,a:r{~, ~TT'iaor. ~TT~ ben.Tif<l:!Tffl des. Oau.-
~-a- pre. arcf~ll' & ~it' aor. Pass.-~ pie.
a:r;fMaor. (r'8'p. p.
t 1 P. to go; ~Rf pre. ( for other forms see the followiug
rooc.) {of p.p.
 Dru.'TUXOaru..

l 5 P, ~ to burn, to distress, to give painj liffiff pre,

~ perf, ifraT p. M. ~ff fut. av.p,;,,ra:
con.~ aor.
{tTTll:ben. %~ifdee. Pass,-{lre' pre. ~ aor, Ff p. p.
t:~
10 U. t ~ to give pain;~:~ pre. 3l~~-R A.or
~ 1 P. mm:r~ tim
to kill; pre. tFr perf, ~~qf;:r fut.
a:{~aor.

~ 10 U. m to shake to and fro; ~-it pre. ~ll'~-

U per£. ~fun' p. fat, ~-er aor. %~-ff des.
~ 4 P. Q.it to be wrong.to be impure; ~@ pre. ~ perf,
i.frirr
p. fut, ~ con.~ fnt. 3lWfi:_aor. ittmr_ben.
Oau,{1<ffct·ff,
also ~-ff ( to make depraved ) pre. :all·
~-er aor. ~ill@' des. Pass.-%~ pre. ~)fq- aor, l'e p. p.
~ 1 P. ~ to hurt, to give pain; \l'llTff
pre, ~ perf, $~-
gqr'ff
fut. alffl, ~I<!. aor. %1'Wn'
p. p.
~ 2 U. tri'{iit to milk, to make profit;~~, ~ pre. ~rt,
W perf. cf'rnIT p. fut. \llm-ff fut. a:J~<(, ~ &
~aor, ~• i~'<!' hen. ~%-'a'de~. Pass.-~
( also {t'l see Pan. III. 1. 89 ) pre. ~rfi ( also ~•
qll;in) aor. Cau.~~11'-ff pre. a:Jffl<l o aor. ~~ p. p.
i"l!fTger. ofir~inf,
~ 4 A. qror1q-
to suffer pain, to be sorry; ilia' pre. ~!f perf.
C>,, l{NRT
p. fut. ~~l@' fut. ~~q con. ar~'itrz
aor. ~icf1il'!'
hen, i{'ffi des. 0au.~-8' prt>, ~~ q' a.or. Pass,-
~ pre, ~N aor. '[if p. p.

6 A. ~{t to worship, to regard ( with air); rn

pre.
~ perf. ~'f p. fut. am-1t m
aor. ben. ~ des. Pass.-
Wtl'ffpre. sr.;:rftaor, Cau.-mll'fcHr pre. ~'(<("n aor.
rcrp. p. em ger. ~ inf.
4 P, ~~: to be glad, to be proud; ~ pre. ~
!{tqf,~ p, fut. l{rtr~, ~~fa', i:fC~ fut.
perf. ef°'fflT,
64 SANSKRIT GB.!lU.l.!B,

~ ..----t
.ir.tN~• "'1<:t~<I, Si~<!. con, Si~, :sti;-mr,<ITT{~!iI
,,.f, ""

a:w~, aor, rttrr<l ben. ~ or mt~@

des, Cau.-
~ff•ff' pre, ~-i'f, !lim<I.·n aor, ff p.p. <tfii';!{T,
iCf1Tf
ger. i;~. ~, ~13: inf.
!i:t.. l P, & 10 U. ~~to excite, to kindle; i;ifit, <{tt'l'@'·a'
pre.
;;-mr. ~ p. fut. sr.f!CT6:, at~ll'a:--n, ~-n aor.
~- ~' ;;-q~ ben. ~'{14'1@, ~~-ff des.
Pass.-il:I@', ~ pre. sr<tfii'
aor. ai"ih:r.
!ff1ir p. P.
~ 6 P. !l'i'~ to string, to put together; fll're' pre. !{I"~ fut.
~ aor. Cau.-if~Q"@'-ffpre ameanr,-,1r, ~11" aor.
f.ro~ des. ~ p. p. ~ ger.
~ l P 10 U. 'ifi:t,a-~ 'El' to fear, to string together; ~i@-
~m-i:t pre.
~ 1 P. ~ to see, to visit, to know; fflRI'pre if~ pert.
if'ZTp. :fut.~ fut. SI~~ con. ~, ~ aor.
~i:rra: ben. ~ das. Oau.-~ftr-ft pre. ~~n
sr~a:-a-aor. ~' ~I%, w1
freq Pass.-~<Rt
pre. s:mlaor. ~ p.p. ~ ger, ~ inf.
t~, q 1 P. m to be fixed or firm, to grow; ffiff or tefif
pre, t{ff or ~ perf. ~ or mm p. :Cut.~ or
~ aor. EE (strong) orimr, fi'gn- p. p,
er 1 P. ;rit to fear;~ pre.~ perf, ;rfHr-a-r
p, fut.~-
• ~ aor.
;r 9 P. fq'mur
to tear, to divide; lGl'ITTI' pre. ~T{ perf•.
E ,mar,~ p. fut.~' crtl"'lffl
fut. ~ttni:, ~-
~ con, ~ aor. ~ ban. i«f')l'fffi, i%rff'l'fff.
~~ des. Oau ~fff-'i't, ( !f{!:l'ffl·ff in the sense ot
• to fear'). Pass.-;ft.ra- pre. ~ aor. (Tor p. p, ;ftrq1,
~ gar. !fR~, ~ in:f.
~ l A..~ to protect, to cherish, ~~ pre y~ perf. <fftfr
p. fut llTI<fi'f
aor, !ff~ ben. ~ff' des, Pass-~iril' pre.
Oau.-~a--'fr pre. ~-n aor. ,rli'f p, p.
if~ to.sport, t-0hment; a;;ra
l_A. '€t'i:iij" pre. R"torp:;xf.~F-HF p.
fut. ¥1{1itra fut. ~lffl eon. a.¥;f1!:
a0r. ~~1~11des,
Pass.-~a- pre.
~ 1 P. ~r,;r~
to purify, to bs purified; 1:IT1171'1
pre. W
~iITTp, fut. ~r~a- fut. ~1:!:la'. con. ~rIDa aor. ::tf<TT'i.
hen.
~<{r'ff@ des. Pass.-,rrl:l'erpre. Oan.~t;<r@·°k pre.<>!(~-
ff aor, ~mp. p.
~) 4 P. :.J~ to cut, to divide, to rrwve; mi pre.~
perf. ermr
p. £nt. ~fq_ or ~F!. ben. fi{,'Ef!ff
iles. Oau.-
~~-a-pre.~ p, p, ~' 3'{:lzy;l' ger.
2 P. sm'frri:rii'
to advance towards, to attack; m'@ pre.
i~ perf ;qrnrp. fut. <!.IT&ire' fot. ~~a: con. mn•:fra:
aor. ~~qfifdes. Pass.-~ pre. ~T<f aor Cau-;q~-
ff pre :.i~.ra:,-i;
aor. ~ p. p.
l A..{mto shine ; ~ff pre. ~fi ped. 'lJ.TTffili p. fnt.
,ijtf<:!tr.W con. ~l'iR'<!',at~ocf. aor. mfim1r
fut. :awf@l;1f11'
ben. ~@Illa" ~fffi'iff des, Oau.~rn~-a- pre. 3'1!i11'a;il"
~~ freq.
aor. ~<1'.@", ID'a<r-;;,irraa-
p. p.
~ 1 P. l'<iaRUTto despise; 11ITQ'fff
pre.~ r, fut. ~rn:_ aor •
~ Ben.
.rri:rrri:,
~ l P. mrr pre ~ perf. at?t.fre:aor.
to nm; w.i:rf.!r
~r 2 :P. ~<IT i@"f
1:er~'<!" to run, to sleep ( ganerally with
f.i'); lHRr pre. <rirperf. ~HITTp. fut. !{T~ffifut. srrntill:
con. :,oo-l.frn:_ roa-,
aor, i!:f!TTlI_, ben. /i;11.l~ffi
des. !!"TUT
p. P•
~l'q_1 A. 1!'1ll!''l.-i,a:rftl'm'to be able, to lengthen; ~r;.iw pre
l{i{N ped, 3li(Tf-;ra- aor. i!"!N"IT/: hen.
rj15:_1 P. 'i~'H<fTT~i~t
to make a discordant sound; !!"T!\mf
pre.
l{JRi perf, ~t!ffta:
aor.
l P.rra'I.to ran, to rush, to melt; !{lWfpre. ~<!' pezf.
-~ II
p, fut. ifft!ffiT
iU<TT con, ~ aor. ~1@ des,
fut, :.:r~<l"O:
 Pass.-~ pre. ~irrf.raor. Oan.-in...rui' pre. Sl~'«li_ or
~<!_ a.or,:fr~i:ra-,,r!i'<lmf, ~m
freq, &11'p. p,
!"t. 6 P. -rr'i'fmn~m;ir~to kill; to go &c.; ~ra
pre. %iTT!!i"
per£. ~)(ii1.,~,~ fat, ~l'Ulla'._
aor.
~ 4 p. finrfm~ to be'l.r malice or hatred; ~m-@pre. ii;inf
( a~~' %lfl~,~~ 2nd sing.) perf. rn'%or,if.qr, mr p.
fot. rn~f;r, W~ff fut. a;fU[g~ij'.,3l!:Trq'!!ii'(COD.:a'!~pi:aor.
~r~ef<T,~'illflff, iq~ ~!,irn:-
des. Can -!:TT1;<Tr'if-itpre.
11'aor. ~ or \Gp. p. ~!J·ln~, li'rtinf. ~~1i1/T, ir~refr,
~r ger.
!£"S'!l'T,
it 9 U, ijffl<IT+l to kill, to hurt; ~f.i, ~Ta' pre. ~Fl', ~~
perf. ITT!ll.Tli'f~ ~fire aor.
:fut. a:m,fi,r,,
Jlf1'1 A. ~f1m'~: to sound, to show energy; i<li~pre. ~'it~
perf ~fut.am-~ aor,
1 l P. ~ajt to sleep ( generally with Ji{); l!JliTffpre. ~') per£.
aor. ~ra:, ~r~ ben.
'3iifra°ra:
~~ 2 U. '514Ta)
to hate; ~~ or ~ pre. a:r~a.:_~
( a:ifi:'iil'.-i"3rd
pl. ) Imp. fii~, ~~ p,r!. 't'eT p. fat. ~l:fTff-a'fut. Si~-
~lil3'.i'1
con. ~-cl' aor. ~' fir~e: ben. r'a:Tita.@-ff,
iroi, ~{-
0 aor. ~rn;illl"ff,
des. Cau,-~!ffir-ff pre. a:rr~~~-
~ freq, Pass.-~~ pre, a:it'Er aor, ri'a'p. p. i~ inf.
~ 1 P. ~ 3'f'if~ :;;i- to cover, to accept; ~@ pre. ~It
perf. at~ aor.

el-
"f~ 10 U ~ to destroy; \:!'~ff-it pre. ~S:'i.f,1;R'.-~,.
per£. ~,rare:-'11'
aor.
1 P. ~t to sonnil. "111flffpre. :&Nufra:,
'qll!:__ 5T\lrufra:_
aor.
1if~ 1 P. to sound; \r,:ffifpre.

,r-{ ( V edie ) 3 P. 'ITTi'Tl

to producefruit; <:'f'llfia',<:'f\T-'a':,
<:'f"iirf@:
- pre. ~ Peri. 'ifrif~ :fut.
 . 61

~ 1 P.
C ,,~;.
mrr
to go; "l~
'
pre. '1.1:\1.-'il"
perf. :.,-;i.;fra:
aor.
m" 3 U. \7R11f'l11i11T!.it~"1' to put, to grant, to produce, to
bear; rf,llTff,'q~ pre. ~ & ~ pelf, '\ffi'!Tp. :fut. 'l:fIBm!'•ff
fot. 3lllf~<i_-1fcon. ~~, an~:; aor. ~a', ~~re hen.
Nr~fc\"-iit
de&,P1m.-;fl'"<ra pre. :a:!\TT!lf
aor. Can.-"'ff(f!!'@-ij'
pte. a.aJ1,TG';,:·l'I'
aor. ~ri:iir, ~.rrrn,
'.fl'\t@ fzeq. mrp. p.
m!ir, ~hrri.r
ger. .

1 U. ¥1'@~
'iTI'"!_ to rub, to wash, to cleanse; 'iITTfffi-ff pre.
~:ml & !lf\lf~perf 'il'rl~l'l'Tp. fut. 'iHT~~!fl•f{fut.;,,'i.irf'~-ff
con. a:rm,.fra:.
& ~-qr,~ aor. ~a:, '<ff~fi'G ben. ~m~-
~ des Cau.-'<TT<!•:Uil·~pre 3'l(N~-l'I' aor. \lfiffil:•ma'
llfrff
p,.p. ~rfite=rr,
-~1cqr, ~~ ger..
N 6 P. ~;riit to have, to hold; N<rlffpre. w~ per£. a1!1'i~ey;:
a.or.~T\1'1il'IB
des.
~a:r,.6 .A. #r""t~'i!f<T;I'~ to kirdle, to be fatigued, to !in~
~a" pre. T<{l'il'*perf. Nf~t.ra' fut. 31Nr1:ra' a.or.
(\r...r"'lP. lTTlllii
te delight, to please; T\FfiTli pre. ~~ perf.
NY.!f<il'
p. fut. :an~ aor, N.-ai!<( ben. fin~!'!'p. p.
~ 3 P. to sound; f<t~e-
pre. ( used in the Veilas ).
pre. ~..~ perf.
\if 4 .A. 31NR to hold; \T!'ll'ff ~ :fat. ~
pre. :a,iift~-i'I' aoi. f~
aor. Can.-1-T,~1%-ii' des.'it'.r p.p.
I 5 U. ~ to shake to excite; ~& & 'tJija'pre. ~• ~~
perf. \Tiffip. fut. ~-a- ',!<ITT[,
fut. at'I-T!'>:;re:-
0 con. ~'er
31\Tl'ffil:
hen. aor. ~~a--a
& ~'1-Tf'e! des. l:Ffp. p.
~ 1 A. ~;frr.it~m~ to be kindled, to be wemy, to live;
~ pre. ~~ perf. w~r p. fut.~~ aor. ~m"l'ff
des.
tli~P-P·
'la. 1 U. ~ & 6 P, ~ to shake; ~<i'l!f:i'r,
~pre.~,
~ ( ~i'hl 2nd emgnlar of 6 which is ieTI'~) perf.
68

fflaT,ef,rar'p. :fat. 'ifl~~-a-,~~f,f fut. af'<l~-ff;

~1!-l';t!"o_
eon, :.Nf'-i@:_,Wffl'e, ~' aor. 1-l,trrq_,
~'l'!
ben. 1ffi p. p. fflfK( 1 ) ~~ ( 6 ) inf.

~ to shake; 'i;ft&, ',{~ff,)[iii@', wi-'m

5 & 9 U. ;:i;+cf.:t p:rn.
~r.r, i'Wfperf. '<mfr, \Tl~Trr-ff
'<!~fil p. fut li!J'!il,@·i=l'. fut.
~~"i'I" ~~a:-;; con. arc:mfrcl:, :o:r~rlr
3'!'<1T~ll<; sor.
·~r<J.:;\lf?r~'2:, '!IT'ira" ben fi!'ff~-ff des Oau -'wi!l'ffi;
~sFfl aor. Pass.-lit@' pre. Sl<'.HT':ir aor. Wi ( 5) 1-!.f(9) P.·P•
~ 1( U to shake; ~-ff pre. l,J~-~ per£. ~ill~<!"@'-
~ fut.~~ aor. 'I{~, ~/il"'Ql!! ben, Oau.-Wflffil pre.
~4\'des,
~ 1 P. ~;;fq- to heat, to be heated; '1-J:CWXTff
pre. 't;;'i'i, ~-
~ per£. &~
',m1'11 p. fut. 'ifq~ll'IB',1'l:rmq~m% f>lt.
:.r'i~, ar,i:m~ con. 3'{~, & 3l'('it<ffQ; aor. l!~rn
& '~l:l ben. Cau-•~·ff, ~11:fl:!'@•ffpre, 3'1fi~-n
.:i--r~~-ff am. ~w~; ~ef<Nr'il' des. Pass-~,
~G'T~ff 'ol'i'l"!Naor. Wlfl'f,
pre. 31·~.fq, p, p,
1i_'l1~1'1'

~ 10 U. m'IT<li·efrit-•,;rto pre. ~T~

speak, to shine, li_'Wff-a"
~er.T{-~ &c. psrf. 'iGW'1Tp. fut. ~)!'«r_·o a.or.
'1!l: 4 A. l'i;ar;rcq): to kill, to go; 1i_fra'
pre. a-~i"t
perf. :a:!'iITT!'
aor
'ilftp. p. "'
v; l U. 'QT{urto hold; ...-u~-a-
pre ~qr{, ~it"( ~"N, qr~
2 sing. ) per£.~ p. iut. \'.fR&r@-'ii'
fut ~ff con.
~-<>f!:ln aor. fi:r<mi: ben. ~'l@'·ff des. Oa.u.-
& 1[<1!'1?:
~-a- pre, aor. fui:ii,-
;;;iff\ro:l'.•ff Pass. 1[cl' p.p.

-,;r 1 A. ':>f1!fe~ii'to destroy; ~ pre. See the above root~

'l 6 A. ~f.!- to he, to exist; fuqa-pre. T~Q"«'ffl dee. For
other forms see A.tm. forms of 1[ l U, above.
v; pre. m-
10 U. mut to hold, to bear, to support, laf~IB'-lt
~-'<l'lifi, &e. perf, 'if!Wia-r aor. ~a:,
p. fut, mftlifra:-er
~ ben. i'ir,rm~i-if des. Pass,-mi«. ar.m1: a.or.
 Du'ruxoSJU. o9

~, ~ 1 P. irat,:o go, to move; \T.rnf, ~frr pre. ~-

if~ perf. at\l:;f1a:_-q'!ifra_
aor.
~ 1 P. to come togetb.er, to hnrt; l:"f1l'frt
pre. ~ perf.
~p.p.
~ 5 P. Sfrtm,"Q'to be bold, to be confidett to be proud or
pre ~\N perf, liffq'1\T
brave; '!lSlfrT~ p. iut ~ fut.
Sf\TA&l«l:,con.oi\Tlnlj_
aor. Cau.-ffl@•ff pre. .r,ir~-n,
:atma:,·n aor. ~11' des. 'EIN<f,
';!!! ( immodtist) p. p.
l P. & 10 U. ~ to offend, to insult, to conquer; '<I'm
'Ill(
& fflfir-~pre. crri,,ii'Wl':al<l>l<·U perf. '1'<l1ifa:., mfr-
'na:,·n,~-i'I' a.or. ~, Iii"~, ~ ben. fit..r-
mra,
~1ri:mr-i,-des.
1i 9 P. to becomeold 'q11IDH" pre. lifrN1-~@fut :swroa:. aor.
\T l P. qyifto suck, to draw away ; 'E!ln% pre. if"TT
perf. '<lfflTp,
fut, a:f\TI'a:,,~~?a:, ~ aor, ~a: ben. ~ des.
Pass.-'iTT<l'itpre. <'lf'l,lTN
a.or.Cau.-\lflllffl ( Para.sm.also, if
it does not convey a reflective sense; lklJTP'i!'flfq'fff qtf!)
pre. a«p'Ellffiaor. l:'ftnp.p,
\Tii:1 P. irr11~(Iito tread skilfully, to be skilful; -.ftmrpre.
~ perf. a:rirua:
a.or.
'i'if 1 P. rirait'il~ti)~: to exhale, to blow, to throw away;
l:l'imfpre. (filmperf. mrar p. fut. ~ fnt. amm~
con. a.mRJ1a aor. ~ or 'e~ hen. ~'otITTllff des.
Pass.-unlffl pre. S1'-+il'N
aor. Oan.-UITT'll'@-itpre. :a;f.t-
~-a aor. ~ p.p.
-w 1 P FiFcf~ to think of, to ponder over; '&1mflffpre.
~ perf. 'oimff p. fnt. ~ £nt. a;~ con. ~<!_
aor. 'etlim! or 'ellT!m{ hen. ~~ des. Pass -'o<lllfffpre.
anl:fTT~ aor Oau.-'etl'NQ'Tff·a'pre. ~a aor ~,
~'it, Cfl'Wffl'
freq. wra p.p. 'eiffiil'Tger. 'o1il'ij~ 1nf.
a''oJ;( al.so~) 1 P. irarto go; ~@' or Ef'ljffifpre. ~-
~'sf perf. 'S'fa-:.ft<I,,
afm'~, a;m"lifia:.
aor.
 70

~ 1 P. ~ to sound, to beat a drum; i;.1111@

pre. !{ml'l'f
m"ili,srn'a-
fut ; oll:TIJ!@:,.anwma:
aor.
m'i; 9 P. ~~ to glean; m,rriir pre. q!:."l"ffi
perf. ~ff fut.
~!,,~hi,au:nmo:
ao:r. ,mrp.p.
~ 10 U. 1 P. to glean !:il~l:f@-'a',1:T~!ffpre !:Tf'l'!'<l'l?aliiSf(-~,
~ITT~ perf. mm~or,m~<1r
p fut. ~!:i,:Tij_·!f, ~u'l'fi,r_,
au:rr~aaor,
m~ 1 P. to wish, to sound; !:Tfqila'pre.
~ 1 A. ~;:r~~ to be able; m'cl'!I'
pre. ~ltf perf. :a:rm'Rra'
aor.
~ l A. ~ to cut, to tear; m~ pre. snmi'<!' A.or,
f~ l P. to go; 'i!r;;'fupre. m~~ fat. a,a:;ficJ.
Aor.
I 1 P. 'Nil' to be firm; WTT~pre. ~!f per£ urarp. fot.
:sn:rrfrn,
aor. ir,I~firdes.
ij 6 P. (~er~) lfrn~-.lq.:r):to go, to be steady; i:I!f@'
pre.
~if ( ~J!'il"~, 2nd. sing. ) per£, ~ fnt. :s:i~ Aor,
%¥!'4
( W!f'4,
q'{ ( another reading for the above); ijiaf@pre. %1-.lT!il'
sing. ) per:f.ef~
:fut. wJ;.frn,_
Aor.
~ 1 P~ to he pleasedor satisfied, ~ pre. qit perf.
f(ITT
anmfra: aor. m-it-trra:
ben.
~ l A. a-wihi:irirar~ to fall down, to perish; ~,a-a
pre.
~ii'~ per£. ~ p. fut. 1:.-;fr~i:r'it
fut. sr1at/'Er'-l:fa;
con.
~ or mfu'I! aor. ~'I! ben. ~l-.<ITTl"lrn
des. Pass.-
pre. a:m'fflao:r. Oan.-'Sef~@'-fl" pre. 'la~ p.p.
'11\l'E<ilt
~,1:.~rger.
~. 1::~ 1 P, to go. ~:;:rra,
~?j::Wf
pre.
~ 1 P. ~ to sound, to echo, to thunder; tif,l'ra' pre, ~'la"tflel',
p. fut. \:."!ffifOSl:fra
perf. 'e<fTT{ITT fut. a{'l:1fl~l:f<I_con, <ll'<-i.fii@:
or ol'-.;mf@: aor. Cau.-to sound as a bell, 'E<f.r,mt-it;
to
utter indistinctly, ~i-°a'; pre, ~v.fliN@ des. ~►
) p.p.
Wi"'n' ( d111kness
 DHA'TUKOSRA. '11

~ 10 U. ,rrei\"to perish; ;;'iJitrfiHl'

pre. ~iFcl;•i'f aor.
"lilt_ 1 P. to go, to move; ,flfrffi'pre. ;;;;qr perf. '"'fifefra:_
aor.
pre. <;:fiHfT~:a;,m..fta;
il'l1:1 P. to go; iil'.i!Tff aor.
~ 1 P. ;;rir t,1 dance, to act; ;;e:r1l" pre, ;;;;1e perf. ;;ranrp.
fut. oifra<i<flff
fot. ;;r,rr~tr<f.con. w;;;f'ra:or ~;;ra'rci_
aor. Oau -
;;ra,mr,4t( Il""l'feo)pre. ~-i:'f aor. f;f~'% des. Pass.-
ar.TP:
;;aiffpre ~iiTR", aor. i'frei'I"p.p,
-I'~ 10 U. lll"il1i~ to speak, to shine; ~@-a" pre.
-I'~ 1 P. <;:f;l;ffii
~-, tosonud, to thunder; ~lff pre, ;;.f~ perf.
ef~ p. fut. <!i-l'Tqrn:_or aiii~ra:_ aor. Oau,-;mp:ifit·a- pre.
ar,fr.{~-o aor. f.r-1-f~Ifl des. ii~ll' p.p.
~ 10 U. to speak, to shine; ;;r~-'a- pre.
;;~ 1 P, '6'lR;T to thrive; ~ff pre. ;;~
to be pleased; perf.
;,f,:~ p. fut. aI.r.:~'h(
aor. ;;~ hen. f.r,;~m des. iir~ci
p.p. Oa11.-;,.~rn-~ pre. Pass.-;;~ pre.
to kill, to hurt; ~ pre.
;;-c_1 A. ij~f<in=nTI'll"Sn- iN perl .
._., ~;;~, ~1{,r aor,
~ 1 P. ~•If ~ "ll' to salute, to bend, to sound; .mfn pre.
p. fut. ~~la-fut.~a:_ con. ~ aor.
• · -~R per£• .r•i'IT
"l'Rffil:ban, AA~ de!!,Oau.-:;;111TTff
or ~rn pre. ~r-
:;;;ra:-!f
aor. Fass,--;;-;qa- pre. ~'it pp, ~ ger.
aor. <11'1'
efl'ij;i: inf •
•;;g:_1 .A.to go, to protect; .:r:r'i't
pre.~ perf. ~ aor.
<'Ii1 P. ~-~ to bellow, to roar, to sound; ( ll') -I'~
pre. ;Joii
fot. ~~ con. ~~o_ aox,
perf. <in;nT p. fut. effi!:"'l'T6
fir.!i'f!:qfu
des. ~c; p.p.
~ 1 P. ~ ~ 'i:I"to smell, to bind; ~ pre. ~ per ..
~ fut. ar.m(rir, aor .

.;.;: 10 'C'.'lflfflll!: to ■peak; ;msimr-~ pre. if~-lr fut.

~.,a- a.or.
ilV 4 P, anf\litto be lost, to perish; ~!ffii' pre. ififffl per£.
~ or ifi!r p. fnt. ~' ;i~
fut. ">1;;isr~·~
con. ~ aor. ~ hen. ~ffi' or f.t;f~qfrt des. Oau.-
~-~ pre ~~-'ff aor. ~pp. ;;~, ~ or iff1Tm
ger. if~,~ inf,
if!( 4 D".;rif.t to tie, to bind; ~ra-it pre. ;r,r~, ill perf. ;;.f[T
p. :fut.~-a- fnt. ~-<i con. ar.JT•~, ~ aor.
~ if~ hen. f.r;m;frr-'iirdes. Pass~ pre. :at~
aor. Oau.-~1r-"ir pre. ~-'ff aor. ;n;mfi',ifl'iftiiff,
ifTilT% freq. ;;.{[p p. ;r,[r ger ;;~{_inf.
.. "'
"1N:1 P.,i1...sfiqa1'li~~~fr:~to ask, to bemaster,toharass;;mmr
pre. ;:r;:rN perf. ~p. fnt.ar,mfra:,aor.1 A..to bless; ifNl't
pre. ~ perf. ifl'f~ p. fnt. 31'ifl'IV!'
&or i!TT~ p p,
ifN: 1 A. the same as ~ A .
•f.r..t.
SU. q1l..i,uqu1-i'!. to wash, to be purified, to nourish; ;\in~,
f.tf.r~pert. ffl p. fut. ~-'it
il'f.ffl; pre, f.f.rir, fnt. af.t-
~n con.~, a:r~, aif.imaor. ~ til!lfi-a: hen,
f.if.rr:n'lH=t
des. Pase -~ pre. sf.Ira
aor. Oau.~-
<l'ffl'·~
pre. ~-n a.or.fif;f; p.p, ~ ger,
f.rl!2 A. ~ to wash, to purify; f.rt" ( ?lTUfi ) pre. f.rfif~
perf. f.rr~ fut ~ A.or. fit~ ben. f.ifilflit,fa
des. Can.-~-a- pre. Pass.-~ pre. s:rf.tm
Aor.
~r,;rcr Jl.p.
~1 P. ~ to blame, t.o find :f&ult with, to condemn;
~ pre. f.if.r.:ir
per£.~TP. fut. ~aor, ~
ben, Ai"I~@ des, Oan.-~-i\" pre. atf.h~i'I_•n
aor.
Fus.-~ pre.(;{~ pp,
 w
{¾ to blame, to reach; ;rq'lfl;·r{pre. f;rij'q,
1 U. i•fflffl;J;li',.:ilillJ):
f;li,i?; per£. ~' '"1°;i~ aor,
f.r~ l P. ~:;;f,l-~~ '61'to sprinkle, to eat; ~@' pre, f.r~·
per£. ~;r;;ft-a::
A.or.
f.f~ 6 P. ( :rfiiil')to become thick: A~ pie. ~ per:f. i'lra'-
ttrfil' fut. ef.y~ aor.
f.r~ 1 P. ~ to thlnk, to meditate; ;p.;rffipre. i'f~Qlij" fut,
:.:mzj'ra:
aor.
ffli_l P_ ~;i- to sprinkle; ~'l'@' pre, f;r;M-perf. ;f.j-,fi,i:A.or.
to weigh, to measure; ~ll"a' pre.
(;{~ 10 A. 1:i"R:.:!'T!if f.t~r~
~~ perf. t?r~:i;-~ :fut. ~f.!c:1m .Am.

f.f~ 2 A. w;f.r to kiss; f.i~ftpre. fflf;:i-ir

perf. f.ifuciri'f fut.
~f.rre-Eaor.
;;r l U. s:rrq-ii\"
to lead, to cany off, to marry, to settle; .P:.R-i'f
pxe. f;tff'<'-R<'tfper:f.iinf p. fat. ~-a" fut :.t;;i~<I_-!icon.
:sRfft((, :s,-~egaor. ;frma;,;r<:fr'a' ben. f.t;ff'i@"-~'des. Pass.-
iil'tfffpre. a:fi'f!Pl aor. Cau -.rT~ffi-ff pre. :.tiITif<i<f;tl'aor.
;r;:fp.:ra-,
i!if<l'fffl,i:l'~rn
freq • .fTff
p.p . .fri<IT
ger. ifij:i:J:
inf.
;;1~1 P. <iUT pre. a:r.frarn::
to colour; iITl?iffi Aor,
.fuJ:1 P. ~~ to becomefat, to grow; ;:fr,n'itpre. r';t;fr<fper£.
a:rifi;fia;
Ao r.
2 P. ~ to praise, to commend; m@' pre ~ perf. ;;mr
aor. ~ des.
p. fut, ,;f~l!:lfffifut. a,;;fol,;i,;a:con. :ar,:n.frq_
Can,-,rfij'-1@-"il pre. ~el<!_-'ff A.or.~ftl'llffit-~ des. i:l:<ip.p.
6 U. sr~iir to push, to incite, to remove, to throw; i!~ffi'-ff
pre, ~o:;, ~~~ pcrf. i'fT'<iT P. fut. i'fT<~rn-'ii'fut. a:r,;),~l.fi:'J:-<I'
eon. \ii ffflr<J:, aor ije.:mr_,
:SZi!'i'l' ij;i!'2' ben. i!i!'f'-'!'T%-a-
des.
pre. :sr<I~a;naor Pass.-~;qfi' pre. :ar-l'T~
Oan.-.:r"ro:;<rra-~
aor. ~or~ p.p.
6 P. ~(i~T
( ~n~: ) to praise; ijelTffpre ~;ir,f ( ij~~~ 2nd
 SANSKBIT GB.UtlliB.

sing.) perf ~IIT p, fa.t.iT,rtlf!n fut. ~a: Aor. ~

a-
des. Oan.-.rt<l'!l'Tff pre. ~era:,--a-
Aor. ~pp.~ inf,
~ 4 P. ~ to dance, to represent on the stage; t;i:rnt
• perf. ...
pre. ;r,rw ,.. b "'
i!Tnnl' p. fut. a:r,r,;r,i: a.or. ;ptl'f<l en. Tiffl·
RIii@-~ des. P::,s.~~ pre, 'Sf;;Tff aor. Oau.-
;ratfffonly pre. ~!I', ar~<fcf aor. ~ p.p.
pre. ;i-fu:rr-
1 & 9 P. ;w to carry, to le11,d;i!Wf,i!IITTTff
;ifrarp. fnt. ;wia;f,:r.
~ fot s;;;ma- Aor. Oau.-
~-~ ( ~ ), ;:nnri'ifir
( ar~ ).
if1: 1 A.-to go, to reuch;if!ffl'pre, Aiii\"l'erf. o:rii'f'fr!
Aor.

