SYED AMMAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE,RAMANATHAPURAM 623 502

VII Semester Mechanical Engineering

ME 6012-MAINTENANCE ENGINEERING

2&16 MARK QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS

Unit I - Principles and Practices of Maintenance Planning

1. Define maintenance?

Maintenance is the routine and recurring process of keeping a particular machine or

asset in its normal operating conditions
So that it can deliver the expected performance or service without any loss or damage.

2. Define reliability?
Reliability is defined as the probability that a component /system, when operating
under given condition, will perform its intended functions adequately for a specified
period of time. It refers to the like hood that equipment will not fail during its operation.

3. State the benefits of reliability analysis in industries?

The main advantages of imposing reliability requirements are increased
productivity and reductions in forced outage equipment due to planned maintenance
activity.

4. Define failure rate?

Failure rate is the ratio of the number of failures during particular unit interval to
the average population during that interval.
This failure rate is also known as hazard rate and instantaneous failure rate.

5. What is Mean Failure Rate?

The mean failure rate h is obtained by finding the mean of the failures rates for
specified period of time.
h = (Z1 + Z2 + Z3+....+ZT)

T
where Zt represents
failure rates over the specified period of time T.
6. Define Mean Time to Failure.
Let t1 is the time to failure for the first specimen, t2 is the time to failure for the
second specimen and t n is the time to failure
for the Nth specimen. Hence the mean time to failure for N specimens
are MTTR = (t1+t2+......+t N) /N

7. What is Mean Time between Failures (MTBF)?

Mean Time between Failures (MTBF) is the mean or average time between
successive failures of a product. Mean time between failures refers tom the average time
of breakdown until the device is beyond repair.
8. Define Mean Time to Repair (MTTR)?
Mean Time to Repair is the arithmetic mean of the time required to perform
maintenance action. MTTR is defined as the
Ratio of total maintenance time and number of maintenance action.
MTTR = Total maintenance time/ Number of maintenance action.

9. Define Maintenance Action Rate?

Maintenance action rate is the number of maintenance action that can be
carried out on equipment per hour.

10. Define Failure Density?

Failure Density is the ratio of the number of failures during a given unit
interval of time to the total number of items at the very beginning of the test.

11. State the types of reliability?

Reliability can be generally of two types:
(i) Inherent Reliability: It is associated with the quality of the material and
design of machine parts.
(ii) Achievable Reliability: It depends upon other factors such as
maintenance and operation of the equipment.

12. Draw the equipment life cycle and name the various phases ln it?
Phase I - Failure pattern inherent in a new product because of manufacturing
or design defects.
Phase II - Life period of an equipment
Phase III - Failures due to wear out conditions because to aging of the
equipment.

13. Define maintainability?

Maintainability is defined as the probability that a unit or system will be
restored to specified working conditions within a given period when maintenance action
is taken in accordance with the prescribed procedures and resources.
14. Define availability?
Availability is the ratio of the time at which equipment is available for the
designated operation/service to the total time of operation and maintenance of the
equipment. It is also defined as the ratio of equipment uptime to the equipment uptime
and downtime over a specified period of time.

15. State the advantages of life cycle cost analysis.

(i) Integration of engineering, economics and financial aspects lead to the way
of robust metric for the selection and purchase equipment required for the industry.
(ii) Reduced operating and maintenance cost of equipment due to cost analysis
over span of time.
(iii) It leads to the selection of proper and economically viable equipment.

16. Draw the curve to determine the economic life of equipment?

The economic life of equipment depends on the maintenance and repair costs,
availability and operational efficiency. A plot of cumulative efficiency and maintenance
and repair cost per cumulative hours Vs operating hours of the equipment to find the
economic life of the equipment is shown in the figure.
17. State the components of maintenance cost?
The maintenance cost is comprised of two factors:
(i) Fixed cost: This includes the cost of support facilities including the maintenance staff.
(ii) Variable cost: This includes the consumption of spare parts, replacement of
components and cost other facilities requirements of maintenance.

18. State the role of maintenance budget

The maintenance budget is used to set aside certain amount of money to meet
the expenditures incurred in achieving the objectives of maintenance.

19. State the types of maintenance budget?

(i) Appropriation Budget: Budget used to allocate money for each activity independently.
(ii) Fixed Budget: Fixed used to allocate money for a specified period of time.
(iii)Variable Budget: Dynamic allocation of expenditure based on maintenance
requirements and activities.

20. List the main factors of maintenance cost?

The maintenance cost is comprised of two factors:
(i) Fixed cost: This includes the cost of support facilities including the maintenance staff.
(ii) Variable cost: This includes the consumption of spare parts, replacement of
components and cost other facilities requirements of maintenance.

Unit II - Maintenance Policies – Preventive Maintenance

1. Define the term Preventive Maintenance?

It is a maintenance program which is committed to the elimination or prevention of
corrective and breakdown maintenance. It is designed for day to day maintenance like
cleaning, inspection, lubricating, retightening etc. to retain the healthy condition of
equipments.

2. Define predictive maintenance?

Predictive maintenance is a management technique that uses regular evaluation of
the actual operating conditions of plant equipment, production systems and plant
management function to optimize total plant operation.

