HAGUILANAN HIGH SCHOOL

Haguilanan, Catigbian, Bohol

LESSON GUIDE # 3
ORAL COMMUNICATION

VERBAL AND NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION

Verbal communication refers to an interaction in which words are

used to relay a message. For effective and successful verbal
communication, use words to express ideas which can be easily
understood by the person you are talking to. Consider
appropriateness, brevity, clarity, ethics, and vividness when
engaging in this type of communication.

1. Appropriateness – the language that you use should be

appropriate to the environment or occasion (whether formal
or informal).
2. Brevity – speakers who often use simple yet precise and
powerful words are found to be more credible. Try to
achieve brevity by being more direct with your words. Avoid
fillers and insubstantial expressions which do not add to
the message, such as “uh”, “you know”, “I guess”, and
others.
3. Clarity – the meanings of words, feelings, or ideas may be
interpreted differently by a listener; hence, it is
essential for you to clearly state your message and express
your ideas and feelings.
4. Ethics – words should be carefully chosen in consideration of
the gender, roles, ethnicity, preferences, and status of
the person or people you are talking to.
5. Vividness – words that vividly or creatively describe things
or feelings usually add color and spice to communication;
hence, you are encouraged to find ways to charm your
audience through the use of vivid words.

Nonverbal communication refers to an interaction where behaviour

is used to convey and represent meanings. All kinds of human
responses that are not expressed in words are classified as
nonverbal communication. Example of nonverbal communication are
stares, smiles, tone of voice, movements, manners of walking,
standing and sitting, appearance, style of attire, attitude
towards punctuality and space, personality, and others.

Mastery of nonverbal communication is important for several

reasons:
1. It enhances and emphasizes the message of your speech, thus
making it more meaningful, truthful, and relevant.
2. It can communicate feelings, attitudes, and perceptions
without you saying a word.
3. It can sustain the attention of listeners and keep them
engaged in the speech.
4. It gives the audience a preview to the type of speaker you
are.
5. It makes you appear more dynamic and animated in your
delivery.
6. It serves as a channel to release tension and nervousness.
7. It helps make your speech more dramatic.
8. It can build a connection with listeners.
9. It makes you a credible speaker.
 10. It helps you vary your speaking style and avoid a
monotonous delivery.

Evaluation:

Write T before each number if the statement is true and F if the

statement is false.

1. Consider ethics in your speech at all times

2. Effective use of nonverbal communication can strengthen your
message.
3. How you communicate reflects who you are as a person.
4. One way to help you build credibility is through effective
nonverbal communication.
5. There are certain words that are only appropriate at certain
times and places.
6. To achieve clarity, we must speak the same language as our
listeners.
7. Use of too many fillers can distract your listeners.
8. Verbal communication is better than nonverbal communication.
9. When you talk to others, you should not assume too quickly that
they understand the message that you convey.
10. When you communicate, choose what you want to say and how
you want to say it.

Evaluation:

Write T before each number if the statement is true and F if the

statement is false.

1. Consider ethics in your speech at all times

2. Effective use of nonverbal communication can strengthen your
message.
3. How you communicate reflects who you are as a person.
4. One way to help you build credibility is through effective
nonverbal communication.
5. There are certain words that are only appropriate at certain
times and places.
6. To achieve clarity, we must speak the same language as our
listeners.
7. Use of too many fillers can distract your listeners.
8. Verbal communication is better than nonverbal communication.
9. When you talk to others, you should not assume too quickly
that they understand the message that you convey.
10. When you communicate, choose what you want to say and how
you want to say it.
Types of Nonverbal communication:

● Proxemics
● Kinesics
● Chronemics
● Paralanguage
● Haptics

Proxemics refers to the space or distance between the sender and the
receiver. This includes intimate distance (less than 6 inches to 28
inches), for embracing, touching, or whispering; personal distance
(1.5 to 4 feet), which is for interacting with good friends or
family; social distance (4 to 12 feet), which is for interacting
with acquaintances, and public distance (12 to 25 feet or more),
which is used for public speaking.

Example: maintaining a few feet of distance when talking to a

person you are nit close to

Explanation: When you are speaking with someone you are not very
comfortable with, it is natural to maintain social distance, which
is around four to twelve feet.

Kinesics refers to the use of body language in communication. This

includes gestures, eye contact, and facial expressions.

Example: not being able to look someone in the eye

Explanation: Not being able to establish eye contact may mean that
the person is uncomfortable, uncertain, or embarrassed.

Chronemics refers to the role of time in the communication process.