'Q'-
'tlS' 1 P. &; 10 U. qf;;r} to take, to accept;q~, ~-it pre,
qr'a:r~, ~fir-a- fnt. SM'afra:, atq'q'~((·i'f A.or. fq-~-
'lfrr,~1mHr des Cau.~-a- pre
~ l U. to cool!:,to digest; q"qffl-ffpre qq-r,;r, ~ perf. \l'ffi'T
1nt. wr~ir.r_-n
p. fut. qa-'lf~-ff ~ra:,
con arcrm
aor. ~,
q;fra:hen. fqq-~-it des. Ps.ss.~ pre. '3i11'ff.i
aor, Oau.-
GT-tNia"-1£r,re.~r!i'ii!ll'.·i'faor. l[ii p.p.
~ 1 A.,af;fil~o\' to makeclear; ffi pre. ~ perf. ~!fff
flit, ;:J'(f~'!' A.or.
~ 10 u. 1 P. ~ii' to spread; \Nqrcf·ff, ~ pre. 01q--
~n, SNi!i.l~ A.or.
~ 1 P. to go. to move,ripre.'f11'raperf 1.frail'TP• fut, qr~@'
con. ~ ,:;r ~ aor. Oau.-m:irr'if·ff
1ut. '3t\l'~rai;i:ra:
pre. ~ff' &or.l'Nra'ffii des.
'I?., 10 t". !f.'~ to clothe,to envelop;irai.iiHr per.q"c~-0q'ili
&c. pert lilllfcll'
p. fut. 'Sf~q aor. ~-ff des,
~ 10 "G.~ ffl "ii' to speak,to cov~r; qra-i.fcl-~
pre. q-ra-
fqw:iiiHffut. ar~a aor.
 75

~ 1 P. ~r q'TT'ol"&m'liF~T~ ""l"to m.d. to stm:1y,to

describe;i:ra,'a-pll'e,~ perf efefilp fut. q-fe:c<i@ fnt.3,q-
~'6:. con. 01tiira: or ~t..i aor. fit'l"ra'li%
des. Pass.-i;m
pre. ~::rrftaor. Cau.-q1"81fr'ii-i'f aor. qfeif
pre. ,wftG"e<J:.·il'
p.p. ,m~ ger. ~ inf.
~ 1 A. mirto go; quiff pre tft!'Ospe?f.s:i-qru6l!aor.G'~P-P•
~ 10 U. ~~ to destroy; 1 P. ~ 6n1"a' to heap together,
to collect; 'ill"G<fRf•fl',
~~ pre,
1 A . ...-~ft to bargain, to bet or stake at play;
!\'U!__ qur1fpre.
~ per:f.iriurar
P. fut. ~ aor G"niiltf'e ben. fq-qrGl'Q/a'
pre. 31ffillln:·n
des. Oan.-l.TT1l'!i:r@·a" aor. G"TUTI'f
pp
,w 1 A. ( Parnsm. with ~) ~f!riTto praise; ZfllTT<l'ffi·q-11@'
pre.
qt!lfm:,;rffii,&c. q-iir perf. ..-crrrmr-qfuror, p fut. qmn7r~,n%-
~'-<l'~ fut. ~a:-:srG"M'e aor ',l!lilv.:ffcf, efllTm ben.
Oau,- Gmr>:rtrr'R'-a-, ~<IT7Hrpre. 3f(!"q'1!TT«a'.·o, a:rqrqura:-n
aor. M"i:fil!T~"f@, fii"1r{iir!lffi
des. q'l11Tfil'ffp.p.
~ 1 P, to fly, to alight, to fall, lfdTffpre, i:r'lTFi
pelf. ,;iff!?H
p.
fut. ef~@, fut. :s:refav.ra: cov. :s:r~ ao:r,tr~ ben.fif<:~r1i",
ftm7r!ffil'de,, Pass.-trc<!'i'ipre. 'o'!lfl"@ao:r. Oau,-,m;i:mi"-'a"
pre. a:rtfl1raa:-a-
aor. o:ra-~a-,'l'11"ll:ffffffi,
'l'ffi1IT~
freq. q-foff
p.p. ,n'fr,<rr
ger. ll@WJ:inf.
'lil: 4 A. ~llefito be master of, to rule; trfti'a'
pre G'ffped. :sr:.-
~··Tff'eaor.
q~ l P. to go; ~ pre. i:r:rr"<T
per£. at'NT<laor.
q~ 10 U. ~~ to throw, .to send; qf~Tff·ff pre, ~r'l'~-
0 aor.
q~ to go; to attain; q-;q~ pre. 'ii'itperf.
4 A. "ffi'r ey:;np, fut.
~ iut. 3ltf11:<l'ff
con. s:r•n-r~ ben. fit~ des.
11or. i:rrefr'll'
Pass.-~ff pre. ,a:rqr~ 110.r. Oau.-~fa--'it pre. siifr~
1101.~ p.p q-ffi ger. ~l'J.'. inf.
 76

~ 10 A. ;iir to go; ~<rnpre, ~~ ---f•

-- per f . ~.r"'l"tr 12•~
' Siffln aor. i'1i%i'il'f"d
des. Pass.-q.re pre. 3'1\TI~aor.
G'( 1 A. to praise; ,:r,;~, tf;;JFJIBpre. q';%,,;r,n~, &c. pe:d.
ef.lmj, p. fut ~ff, ~ff fo t. a:rq-~,arq"·
aor. qf.!i!fhr.
q;:rr-
...
,:rra:
ben. ~ff, q;rr~a- p.p.
tF.:t.10 U, &: 1 P. to go; q.:~-~, q.:m% pre ~ira:_-n a:flf•
~ra:aor.
~. 1 A. to go, to move; q,ri£pre, qi!' perf. ~'t! aor.
10 'G gfffl.;ritto make green; tfll'lflTlHl'
crur.., pre. crm<TT;iJef.il•·
~ perf. i:rarTTl";;r
p, M; offlllT<!_-fr
sor.
'&" 1 A.. to break wi~d, ~ pre. qq~ perf. :;;:iqr~ aor.
'l"£. 1 P. to go: qi:ff~
pre. o:rcriz
perf. ,,:p:rcri~
aor.
il'i l P. to go; ffl pre. ffl perf.
tri 1 P. i_{lli to fill; qJ'fo per. ffi per:f.~\:I'. aor.
~ 1 P. to go. to move~ pre. 'f<1m'ped, ~<i. aor.
11W.10 "C.<i~ to bind; ~'°i=r·ffpre. srtft~-o aor. ll'T'i\Q'l<I_~
~'e bell, ftmef<l1:frn ·ff des.
q'{ 10 U. to go; ':i'ililff·ff pre.
~ 10 U. & 1 P, ~ to perish; tr6.:r@'·ff, iw@ pre, i1R:f~ijf,
~ffl" fut. ~<J::"l'f, ~'ffll"<i,
aor.
GT 1 P. lilif to drink, to absorb; itt.i@ pre. Q''TTperf. 'mfT p.
-- fut'.'~~ rii'.C~~ ~on. mra:
aor. ~ra: ben, mTm%
des. Paos,-~ pre. awr~ ao.r. Oau.-q-rq.:n-'if-ffpre,
~Q;iNf aor, q,fl<11f,
':iTGilff,
'f!G"@1req.G'@'p.p. (Forr ger.
~inf.
2 P. ~&er
to protect, to rnle. q-yfnpre, q-,rr
perf. ~ fut.
S!irf~i'i,
CO!l, :.:ri:;nf~
a.or, 'l:F<la: ben. mrm~ des. Pass.-
'Wl'?\'
pre. Oau,-~f!-a- pre. :;i1:fyq~a:_-fr
aor. t{@ p.p.
qrr, 10 c. ,i;i:r~r
to finish, to get through or over;.~!ff-ff
pre. ~-~ perf. i:mft~T p, :fut. qfU~-~ fut.
 ~~('f con. ;a:rqq-~<r_:,na.or. Paes.-'1f<ffi pre.
~p.p.
vrr~10 U. t~ to protect; ~'iHr pre. ~~~R-~ &e.
perf. ~~ p fot. awr~-;:raor. Pass.-~~ pra.
~ p. p. ~P-f?<f!" gex.
mt'if pre. st~ aor.
J(f 6 P. to go, to shake;
~2 ;ir.ri"i:r
A~ to colour, to touch; &c.fq;f.-pre. :.:r1q'~ aor.
~ 10 U. & 1 P. .Y!'TT<IT (rn'i-".ii' to shine, to live, to give, to
kill; fihll<t@-itfq'?.alffpre. M~·::;nl;, &c. RN~ perf.
a:!i'fl'ir°~a",
3'!rq:;;mi:_
&Or.
~ 1 P. ~~.fr: to sound, to collect, to heap together;~
pre. fqira perf, ~~ ao:r.
m._1 P. fie-T'6l!ilifi'!lfi':
to kill, to injure; <t.IT'?r
pre.
~ 1 A., 10 U & 1 P ~ to heap; to roll into a lnmp; ~.
fif~•ff, f~ pre. M~, fii~m~~-'<liili,ftrfq~ pert.
~"qfq'!!', :.r(itf''-m'!,·n,
:a1fquiht aor. ~WG'o
p. p.
t~ HI U. to throw, to incite; q~-~ pre. q~'lifliR·"!i\ii", &c.
perf. ira~m-p. fut.
~ 1 P. ~ m 'cl" to sprinkle, to serve; fq;,n'if pre. m'iri'lf
p. fut. firl;i;qm fut, 3'{!~11'.._ con. s11fq;:.fj-<r_
perf. (i{f.:11<'1'1'
aor. ~~ra: hen. Pass.-fq~ p.re.
~ 6 P. "'1q'Q'\it(T1r,mIT'<l"to form, to kindle, to light; ~
pre. m~ perf. ~r p. fut. ~efm: aor. 011.n.-<t~--a-
f'-N~'ffifdes. fqfunp p.
pre. <l'!tfi(<r~--rraor. 1G'icr(~'ffit,
fqf~ger,
NII[_
7 P. ~ur,t to grind, to hurt; ~l!.' pre. 'fqi:rf perf. q'gf p.
fut.'l'lf'.Tli:fut. ~ con. a:iftrrn: aor. ~a:: hen. Pass.-
~ pre. awfiraor. Can.-~-fl' pre. ~,fn~-n A.or.
des. R"ep. p. fq6~ ger. qg_:q;
T't'ltfitlffi inf.
H. I!, G, 41
 S.ANSKJU'.I'G:a.uwAR.

~ 1 P. to go; pre. ffl-8'perf. G'~T P. fat. 3'fqiE\'ra:

q'il:Tffi Ao:r.
~ 10 u. to go; q~a-'ii' pre. ~~-;;ri!; &c. pert
1l_ 4. A. G"!i:rto drink; .:fr<lit
pre. 1'¾ perf q"t<l'ff
fut. ~ .Aor.
-·oau.~-ff pre. ~~-n, Aor. Nffiff des.
. .
q1~ 10 U. to press, to hnrt, to oppose; •:fi~-~ pre. ~-
perf. tfrefl«llp. fnt. 'TIG~ff-ff fut, ~i:i'.-l'I'
<!ITT'-;;i:l;
con. ~~a-, a:rfi'llfr~-ff, aor. fq~fuli!!i·ff des.
!frmr
p. p.
qr,;1 P. ~ to become fat or strong; pre. ifu"ir~fitfot ..
1f1~fn
~ ~~Aor.
i~ 10 U. a:rn;mto increase, to crush; fl;l:F.r@-~pre. Si!!!!·
~-a-aor.
?:re-6 U. ,&~ ( ~Tl~) to embrace; 9:efn pre ( wa-.r
!!'<Tel'
2nd sing. } per£. !!~6'l'ffifut.amercr.
aor.
~ 10 u. ~ir to bind together; 9:a-trrn-a-
pre. !!ePliU p. :fut,.
<>l'!:!:~-ff Aor.
~ 10 U. mqm ~:;;. to speak, to shine, to reduoe to powder;
m:<l'!°ff·lt
pre. ~,m;:~1,·"i:flfi &c perf. ~a-~nHr
fut. a:r!:i•
!v.ra:-aaor.
~ 1 P. ;i-f.rto grind; q'j:g-/a'
pre. ~W parf. crr~q-fii-
fut. 311ft.
;:re:
Aor.
~ i.i P. ;r,«if( ~'e: ) to leave, to discover;~iffl pre. !!&"'Tm
fut. ~!!fol<!.Aor. !li~ff iles.
6 P. ~fw
5"11:. fut. ai-irvr'ro:.
to be piqns; l!llf@'pre. -i'rfll!GT.l'Ti\'
Aor !!\t-T:11"-f111q-fer
des.
~ 4 P. ~!<l'llI; pre. l!;'i!~per£. 3l'!f)mn:
to kiil, to injnre; gri;q'ffi'
A.or.
~ 10 U. lll"f!tIT<fnfr
~ to speak, to shine;llf'<N/a--1\-
pre. a-r~-.
((·!'I' Aor, · ·

~ 1 P. fims.1~~): to kill, to torment; !I~@ pre. ~~@'

fnt. ~r! A.or, ·
~ 6 P, 'ilUl<H!~to go ahead, ,!;i:"rn'pre. ~tt par£.~~ fu.t.
s,1~Aor.
si per£. if'~
to fill; ~fa- pre, !N_of
1 P. \j'.,:a\" fut.
Aor. Pass.-~11' prs. a:fit1" aor.
~ 10 U. ~ef.tto dwell; ii.r!Tffi'·ff
pre, tim-i'!r p, fut. 3'1!!~-
<i;-l'fAor.
~~ 1 & 6 P. ;r~;r & 10 U. ( 1:1"<\"'ro,..,)
to grow, to become
mmt,~m,oom-i:r
pre. :a:!'ffiol'f<l:_,
arerg~-11Aor.
13;~ 4 P s;itto nourish, to develop, to bear, to show; ~'-mi'pre,
~!'1l'perf. rmITp, fut qTfl'l:fffifut. Slift~'«!:_con. ~ aor.
~ ben. !'!!!ffia des. l!:~ p, p.
;1~ 1 & 9 P. to nourish. &c; q'jqr'?{,~ITTf pre, !!'ITT'
peri'.
eitf~r. p. fut. q'J'rf~ii fut. :.ii:wfrr,
aor. Pass.-~iiff pre.
:,;q"j-fqaor. Oan.-iu~-5' pre. ~9:'Rl',·i"r aor. !!mi( ~
also ) p. p !t~olr, mq-«rr
ger.
~'[_ 10 u. 'iffl'.IJ!'
to maintain, to promote; mfn-ff pre.~~-
Aor. !!'TT'lf~-ff
lf.H·'ol'ii &c. perf q'[qN;;fp, fat. ~!!'1:i'J.'.·i'!
des.
~ 4. P. ~ to open, to blow; g;~c'l:fm pre ~ peri !!~ p.
fut, a:m;1~~ con. 3,9,tina: aor, Oan.-~ff--if
fat. !!f'?qe:rfff
pre 9:f.;i:rcr
p. p.
~~ 10 U. ~~: to regard, to :mortify,to tie; ~trra-5"
pre. ~a:-o aor,
'I 1 A. q;.rifto purify, to winnow,to invent; ffl pre. ~1' per£.
qf.imP. fut. a,--q-/it-a-
aor. ~ hen. fq'q-~'il' ilee. Oau,-'!IT<f-
Pre. a-{~-ff Aor. tn'~,ITT'!".frfrr,
<flff-ff qmfrrfreq ~p. p.
'1 9 u. to purify &c; !v!TIB, !l:.ffrrpre.!!tl"P.f,!!!!l pen,~m
fat. 3l:!il~6:-1i oon. ;"ll;qr;fRf, a:r~ aor.
p, fut. qf°ir<>trm--if
ef'~ ben. 9:'{'rnf-fl'
'l:im!:'., des. ~ p. p.
·~ 10 U 'lo'l'N~ to adore, to recehe with honour, to present
with; 'i~--if pre. g_.;l'l'T~{-~ &c. ped. q~ p.
 80

fut. ~liIB-ff fut. s:i~s:TO::-iil' con. ~O::-o aor-.

ger. ~~ mf.
~'l'ra-'l" des. i_!~ffp. p. 'fnfifr<TT
qm- 1OU.to heap together; ~-a-pre. ~il!m-~~-~, &c. per(
~ 1 A. ~ "1' to
fq~,or split, to putri:fy; 'l<f1'1"pre. ~i:t
"" pert ~ITT p fut. s:r~ aor. Oan.-t'l'll'{~-'a"pre. ~i.ta'.,·ff
aol'. i'{Nffi des. '{n p, p.
~ 4 A. mtm<l'il' to fill, to eatis:!y; 'I_~ pre. !!'frper:f '[!1!iT.
p. fut. ~'{'e, 019ftaor. Oau.-~lff-?1 pre. ~~a:,-n aor.
~FT des. ~ p. p.
~ 10 U. & IP. to fill, to blow, to cover; i~·ff, ~ pre.
~"l'li:R~, im- pe.rf. ~~ar, '!_1l:'ill
p. fat. r~f.:lisrJrn-a
~rn fut ~~-ci, ~a:. con.:a:iwa:.·a-,:a:iita:aor.
~<i p_p. Pass ~ff Pre.
~ 10 'G. ~~ to heap, to gather; pre. ~~ufa:,-a-
't!'ll.J'lff-~, Aor.
~ 1 P. & 10. U. to gather; to collect; ~, 'liil<l'@'-'a"
pre.
~m p. fot ~~, :a:i~-a:_-;;
l'!.T~fff, Ao:r.
~ 1 P.~togrow;'l'l'1a"Pre!ITlfPerfifi11,m%:fut :3'11!'fiti_Aor.
I 3 P. qr~llit\"f: to protect, to fill, to bring out; Jqqfff pre.
~: imperf. !l'1iRperf. 'll~~lfffut. 131'-l'l'ffcr.
Aor. fst<!ra:;
aor. !!'!"I@des.
ben. Oan.-m:l'.fra·ff pre. :a:iifilRO:·ff
I 6 A. mm~ ;tll'<R' :;r to be busy, to be active, ( mostly used'
with oij'f ), ~ pre lfQ'perf imrp. fol. qi{.qa-fnt. 311l'Rt!!'n
con. '!(re hen ~ aor. Pass.-~~ pre. Oau.- lffi:<IIB'-'it
aor. !i~ des. 'lop. p. q-~ inf.
p:re.311Tflivf,:--o
~ 2 A tir-,i;t to come in contact with; ~ pre. ~ perf.
!fRii'il'
p. fut.~ des 'lffl°p. p.
aor. fq-qf,;;r'ffi
~ 7 P. to 1lllite,to join; 'lOTrni pre. q-q-:;;fperf. trf~~ fut •
...,. - """ ,., d ~._..... ~
a:iq'Ef,O: aor. ftl''l'R"Wf es. ~ p. p, tfN'rq"f ger. q-~ [nf.
" l P. & 10 U. to hinder, to join;~'
t'- ... """-~,.,.,...,t
q-,,hn%-a-pre.
~q-:;;ff:r
•.i,:_,..
, ~~, aNr~O:·<i aor. Tll'l{l~a-, Nlf<l't~%-a-
dee.
 81

~ 2 .A.to oome in eontact with;~ pre. ~ perf.

" ..
'R 6 P. ffif to :please, to delight. iiffl pre. ~fir
~r,raor.
fut.

to please, to satisfy; iUTTa'

'iOt,. 6 P. smn;r pre,~ aor.
~ 10 U, ~q to throw, to send; ~-a
pre, lN~-ff
fut ~-a-, ~-a- Aor.
•~ 1 P. ~lll'I F6W"41'i'8;
to sprinkle, to kill, to give pain to;
q-mr pre. ffl perf ~ aor. Oau.~-ff pre. SN(lia:-ff'
~n Aor. iq,n~fif des. ffl, mrp.p.
i to fill, to blow; to refre.!h;fqq-iffpre.
3 P. 'fli.i5rl'l,(Ul<O• qqr,
perf. lfrol'f, qfm p. fut. ~. w~, fut. aiqrfuj: aor.
~ ben. lirif.i' or ftti:rt~, fiiqfAfi%" des. Pass.-~ pre.
--c.~
0 au.--,m.•un·n ..
pre. Sllff~•n " 'if{n
aor. 'lUT, .... p. p. ~" ger.
1 9 P. to fill. iurrt'% pre. q'q'R' perf. &c.; see the above root.
iara: pre. P.
1 10 U. & 1 P. ~-et, IRf.t pre. qr~-~, ffl11.mf,
'Rfllll@fut. 3Nf1m(·n, ~ aor.
~ 1 P. & 10 U. to go, to shake; ~, mrn·ft pre.
~ 1 A.~~ to serve; m pre. ~ aor.
~ 1 A. m ~ Sfli~ to
'111' serve, to resolve; iN'it
pre. a:im
aor,
•~ 1 P. to go; ~fa' pre,
~ 1 P. to dry, to wither; ~ pre. atimfra:
a.or.
~Ill:_ 1 P. irmiR:'or~ to go, to tell, to embrace;quifa'pre.
qR( 1 A. ~ to grow, to swell, to increase: tffl pre. AA
perf. ~ p. fat. tl.UIQQ'lfffat. at~ con.~;
des. Clrr,£, tfi.fp.p.
aor. fql;q-rfitlffl'
SfCl1T{ira
q 1 A~ to grow, &c.; ~ pre. qcit perf. ~ p. fut..
~fut.~ con.~ a.or, o:fr;r
p.p.
~ 6 P, ift:mt1( to ask, to seek for; ~ pre, ~ pe"'f.
 SANSKRIT GlUJIIllill.

~ p. fut Sl"!f!nff
fut. :s:isr~a;con. mmtfhr.( :.W~R duel }
aor. ~ ben. Wll~'irnit des, PasS,-\I'oij";;f,,\- pre.
Oeu,-~-~ pre. ~'l p.p. 'l~ ger. ~ inf.
i;r;u- 1 A. ~i:rf.l' to booome famous, to increase, to rise; ~
• pre. ffl per:!. i:rfmnp. :fut. si-N'><Tfffut. ~srN~o con.
pre. :s;,:r;r~-ff aor. -Rm~
:.u;rf";ra'aor. Oa.u.-Sf!Q't!IB'-ff
des. !tl'Plffp.p
sr,r 10 U. to become famous, ~-~ pre, q~;;:~-,;;,~
~ &o.perf, ~~;;r p . .fut. ~~a-,-11'aor. fihTffl<lfffi-fl'des.
;:rr l P. ~ to fill; m@ pre. ~1 p. fot. ~!efla,
perf. Sl"H'll
llor. ~, wa:
ben. Pass.-m;xa-.
ifr 4 A, !fmi'to feel affection for, to be satisfied; if1<11\'pre
~ perf SfITT p. fut. ~I! aor. ~'I! ben. rtilG'a'des, i:fta-
p.p, ger. ~ inf.
!:ITT!Ti
sf\' 9 U, ~ & to please,to take delight in; lllll!Tlff,;froflfrpre.
Nmtr,fih1rlxperf. SHITp, fut ~!i!ff-'a- :fut. ~a::, ~'a'
aor. ~, i:r!freben. mfro'ii'-~ des, sftop.p.
i:fi' 10 U. ,& 1 U. n~ to please; i:fiurm'ff·R',!f<!lff·11°
pre. ITTUT~-
~-'ii', Sl'~ffit fat. :.i-fq;fn:ire:-o,
~,fra_, :s:ist-a-
aor.
lt 1 A. ~ to go, to jump. ~ pre, mf.r perf. lfTITTp. :fut
~aor. PasS-!ftff pre. Oan,-!l'f!i<!'IB'·1\'
pre.

~ 1 P. ;r~ tomb; mefa'

pre. !!!fra-
per£. :s:imfrn:
aor.
~ l P, <[1l to burn; trT'mfpre, ~'!!' perf, !ftfq>;!f!ff
fut.
~~ aor. ~~qra,~m1% des. a'e p.p, ~r, !I'~,
~
~ger. "'•

~ 9P -~~t"-l~~[<oi~to ;iecome wet, to sprinkle, to fill;

~ff pre. a-rq-n
p.p ~ ger,
.,..,.,;,
•o
"iil-•"'Z
1
... ' t o swing,
U- ~~ . to shaJ,e; ... ... "'.., pre.
~!IT<'ilrlo-o
~({-o aor. Pass.-~~'it pre.
~ l A. to go; ffl pre. ~qy A.or_
 83

mw,
1 U. q'l'lflTT
to be full, to be equal to, im.1%-?1"
pre. a;i-~.
3iilf'~ aor,
~ l U. si<f,rto eat; gim~-ff1ne. ~ii:reaor.
~ 1 P. to go; i);ern-il' pre. a:ili;~ aor.
iv' ll P, to go; if;rrfu prt-. ~<rrn fut. ,::i~q'la
Aor.
~ 1 A, irni-to float, to fly,to jump; ~~ pre ~~ iffir
p, fut. gr~tr~ fut. ~flil.ra con. ~W'2'
aor. Oau.-~~-~
at,q~l«l:-'1'1'
pre. at!!;Ci:,3",ffl_·l'f, Aor. '%FTp ,p.
~ 1& 4 P ;:;it to burn; gi'!l'Til,~ra pre. EWG'
~IT~Tp. fut. q;srf~ fut. 3,eyjtfq~ COD, 5'!"~ ( 1)
~ ( 4) a.or. ~ ( 1 ) ~ ( 4) p. p. ~~l ( l )
~r, tm~r ( 1, 4) ger.
~li 9 P. ~;;~ to sprinkle. to fill, to be wet; ~ISl'1!fIB
pre. 3,~oifo: Aor. Other :forms like ( 4 above).
~ 2 P. lt~ to devour, to eat; es:rrfu pre qq,) ped. t:'61!!'1'p,
fut. tllR'l:lffl fut. ~~if. con. ~i<I aor. ~•
~@: hen. fq-q_::mni des. Pas&.-~ri.:@ pre. Can.~@
p,re. ~qt~t{ aor. tffli'f p.p.

~ 1 P . .f~ira'rto behave ill; to go eo:ftly; ~@" pre. ~

perf. ~ Aor. tn'raffi p.p.
~ '1 P. f!@'~.:i't: to go, to produce easily; !:!i'Oii!'I"
pre. qqnur
pe:rf.q;'iv!err
p. fur.~' aor. ~<!. hen. fqq;-
3!1iil1J'!'rn:
fiir<.r@des, Oau.-q.l!l<ffil"·ffpre. ~'ii"t!l"<l;n aor. 'ii'f!llil' p.p.
~ 1 P. ~fif,l'Cf
to burst, to open, to split; 't,;_;J@" pre. ~
perl. ~m p. fut. q;-~ :fut, :oil.ITT~~ con, ayqrrif<'.(
aor, fitq;fmr"ffdes.~ ( ~~) p.p.
q;i'll'~ 1 P. ~ to go, to bear :fruit, to result, to be successful;
~ pre, &c. l:!i"~i'r p.p. Other forms like those of the
above.
~ l P. ~~ to open, to blow ( as a flower); pm pre.
• ~ perf, ~TT:l'!ir p, fut. l'!>®"tl@fut. ~@'~ con.
~ill!. aor, ~~1;ffil' des. l!,"~ p.p.
~ 1 P. to go, q;~fu pre. m~rn-fa.t. ~efra: aor.

4iii'k:1 A. arm
to grow, to increase; iii~ pre. .ff(~ fut • .m;r-
aor.oif~ p.p.
fr;.ca-
~ 1 P. to grow; ifGfflpre.
'if'(_ 1 P. ~'it to sound; ;j'llITTf
pre. ilr,fl'trf perf, ~-;n-~ &Or.
~ 1 P. to be steady;~ pre.~ perf. :ar,f·"1'f·!fia:
1101.