3. What is meant by Breakdown maintenance approach?

It is a type of maintenance approach in which equipment is allowed to function /
operate till no failure occurs that no maintenance work is carried out ion advance to
prevent failure.
4. Classify various planned maintenance approach.
1. preventive maintenance
2. corrective maintenance
3. predictive maintenance
4. condition based maintenance
5. Define corrective maintenance approach.
Corrective maintenance is the program focused on regular planed tasks that will
maintain all critical machinery and system in optimum operation conditions

6. What is meant by preventive maintenance approach?

A comprehensive preventive maintenance program involves periodical evaluation of
critical equipment, machinery to detect problem and schedule maintenance task to
avoid degradation in operating conditions. It is designed for day to day maintenance
like cleaning inspection, lubricating, retightening etc. to retain the healthy condition
of equipments.

7. List the objectives of corrective maintenance?

1. Elimination break downs
2. Elimination deviations from optimum operating condition.
3. Elimination unnecessary repairs

8. What is meant by predictive Maintenance?

Predictive maintenance is a management technique that uses regular evaluation of
the actual operating conditions of plant equipment production systems and plant
management functions to optimize total plant operation.

9. list out some condition based monitoring techniques and briefly discuss on them.
1. Vibration monitoring
2. thermograph
3. tribology
4. electrical motor analysis

10. What is meant by reliability centered maintenance (RCM)?

Reliability centered maintenance is one of the well-established systematic and a
step by step instructional tool for selecting applicable and appropriate maintenance
operation types. It helps in how to analyze all failure modes in a system and define how
to prevent or find those failures early.

11. What is total productive maintenance and discuss its similarities with TQM?
Total productive maintenance is a maintenance program which involves a newly
defined concept of maintaining plants and equipments. The goal of tpm program is to
significantly increase the production, at the same time increasing employee morale and
job satisfaction.

12. What is meant by reliability centered maintenance?

Reliability centered maintenance is one of the well-established systematic and a
step by step instructional tool for selecting applicable and appropriate maintenance
operational types.

13. What does safety, health and environment pillar of TPM aims at?
This pillar aims at achieving Zero accident, Zero health damage and Zero fires.
14. What is limitation of breakdown maintenance?
1. Most repairs are poorly planned due to time constraint caused by production
and plant management. This will cost three to four times than the same repair
when it is well planned.
2. This approach focus only on repair or the symptoms of failure and not on the
root cause of failure. This results only in increase in the frequency of repair
and correspondingly the maintenance costs.

15. list the benefits of implementing preventive maintenance.

1. It maintains the equipment in good condition to prevent them from bigger
problems.
2. Prolongs the effective life of the equipments.
3. Detects the problem at earlier stages.
4. minimizes/eliminates the rework/scrap and helps in reducing the process
variability
5. Significantly reduces unplanned downtime.

16. Name the five S principles used for implementations of TPM.

1. SEIRI – Sort out
2. SEITON –Organize
3. SEISO – Shine workplace
4. SEIKETSU – Standardization
5. SHITSUKE – Self discipline

17. List the various pillars of TPM?

1. 5,S Principle
2. jishu hozen(JH)
3. Kaizen
4. planned maintenance
5. Quality maintenance.
6. training
7. office TPM
8. Safety, health and environment

18. What are the objectives of TPM?

The main objectives of TPM are
1. to achieve zero defects
2. achieve zero accidents and zero break downs in all functional areas of an
organization
3. to create different team of people to have active participation.
4. To aim at minimization of defects and
5. To inculcate autonomous policy.
19. Name the various stakeholders of maintenance scheduling.
1. Operators
2. Planners
3. Schedulers
4. Maintenance supervisors
5. craftsman
6. Store’s in charge
7. operation superintendent
20. Define Maintenance Scheduling.
Maintenance scheduling is a joint maintenance operations activity in which
maintenance agrees to make the recourses available at a specific time when the unit can
also be made available by operations.

Unit III - Condition Monitoring

1. What is equipment health monitoring?

Conditions monitoring is one of the maintenance methods which are used to
assess the health and condition of equipments machines, systems or process by
absorbing checking, measuring and monitoring several parameters. This technique
is also called as equipment health monitoring.

2. List down the factors for increasing the demand condition monitoring
1. Increased quality expectations reflected in produces liability legislation
2. Increased automation to improve profitability and maintain
competitiveness
3. Increased safety and reliability expectations
4. Increased cost of maintenance due to labour and material cost.

3. List down the key features of condition monitoring.

1. Links between cause and effect
2. Systems with sufficient response
3. Mechanisms for objective data assessment
4. Benefits outweighing cost
5. Data storage and review facilities.
4. Write down the basic steps in condition monitoring.
1. Identifying critical systems
2. Selecting suitable techniques for condition monitoring
3. Setting baselines
4. Data collection
5. Data assessment
6. Fault diagnosis and repair
7. System review

5. What are three types of condition monitoring

a. Subjective condition monitoring
b. Minimized breakdown costs
c. Improved morality of the operating personnel and safety.