Since various cultures may have different perceptions of time when
it comes to punctuality or in interactions, chronemics may greatly
affect communication.

Example: not responding right away to a question

Explanation: When someone is asked a question and does not respond

right away, it may be interpreted as hesitation, disinterest, or
uncertainty.

Paralanguage refers to the tone, speed, and volume of a speaker’s

voice. Sighs and gasps are also considered as paralanguage.

Example: using a loud voice and speaking fast

Explanation: When a person is speaking fast and loudly, it may be

that he is angry or agitated.

Haptics is the use of touch to convey meaning in a conversation. This

is often dependent on culture. In some countries, friendly touching
is encouraged, but in others, it is considered an invasion of one’s
personal space.

Example: patting someone on the back

Explanation: Patting someone’s back is often done to comfort an

individual.
 HAGUILANAN HIGH SCHOOL
Haguilanan, Catigbian, Bohol

LESSON GUIDE # 4
ORAL COMMUNICATION

INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION

Objectives:define intercultural communication;

Demonstrate effective intercultural communication
Skills in a speech situation;
Develop appreciation for different cultural
perspectives

Intercultural communication happens when individuals interact,

negotiate, and create meanings while bringing in their varied cultural
backgrounds (Ting-Toomey m./, 1999).

Intercultural communication refers to communication between or among

members of different cultural, social, or linguistic groups. When
engaging in intercultural communication, it is essential that
participants have an understanding of the following:

● Self-awareness, or an understanding of one’s self and place in

society, is essential to communicate better with others, especially
those who are different from you. Knowing who you are and to which
cultural and social group you belong will enable you to relate better
to others and to develop a sense of sensitivity toward others.

● The way you communicate with others is largely influenced by your

view of them.

● Culture, gender, age, social status, and religion are some

sociocultural factors that influence and affect communication.

For some scholars, intercultural communication pertains to

communication among people from different nationalities (Gudykunst,
2003). Still, others look at intercultural communication as
communication that is influenced by different ethnicities, religions,
and sexual orientations.

When you speak, your speech is continuously accompanied by

gestures, facial expressions and other body movements that add to what
you are saying in different ways. For example, nodding means “yes” in
the Indian subcontinent, Iran, most of Europe, Latin America, and
North America. However, in Greece, Lebanon, Syria, Palestine, Turkey,
Macedonia, Bulgaria, and Albania, nodding indicates disagreement.
Moreover, in the case of Jakgiopanese culture, silence as a form of
communication is more integrated in their customs than in Western
languages. It is therefore important for you to acknowledge and
understand the many communication patterns present in other cultures.

Take a look at this dialogue between a Filipino and an American.

Situation: Raul meets with his new friend Peter at a restaurant.

Raul arrives late.

Raul: Hi, Peter! I’m sorry I’m late. I was stuck in traffic.

Peter: (looking irritated) Well, you should have called ahead of

time. So, how are you?

Raul: I’m actually not feeling well. I went to the park yesterday
and……(continuously telling Peter the activities he did yesterday)

For effective communication, it is important that you develop

sensitivity to various cultural groups. Especially in intercultural
interactions, you must be empathetic toward the person(s) you are
talking to. Be aware of and be sensitive to the values and norms of
the person involved in the interaction.

GENDER

Men and women in general differ in the way they express themselves
or in how they communicate with others. This is referred to as
communication style. In men-only conversations, some tend to
dominate the conversation and they seldom talk about their private
lives. On the other hand, in women- only conversations, they usually
allow everyone to participate and they often talk about their
personal relationships.

Here are more gender differences in communication styles.However,

note that these differences do not apply to all men and women and to
all cultures.

Men Women

In men – only conversations: In women – only conversations:

▪ assertive and competitive ▪ polite and affectionate
▪ reserved ▪ expressive
▪ talk about different topics ▪ talk about one topic at length
▪ need personal space ▪ intimate
▪ purpose: to provide information ▪ purpose: to build or maintain
relationships
In mixed – gender conversations:
▪ men initiate the interaction
▪ Men often interrupt the other
person who is speaking. Women
usually allow an interruption.
▪ Men use fewer adjectives and
intensifies compared to women.
In intercultural communication, nonverbal communication also differs
significantly between genders and across cultures. Here are some
examples:

▪ In most Western cultures, it is normal for women and men to hug

even if they are not close friends.

▪ In Middle Eastern cultures, public displays of affection (e.g.

touching, shaking the hands) between the opposite sex are
unacceptable.