'IN, 1 A. N'\'iN$T{ to loathe, to be disgusted with; ;fr.r~l

pre. afr~m:rl~<i'-am:!'-~ .fl'm'i''6nr
perf. p. fot . .fNr~
fut. atifn:IT~ con. <!"1¥TT1~'!
bee. ~rmT~ aor. ;;ft¥r-
des, Pa.;s.-;fnr~
1'ffiq";; pre. ~~IT6'aor. ifr-rr~ p.p.
~ IO U. ~~i,lt to bind, to restrai.ni i!'l'q!l'ffl, ;nmpre,~-
-N11:
ff .A.or.oll'•'m!.,;i-~ ben. ~ifrffl'n~-lf des.
~ 9 P. ~ ~o bind, to attrnct, to form; <ll!ITTfpre. ii'~
pelf. at~r p. fut. ~ fut, a:i~i:,~ con. a:r~e-1;[_ aor.
~ hen. ~~ des. Pass.--r,.;f<\" pre. Oau.~-
fl"pre, <Rii~~ff aor, ~pp. ~1:~ gar.
~ 10 U. to bind; ~fi'-'it pre. ii~r~;im:-~ &c. per:f.
~-;r des. Pass -;r,';.;fflpre,
.A.or.!ijiMU<11!'1~-1f
iff. 1 P. to go; =Ti{@'pre. :;r;r.r
perf. fflfiT p fut,
~- 1 A. qffl'ITl!'ll'lf~rsr~~ to speak, to give, to hurt; -ria'
pre. ai.ripad.~ .A.or.
'ifi I0 U. ~ ~ ;;fim "'I' kill; to speak, &c,; ii~-a-
pre. '31"lfilia:"i'I"
A.or.
~ 1 P. ~tj lill"'lliiil'iiii 'q' to live; to hoard grain; ~
pre. ~ perf, ~ p. fat. ~iir~ aor.
-~ 10 U. l:rilllifto breathe; ~~ pre.
'ii'l:I; 4 P. ~a~ to stop; ~ pre. ifil'Til'i perf. ~ P. :rot.
~.r~a:aor.
<il'T~1 A. ~T6q' to bathe, to dive; <l'Tlirapre. <l'i!i~ perf. ~-
~'e Aor.
l A,
'1if,;'(_ iil'ITT
to oppress, to torment; ill'l:Tffpre. iRN perf.
~T~T p. fnt. ;;r~ fut. 3'1~ctra' con. :if!oi1i'l'e &Oil',
Oau.-~1Nr pre. a:fffl'•HI.-n aor, Pass.-iiT'ilffl pre.
:.fil'YN aor, ~Rrnp. p, efm;,rrger. ef"iiji,: inf.
•r~ 1 P. a:im;1~to swear, to curse, to shout; ~iff pre, !iii!?.
perf. ~R:ffrP. fut. a:im~ aor.
fil'o~l P. ~~ to split, to divide; f.l.-"'-1~pre. f.rf~ perf.
ffi~rp, fat.
~ 6 P. ~ to break; i~ff pre. ~ii'~ pert, ·qIB/H p. fut.
' ~ aor. 10 U. ~-ff pre. &c.
f.r~ 4 P. !}(q'lf{QT :.r to throw, to instigate, to go; ~ pre.
~'l:i' perf. iff~ili@ :fot. ~~ .A.or.
~ l P. & 10 U. ~orto bark, to speak; !!'li'iffl,
~ra-a-pre .
.._ ~' Wi~-a' aor.
~ l U. <!"Nii
to know, to mark, to esteem; atr<ml'·a' pre.
~f'l:T,~~ perf. fTTNi'ITp. fnt. oiml~i:n1i-1t
fut. 3iifrN'~ll'i'(-a'
con. ~Iii<!:_, atoTTlilTO:,
3r,!i'N1!:aor. Oan.-cri'~-ff pre.
3lijj];~ii ~N'TTrt-~des. Pass.-il."ll'ff
1LOr.~N'lfr'a'·'a',
pre. al-FIN aor. ~~ p p. ~1<1'T1 .rrf.r,qf ger.
~~ 4 .A. to know, to understand; ~~ff pre. ~~ perf. ~~
p. fut . .fr~lffl :fut. :.nT~ con. 01"' ar.iti?raor. ~ffll!
ben. ~~ des. PasS.-ifo<fff pre. Oau.--rt1:!<l"@-'a'
pre. "
p. p. ~'lall'T ger • .fi~;i: rnf.
~ 10 U. to sink, to plunge; ~-~ pre. .fi~T~-"=!'1ii
pelf . .fi~oT p, fnt.
~ 4 P. to discharge, to emit; ~ma-
pre. ~'8" perf,
 86

i~ll 10 ·u. to honour, to treat honourably; ~lffilr-ii' pre~

~~~-~ perl, [fflrtlmp M.
il~ 1 P. ~i- to g?oW, to increaso; eiii'rn
pre, ~ perf. 1111'1fil,
p, fot_ .Oill<i1% COD, ~er_
fu~, at;n-1,;i;ro:: !10?,

~ 8 P. ~ to work; <J'~I~pre. l'loli( .r;rr'i~,ffl 2nd,

sing. ) perf. ef"~ra,~fn fut.~~, ~~0: aor. Cau,-
~-"#r pre. :s.,~~, ~!fl"rn'
31<i'f~~ti aor. f.njij1n'fi·,
dee,~ p. p. ;ni<'-fr,
~ gor
~[ l P ~f ~ 'i:i' to grow, to :roar; ~~ pre iii'iriperf. tfi"-
fat a:itfrn:
lil:fffi' aor
i~ 1 A. st'Fil' to strive; ii6'a'pre. :a,r~~ aor,
~ 2 -C. ~t 'll'IT~ to speak; ,nfrrn,ilff.:;:rrg- pre. ,a.rr,;;i-~
~ perf. <fffi'I p. fut <flfll'Ff·fffut. ~~<l'a'.·11' con, 31~r,;;rn:_-a-.
aor. ~ma:, m11e ben .Pais -~tffl' pre. Cau.-~-ff
pre. 31.fr.Rl'a:-o aor. '3"$ p ll <!!fffi ger. l.i~ inf.
~ 10 U l~T<Tf'l'lto kill, to hu1t; ~\i•ITTHi'pre. l[_'ijll'S'•fllm:•
"ol'iii
ped. ~fqm p. fut. ~,ra_-a- aor •

.r~ 1 U.see~.
10 U.
;i->,J'._ m;:'itto use, to eat, to bite; .r~r'if-fi pre, ~~T~~
qffi'-~-m-~-il'~ perf. -.z~r p. fut. ~lfl'fil'~@-'a-
fnt.
a:flf~<tn aor. ;r~, ~rQ'ITT'e ben ~~1<l111(iFit des.
Pass.-'ll'~ pre. ~11' p. p. +!'~firmger. ll'~~ inf.
'<1~ 1 "C".ii.mn..i: to serve, to take posae!sion of, to choose, to
honour; ~-ff pre. -r~sr, ~ perf. +!ml"p. fnt. +r~-ff
fut. ~-ff ~~ aor. ll";;i:m'J",~11!ehen.
con. a{+!Tef@:,
~fi ben. Pass.-~a- pre. atmT~ aor. Oan.-·i:rf,if-
pre. ~~.::-n aor. 'lf'm p, p. ~ ges. ~ inf.
l:i'ffi-ff
 D:a:'
ATUKOSHA.

10 U. f;rffl(lf,fto cook, to give; ~:.;;qra-l:r

'.l!'iil: pre. <tT:;;im.:;;r-
,·;.;-:_-.."'&c. per f . ~;;:fl<ffiT
=,.,,;.. "' p, m ~
"t . :.;-~<!_--ff - "
aor. 1'in'l'nl'l<r=
llf!ii-n des. -
~~10 U. ~qi 'oj° to speak, to illumine; ;;:;r.n%-a-•
<{rITT pri:
ao:r.
1:ilol'¾~l'I_-o

'¥5,i::7 P siITTT~ to spilt, to disappoint; +l';m\;pre. ol'lif'!ii perf .

.,w;p. fut. ~a:;:rfufut. ~a:m( con ;.,"ol~ aor. .r.:i:rrg:
des. Pass.-lif'S'<fFiiJie s:p:if'?jf, a..:rr~ aor,
ben. ~+!:;j:'_1tf!ff
Oau.-.,~-1:=r pre. ~~'lift!.-('!' aor. +!if pp. +!1f1<1'T.~-
ger. ~~ inf.

.ra- 1 P• ..rat
to receive wages, to nourish; <R:iff pre. ~:im!' per£.
~ ~; p. fut :.;l'f{~, 'Si+!Ti!Q..
aor.
+!Us 1 .A q-R+1r~
to upbxaid, to Jest: ~'$ff pre. .rlilu't perf,
~Oeor p. fut. :all"IT~ aor .
.ii;~ 10 U. ~~ i.i~ J:rcfll:iit'i:!" to make fortunate, to cheat;
~-1'1' pre. +!Uit<ll:r'i:1161'1.·~ &c. perf. ~~fff p. fut.
:ar,n.,~-ff aor. Also l P. ~lff pre. S'{~i:'[ aor.
1 P. ~~ to speak, to call ; +!lllfflpre. <NTl!Tper£. ¥rfiirar
'<101"~ p.
fut.~<!.,
fut. +!fii{gmff :;,mufur_aor. ~llTQTiml'des.
Pass.-
~ pre. 3"1-.m'ii'raor . .rfu!op 11.+!Tll(Fqfger.
.r,~ 10 A.. ( rarely P.) to menace, to threaten, to abuse, to
deride; -.m:fo·~:.:r~<TI~ pexf. "11l({Ttlnf
pre. p, fut. ">1.r·
~ aor. fir.r;tf~ des.

~ l A . ..-Rm"lum~ to speak, to kill, to give; ~ pre.

af~'a°aO:r.

~ 10 A. ~ri.:tu~ to see; -11~ pre. ;;rn;:im~ &c. pert

~iqITT p. fut. :,:r;fr~n aor.
~ 1 A.. ,:rf~"Q"f11i11T~f~fii'ito describ<1,to wound, to give:
~ llsi~ pre, il'll~ perf. .rfi1inrp. fnt. 01~""'<!aor. "lsfun
p?
~'i: 1 P. to bark, to rail against i 'l,ll"lil'
pre. iii'l'fT'I'per£. llTlfnf
~mradee.
p. fat. <>il,'fq'rrr,_
aor.
3 P. ~~~: to censure, to blame, to shine;
-r'i:!'._ <l'mffl
pre.
per£. ( nsed m the Ved!IBonly ) .
i!f<iTl;l"

~ 2 P. ;ftm"to shine, to appear, to be; mra

pre. :flliWt'g:
3rd pl. Imperf. il'lftper f. mnrp. int. :.im'!:rle!:._
aor. Pass.-
~ pre. ~l1TI'i:r aor. Oau -m~ 'if pre. ~.fi"~-Ff aor.
~ 10 U. ~ii'r to divide; <ITTl<f@'·ffpre • .,r-,,;:m:~-W!fi
perf. l!"l':!r<lfff p. fut. ~¥fl:;:ffl;Ff aor. ~il'TS'!W"l'l°%-ii'
dee.
l!"T~P-P•
1 A. ~r:.t to be angry; ~ff
'+rrl1: pre. l{'llf;'fperf. .rr~q'i'f fut,
~ffi::l'eaO?,

·ll'M: l A. to speak, to call; ~ pre. ,riri~perf. ~TT'iffip. fut.

:.p.;rf'i'eaor. 10 U, also a:l"<if'lii~-0 aor,

l A. f.',~ ;_;a'flt~ "61'to beg, to obtain; N~ pre. ro°i{~

flW..__
perf f.'r~m p. fut. nrRfqra- fut. :an~'! aor. Oau-~-
qre--erpre. ~n .Aor.
~ 7 U. ~n,- to separate, to break down; fi;r,n~, ~ pre.
~ii1t,f.rMrperf. ~ p. fut. ;r~iifiHrfut. :a:r~f~<l:_-l'I'
con.
:amt~,3!l~ (~dual), 3lf~'ff aor. Oau.-3mf~-n
A.or f.lnt,m%
des.~. iln'lefrra,
ifiti%'
freq. Pass.-~~
.Aor. ~ (also~). p.p.

T~~l P. to divide, to cut; ~ pre. m~ perf, Sinr.{fl'(

Aor. Pass.-nr~ pre.

~r 3 P . ..-rtr
to fe11r,to be anxious about; Nlllff pre. m1<r
or
1-illQb-ili!m &c. perf. ihn p. :fat. ~t'il' fat. a;i{111tf(f oon.
~r<!. aor. ~r:rre:_ ben.~lff des. Pass.-iri;ra pre. :5i\TfTQ'
aor. Can.-~%,~. it!flr'irPre. Wf'hmr_, ar.fr(il~
a'!'IITTffl ~~; lilfrtfreq . .f(0 p.p.
A.or. i\'rmrcl;, '
 DI:U. 1TUKOSRA, 89·

~ 6 P. <!Si&~il"
to bend, to curve; ~:ma-
pre. ~ perf. llrn;r·
p. fot. 3l+1'r~aor. mn. p.
~ 7 U. qw;rr~n:.ft: to protect; :.:r.ief.t
( A.) to eat, to
consume, to enjoy, ( P.) to rule, to goverD;"g,mf,,~ pre.
ioll:.l",~~ per:f. mmTp. fut m~-ff fut ~~-n con,.
1 anrm
3lfllt&TIU: a.or.~, ~ra hen. ~~rndes. Paas.-
-g-_,.i;rif
pre, ~m~ aor. Oau.-~:.;rirnr-ff pre. ~~-n
aor. .i'i-g~ira,
~' iiITmfreq. ~ p. p.
~ (i:rml:f11'() 1 P. ( rarely Atm.) to be, to live, to be born;
pre. o!~, ~ perf. .rf.@-r p. fut. ef'qt!i@"-fffnt,
11l<TIB"--ff
a:i:irrif~-1i con. Sf~, ~:irfci'!
aor. ~' llml'e ben. ~
ff des. Pass.-~ff p:re. l!TT<@T, +OlffiTp. fnt. llN~-mf~
fut. ann~ sor. .uf?r~l'e', '+!T~l!"T'a'
lien. Oau -~-fr pre.
:.tihr.rn:-n aor. ;;rt~, .rrmra-,~aftra freq. ~ff p.p.
~ 10 A. srrm- to attain1 to obtain; ~i:r pre. ~~ perf.
-tl'ilT!inTp. fut. a{if.r,,ra aor. ~II~ ben. Pass.-llf6!lff.

~ 10 U. (s;~) to be purified, to consider, to mix; 'lli!J:~-

ff pre. ~~T'f-=ilit perf. "ltfqy~mp. :in&.:er.rrll~·n
aor. ~ra_, 1U<(~ben.

~ l P. ( ~) to adorn; ~ pre, ~ril' perf. ~Nor p. fot.

~a: A.or.i~ff des.

~ 10 U. to adorn; ~-ff pre. ~s:"q!liTMffli &c. perf.

'll'l!rqffi"p. fut. ~~-0 Aor. ~, ,rqr'im'eben. ?J;~-
t'<i<1ict-fi
des. Pass-ll,~, ~~q' Aor. ~a- p. p.

f l U, lROT
to pre • .nm--.:r~
nourish, to fill; 'o!'{@-"a' perf.
.:ra-r
p. 1ut ~~-ff fut. az~1a:.,<>11rfaor. i'ima, ~~
bon. idia-ff, f.i-:1t~-ff des. ~1f, iillffi, ljflffl@"&c.
freq. Pass.-fil<fff.~ p. 'P-
 ".)0 SANSKRIT GR.UW:AR.

·'l!;_ 3 U. 1:.n~)qll'!i;rr: to hold, to snpporti f.t"W-/ff,

fir~ pre•
.;-i:rr,,
or~,firmB:::;r~r\-~&c pert mrr
p :fut. +r~111<T1t~
fut. ;r~
rf'
~ aor. riim.:<mr,
- - ....
«ffl
es. ass.-r~;; d p
r,,..,_ ,.., ,
pre. 3'!\TfR aor. Can -~-1\" pre. at.fr.n:a:-rr
aor.
c, b. ~ r, -. , e<'
,i::;i:: 1 A. +1:;r,;to pare , to ,ry, 1if:;jff pre. ill~ per, ll"MaTp.
- . :fat.a:rm°:ara
aor. 1i!"~ ben. Oan.-.i.f:tn'a'fr;3'1:iif"~-n e.or.
"""'d
Tif~ es. p ass -l'w!TT'f
- pre. ~r:;;
,.,. aor. '!:,Ii"p. p msreor,
"''
ger.
'3'.~ 4 P. ~"1':lfff~ to fall down; ;;rri pre. or.rtperf «fflrar
P.
- fut. ~a: Aor. ~'i! p, p. ~f~T«n,
~-
9 P, to fry, to reproach, to support; ~!ITT!~pre. iif~\ pe:rf.
-rforr,+1funp. fut. annfm_ Aor. ~ p. p
1 U. mj' 3'ffif
'i:l' to be afraid, to go; lf'iffi·ff pre ll'R'6<fffi·rf
fat. s:rin°Rr.,
a:r~ Aor, ~. l!fq'fl'i!'.ben.
i?I, l A ,:m~ to fall, to decline, to escape;
& 4 P a:i-'lal'
:;i,t;i"<i!"at
'.li$, .;ri pre. -rt!'~,Ii~ perf. i~nf p, fut, ½fi~'-!11%-a
fut. a;$ra:, ar.i'fu,a-; 31,;i-~a:aor. ~-"ii' Cau -ar.nii~-n
aor. f,.-tfur,rm-i;des, llTzi~!l'ff,<IT~, freq sll! -rrm
p. p, ,ifm.;r,~r ger
>i~ 1 A, &. 4 P. to fall ilo-itn; j~, .t~irritpre. ( same as ~

af.
with the change of~ for~)
I U. ~~~ to eat; ,.!fffil'-"i'f"
,m.:_ pre• .:fi'~-~ perf. ~~m p. fnt.
mf~R;(, aor . .ra-ma;,
m~og ben.
~ 1 P. ~•l to sound; WJ'lffl
pre, =1mi;r perf• .rfiltnip. fot. a:f'EI'·
of@:,
of'~ aor.
~ 1 '<Jro;j'& 4 ~m;; P. to roam about, to totter; ll'+l'@',
~, W~ ( e£¥n:!W,
pre. ol°ITTll, ~'Q' 2nd sing.) pe:rf,
p. fot . .rm~ fut.
m-1:rnr ( 1 P.) :s:n,nfra:
( 4 P ) :atm«l'.
Aor. ni~fff
aor. Can.-:,r;r.:rra pre, atlifl:T;re: dee. •ml·
'!'if.;,erP.iffn"ff,
.r~ freq. Pass.-.r;~ pre. wJr/ffaor. '!:11;:a-
p. P· .rr~r, Will'f ger.
 DHA'TUKOSlli, 91

~ 1 A. atifffl to fall; ~ pre. ~pref. l:ll'~ fat. mTIITTl:

~ aor.
~ 6 U. q-rq;
to fry, to parch; ~-11' pre. Qo:if, m, ;r~,
if~ perf 'B''l!F,irifp fut. ~-11', 'lt~-6' fut atl:TT!fffif.,
antiaor,~ ~. ~afur
at~lr_,atJl'l.i!', ben.~-
i=r,~fa--'a', f.t;r~@-fi' mf"~-a- des. Pass.~ ..
pre. ~~, ~ aor. Oau.-~-a-, ~-ff pre•
. ~--o, Sfiflt~--n a.or.~ p p. ~. ~ inf.
~ 1 A. ;iTRT to shine, to beam; ;;rnra-
pre. ~' ~ perf.
~ffi' p. fut. lilml"~ fut. ~ aor. ~'lr ben,
Oau.-'!i~ra-'a' pre. a:rr~-n, ar.nnmi:·naor. fot¼IIM
q,i
des. Pass.-'!i~ pre. at;;rrf:;r a.or.~ p.p.
~ ( •~) 1 & 4 A. <{f!ITto shine;~. ~ff, pre. QF~-rn
perf. ~T p. fut, atB"~ a.or. ~ hen. Oau.-mm•it
des. <Jrfuo
pre. atoJ'!iT~1i aor. f.t.rR!'ffl pp. '!i~l3;. in£.
;r~-same as above.
'.fr 9 P. ~q-lRllr t~ to tear, to protect; ffllllmt,pre.
Rl'utmr,
m,mrper£.~ fut. arnta:.
Aor.
~ 6 P. ~r,f.1- ~ to cover, to collect; i6fo pre. ~f'6
~ (as this is ~'it,), perf. ,F~T p. fut. atf~ Aor
lll{ 10 A. anm~.wr: to WlSh,to put confidencein; ~
pre, lJ:llt<ll~ifi' p. fut. ~ Aor. 't!:~-
perf. :!,_llf[qclT
'fff des,
ben.i!l.'ll'fil
~ 1 A. <{ti'rto shine, to glitter; ~ff pre. fur~ per£.
~ff fut, at!f~'I! Aor.
pre. mlif,~if'q-
~ 1 U. ~ ~ 'ol' to go, to be afraid! ~'i!R'-fi'
perf. ara-A'I!
Aor,
~ 1 U. to eat; •~!ffffi•a'pre, il•ti~·ofi~lff perf. ar.~,
an,~Aor.
 92

., ~ ).
,, 'll'ffl'.).
} changing ;::to ;;,.
n W!\i.)·
+r-
~ 1 A Ri to grow; P. ~ ;furi-'<I' to speak, to shine;
pre irnl-~pert• .riml'r
i:itff·rn P. fut. <lflm'-'1'.
a;~ffi'e .A.or•.
~'e, ~mo.:
ben. Pass.~ mi:ir~-ra
des. ~ftnp. p.
;iR10 U, to speak, to shine; ~~!!Tff·a"fut. ~o:o Aor.
~ 1 A. to go, to move; :!i'ieff pre. ll'&iil' ped. :a:r~ aor.
;m- 1 P. ~ to accumulate, to be angry; ~ pre. m:r~·
ped. :a:fll'efra:
aer.
~ 1 P. f@Tto go, to creep; ::i-lll"R!'
pre. il"!-ll'Wperf. +fl~i'fr p.
:fot, ~re:,a:m-m'i<r_
aor.
~ 1 A. ~ to adorn; ~fff pre, it~ perf. ;r~r p. fut,
31~aor.
q- 1 P. m!lto go; ~@" pre. ~ perf. efi'/if p. M. :si;rt,rrt.
~ aor. Pass,-~i/ff pre. ~ aor.
~ 1 P. to go, to move; ( same 11aabove).

~ 1 P. ~➔- to adorn, to decorate; i4''if@"

pre. i-1'~ ped.
~ ~mr p. :fut. ~ aor. Pase.-;ii;;a-
;t.{_1 A. ir«rr~ m~ ~~ ;;;i-to move quickly, to start; to
begin, to chea.t;~ff pre. ;ti{~ perl. ii~ p. fut :a:riNl!'.
aor. ~'e ben.
~ 1 A. ~ $"~if~ "'I' to cheat, to be wicked, to boast, to
pound; ;:r,;ii'tpre. ~ perf. ~ p. fut a,i:rr~'l!' aor.
~ 1 ,A. \11(ol!¾t.l<l~~ to hold, to grow high, to go, to adore,.
to shine; W<la' pre. +l'il'~ perf. ;:rfuln-p. fut, 3{'1'~ aor,
~ 10 U. ~1"to solllld; ;f:,J!'!!fflif
pre. ~~N!li~-'<1'~, &e,
perf. ~ p fut, ~-i'f aor.
 93

m;- 1 P. """''""''~"'="'''to g?ind, to dwell, to go; ;rampie·

"' ;ri:rr 0 parf. ;:;ra;;r
p. fut. :a;!';(~ sm.
~1 A. to zemember with regret, to long for; ~ per:!'.
l,'f~ perf. ;ifuemp. fut. :.t!'ffo~ aor.
~ l P. ;frt to sound, to murmur; ;il?tfu pre. ,:r.nw.perf. .,frirai,
p. :fat. m:l1lfrn.
aor.
+I~ l P. ~'IT!lll\ to decorate oneself;~ra pre ~ per:f.
;i~ p. fut ;:i~r.ira iut m:nnfra: eor. ;:::;~ra:,
ben. Cau.
pre. ~~<f.·<'\" aor. fi:n:rfcr;gqra
-t-t<T<Etrffi-5' des.
~ l A. ~~r;f..\- to distribute; +{O'eff pre, .;;:;criirperf. ;:,fir,gru
. p. fut nfira~q~ aor. :l'!tma'if'a'
fut. al+!Ta'"e:'a' beri, ft..:rITT'lffi'
des. Pase.-;:r:rs,:!'a- pre. ~:n;~ .A.or.
;mr 10 U. to adorn; ;:r~fcHr pre. ;,ll1ilGi?.1iif.R~ &o. per£.
~~~fil p fut, m:rl'!~<i,-fl" aor. .,;~ra:, .:icre:fil'm
ben.
mi:r~ftrqfu-a-
des.
;;:iv 1 P. r~)silr to stir to churn; l'IN"<TTi'r fut. ~-mfra:
.Aor.
~ Cau.-m~ra-Fr pr:. an:i'ri:r'4<r_·n
aor. Tl'll'IT~'ffl"
des.
4 P. t"Tl"~"!lTT: to be glad, to be in a pitiable condition;.
.:n<llra pre. <ITT'{~ perf. ?'!~FIT p. fut. ;:rfir';r;rafut 3{.:!~-
:;,mrcfra: aor. Oa,1-:;i~fir-Fr( ;,~ra--ff to madden, to ine-
briate) p:re. ~rr;;~-<l' ao:r. fir.;~ des . .:in:r:,f1r,
+1m;frfci:,
i:ir;;fu freq. Pass. +r'llffpre. :a:{+;!T!f,
s>f+!r,raor. ;:i'n p.p.
to please; l'!T~•lirpre. +l~~il; pert. :i:r~fil'ffi'
10 A. ,,_-fir;i:frij-
fut. ~ aor. +!~
p. fat. ¥,i<fr<ff;l;[ff ben ~!'l"Ti:{TQ''ffi
des. Paas.-+1~~ pre. :,r;:m~ aor. :im~ p.p
4 A. :ifTi!'to know, to think; t:1;:;i-% pre. t:r'iperf. ;r;:;,r P.
f11t.~i.Ff fut. ~ff ben. i'm:re~des.
con, a:rihnaor. l=i:efre
pre. ~TIFfa:n aor. ~~, :i.,;i:;;frfff,i;ii:+i-
Oau.-a:ir;;,:rra-f!'
Fn, & freq. i:ra pp. ;{i<!T ge:r, ~;i: inf,
8 A.~~ to consider, to esteem; .;'ijff pre. i:f.tperf.
i:rf.@rp. fut ... ~ll<@"fnt. amf.!'e, :m:rrr (B'f!'i~tr,: 3-,-,:r•,n:.
H. S, G, 42.
94 Sa:r.;sKR!T G:aA:Mll!AR.

2nd aing, ~Rril'i~ 1. sing.) aor, um~,im

iies. i:rf.rij~foi.
Oau. &c.,-see the above root.
~ 10 A. m;;rto be proud; ;rr~ pre. 'l.lr.¥<ii"1!1ii
perf . .,,.,.
f$;r p fnt. 11l'fr..-.ra
aor. iiT<1M'~ hen. @.ir,rrqllf1f des_
Pass.-~ pre. ~a- p.p.
~ 10 A. mR"fni~ to consult, to advise. to speak; ~
perf, i:;:;:sr/qa-r
( someti.mee. !R~<fffl also ) pre. ;;i';;i'll"T%iffi" ]').
fut. ~R" fut. o-,";f~ aor f.:rn'"=IT':'l"l"~
des. ll'fT?.il'ffp.p.
~ger.
~ 1 & 9 ( ~~} P. to churn, to agit~te: !v''<Hff, ;f~T@'
"pre. ( i:f'4fii Impera. 2nd sing. 9 conj) ;,i;i;:~ parf. +i~r P.
fat. i!rrll4J;,:ffi'rfot. ~ra: aor. ,:r~;,m:_ ben flmT~llf@ des.
Pass.- m,"ilRl' pre. :.nrf;~ aor. Oau.- .. :;:~~-ff pre. ,;:n=r-
~-;;: aor. ;:rr..,:~;.ra. ~~;mm,mHf;ff freq. :rmiffp. p.
m~<IT ger ~ (1) m.,m (9) pre. P.

~4'..l P fim~~r- to kill. to torment; iq;,~fa" pre. m:i;-q

ped i:rf..«lm-p. fat. i::fR~rnfnt. m,;:~ aor. Pass.-w-~w
pre. ~i:r~~ aor. ;n'i:in; p_p. m;;~;rr ger.
~ l A. ~@~~~ to praise or be praised, to be
glad, to lanquish, to sleep, to shine, to loiter; ~ pre.
~ perf. ;;i~ p. fut. ;i~~ :fut. :,mr~ aor. m~lia:
ban. Pass.-;,-~ pre.
-g;~ 1 P. irmto go, to move; ;rnia: pre. i:n:i~ part :r.r~r p.
fut.~ aor.
ii~ 1 .A..to go, to move; mmpre. ~ pert i{Tqffi' p. fut
omfira: aor. ;:r~ ben. "
10 U. ~ >rwii'r
.i:r,;f ::q-to take, to sound, to go, to injure; i:-ri-
.:r@"·?f
pre_:i:r~<rm:~i:ii &c. perf. l'{:;ifihnp. fut. aii:l';f:;fu_-
n aor. ~...i.ra:,,
t{"W4fi'i!
hen.
i:r.r1 P. to go1 to move; iii@ pre. per:f. ~ p.
i!"l",oi fut.
~ra::aor.
 D:a:A.'XUltOSB:A..

ir;t pre ;;r:r,r•

1 P. 'i'«l'to fill; +ltITTf per£ ;;~ p. iut. 01.r,(rii_
aor. Cau -to sound;fflffl'·i'rpre. ·
if<?'._1 A, & 10 V",'1ml'to hold, to possess;+@11',;ra;mr-11'pre.
;mrirarp. fut. ;,1:rf~a-,
~. ~~11:-:;;r'i!i &c.pert. ;;r(lr,IT,
mihr~·n aor.
~ 1 A. to hold, to possess ; ~ pre, sameas above.
~ 1 P. ~ fim,ri'<I'to fasten, to bind, to kill, ~ pre.
ilifT!f perf. ~ P. fut, mtrua:
,nto.fr~, aor,
~ 1 P, ~ tfit '<I' to buzz, to be angry; ;;~ pre. ;n:rr,r
perf. ;;~ p, fut, a:rir~, .:rfflfttt_
aor.
ii-~ 1 P. ijmqt ~=':"i" to hurt, to destroy; ;;qfct pre. ifm'f
per£.~ p. fut . .:ri:r-;rr-qra:_
aor,
+re;_
4 P. to weigh, to change from; ;;~
t(T{l:UQI' pre. +ril'Hl'
per£• .ireaT p. :fut. mrmr.
aor. ~pp. ii~ inf.
~ 1 A.. to go, to move; ~51ra' pre,;;~ perf. fl'R<lrnT
p. fut.
;if~ fut . .:r;;r?~ aor.
~ 6 P, ~~T to bathe, to sink, to purify; ;rarnrpre. i:nl'SI'
( mrf~, ~ 2nd aing. ) perf. i:fWp. fat. ~
( 3rd dual a:rrU~I!; ) aor. ~ra:.hen.fil~
fut. atlri!!fra:
des. Can.-~@' pre . .:r~ n aor. Pass.-lrafu, i11f p p.
~ 1 P. & 10 U. '{:ffNl'I!;,to honour, to delight, to increase;
imit, i:(lli'@'itpre, +fi:rll, ~~$T(-~ &c. perf, ;ifg,;r
~ p. fut. ST~<r,,~-o' firi:11T"ifmr-
aor. 11li:ii6,ifi,
ff des. Can ( conJ, 1 )-iH~it, a:tifTR!ft.·cl'
aor: Pass~
pre. m1a' pp. ii:m,;~, ;;g~ inf.
~ 10 A. ~~ to honour; i:rirra'pre, lfflliJ?,JJli&c. perf.
~fut.~ Aor.
-ii;r 2 P. mii"to measure, to limit, to compare with, to form, to
show, &c; ;;rra
pre. l{;:ft-perf. maT p. fut. il'.TI!lTff fut.
'3'{lfflq'a:_
con, a:r;rr~ aor. ;i.rra:_ hen. lW\l'ffl'
cles. ~~,l"°;.7,
96

mitrafreq.
;mm%, Pass.--ifr;:@' pre. 3lll1JQ'aor. Cau.-
i:rmra-a-pre. mm:f't<l·n aor. fiinp.p. OO!!Tger.
m 3 & 4 A. to mea!ure, &c; fmfiif,irri.a-pre. i:rirperf. i:l@T
p. :fut, im'ffl'fut, atlH«I"
aor. i:rn:fraben. T"ffia"
des I for.
other forms see the above itT,
1 P. l!rl~ri.Tlf_
irfa;:_ to wish, to desire; m\'l'Rt
pre. :ati:rfefra:
aor:
~ 1 A. ~l'fl'qftf: to seek knowledge; ;fird'~er pre. ;fllm{t-
~-smi-,;ui; perl. mrd'l'lnT aor. iftRT·
p, fut. at.fTmT«'a'
~ hen. ;ft~ des. Oau.--mfllriml:-a- aor. Pass.-
~ pre. 3t.fntiT% aor. tfri:im p. p.
m;i: 10 A, ffl;i°to stop, to be proud; ;n.fl.fflpra, ;:{l'ii~ fut.
mfur.ra',Aor ;:{l'iif~ra ben.
;rr,;,;10 & l P, i>ll•Hll.to honour, to worship; ~' lfl'ififf
pr~. -a:nf~, 3Ti:ff;fre:_
Aor. f~r;rfu1'ffdes,
ml!'fli~q'flf,
mtf.1 P. ~ to seek, to chase; m1f@'pre. i:ri:rrfr perf.
aor. rai:rrPm1i
~@T p fat, 3tiwft<I:_ des. Pass.-i:m-11a-
pre. ati:rtTffaor.
i:rrq10. U. to seek for, to go, to decorate; +rr~ra-a-pre. i:irir·