6. State the advantages and disadvantages and disadvantages of condition

monitoring.
Advantages
1. Improved availability of equipment
2. Minimized breakdown cost
3. Improved
 reliability Disadvantages
1. Gives only marginal benefits
2. Increased running cost
3. Sometimes difficult to organize

7. Mention the various costs involved in costing of condition monitoring

mainly I. Installation cost
II. Operating cost

8. State the methods of measuring vibration

a. Amplitude
b. Frequency
c. Phase

9. Name the types of pyrometers.

1. Total radiation pyrometers
2. Infra red pyrometers
3. Optical radiation pyrometers

10. Mention the application of bimetallic strip.

1. Bimetallic strips are frequently used in simple ON – OFF switches.
2. The bimetal strips are also used in control switches.

11. List down the features of RTD.

1. High degree of accuracy
2. Resistance thermometer is interchangeable in a process without
compensation or recalibration.

12. State the application and limitation of

thermisters. Applications:
1. It is used for varying temperatures
2. it is used in time delay circuits
3. Thermistors are used for temperature compensation.

13. What are two main types of infrared themography?

1. Passive thermography
2. Active thermography

14.What are the principles very important for the study of eddy current test .
i. Permeability
ii. Conductivity
iii. Material thickness
iv. Edge effect and end effect
v. Lift off
vi. Fill factor
 15. Describe the limitation of eddy current test.
The main limitation is the low penetration of parts being examined, using limited
to thin walls or near surface flaws. It is difficult to use on ferromagnetic materials.

False indications are possible because of mixed variables, edge effects and lift-off
effects. Extensive technical knowledge is required for the development of
inspection procedures, specific probes and to interpret the inspection data.

16.Mention th effect of X-rays to human body?

I. Injuries to superficial tissue
II. General effects on the body, particularly the blood forming organs; eg.
Producers of anema and leukerma
III. Induction of mahgnant tumors.
IV. Genetic effects.

17.What are the limitations of ultrasonic test?

a. Unfavorable geometries and coarse anisotropic grain structures are
difficult to inspect.
b. extensive technical knowledge is required for the development of
inspection procedure.
c. Parts that are rough, irregular in shape, very small or thin or not
homogenous are difficult to examine, specific probes and to interpret
the inspection data.

18.Name some of the methods of leakage monitoring.

1. Interstitial monitoring
2. level monitoring
3. Vapor monitoring
4. Liquid Monitoring

19.Define see back effect?

The basic principle of thermocouple is ‘when two dissimilar metals are joined together
and emf will exist between the two points A and B, which is primarily a function of the
junction temperature. The above said to be principle of see back effect.

20.State the various methods of corrosion monitoring?

d. Weight loss method
e. Electrical resistance method
f. linear polarization method
g. corrosion potential measurement
h. Ultrasonic testing
i. Sentinel hole method.
 Unit IV - Repair Methods for Basic Machine Element
1. Define the term failure.
The term failure may be defined as
1. any loss that interrupts the continuity of production
2. a loss of assets availability
3. the unavailability of equipment
4. a deviation from the status quo
5. not meeting target expectations
6. Any secondary defect.

2. What are the various possible causes for a failure ?

  
Unexpected and unintentional damage \
  
Workmanship
  
Improper design
  
Manufacturing defects
 
Incorrect usage of equipment


3. Define failure analysis?

Failure analysis is the process by which information/data about failure occurring
in equipments/ systems are collected and analyzed to find the root cause of failures, and
the causes are addressed to prevent recurrence of failures.

4. Name the three types of failure models?

  
Predictable failure model
  
Unpredictable failure model
 
Running-In-Failure model


5. What are called age-dependent failures?

Time dependent failures are called age dependent failures

6. What are predictable failures?

In spite of all the working conditions maintained at same level, the cause of
failure will be random in nature and cannot be assigned to any particular mechanism of
failure. This type of failures is called Unpredictable Failures.

7. What are Running In Failures?

Suppose if some components/ equipments are installed with unnoticed defects, may
fail in a short duration after installation than during its useful life. This type of
failures is Running In Failures.

8. Define Fault tree diagrams

Fault tree diagrams are logic block diagrams that display the state of a system in
terms of the states of its components.

9. Write down the capabilities of Fault Tree Diagram.

1. Fault tree analysis and failure modes and effects analysis,
2. Design for reliability
3. Design for safety
10. Define Event tree Analysis
An event tree is a visual representation of all the events which can occur in a
system. As the number of events increases, the pictures fans out like the branches of
a tree

11. What is the aim of event tree analysis?

The aim of event tree is to determine the probability of an event based on the
outcomes of each event in the chronological sequence of events leading up to it. By
analyzing all possible outcomes, we can determine the percentage of outcomes
which lead to the desired result.

12. Define Root cause analysis?

RCA is a step by step method that leads to the discovery of faults first or root cause.
Every equipment failure happens for a number of reasons. There is a definite
progression of actions and consequences that lead to a failure. An RCA
investigation from the end failure is back to the root cause.

13. Define FMEA?

FMEA is methodology for analyzing potential reliability problems early in the
development cycle where it is easier to take actions to overcome the issues, thereby
enhancing reliability through design.
14. Define Risk Priority Number(RPN)
Risk priority numbers is the product of the numerical severity, occurrence and
detection ratings.
RPN = (S) X (O)X(D)

15. Name the factors based on the satisfactory performance of

gears/drives. I. Proper design and manufacture of drive
II. Selection of proper type and size
III. Proper installation
IV. Proper use of service
V. Proper maintenance of unit in it entire life.