▪ In most Western cultures, eye contact when talking is a sign of

respect and attentiveness. In many Latin American and Asian
cultures, prolonged eye contact can indicate rudeness, especially
between people of different social hierarchies. In Middle Eastern
cultures, men and women are not supposed to make eye contact.
However, direct eye contact between those of the same sex,
especially between men, is a sign of sincerity.

AGE

People from different ages or generations may have difficulty

communicating with one another. A person’s age or the generation to
which he or she belongs influences the way he or she communicates
with others. Younger generations tend to use digital formats (e.g.,
text messaging, social networking), which older generations prefer
face-to-face discussions.

Age related communication also reflects culture. In Filipino

culture, for example, pagmamano and Filipino expressions like po and
opo are taught to children at an early age as a sign of politeness
and respect when talking to the elders. In Turkish culture, kissing
the right hand is a common way of greeting the elders.

SOCIAL STATUS

Differences in social status may affect the way we communicate

with others, especially in intercultural communication. A person’s
standing or position in society, or social status, can influence
whom you talk and choose to build relationships with. Communication
gap is also likely to happen between a person who holds a higher
status and that has a lower status since they differ in background,
education, income, social habits, among others.

Status differences are also evident across cultures. In many

Western and Eastern cultures, a person of lower status is introduced
to a person of higher status when conducting business. In Japanese
business culture where title is very important, people exchange
business cards that clearly state their ranks even before they shake
hands or bow. Bowing in Japan also indicates status. A person with
lower status must bow lower than the person with higher status.

RELIGION

Communication between or among persons belonging to different

religions is a common source of intercultural conflict. This usually
arises when the participants engaged in a conversation imposes one’s
religious views on others who may not share those views.

Differences in religious views may also lead to prejudices. For

instance, some may find it difficult interacting with others who do
not share their religion. A person may even avoid talking to someone
from a particular religious group.

Religion also deeply influences culture. In Thailand where

Buddhism is the main religion, anger is considered to be one of the
three poisons (the other two being greed and ignorance). Buddhism
believes that a “righteous” or “justifiable” anger does not exist.
For example, Muslims do not eat pork, most Hindus do not eat beef,
and Jews do not eat pork and shellfish.
 HAGUILANAN HIGH SCHOOL
Haguilanan, Catigbian, Bohol

LESSON GUIDE # 5
ORAL COMMUNICATION

INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION

1. BONJOUR – French
Where to say it: Apart from France, Belgium and Switzerland this will also be understood in
Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria and the sub-Saharan African countries of DR Congo, Côte d’Ivoire,
Cameroon, Guinea, Gabon and Mauritius.

2. HOLA – Spanish
Where to say it: Outside Spain, Spanish, or Castillian as it is sometimes called, is the main
language of all Central and South American countries apart from Brazil. It is also the second most
common language in the USA, spoken by more than 34m Hispanic Americans.

3. HALLO / GUTEN TAG – German

Where to say it: Germany, Austria and Switzerland

4. CIAO – Italianumxn
Where to say it:Italy

5. OLÀ – Portuguese
Where to say it: Portugal and Brazil. Also spoken in former Portuguese colonies of Angola,
Mozambique, Cape Verde, São Tomé and Macau.

6. NAMASTE – Hindi
Where to say it: Northern India and Nepal. Hindi is one of the official languages of India, but is
spoken as native language by only 41% of the population. Some people classify Hindi as the same
language as Urdu, which is spoken in Pakistan.

7. SALAAM – Persian (Farsi)

Where to say it: Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan. Also parts of Uzbekistan and Bahrain. NB. Persian
is sometimes called Farsi. That’s the local name for Persian as it is spoken in Iran.

8. OHAYO / KONNICHIWA / KONBAN WA- Japanese

Where to say it:Japanese is spoken pretty much only in Japan. The greetings above are used in the
morning, around midday and in the evening respectively.

9. AHN-YOUNG-HA-SE-YO – Korean
Where to say it:North and South Korea.

10. MERHABA – Turkish

Where to say it:Turkish is spoken in Turkey and Cyprus. Also the languages spoken in Azerbeijan
and parts of Iran, Georgia and the Balkans are very similar to Turkish.

11. SAIN BAINUU- Mongolian

Where to say it:Mongolia. Mongolian speakers also live in some parts of Russia, China (Inner
Mongolia) and Kyrgyzstan.

12. Afro-Asiatic Languages

These languages are spoken in North Africa and include the Berber languages spoken by
desert nomads of the Sahara.
13. MARHABA – Arabic
Where to say it:Arabic in various dialects is spoken throughout North Africa and the Middle East.
It is a main language in the following countries: Algeria, Bahrain, Chad, Egypt, Eritrea, Iraq,
Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi
Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, UAE, Western Sahara, Yemen

14. SANNU / SALAMA ALEIKUM – Hausa

Where to say it:Hausa is the native language of inhabitants of Niger and Northern Nigeria, but it
is also used as lingua franca in many countries of West and Central Africa.