•·lf ~ &
'\ 'f!~;m:-::;m;, c. per f .
aor, ;m-q~,
......
i1rmi.cn
;rmfirtm;
:f ,..... .....~ f ut. im:r·
p. ut. 'ITtlTtrt<nn·o
des. i:IITmfp, p, ;rm~~inf,
~ 10 U. ef.it~f 'i!1'to sound, to purify, to wipe; i:rr~ra-a-
pre. +rr:J4i"=lq,f(-'el~, p, fut. mm-ra:f-a:
&c.pe:rf.iITTntffi'f 0
aor. ~. ~~ beo. nii:r~'l'Tff·a" des,
fir 5 U. ~ to throw, to scatter, to measure; fir.rr&, fiisa-
pre. im"r,fimr perf. i:rr11r fut, anrnfra:,
p. fut. i:rTMff•ff
~a:.,
l{+fl'fTI aor. i!"Rfl'! beo. fim.:n'ff-a-
des, Pass.-tffllff'
pre. Cau.-i,m&-a- pre. :.:n:r~craor. fira- p. p,
~ 1 U. ;{'tITfg-~: to unite, to understand, to hurt, t11seize;,
pre. ll{fi\"f,mfitil' perf. i{~m p. fut. ~~ a;it-
i!lf.l@.:e-
~ aor, ~' ~I~ hen.
,... ,..., ,.... r,. "''
rn~1 .A, to be ~~'"'~''""· to to love; w.ii pre. mf~
p, M 3'iil:r~<i.,
,perf,;;T?{ITT 1~ aor, ~~tfr'e bBn. f;;:fl'{•
:Zl:1
T~'!fcr. pre. WmTR"a:i:!:--ii
fi.~:rff des Oau,-°ia;1{<l"frr-R" aor. ~,
;ifurP P· mv,rr
filfa;«rr, ger.
fil'~ 4 P, to melt, &c., ;jil:!ffi pre. fi:r~
aor fi:n'iH•,-~'ffi!"
des,
f?,~ l U. (see~~) l'!"q@"·?f
pre. oicc.
T~ l P. & 10 U. ( see fir~ 1 A. )1 m~ra, W:a,,JIB-R" pre
f~~~, p. fut ,,r{~.:1'Te:,
fir~".lrar 3lfmi:r•~<l:""f
aor. fir;:;/.lf<i'.,
r";:stmre
ben.
Tff~ 1 P. ~~R B''cfil°'el' to honour. to sprinkle; fu.:<tfrr pre ..
rnf;:;,:;i-
per£. TR~li~ fnt. 311>\'~@:.aor. Pass-f.,;a;;;rlit
m-~ 6 u. ~;iii- to JOin, to be united; fir~-?!'pre, filir~, rnfi.~
perf ilf~ p. fut. ~T(;s~'.jTff-~ CO!l. ~~
fut. :l'C{Tiilt:n'!-n
,or 3l"f.!'IB'e rm:IT~ll!Tff~
aor. firrH~<i!IB"-f!'. des. Pass.-fil;;i:ra
aor. Oau -'i:r~-11"pre. ~if1irme:iiaor. fi:mrn
pre. '.3l'ITT0"
P P. ffiIB«IT, ~f~1!iT ger.
~?l. 1 P. ~~ -ui:ri.ir ,;i- to make a so11J1d
or noise, to be angry;
;i"ii[@'pre. rnil'li!per f. ilfum'p. fut ar"efri'[_aor.
ffili{ 10 U, ffi to mix, to mingle; r;r!lf.:rfiHt pre. ~i'?ifq;"f~-
~it &c. perf fff'>l~c!Tp. fot. 3l"ffflR'lf<i_-n f~~-
aor. fR'>!fTa'.,
fqrfteben. mfr.r'llfq'ffi!"-ff des ~ff p.p. fil'1'11TQ"iiU
ger.
6 P. to open the eyes, to look at; fill!fl%
f11'l[_ pre. fimq per£
";ifarar aor. fi:ifitmfcr,
p. fnt. '.3l'i:rrfra:_ fifi:imm
des. ~~.
;if<:fcotT
ger.
-fi'{~1 P. il':.r~to wet, to sprinkle; ~-qrapre, &e. see the above
fi:i'.[T
root. filfq-i:!ff,i:!'M"i•!T, ger.
;fi:r~ 1 P. B'q'~t~ make w!ter, to we~!:~ pre. fit~&p~rf, ~T
p. fut ii~mofut. :3'1Tlli;«laor. Ti'IT'il\:mr
des. Cau.-~rn--ff
pre. 31.fn'iin-n
aor . .fy;;r ger, li@r,;
P,:.l,;i°Tc!-'._.:T wf.
+fr 4 A. ij-~rtrr( ij<:1T~!:l'Tillf~r;r:) to die, pemh; ;fr;:fti-
pre.
98 SANSKRIT G:aAllll:AE.

f;riit perf. ~ fut, :mt'i!'aor. ~ des. Cau.-JITQ.:l'@'-ff

pre. ~il:.-ff aor.
;fr 9 U. ij~~ to kill, to lessen, to change, to be lost
~' 111.fli\pre. mft, fii~ perf. llraT p. fut. :m:rrira:_
~ aor, ;i"tqra:_, ;mfra ben; 1ir~fa'-i\'dee. Pass,-
ifmr pre. Cau.-11mra-il' pre. ~~-n aor. ifra p.p.
;fu;n ger.
ifr 1 P. &; 10 U. t!Rt' to go. to understand; Jiqra, il'Tl:l'~@'-ff
pre.
U{;IN,il'fQ.:l'~\\-'ii~, &:c. perf. t:lffi, in~fqffi p. fut.:mr-
'ITil:.,
am'fi:{~·naor.
~ 1 P. /iiilii!ulto close ( as the eyes); to twinkle, to be
closed or shut ( as the eyes of flowers ), to meet, to
cause to shut; tfn;mt pre mifTlll' perf. .fr@ar p. fut.
~ aor.Ca.u.-frr~fa'-'i!t pre. aTI:f~o:_-o, m~-ff
aor. fimmfa' des.
#'N 1 P. ~~ to grow fat; to move m"ilffl'
pre. mm!!'
per£.
;frfifa-r
p. fut. 3'\'i!TT~ aor.
~ 1 A.. ~ to deceive, to cheat; ~ pre g~ perf •
.:ffWiil'i!'
aor.
~ C.U. ~ to loose, to set free. to leave, to abandon;
ir-afa'-a-
pre. ~. g:iet perf, ~ p. fut. il'~-ff fut.
~, ~ aor. ~, (ii/Fa', ~
~'i!' hen. ig!fITTI'
iutran.) des. Oau.-~'a{-i\' pre. a'f~"TI aor. ff p.p,
~;.rrger.
ff~ or~ 1 P. & 10 U. ~ to cleanse,to purify, to sound;
~ff,~, ~-ii', pre. Pffl, ~',Jf, ~-
i'liflrur•ff
~~;m-..:;;m;per£.
'lffim"·'ITTl:i,
tR_1 P. to w.r,tto crush, to grind, to kill 1~ pre, ~ per£.
ii'tranrp. fnt. mftita:a.or•
. p .. ~ ii
'i~ b :arrisqfiqiiiii..tl ~ to blame, to crush, to bind; ~ pre~
Seethe above :root.
~ 10 U. ~~ii to pound. to break; ~T:!"<Tffi'-ff
pre. -,,:r;i·;:,r;;,·,r-:;
aor.

~1P to c111sh,to gnnd; ~ pre. ~i! perf. fffe',r;,r

p. fut. ~sui'nr_
aor.
~ct_ 1 A. 1iTcR <ffto prote !t, to rim away;~oil' pre. ~
(ji?JITfil
ped.m-aemp.fut. a-Jij\IT2,';!'aor.
!ifil(rq~bell. Pass,gcr~ pre.

~J P. ig'lJelf to shave. to grind; g;rgf?.'

prr. l;ijfla part ij~,
aor. i'!f.,liil6 q1a des. Oan.-ti:u~-"a'
P. fut. :::ffEU(ra:_ pre.
:a{~ii_-rl" aor.

~ 1 A. +!i:;.r,:f~if' Efrto sink; ~~ pre. ggut perf ~

p. :fut ~~'e aor.
~ 6 P. ~if to promise; pre. gR'rllI per£. :im1mrr
l:;1mff p.
fut. 3ill!'ll!Tiiaor.
~ 1 A, ~tito re1ofoe,to be glad; .:rr~
pre. ~13).; perf. +!IT~
p. fut. irr1~<l'ff
fut. :om~ aor. .:irr~'-fre
hen. mJr~,
UtlIT~fides. ,gr'7t;;,
ilfur p p.
~ 10 U. ~~ij to mix, to blend, to purify; ~~@'-ff pre. ~r~
'!.ilcj;f{~ perf. ~MIT p. fut. ~~- 0 aor.
ffi: o P. ~'l!:il'to cover; l!~l'ffpre. lFl'T'!'perf. ~rfnt_ a.or.
~ 1 P. m~~,;;~!l<TT: to faint, to become 2enseless, to grow,
to prevail, to be match for; ~ra
pre. ~ perf. <a:~
p. fut, ~;Jfa: aor. +t~a: ben, Oau -'l;,..,Jq/fi-ffpre. a{g-
~--tl' aor. fN~~ des. l!_f¼!il'f,<[cf
p p.
~ 1 P. ~ to brnd, to tie; gi1%pre, ~ perf, ~ffirrp. fut.
~~aor •

..re-.._
See ~cli:_-
W( !J P.~'itt2.sp~i\l, to earry off; l:;11\Jmff
pre. ~ 2nd sing.
Impera.ij+!'f'i per£. mrqmp. fut. ;il'fq7;irr'fffut.
100

aor. ~a; hen. nf~ des, l!T'°ffl

p.p. iffe~,~ll' ger,
~inf.
~ 4 P. ~ to cleave, to divide; ~fir pre, ijRT~
P?rf,
~(f, 10 U. ~ to heap up, to gather; pr~ !Jffl'tn?i·
fI'il'!lffi'-8'
fut, 3!"~il"n aor. w1.mr,,
~,-,:;aif; per£.g~11TQ1il"P. gffliq--
qraben.
4 P. ~~~ to faint, to swoon, to fall, to err, to be foolish.
~@' pre, Pl'i perf. itmrr, ~Intl" or mlTp. fut. Rl~Tff
orir~f.; iut. am~-~~a: con. amwa: aor. ffi!m1:
hen.
~T°ilffif
:;_m~~tff, des.Pass.-!ffi~ pre. ~ntaor.
or fJfJq[Tcl
Cau.-;ri&lJta' a-pre. ~ n aor \Jfl:'f or,~ p.p. in~,
fJi\<IT,
~. '61'1.llll'ger. fir~, ;rr~, ~~ 1uf. f.,,,.
, it l A. ~ to fasteu, ts tie; ir,iit pre. ~ perf. m~i.1iff :Cut.
~'e&Or. 1'• ,., t -i.,,

~ l P. Sl"lifBl~ to be firm, to stand fast; lim(ff'

pre, ••
perf; ~ p, fut. •<r_aor. wt&llffl" des. Oau-itRfif~
pre.~craor.
ii.it. 10 U. utfUt to plant, to sprout; ~ia--i\' pre. ~lilll~-·
"iii½per£. i~qi;r p. fut. ~~ aor. ~ffllf@-ff
des.~&cfp.p.

~ 1 P. 1ffw
to rob, to plunder; ~'if pre. !Nii perf. ~
aor. JHT°ci!ffif
des. Oan.~%-11' pre. ai-~-cf aor.
~p.p

to die; to perish; ~ff pre. i:ff{R perf. ira"r

'IJ: 6 A. • lllur;q-rit
p. fut, m1~ fat. :a:rtnaor. ~ hen fJri@' des. Pass-
~ 0 ,-.., ~ ... .;...
!111<1n aor. ~ p.p. ;rQ"I..
pre. &U-zmq"(ff-n ~re. mtlll'"1'_·11'
inf. ~T ger. and the Dee1derative.

• It is Parasm1ipadi in the Perfect, the two Futures, the

Oonditionaland the Desiderative.
 101

~ 1 P. ~ra to strike, to collect; ~a:l'ra

pre. ;r;r!!f perf.
maefre:
aor.
~ 4 P. ~'itqijt to seek, to hunt, to examine, to beg, ~ffi' pre.
--· if'fif per£. p fut. il~rff fut. atRm~ aor. '!Tffiipp.
m1@-r
~ 10 .A.. 31;:~lfGl'
to seek, &c 1 ~ pre. ~F-al~ perf.
'l"tfqar p, fnt. ~l!'lffi :fut. ari:i~ aor. 'l"TT'iti:fre
hen.
fir;prfirrra
des. Pass.-~1t pre. allatir aor.

~ 1 P. ir-.rr~n:i't-to wipe etc; imfmpre i:rmiper:f. ( See

the root below ).

~ 2 P. g.it to wipe o:ff, to rule, to oarry ( as a horse ), to

adorn; +rrra
pre ;ri:rr¾per£ a:irr1'aror i:rmp. fut.;nflr~
or ilT~ra fut. :a:n:im;ti«r-~ifa: con, 3UITTl'fa:
or -a,m~
a.or. ~Ti!_ ben. fir;r!f{ia',
fi:n::rrr1fl!lfcr
des Pass.-~ff pre.
m:n-1;a.or Oau.-a:i~-11' pre afRi!Tffil:_·!f
atifT~if, aor.
'N, iirr1rap p.
~ 10 U ~r:;;rr~ro:
to wipeoff &c.; i:rr~{t pre. m~
qiR-~, perf, mimr p. fnt. a:irifqtql'ff-ff
fut. o{IHITm!:·!1'
1
arifr;r:;ra:•!f
a.or. Pass -ii~~ pre. sn:rm=r a.or.
-~ 6 & 9 P. ~ to be gracioru, to pardon, to be delj.ghted;
~ and i~~;:irrapro. "'1i per£. ll~!l'T 11.fut. at~ a.or.
,.,, ..
~- 6 P. fi~rqra,:
to kill, to destroy; l[Otffi'
pre. ififl![perf. a.if•
ut'fa:
a.or,
~ 9 P. "nf to press, to cmsh, to kill, to rub off; ~ pre.
;r11.fperf. iifurrp. fut, ~ttfffi fut, ari:u'~ con, a:iir.ful:
a.or. Pass -~ pre, ~ a.or. Oau.-a:i~~ra-itpre. ~r-
~~if or a:ii:rmfo:•if
aor, finrr1'rar des, ~l{if p, p.

( fi~m :;;i-) to be moist, to hurt, to kill, ( in the

lla1!_1 U. :a-=a;1J
Vedas ) to dieregard; ;r;mr-~ pre, lfifl:Tor ~~ perf, ~if_
am~ a.or. i;m;rr,~m ger.
102"

~ 6 P. ~ to touch, to shake, to consider; ~ pre~

~ perf. +f'irr or !i'e1'p. fut. +f~ or~@' fut. 3llif~,
mrrefnr.,~~ aor. firi~ des. Pass -~ff pre. :m:rm
aor. Oaa.-~Rt-i=t pre. an:fr~-o or :m:r~-o aor. i'e
p p.1lJl'ger.
~ 1 P. ~ to sprinkle, to bear; ;i~(it pre. mill perf. ii~
p. fat. 3'1";(111@:
aor. Oau -m&~
pre. 3tin:rtr_-o,
:anfrffl"o
aor.
~ 1 'G.~ to bear, to sprinkle; ;rq{it-'it
pre. (Seethe follow-
ing root for the other forms ).
<l1:4 U.1~Q'fll: to suffer, to allow, to pardon; ~-a-
pre.
m or ;i:fqorp fat. ii-~fit-"if fut. :m:r<nr.
+I~ perf, or
aor. ~ des. Pass.-~it
mr{'{og pre. Oau.-mfcr·a-
!rl;;:;rr.ger.
pre, eflW-IT
Wt 10 U. to suffer &c.; ~-ff pre. ffll~·~, perf. ri-
ftrarp. fut, ~--ff, 3t':fria;iiaor,
~ 9 P. ~TQ'fll to hurt, to kill; iJ:lllrfit ii:Ror
pre, in:iR."perf.
or Rim p, fut. i!:R!;Q'ffi fat. :m:rrf~aor. lmf•
or ~J'ISllTff
mfcr,~ 1 ~des.

it 1 A. !irotlITir
to exchange,to barter; m
pre. +litperf. ii-m
p. fut. ~ fut. :m:rrnl"a.or,i!:R'll'!
hen. m~it
des. Oau.-
~~ pre. mfn:i~-oaor. Pass.-ifrqa- pre, :m:rn~ aor.
·ii;;:_~1 P. to be mad; ;rara,~ pre,
ilv 1 U. ;rmr1m:m:
to know, to hurt; ~fif~ pre, ~-it.
per£.~ p. fat. ~~ aor.
~-~ 1 U. ( wii') to meet ( See the aboveroot )
;iq: I A. ;im to go, to move;;rqa-
pre. m pert, :a,qfiraaor.
;t;[ l A. ffl to worship, to attend upon; q;fi\' pre,
iiia:r
..1 P. & 10 U. to release,to loose, to shed- ~
, ..,,quo, ..:..-t::.""'
+tlq:'l~tn-q,
pre, lJIU~,
~~ perf,
 10~

!clT 1 P, 31'WG"to repeat in the mini!, to learn. to remember

to praise ( in the Vedas )i pre. ;,;;ira ~;;,r
perf. l'ilin! p. fut.
+i!Htlra'fut, :;z~~~r;;:
aor. .:;:n,rra: ben. im.rr:arn
or +;il:l'Ta;
iles, Oau.-..rr~-ff pre, :m'i!"~el;ff
aor. Pass.-F,!Tiiff pre.
aor . .:.ira p.p.
'.ii\1','!TTt%