16. Name the factors that contribute to tooth breakage.

The common reasons for gear tooth breakage may be due to any of the following
reasons
a. Fatigue
b. Heavy wear
c. Overload
d. Cracking

17. list some of the inspection performed on gears

1. Pitch error
2. Axial and
3. Radial run out
4. Tooth profile etc.
 18. Name some of the geometric properties that are checked for guide ways.
1. Straightness
2. Flatness
3. Parallel both on horizontal and vertical surfaces.

19. What are the factors influence the performance of sleeve bearings.
The following are the factors that affect the bearing performance:
1. Dirt
2. Fatigue
3. Hot Shot phenomenon and
4. Crush problem

20. Define Crush

Normally, the bearings are manufactured so that they are slightly longer
circumferentially than the mating housing. The bearing will be elastically deformed
during assembly. If the amount of crush is insufficient, relative motion occurs between
the bearing and its bore, which causes fretting and makes the bearing back a highly
polished or pitted.

Unit V - Repair Methods for Material Handling Equipment

1. State few examples of material handling equipments.

Material handling equipments include carts, hand trucks, fork lifts, conveyors,
shelf pickers and other specialized industrial trucks powered by electric motors or
internal combustion engines.

2. State the benefits of proper maintenance of material handling equipments.

The benefits of a maintenance program for material handling equipments are to
maintain the high efficiency, keep them in running condition, reduce the cost of repairs,
safer operation and enhanced productivity.

3. State the major stages in preventive maintenance of material handling

equipments. There are three stages of preventive maintenance are:
1. Inspection
2. Repair and
3. over haul

4. State the various phases present in a good maintenance management system.

1. Work identification
2. Planning
3. Scheduling
4. Execution
5. Recording and
6. Analysis

5. Define the term computerized maintenance management system (CMMS) Computerized

maintenance management system is the application of computers in
planning, scheduling, monitoring and control of maintenance activities.
6. State the objectives of CMMS.
1. Maintenance of existing equipments
2. Inspection and service of the equipment
3. installation or revamping of the equipment
4. Maintenance storekeeping
5. craft administration

7. State the advantages of CMMS.

1. Improve maintenance efficiency
2. Reduce maintenance costs
3. Reduce the equipment downtime by proper scheduling preventative
maintenance.
4. provide maintenance reports in specific formats depending on the
requirements.
5. Quicker access to plant maintenance statistics

8. Define work order system.

Work order system is the information system used by the industry to keep track of
its maintenance works.

9. Mention the use of work order backlog.

Work order back log is used to find out all active maintenance works
order in an industry.

10. What is work permit?

Work permits are components of work order. Maintenance department issues
work permits to different executing agencies permitting them to start their work.

11. What is job card?

Job cards contain necessary details for performing individual job in maintenance
organizations. Job card may be in the form of a card, sheet or printout.

12. State the benefits of job card system.

1. Information about maintenance history
2. Knowledge of frequency of frequency of maintenance for equipments
3. Details of equipments which require maximum resources
4. Helps in job auditing
5. Evaluation of cost of maintenance.

13. State the role equipment records in maintenance.

Equipment records are information containing the details of installation, service,
repair, maintenance activities, schedules and plans for future implementation.
Equipment records are to be used to maintain control on maintenance cost,
reliability and availability.

14. State the benefits of keeping equipments records.

1. clear picture about the details of maintenance programmes is obtained.
2. information about completed, pending and regular jobs carried out to the
equipment are available
 3. Records disseminated to various units of the industry.
4. Helps in standardization of procedures.
5. Evaluation of performance of maintenance tasks.

15. List some of the inspection performed on gears

Pitch error
Axial and
Radial run out
Tooth profile etc

16. Define Root cause analysis?

RCA is a step by step method that leads to the discovery of faults first or root cause.
Every equipment failure happens for a number of reasons. There is a definite
progression of actions and consequences that lead to a failure. An RCA
investigation from the end failure is back to the root cause.

17.List the main factors of maintenance cost?

The maintenance cost is comprised of two factors:
(i) Fixed cost: This includes the cost of support facilities including the maintenance staff.
(ii) Variable cost: This includes the consumption of spare parts, replacement of
components and cost other facilities requirements of maintenance.

18.Name the three types of failure models?