15. JAMBO / HABARI – Swahili

Where to say it:Swahili has between 5 and 10 million native speakers who mainly live in Tanzania,
Uganda and Kenya. But it is used as a lingua franca for most of East Africa and second language
speakers swell the ranks to a massive 80 million!

16. NI HAU – Mandarin

Where to say it:Mandarin is the most spoken language in the world – it is spoken by at least 50% of
China’s 1.3bn population.

17. NAY HOH – Cantonese (Yue)

Where to say it:Southern China (especially Guangdong province), Hong Kong and Macau

18. HALO – Bahasa Indonesia

Where to say it:Although there are over 300 different dialects spoken in Indonesia, Bahasa
Indonesia is spoken by much of the population as a second language. It is also very similar to the

Malay language of Malaysia.

19. Marhaba" is an Arabic words, it is used in middle east to greet people, as Hello in English
and Namaste in Hindi. The literal meaning of marhaba is as per it's Syriac origin is: ... The
true meaning of the Arabic greeting, Marhaba. "Maula" is an Urdu word, Its meaning is Master
or God.

20. SHäˈlōm,SHəˈlōm/
used as salutation by Jews at meeting or parting, meaning “peace.

21. 'Ahoj' (pronounced [ˈaɦoj]) is a commonly used as an informal greeting, comparable to

"Hello". It was borrowed from English and became popular among people engaged in water
sports. It gained wide currency by the 1930s.
 HAGUILANAN HIGH SCHOOL
Haguilanan, Catigbian, Bohol

LESSON GUIDE # 6
ORAL COMMUNICATION

COMMUNICATION BREAKDOWN

You have learned that communication is an active process

that involves giving and receiving ideas, thoughts, opinions,
feelings, and attitudes between two or more participants which
lead to a response or feedback. In the course of the exchange,
the message may not be transmitted exactly the same as it is
in the mind of the sender, and/or the intended message of the
sender is not clearly understood by the receiver. These lead
to communication breakdown.

Recognizing the different barriers to effective communication is

important to be able to avoid communication breakdown. Here are some
barriers that may cause breakdown in communication.

● Language barriers – no language in common; inability to understand

unfamiliar accents; use of unfamiliar words or expressions, jargon
(words or phrases that are used by members of a particular group or
trade, and may not be well understood by outsiders), and idioms
(phrases or expression that convey meaning other than their literal
meaning).

● Cultural barriers – discomfort or hesitation in communicating due to

differences I ways of thinking, behaviour, views, and beliefs;
insensitivity to the culture of others.

● Physical barriers – disruptive physical setting (or environment where

communication takes place) such as noise, poor lighting, and distance
(e.g., participants are seated too far from each other)

● Prejudging – jumping to conclusion that one already understands the

message before it is completely expressed; deciding prematurely that
the message has little or no value

● Information overload – giving too much information at a time

● Lack of interest and attention – tuning out information that one finds
uninteresting; not giving necessary attention to the speaker or the
message

Example: Study the following dialogue and identify the cause(s) of

communication breakdown.

(Mr. Flores is talking to his assistant Liza in his office.)

Mr. Flores: Liza, I just got off the phone with Ms. Garcia. She said
that she didn’t receive the documents for signing yesterday.

Liza: I remember you saying something about the documents. But, I

don’t recall that they need to be delivered immediately.

Mr. Flores: I can’t believe this. I told you yesterday to send the
documents to Ms. Garcia so I can forward them to the Accounting
department today.

Liza: I’m sorry, but I didn’t get that part. I had so many things
going on at the time you were talking to me about it. You were also
giving me many different instructions at the same time.

In the dialogue, the communication breakdown happened because of lack

of attention and information overload. Liza lacked focus and attention
while Mr. Flores was talking about delivery of the documents that day.
Also, Liza was overwhelmed with all the instructions Mr. Flores was
giving her.