!1a-.:1 P. <:i'cl'lit
to collect, to strike: ~ffi pre. +ra"iff
perf m~nr
p. fat. :mriefra:
aor.
;J"<'{ t~~ .~:;;~ :;;i- to heap, to m1:i:, to anoint
10 U 'fi'q"t;r;l-
to speak indistinctly; '!:l'~fiHt pre. ~~7.l'f?;;l':f.Tsf:•,;a-~
perf,
~~~ffi' p. fut. m:ra-a,:ra:,- l:i'qlmT'e
0 aor. fi'~<ITTJ:., ban.
~ 1 .A. ;r~; to pound; lii'<{Fipre. Iii~ per£ ~,;i;fcr :fut.
~ aor. TTH.i~·qff des.
~ 1 P, to go; ~ pre. ~~ ped. ~a:, ~ aor,
Mf'i:iqfu, ~fit iles.i.rr'?q-,;u_
~~1lli ger.
R l P. to go;~ pre. ~~ perf. ifu~ fut. ~a: aor,
;g~m des.~ p.p. ~T¾,<Ti,'!ft1'lf ger,
~ ( ~) 1 P. to be mad; ;ta-(~ )m pre.
~ 10 U. to cut, to iiivide; ~~m-i\"
pre. ~fiit!P-a"':j;T~-'l!i'W.
perf. ~~TTIBT
p. fut_ ~i:p:~~11 :aor.
+i2'i;(1 P. to go, ;:a)'i:ira-pre. !'Jwi!T'i:t p. fut. i;il-(%--
perf. ~rr'a;rcrr
~ fut. ~a: or ~r:;(ia: aor.
~ 1. P. to go, +~ pre. :i:;.wa
peri
1 P. & 1() U. ~ ~~ ( 3H9;ia"B-T!f~~ ~) to speak
+@-cc>,
ind1stinctly or barbarously; ~:ari, ¼J·•JJttHl'
0
pre fir~,
~~P-a;iiH:·'<l"ii'i" perf. ~~' -i11!~~~o aor,
rn:~~~'iffi, ~"-~fflfir·il° des. Titi'e, ;~~ff p. p.
;~e:~or ~;s- l P. ~~ to be mail; ~m or ~ffi pre. ~Ta:,
3T~iF!_ aor.
;~~ 1 A. ~ol"~ to worship, to serve; ~"!?\'pre. m~~ pert
~f;p::qi=rfut. m:~R'eaor,
 104 SANS'.QITG:s.A1,nu:s,

~ 1 P. i~!llii" to fade, to grow weaty, to be sad; ~ltfffi pre.

~, petf ~llU p, fut.~~ fat. ~r~ aor. ~'{'ft{
pre. s:rfi:ri:twa:•q"
or ~qfij'_ beu. Oau.-1'!1iTlfl:rfiHl' aor.
~Tl'f@ des. P.m -i:~ per. ~fir aor. ~r,r p, p,

~... 1 P. to stir, to move; <f!ITTff

pre. l:l1fll:l
perf. q~r p, fut.
aw#la:.
aor.
~ 10 .A..pr~to honour, to adore: ~ff pre, ll'IINI~
perf. q~ p. fut. at~ aor. tlffl!f p.p.
~ 1 U, ~Rl1Tffl~if.il to sacrifice, to make an
to
oblation to, give, to associa,te'Y,ith;q:;n'if•ff pre. ,'l'TG'f,
t~ psrf 1l"a'rp. fnt. tr~i:rfii'·°fr
fnt. at~~!!' oou 3{1:ffW<i
( Sf1m;~ du.), atq-e" aor. r~ra:'trl\fre:
ben. fqq~mHt des.
Pass-~ pre. .wr~ aor. Oau.-trf3'flil(f·e!pre. s:rrfr·
aor. if'a"p,p, ~r, ffiWi'f
q"G'f<l:·o ger. qi~ inf.
tf<{ 1 .A..~ to attempt, to strive after, to labour, &c; l:l'Rff
pre.~ perf. !l'@n'I'p fut. q'ffflire' fut, Sflf@'i!'aor, ffll'I!'
hen. ~re~ des, PasS,--lfr!@'pre. attl'ITff
a.or.Oau.-i.ra!ITTf•
ff'pre. Sf{l')-1.«(a:_-(f
aor. !l'a p.p. qfrreqr,:amr,qger,
~ 10 U. A$1(14ff>fi(qt: to injure, to encourage;tl'T!l'll'l°%•ff
iut. a{lrrqm(·a a.or.l~NNffl•it des.
pre. 'll'Riit'l:l'/%·fi'
lfF.!:_10U. ~ to restrain, &c; lTF.r!l'@·if
pre. <l'r.f~-
:,;;m;,
&c.perf. lTF.fRicrr
p. iut. q;:;r~i:rfir-if
iut. :arq~-H
~~-'e"
aor. des. Pass.-qmfir pre. l:l'li:la pp,
~Rwrr ger,
l:l"'C.l P. ~ to cohabit; ll'1!1ffpre, ~l'll perf. l:l'i'ill fut.
~ fut. ~ con. at~era:
aor, Oan.-tff'¥f!f@'·ft'
pre.
~"<i aor. Nl:l'taa"
des.
·'llll: ~P. fflff to check, to offer,to lift up, to go, to show; ~-
ta pre l!l'.'fllr perf. ~ p. fut, ~ fut, ~ con.
 DHA 1TUEOSJ!A.

~'lfFI, aor. :q;,mr_ben, N<i~ra des. Cau -t!T'1<!m-er, r~.:r.;r:

<lffi"•ff
pre. :.,-:ifrq~a:_-cr
aor. Pass -<1"+3:111"
pre. <iii p, p. '!w-lTger.
<Ill: 10 U, ,;;fi~"liit pre. 3Wr'-ma:_-('f
to smround; 1:fo!l:f@"-i; aor.
~ 4 P. :tfq,;j"to strive, to endeavour; <i<i!ffi."'!l'{<!Tffpre. <ft!H!'
ped. <ii1'orp. fut_:qfi,sq@"fut.~~ aor. Oan.-~-g
pre ( with :;;i-r.A. oDly) f.mfp p. :qrft1o1r,.:r•mger. 1:fre'·
gl'l:inf,
ilffi·) to do, to invade, to pass aw&y; <tm'r
t!T 2 P. l:(fq-iif( l:IT'~IJT
pre. ;:p;r'} perf. <l"IBTp. fut.,m;:,ra aor. <l11li1i.
fut. 3'1<!iifll'.
ben, ~'<Tl'l@'des. Pas€.-qp:ja- pre. Oou.-1:ffq'l:lffi-ffpre.
mf'Rirt<J;-n aor. <ITT!'p, p. i:m,ir, l:P-1r:I'ger. ll"~ mf
<lFJ: to beg, to demand in
1 P.A. '!l'~T<lfl'l; mmi'.age; i;rr-.n'a'-ff
pre. q,n:;;r-tr<l'T~ perf. l.TTT'ofnfp. fut, 1:f!RllP..lra-it
fut,
ann-'<fra:., .:rr1~f1a
aor. <1r,;1.n,r_,
3'f<!Tf1-i'e ben. Oau.-<1Rll:fra-a-
pre. 3'fl.l'l!fi:TO:-n
aor. q~ p. p. <iTT'¾,;;;r
ger. <1rr1i~ inf
2 P fu~'iir5r;t~ '<I' to join, to separate; .:{mi';pre. ~qr;;
perf • .:iflrm fut. :ai.:rr(ra:aor. ~rn: be:i ~ra
p. fut. <1f.rt11'1%
or fii<l~'i!IB" dos Pass -~er pre, ,a:rqrr'itaor. Oau.-<imra-°Fr
pre. ~Q'il\'ij"Ji aor. Wt'p. p.
9 U. <!"~ to join, to mix; wirfci:
or ~f.!' pre. w:TP.for iJ:ij~
pad. imrrp. fot. ~rn-ii fut. or ~
:a:riir<fur, aor. ~ra:,
ffiT'eben. ~ll_'llffi·fl'
de,, Wt'p. p.
10 A. ~!!c~i:rre; to censure; <1'1'!'tl'ff
pre. <!Pi<tr~ifiperf <l'f<f•
firaTp. fat. 3FTTll"<io
aor. T~TiiT°ittra des.
,'~--..::.
= 1 P • .,:i-1'.;lf.;
-· to unite, &o; <l'fn@'pre. ~Toi
~
per:f. iimiT p. fnt
--~rm;(ao:r:'~!Fffi des.
~ 4 A. ,'l'i:lT~Tto conc~~t!,ate~h~ ~ind; ~ff pre ~~ perf,
tfl'mT
p. fut <ITiF-r'ii aor. ~qfra-ben.
fnt. ~T~<lff con, 31'!l'ffi'
~!l:~~ des. Oau -ll"To-l<!m-fl'
pre. at~:ff<!::ffaor.
" q~ not preceded by a preposmon except ~ optionally
belongs to the ls( CC1nJ,i :a-,ni:ira,
~ll"~m.
 100 SANSKRIT GRAMMAR

ij-;i:: 7 U. <!'Iii"
to unite, to put to, to appomt, to give, to
prepme, &c; ~.rt%or '!Ii pre ~!ll<ffor ~i~ perf ifrmrp ..
fut. ii-r&lira-~
fut. anI~, ~i:rrefra:. or ~ aor ~l!l"fi:i:,
~'I! ben. Pass.~q~ pre. Oau.-i:ft:;f<f@-~ pre. 3'!l;!:_!fffO:·
;:r aor. :!rn~fir-"&-
des. ~m p. p.
~-_1_0_U, 'ii:,n:r~ j?in, &c; .:r)~ra-~ pre 1:TT::lfliT~ifil'~.:-'<l~,
perf. ~Ri<n p. fut. <it:;rrq~-a-fut. 01<J;lfiuf.-<i
aor. ~T-
~-~ des.
~ 10 A. to censure; zj't~ pre.
-.:,~~ .. ··-
~ 1 A. ll"lt!il' to shine; .:rrffilrpre. ~~ pert 'Q'ITff~!I~
fut.
~qrr~~aor.
~"I. 4 A. :a-~to fight, to conquer in fight; '§;"il.fflpre. '!Jiir
ped. ~ p fut. '!l"f~Q"ff con. ~:a aor. :g,tfl'<!
fut. a:if<!'\<~1'1"
hen. Pass ~ff pre. '31.:r!N aor. Oau.-iil'<l~~-ff pre.
~~-er aor. :!rnffiffdes. ~~ p. p.
~~ 4 P. (;l'~ to blot out, to trouble, to make smooth; ~
pre. ~qyq-
perf. ~ p. fut. a:f~'i<I,aor.

~ l P. ft~Pl1~ to injure, to kill; ;,i:<Vrnpre. 'l!'~llf peri.

~~aor.
~ 1 A. :srJQ"A- to try, to attempt; ~~ pre. l~it perf. a;qr'ira'
aor.
"" ( ~ )lP . t o 30m,
'!f~ ·. .,. ~ )rcr
together; lTfe( " pre. 111::na-{
"" e) per:f.
a:i~(ir )a;aor.

~ 1 P. are'!'
to move, to flow; ~rapre. l:~ perf. t'l°nr
p. fut. o!R!{ra:_
aor. Oau.-wmr-~ pre. a,'{tg-a:,-<'I
aor. m:-
~ das.
HJ 10 1!·~if smrr
"=I', to taste, to get ; ;Jtf;l.l'r~-ffpre.
'{~ p. fut. ~~-:q-~ perf. a.m;;i;o:_-!f
aor. Also
t![, "'1-
 D:e:1/1:UXOSRA. 107

to protect, to avoid; ~frr pre. ,.:~ perf. ;;:~

"l:at_1 P. 1·:n1i5il'
aor. ~ra:hen. Pass.-'{~ pre.
p_ fut, ;:fucql'ff fut. 8'Rll-lf<1:
Oim.-,~qra-ff
pre. ~~-a- 1101. des. ~Mffp. p.
r~J¥'ITff
,~ 1 P. to go, to move; ,~rn-
pre, ~rrer perf. ~~ra:, ~m,;ira:
aor,
~ 1 P. ~t"T•ffl~to donbt; ,irra
pre. ,HIT peif.
,if 1 P. to go, to move; ~ pre. Hl}' per£. ari:~a:aor.
~ l U. to go quick; ~-"ii" pre. ;;:i'if,•~ perf. ~R@'rp. fut.
:aromr_,
3'ftNeaor.
~ 10 U. to shine, to speak; ~'f.f<l'IB·ffpre. hf'-H?iil:f.Tit·'el~perf.
w~~ aor.
3'H{'<ra:_-o,
~ 10 U. !l'@'<l'1;f
to arrange, to make, to write, to adorn, to
direct; :i;:q;:;ra-ff
pre. ;;:,,p:rr~;;;r;:-'i:l'iii,
perf. ,::;;rr~ p. fut.
~~<Tra-fffut. Wt,:;;r<i_--n aor. fi:~fQ'qm-a- ,~er
des. p. p.
,~fl:l'i•ITger.
l'll11 1 & 4 U. ~ri'r to be coloured, to paint, to be pleasad,to be
~ devoted to, to be in love with; .::s;ra-a-, ;:~-ff pre. ,<:".ii" or
,;i:it perf. ,~ p.fut. ~:Jcfffi·?l'fut, 31,~~-rr con.m~ll'f
or acf(~ aor. ~!ffil'. or .:~ir'e ben. R{~ffi-~ des, Can.-
to dye, &c; :i,::imrra-a- pre. <if{~- O aor,-to hunt deer,
,:m1fcHr pre. a:rn-~--na,w. Pass.~tr"a' pre. ,:;;; p. p.
~<I., ~m,r ( 1 ) {~, ~«+!Fi ( 4 ) pre. P· ~':REIT,
~fger,
'(2' l P. qw:rfquf to shout, to call out, to s !:.wntwith joy; .-era-
., pre. ~Te perf. ,fur[ p. fut, an:(ro:.:oi;{firO: aor. :i:fe:ff
p. p.
<I:~ 1 P. to speak; ,orapre. mi pe:rf.
lfOt.1 P. ~~ to sound, to go, t~ reioice ( in the Vedas ); .:otf-r
pre, ~rarper£. l(fci@T
p. fut. 3i~fo:, 31:Ulllre'.aor. Oau.-
Uill~ra--a-pre. :3lfT{lllo_-n,31HTllre'.,-oaor. RW!!ffldes.
ri( · 1 P. ~~l<f.tto split; to gnaw, to dig; '(qffi pre. l(~Tq pad.
~fun'p. fut. '!'.WSlfffi'
fut. ar{lf@:or ~U~ aor. f~qfc'j- des.,
 108

'l:'-l 4 P. ij~imrc,tr:( •.·h~f.i~re-:)to hurt, to destroy, to

~ subdue, to finish, to accomplish, ( to be completed, in. the,
Vedas ); :;:•.qrapre. w~ perf. '{Nfilor :;:;wP· fut. d~tq&
or :i:~<fffifut. mr~a:i-'{~7.l"a:con. al'i'i@'. aor, Pass,-
~~ pre. m:r,:"\T aor. Oao.-~1:'f<l"ffi·ffpre. 3'1'~•<1'!'!_;11'
a.or..
fumra, 11{<:e'ffi
des.~ p.p,

:i:q: I P. otrml'll'Tetrr~ to speak distinctly, to praise ( in the

Vedas); ;:qfu pre, ~Tif per£. a:r~ra:,
:.mqm:_,
aor. fi::;:r'qqm
des.
'l:'fi: 1 P. rh,i~T ~ITT
'q' to go, to hurt; :;:qrrf?
pre, :i:,:rq;perf.

~ 1 A. :;:r~il'to begin, to embrace, to long for, to act rashly;

l(llff pre,~~ perf, ~i p, fut. '{t't!fff flit. 3'\''{C~o con. '3ll'.~'1"
aor. '{tffi'i! hen, 0~ff dee. Can -:;:i:.rqrn-t pre. '31{~-;;
aor, Pass -'l'..-cf?f
pre. a:r:i:f&l.T
aor. '{o',T p. p.

~i~ 1 A. to piay, to rejoice at, to take rest; ~:t:!1fpre, ~ perf,,

con. a«"ffl,
~ p. :int. ~ff fut. a:rhi.ra with A, .i:rhfN_ aor.
hfra hen. U«l?ides, Pass,-:;::i:q~ pre. Cau -;i:.r<l'Tif·ff
pre,
.-ro,mr.-o
aor. '{11'p. p. '(;e!T,a:rr~,am~ger.

1 P. ~ to soundi ,~ff pre. :m~perf ,fi+'l•trit

'{+l3:. iut. :at~fi+!r;r
aor. Pass.-'{+m

~ 1 A, to go, to move; '{tl'a'

pre. ~ pe:d, ,fqar p. fut, a:f{N?:'
ao:r.'{rq
0 p. p.

~ l P. ~~ to roar, to make a noise, to sing, to praise ( in the

Vedas); ~s:1frr
pre. ~Hf perf. U«o'f p, fut. :at{l31'a:_,
:aTI:Hfre'.
aor. fufo·q&de~.

~ a:rr,
It is l'ansm. when it is precededbyf.l-, qft and 'a"ll'.
 l09

~ 10 U, srr~•~~: to taste, to feel; ~-a-pre. ~-

II~-~ perf, ~~- 0 aor
~ 1 P. ,q- ir to quit, to desert; ~ pre. ~ perf. uinf p.
fnt. ~~er_ aor, m-ii'flet
fnt, tj"'t&tl'Tff des,
~ 10 U, ,qri\'to leave, to abandon; ~-a- pre, ~-
~ perf. ~ll'ffr p, fut. ~-a- fut. amn-a-
a.or. ~
p.p. fflq;;ff ger.
U 2 P. ~ to give, to beatow; um w pre. perf. mrrp. fut
ermfht:aor, Oau.~-lt pre. atffl'Cf~;n a.or.mr-
"fir des.
uqr 1 P. ~il"1011ei:i~: to be dry, to adorn, to be able, to
suffice; Ulll'ia'
pre, ffllif perf. :s:mwrl'I._
aor.
WI 1 A. ~W to be able; ~ pre. ~ perf. uf~ fut.
IRTIWa.or,
~ 1 U, ifttrl'
to shine, to glitter, to appear, to direct, to
be at the h· ad; ,r~-6' pre, ~. ~, ~3\'perf ~
P• fut. ur1'illl:fffl·8fut. a:rmJ!<l,9H:fl~I!' a.or. ~.
ben, f{umrcHr dee. ~ p. p, uf~, iito;;;i-
uf:iir'Cfi'I!'
ger.
;oil_ 4 P. ~ to grow, to prosper; ~ pre. m-.rperf, ~
p. fut. ~Rf fut. am~ con. UWTl'!:_ ban. offT1~
( ~ dual ) &Ol', Oau.-~--c(' aor. ~fq des.
ffiT 5 P. ~') mJNi=.i-to accomplish, to kill, to propitiate;
~001~pre. ttm(2nd sing, with Sflf, ~'IN) perf. ~,
( Rffl'1'i{whhes to kill ) des. U'6!N{ pre. p,
~ 1 A. ~~ to cry, to yell, to sound;~ pre, ~ perf.
atfffl a.or. mmml'des.
ft 6 P to go, to move; t~~ pre, Ru'l perf. ~ fut.
l!lf'hfra:aor.
ft 5 P. to hurt; f.'uir@pre. ( Vedic ). ftfrqrades,
ft 9 U. to drive ont to exp•l, to go to hurt, to emit, to
1e1aratt>, ( in the Vedas J; Rffi, Rat'nt pre.
B. S. G 43
110 SANSXRIT GBA'.WUR

Ri or~ 1 P. ;iat to crawl, to creep, to go slowly; f~ or

im''ffpre. Rf¼or fiR~per£. am(ii!.,atf~lfr<r.
..... aor.
~ 7U ~ to empty, to clear, to deprive of, to give up1
ronf'mor Rt pre. ~.ir or nR<erm
pert. p. fut. wrnt-a-
fnt. SR~·n con. &if~, amm
smfti!:, aor. ~ or
~ hen. Pass,-~!@' pre, SR:RI' aor. Oau.-mfit-l\'
pre. ~-ff' aor. m11!mf·ffdes.~ pp. rofe!IT ger.
'((~ 1 & 10 P. j,j<(i&1i'1'6&4"ili'l41;
to divide, to leave, to come
together;~,~. pre,~. ('<Nt'lil'lm: perf. ~ 1
sll'~-!'I' aor. Rfum'it, fmimra--a- des, 't~ p. p,
ftq\:__
6 P. efl~'4i'l%-4.A•ql~ to boast, to speak, to fight,
to utter a rough grating sound, to give; ~@' pre, mw
per£. uii;aTp. fut, :at~[<laor. ftRft,iff, ~ des.
foqrap.p. ( also written as R{ ),
WI:_l A, to crackle, to murmur, to chatter; m pre. RR~perf.
fur6'6 P. to hurt,
to kill; fu:q;-fii'
pre, fu1;q;-
perf. ftmr p.
fut. ~ aor.
ml 6 P. ~ to tear, to injure; fw@pre, ITT~
perf. m
p. fut, ~ fnt. ~ con. ~ aor. im:~'irdes.
f{IJ: 1 & 4 P. ~1!{_ to kill, to fail, to perish, to be injured;.
~. ~ pre. m perf mcrror l!T P· fut. ~
fut. <Rffllr.
( 1st cl. ), ~ ( 4th el. ) aor. f<i<l'tlfflt,
f«fin@des. mi:p.p.
u 4 A. ffl to trickle, to ooze, to :flow;f1q{l"pre. ffit perf.
~ fnt. ~ aor.

fr 9 P. imr~: to go, to injure, to howl; Rllfl'fi\'

pre. f~
perf. ~ fut. ~"<fu: aor. fffimt des.
~ 1 U. to take, to cover; {icfrd'-'11°
pre.
"" 1 A. m'it~: to go, to hurt, to break ta pieo:es( i.11the
 D:e:A.'TUKOSJiA.. 111

Vedas); m pre. ffit perf. if.rITT'

p. fut. 3lffl'f!B.Or.Cau.-
u~-'a' pre. :at~a pre. ~ des.
~ 2 P. ~ to cry, to yell, to hum as bees, to sound in gene-
ral; ma-,ifmr
or pre, irr<f perf. m;;r p. fut. ~ fut.
a:r~ra:
aor, ~lf@'. ben. i~ des. Paas.~ pre, Oau.-
u~m-'a'pre. ml' p,p,
~ 1 .A..
;fttrr,mr~ :q-to shine, to look beautiful, to be pleased
with ( a person ); U'<l'ff pre. ff~ perf. UT'<Tffl'
p, fut. t\'N-
~ fut. ~, a,~ a.or.fflffl, ~ des. Oau.
~prE'.~aor.iR«f P,P,
~ 6 P. \ll' to break to pieoes, to afflict, to P&¼n~ i;:m£ pre.
- i~Sir perf.UmTp. fa.t, ~-i:mtfut, mra:fra:
(
~
dual). aor. Oau.-~-it pre. ~-8' aor. ~ des.
i'IJI' p.p, ~ ger.
~ 10 U. fi'a'l'lfl1l:to hurt, to kill; ~lf@'-1\'pre. ~""'°-
"<fili perf. u~ p. fut. at~~-8' aor.
~ 1 A, Sffifil'@'
to strike down; ma-pre, ~~l perf. ~<I.,
amra'!'
aor. ~ hen,
~ I0 U. to obstruct,to resist, to shine, to speak; ~~-a-
~ pre. ~a41.,."€fll'1,-~ perf. ~n a.or.
~ 1 P, ~@" fut, atU·
to strike; Uo@'pre. i«o' per£.ffl?ili!l'fft
iht aor.
~ 10 U, fflt!l'T;ftic :q-to speak, to shine; mm:a- fut, m--
~-,;;rlii perf. ~8' a.or.
~ 1 A. to resist, to opp()se,to torment, to {sufferpa.in; uiii'
pre.mperf.
~ l P. ~ to rob, steal; ill'!ffi pre. ff!ll!: perf, ·~ui!l~Aor.
Pass.~imrfl' pre, mt~ aor.
il1?_ 1 P. to go, to steal, to tame, to oppose;i!rmi' pre. ~
perf. This is the sameas the above root; alsowrhten as~
-q: 2 P. afig~;r):;f.t to cry, to weep,to roar; m1ta'
pre. at~,
112

~<'i: Imperf. '!:>WI'pelf. ,rfitcrr p. fut. a;~ or a:i,i'(ra:

aor. ~ ben. ~~ des. P,,ss.-~ff pre. at~~ aor.
Oau.~fcHr pre. <fl'~~-N P P.
aor. '!:>(?{fr
~~ 4 A. ( with ~) <f;TR to dasire, to obey; )61,"lf~ pre. ~ per£:
'O'R<la' fut.~~ a.or.'!:>'!\"<~ des,
~ 1 U. ~lit to besiege, to opposo, to hold up, to oppress;
~ or v~ pre. <i«'Ef or ~\1' perf. TT-i"T p. fut. U~Tff·ff
fut. ~l;!', ~;s.=ft;i:_, a;~ ( m:'t~T+.I.,~1'!l'lolll: dual ) aor.
~'<l:Ta'., '!iiefi'eben. '!i'{;fflllf-ffdes. Pass, -,;;~,:r'i\" pre. ::;,rfmt
aor. Oau.-:ir~i:ni-a-pre. ~~\l<i_a" aor '!\';;J;p,p. it!i:i: inf.
~ 4 P. mtlii• to confound, to suffer, to violate, to pain
(in the Veda•), to d1eturb; ,iti;n'ff pre, 'li'!'.J'fperf. a:r:i.~aor.
Oau.~'iHr pre. ~'fr'!'~ aoK. 'lF6N'lTff, ~lfflffi des.
~ 6 P. ~:;;: to hurt, to destroy; ~fu pre. ~T~ perf,
~ aor 'Ii~@ des.

~~ 10 U. 1 P. lif<ml'i ~ '!l' to speak to shine; t~'ir-'a', ~ff

pre ~~@, ~~"llffi fut. ~--7", ast!i[Tg_ aor,
~ 1 P. fg'aF<~ to kill, to hurt, to be annoyed; fflrn' pre.:i;U'f
perf UT'fflf or ,m
p. fut fiT'(Ql'Tff
fut. :mrqm.:
8.0f,'!\''l;{qllf@',,
wfi?imdes. ~<iT, m~r, 'l'i<;g;T ger. ,TRg~, u~
inf.
~ 4 P. to kill, to hurt, to vex; "1;'1:!Tffpre. a:r1;,.-l:t
aor ( For
the other forms see the above root ).
~ 10 U. ~ to be angry; ,mi%-a-
pre. :,;~-er ao.r.
~ 1 P. ~'Sr~~ "iii' to grow, to increase, to rise, to,
:reach; m1'if pre. ~I'{ perf. 'U~ p. fut. tt~lff fut-, "l;ffl<'i
hen. af~~ a.or. '!i'!\'~ de8. ~G° p p. ~JT,:,;~ ger. :if~ inf.
~ 10 U. m""ir to be rnugh, to be unkind, to make dry, ( fn
the Vedu }; ~-it pre. ~T~<Jm: ,;m;perf. ~'it~T p.
fut. ~-;r aor.
~ 10 U. ~qf'~rm~ to find out, to :form, to consider, to fix,
to app<>int; ~-it pre. ~~iloR·=.rik perf. ~l<l'<l'T p.
mt. ~o aor 16~~-11' des.

.,_
'•
 113

~ 1 P. ~N to adorn, to decorate, to anoint; ~ pre.

~ perf. ~mif p. flit.~ aor. ~ P.P.
~ l .A..~ pre. m$ perf.~
to doubt, to suspect; 't<i;it"
fut. ~'!' aor.
~ 1 A. to shine, to shake; ~~ltpre.
~ 1 U. qftirf\TG'r
to speak, to ask; ~ra' pre. ~ perf. ~
aor.
~ 1 A. to go; ~11'pre. (fqiq-i\ fut. ~ a.or.
~ 1 A. ~ to s~und, to low; lq pre.
~ l A. S,cllffi'
~ to utter an indistinct sound, to neigh; ~
pre mq-perf. uifflr p_fut. &:1°tftte aor. l1'irap_p. ( Also
written as~).
1 1 P. to sound, to bark at; uqfrr pre. mperf. mRfui aor.
U<(1 P. aflllift ~~ 'l!I'to despise; (fefcrpre.~~ perf. ~
aor.
,;ni!'_
(~also) 1 P. to despise; mrer,
t~efirpre.

~~ 10 U. a:rrm~smrt
~-
'l!I'to taste, to obtain; w~4t pre.
wT<filll'i!ifffl--.t.li perf. ffl!l>'mffp. fut. ~-11' aor.
~ 1 A. ~ to perceive, to observe; pre. ~i!I' perf.
wlfl'11'
'5~ p. fut.ara-fiinr aor. a-~ ben.
~ 10 U. iHlilltilq'r. to ~!)tiee, to de(ine, to regar3; ~iw-lr
pre. iJlfl'Ql'i!illITT:1lfi&e. perf. iJlffmfT
p. fut. ~-ff aor
iJT'ilra
p.p. Tfi'~lfRf•ft'des.
~or~ 1 P. to go; ~ or qftt pre.
w 1 P. ~ to attach oneself to, to touoh, to meet, to follow
elos~ly; wiffir
pre.~ petf. wimrr p. fut. ~'lq_ aor. ~-
fi'rml'des.~ p.p.
~ 10 U. smamr1r '!I'm'
'l!I'to taste, to obtain; ~-lr pre.
wl•IU!l!l:l>l{.:;rit perf. w11TNft'T p. fut. ~~-a' aor.
 114 SA.NSXRITGBAll::r.tA.B.

ay 1 P. to go, to go lame; ~ pre,

~ 1 P. ~qiir ~tit~miitiliit ,.r ) to speak, to
to dry, ( l11111Nl'
shine, to transgress; A, ~ ~it '-I'to go, to fast;
lt-mr-a-m-~
pre. perf. ~ p. fut. :altt'lfri!or
~ aor. iR«rp p.
pre, ~trE<IT1f.:a-
~ 10 U. to speak, to shine; i-ertrT'ii-a- !ut.
~ii" aor, ~~Tr!_, ~ffl~'e ben, ~~'Ef/ql!fla--ff
des.
~1 P. ®~ to mark; ~ffi pre.~~ perf.
~ 1 P. "lwlil'
to fry; ._;rafctper. ®8T:.rperf. ~~ar p, fut. at®·
~' ~:;fr;r_ aor. ( Also written as w~ }.
~ 6 A. mij'to be ashamed; ~a-pre i~ perf. ~ar p. fut,
~'e aor. raw~dam.®11'P,P.
~ 10 U. Sf<!;t~ to appear;®"~·ff'; 3iQ'qRUf
to conceal, tm'f·
trr'iHtpre. ~~, ~~-;;ri; &c.perf • ._;ra-
mu,w~ar p. fut. ~lil:s:tir_--'f,~it. a aor.
~ 1 P. m:n~';fif;;t"i'!\it llllirtri'~ ;;r to kill, to be
powerful, to take, to dwell, to speak, to shine;~% pre.
~ perf. ~ aor.

~ 10 U, (seethe above root) to give also, ~-a' pre.

~R-'-qffi per£. ~firar p. fut.
iR 1 P. m to be or act like a child, to prattle, to cry; q
pre.~,!' perf. stwit.r.aor,
~ 1 P. ~ to play, to sport; ari pre, ~ffl_, :s:i~ aor.
~ 10 U. ~ to fondle,to caress; ~~•n'fl4fpre. ®"T~-
;m:-'-qliiperf. ~a- aor.
1 P. RffiiTIIT
'l~ to talk in general, to wail to whisper
to lament; ~ " pre. m11rperf. afulr P. :fut. ' '
~!fut:.,
~ aor. Oau.-~-ff' pre. ~lffi-a a.or, R•·
~Ill' des.
~ 1 A. JiT8l
to get, to take, to have,to be able, &c.; ii~ pre,
 DRA'TUX:OSRA. 115

iN perf. ®"\TTp. fut.~~ fut. Sfi(ii!\l'aor. ~~ des. Oau.-

aor. ~ir;r p. P.
t!S~'a'-a- pre. altlSt!Sil!if.-~
~ 1 .A. ~i?i'
a:i~ni!" "'I" to sound, to hang down, to sink, &c.;
~ pre. t!St!S~
per£. ~ p_fut. a:i-~ aor. Pass.-
~;-r'a'pre, aftlS'l'i'-r
aor. Oau.~fa-41' pre. ~Kl'<{.-n aor.
m~f;;fll@ des. ®f..rn Jl. p.
~ I A. to go, to move; wl;fffpre. itt Ferf. RT p. fut.~
aor.
~ 1 P. to go, to move;~mi'pre.~~ perf. ~.(fa:_aor.
~ 1 P. ~1% to play, to move about; ~ pre. ~~ra perf.
ml;:mrfut. ~<I aor. ~@" des. Cau.-tms~ pre.
~®l( aor. ®@if p. p,
~ 10 A. it~1q-r
to desire, to fondle; ~a- pre. eraii~
perf. ~nf p. fut. a:iittlSt!Sl'I'
aor. ~f.tqa- des.
e~ 10 U. ~rit to use any art; ~:a- pre. ~-
U per:f, :a;it~a:_-n aor. V. 1. for~-
w'a: 1 & 4 U. $MIT to wish, to long for; w'fiiHt,~Ta-fi' pre.
~ or ~it perf wfu«p. fut.a:rw~, Sf®rfrl(, ~ a.or.
ffffim'a'des. m
p. p,
~ 1 P. ~m~: to appear, to embrace, to play, to
shine; m pre.®~ perf. ~ p. fut.~@:-~
aor. Oau.~-it pre. ~~n aor. rammfdes.
ffia p. p.
~ 10 U. f~it See w~above,
ffl 1 A. m;t to be ashamed,to blush; ~ pre. ®~ perf.
~r p. fut. i.raf::;;ra-
a.or. Pass -i?iw!@ pre. ~~ aor,
Oan.-wiiOJ?.fffl·a"
pre. a:i-~- 0 aor. IBiN:liljd des,
tnr P· P,
qSf l! P. ~ ~ii" :;;i-to take, to obtain; w'TTff
pre. ffilTperf.
lrn{f p. fnt. ~~ aor. 0au.-el'INfit·lt, ~-~ ( to
cause to melt) pre, ~n, ~-n aor. ~ des.
 116

~l P. ~~: to be dry, to adorn, to suffice; ~'5iffi

pre. art?imfta:
a.or, Oau,-~·ij',
~ 1 A. ,:1n:riir
to be eqnal to or able; ~~ff pre. &;l,S!N!: a.or.
~~or~ l P. ~ii ~~ "i:l' to fry, to blame; ~T~fiit or
;m;r'iipre, at~"re:, a:i~~i!r._
.A.or.
m~ 1 P. ~aJU\' to mark; ~@' pre. ~thi ao:r.
m'&._
6 P. :.:ri;:rt~i!t to write, to rub, to touch, to peck as a
bird; fF.~fa-pre.~~ pert_ ~Rerarp. fut. '31g~ aor.
l~t~fi.if'ilff
or T~~~'ll'ffi
des. Ca.u.-~~@·ff pre, ~~
ral<i1'l:_--ff
aor.
rat1 P. to go, to move; ~ pre.
ii'!_ 1 P, to go, to move; l~ff pre, @{~'f perf, ra-1't<tr
p. fut.
ar~ra: aor, WJT~p. p.
~ 10 U, Asr~ui' to paint, to inflect ( a noun); WJW'-fi~~
pre. ~~m-~ &c, per£, ~l~nT p, fut, ~1~-f!'
aor,
retreu. ;ar.i~l ( .r~r~~: ) to anoint, to cover, to stain;
'IB!llir•!fpre, f~, ~l~'tr perf. ~if p. fut, ~i'iNif fnt.
'3!~11'
~'<<(·i'I", aor. Oau,-~ a- pre, a:fiflg'«l:•i'faor.
~-~ des, OOf
p. p,
~4 to be small or reduced; ~~ fot, rarai'r
.A,.awifrllt'it
perf. ~ fut, 31'~ a.or.Can.-~ll!ff·~ pre. ~TT~-ff'
aor, ~ri~ des.~ p, p.
~ 6 P. to go; ~fo pre.~~ perf, smJ!f@:
a.or.l~~ff' dea.
~ 2 u. 3ll~ to lick, to taste; m,
~Ii pre 11", ~~l
perf. ~ p. fut. ~@-a' fut. a:rl~IITTl:-11',
~t a.or, ~.
~'e oen. T©,i~-a'des. ~i p, p,
~ l P. & 1() U. if«~ ~Q1l'fff-°it
to melt, to diesolve, ro!fT11',
pre. 1~~17.f, m~ffl:GR·'ll'iii &c perf, ~!Sf!~,3T~il:«
aor. rairitrn,~<-mrm'ii'des.
~ 4 A. ~ to stick, to lie OD; ir<l'ii'pre.~ perf, m, tmn-
 117

p, ftit. ~,~~, ;;;~ fut. !':;~, ~ aor. W{l'e ~

hen. ,rn--;i;:,mr,r;r.;:rpre. ~'G'ff des,(.l)Ti'!
p.p. QTI1'IT,
fil-"«ii<l,
~;,-geir.
~ ll P. to adhere,to melt; pre. ~17, ml!l"
rn,rr;7t ped.
~o,.,,m
p. fut. ~m,~mmifut. 31~,fia:,~wr!.fra:
8,0r.
fw<iftll!i?.
des.
~ l P. s;q-;p:;;tto pluck, to pull, to tear off; ~~pre.~
pad, ~~ p. fut, ~~a:_ aor, rlffil~'WI des. ef~
p.p.
~ l P. & l OU. m;r,,tlJl<{r.TTi!tn;r~
mqim;(!.rt:.; to kill, to
~i.fiHt
be strong &c.~@", pre.~, ~~g"'Gl'i!.~ aor.
to oppose; ~if
!R l A, !l'M'<ml' pre,~~ perf, i1faarp, fat •.
~~, ~)~'I! aor, ~~ des,
l P. ~~;:r to roll, to wallow on the ground; 6i'erapre.
i?iel:
ti~e perf, !ITT!a'IH or ~ratf!'g
aor, tsrffe'{l'i\'
p, fat. :.l~rinl:,
des, Oau.-~e:,n'.:r-il
pre ~ii', ar~~-li aor.
~mni.p.
ijraa-,
-~ 4 P. to roll, &c.l gi511ffpre. ~ perf. ~wl" p. fat;
a.or,( See the aboveroot £or the other forms.)
a:fi;'f,!'c(

~ 6P.(\!jel'~:):i{~eee~below,
~ 10 U. 'll!'lll!ii (Tm "I' to speak, to shine; ~1!:<ilff·6'
pre.
\lll'el'll?i!<J;l'~-'t!lli tratm
&c. pert p, fa•.
m:_1 P. to strike, to knock down; ~Ti!'@'pre. ~
:a"G''i.ffir
perf. if~or p. fut. 3'1t~ aor. Oau.~il', ~-
ell'.·oaor.
~ 1 A. !tl"l!i'll'!ff
to oppose, to roll; ~iff pre. ~ perf.
(il"TR:l:IT
p, fut.~.~ aor.
M 6 P. ~~ ( ~r~:) to wallow; galff pre. ~To perf.
jarai;tfl~ fut, ~ra: aor. w~'ii
des.
~ 1 P. ~~to !tir, to churn; (iITi'lffpre. ~1!
p~f, mf~nn
p, fut. 81~@:IIOr. Oa11.--<1i"ra;..r'iHi
pre. ~isi~11' de;.
118

~ 6 P. (~:) to cover, to adhere; ~pre. (See~

above for the other forms. )
~ 1 P. ~ to rob, to be lazy; ~ pre. ~a-Ucperf.
~'a' fut. Sf~ a.or.
~ 10 U. see~below.
~ 1 P. at1<1i~ :a' to be idle, to agitate; ~ pre.
SfTn'ffif
~ff :fut. ~ aor. Can. ~Ucll'@-fipre. ~
n aor. ~~Tff des.
~10 U. ffltl'to rob, to plunder; ~-if pre, ~0o(qsq'fiHr
fut.~aaor.
~10 U. to plunder; ~-'a' pre.~~ perf.
(Same as~)
~~l P. fi,a-~): to stnke, to ki.11;~'if pre, wv:r
perf. ~& fut. 3iiP~'ra:.
aor.
~'{_ 4 P. ~i,t to confound, to be destroyed; ~ pre, ~fq'
perf. ~rr'ikfr
p. fut.~ a.or. Oau.~r%-a- pre ~-
q!{_-n, ~lilq'!f.·naor. a-~'€1', a-fflmTff, des. ~,
~1!11', a'h'ir..nger, ~ p. p.
~If_ 6 U. ~if.I'to
break, to take away, to seize, to suppress;
~-t pre. ~N, ~ per:f. ~ p. fut. :sta''«l:,~
aor. ~. ~~ hen. ~-it des. Pass.~rra- pre,
~Ii aor. Oau,-( See the above root); ijll' p. p.
~ l & 4 P. irrw
to covet, to be perplexed; ~, ~ pre.
~ perf. ~lfflr, ~ p. fut. s:ra-flft;i: ( 1 ) s:r~~ ( 4)
aor. Oan.-~-~ pre, at~•n a.or, nr~fil', ~-
~des.~ p. p.
~ 6 P. ml"l't.tto be bewildered, to confound; ~ pre.
a.or. ~ p. p.
iillllJ111Ta:_
~l P.~ to torment; ~pre.~.A.or,
~ 9 U, ~ to divide, to cut off; ~@, ~ff pre, ~if,~
 D:a:A
1TUK<.1S:S:A,
119

araNZaor. ~rn:,
perf. ~'<l'ffi' p. :fnt 'olw!<1'ht, ®f• hen.
~-R des. Oau.-~-'a' pre. ~ p. p.
~l1f pre.~
~ 1 P. ll_lTTlrl; perf. ~(( aor.
~ 10 U. ~~ to injure, to rob; t{li!Jlff•ffpre. ~=m:-
~ perf a:rc{_~a_-a- aor.
~fc!:.4 P. ,git to stumble, ~~i'a-
pre. 3'1'f-l~ aor.
~CJ:1 .A, to go, to worship; ~tiff pre. 3l~'a' aor.
jar._1 P. to go, to send, to embrace; ~@' pre. 3l~UW!_
aor.
~ 1 .A,~ii' to see, to perceive; pre. ,rt red,
liJ<f-'ff mrm
p, fut arnrtii:l'l!:
aor. ~~ff des. Cau.-?,T~-a- pre
3'{~~1' aor. wr~
p. p,
~~ 10 U, l'{l'IW.ff
<(tar'1.fto behold, to shine, to know, to seek 1
~<ilffff·Rpre ~$tfi'~'lm::-'mfiperf. iit$ftr1'rp fut. ~-
~$ii;:cl' aor. ~TmtrfiHt des.
w~ 1 A, ~if.rto see , ~ pre, ~T~ perf wTR«lT p. fut,
3'1'1911'¾''!
aor.191~ p. p
ir;;i:10 U. to spsak, to shine; ~'1.f!Jlff·ffpre. ~~~'fl~ ~-
atre·il'Wf per.I: wl::;;('ltraf
p, fut ~'1.(((-\i aor ( See w~
10 above).
1 P.
i:ll"te:__ -.r't~'ir
g,hr!C~~ :;;i- to deceive, to precede: tiJrafct
pre.
~a' perf. ~aor,
i\''!t_
l A. ~ to heap up; ~'ia' pre, ~ perf. :.flirt~ aor,

"~ 1 P.ffl ;tirrit'iii' to be angry, to grow; ql!f@'pre. ~ perf.

<t™lltflff
fut. at<l'lfl'r,=r..._
aor,
"~"tf 1 P. to go, to move; imra, qfif pre, ~, .rq perf.
"f 1 A,<iT~ir~m :;;i-to be crooked, to go; ~ pre. ~

aor.
<t{ 1 P. to go ; <tf@pre.; eame as <t{
 120

~ 2 !·
q-R~ ~~ speak, to relate; II'~ pre, :s.rr:.rperf. Qi'f
=/p. fut ~ :fut. a;;it:qa: aor. ""1ffil: ben, ~ff' des.
Oan -~-ff' pre. ~fl4"ii<tel' aor.
pre. :a,n,;;r,
·'"{ 1 P, & 10 U. to speak, to read; !f'-1'@,lilT'"l'Q'@·a'
· ~~-u, &c. perf, .rmr,
;m;riiterr p, fut. ~ 1
aor. ff, lffl~ p. p.
:3fln!f'il'a:,•if
~ 1 P. to go, to roam about 1 ~ff pre. ~ perf. <l'~r p,
fnt, ~. a;er~ aor,
-~ 10 U. to trim, to go; <ff3i!fnf·ij' pre. !ffil'Q'l''I"~ &c. perf,
3Rlll~-if aor.
~1 p. fut.
P. to go, to arrive at; iP-a'@pre. liflf~ perl, ll'r.l.ffiT
~ aor. ~f'i des. <rr%-11'p. p. Pass.-<1'~8' pre.
~aor.
~10 .A. !f~)r to ehaat; ~a' pre. cf~lffll' &c. pert. 8fef·
~ aor. ~~ des.
~ 1 P. l'!ij to surround, to cover; ;ra-1%
pre. <l'<('fa"perf. ~,
~aor.
~ 10 U. !I'~, mf3iil' to string, to divide, to surround 1 ;ra--
Q'lff·ll' perf, aroilcrai(·el'aor. Tffl!'ir151ffl•ft
pre. <l'!!W-i$T{-,;=,f1f;
des.
-~ 10 P. ~~ to be strong or fat; ~@pre. !f<l'l'a'
perf. ~i(,
Sl'lflit;r_
aor.
1 P. ~~ to sound; <I'll(@'
;ror._ pre. Sl'!ftlT!<J:, aor. N<l'iur·
Sl<l'fOi'ra:
'Imdee.
~ l P. &. 10 U. mmr.r
to divide ll'U'!ffl',
i!l1Jcl.Tffl'·tf
pre. <l'fiz•
I qVc"JII
11.l'Rf gq"Rffut, Sllfll'~, Sll('ef'IJ'!'i!_•if
aor.
~ 1 P. ~ !fll'!!I'to say, to tell, to lay down; <l'<{Tff
pre.
aor. ITT~ des. Pass.-
~ pert. !ff~ p, fut. Sllfl'fr;i:,
mpre. a:rirrf.r
aor. ~ p. p,
~ 1 & 10 U, ~=.r,r to inform; ll'lt@'tr,~ pre,~, a-
~, ~ &.,,perf. ~~-3ll'iff, ~a- aor.
 121