  
Predictable failure model
  
Unpredictable failure model
 
Running-In-Failure model

19.Define Event tree Analysis

An event tree is a visual representation of all the events which can occur in a
system. As the number of events increases, the pictures fans out like the branches of
a tree

20.What are two main types of infrared

themography? 1. Passive thermography
3. Active thermography
 16 MARKS QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Unit I - Principles and Practices of Maintenance Planning

1) What are the principles of maintenance?

a) Plant management in maintenance work:

The main role of a maintenance function is to
provide safe and effective operation of the equipment to achive the
desired targets on time with economics usage of resources.
b) Production and maintenance objectives:
The plant operation is driven by the production targets.The objective
of maintenance function is to support these target.The achivement of desired
goals of athe production system is to be supported by both the production and
maintenance department to ensure smooth and succesfull operation of the
industry.
c) Establishment of work order and recording system:
The maintenance system should have proper work and
recording system.The work order for the maintenance function indicates the
nature of work to be performed and the series of operations to be followed to
execute a particular job. It is necessary to maintain proper records and entries
to monitor the maintenance function.
d) Information based decision making:
The maintenance objectives are successfully achieved
by the use of reliable information system. This information is used to meet the
manpower and spare parts re4quirements of the industry.
e) Adherence to planned maintenance strategy:
A sound maintenance management should adhere
to the planned maintenance stratergy.This also includes the use of
manufacturer information on the life and maintenance schedules of the
equipment and other material resources available.
f) Planning of maintenance function:
All the maintenance function are to be
carefully executed by a way of proper planning to ensure the effective
utilization of manpower and materials.
g) Manpower for maintenance:
The manpower requirement of the maintenance system
must be carefully evaluated based on the time and motion study.The
requirements should also satisfies the need arising in case of overhauls,
component replacement, emergency and unscheduled repair.
h) Work force control:
Determination of exact work force required to meet the
maintenance objectives of the system is difficulty task due to the element of
uncertainty.Hence the proper control and monitoring of workforce are needs
to be ensured.
 i) Role of spare parts :
j) A good maintenance management system requires appropriate tools.So the
system should have good quality tools and that too available in required
quantities to ensure the proper function of the maintenance work.
k) Training of maintenance work force:
Training of the workforce must be integral part of any good maintenance
management system.Training helps the workforce to learn about the modern
techniques,recent trents in maintenance and to chalk out a strategy to meet
the growing demands of the industry.

2) What are important factors considered in maintenance planning?

a) Job distribution:
The first and foremost task in maintenance planning is the
distribution of the jobs to the personnel for preventive and emergency
maintenance works.It is the practice to form two separate task groups to
tacle the both.If not possible a same group can also be used to tacle both the
situations in such way that during scheduling,time must be devoted for
unforeseen breakdowns or situations in maintenance.
b) Programme :
The development of maintenance programs involves
o Selection of activities for maintenance
o Determination of the frequency of preventive maintenance
o Decision on the cost effective methodology

Selection of activities
This selection is based on cost involved between
preventive and breakdown maintenance.
c) Manpower allocation:
The manpower allocation is the most important task of
the maintenance management group.It provides adequate manpower to
execute various jobs in the system.This should also take into consideration
the skill level of personal deputed for the maintenance tasks.The central idea
of manpower allocation can be drafted using the information available from
maintenance records and planning the task to meet the objectives of the
organization.
d) Staffing:
Staffing is the task of providing the required manpower
for the maintenance function.This has to be achieved at optimum
cost.Staffing is depent upon the ability of the organization to tackle the
regular as well as attending the unforeseen situations.Staffing should be
sufficient to handle preventive and emergency maintenance task.
e) Planning technique :
The planning methods are Gantt charts,Milestone
method,Critical path method and program evaluation review.Evolutionary
computation based techniques are recently used for maintenance planning
and scheduling.

f) Planning procedure:
Planning procedure involves four step processes.
 Organising maintenance resources to ensure their
 effective use in future 
 Scheduling the resources for the planned period 
  Execution of plans according to the schedules 
 Establishing a feedback system for all the above processes
 to know the deficiencies of each of the processes. 
g) Estimation of maintenance work:
h) Estimation is used to find out the quantity and quality of the maintenance
work.This will help in allocation of the required manpower. The following
methods are used for the estimation of maintenance wok. Measurement
by estimates,historical data and by conventional standard time data.
i) Maintenance control:
Maintenance control is the auditing techniques to
ensure the effective utilization of the maintenance budget.This involves the
integration of accountability with in the system.Prope accounting of
maintenance work should be carried out at every level of the maintenance
organization.

3) what are the different types of organizations are in use in Indian industries?

a) line organization

b)line staff organization

 C) maintenance functional organization

d) centrally controlled maintenance organization

e)area maintenance organization
4) Mention the maintenance function and activities?

Unit II
 Unit II - Maintenance Policies – Preventive Maintenance

5.Explain with sketch various types of maintenance approach?

Basically there are two types of maintenance tasks they are


 Breakdown maintenance 
 
Planned maintenance
Planned maintenance may further be classified into

 Preventive maintenance 
  
Corrective maintenance
  
Predictive maintenance
  
Condition based maintenance

Reliability centered

 maintenance Corrective maintenance
The main objectives of this program are to 

 Eliminate breakdowns 
 
Eliminate deviations from optimum operating conditions

 Eliminate unnecessary repairs 

Optimize all critical plant
 systems Preventive maintenance 
It is a maintenance program which is committed to the elimination or
 prevention of corrective and break down maintenance. 
 Benefits of preventive maintenance 

It maintains the  equipment in good condition to preventin them from
 bigger problems.
  
Prolongs the effective life of the equipments.
  
Detects the problem at earlier stages.

Minimize/eliminates the rework/scrap and helps in reducing the
 process variability.

