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/ 38
METEOROLOGY
The actual examination paper consists of twenty questions with a multiple choice
of four answers A, B, C or D. The candidate should indicate the chosen answer by
placing a cross in the appropriate box on the answer paper provided.
Time allowed 1 hour.
The pass mark is 75%, so the minimum number of questions that must be
answered correctly to obtain a pass is fifteen. Marks are not deducted for incor-
rect answers.
The explanation section follows the question section and each
explanation is prefixed EM (Explanation Meteorology).
a METEOROLOGY - QUESTIONS
Q1_ Which ofthe following correctly decodes a TAF that reads: EGNX 130410 130615 21005kt OSSOE DZ BCFG Vv002?
‘A - For East Midlands Airport issued on the 13th day of the month at at O400UTC to 1000 UTC with a trend from 0615 UTC
surface wind 210°T at Skt visibility 5500 metres to the east in moderate drizzle becoming fog with a vertical visibility of
200 metres.
For East Midlands Airport issued on the 13th day of the month for the period 0400 UTC to 1000 UTC with a tend from
(0600 UTC to 1500 UTC: surface wind 210°T at Skt visibility 550 metres to the east in drizzle becoming fog wit: a
vertical visibility of 200 f
C - For East Midlands Airport issued on the 13th day of the month at at 041 0UTC and valid for the forecast period on the
113th day from 0600 - 1500 UTC: surface wind from 210°T at Skt with a surace visibility of 550 metres to the east in
moderate drizzle and patches of fog with a vertical visibility of 200 ft
D - For East Midlands Aitport observed at 0615 UTC on the 13th day ofthe month; the surface wind was from 210°T at Skt
with a surface visibility of 550 metres to the east in moderate drizzle with a vertical visibility of 200 ft
Q2—ATAF Time Group 0220 means thatthe TAF:
‘A ~ isa long range TAF valid from 0200 to 2000 local time,
B - was observed at 0220 UTC
= was issued at 0220 UTC.
D - isa long range forecast for the 18-hour period 0200 - 2000 UTC.
03 AN AIRMET service is
‘A - a telephone service intended for use by aircrew not having access to meteorological forecast charts or area forecasts,
disseminated in textual form in plain language by the Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunication Network (AFTN).
+ a telephone, telex, or fax service for use by general aviation pilots who do not have access tothe centralised forecast
offices provided by the major aerodromes.
C - discrete telephone service forthe sole use of privat pilots operating from smaller aerodromes or private stips,
‘outside controlled airspace, who do not have access to forecast charts.
D - a discrete telephone! fax service in plain language for private pilots unable to interpret regional forecasts.
Q4 An aerodrome VOLMET report for 0450 UTC during the autumn in the UK is:
Surface wind 15005Kt
Visibility 2000 metres
Weather Nit
Temperature xc
Dewpoint temperature BC
QNH 1029hPa
Trend NosiG
Given that sunrise is at 0600 UTC, during the two hours following the report, the most probable meteorological condition to develop
would be
A - CAVOK.
B - advection fog.
= avery low cloud base.
D - radiation fog.
5 Lenticular clouds observed above the top of a range of hills seen from an AVC that is approaching from the downwind or
leeward side of the range, indicate the possibilty of
‘A - strong katabatic up currents above the tops ofthe hls
8 - strong katabatic downdraughts and turbulence aftr the ridge i passed,
C - strong downdraughts immediately before the ridge of the range is reached, with the possibilty of severe turbulence in
‘or below oll loud with turbulence and strong updraughts after passing the ridge to the windward side
D - strong anabatic up currents above the tops ofthe hills
Q6 Ina mountain wave situation, the severest turbulence is most likely to be encountered when flying;
AA - at about mid height between lenticular and rll cloud.
B = just above rll cloud.
C - at or just below the mountain summit up to 10nm downwind,
D in or below roll cloud.
48 Q7 —_Anaircraft fying at low level in the vicinity ofa range of hills across which a strong wind is blowing may experience:
1 ~ severe turbulence below any rotor zone.
ddowndraughts which may completely overcome the rate of climb of some low powered ight arcraft
3 - a greater than normal risk of cing in cloud over the crest of the hills.
A only 1 and 3 are correct.
B - 1, 2and3 are correct.
= only 1 and 2 are correct.
D - only 2 and 3 are correct.