'-iii 1 P. ~-~ 'i:i' to sound, to honour, to aiil, 1.1<1rft

;,:;'Plt'i'f.'1 pre.
<1'':fr.fye~. 'T1t~,'% fat ~ij';fr<J:, aor. Can.-<!'lm-11"
-a:,,rr,f;a:,
pre, f,j<fli'f~io des.
~ 8 A, ( P. according to to beg, to seek for; ~ p,e.
,;:r,:!;")
~ii perf. ar,;Ai;r,w.m·
aor, ~<tf.Tosrif
des.
1!l"3t1 P. & 10 U to :favour, to injure, to sound;~. <i~-ff
pre.
1/1-;~l A. ~'mr~~1: to salute, to adore, to praise; ~
~r p, fut, ~~ aor. ~if<\'
pre. <i'lf•~ perf... d€s.
Pass.-~er pre. ,i-r,;'FiP. P.
!flt 1 U . .fr-;;~:;:fff.r
~qif "'I" to sow, to scatter, to weave, to cut,
to shave; '-illrn·1l°
pre, '3"•Ull', P. fut. o'flfieffi"II.,
ai'<iperf. <l"Q'I
a:r,rn-aor, ~, ~'a' ben. Cau.-;rr~-iif pre, ~-ii
aor. Toi!l~~i~-~ dee. Pass.-~ pre.~ aor.
el'!i_ l P. to go;;;~@ pre. :;za;,fra:
aor.
~ 1 P. to pour out; ~ p~e. ~Is ped.
;sfFiitto vomit,
l:T~F!r
p fut. a.i-;;ifu.l:
Mr Caa.- .. ~r~-11', ( with
l:Ti.~<!Tn·i'I'
a prep. ,;t:{<!ffi·a"only) pre. ~-11: ao~ "l:imr, ( ,rr,:a-
accordl!lg to some ) p, p. ,\
:
~ 1 A. to go; !ftrff pre. !f{qfillfffut,~ aor.,;~
<f!.__
10 U. t~TtfTto ask for, to get; !f~Tff·i'I'pre.\r.:n~ffi-;;ni;"
p. fut, :,:r.r;;mi:-<f
perf. !f~T<4i'l1' aor. '\ ,
~ l A, ~r&T
to shine, to be bright; ffi pre. t:lol':iper£. a:r,n~l!
aor,
,tllt 10 U. ll'OTf;i:;t:Tr.mT~!'!;l!li.r'I~
~ '<I'to colour, to explain,
to extol, to send, ro grind; <lUT<l'@-~
pre. <lUTtr•~-,:;rn;-
3'\lfl'-ol'li"f p,rf. >.1'01Nffi'
p. fut aor.
W-f;fll!<I_-c{ ~;ror~ it
des. en'ota-
p. p.
<i:1-Y10 O. ~.rq:nnlli'· to cut, to fill; !f~~rn-a-
pre,'al!itl:lff.;:-n
a-0r•
... ~,r•1w<1ra·n
de•,
ll't 1 A. ~git o love; <f'{ffpre. !tf<f~'a' aor,
 122 8ANSKRIX GRAMMAR.

-lfi3:. 1 A. :s-,r'(il'r,
:i:t:?iilfot'El' to cover, to move about, ,r~'l-'r
per.
~ll'~ fut. a:ren~,gaor. ~<iT~efct-11" des.
<i~ 10 U. ~l'iirr to speak; ,r~;s,,na--a-
pre. ~1Slll~1j;T\·"el'iri'
perf. ~~-a- aor,
- ,r~ 1 U. to go, to ilanca, to be pleased, to eat; ;r~ra-~
pre.
eflf~, ~i'r pad ... ~rrar p. fut. 3'!<1'~0::, "1'Efrr;rr"<S"
aor.
ef~ll.P.
~l A. m~
to eat; i:l'~+rn'
pre. 3'1.l'~l'f'!' aor.
1 A. ;j,rojr to cover or be covered, i!f~ pre. ~ perf.
;;g
~ 1 A. i:n1llr:rrrftffl!fofi~ to speak, to be prominent, to kill,
to give; ~ pre. <I~ parf. Sf!f'I~~ aor,
la~ 2 P, ~ to wish, to shine; ,n% pre. ~m per£, irfuerr p.
fut. ~~, ~i!!'T~ra:_ aor, ~~ra: ben, m~ de9, Pass.-
;,r~~ pre, :a:!\if~ aor, :a-fu<fp. p.
a:i;i: 1 P. ijm:qt to injure, to kill; qllf!ffpre, lf!TTl!f
perf • .:fi:l''i@:.,
~'l°!'Q !l.O!,

~- 1 P, f.rorreto dwell, to be, to spend {time); .r~rn

pre, ~i:fffl
pad. ,rnn p. :fut, :.:!<l'm.fra:
aor, ;gQ.l'fi:{ hen. ~;;r,afudes,
Pass.-~~ff pre. a:mfiraor. Oau.-,irei:rm-i'nre. .zefr.r:i:ra:_•
if aor. :nq;;P. p. :;-~;;rr, ~ ger.
~ 2 _A. :s:f!~il: to wear, to put on; l!ffff pre. l!f!l"« perf. l!fre'n'f
p. fut. 01'ITT!'e:
aor. Oau.-ml31ifrHrpre. :wir<rlH!_-cl'
aor.
f.r.rrmdee, Wif p. p.
ere;-~P. ~1,;:i;rto be straight, pre. <fre"-
to be..nx:m,to fu:, ;r~!.TTff
O<fffi'fut. ,m,rrger, m'mJ~in£.
a:r<1~aor. <f«1'p. p. ,rfu-1'1'1',
il'~_JO U:~
__f,\ife@'U.'l;\l'.i;q
to love, to cut, to take away; <fl'lJi:r@'-
1\'pre, <il'ITT~ffi--a' fut. af<il<l'l'TF(~-aor:
,r~Q'fq_,q[l:fµf!lff'I!
hen.
~ 10 U. f.r;rr« to dwell; q-~%-trpre. lif!J~ofp.fut. ~<i"!i!J<!_<f
aor.
~ l A. to gc; llf~::j;ff pre, lil'~;i;iira fot. a:!<i~:fi~ aor.
~ 10 A. ~il: to hurt, to kill, to ask, to go; <l'UiQ'~ pre.
<ffil"Q'P-.lll{ipert ;,'fi:fffla' a.or. ( Also written as ~~<!,)•
 Dlll'TUKOSEJ.,

~ i U. !.'llqi/r to bear along, to carry, to flow, to many

( with ~~) &c. anroHr pre. a-:;mr,~ perf. ;im p, fut.
~m-i:r M. a,i·,rr~~ 1 ~TGaor ~m:.
'ii'<:tl'e
hen. f;rr~~-
ij' des. Cau.-i:n~r1Hr pre. ~.fi.l·~-<r
aor. a;-6 p.p.
<TT 2 P. <W!'Jl.\i.f;n"' to blow, to go, to strike, to kill; ffi pre •
.r.fl·perf. <flat p. fut. G'lif!'fflO::
aor. ,r[<1!l!,_ben. Cau.-to
cause to blow, !ffl:f<li11'·1i'; pre. ~IB'
to shake, <fl11"1.l'@·ff
des. "i'lffpp. ( with f.ti;-f.{eiflll"
when \'i'fn 'wind' is not the
ijf.i-n1telr
subject; as f.{!TT!irr ).
<l'T~
1 P. ~.:rt to wish, to desire, ifT!\.f@'pre. 1ffi~a- fut,
:ar<ITefri!_
aor.
~ l P. <f~l<IT~ to wish, to desire, to seek for; ~1; pre.
~ perf, <fi~mup. fut, ~1il"IS:~1a:, aor. f.terr~llliff des.
Pass ~~ pre a:fll'll~ aor.
~ 1 A. to bathe, to dive; q!'iffpre <(q~ pelf.
<!]a:,l0_U. ~~~): to be happy, to serve; ofT!l<lffl~ pre. <mr·
~rn-'a° fut. ~a:-a-
aor. N<!"llif<l''i!la-t;'
des.
q'f~ 4 A. ~ to roar, to hum; ;;rr~ pre, <flfl~ pre. <fffu°ITTp.
fut. ~rfu,a- aor. <l"f~ p.p.
·<ff~ 10 U. a"G'lf<IT!ii' to scent, to make fragrant; <f'R'l'1.fffi·Fr
pre. lff~1ii!~-:qa; &e. perf, lfHll~of P. fot. a:r;{iffll:'<j_-1'1'
aor. mRTT~r.rra-°ff des •
1 .A. ~~ to try, to make an effort; <i~ pre. ;r,m-
.;~ perf.
:3l~'e aor.
~ 7 u. 'ir'<l1mer fili; pre w~'<f,
to separate &c.; wrr'?li, fcrf.1"1!'
:3ll#a::.,
per£. ~r p. fut. 31"~:.ra::, :3l~maor. f;t;;i:rl<(, ~~
des. f.rmpp.
ben. r'il-~ql'iff·ff
•fer~6 P. to go; ~llTlt pre. ~~~, ~:;;~p.a:im: &c. ped.
1'<i~e1ctr,
i"4-.,ijrr'i@r
p. fut srr~A:. ~fflra'. aor. Oau.-
fcr~@·"a',f.l..,g1i:ri:rl'ff-ff
pre, :.tf.if?l..,,g~-<l",
~f,rr'?r,;~-rr
ro~T!q'q@ des. Pass.-fer~~, ~~­
aor. fcr{~;:;.'W<iifff,
~a-pre.
 124 SA.NSK&IT GEA.IDIAR.

~ 10 U. ~ ;frill"'<!'to speak, to shine; ~@-it pre.

~f-:eriti p rf. ~-a aor.
~ S U. F71'~ll'to epe11r11te
to distiI1guisb; %~~. ~ pre,
~. ~f;i,;i perf. ~%-ff fnt. err~, ~lil'<r.,
~ aor.
~ff-a" de1.
~ 6 A. 11<1'~): to fear, to tremble; f.r.:r~
pre. ~ perf.
T~ P. fut. m1~ aor. Oau.--mra- pre. S{;fimt?t_aor,.
Nf.if~ff des.
~ 7 P. to shake, to fear: ~ pre. Nlt3'!'
perf. f.tfirarp. fut.
~ aor. N~f!i'lfff des.
f.« 1 P. ~ 5r-1'{,;;i- to curse, to sound, to rail at; ~'€( pre,
&f~a:aor
~ perf.
~ aameas~.
f.i~ 10 U f.(~ to mock, to deceife; iq.;pmf~ pre. a:iA--
~w aor.
wr1 .A.~ to beg; ii,fi'\'pre. lf~ fut. ~~ a.or.
~ 2 P. mJi'to know, to regard; ll'Rr,~ pre. Rifct,fq~
perf. '4T~~ fut. a:r~ aor ,'if~ hen ~f.top.p. Oao.-
~ff~ pre. :atitr~-a-aor, ~n,ffi-a' dee,
~ 4 .A. 'l:remto h11ppen, to be; f.Rrltpre. ~Nl perf. ~ilT p.
fut.~ fut. an'<IW aor. m«1~ben.~~11' des. fi'ff p.p.
~ 6 U, ~111' to get, to :find,to feel; Ni'{Rf1fpre. ~. f.tiif.t
perf, ~~, ffi p. fut. ill~, 8TT~, :amffaor. l~illfa:,
~. Nffit'I!'ben. tQ'l'if~~-if,~f.r-~-~-ij des. T'll/iT
Cmr>
p.p. •
~ 7 A. f,l,;;mu\'to discuss, to consider; 1~ pre, iii't~ pert.
t-_'if'or I~ p. p, For other forms aee ~~ 4 A,
~ 10 A. ~Til'l~arq to feel, to tell, to dwell;~ pre.
~ perf. ~l~nT p. fut. ~ aor. ~Qllfa' pee.
1'111&~ pre, af.r~aor.
 DHA 1 :CUKOSEA, 125

.,~ 6 P. ~li!tif to pierce: ~~:riffpre, ~lltl'r% for, •.or,

Oau,-~"1<1T1i·fl' pre. '=i"!l:ffll"<i<i-o
aor,
~ 6 P. r;~ to enter, to fall to the share of; ~fu pm,
des. f.rap, p.
perf, ~'<!:fp. :i'ut. aM'~<l'._-l'faor. f.ns!'lfl1%
ffl:~1 P. ~'<f.rto sprinkle, to pom out; ~qfu pre. ~
~fut,~~ aor. ~ p,p.
~ 3 U. to pervade, to snrrouna 1 iiiilri ~I<!'?:
:;izm1 pre. ~,
~ perf. ~T p. fut, a;,'iiq£'1l;.,
:al~Ba' a.or f,if;i-~-ff ~es,
~ 9P. ffl:>l1ftit
to separate; ~Tiff pre. r.fi'lqpe?f, aor.
~ 10 A ij<:l'T<fT
to kill; U. ~l:r to see; ~•,i;;Jff,
~e~-K pre.
~ff, at!<i~•~•('!' aor,
.."TT 2 P. m~rra~~«l"~r.i~1;_,p'll'! to go, to i:ervr.de, to
conceive, to be liom, to shine, to bot~in, to throw, tJ be
beautiful, to desire, to eat; ~a.pre. ~!fTlr ~ru p, :fut.
~T<i_aor. ~<i. be,'1. ~;;fii:r.% des. Cau -,rr,P:r&4i;
(
<!f!l'·
<mr-~
) pre. eilnpp.
;f~ 10 U. o'Q':;r,r
to fan; ;fi;;:rqfcHr
pre, ~;fi~:;ra:-a-
aor,
~ 10 A, ~f to display valour; ,i1;;:;:rn-
pre. <ITT'[Qttfft
fut.,
mWRnaot.
1 U. ~ to cover, to surround; <!''\'lff-R'
pre. ( See the
1ollo·wi~ root ).. ~.
";r.. 5 U. ,n:~ to choose, &c.; <[llflTff,~ pre. of'H'l:,:;r?t
~r, lf'mn'P,fut.::;~, a:r,..R'a",
~!'a', ~aor.~,
<ITffl~,
~'lrl!ben. Oim.-,m:i.n%-~pre. ~.-tf aor. ~\11(~
,srra-a-,
N<l'ff'in"i:Ht,
~'fHr
des,
·,r 9 A. to choose &c.;~ pre. .ra-perf, ( Same as the
above A.).
·~ 1 A, to take, to accept; ~ff pre. el',a6$pd.
a:mrr'i-r !f~
fut. STqm
aor, fq,rf1f."ffl'
des.
~ l A. o1mutto cover; ~ pre. ol''a~ perf. Sli~ aor.
~ 7 P. <r~to choose; ~11; pre, ,r,r-fr perf. lf'R;-ir;n"it
fut.
~<I. aor. <Imp.p. '
H. S. G. 44,
 126

~ 2 A. llf~ to avoid, to shllll; ~pre.~~ per£. <i~~"a"fut,

:ar,rf"~aor. ~1rffl- des.
~ 7 P. ~ to avoid, to choose, to turn away, to move, to
~ hu:rt,~rei' pre. m p. fut. :s;~ aor, r'il'-o:r~~
perf. o!11il'ITT
'i'ffl'des.
~ 1 P. & 10 U, to shun, to abandon, to exclude &c.; ~'
m,-1£-'a' pre. ~, ;r~~f{-;;rn; &c. perf. l;ff1@f,qoffi:rnr
p. :fut.~, ar.f~•ii', ~~-a- aor.
~~2 A. ~i'f to avoid;~ pre ~ff fut. :s:t1[(~'Gaor.
~ 6 P. !:f!\ir,{to give pleasure;i"lffi pre ~11!
perf. ~q\Jffl'l:
aor,
~i!-1 A.~ to exist, to happen, to live on, to occupy &c.;
oimtpre. ~ff perf, <!TffiiT
p. fut ~ff, ,£<~@ fut. 31'in0:,
~I! aor. ~ hen. ITT~, r¾e;:r@ des. Cau.-
{' i"'.,- A, '("

~<'f·n pre. i.r-rr~·o, ~nltcl' aor, ;'ftl' p. p,

~ 4 .A.ol'~ to choose, to divide; f«l'!f pre. ( See the above
.•.. root.) .• ,,...
,;n l P.
--,
& 10 D'.mm
"•
,irar
"'-I'to speak, to shine; <t~@, sffle
' & :f ,. .~
"~ Qloofl' p~e. :,r;;rn-,
~~il'i c. per. ar<raTa:_,
"'"'~"''-.-
!'r, ~-0 aor.
~ l A. 'fir to grow;
"" f u.t ~, ,.
m
pre. qif~ perf. ,nlo1p. fat. i.mrsi:ra
"' ~ b "" r.t ,
!ffl<l'Tii ~ aor. <fN'TT~en. i~p.p. i<f.JlT"lllffl',
~des.
~-l 1 P. & 10 U. 'IT!"mfT(00' 'el' to speak, to shine; lilTiff,lil'\i~
i:rrn-:'it
pre. ( See ia: above ).
m 4 P. ~ to choose; ~~ff pre.~ perf. ,rfflrt!f@fut. a:fll-
~ aor.
~ 1 P. €~..{i'~.Jll§i\'lilito rain, to ponr forth to torment.
;rm
"" ,:,
pre \1!fli ~ ~T
peri. N- ri'
aor. ~
p. i,ut, afiif'lfi'f'.( mAI!!'@des.'
~p.p •

..,It is alsoParasmaipadiin the 2nd future condition11ol

aorist
'ad desiderative. ' 1 '
 12,7

~ 10 A. ~ to have virile p!>wer; !!A'I.M

pre. ~
fut. &:r~, ~ aor.
q: 6 P, ~ to exist, to work; (see~).
f 9 U. "'or turmr,
to choose; fGT@pre. ;rim:,;r« perf. ;rfurr,
<mn'TP. fut at:;i-rfui:,~. ~. ~ aor. ~. ~.
~ hen. ~~-a-, mftm-~, mfflrn-a'des.
~ 1 U. o~i'af.r to weave, to cover; ;ri:rfir-'a'pre. ,a.mr, ~-
a;-%,ffl, ;rq-perf. il'TnT p. fot. :a:rclT~,Sloire'I'aor ~.
qf~'!' hen. mr«T«-a-des. Oau.-il'N<l"@'-a-pre. Pass.-
ffl pre. 3lcfTN
a.or.~ P.P• .rr;rr,
Sfqfif ger,
~ 1 U, ~~r-f~rrimri:r.mf<r,m-~ to go, to know, to
contemplate &c; 006'-ff'pre f.l'°q'IJT,
f,t~ perf. ~Q'fit-'a'
fut. at~, ~{ilra aor.
~ 1 A. q'F:fif
to beg, to solicit; '-f~ pre. ol"irN'!'
aor.
~ Same as ~ which see.
~'!._ 1 A. ep;q-~to tremble, to quake; ~ pre. f.tiNperf. itfit.:n'
p. fut ~ aor. Oau.-i.lf!ifcHr pre, ~-rl' aor.
t~dea,
~ 1 P. ~ to shake, to be wanton; ~ pre. ~ perf•
.....~~IIT p. fut. •'rrl aor.
rr~
'<!'ii. •ar
10 U.q;ra-~ to count the time 1
perf.
~m-a-
p. fut. stf.i~-11' aor.
it~ 1 P. ~ to go, to shake; 'int&pre. f,t~ per£.~
pre. ~f?;ilffl•

aor.
~r 2 A.~~~ to go, to obtain, to be pregnant, to
pervade, to eat, to wish, to shine; ~Tu pre. ~ aor,
( Vedic ).
~ 1 A. ~1r to surround, to wind round, to dress; rf'l!'ff pre.
firera perf, 'ii'~ p. fut, af,t~ aor. Oau.~-"if pre.
fif.rralffl'des.
l~ 1 A. to endea.vour;'e!w"ifpre, ffq perf . .f.rfi'!'aor.
;r 1 P. ~Aiir to dry, to be wea.ry; il'NRf pre. ere per£.~
fut. s:i-m'ta:_aor.
 128 SANSKRIT GRAMMAR.

l?.l~ 6 P. ~frr to cheat, to surround, to pervade; tir'el'rn

pre. W-lff'<l' perf. ol.l'~ p. fut. a:!oll'eT@:,3lolil"i:l'!'<i_
ao:r,
t'ii'<5lira_
ben, Pess.-f.l~ pre. ~•<!'R\"q'lff
des. Oau.-Ell"l'<!~lff•
ff pre. T~Rra'
pp.
&!:~, 1 A. lt1;"1:f('ffl~. to foir, to be vexed or a:fflieted,to tremble;
ol'.f~ pre. W-<1~ perf ~l~oi' p, fut S,E:qN'I!.' aor. Oau-~'l:i'·
'M-~pre, ~N'l!ff des. ~i.i pp.
&N 4 P. c'IT$~ to hurt, to pierce, r<t'e'!.iffi pre r~oq perf.
eii:wp. fut. ~mfrii_ aor. Tefe'l.l'ra_ hen. ~•<l'r'l'!i~ des. Pass.-
~1:.,ra- pre Oau.-,<l'p,p:nl't·?i pre, 3il~lilif<l:,·ff aor. f.it~p,p.
oll'e!_1 U. to go; ;in;@'-~ pre. E!o<Tl'l1', <fell'~perf. EQ'rtf"!!'Tff·ff
fut.
31:;q;fT<i_,~'I! aor.
~~10 U. r?l-'iiti~:({~ to expend, to bestow, otrtrtl'IB'·ffpre.
&c perf, .trlf~ll{·ilf iut. <S,E!oll<fi'r_·li
otl'lfl:ff~:lSH'.•'c!il;, aor.
~-ij"des.
~!!l: 4 P. ;rrlf<i.:rr'i'r
'<l' to burn, to separate; e?!lllTlffpre ~;qrey
"perf.~i:frfar.i.rn
iut .. 3Wn1Sf~,(~~to separate) aor.
~ 1 U. ~,lit to cover, to sew; E<f!il'iH)pre. ~'<fN', f,iw pe:rt
e!ITTITP. fot, Sfot!'T#ra_, aor .fi.:rra:,
:S.oQ'f!'ei El!Ttt'hrben.1'ir;.:rr
'6"@·6des. Paes.-.fri:rlt pre, Oau.-E<TF-1'<1lff·Fr pre. oi'l!l"SIRU:·
n aor. .fta-p. p,
~ 1 P. to proceed, to paa~J,.Way.,(.ruJtime ), ?loilff pre. '«f!":;f
• pcrf. <iT."ffiT p. fot. mmfr<r. aox.~...~l'ffifdes :i:rf~m p.p.
~ HJ U ... ~~R'1J,<rr: to sweep the way, to go; a'!sii<rl";i' ~;
pre. '31"~m:f:<'iaor.
~ 6 P. ~ ( 1f,e'Tl~ ) to cover,to be gathered,to sink; :ifG@',
pre. a'~lff :tut. :a:rn-ihi:
aor.
~ l P. ~ to sound;~% pre. '1<flllTperf. 31i:ftlfra:,~fllfr<r_.
110:r.

~ 10 U. "!fSf!~ to wound; iil'lf!l:l'lffii"

pre. ~cl'il~·'<!"~
per£. s:fi!l"l'llf('J;-<f
aor.
~ 6 P. iP"qifto cut, to tear, to wound; i~ pre, <i<M" per:f~
~r,:;rarp. fut. a;;r,4Jo:,
81.rii;fi<I_aor. ~,n<(ban, TirtITW-·
~.~~'ii' des,Pass.;;~,i~pre. iol'llfPp, l:f!W"iji!(,:if'a:~nf.
"'
iT 4 A. ~iir to seleot; ~a-pr. ~ft perf, ~;;rnfot, ai~
aor, mw p.p.
pre. ~m fot. ~ !IOI'•
::IT 9 P to olloose;f.rc;mi,ITT!l'ITffi
.fhr.4 P. il~ ~l<l'T ~ to throw, to be ashameil; tf~a' pre.
~ ped. ~ aor.
oar9 P. ~iii"to :_elec~~ go; ~;.m%pre. ~~ :fat. <ll~t!'.
aor. Oau -~<mr-cf pre,

~e:_1 P. ~atr;;ttar '<I'to relate, to suggest, to pr1111e,to hurt;

per£. mm p. fat. 3jli[~ aor. ~
pre. ffli";;r
iif'l.frff
hen. ~~'l'IB' des. Pass.-~l:<fi°ipre. a:r~1taor. ~fw.IT,
,m~ ger. ~ p.p.; with 3ZTA. ~rj to hope, to bless;
~~ pre. ~ffilitrff fat. ~ aor. .:fll'M~·•f!'lrben.
:g:rrfu~fuq'ff
des.
~lfi 4 U «~o'rto endure, to be able; ~rn-'if pre_ ~~m;, ~
perf ~r.l;ITT,?iimfp. fut. iif~lifir-'ff,~imf-ff fut. ~,
a:r~, '°l!iT'maor. ~ffl$"iffi·ff des.
~\Ii' 5 P. ~'ffirto be able, to endure, to l::epowerful; ~ pre.
;;r~ perf. ~ p. fut. at~q_ aor ~ hen. fu~ des.
Paes.-'i!l'f!RI pre. Cau,-~ff-~ pre. ::t'<illilil>\'("ffaor.
~p.p,
~~ 1 A. ~qt to do:ibt, to be afraid; li,fff p:e.m perf.
~r p. fut. ~e ao:r. fu~il" des. m~n p.p.
~ 1 A. ;;;:r;i;r;.rt e.fTT~to speak, to tell; ~:;m pre. llt~ ped 0

al~~aor.
~, 1 P. ffl to deceive, to hurt, to kill, to suffer; to pain;
~@ pre. ~ro perf. mO(lrp. fut. 3'!'li1'o1~, ~ire: aor.
~~ 10 U. ~;'f<f•HllfUT to speak wall or ill, to deceive; ~-
ff pre. ~ol:ffe;l;rn: &c. ped. ~~ p. iut. 3-."'i\"~-n aor.
lltfra'ff
pp.
~:;~ 10 U. 'ilfli~11fr: to leave unfinished. to go; :iirai:rrn-~
pre. i\iloMIStl'i<Ht fot. ~-a- mmr
Aor. p.p.
 130

~ 10 A. ~ to flatter; ~~ pre. ~1;.fir~ fut,

~~off lf!ml'p.p.
aor,
~ 1 P. ~ ll<!"'t
'<l' to give, to go; ~@ pre. ~,mar ped.
lUIIJI~ fut. :al~~, :a:f,mllT"i<l:_
aoJ,
~ 1 P. ( but .A.tm.in conjugational tenses;) !ITT<'l"i'i
to perish, to
decay: ~ pre, ~i<f perf ~T p. :fut. a:!lf!~ 11or.~~TT'l:,
hen. ~1'1:l"fu des. Can.-liffiill1%-~, ( also ~H~lff-ff) pre.
~p.p.
~ l &4 u.
:atrlITT~
to curse, to wear, to blame, ~tr@·ff, ,i'1'=<1m-
a-
pre. ~. ~<t perf. ~'ITT p. fut. :O,:ifTcefre;·'W-if<l"
11or.
~l:lTT<l,lll'=ml'!hen. Pass.-~ pre. Oan.-~Tl:!:rfffi·ff pre.
:a;efmq;i;:-.raor. ~~fir-a- des. lil"ffp P.
~ 10 U. to sound, to call out, to speak; 'ii[~-~ pre. ~~­
~R-~ perf. ~~T p. fut. ,a,{ifi~·n aor. ~~q<I' p.p.
~ 4 P. ~ to grow calm, to put an end to, to stop; ~Mffi
i p:re. ~ perf. li!mclV p, fut. ~lllmI_ aor. '11'f~ hen.
I. Pass.~;er pre. Oau~~r'ff-Ft, ~n:ttmr-~ pre. ~,a- p. P.
~ 10 A. :aflffli'f to look at, to show; ~ff pre. ~r~:qri,.if;
__,,.,, &c. perf. ~mmr p. fut. ~~nia aor. mmrm"'il-ll!it des.
~ 10 U. '<:l'r.t~ to accumulate, to collect togethBr; li)l'iil<:fTff·a"
pre. ~~;:-,;;r~ &c. pelf. ~~- 0 Aor,
~l I P. to go, to injure, to kill; ~.fr%pre. ~ perf.
~~.A.or.
~. 1. P. ~~ to kill; ~ pre.
~ 1 A.~~ ...~: to .hake, to agitate; ~6~ pre. ~~ perf.
~ P. fut. :arey~ .A.or.
~ 1 P. to go, to rnn; ~~ pre. !ITTTra"
perf,
~ 1 A.. ~ to praise, to boast; ~ pre. ~~;:;itper£.
~ 1 P. to go, to approach, to utter; ~<Ira
pre, 1€f~T!iperf.
~,Si~r,mr_Aor.
~ 1 P. F@'l' to leap, to jump;~ pre.~~ perf. ~
~mT<'f11or,
p. fut. :sTIITTlTl<l:,
~ 1 P.~mfli:iTto hurt, to kill;~~ pre. ~,irilf perf. ~.
~Aor,
~~ 1 P.fit'Z'lliri
fa) cut up, to destroy; Wffl!l' pre. ~'lff per£.
~f~nup. fut. ~.fla:, :,,-~rma:
aor. lil'~ p p.
~~ 1 P. i:rrai'
0 to pervade; ~ifflWpre. ~refl-a:Aor.
~I"!:.1 U. ~ij' to sharpen, to whet; ~~hf&-lirpre. ~mf~-
Tff-~ fut. ~r~tefra:, 3!~i::iliRi'e Aor.
~ 1 .A. ~lfr (T~ ~ to teil, to praise, to shine, ~ pre.
~ pert m~,;i;ritfut, ~~ A.or. ~~mmdes.
~roe:_
2 P. :stefzygl'to teach, to inform, to govern, to correct, to
advise; i€Hffifpre. ~~Til:l"perf. ~H%(1"ip. fut. 3!!ffl<I_ aor.
fu~rn_
hen. fumf'~ des. Pass.--~iiff pre. ~'a' p p.
mre?-rr,
f~f ger.
~~ with an .2 A, ~ to expect, to ble,s; :m~'it pre.
3!T~T~ per£. :stfi€Hi6'e
Aor.
~ 5 U. ~, to whet, to sharpen, to excite; fu.:irr'ff,
~ff
pre.~, fu~ ped. ~~@-ff fat, a,~a;, 31"~ Aor.
fuefr~-a-des.
filr~1 .A.~q'l"~Ti'f to learn; ~ pre. fui~;i.t perf. fur~
p. fut. an~'i/reaor. ~ des.~~ p. p.
~ l P, to go; • pre, ~~ pert ~~Q'ffi fut. :smiFl
~1
aor.
P. a,ymut
~ra:.A.or.
to smell;~ pre. "'<f
ped. mf<iiH.? fut.

~ 2 .A..~~ to tinkle, to jingle; fui pre. ~m

Aor.
~ 1 P, si~ to disregard;~ pre. fu~ perf. (o!"~iffilAor.
~ 1 P. mmrl'to hurt, to kill; ~6' pre. ~ perf. ~~~
fut. <Rfu~.A.or.( According to some this ia f:!et; i!Ni'IT,
~~a", ~iffa: &e. )
m 1 P. & 10 U. to leave a :residue(with f.t,to excel;:smt~.)i
 t'.!_ffl,~~fl,::'a'p.;:e. ~tllf, ~T?a~flC·'<if~ &c. ped.
:a;-rm~~nAor.
<Rf~a/f<:l,
~ 7 P. fet~urto leave, to distinguish from others; ~1%
pre. fu~ perf. ~r p. fut. '3'!f~'l"il: aor. ~ ban.
fufui;a-@
des. Cau -~~@-el pre. ~ p. p,
ltr 2 A, ~~ to lie down, to sleep; ~ pre. 1~1{il"ped. ~ p.
fat. at~~ aor ;[l"IQ"'lff'<!
hen. fu~IQ"'l"ff
des. Pass.~!f'it
pre. :a:r~rf<i-
aor. Cau.-~m-~ pre. ~~ p. p
;effii:1 A.~ to sprinkle, to move gently; Qf!,F,ijpre. ~efl~
perf. l>!"liTT{~,g
Aor.
~~ l P. & 10 U, ~~ to be angry; ( 10 U. ifl"TT<l'T '<l') cfim
'ffl"iil>m~-1f
to speak, to shine; ~<!i'ffi, pre, fuliT1;i;,~T!j;<l'F-af•
,f;l"'(•'<:TWperf.

~!'1;.1 A. "!i<'li~ to speak, to communicate; lil'hrif pre. f~;eft'it

perf. ,a:refyfm! Aor.
:i!T;;:
1 P. ,;r;rr,;:i-r
to contemplate; ~I~ pre. fuefrtl'Jperf. ml'W<ir
p. fut. ~&ra: aor.
~~ 10 U. :sitl:rr,l'.iitto study, to exercise, to honour, to visit;
~~lt~-a-pre. ;_lT~lTT~~-:;r'6' perf. ~raT~<lT p. fut.
~~-ff aor. ~~l~l:ff1Mf des.
~ 1 P. to go, to move; Jmffipre. ~f:j; perf. zj'r~ p. fut.
ai~r~aor.
~~ 1 P. zjtii';-to bewail, to grieve for, to :regret; ~r'<l'ffi"
pre.
~ perf. $f'slffT p. fut. ~~~ aor. ~~RM'@,i/Wl'-
l"i"lffi ,les. ~N'!i, ~)f.i.r<r
p. p.
~ 4 U. '{lfrm~( ~l) to be wet, to ba a:ffi1cted;~m'€f-il"pre.
~'<if,
...._,...,,
~~ ped. -
~f~ITT p. fut. ,,,..,..,,,,.,,.,
""{!:S:;"'11'J.,,
'3'f~r.if'"'
"""
~'ii'i!: aor, ~r"1ffi' p. p.
~ I P. ~,rr,ri'~~~ to bathe, to distil to chum to
press; ~o
~
pre.~~ ped. ~@: Aor.
'
~ 1 P. to resist, to be lame, to be impeded; llfur/a"
pre.~
imr1tm-
p. M . .:i-~ aor.
~ 10 U. a.fi®"~ to be idle, to be !azyi lITTo'lfm'-ij
pre, ~?ii~
perf. a1i~-a: .Aor,
if.>Tf.-"ol'§li .
~ 1 P. ( see m._
above), ~€Ta:. A.or.
~l P.& 10 U. ~~ to dry, to purify;~, ~I.lo~@-~ pre.
~, ~llo~~-,;;m;perf.
~~ 4 P. ;ITT~to be pure, to have the doubts removed; ~~
pre. ~'if perf. lil~f p fo.t. ~a:_ aor. Pass.-~t,' pre.
3'1~1T~aor. Oau,-~'ol<r@-ff pre. '31~-ff aor. ~
des. lB"~p. p,
~ 6 P, to go, to move; ;giffitpre. ~ perf. a:r.f!~ .A.or.
~l P. ~~r & 10 U. ~"fur
~l:Nfff·ff pre, ~""1", ~lif<li',ijffl-~
to purify, to dear, ~,
per:f, ~@:,
~~<J::n .A.or.g~ff p p.
i!J~ l .A, {ratto shine, to be happy; ~l'@' pre. ~ per:f. ~-
fihl'Tp. fut. sr~lfa:,at'lfr~aor. gwm, ~r~ des.
~. ~ 1 P, o!M'GT, ~ef.'.tft:eT<li
'e;' to speak, to shrne, to hurt;
zjt~, w-i:rm
pre. g~, gwtr perf wr~, Wll&mt
fut. ~'lfui:
:a:r~r1t'ra:, Aor. ~, ~¥re', ~llff p. p.
~ 6 P. zjt.rrtri'to shrne, to be splendid; g.mr pre. gfi:@ p, p.
g.r<i_pre p. ( also ~)

~~10 U. to gain, to pay, to forsake; ~-ii

a'l1%~q-~it
pre. ~~eiil'l:·~ perf. 31"~~-;::r 11.or.
~ ( ~) to measure, to produce; ~i!(~)<!'ffi'·fl' Pre,
10 U. l>ITiil"
~ 4 P. ~ to dry up, to be dried, to be afflicted; l[JQ.l'Tij"
pre. ~~ perf. ~ p. fut a:!'if:!~<l
aor. Cau.-~~-ff
' pre. ~~i'I' Aor. gg~ dea. ~ p. p.
~ 4 .A..ij;a-r«i~<Tt: to strike, to be firm;~ pre. ~ ped.
A.or.~ p. p.
'S'!i?ITT?:
134

?/13:10 A. ~'t to act as the hero, to make great exertions;

~ff pre. ~ perf. ~ .A.or,~'ii!<Rillffl des,
~ 10 U. ;rf.t to mea■U?e; ~-ff pre, ~'licffl•'<f~ perf..
~nAor.
~~ 1 P. ~ 'i:l' to
i'ioTI<l'T be ill, to oollect; ~a' pre. ~
perf.~Aor.
~ 1 P. sm'il'to produce. to bring forth; ~!ff pre, Rl'f perf.
$.N.. l A. ~~;;~ ( but it is also Parasmaipadi in the 2nd
future, aorist & condhional) to break wind downwards;
rill' pze. ~ peri ~~T p. fut ~' ~~ff fut.
~' ~ aor. ~lajffl~, ~wm'a'des.~ p. p.
l5J't_1 U. ~ to be wet or moist; ~-.mi'-ft'
p:re. ~~-a-
fut,
~,~Aor.
i!'i{ l P. 10 U. qg;r to mock at, to Iidicule; ~, fflfff•a'
pre. a:r~a:, ~\lQ:-if, ~-ff Aor,
to tear to pieces, to hurt, to kill; ~ pre.
I:SS ~
9 P. fi;emrt
per:f. ~r, ~Uffi p. fut. ~ aor. ~lff,
~~{1"1@,~des.Pass.-~ pre,~ p. p.
~ 1 P. to go, to tremble; ~ff pre.~ perf ~mp fut.
~.A.or.
~ 1 A. ~it to serve; ~ pre. ( See ~).
t 1 P. 'ITS'
to cook;~ pre.~ fut. a:mrnhr..A.or.
~ 4 P. ~ to sharpen, to make thin; ~ pre. ~T perf.
~ p. fut.~,~ aor. q;_:i-fitdee. Pass.~
pre. Oau,-~"fl' pre. ~, ~i'I' p. p.
~
~ 1 P. ifllmei:rr:
to become red, to go; ~IIJltff
pre. fflfftlfperf.
~Aor.
~ ( ~) 1 P. iii to be proud or haughty; Q(;r)@ pre.
~fut.~~aor.
~ 1 P. ~ to ooze, to trickle;~ pre. ~ pert. ~Ttffill'
p, fut.~.~ aor. ·• ~ff p. p.
 Dn':ruxosu. 135

sia~ 1 P, to ooze, to scatter ~ pre, ( See the above root).

~ P, ~ to wink, to contract the eyelids; ~ pre,
ro•
perf •.~a:_
~ 1 A. to go,
Aor.
to dry up, to congratulate; ~a' pre. ~
perf, ~m aor. ~r,;, ~;r, ~ p, p
p, fut. 3:rfi<!'ffif
~ 1 A to go, to creep; ~ pre ~Jrj: perf. ~ Aor
~ 1 P. to go, to move; qfa- pre.~ perf.
~ 1 P. & 10 U. ~if ( generally with f.r) to give, te bestow;
!A111'frt,
!JTIIITTl'llf-ii' perf. a:r;ruf@:
pre. ~IIT, 3f1Ul~l{!li.fll'(·'<l?fi
~--a-
~r!llra:, a:r~Wtrlil:;"n, Aor.
!IN._ 1 P. injure, to kill: ~ pre.
ij~rm- to ~IQ' perf.
mt'4Ta:,
S(!j!'Nfa:_Aor,
mrt!IT
~ 1 P. & 10 U. iiWl'GI' ~ to hberate, to release, to
kill; If~, m~fif-fi" pre. ~'llT!Q'. ~r~~ perf.
~r~, a:rm~~,Sl~n Aor
~ 10 U. ~c:it to be weak; ~-a- pre. 3f'INT{!('-fITT'-'lJTS
perf. !ll'lll~(II p, fut, a:r~-l'f aor.
!Jl""~l A. m~to be loose,~ pre.~ perf. ~ a.or.
~9 P. fq;i):;;r.:rllfflg'oi;:rr:
to loosen, to delight, to arrange;
31T,Jrni'pre ~!Jli'!Q', iN perf, ~?.Tni p. fut. at~
aor. 1~1'11::'-ro'a'
des.
~1 P. & 10 U. !l'P!Q'~i to compose a work; ~ffi", ~if-
tir-a-
pre.
~ i~ '!ll' to take pains, to mortify, to be fatigued;
4 P, ai:rri
~ pre ~fir perf. imitar p. fut, ~I«( aor. ~ p. p.
!j!'r;rlqf,;tfi'«IT ger
lJl'R!:1 A !I'~ to be careless, to err; ~ff pre. ~ perf,
~~T p. fut, ~'11"2: aor. ~ p. p,
~r 2 P. qrij; to cook, to dress; lfrnl'pre. ~ perf. ~ p.
fut. ~ aor. Oau.~~ pre,~,~ p. p.
 8ANSK11l'.l:GRAMMAR,

'M 1 U. ~;il<!'f to cling to, to depend. upon; ~€1@-~ pre.

fur~
r~..rr:r, perf. m'"itrrr
p. fat, ~tr<(:'o aor. ~a:,
fum~-a- des•. Pass.-mtrn pre.
mq,fr'!!' ban.~t\'11'11-ff,
~!TQ' e.or. Oau.~r:ri:n'if-a- pre. m~tl'<l:_•ti aor, &inp. p.
~,: 1 P. tni to burn; ~mpre, ~<If perf. in'ira'f
p. fut, ~-
,q'ra:_
Aor.
m 9 U. '<'T~ to cook, to dress, to boil; mcrrrrn,
~rofri=/
pre,
fumll',~tf perf. ~l'ITp. fat. ~'TT<!:,
at~ aor. ~fr-
a
'4ffi des. ma-
p. p.
( I! 1 P. m..-iit
to hear, to opey; '5JllTTffi
pre. ~<I' per£. llllfil
p. fut. ~m<fri
~;;_ ben.~~il!ff des. Pass-lll:q~ pre.
~!l'i<I.
~-aor. a:iw:i:r;:ra:·o
Oau.-ffl<f<if~-a-pre, :o.T~'1'<r_·ti, aor.
~P·P·
~m
i 1 P. qiii; to cook; m!l"@pre. per£. ..rrnTP.fut '.:,{fflirn:,
aor. m.na:_,WT!o:,,
hen.
llTI'!Jl.1 to col!eDt,to be collected;ffllllffipre. ~!J.Ttllf
P, ~'effff perf.
~fl A. to go, bmove; <\~ltpre.~~perf, "1i'.\~~ Aor.
~~1 A. to go, to move; ~Wffpre. ,Ji'.\~t- per£.
'$i''!_ 1 P. ft.rn:rrto hurt, to be loose; <\til'~ffpre. ~~<ill~ perf.
:,,~ii'ra:,a,~~ Aor.
~~l P. otrrITT to pervade; <\~HelTil'
pre. ~rof ped. 3'1'':';(!Ji·
«'i1l:,Aor.
~1 A. <fl'~ to praise, to flatter, to boast of; ":'i~l'E@'
pre.
~~ perf. ~rl'iraT P. fut a.'!<i~IT~'a'
aor. fuwl'IT'?rt~
des.
~P-P•
~ 1 P. ~ to bum; wimrpre fu~q perf, '!l~q"ffip. fut.
~ Aor, T~tir'!!' p. p. ~ffl«TT,":';Eisfi°,!!T,
~~'!fT ger.
~~4 P. <lU~'ifl;tto embrace,to cling to, to join, ~~111l"@'
pre.
fu~ perf. ~ p. fut. an';~ll'fo'.( to emb;ace ), ~~<!.
( in any other sense ) Aor fur~ra des. ~'l!' p. p.
·'W~10 'Q'.~ to embrace; ~ra-°ff pze. ~r.l.~-cl' aor.
 D:EU.'TUKOSHA,

~'11 1 A ~effff to compose in v~rse, to acquire; zj)~ pre.

perf. a:tzj'l~,g ,A.or. ~~ll!ff
~%1111; cfas
sgray_
1 P. 'lif~ffto heap together; ,;;frill&pre. a!?i;Till!
petf, a:r.tj'r-
OT@'.
Aor.
~ 1 A. to go, to move; ~ff pre. ~"Illperf,
~ l A. to go, to be opened; 'liil"'fff, ~~ pre. ey~, 1:ii~
perf, a:f",n~ir,~l~ Aor,
to leave nnfiohhec, to go; "~t.n'iT-'ii
"<l:;;~10 U. a:t~~:l:i"l<:l1'1l:IT- pre.
&r. perf 'lllofq~if-f!
"il'fe<l"T?.if%S'H·i1fi fut, m~-1"! Aor.
( Also ~u~) ·
11;!~, 10 U, 'i:l""l:fl'!':f~G"rirto speak weli or "ii~lff·ff pre.
~e•H~ef\'R•'o!'ii&c. perf. 'il'l"~"i!O<l;~Aor.
"il''!ii~1 U. to go, to make a hole; 'll-sr<riff·a-
pre. •1r!:f<tl'<a/$'H·~·
perf.
~fft 1 P. :a:irg:iri:r~to run; ~ff pre. ~'IU~ perf. "i!~1H p. fut,
et"m~a: aor.
~ii 10 U. o:rfhnl!!"iit
to tell, ~lff-~ pre. "i!~trl~!f.H-'iEf~,&o.
pref. ~~~-11' Aor.
"i!ij~l P. 31rg~;f.tto run;~ pre. ~\,i perf. a:t•,rnfra:_
A.o:r.
"ii~ 2 P. ~Tll'!;tto breathe, to sigh, to hiss; 'la~ pre, ~"<lfs'i
perf. ""l"RfflT p. fut. a~ aor. ~s>qr.!{~ des. ''•n'%Fr
( but
<ll'f:>qffl) p. p.
fi¾ 1 P. tr@~~,;r): to go, to swell, to increase; 'le!<l'l'& pre. lg~
or f~'lilri:t per:f. ,,~-fihn p. fut. Sf"iln_,a:i"<l<fln:,
~~ aor•
ben. l~ff
'?!_<l"l<I_
.......... ,...d es. p!ss.-~ ' pre. aRTi!f,.._am:.
Oan.-"i!r<!<l"fff
~- .._ ,, _,,.;,••l
~~
a-pre. a:ifu~?ffl:_-~, ~e:rn:_·ilf aor. ~ p. P.
"'lfil<<TT, s!'~!f ger.
fl,;ra:_
1 A. cl'UTto become whitej ~ff pre, ~~1'!' perf. ~a"ilrp.
fut, at~, atPilffi'e Aor.
 138

· Pll~ 1 A. ~1q to becomewhite; Pil•~'i{

pre. fuAA ped. :.:if~-
l~1: Aor.

re-~
1 & 4 P. f.l..:;_:;ii'
to spit, to sputter; ir<r,'ff, pre. ra~,
it-l':IIB
m perf. l~r p. fut. ~ aor. ~ra:: hen fifa-r'iJ-q-r'ff,
i;!~ma-,li'il'.!J9~des. Cau.-mfei'-'ffpre. 8""'l_n p. p.
~~~ 1 .A. to go, to move; ,;;i~ff pre. i:itSl'tir;ped, lloi'ifm p. fut.
3lt~~i: aor.