Significantly reduces unplanned downtime. 
Predictive Maintenance
Predictive maintenance is a management technique that uses regular evaluation of
the actual operating conditions of the plant
equipment. Benefits of preventive maintenance

Reduced breakdown losses.
  
Reduction of quality defects.
  
Increased net operating profit

Reduced maintenance costs
 Condition based maintenance techniques 

Vibration Monitoring 
Determines the actual conditions of equipments/machines by
studying the noise or vibration produced during functioning.

Thermography
Determines the condition of plant machinery, systems etc. by
studying the emissions of infra red energy i.e. temperature

Reliability Centered maintenance

The rough process of RCM is as follows
1. Target products or systems of maintenance should be clearly identified and
necessary data should be collected
2. All possible failures and their effect on target products or systems are
systematically
analyzed Application of RCM

 When designing, selecting and installing new systems in a plant. 

When setting up preventive maintenance for complex equipment
 and systems for which we are not clear on how they work. 

When teaching people the basics of reliability it helps to explain
the matters in a detailed fashion using RCM. 

6.Explain briefly about TPM with the help of flow chart?

TPM is a maintenance program which involves a newly defined concept of

maintaining plants and equipments. The goal of TPM program is to significantly
increases the production, at the same time increasing employee morale and job
satisfaction. TPM philosophically resembles TQM in many aspect such as

 Requirements of commitment by top level management 
  
Requirement of empowering employees to initiate corrective action
 
Accepting long range plan on any on goin process.
The five S principles used for implementations of TPM.
  SEIRI – Sort out 
 SEITON –Organize 
 SEISO – Shine workplace 
 SEIKETSU – Standardization 
 SHITSUKE – Self discipline 
various pillars of TPM
 5,S Principle 
  jishu hozen(JH) 
 Kaizen 
 planned maintenance 
 Quality maintenance. 
 training 
  office TPM 
 Safety, health and environment 
Implementation of TPM:

The main objectives of TPM are


 to achieve zero defects 

achieve zero accidents and zero break downs in all functional areas of
 an organization 

 to create different team of people to have active participation. 
  
To aim at minimization of defects and
 
To inculcate autonomous policy.
 7.Discuss in brief the roles of various stakeholders of maintenance
scheduling communication chain?

Maintenance scheduling is a joint maintenance operations activity in which

maintenance agrees to make the recourses available at a specific time when the unit
can also be made available by operations

various stakeholders of maintenance scheduling.


 Operators 
  
Planners
  
Schedulers
  
Maintenance supervisors
  
craftsman
  
Store’s in charge
  
operation superintendent

 Planner:
He/She should ensure that the work is properly planned with respect to customer
requirements, stores material, directly purchased material and special service mentioned
on work order. Also the work to be carried out with the line of safety requirements should
be described. 
 Scheduler:
He/She should ensure that

 Trades are available to conduct the work during the schedule duration 
  
Materials and/or service availability

Communicatingthe details of the above to person involved in maintenance
and operations

Maintenance supervisor:
He/She will be the responsible for the day-to-day activities comprised in weekly
schedule and also determines the business availability. They attend to specify such as to
who-what-where-when.

Craftsman:
He/She executes the assigned task and keep informing the maintenance team, the
outcome as well as any practical difficulty in their part, for any further analysis
Storeroom Personnel:
They maintain the records of the receipt of goods and notify if any damages
exists.

Operations Superintendent:
He must be kept informed in advance about the equipment condition. Since
he is well aware of production schedule, should determine the opportune time with
maintenance to release the equipment.
Operator:
He is the person responsible for securing the equipment and report back to the
maintenance personnel if any deviation is observed.

8.Write a brief notes on JISHU HOZEN (autonomous maintenance)and its benefits?

b) JISHU HOZEN Target:

1.Reduce oil consumptionby50%

2.Reduce process time by 50%
3.Increase use of JH by 50%
 Unit III - Condition Monitoring

8.Explain briefly the process involved in condition monitoring?

Conditions monitoring is one of the maintenance methods which are used to assess
the health and condition of equipments machines, systems or process by absorbing
checking, measuring and monitoring several parameters. This technique is also
called as equipment health monitoring.

1. Identifying critical systems

2. Selecting suitable techniques for condition monitoring
3. Setting baselines
4. Data collection
5. Data assessment
6. Fault diagnosis and repair
7. System review
advantages and disadvantages and disadvantages of condition monitoring.
Advantages
  Improved availability of equipment 
 Minimized breakdown cost 

 Improved
 reliability Disadvantages 
  Gives only marginal benefits 
  Increased running cost 
 Sometimes difficult to organize 

9.Discuss the various levels of condition monitoring?

S.NO Parameters to measure Instrument used

1 Temperature Pistol
therometer,Pyrometer,temperature
sensitive taps
2 Speed and distance Tachometer,odometer
3 Vibration Accelerometer,vibration analyzer
4 Electrical quantities such Voltmeter,ammeter
as volt,amp,ohm
5 Wear Thickness gauges
6 Corrosion Corrosion monitor
7 Fits and clearence Proximitymeter

Visual monitoring:
Machine components are visually inspected to determine their
condition a.Sight Leaks
Smoke or casing colour change, indicating
overheating. b.Smell Overheating
Leaks
c.Hearing Abnormal noise, indicating some malfunction.
d.Feel Abnormal vibration, indicating some malfunction, high
casing temperatures, indicating overheating

Wear debris and contaminant monitoring.