Avoid communication breakdown

It is important to deal with communication barriers so you can have

smooth and effective communication. Below, are some communication
strategies which you can use to avoid communication breakdown.
EVALUATION:

Read and answer the following questions:

1. This is a communication barrier that involves differences in ways

of thinking, behaviour, views, and beliefs.
a. Physical b. cultural c. language d. age
2. Which of the following is not a physical barrier in
communication?
a. Noise b. distance c. jargon d. poor lighting
3. Which of the following is not a way to achieve communication?
a. Keep an open mind. C. Minimize or avoid distractions.
b. Speak intelligibly. D. Pass judgement immediately.
4. Which of the following strategies should you do to keep a
conversation going?
a. Say, “Tell me more.” C. Look at the passersby.
b. Make loud sounds. D. Ask, “Aren’t you done?”
5. Which of the following is not a polite expression in asking for
clarification?
a. “What did you mean when you said that….?”
b. “Huh? What do you take me for?”
c. “Did I understand you correctly when you said…?”
d. “What’s another way that you think might….?”

EVALUATION:

Read and answer the following questions:

6. This is a communication barrier that involves differences in ways

of thinking, behaviour, views, and beliefs.
b. Physical b. cultural c. language d. age
7. Which of the following is not a physical barrier in
communication?
b. Noise b. distance c. jargon d. poor lighting
8. Which of the following is not a way to achieve communication?
c. Keep an open mind. C. Minimize or avoid distractions.
d. Speak intelligibly. D. Pass judgement immediately.
9. Which of the following strategies should you do to keep a
conversation going?
c. Say, “Tell me more.” C. Look at the passersby.
d. Make loud sounds. D. Ask, “Aren’t you done?”
10. Which of the following is not a polite expression in asking
for clarification?
e. “What did you mean when you said that….?”
f. “Huh? What do you take me for?”
g. “Did I understand you correctly when you said…?”
h. “What’s another way that you think might….?”

HAGUILANAN HIGH SCHOOL

Haguilanan, Catigbian, Bohol

LESSON GUIDE # 7
ORAL COMMUNICATION
 HAGUILANAN HIGH SCHOOL
Haguilanan, Catigbian, Bohol

LESSON GUIDE # 8
ORAL COMMUNICATION
Types of Speech Context
Types of Speech Context:

1. Intrapersonal – This refers to communication that centers in one person where the
speaker acts both as the sender and the receiver of message. “The message is made
up of your thoughts and feelings. The channel is your brain, which processes what you
are thinking and feeling. There is feedback in the sense that as you talk to yourself,
you discard certain ideas and replace them with others” (Hybels and
Weaver,2012,p16).
Examples:
▪ You spent the night thinking and analysing why a student from the other class
talked to you on the way home and you decided it probably meant nothing.
▪ You felt happy while thinking about how your teacher appreciated you for
submitting your project before the due date and you reflected on why this was so.
2. Interpersonal – This refers to communication between and among people and
establishes personal relationship between and among them. Solomon and
Theiss(2013) state the “the inter part of the word highlights how interpersonal
communication connects people…when you engage in interpersonal communication,
you and another person become linked together….The personal part means that your
unique qualities as a person matter during interpersonal communication…

Types of interpersonal contexts:

a. Dyad communication – communication that occurs between two people
Example:
 You offered feedback on the speech performance of your classmate.
 You provided comfort to a friend who was feeling down.
 b. Small Group – This refers to communication that involves at least three but not
more than ten people engaging in a face-to-face interaction working to achieve a
desired goal.
Example:
● You are participating in an organizational meeting which aims to address the
concerns of your fellow students.
● You are having a discussion with your group mates on how to finish the assigned
tasks.

3. Public – This type refers to communication that requires you to deliver or send the
message before or in front of a group. The message can be driven by informational or
persuasive purposes. “In public communication, unlike in interpersonal and small
group, the channels are more exaggerated. The voice is louder and the gestures are
more expansive because the audience is bigger.

4.Mass Communication - This refers to communication that takes place through television,
radio, newspapers, magazines, books, billboards, internet, and other types of media.
Example:
● You are student journalist articulating your stand on current issues through the
school’s newspaper.

HAGUILANAN HIGH SCHOOL

Haguilanan, Catigbian, Bohol

LESSON GUIDE # 9
ORAL COMMUNICATION
Types of Speech Style

The context dictates and affects the way people communicate,

which results in various speech styles. According to Joos
(1968), there are five speech styles. These are (1) intimate,
(2) casual, (3) consultative, (4) formal, and (5) frozen.
Each style dictates what appropriate language or vocabulary
should be used or observed.
1. Intimate – This style is private, which occurs between or
among close family members or individuals. The language
used in this style may not be shared in public.
2. Casual – This style is common among peers and friends.
Jargon, slang, or the vernacular language are used.
3. Consultative – This style is the standard one. Professional
or mutually acceptable language is a must in this style.

