BIOLOGY INVEST.
PROJECT
<<GENETICS>>
2019-20
SUBMITTED BY: DIKSHIT KUMAR||{12TH A}||ROLL NO:FOUR(4)||
THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT
THIS “BIOLOGY
INVESTIGATORY PROJECT” ON
THE TOPIC <GENETICS> HAS
BEEN SUCCESSFULLY
COMPLETED BY [DIKSHIT KUMAR]
OF CLASS 12TH UNDER THE
GUIDANCE OF Mrs.SUNITA IN A
PARTICULAR FULFILMENT OF
THE CURRICULUM OF CENTRAL
BOARD OF SECONDARY
EDUCATION {CBSE} FOR THE
ACADEMIC YEAR 2019-20…
SIGNATURE OF SIGNATURE
OF INTERNAL EXAMINER
EXTERNAL EXAMINER
I would like to express my
special thanks of gratitude to my
teacher (Mrs.SUNITA) as well as our
principal( sh.satish kumar )who gave
me the golden opportunity to do this
wonderful project on the topic
(GENETICS), which also helped me in
doing of Research and i came to know
about so many new things I am really
thankful to them.
Secondly i would also like to thank
my parents and friends who helped me
a lot in finalizing this project within
the limited time frame.
S.NO CONTENT
1………………………………………………………….CERTIFICATE
2………………………………………………ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
3…………………………………………………..............OBJECTIVE
4……………………………………iNTrODuCTiON TO GENETiCs
5….....................................................................functions
6……………………………………………………..GENE MuTATiON
7………………………..’GENE Chips’ A bOON to research
8……………………………………………………………CONCLusiON
9……………………………………………………….bibLiOGrAphy
10…..........................................................................”E N D”
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To study about genes !!
rOLEs Of GENE , iT’s fuNCTiONs !!
WHAT HAPPENS IF HUMAN CHANGE
G GENES ACCORDING TO HIM!!
GENE MUTATION!!
RESEARCHES ON GENES AT PRESENT
A AND IN FUTURE!!
TEChNOLOGy’s iN GENETiCs!!
GENETICS IS A BRANCH OF
BIOLOGY CONCERNED WITH THE STUDY
OF GENES, GENETIC VARIATION AND
HEREDITY IN ORGANISMS.
GENE!!
A A GENE IS A SEQUENCE OF NUCLEOTIDES IN
DNA OR RNA
THAT CODES FOR A MOLECULE THAT HAS A
FUNCTION.TERM
GIVEN BY JOHANSSON!
SMALLEST HEREDITY UNIT.
PART OF DNA HAVING A PARTICULAR TRAIT.
PRESENT ON A PARTICULAR LOCUS ON THE
CHROMOSOMES.
HAVE INFORMATION FOR TRANSLATION.
BIOCHEMICAL NATURE FIRST ESTABLISHED BY
AVERY,
McLEOD,McCARTHY!
They control the morphology or phenotype
of individuals.
Replication of genes is essential for cell
division.
Genes carry the hereditary information from
one generation to the next.
They control the structure and metabolism
of the body.
Reshuffling of genes at the time of sexual
reproduction produces variations.
Different linkages are produced due to
crossing over.
Genes undergo mutations and change
their expression.
New genes and consequently new traits
develop due to reshuffling of exons and
introns.
Genes change their expression due to
position effect and transposons.
Differentiation or formation of different
types of cells, tissues and organs in various
parts of the body is controlled by expression
of certain genes and non-expression of
others..
Cure diseases by Gene Therapy:
CGD(chronic granulomatus disorder) is a genetic
disease in the immune system that leads to the
patients' inability to fight off bacterial and
fungal infections that can be fatal. Using
technologies as in the ADA-SCID trial,
investigators in Germany treated two patients
with this disease, whose reconstituted immune
systems have since been able to provide them
with full protection against microbial
infections .
1) Hemophilia
Patients born with Hemophilia are not
able to induce blood clots and suffer
from external and internal bleeding that
can be life threatening.
The Therapeutic gene was introduced
into the liver of patients, who then acquired the
ability to have normal blood clotting time…
2) Blindness
Leber's congenital amaurosis (LCA) is a rare
inherited eye disease that appears at birth or in the
first few months of life, and affects around 1 in
80,000 of the population. gene therapy clinical
trial for patients with RPE65 LCA.
3) CANCER
Multiple gene therapy strategies have been
developed to treat a wide variety of cancers,
including suicide gene therapy, oncolytic
virotherapy, anti-angiogenesis and
therapeutic gene vaccines. Two-thirds of all
gene therapy trials are for cancer and many of
these are entering the advanced stage,
including a Phase III trial of Ad.p53 for head and
neck cancer and two different Phase III gene
vaccine trials for prostate cancer and
pancreas cancer..
Building Better Athletes with Gene Doping
This practice is defined as the
nontherapeutic use of cells, genes, or
genetic elements to enhance athletic
performance. Gene doping takes advantage
of cutting-edge research in gene
therapy that involves the transfer of
genetic material to human cells to treat
or prevent disease (Well, 2008). Because
gene doping increases the amount of
proteins and hormones that cells normally
make,
"Schwarzenegger mice" in the late 1990s.