1. Direct detection of the debris in the oil in the machine optical methods.
2. Electrically conducting filters.
3. Inductive and capacitative methods.
4. Collection of the debris in the machine for regular examination.
5. Existing filtration system.
6. Special filters.
7. Magnetic plugs.
8. Regular sampling of the lubricant for an analysis of its contents.
9. Elemental (spectrometric) analysis.
10. Magnetic particle separation.
11. Automatic particle counting.

10.Explain on-load and off-load testing used in condition monitoring

with its flow chart?

Condition monitoring can be done in two methods viz,off-line or on-

line.In off-line condition monitoring,the machine is withdrawn from
service and disconnected from its normal supply.Measurements
 of system, monitoring equipment are built in or installed in series with the
running equipment.On-line monitoring system are generally continuous with provision to
by pass.
 Unit IV - Repair Methods for Basic Machine Element

11.Write short notes of fault fault tree diagram?

FTA is a graphical technique used to determine the various combinations of hardware (and
software) failures and human errors, which can result in an undesirable outcome. The
specified undesirable outcome is referred to as a ‘top event’, where the deductive analysis
about the general conclusions and their causes is often described as a ‘top down’ approach.
A Fault Tree Analysis begins with a construction of a fault tree, relating the sequences of
events leading to the top event. This may be illustrated by considering the probabilities of
events and by constructing a tree with AND and OR logicgates.

Basically, the steps involved in a fault tree analysis are:

1. Define the Top Event

2. Know the system
3. Construct the tree
4. Validate the tree
5. Evaluate the tree
6. Study tradeoffs
7. Consider alternatives and recommend actions

A fault tree analysis can also include human error contribution to the overallsystem,ifthe
probabilities for human error are described in the same term as component and
hardware failures.
Thus the main purpose of fault tree analysis is to evaluate the probability of the top event
using analytical and statistical methods. By providing useful information concerning the
likelihood of a failure and its means, efforts can be made to improve system safety and
reliability. It also evaluates the effectiveness and the need for redundancy. Hence, the
resulting benefits of fault tree analysis to project management are reduction of analysis
time and precision in identifying and correcting deficiencies

Fault tree diagrams are logic block diagrams that display the state of a system in
terms of the states of its components.

capabilities of Fault Tree Diagram.

 Fault tree analysis and failure modes and effects analysis, 
  Design for reliability 
 Design for safety Benefits
 of fault tree diagram: 
 Used to identify possible system reliability or safety problems at design
 time, 
 Used to assess system reliability or safety during operation, 
 Helps to improve understanding of the system, 
 Can identify root cause of equipment failures. 
12.Explain briefly with the help flow chart about FMEA?

FMEA is methodology for analyzing potential reliability problems early

in the development cycle where it is easier to take actions to overcome the
issues, thereby enhancing reliability through design

FMEA is a procedure in operations management for analysis of potential failure modes

within a system for classification by severity or determination of the effect of failures on
the system. It is widely used in manufacturing industries in various phases of the
product life cycle and is now increasingly finding use in the service industry. Failure
modes are any errors or defects in a process, design, or item, especially those that affect
the customer, and can be potential or actual. Effects analysis refers to studying the
consequences of those failures.
FMEA cycle.
Failure mode: "The manner by which a failure is observed; it generally describes
the way the failure occurs."
Failure effect: Immediate consequences of a failure on operation, function
or functionality, or status of some item
Indenture levels: An identifier for item complexity. Complexity increases as levels
are closer to one.
Local effect: The Failure effect as it applies to the item under analysis.
Next higher level effect: The Failure effect as it applies at the next higher indenture
level. End effect: The failure effect at the highest indenture level or total system.
Failure cause: Defects in design, process, quality, or part application, which are the
underlying cause of the failure or which initiate a process which leads to failure.
Severity: "The consequences of a failure mode. Severity considers the worst potential
consequence of a failure, determined by the degree of injury, property damage, or
system damage that could ultimately

Advantages

 Improve the quality, reliability and safety of a product/process 

 Improve company image and competitiveness 
 Increase user satisfaction 
 Reduce system development timing and cost 
 Collect information to reduce future failures, capture engineering knowledge 
 Reduce the potential for warranty concerns 
 Early identification and elimination of potential failure modes 
 Emphasize problem prevention 
 Minimize late changes and associated cost 
 Catalyst for teamwork and idea exchange between functions 
 Reduce the possibility of same kind of failure in future 
Limitations

FMEA is effectively dependent on the members of the committee which examines

product failures, it is limited by their experience of previous failures. If a failure mode
cannot be identified, then external help is needed from consultants who are aware of the
many different types of product failure. FMEA is thus part of a larger system of quality
control, where documentation is vital to implementation. General texts and detailed
publications are available in forensic engineering and failure analysis. It is a general
requirement of many specific national and international standards that FMEA is used in
evaluating product integrity. If used as a top-down tool, FMEA may only identify major
failure modes in a system. Fault tree analysis (FTA) is better suited for "top-down" analysis.
When used as a "bottom-up" tool FMEA can augment or complement FTA and identify
many more causes and failure modes resulting in top-level symptoms. It is not able to
discover complex failure modes involving multiple failures within a subsystem, or to Fault
Tree+ is a fully interactive graphics and analysis program for performing probabilistic risk
assessment using integrated fault tree, event tree and Markov analyses..
 Unit V - Repair Methods for Material Handling Equipment

12.Explain the detail repair methods for material handling equipment?

