Indian Polity
Indian Polity
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FUNDAMENTAL
Indian
Citizenship
Fundamental Rights
Part-III of the Constitution
Article (12-35)
• Justiciable in nature (i.e. they are legally enforceable by the court of law).
• It promotes political democracy.
• Not absolute in nature & have some restrictions.
• Parliament can amend them but not those provisions that form the “basic” structure of the
Constitution.
• Suspended during National Emergency (Except Article 20 & 21).
Can be Suspended FRs available only to citizens
Magna Carta Part III (Article during Emergency & Not to Foreigners- Art. 15,
Borrowed from
of India 12 to 35) except Art. 20 & 21 16, 19, 29, 30
USA & France
Fundamental Rights
Right to Equality Right to Freedom Right Against Exploitation Right to Freedom of Curtural and Right to Constitutional
Religion Educational Rights Remedies
National Parties
S. Name Symbol Year of Foun- Current Current
No. dation leader(s) Lok Sabha
Seats
1. Bharatiya Janata Lotus 1980 Amit Shah 282 / 543
Party
2. Indian National Hand 1885 Sonia Gan- 44 / 543
Congress dhi
3. Communist Party of Hammer, Sickle and Star 1964 Sitaram 9 / 543
India (Marxist) Yechury
4. Communist Party of Ears of Corn and Sickle 1925 Suravaram 1 / 543
India Sudhakar
Reddy
5. Bahujan Samaj Party Elephant (In all 1984 Mayawati 0 / 543
States/U.T.s except in the
State of Assam, where its
candidates will have to
choose a symbol.
6. Nationalist Congress Clock 1999 Sharad
Party Pawar
7. All India Trunamue Jora Ghas Phul 1998 Mamta 32/545
Congress Banerjee
10
IMPORTANT PARLIAMENTARY UNION PUBLIC SERVICE COM-
TERMS MISSION
• Calling Attention: Moved to call the • The Union Public Service Commission
attention of a Minister to matters of public consists of a Chairman and other
importance. members appointed by the President and
• Interim Government: This Government is they hold office for a period of 6 years
formed during the transitional phase of the from the date of their appointment.
history of the country. • It conducts examinations for appointment
• Ordinance: An ordinance is a law
to the Services of the Union.
promulgated by the head of the State in a
• Age of retirement for a member of UPSC
situation of urgency when the Legislature
is 65 years and for a member of PSC of a
cannot frame the law because either it is
not in session or it is dissolved. State or a Joint Commission is 62 years.
• Question Hour: The first one hour period
NITI AAYOG
(usually 11: 00 a. m. to 12: 00 a. m.) each
day during the meetings of the Parliament • NITI Aayog or National Institution for
is allotted for asking the questions by the Transforming India Aayog is a policy
members to be replied by the Ministers, is think-tank of Government of India that
called the Question Hour. replaces Planning Commission and aims
• Quorum: It refers to the required presence to involve the States in economic policy-
of the minimum member of members of a making in India.
body to hold its meetings and conduct its • It will be providing strategic and technical
business. advice to the Central and the State
Governments. The Prime Minister heads
• Whip: This is an official appointed by a
the Aayog as its chairperson.
political party to regulate and monitor the
behaviour of its members in the Legislature. NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
• Zero Hour: It is a period which follows COUNCIL (NDC)
after the Question Hour when the members • The National Development Council was
raise any issue of public importance on formed in 1952, to associate the States in
very short or even without any notice. the formulation of the plans.
• All members of the Union Cabinet, Chief
Adjournment •• To draw attention of Minister of States, the Administrators of
motion Parliament to a matter of the Union Territories and members of NITI
urgent public importance. Ayog are members of the NDC.
•• Motion needs the support
of 50 members for admission. FINANCE COMMISSION
•• Rajya Sabha cannot move • As per Article 280 of the Constitution
this motion. of India the Finance Commission is
No Confidence •• Moved to prove the established.
Motion confidence of Lok Sabha in • It is a quasi-judicial body.
the Council of Ministers. • It consists of a chairman and four other
•• If No Confidence Motion members.
is passed, Council of
Ministers has to resign. LOKPAL
•• No Confidence Motion needs In India, the institution of Ombudsman
the support of 50 members (Swedish word meaning Commissioner) has
to be admitted. given the name of Lokpal & use it as an anti-
•• Can be moved only in Lok corruption institution.
Sabha.
11
LOKAYUKTA Important Amendments
• The first Amendment Act to the Indian
The anti-corruption institution of Lokayukta Constitution was made in the year 1951.
is set up at the state level. He is appointed by Ninth Schedule was added.
the Governor of the State. In most of the States, • The Constitution (24th Amendment)
the term of office fixed for Lokayukta is of 5 Act, 1971: It affirmed the power of the
years duration or 65 years of age, whichever Parliament to amend any part of the
is earlier. Constitution.
• The Constitution (39th Amendment)
ADVOCATE GENERAL Act, 1975: The Act places beyond challenge
Each State shall have an Advocate General. in courts the election to Parliament of a
He has the right to address & take part in person holding the office of Prime Minister
the proceedings of the House of the State or Speaker and the election of President and
Legislature. But he has no right to vote. His Vice-President.
functions are similar to those of the Attorney • The Constitution (42nd Amendment)
– General. Act, 1976: It was enacted during the period
of National Emergency.
ARTICLE 370 • The Constitution (43rd Amendment)
Under Article 370 of the Indian Constitution, Act, 1978: It restores civil liberties by
deleting Article 3ID which gave powers to
Jammu & Kashmir is granted autonomy. It is
Parliament to curtail even legitimate trade
a ‘temporary provision’ that accords special
union activity under the guise of legislation
status to the State.
for the prevention of anti-national activities.
How J & K Different from Other • The Constitution (44th Amendment)
States? Act, 1978: Fundamental Rights guaranteed
• Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) by Articles 20 and 21 cannot be suspended
are not applied to J&K but applied to other during a national emergency.
• The Constitution (61st Amendment)
States.
Act, 1989: It lowered the voting age from
• President can’t declare financial emergency
21 to 18.
(salaries and allowances reduction, etc.) in
• The Constitution (73rd Amendment)
relation to J&K.
Act, 1992: To ensure direct election to all
• High Court of J&K can issue writs only for seats in Panchayats.
enforcement of Fundamental Rights. • The Constitution (74th Amendment)
• Right to property is still guaranteed in J&K. Act, 1992: was made to ensure direct
• Permanent residents of J&K have some election to all seats in Nagarpalikas and
special fundamental rights. Municipalities.
• Although Supreme Court, EC and CAG
are applicable to J&K along with all other E-Governance
States. E-governance means technology drive
operation. The 11th report of the Second
AMENDMENTS OF THE CONSTI- Administrative Reforms Commission, entitled
TUTION (ARTICLE 368) to promoting e-Governance.
Five models of e-Governance
There are three types of bills that seek to • G2C (Government to citizen)
amend the Constitution: • G2B (Government to business)
1. Bills that are passed by Parliament by • G2E (Government to Employees)
• G2G (Government to Governments)
Simple Majority.
• C2G (Citizens to Government)
2. Bills that have to be passed by Parliament National e-Governance Plan
by Special Majority. National e-Governance Plan (NeGP) is a
3. Bills that have to be passed by Special plan of the Government of India to make all
Majority and also to be ratified by not less government services available to the citizens
than one-half of the State Legislatures. of India via electronic media.
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