~Hr 1 P. ~~~ to cover; ~a-pre. ;_:;m,;q-rn

fot. 31':ffillf(Aor.
~ 5P to kill; ~mnfpre. a:r~'<l'Ta::,
mITl.i'T a:rm'efra:_
Aor.
pre. ~tna:-a- Aor.
~O: 10 U. ~::rr.r&tto invite; <:1t1rinfi-'a'
~ 10 A. ~~ to fight; .n:TfWl'ff
pre. '-'f!ff+fl<l'tQ'fffut.
i$'1«:a!!Ti:rcr
Aor.
~~ 1 A. ffl ~1f '<I"to sprmkle, to serve; ~FI' pre, :a-Rft!fa"
'3\"ffi'a' .A.or•
._at'~ 1 U. ~ to be collected;<:l"il'ffi-ff an;1~,
pre, Sl'S''"l'f6::,
~'lllOI,

~~ 1 P. '8'W"to embrace, to cling to, to fasten; ~ffi' pre.

~ perf. ~r p. fut, :amy~ aor, 'l;l':..rra:
hen. Pass.-
'ijil'lffl"
pre. ~1,;r a.or. IJm p. p,
to be a limb or pa.rt of; ~@ pre. a:r~a:_,
~a:_1 P. :avJ-.f.i :3HITs
;fuj:.Aor.
~t 10 U. ~ll'T to kill, to be strong, to dwell, to give; 'l'l'l!.Tffi•
a-pre. ~q-r~n:-~it per£. :t'l'~1!',n
p. fut. anr<:1ii!_·o
aor.
~ 10 U. to finish, to adorn, to go, to leave unfinished;-~lo<l'Tff
·a-pre, :m-a,rr~11m:-~ p. M. 3'\"tfh.=ra-a:-cr
perf ~fol'Q't'IT 11or.
 to extend; ~<l'a
~;x_10 A. ~ffli<fl'l.TT pre. ~tm' fa;,~-
'l'l:ffl' &Or.

•~ 6 P. ~"1"1<!<1~ to break, to go, to sink down, to

decay, to be languid; ffiq@ pre. ~ per£. ~r p. fut.
~~ aor. :i.;IQ'm;ben. ffl'l'~fldes. Pass-ijsia- pre. Oan.-
~tl'ffl" ~ pre, afffl~<l_--o
aor• ._:,-iii"
p. p.
tl<( 10 U, to go; m~-a-pre, &J~~-a- Aor. ~~'Wf-1\"
des.

~r
~ 1 P.
~;:rrra,
:i.;~ pre 'ITT3T.r, perf. * •r
to divide & 8 u. ~ to give, to WO?ship; ~'
p. fut. m;r-
;JW!ti ( 8) a.or, firaf.{qfif,fu•m=tfu-,
.flc(, ~;;fi?I_, '"1'8"f-i'i!',
fu,f.l'1'f1\'·N,RMT~-Fr des, Pass.~~, ~T!l'a'pre. '6'~
( 1 ) ~mr( s) p. p.
pre, ~m-rperf. ~fc@i'p. fut.
1 P. 'mi"ll~ to connect, ~!.ffff
:i.;q__
&HJT<frn:.
-3'HTITTQ°__, aor.
~i;j'.'10 U. sft@~lTT:to serve, to honour, to gratify; ~:si--
'Q'!%-ff
pre. :al'~Mll:_-it Aor,
'61'!:1 P. ~ to be confused; ~:i:rr~ pre. ffllm perf. ~l'<J:
Aor.
{'ill; 4 P. ~f{ouicrto be transformed; ._:r;:ir@'
pre. ~m perf.
a:r!Ji:{6:
A.or.
~~ 1 P. ~.r,:'<f.rto be connecbed,~if@ pre, ~ per( '8'~!
p. fut. a,:a,:afu(a.or.
'ij1'l!_10 U, to collect; ((;Kfl!'ffi·ff pre. '6'l';fl:TT~i!i''R'·~ perf.
Ao:r.
3'1l:r'l:fi'<TO:·n
~:u 1 .A..to go to move; ~ff pre. ~~~ perf.
;:t"~ 1 P. :i.i:;fif
~o gain, to earn by labour; ~iff pre. m per:f.
'l'ffflnT
p, fut. ~'liili. aor.
~ 1 P. to go, to move;~ii@pre. <;{'(1{~ fut. al~•{@: A.or.
 140

~t 1 P. ;rm
~,;;-to go, to hurt, to kill; ,=,i(ffpre. m perf.
~ to go, to move; 'lff~l<fpre. ~<tir<i'Jpert a:imii5i<I:
A.or,
~ 2 P. m to sleep ; m~npre. ~ffi per£. ( Vemc ).
~ 1 U. :rmlto go, to become ready; 'l'!":;;;;ra-'a"
pre. ,:,<;1~ ped.
~al p. fot. :a:ftj:sfici:,sief~ aor. Rt~1~·!!!·{~-?!'
des.
~ 1A ;;r~ur
..
~o suffer, to allow, to forbear; ~ff pre. ~l
perf. '8"mrf,;irrnrP. fut. m1llll"'ii"
fut a:imi'l!:
aor. :;;r~
hen. T~~ des Can.-m~'iHt pre. 3Tfflll!l"<l;-o" aor.
re'<:!Ts~&-'tt-des. ~ p. p.
~~ 4 P. ~ITT
to be pleased, to endure; 'l'fWl°%pre. 11:l'eTiper£.
:awn,
'mGTp. fut. ~ Aor. ffi;':l~la" des. '6~ p. p,
~ 1 P. 10 U. ~ to forbear; ~sfif, pre. ~
'61s<!r<r·'a"
~'is<!_-l'! Aor. 1:l"f~,
'6~ p. P.
:;;r,:r,_
5 P. m~rto finish, to accomplish; ;:m,.;rr'if
pre. ~~N" perf.
~ P,:.__fut. m~rafut. :a:i;;rr~a:,
aor. Cao. '6m,'ff-a-pre.
rnwmodes •
.J~ 10 U. ~)it fo appease, to comfort, to soothe; ~~­
<ITn-ffpre. m;:;;;:;.rr~T's-'<1~ &c perf. m;;,n~11T p. fut.,
~!'•~-;; ~~fi:i'~?i-a- des. mf.:;;ra-
aor. p. p.
18"'!;;:
1 O U. 'li~<fll~ to conciliate; <:ln:rtl"ffi•fi
pre, an1.rmil_·o
Aor. Im'fn:r{r.rm-it des.

10 U. 'i:tf.wr
18""A'. to ba weak; '<'fn:m'ff-~
pre. ~~mi:_-;r .A.or.

fir 5 & 9 U. ~ to bind, to tie; fumra,

~ff, fwin'if, re.fr"if
~ ped. ~ p, fut. amqra:,
pre. fflqi"Q", 3R'f'!"
aor. :i:ntrra:_;.
~ ben. fwfrarn·il'des. Pasa-~'hlit pre. l~o, re-;r
p. p.
~ 6 U. ~ to sprinkle, to water, to pour in, to impregnate,
~-N pre. ~, T~"Rrpe:rf.~T p. fut. t~-11"fut.
 D!L!.'TUKOSll:il.. 111

;ajfu~a-, <>l~m Mr. ~f'l.', ben.

des. Pass.-fu;;tia- pre_ 'iliffl;;;f aor. Oe.u-~-FI' p:re.
~$p.p,
ffie:~
1 P. to
:ar.TTi:[~ disregard, to
<Pi~lq_
Aw
m~1 P. to go, to drive off: ~'.ITT{pm fu'Er'ii
per!. i'i-11:TI'fr
?. fot,
sr~l:f@:aor ffl•~ ben Oan.-;r~-ff Jm. ~<r-::N'f
aor. mfu-f~rn, fu~Nqf.rdes ~ p. p. fl'l'fi.r,;;;. iim''T<H-
"IB~e<IT
ger. ·
l P ~ffl mr,;it
fu1!_ 'el" to ordain. to command, to turn out
ausp1cwusly; R,"q-..,( f(,~f~-~.fu~ 2nd srng. ) per:f. ~rmrr.
~;irf p, fut. :s:ffl'lfra::, ~1m-a:
(
"l'fl"Rf'<!r.r. ~fi,;,.M duar)
aor. T~r~ff,fur%,;:r1%, ~1~11" des.
1~, 4 P. m1~) to reaeb, to attain one's end, to snoceed, to ac~
~~ph~; fuwrf!pre ~er ,!:8;f~T :!:_ :1"t.
a,f~r'ifa:_aor.
T~1;:rn; des. Oan.-m~rn-o ( 'tf'<T<l'i1Nfto cau!e one to
ascertam ).
~ 1 P. ~1, to wet; re;;;.i'i, pre. raf~ per£. mi~or p. fut.
a:r('._,,.;fq
IIOl'.

fu;;_:
4 P. 0 ~f.t to sew. to write, to join; ~ pre. ~"
perf. ~tr'i:rffT aor. ~H':( ban. Pass.-'tf~
p. fut. :a:ii:l"of@:
11re.~io p. p ~~reTi, ~~ ge:r•
..ff'/fi
l A.~~ to sprinkle, to go, to move; ~ pre. fuq';'ij:;-
ped. :mf%or p. fut. "1-efTT7j;,g
aor.
l P. sr~l~: to permit, to prosper; ..=rt11'if
pre. ~ffl perf.
p. fut. almli!T<l,:s:rmi:fia:.
<Eil"t!T aor. ~'!l'<lff-~ des.
~ 2 P. !:!'ll~<llif: to allow, to possess powe:r or supremacy;
pre. ~ perf, ~Tfilp. fut. atmifr<r.
fflffl' aor.
to sprinkle, to pour ont, t()e
5 U. ~;;q;;q'1~t<l'Ti'l'~T~~::rf.fl!J:
bathe, to press out juice, to distil; ~.rrrn,
~ pre. ~i:mr,
~~ perf, mm p. fut. at'llr<fra:,Siffl'lr aor. ~a:, ~"T!!bm.
H. S. G. 45
 142

' ,._ 0 ,..,...

~-a- des. PB.Ss.-~ pre. ~<i aor. au.-~~a--er
pre. ~<i!o'.·ff aor.
~' 10 U. 'iH~i~•Wlf to make happy; i;il'J1ITiHi'
pre.
~- 10 u. S!rim
to oespise; li[!<t'iHr
pre.
~ 1 & o P. ~~1: to speak, to hurt; ~rm%,~ilntpre.
~ .A.or.Als1 ~ l & 6 P.
ti:_ 2 & 4 A. mfur~feim..,.;r
to bring forth, to produce;~.
~ pre. ~ perf, .fra-r, MT p. fut. anr'ro:,~ aor.
ffl!'e, efq{r-a-
ben. l!~ des. Pass.-\Il.111'pre. Sf~ aor.
Can.-ml:f<rffi·~pre. ~-ff aor. 'tl:cl'( 2 ), 'l!;J( 4) p, p.
pre. :e-f?r~'ir
t!'. 6 P. ~ to excite,to impel; !i<IT11" fut. ~
A.or.
~ Hi U. ~ to point out, to betray; to indicate by gesture,
to trace out; ~-a-
pre. i,r~~-~ ped. ~
p. fut. ~~- 0 aor. ~"irlll'rn·a-
des, ef'<l'ffp. p,
~ 10 U. ara';r
to string,
to write in the form of a concise
rcle, to plan, to unbind; ~m-~
pre ~ll'rl=!'r~ per.f.
'!til"~T P. f.i:t.~ff aor.
~ l A. ~rir to strike, to polU' out, to deposit, to destroy;
~ pre. ~ perf. u;~;rr p. fut. ~~~ aor. ij00ff da.
Oan.~-'a- pre. ~ff aor.
~ 10 U. ~-;:iitto incite, to strike, to cook, to dress, to pour
out, to promise; ~m-ffpre. ~m-'<.f'tfi pert ~
p. fat. ~-a- ao:r.~ p. p.
~ii 1 P. :a:ir~ to respe1t, to disregard; ~~ pre. I.!~ pen.
~Mmp. fat.~ A.or.
~ 3 ( Vedie ) & 1 P. to go, to rnn; ffi:iffi,~'a' ( "tTI<f@'be
.-., Xlllli ; pre. 'lHU, per£. rn
p. :fut, ~ ( 3 P. ), at~a:_
hen. ro,:11.fia
( l P.) aor. fi;p:rr,r_ des. Oau.-m~'if-~ prt-.
~ 4 t...N<lii to let loose, to send :forth; ~il'!l'ff pre. ~~ fut.
a:fll'cAor. Rl;:refiidea
 148

~ 6 P. ~ to create, to let loo,e, to shedi ~zj% pre. m

fut. 1lTiiITT:T~
perf. mi P. :fut.'6l"a-in'ff 11.or.~:;:;mi: ben. IBia·
~rn des. ~~ p p. m+:tinf.
'ii'{ 1 P· 'liITT prA, .. ~ ·pet£. '1lll, :i;i-qrp,
to creep, t;go; '1:l'ifij-
:fut ~tri!_ aor. ~t:Q"rn:_ben. ~et,@ des. Ca.u.~-a-
pre. ~~-a-, ~r-rrn:_- 0 aor. :a;trp,p, ·
~, q'.~ to kill, to injure; 's:firnr.
l P. ijID<TT l;!J'lffi'I'
pre. m,
~!Cl'f ped. ~lTI'q_,si~~ .A.or. ,
~ 1 .A..to go, to mo'f'e; ff?{ pre. re~ perf. ~1%mp. fut.
:.Tffi~aor.
~ l P. to go, to move, ~ff pre.~ peri. p, fut. a,e--
lEfim!T
aor.
i'iJT<I_
~ l A. ~if to serve, to pursue, to enjoy; i:.r'itpre mitperf.
~~ff fut. 3'1'€ir<r!!
aor. ~'ffi des. Cau.-~-ff
a.or.~'fEii:i
pre. '"1IB'fSl6:-tl p,p.
:ir l P. ~ to waste away, to decline; m<lfflpre, il:TT~ fot.
'"1ij'fmq_Aor.
,ffl' 4 P ~~;ffar to destroy, to bring to an end-; ~ff pre.
peri. ~m!Tp. fut. a:fffi<l,~a:
~Fi3T aor ~re:ben. ~-
·~@ des. Pass.-~a- pre. Oan.-ffl!ltmf·ff pre. fun p. p,
-~ 1P ;rra~~ir: to go, to jump, to be dried, to perish;
le~ pre. ~~ perf. IE$i'WTp. fut. '5,~<IS~, ~~G"ra:.
aor. ~ hen. ~~1\1IB"des. Pass.~ pre. Oau,-.:
~~-ff pre. ar~~o aor. ~ p.p.
~10 U. to collect; ~~-a- pre. ~1:TQ'T~oi;T~-~ IJerf.
~~.... l A. ~-r;,,f.t to stop; ~i:iit pre. 'ol'!i$1=liper:f.
~'11!° aor.
-~;.,: 5, 9 P -CT'<T.ffi'll'llif<TT•
to create, to }under, to restrain;
11:i;..um,
~ra pre. 'q~•l'f perf. m1irnr p, fut. ~~elo'ltt{_,
~nfy<r_a.or.~~!11'3:ben. ~'Q' p.p.
5 & 9. U. :an'5fqUTto go by leaps, to approach, to cover, to
.lift; ~Ira, ~fi, ~iifrrn, ~.ira pre. ~r,r, ~~~ perf.
mnr p. fut,~~, ar~ra a.or.~i'ill"ff des,
 144 SANSKRI'.r GRAMMAR.

=~ 1 .A, ">fl!!"<M'to jump,

'<it .,_ ~
to lift up; ~f~ pre. :i!~J;;:~
perf. a,;~y~ Aor.
'€~ 5 & 9 P. :fr<l~ 'iflrUT
'oi' to stop, to hold; ~pi'frfn,~i-iT@
pre ~HIT<!',_ aor.
,~ 1 A P-fllT':flli
to rout, to cut, to destroyi t'l<raJfpre. ~~~
perf ~~ttrff fut. 3'.!~is'~ aor.
'«~ l P· ~;f.; to move; to totter, to err; ~fu pre, '<fOO~
parf.~e"iiTP• fot miJntfui:_aor,~"78' des.~l,.<f~p. p,
~~ 1 P. ~ to resist, to str:ke pre, a~or<l:i
ag111mt;~1'1'~11't
:amrr1!frl!_
perf. wfil;ar p fut aor.
~'I!_ 1 P. ~;;-,or pre, ~m~rn:
to cover, ~n-rfii" M all.'<iiTTO::
Aor,
~ 1P ~~ to sound, to thunder, to ,igh; ,11;;rn pre. n~nTif
perf ~nlirnT
p, :fut. amr,:fto;,
S'f{or.fra_
aor MffiR'1@ des.
Cau.-,a,:ima-a
pre
'Rf'l'.10 U ~ to thunder; m,;;:fiHrpre. ~ii'i'!!l'G'<l'i:!i'R·'<!"~
ped. 3«1:~~.V0:,-11"
aor.
~ 1 P. of.i~ not to he confused or weak; ~@ pre.
cffi!fi'f perl. 3\~i'f;:f.~ Aor.

w.:l[_ 1• .A. J:J@q;:'if;:\'

to make immovable, to support, to stop;
~ pre. <rol~ per£. ffl~T p. fut. :W:ffi~e' aor. ffmt-
~ des.

l:11:~ 5 & 9 P. U'il"i=f\"!RIii'l:\'to stop, to fix firmly, to support;

ffl"'IU@", pre. 1'1~ perf, ~if{;l«ff p. fut, S!rnita:,
~l'l'.i!Tfff
~ma: aor. m~ ben. ra~f.:+l""!rn des. Pass.-~('li:+i:r?r
pre. Oau.-~i:m:r(if-a- pre. ~i\T pp fflfi:it1<1r, ~i'lo\:.,if ger.

fuiq:_l.A.~ to drip, to drop; ti\"q'itpre. r1if%q-

perf alfllfci"e
f?mr~ des.
ao1. @1~1<1-ra,
ffi11i
or i@1ll'.4 P. ani;TlT!iir
to brnome wet, to be~ome fi:s:€d•
ffill'lmf,
~T+llffi"pre, T°ffii:r,
la'i'n:fperf. fi=rf"ll<fTff,
~a°Tmt~
fut. ~a:, a:i~n'hful: Aor.
 D:s:A'TUEOSJH .•

~ 2 U. ~g;;:1"'\-
to praise, to extol, to wor,bip by !:::_rn:ms:
:::&::2~"',,.., ... I'\"'-,. ... " .... .I! ..... -
pre, lj;a'f'=!,i;!~ pen. ffi:ral' p 1u,. ;m,;,;,1l'l:
,«-.Hii, "Qti"-1:(%'-!IB'
-afut. :SH('l"T<TTi:!'..,
"'ffflr'e aor ~l.Tm'.,~,f,,g: ban. ry;-~'irlt-ff
des, Pass -~l.Tffpre -,:rfl'll'f.iaGr Oau --ITT!fl.T@·f.ipre.
aor. lif!n p,p
"11J'e'if6:_·l:f

to stop, to suppress; ~irr¥ra-

~i'!~1 A ~11'.i:r p1e ii'ei;i
f.rl:!Aor ~•m ger.
~[n1'1el'T,

'~Wll '5 & 9 P U'oi"if

't'!'Rcrf
"f b stop, to expel, to
•i!'i'iiTTff
pre, ggi'¥r perf 3'.f~ITT(! Aor.