The proper maintenance of material handling equipment is

extremely essential for preventing the occurrence of bottlenecks or points
of congestions. Production line flow can be maintained only if the material
handling equipment is in proper working order. Out of many maintenance
techniques available, preventive maintenance is the one of the best
maintenance techniques suggested in case of material handling equipment.
These are three stages of preventive maintenance and they are
  Inspection 
  Repair 
 Overhauls 
Maintenance strategies for hoists and cranes:

Portable crane:
 It is necessary to keep loads within design limits on portable
 cranes that are mounted on wheels platforms. 
  Frequent inspection of brakes, load hoisting and lowering mechanism 
 Inspection of boom, base and platform for any sign of stress 
Eg: cracks, bends, breaks
Over head cranes:
 Keep the attachments in overhead cranes loaded within the
 rating capacity. 
 Maintain safety factors for replacement parts according
 to manufacturer specifications 
 Check welded connections for cracks, bends abrasion and
 corrosion Maintenance strategies for conveyers: 
 Conveyer system need to be inspected on a regular basis. The
important areas include rollers, bearings chains and belts. All of
 these moving parts are subjected to wear and tear 
 Check conveyers to detect any bolt slippage, dragging or defective
 rollers. 
 Moving equipment parts are subjected to breaks caused by metal 
fatigue, loose bearing and obstructions.
A typical scheduled conveyor maintenance plan:
 Check/lubricate all bearings, universal joints, and pulleys.
  Check chain tension, wear and lubricate 
  Check sprocket alignment, wear and screw set. 
  Check flat belt tension, wear and acing 
  Check V-belt tension, wear and sheave alignment. 
  Check general condition of system 
  Operate entire system after service 
 List any items requiring replacement or repair. 

13.Explain the general structure of six phases of good maintenance

management?

The proper operation of an industry requires appropriate strategies in

maintenance management.This is ensured by the effective integration of
various phases involved in management.A good maintenance
management can be considered as having six phases as shown.
They are
  Work identification 
 Planning 
  Scheduling 
  Execution 
  Recording 
 Analysis 
 The important steps in this system approach are
 Codification and cataloguing 
  Preparation of history sheet 
  Preparation of instruction and operating manual 
  Preparation of maintenance manual 
  Maintenance operation liaison 
  Maintenance work order and permit system 
 Job execution, monitoring, feedback and control 

14.Explain the general structure of computerized maintenance

management system?

Computerized maintenance management system is the application of computers

in planning, scheduling, monitoring and control of maintenance activities.
A computerized maintanance management system includes the following aspects:
  Development of a database 
 Analysis of available past records 
  Development of maintenance schedules 
 Availability of maintenance material 
 Feedback control system 
 Project management. 
Te objectives of CMMS.

6. Maintenance of existing equipments

7. Inspection and service of the equipment
8. installation or revamping of the equipment
9. Maintenance storekeeping
10. Craft administration
11.

The advantages of CMMS.

1. Improve maintenance efficiency
2. Reduce maintenance costs
3. Reduce the equipment downtime by proper scheduling preventative
maintenance.
4. provide maintenance reports in specific formats depending on the
requirements.
5. Quicker access to plant maintenance statistics
 Work order flow diagram

15.Explain the work order flow diagram?

Work order system is the information system used by the industry to keep track of
its maintenance works. Work permits are components of work order. Maintenance
department issues work permits to different executing agencies permitting them to
start their work.
A maintenance work order are generally gives the following information:
  Work order number and code 
  Departments address and code 
  Date of issue 
  Detail of approval 
  Date of receipt of work order 
 Priority 
 Location 
  Equipment details 
 Nature of work 
 Material requirement 
  Completion data and report 
 Special requirement 

Work permit are components of work order. Maintenance department issues

work permits to different executing agencies permitting them to start their
work. A work permit mentions the work permit number ,work order
number, section from which work originated and information as mentioned
in work order.

16.Explain about maintenance monitoring, execution and control?

A well designed organization should have proper strategies to

execute,monitor and control over the various maintenance tasks.
  Monitoring:
a)Gather information about deviation and delay in execution of
maintenance may provide idea about the need to add more resources to
complete the maintenance task in scheduled time frame
b)Communication of the changes in job content to the various follow
up agencies
c)ovide information about constraints in technical issues and
necessary steps can be taken to improve the existing techniques
Method of monitoring:
Feedback:
  Unscheduled / pending job 
  Work status 
  Suspended work 
  Work completion 
 Manpower requirements and actual utilization 
 Cost of maintenance 

 Technical
 difficulties Control: 
 Continuous or periodical monitoring 
  Inspection of status 
 Comparison of status with the predetermined standard and
initiating corrective measures. 