Examples of situations are communication between teachers

and students, employers and employees, doctor and patient,
judge and lawyer, or President and his/her constituents.
4. Formal – This style is used in formal settings. Unlike the
consultative style, this is one-way. Examples are sermons by
priests and ministers, State of the Nation Address of the
President, formal speeches, or pronouncements by judges.
5. Frozen – This style is “frozen” in time and remains
unchanged. It mostly occurs in ceremonies. Common examples are
the Preamble to the Constitution, Lord’s Prayer, and
Allegiance to country or flag.

Exercise III (Individual) Identify the type of speech style

appropriate for the following situations. Write your answer
before the number.
1. talking to a counselor or psychiatrist
2. giving last-minute instructions to players
3. delivering campaign speeches
4. delivering a speech at the UN Summit
5. delivering news reports
6. talking and laughing about memorable experiences
7. communicating while playing sports
8. having a one-on-one conversation with a loved one
9. delivering an oratorical speech
10. leading a prayer before meal
11. reading school policies
12. talking to a superior
13. reading pledge of allegiance to the flag
14. talking to a stranger
15. inquiring at a hotel

HAGUILANAN HIGH SCHOOL

Haguilanan, Catigbian, Bohol

LESSON GUIDE # 10
ORAL COMMUNICATION
Types of Speech Act

Definition of Speech Acts

A speech act is an utterance that a speaker makes to
achieve an intended effect. Some of the functions which are
carried out using speech acts are offering an apology,
greeting, request, complaint, invitation, compliment, or
refusal. A speech act might contain just one word or several
words or sentences. For example, “Thanks” and “Thank you for
always being there for me. I really appreciate it” both show
appreciation regardless of the length of the statement.

Three Types of Speech Act According to J. L. Austin (1962), a

philosopher of language and the developer of the Speech Act
Theory, there are three types of acts in every utterance,
given the right circumstances or context. These are: 1.
Locutionary act is the actual act of uttering.
“Please do the dishes.”
2. Illocutionary act is the social function of what is said.
By uttering the locution “Please do the dishes,” the speaker
requests the addressee to wash the dishes.
3. Perlocutionary act is the resulting act of what is said.
This effect is based on the particular context in which the
speech act was mentioned.
“Please do the dishes” would lead to the addressee washing the
dishes.
There are also indirect speech acts which occur when there is
no direct connection between the form of the utterance and the
intended meaning. They are different in force (i.e.,
intention) from the inferred speech act. For example, read the
following utterance.
“Can you pass the rice?”
Inferred speech act: Do you have the ability to hand over the
rice? Indirect speech act: Please pass the rice.
So while the utterance literally asks the addressee if he or
she has the ability to hand a plate of rice, it actually
indirectly requests the addressee to pass the rice to the
speaker.

Performatives

Three Types of Speech Act According to J. L. Austin (1962), a

philosopher of language and the developer of the Speech Act
Theory, there are three types of acts in every utterance,
given the right circumstances or context. These are:
1. Locutionary act is the actual act of uttering.
“Please do the dishes.”
2. Illocutionary act is the social function of what is said.
By uttering the locution “Please do the dishes,” the speaker
requests the addressee to wash the dishes.

3. Perlocutionary act is the resulting act of what is said.

This effect is based on the particular context in which the
speech act was mentioned.
“Please do the dishes” would lead to the addressee washing the
dishes.
There are also indirect speech acts which occur when there is
no direct connection between the form of the utterance and the
intended meaning. They are different in force (i.e.

intention) from the inferred speech act. For example, read

the following utterance.

“Can you pass the rice?”

Inferred speech act: Do you have the ability to hand over the
rice? Indirect speech act: Please pass the rice.
So while the utterance literally asks the addressee if he or
she has the ability to hand a plate of rice, it actually
indirectly requests the addressee to pass the rice to the
speaker.
 HAGUILANAN HIGH SCHOOL
Haguilanan, Catigbian, Bohol

Lesson Guide # 2.1

SPEECH WRITING

Hone your speech writing skills by checking the following

websites.
Speech Writing Exercises Q
http://www.cbsencertanswers.com/2014/02/sample-questions-for-
writing-article.html Speech Writing Exercises Q
http://teacher.scholastic.com/writewit/speech/index.htm
Exercise your Speech Writing Brain Q
http://www.globalspeechwriter.com/exercise-your-speechwriting-
brain/

Exercise I (Class-Pair) 1. Watch any of the following videos

of the World Champions of Public Speaking. All of the featured
speakers are winners of a public speaking competition
organized by Toastmasters International.
• Dananjaya Hettiarchchi of Sri Lanka, 2014 Champion
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bbz2boNSeL0
• Presiyan Vasilev of USA, 2013 Champion
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9k92IGhnLig
• Ryan Avery of USA, 2012 Champion
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ReE7-X70iPU
• Jock Elliot of Australia, 2011 Champion
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m0a_EcZyQts
• Jim Key of USA, 2003 Champion
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kBdWyzjrjK0

Types of Speech According to Purpose

1. An informative speech provides the audience with a clear
understanding of a concept or idea. The lectures of your
teachers are the best examples of this type.