'«(~ 4 P. & 10 U. "g~r:it to heap up, to erect; 'l'lic-q(a-,

~i!_<ljl:!"IT!·
i'1pre. g;~q-, &c. perf. :if~c{fra_,
~1!_11<if~:j;R•'ol'$' ;,~q-a:_-;:raor
~,r 5 U. ~~~ to co"9er;~ri'rrrn, ~iii!Iffpre amr;,i'H1r-'perf.
3'!~1iR'2:, ~ aor ffi'-TT~
fffi!T p. fut. 3'1fflTaifo:_, ~crf~,tW-
li!T'!ben IB~ffl'iTff-ffdes. Pass,--;;~i't pre Oau.7',m:~fiHr
pre.
~ l P. to go, to move;"'!>.:ifflpre a~;:r&
perf_ ~efl1l aor.
pre. <'!~:'ff
~ 6 P. m;ri:r1;i:to strike, to kill; ~i!&T~ perf ~nil'ff
- ~i!if p fut 8ift'm6:_, aor ~~i:r1a, @fi~
'3Hqa:ra:_ des.
Oau.-~~~@~ pre. Birl'tf!ia:_- 0 , a:r@~q~-1'!'Aor

~ 9 U. am~ to spread, to cover; ~ll'IITff,

~8.:0Tffi'
pre. ffiff!.:
~rn'h:rr
o~n<perf 'ffif.:or, ~fu.'.
p. fnt. :s:rmfia:, :ai-fflft12:,
:,mfriaor, fflT!Tlo_'
~«fNi'a',
wr(i,r ben Pd.SS -~r,t?{ pre.
ffmr~r%-~des.
-'f~<3:l O U. =,i)ir to steal; ~ff•fl::fIB'·ff
pre ffl,fl!P-a~~-'lffl, perf. a:rfef-
~ - tff<i<i:·ff aor.
to ooze; ffiq'i\'
-@"",1 A. <tHii'r pre. rn~q-
perf_ fcl'firar
p fat a.frl-
N'a'aor.
1 ~~ J P ~g-ifto cover, to put on, to adorn; ~rrp:r@'
pre. a~af
-ped. a:r,m~ aor.
<:ril·l P. ~~~~hm1iif:
to sounc1,to collect into a heap, to spread
 about; ~mil pre. a~ perf. ~ p. £nt. ~f:t:IT{( aor~
~~nl:, ~~a:hen. m~ des. Oau.~R~-if pre.
~"!_ l P. ~iir to cover; ~;rrapre. n~Til' !Jed. ~tn p, fut~
~!<I. a.or.ra~i'r?fffides. Oau.~m-~ pre. ~~ff.
A.or.
~~ 1 P. ~'i.ITTT
to stand firm, ~~~ pre. ~~ pelf. ~WJ~,
a:r~ aor,
fut,
m 1 P.?ffiniffiif
to stand, to wait, to be, to be at hand &o,.
fun%pre.~ per:f. ~ p. fut. a:r~c!, aor. ~ hen.
~ des Pass,-,:if;:fa' pre. ~ aor. Oau.~1~-
a.or,~it p.p, m:r?"/.IT
ff pre. <!lfflra'~-a- ger.
~ l P. ~ to cover; ~~ pre. ijt~ ped. {W'iislTT'if
fut.
~am:.
~~( Denom.) P. to become big or stout; ~ pre,.
S!'g~~aor.
to object;ffl<l'IB
Fi~ 4 P. fin:'-'ii'f pre. ~I~ pelf. ~, arm-
<ifra.Ao:r.
ffl 2 P. ~)~ to bathe, to perform an ablation; wfir pre, ~n;r"r
perf. \i!Tfffp. int. ~ aor. ~l'<ll<L, tltmi:.hen. 11.'fffl~
dee, Pass.-~ pre. ~ aor. ffll'fi ( but (;("'1[@'
profi-
cient in) p,p. Oa.u.-w.p:n'ir,~rq,:rfit
pre.
f~ 4 P. ~l' to have affection for, to be kind to; filml'ffpre.
~ perf. ~. n' ~ p. fnt. at~ aor. ~~i.
~' f;rafuqfirdee. filnr,~ P. P. Tffig'r<IT,
~~I
~ror~rger.
~ 10 U. ~ to love;~-ff pre. Sif~'l'J:-i'I' Aor. ~i'I' p.p.
~ 2 P. to flow,to distil; ifm
pre. ij'fflili:fpad, ffi1iT p. fut.
~;;fi'a: aor. ~~ hen. Pass -~ff pre. Oau -ffl<i'~IB'-ff
pre. ~-Fr aor, ~ff pp,
~ 4 P.al"~to vomit;~pre, ~fil' perf. ffllTtH,
;iitn:rr,
~ p. fut. mlgamt,
~~~ fut. ~~ aor. ":i'l:n:fr
~p.p.
 Dru.'TUKOS:HA. 147

M ~!~ ( ~i:mrrrn-~ ~ ~ ) to dress, to envelop;

l P.
fflln'ffpre, ~r
per( ~ Aor.
~ 1 .A..mi~il' to throb, to go; ~ pre. ~ pe:rf.
~PIT p fut, ~q-~ aor. fi:w.rf.~'frn
des. Cau.~fif
pre. <11~a:aor, ro~ p. p.
~" 1 A. mr'ir to contend with, to challenge; ~ff pre. ,:r-.,:ril
perf. ffl~ctr P. fut ~m1'! aor. R'Bl"Ntfffdes
~ 10 A. to touch, to take, to embrace; ~~~ pre. ~r;~
&c. perf. ~'l'~Q'ffi p. fut, :s:p:r~•«aor.
~ 1 U. ;;r~;;~q~;i-;;it: to obstmct, to touch, to spy; ~~-1'!'
pre. 'H"l'm, q~~ perf. ~a:, S'l'l;G"fefr<l'.,ai"l:~'! Aor.
~ 10 A. !'.ll"JT«9a'il'll<ir:
to take, to embrace; ~q-~ pre.
~~ Aor.
<i:i 5 U. to gratify, to protect; t'lllll@ pre, l:it'l'Y.:perf. ( Vedic)
~ 6 P. ~ to touch, to come in contact with; ~@' pre.
~ per£. :e,nrr,
tlrer p. fut. a:rtim:fi<!., ~~
~'-ITTl11'f.,
aor. ~a: hen. N'fi~ des. Oau.-~;mr-~ pre. ~
p.p.~,~inf.
~~ 10 U. icari:.n,:to desire, to envy;
,;1a1i:mi"·ff
pre. i!\NIIT~-
~ &c. perf. ~'l&TQ"oT
p. fut. :s;rr'<J~ii aor. I'ass.7Wff
pre. fq~-~ des. '<m
pp.
~ 9 P. to hurt, to kill; ;;'!1Jl"na'
pre wm:per.
~ 6 P. ( ~~: ) ~ii' to tremble, to throb; ~~ pre.
~II( 11erf.Sii!(iilfuJ:Aor.
~ 1 A. ~~1 to increase, to grow fat; ~Fr pre, q~ffi perf.
~r P. fot. •Hi:fiTN'2'-ROr Oau.~ra-a- pre. ~-fit~
~ff aor. ftr~q:;rfil'iff
des. ~ p.p.
m._10 U. ~~~ to love; ~mffl•ff pre. ~q;-a-i,p.affi-"'i~ &c.
pe1f. :awtR'tie'<I;ii
A.or,
~ 10 U. ft~m;i: to kill; ~Ti·'a' pre. ~fm~-a- Aor.
~1 A. ~'li~ to blow, to buret open; P. ~ to split o;?c:s,
 148 SANSKRIT QRA][JIU.J'l.

to break; 'ri:rafu-Frpre. !:l;~, !!;~!ITT<!Ped.:an~, a:i~ottfrn::,

m~ Aor. ~l:$rall:!ra, ~!!ifm, !!:~i.fu'fe'ffi
des. 01111.-
m~-ff pre. sH!l:~C:O:-iiAor. ~rao, 'ffiflenp. P.
~ 6 P. ( ~e!~ ) f.tof.if.tto split open, to blossom; ~IB'
~ pre. !!tm, (!:!;f~@"~ 2 smg;) perf. ~fenr p fut. 3i~$i'rn:
aor. ~Wra''ffil'
des ;wf;re p. P.
~ 10 U 1'£,f.rto break open; "'tnTetrra·ff
pre ~ii'r,r~rr~<m:-~
&c. perf <li!!~~ea::nAor ~itlemT1f·ffdes.
~~~ 6 P. ~el",iit
( ~rr~: ) to cover; ~~fit pre, llJm(!!:tri'<f
2nd sing ) perf. :in~~ra:_ Aor.
~1 P. qf~Tff to joke, to je!t; ~rrer@ pre. !!1:$Ce perf.
l~~in'ff fut. an~ira: Aor.
'it~ 10 U. to Joke, to laugh at;~~@-~ pre, :s:J~i'l:"ff Aor.
~1 P. & 10 U. same as ~!le_,
~ 6 P. •l;i"~ ( ~rn~:) to tremble, to throb, to flash, to shine;
~TT?!pre. 9:~ perf_ ey~fff p, fut. :a:i~~ aor.
~R'q P·,& Oau.~, ~'lil~ pre.
'1:§'6,i 1 P ~a) to spread;~~~@ pre ~t perf. a.r~ra:_
Aor,~[¾o, ':~Of pp.
( ~'ftt: ) to tremble,
~ l P. ~'alliif.t to collect, to kill ~ff
pre. ~ ( ~ 2nd sing, ) ped. <lH~TTtAor.
~ l P. q'\Ifif'<i1iito thunder, to glitter; pre. 9:~:;r
,g;'o'IIB perf.
,..
~l~i"IT p. ft- ""~d es. Oau.-~lJi'::;p;ffo
u ~IT!_ "' aor. !:I•~Toi'ITTn O r.l.

-i=rpze. ~- 0 aor. ~~, ~GT p. p.

n.{ 1 A. ~~'.f{<:i~ to sn:nle, to bloom; ~If pre. fu~tr perf.
l:~ ?· iut. alf.i",a:a.or. «m:r~~ff des. Oau.-~~@-~,
~mtNnpre.
fii;a:10 U. :;;;;;r~ to despise, to love, to go; tii?."<!'ffi:ff
pre.
'i~ej;t'{..:;;f.l; perf. ~i:ra'~mp. fut. airir';:';;~--n
aor.
~ 1 P. ~'tot to wink, to blink; pre. r~~m~
~!fr~@. pa1f••
 DHA 1TUKOS:S:A. !49

~1[ to remember• a.rr'o<!f.\"

l P. f"efi'nTl:fT to think upon to
f0 " ' ,
pre. 'm:>l'l'<'.perf. ~ p fut. ~ra:
r; ,~i:i-~ra aor.
liil:~i'i
p des.
•~ Oau.-~m'(<l"!~-ff> H-1'~-ff \! <>Trt,='""
"1
'• pre•
I •"Wl
. ass.-ti:tl:fff pre. ;a,imrr1,
~~i:ift.A.or.~ p p.
"'ll 5 P. to live, to please, ~rrn pre_ '!:l'ffiR peri. 01rn,.-
~i:m:i:rfrr-~ ( Vedic ).
t'lf~ l .A. !.1"~::rni'to ooze, to run, to t,fokle. to flow out; ~
~m-i:r
pre. tf•'!l'i1: perf ~~oT, ~-''eff p. fut, ~f.;i;~l:fff,
fut. :s:r~.:tta:, ar~~, a:i~.:naor ~~e-,'w":fi'l ben
fu~r~,;ra-,fflftfi'<IDff~ des, ~'-i'lii p. p l:~<i:fT, ~<i-'c~r
ger.
Oau.-'!:'1:f•~l.l'IB"-a'
pre.
1 P. ~~ to sound,
<i!l',f_ to go, to consider; 1:ll"~ pre. ef~
perf. l:irfirm, p, fot. aor. merfirq-ra
a«ll'i::fra- des m;:n p. p.
ger.
~tl'm;;fT,~efT<'1i:fT
\
~<i';i: 10 A. mi to reflect, ~:it<fa" pre ~TR•Tr~it &c. pert
~qn:rfl1n p. fnt. o,ffit"l'•HI'.
aor. l
to fall down, to sink, to hang down, ~togo,to
~'!, 1 ar<itl3"il'
be pleased; i~ pre. rie- perf. <il'ranr p. fut 31efm,:
:;1~~1!.aor. ffl~'ff'l!"hen, fut~ des. Pass -•iHl:ffi pre.
a:itffiaor ~ffl p. p, W.6"1<i!T
ge:r.
ti{ 1 .A. to confide, to trust; iii{~ pre. ~~ ped. iii%r.rr
p. fut.

~l l A
;,;'5f-f%'!!'
aor
;r;:fr
to go; ~,i pre '{{~iperf. a:i;;i-~ .Aor,
t,fm l A fil'"il'r~t 1 entrust, to confide; w.r~ pre ~l'i'perf.
-~r;•lcl'T p fot. a:i~, ann';~ aor. Cau -~~'lllffi'f·FI pre.
an:r~+llQ--ffAor fi!\?!'1~i!i'ff
des lifi~ p p ~~Wol'T, lir.'c<iiger.
m'l(4 r. l'IIB~!llllf<T[:to go, to become dry ; ~ pre re~<!:
perf ~T<fGmfi .A.or Oe.n~a-~ pre. ~m-
fut. a-iw.frn:
,.<I_-cl" ~,;ll_m des. Pass -~p.;:ra
Aor rn~n~'l'Tfl, pre. a:;~f;r
p. p.
aor !'i,!;11'
 150 SANSKRIT Ga.A.MMAE.

~ 1 P. to flow, to go, to trickle away; ~ra

1 re, ij~ perf.
mmp. fut. <ll~-if aor. ~O:. ben. Oau.~fltl,'.fTffpm.
~i«l:, aor. ~~@des.~
<>'fffiWf<!, p. p.
~~ 1 A. to go; ~~a'pre. im';ll<!''iit
:fut. /ill~~~ Aor.
"'·
~ l P . to b01,·1 to sweat; ~rn - pre, ,:fffl" pei f . See ;-r.
"'
~ 1 A, i:rRc;i~ to embrace; ~~ pre, ~~ ped.
llff<l'ilr,
~ p. fut. ~~~ff :fot m;;i-~ aor, ~~efraban. Ti~"l':S::.~ff
des. Pass-~~ pre, 31~,rf~ aor. Oan.-~of'llf<l@•f\"
pre.
~•i'fi'i'.-!'r aor. ~;r,;;p. p, ~:s~~r,~<left<IT
ger.
~~ 1 A. a;r~rf.tto be pleasant to the taste, to please, to eat;
~ pre. 't!~~ perf. ~1~T p. ·J'nt. ~!TI~~ aor. Oan.-
~'eHr pre. arreffi{a'.'_·(f
aor. T~l:ii~ des. \!TI~ p. P.
~~ 10 U to sweeten; ffi'1:<i'fff·ff
pre. ~!TT!{lfl~R~ peri.
~~r p, fut. :m~~-n a.or.
~ 1 P. ~ to eound, to make a noise, to sing 1 ~illa' pre~
~ perf. ~f.mrp. fot. :a,~;;'ffi:,
31~1',fra_aor. Oau.~-
<lffi"i'i'
pre ef~~-n aor. T~lffl' des. ~,rfili:I'
( ~!ITia'
the mind) p, p.
~ 1 P. <lio@'l'fifto decorate, to adorn. ( See the above root)
Cau,-ffl<l'ffi'·fi'pre. Pass.-~ pre, ~m, ~foilif ao:r,
m, 2 P. ~ to sleep, to repose ~!TNT11'
pre ~!Tqi(, affflfi'(
imperf, ~~f'i per£. ~Q'Rfp, fut. ~rcefi"a:aor, ~In hen.
~ dea. Oan.-~@-a- pre. arfu~~-n aor. Pass,-
~ pre. ~ p. p.
~ 10 U. &,~ to find fault with, to blame; ffl'l!@·~ pre.
p. fut.
ffl<l'IO:'i:!<ffl-~ perf. ~<RNi'IT ~~~a:, Aor. ~ofi~
~~fqllIB' ben. re~°"fitlff'ff-'a'
de,.
~( 1 A. air~ to taste; ~.riitpre. ~~ifpert ro~r p. fut •.
~~ aor. ~ij des.
~ 1 P. to go, to move; ~ro@ pre, ~~lfrt-! perf,
 D:e:'
A.TUXOSJ:LA., 151

l:<I'~~1 A. to go; ~ pre. ~ perf.

~ 1 A. am;mr,r( see ~) to taste,to be pleasant; ~ pre •.
mrlt perf. m~~ :fut. &T~'e aor. rem~
des.
l:~10 U. m~ to taste, ~~-&" pre. ~-a- Aor.
~~1~fq!ffd·Et des.~~ p. p.
(E'l(\1 A. (t~~:, ~"11'qii<lll(<;:i$) to be anointed,
to be greasy j ~ pre. m~
per£. ~~ fut. ~'
~ aor, Oau.-~-ff' pre. ft:rf~, ffit~ des.
~if'il', ~' ~ p, P.
~4 P. ~ to sweat, to perspire;~ pre. re~
perf. ~ p. fut. m~ aor. ~ p. p.
~..,.'&_
1 P. to spread, to forget; ~cl' pre.
l:i'l' 1 P. ~fl«l'Tlflir: to sound, to praise, to go, to be pained;
~ml"pre. "1~T{ perf, tel'mfT, -:!faTp. :fut. ~U<i, 1$1T'n<l
aor, ffl<l'fil
ben. ~ll!'ln, ~ des. Oau.~~-'it
aor. ,:iii' p. p.
pre. 3ITTl'm<!,--a'
~'{ 9, P. to hurt, to kill; ~IITT@pre, ~ perf.
~ l A. to go; ~ff pre, Alliiiifa" perf,

"- 1 P. ;frtTT
~-
to shine, to bs bright; ~pre,~ perf. wraor
p. fut,~({,, ~la1Q_aor. ~ p. p.
~ 1 F a@lili!i!IQf:to leap, to Jump, to bind to a post, to
toRI'pre. :;ma-perf, ~tla:_, Si~
oppr;;s; aor.
11~ 1 A, ~,ftraif to void excrement, to discharge :freces;~ft
pre, ;;:rti\:
perf. t'ITTp. fut, a,gw aor, ~ff' des, ff p. p.
11~ 2 F. to kill, to beat, to hurt, to conquer &c.; ~ pre. ~
, ( a:Tifitpl. ) imperf. ~ perf. g;crr p, fut. SR~, :arm,:
(R with Sir A.),Sl~ aor,!fl!llfa:. hen.~~ des. Pass,-
~ pre, sti:.nf.r, &T<l'f'?r prt>,~a--
aor. Oau,-'qffl!:l'@·fl',
aor. 'il'mt@', .\''ii~, ~rnr,at'l!f.a-
freq.~ p. p. (tcTl' ger.
 152 SANSKRIT GRAMMAR.

t~ 1 P . .Yfil
to go ; ~;r.:rm
pre. :;:r1j"n,
ped. ~i:tt1i1ff fut. :,zg-i:i:fra_
A.or.
&<l:..
1 P. to go, to worship, to sound, to be weary; 1l"<l"l~
pre.
~m perf. ~111' p. fut. ~a:. aor. il'Wnp. p.
G~, 1 P. :itr~ii'l~- to go, to worship, to take; il'QIB'
pre. G'!~
perf, ~ifra:A.or.rn~f'irqfu des
~ l P ~~~il' :iti'lt Oq"to plough, to go; ~rff p1e. :;f&"Fiil"
per f.
;~fira:_Aor. ~ra'lif@' des
~ 1 P. ~if,,t to smile, to laugh at, to excel, to bloom &c.;
/ ~i pre.~ per£. ~i'IT p fut. atf)"tl"IO:,aor Pass.-il'~ff"
pre. Oau.-aTT~Tff·ff aor ~ijRfqi'ffdes.
pre, a:r-;fl{'l'ra"_·ff
iT~P- P·
1l"f 3 .A..to go, to attain, to get; rng-"@
pre, 'l'ilperf. il'@Tp.
fut. il'l~ff fut. ~T.Jra'ben. ~1f aor f.':rITTl!:l'ff
des. Pass.-
u,m aor. ~ p. p.
pre. 3til'ITTf
g-r 8 P. i<l'ritto abandon, to 1es1gn,to let fall, to omit; ;;:iura
pre. ~r perf, 1l"fcH p. fat. :ar{ra'hr,
a.or. ~Ta; ben f.':r&t~ffi'
des, Pass -{~ff pre. ~rffl' aor. 0&11.-iicp;r(if-'ii"
pre. ::ir;;fr-
~a:,-oaor ~ p. p ijRTTger.
rg- 5 P. iffif to go, to aend, to shoot, to promote; &,i'Trn
pre. mTl:tperf. lnr p, fut. ai-l,fta::
aor. t'ri:rrn:
ben, f~rq-fi\"
des. Oau.-mqra-a- pre. :s:r,ftti.a::-rl'
aor. J:'ass.-fr~ pre.
am~ aor. ~ p. p.
1l~1 P. ijmqf to kill, to inJnre, to torme:it, to hit; ij-~ra
pre. raf~'1 p fut a:rft~ra::
perf. fif.:ri'IT aor. Pass.-f&-~<l"ff
pre. 'o'lffl~aor, rnijRffi~des Tg"«fn p p.
7 P. to kill &c.; ij;;-r~npre. :s:rft.la::-~
fii!:!; 1mperf. faf;l;:r 2nd
sing. Impera, ( See the a.hoveroot :forthe other forms ).
-~ 10 U. to kill, &c.; fhqfd-a- pre. filJ<W~!l\"T;;•'<!'iii·anl!l'•if~~
perf. ~ffl!fflrp. fut. 3'f~ijl'f<l•i'f aor. ~fi;<'imla·ffdes.
 DHA 1TUKOSHA, , 153

~i:I'~ ~ to make an fodistinct sound, to hiccougl:.

1 U. :3'1"61.l'~
T%11ira-~
pre nngw,
fim~ perf. mrem P. fut. 'S'lil!i!lh-
Sllt%~Aor. TITT'~ff
p p.
f~"l'\li10 A. ~'ffmto hurt, to kill; ijw-.:r°it
pre, ~ifi<!'laij~ &c,
perf 3{~mlffi A.or
r'i-~l pre. ~~ red,
to curse, to swear; ic:r%
P. arri:li"r~
A.or.
il~ 9 P. ll1T~~~ to zeappeari ~n% pre, ~c perf. ~if
Aor:
..f&11~
1 A ir;q-;;i~<rr: to go, to wander, to disregs.rd:ij~ pre.
mi%~per£. fu'cr~rp, fut. a:rfef'lla2
aor. il'fusiip p.
ij.a:_l P ir!ll~ to please; ~ .. ra-pre, ~?.f ped, :m'%;:;f,a:
Aor

i?iv!:,
6P to sport amorously, to rndicate amorous
>!Toii<'f;=l:U!
desirej ij<1,{~pie. ~g~ perf. ~~re_ Aor.
!i" 3 P. ~r,n~;;qt. to offer,to perform a sacnfice, to eat; ~IB"
pre. \'gi;:T\T2ud sing, impera. ~.,, ~!'!: perf. tn=u p.
fut. 3TSfllT(!'.
aor. ~In. ben. ~'ila' des. Cau.-g-fll'l.l'ffl·ff
pre
~~ei<'f:el' aor !i"ff p, p.
!i"-l 1 P to go, mt!f pre ~g p•rf. ii~ fut. :.,mf1n:
Aor ..

!i"i 6 P ~'<riffto collect; ~;gr%

pre. ;gmperf. Oau.-ln~-ff
pre. <>f~§~-n aor.
<i~U!.(g-~'ilr
iu:s:_l A. 1-l'el'fd ~1iiil;) to collect, to choose, to take
away; ~ff pre. ~11%' perf. ~N:S~aor.
" P. q;H~~
ir,;,;rl " " " to .be crnok ed, t o dece1ve;
' [~ "" pre. ~'<'&"•
~ - perf. [fi\fnf p. fut ~;s~fo:. aor. [~:Za' p p.
~~ 1 P. to go, to cover, to kill, ~fn pre. ;gm~
pert mIB~fff
M.~~Aor.
ll 1 P. to go; [:SIBpre. ~$" ped. ol[t'ra:Aor.
154 8.A.NSXRIT GBAlOU.B.

1 U. ~ to take, to lea.d, to draw to a di.stance,to deprive

of, to win, to obtain, &e.; ~-a" pre. ::!ll'R',:;rt perf. Wffi
p. fnt. ~-ft' fut.~, ~ aor, 11:~nr., ~ ben
~-ii" des. 0a11.~ffi"ff pre, ~-n aor. Pass.-
~ pre. a;grft aor. ~ p. p.

ifJITA. ffiut ii!.;fNT;;i- to be angry, to be ashamed;~ pre,

~~ perl. ij.ufiw.:qa
Int. 3f~fl<ra' aor.
ii{ l P. ~ to tell a lie; ~ pre. ~ perf. 31i'lfra:
Aor.
~T:fflff des, Oan.~-ii" pre. ~--11', mf~~-n aor,
~p.p.
i'i: 4 P. ~ to be delighted, to stand ereet ( as hair); i~@'
pre, 'Sfri
ped. fiirarp. fut. ~~ aor. JAif,~ p. p.
ic-c 1 A. f.r,mmrtto be wicked,to strike, to be bom, to purify;
b_,-ii"pre.~' ~in, aor.
U 1 P. ~it to surround, to attire; g,:(ii pre. ~ pe.rf.
"' ~.fut.~ Aor. ~gftqiti de!',
n:_l A. ~ to disregard; m pre. ~~ perf. ~ .A.or.
~ l A. to disregard;ffit' pre. ( sameas n:_).
~ 1 A. ai-..i:ril;~ to neigh, to roar; Wffpra. ~ perf, 'tfifflT
p, fut,~ aor.gmrp. p.
1rt, l P. ~ io go, to come;~ pre. fflfi' perf if~fl'
fut. 3lirfu:.A.or.
fll: l
A. "'"";ft to disregard; ifeil' pre, ~ira°perf. ~ff
fut. ~ Aor. Oau.-mfir'ff' pre. ~-lf Aor.
'°
~ l P. to disregard, go; grg'kfpre.
! %A.3!1fil<f.t
to t&keaway, to conceal; p pre. \!iii' perf.
iffly p. fut. jrm ben.• &or,rq:til'des. p p.
p. ·•
fl 1 P. to go, to ahlke; ~ffl pre. ~ perf. ~~'rtt, .A.or.
 D.E:A.
1TcKOSB:A. 155

·~ 1 P. """"rii'r
to hide, to cover; !ifITffpra. ~r.r ?erf t~m
:fat. ~ .Aor.

~~ 10 U. o!f'ml1TT
;rrf:;r to speak, to sound: ~IB·B' pre.
~m-~ &. per:!.tNNnr p. fat. ~f~~<i aor,

~ 1 P. ~ c,:;mr~
':I' to sound, to diaappea,, to lessen; i:r:rfil'
p~. ~ yer..
, - :I. "' ..._,
~ p. ut. 'oTir,''iffii, a,~!<!_ aor.
.....__
r;;;~~-
'ffii' des. ~ff p.p,

~ l A. :S.b<l#i~ to sound, to roar; ~;£ff })?e. ~;it perf.

f~fl'r p, fot. ~f~ aor.

1J 3 P. ~ to blush, to be ashamed; ft!l:f;rpre. rnl[i!fl5''<l"~

,...
&c., !~l'< • ~ , t "-
pe:•-5,rr
p. ~ b
,u . ~~ aor. ~~ en.:_~mo
~~'l-...t::.

des. Pass,-!v1l'ff pre. ol"~!fl.f aor, Oau,-f'l•mM!' pre.

a;r~r.r~-n aor. irn,
t'lirtpp
l P. ;;ra;ririto blush, to :feel shame;
i{t..-.s~ tGmrpre. nr~,q
perf. ~1~"r<i,Aor.
~ or ~ 1 P. to go, to contract; ~/Ft nr i!siff pre.

W!_ 1 A. to go; l:irn pre. ~ peri. ~!IT p, fut •

.~ 1 A. s;~ l:ifii!'to neigh, to go; lrftirpre. ~q- peri,

(Seel:':!:)
~ 1 P. to go; ii~ pre.

WI I P. ~iir to cover; ®f~ffi pre. ~r:r parf. W'1i<rr

p. fut,
~;fui:hor.
ii'!: 10 U. eiiffi'fll'T <ffNto speak, to sound, ~l':r~fir-"il' pre.~-
,rn;:~~-?,i &c. pert. wq-fi:rqrr'tf-a-
fut. Sfr..,g'«'{•<i A.or.

;~ P. ey.~to sound;~/& pre. ~rsr f,erf. %tWI.,~r;na-

aor.
~~ l .A. ,rt;t,;,:r,i:ra;~~ 'el' to be glad, to sound; ;'§i~ff pre. :;r0 ~·
ped i!,l~f!r JJ fut. ~gy~;;: ao,. Oan,-§~f,i;-i'{pre ~@f-
~,ra-des. ~ p,p.
1 P. ~~otl"to be afflicted, to go, to shake; liii:ISTfl
1%:~ pre. -.;~1'~
ped. W?raf p :fut. ::rg~ aor. Oau.-~~ra-11",~T~l'§r-a-,
( with a prep ~re--a-only ) pre. a:i~toa:-aor
~ des, liim-npp

ill" 1 P. ~~ to be crooked, to drneive, to be afilrntad; iAU1i'

<
pre. ~~ perf. lii'!T p. fut ~ft"<ffrr aor.
:fut. >l"{!lll!fO: &trh:i:
~~ d
b en. ~i£~1t1 e8.. Oau.-~w:rm-rr
~ ~
pre. i;_i'f
p.p.

~ ~€~ :;;rto vie with, to cell by name, to invoke,

1 C "11'1:illiT
to call upon, to a,k, i$~fff·ffpre. ~r;;, ~"< ped ~rm p.
fut. ~-11', ~mr a.or. §"TO:, ID"ai:fT'e hen. il'J['ffrr-a- des.
Pass.-~ pre. 3Tf.l:TT<T
aor. Oau,-if:il'll"r~-fl' pre ~,i·a-_-i'I'
aor. ~i'f p.p ["'1' ger. ~i;Ill: inf

FINIS.