These mice were given this nickname
because they were genetically engineered
to have increased muscle growth and
strength
The double-muscled Belgian blue cow breed.
Double muscled animals have an increase in muscle mass
of up to 20% greater than normal animals. The increased
muscle is due to the fact that these animals have a mutation
in a specific gene that normally is involved in muscular
hypertrophy.
CREATING DESIGNER BABY
A designer baby is a baby whose genetic
makeup has been selected or altered, often to
include a particular gene or to remove genes
associated with disease. This process usually involves
analysing human embryos to identify genes
associated with disease, and selecting embryos
which have the desired genetic makeup - a process
known as pre-implantation genetic diagnosis. Other
potential methods by which a baby's genetic
information can be altered involve directly editing
the genome - a person's genetic code - before birth.
This process is not routinely performed and only one
instance of this is known to have occurred as of 2019,
where Chinese twins Lulu and Nana were edited as
embryo
Gene mutation is a permanent alteration in
the DNA sequence that makes up a gene, such
that the sequence differs from what is found in
most people. Mutations range in size; they can
affect anywhere from a single DNA building
block (base pair) to a large segment of a
chromosome that includes multiple genes.
Chocolate Labradors’ Shrinking Life Span
Labradors remain one of the most
popular breeds. After the black and
yellow dogs, chocolate Labradors are
the most sought-after. However, the
demand for the dogs could be killing
them.
Their beautiful brown coats are the
result of recessive genes. This means
that both parents must have the
recessive chocolate gene to produce a
chocolate litter. As a result, the gene
pool is drying up.
Bacteria That Harpoons DNA
Bacteria are survivors that are not above stealing foreign DNA to
adapt to a new environment. Scientists have always known about
this remarkable ability, which is called “horizontal gene transfer
The answer was fluorescent dye. In 2018, a cholera bacterium and
bits of DNA were dyed and observed under a microscope. In a
remarkable video recording, the predatory behavior was captured
for the first time.
The glowing bacterium, somehow sensing a nearby bit of DNA,
whipped out a pili. The aim was a little shaky. However, the
bacterium captured the genetic snack and consumed it. The pili
directly stuffed the DNA into the bacterium to quicken its own
evolution.
Dancing DNA Mystery
Detected movement from chromatin. The slight motion
detected in the past resembled a choreographed line
dance. It would appear as if the cell nucleus decides
that everything must move, after which the chromatin
shimmies into the desired directi finally initiates a flow
of genetic material waltzing to where it is wanted on.
New Human DNA Shape
In 2018,
however, researchers were shocked to find
that human DNA could twist into another shape..
Injection That Cures Blindness
A great breakthrough in gene therapy was announced in 2018.
It involved a simple injection to treat choroideremia, a
spectrum of eye diseases and the most common cause behind
untreatable blindness.
The pioneering technique was tested on 14 patients suffering
from this condition, which is genetic and often inherited. The
therapy hinged on a virus containing a missing gene which was
delivered to the back of the eye with an injection. This
procedure was designed to affect the nerve cells in the retina.
Without this therapy, most of the test subjects would have lost their
vision over time. The success of the world’s first gene therapy trial
for blindness paves the way to treat other diseases in the same way.
'Gene Chips' A Boon To Research
A DNA microarray (also commonly known as DNA chip or biochip) is
a collection of microscopic DNA spots attached to a solid surface DNA
microarrays can be used to detect DNA (as in comparative genomic
hybridization), or detect RNA (most commonly as cDNA after reverse
transcription) that may or may not be translated into proteins. The
process of measuring gene expression via cDNA is called expression
analysisor expression profiling..
Application synopsis
Gene In an mRNA or gene expression profiling experiment the expression levels of
expression thousands of genes are simultaneously monitored to study the effects of
profiling certain treatments, diseases, and developmental stages on gene expression.
Comparative Assessing genome content in different cells or closely related
genomic organisms.
hybridization
GeneID Small microarrays to check IDs of organisms in food and feed
(like GMO [1]), mycoplasms in cell culture, or pathogensfor disease detection,
mostly combining PCR and microarray technology.
Fusion A Fusion gene microarray can detect fusion transcripts, e.g. from cancer
genesmicroarray specimens. The principle behind this is building on the alternative
splicing microarrays.
Modern computing has paved the way for large-scale
in-depth research into the field of genetics. With the
advent of modern computers, it became possible to delve
into large-scale sequencing and develop the field known
as genomicsThe data collected from computational and
functional geomics can be applied to a variety of fields,
including gene therapyAfter genes for molecules such as
insulin were located and sequenced, methods of treating
diabetes were developed. Transfection of a working allele
of diabetes into beta-Islet cells in the pancreas of diabetic
organisms have been met with some success. This field,
however, would not be possible without the use of modern
computing power, as they provide the data for genomics
research to be used in such methods of therapy. It is clear
that most genetic research in the near future will be based
almost entirely on computing power for important
developments.
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