2. An entertainment speech amuses the audience. The humorous

speeches of comedians and performers are the best examples
of this type.

3. A persuasive speech seeks to provide the audience with

favorable or acceptable ideas that can influence their own
ideas and decisions. The campaign speeches of the running
candidates for government posts are the best examples of
this type.

Types of Speech According to Delivery

1. Extemporaneous
 HAGUILANAN HIGH SCHOOL
Haguilanan, Catigbian, Bohol

Lesson Guide #
ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT

Delivery for Different Situations

Bear in mind that not all speaking situations happen in the
classroom. Some may happen in unfamiliar environments. To illustrate,
you may run or be nominated for a school or local government office,
so a room-to-room and public campaign speech is required; or you may
be invited to welcome a visitor in your school or community, so an
opening or welcoming remark is necessary; or you may be asked to
represent your school or community in a literary contest. These are a
few situations where your delivery skill will be simultaneously
challenged and honed.

As a public speaker you need to be ready to deal with the most

common challenges in different speaking environments. Below are some
of them.

1. Speaking to a specific audience size

Description
• Audience size depends on the venue size
Advantages
• You can determine your approach with your audience:more
intimate and personal for a smaller size;more formal for a
larger size.
Disadvantages
• This can be challenging and intimidating.
Tips
• Ask the organizers about the estimated number of the
audience so you can adjust your delivery.
• Practice, practice, practice.
2. Speaking in an open-air venue or outside a building
Description
• Examples are open courts or grounds, football fields,
farms, etc.
 Advantages
• You will feel more relaxed due to the atmosphere of the
venue.
Disadvantages
•You will encounter a lot of communication barriers such as
noise, inattentive audiences, discomfort, challenging weather,
possible absence of technology such as audio-visual equipment,
etc. •
● You might be forced to make adjustments, especially in voice
projection.
Tips

•Check the venue prior to your speaking engagement.

•Ask the organizers about the availability of equipment.
•Challenge yourself on how you can get and maintain the
attention of your audience.
• Use the outdoor setting or venue to your advantage as a way
of jumpstarting your speech or as an example to support your
main point.
•Practice, practice, practice.

3. Speaking in different venues

Description
• Speaking venues that vary according to size: classroom,
meeting or conference room, ball room, social hall,
auditorium, covered court, open court, etc.
Advantages
• You will be exposed to different venues, which will add to
your public speaking experience.
Disadvantages
• You will have to make big adjustments in terms of your
nonverbal cues: volume of voice, body language, facial
expression, etc.
Tips
• Check the venue days before your scheduled speech and
arrive hours earlier in the venue, so you can determine the
adjustments to make.
• For a large venue, speak more slowly, use pauses frequently
to highlight the most important ideas of your speech, and make
use of facial expressions and gestures. When you use visual
aids, make them more visible.
• In a small venue, your audience will see you up close.
Therefore, manage your notes well when you use them and adjust
your nonverbal cues as necessary.
• Practice, practice, practice.
4. Speaking with a microphone
Description
• Its main function is to increase the volume of your voice,
not to clarify the pronunciation and enunciation of words.
Advantages
• With a microphone, you can easily get the attention of your
audience because of the loudness of your voice.
Disadvantages
• Using a microphone can be challenging because there is a
tendency to underuse or overuse it.
Tips
• Check the microphone if it functions well.
• Check your voice in the microphone to see whether you are
audible enough.
 • In a small venue, you may not use a microphone, but you
need to manage your voice’s volume well.
• Practice, practice, practice.
5. Speaking with a podium or lectern
Description
• A podium or lectern is a reading desk with a stand and a
slanted top.
Advantages
• Notes can be placed on the slanted top, and will work best
for extemporaneous and manuscript speeches.
• The lectern can be used as a means to hide or cover
nervousness or stage fright.
Disadvantages
• Some may have the tendency to hide their hands behind the
podium, which will not help them enhance their message.
Tips
• Stand straight, as good posture exudes confidence.
• Avoid gripping the edges of the podium with both hands.
Aside from this, also avoid hiding them behind the podium.

• For extemporaneous and impromptu speakers, step to the side

occasionally once you have composed yourself, so you can
effectively use your gestures, make eye contact, and connect
more with your audience.
• Practice, practice, practice.

• For extemporaneous and impromptu speakers, step to the side

occasionally once you have composed yourself, so you can
effectively use your gestures, make eye contact, and connect
more with your audience.
• Practice, practice, practice.

• For extemporaneous and impromptu speakers, step to the side

occasionally once you have composed yourself, so you can
effectively use your gestures, make eye contact, and connect
more with your audience.
• Practice, practice, practice.

• For extemporaneous and impromptu speakers, step to the side

occasionally once you have composed yourself, so you can
effectively use your gestures, make eye contact, and connect
more with your audience.
• Practice, practice, practice.

• For extemporaneous and impromptu speakers, step to the side

occasionally once you have composed yourself, so you can
effectively use your gestures, make eye contact, and connect
more with your audience.
• Practice, practice, practice.
 • For extemporaneous and impromptu speakers, step to the side
occasionally once you have composed yourself, so you can
effectively use your gestures, make eye contact, and connect
more with your audience.
• Practice, practice, practice.

• For extemporaneous and impromptu speakers, step to the side

occasionally once you have composed yourself, so you can
effectively use your gestures, make eye contact, and connect
more with your audience.
• Practice, practice, practice.

HAGUILANAN HIGH SCHOOL

Haguilanan, Catigbian, Bohol

Lesson Guide #
ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT
More Tips for Effective Speech Delivery

Following are more techniques and tips to help you deliver your speech
well:

1. Use a conversational style more often. This is the style that is

more natural; it is the style that you always use when you express
yourself with your family and friends. Audience members do not like
the speaker to sound unnatural or exaggerated.

2. Look your audience members in the eye so they will feel that they
are part of your speech. Eye contact should be maintained to keep the
attention of your audience and enhance your delivery.

3. Remember to adjust your volume to the size of the audience and the
venue. When addressing a large audience, modulate your voice in such a
way that you speak loudly without sounding like shouting or yelling.

4. Vary your rate or speed to keep your audience interested and to

avoid a monotone pattern. The audience might get bored if you speak
very slowly and they might get confused if you speak very fast. Hence,
your rate should be at an appropriate speed.

5. Master your voice and find your pitch level (high or low). If you
have a high pitch level, modulate or slightly move it down. If you
have a low pitch level, modulate or slightly move it up. Your
performance will definitely be affected if you do not modulate.

6. Use pauses when you emphasize the most important words, phrases, or
sentences. Your pauses should not last for three seconds. Otherwise,
it will result in dead air or a moment of awkward silence.
7. Pronounce and enunciate words correctly. You will confuse the
audience if you mispronounce words, and it could distract them and
affect your credibility.

8. Avoid fillers or expressions that substitute actual words in your

speech because these words are distracting. Examples of fillers are
“like,” “um,” “ah,” “uh,” and “er.” To reduce the use of these
fillers, detect the instances when you use them: Do you generally use
fillers after each sentence, between different ideas, or whenever you
make transitions? Then, instead of using them the next time you
deliver a speech, simply stop and pause.

9. Start your speech by standing straight and balancing your weight.

This will give a positive first impression.

10. Use precise movements. Avoid distracting mannerisms like swaying

back and forth, leaning on the podium, licking or biting your lips,
playing with your wristwatch or jewelry, scratching parts of your
body, frowning, and others. Observe your mannerisms and learn how to
avoid them when speaking in public.

11. Avoid having a poker face or a highly animated face. These facial
expressions appear distracting and may even be annoying. Instead,
follow the most highly suggested tip: smile. However, make sure that
the meaning of your speech reflects in your facial expressions; do not
smile if you are talking about something sad.

12. Dress properly and appropriately. Wearing the proper attire will
make you look more confident and professional. Make sure not to
overdress, as this may distract your audience.

13. Observe ethics by coming prepared, being honest with your words,
being polite, avoiding offensive words and back-biting or talking
negative things about other people, or copying someone’s work without
proper documentation.

14. Breathe in and out to relax before your speech. Most importantly,
have fun.

Exercise III (Pair) Based on what you have learned from this lesson,
list down ten habits for good delivery that a speaker needs to
develop.

Example:

Practice in front of people and get their feedback.

1. ________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________________
4. ________________________________________________________
5. ________________________________________________________
6. ________________________________________________________
7. ________________________________________________________
8. ________________________________________________________
9. _________________________________________________________
10. ____________________________________________________