QB Which ofthe following is tru ofthe lowest evel windshear?
A - It is rare where there is an inversion level close to the surface.
B - It is only found under the core of the anvil of a cumulonimbus cloud.
= Itis very common within a mountain wave,
D - It may be experienced 15 to 20 miles ahead of a maving thunderstorm.
09. Theextent of rain ahead of atypical warm front affecting the UK may be up to:
‘A - 50 miles behind the surface positon ofthe front.
8B - 200 miles ahead ofthe surface position of the front.
= 500 miles ahead of the surface position of the front.
~ 200 miles behind the surface position ofthe front.
Q10. Seen from the surface, the passage of a warm front in the UK is characterised by which ofthe following cloud types?
A. Girus, Cinocumulus, Altocumulus, Altostratus Cumulus, Cumulus Fractus.
8 ~ Cirostratus, Citrocumulus, Cumulus, Nimbostratus, Fractastratu.
C= Girus, Citrostratus, Altostratus, Nimbostratus, Stratus,
D - Cirostratus, Citrocumulus, Altostratus, Nimbocumulus, Stratus
Q11 Which ofthe following frontal systems is more likely to produce thunderstorm activity?
A= Acold front
B = Awarm front
- Aridge of high pressure.
D - An occluded front.
012. Alow level inversion causing a mist layer severely reduces your forward visibility ofthe surface when operating at about
2000ft. To improve your view of the ground ahead you should:
A= fy higher.
B = fly as close as possible to the upper surface ofthe haze layer.
C= fly lower
D - fly slower.
Q13— Frontal fog may exist:
A behind a cold front,
B - ahead of a warm or occluded front,
C = ahead of a cold front.
D - at the surtace interface of a cold front,
Q14 Select the following list that describes cloud types in the ascending order of Low, Medium and High?
‘A - Stratus, Cumulonimbus, Cirrocumulus.
B - Cumulonimbus, Stratocumulus.
C = Nimbostratus, Altocumulus, Citrus,
D - Altocumulus, Cumulus.
Q15 One or more coloured rings around the sun or moon, known as a Corona, suggests the presence of which level of cloud?
A High,
8 - Low.
~ High or medium.
D - Medium.
49 a6
a7
Unstable airs characterised by:
‘A ~ cumulus cloud with poor visibility and intermittent erizae
B - layered cloud with continuous light rain and moderate visibility
cumulus coud with showers and generally good visibility.
= layered cloud with continuous moderate to heavy rain and moderate to poor visibility.
Hazards to aviation due to the presence of cumulonimbus or thunderstorm cloud at their mature stage may be experienced
‘A - only when the aircraft is within the cloud,
B - only when the aircrat is within or underneath the cloud.
C - when the aircraft is within 10nm of the cloud.
- within 1Onm ofthe cloud around its mid level prior to maturity.
a8
a
Hazards associated with cumulonimbus clouds include turbulence, windshear, icing, lightning and heavy precipitation. Which
of the following statements is true?
{A - Allof the hazards may be encountered within or in the vicinity of the cloud.
B - Allof the hazards can be avoided by not flying in or inthe vicinity ofthe loud.
- Heavy precipitation and windshear may be encountered outside the cloud, but turbulence, icing and lightning are
confined to inside the cloud.
D - All ofthe hazards except severe icing may be encountered within or in the vicinity ofthe cloud, Severe icing can only be
encountered from SCWDs falling from the anvil
Hail is most likely to be produced by:
AOAC
B- NS
cose
D-cB
20
a
22
23
Q24
‘The use of ‘Nimbo' or ‘Nimbus’ in the designation ofa cloud indicates that itis:
A - wispy, consisting of ice crystals
B = rainbearing.
C= medium cloud,
D - cloud of extensive vertical development.
Which of the following is normally associated with drizzle?
‘A - Cumulonimbus and nimbostratus.
B - Cirrostratus and stratocumulus
C = Nimbostratus
D = Stratus,
\What meteorological conditions most favour the formation of radiation fog?
‘A - High relative humidity, moderate wind and cloudy sky.
B - Low relative humidity, no wind and clear sky.
C = Low relative humidity, cold air and a warm surface under clear sky.
A - veer.
B - back.
= remain the same,
D - reverse direction to correspond with the isobaric pattern and pressure gradient.
The wind at 1000ft during the day at an inland aerodrome in the UK was 33015Kt. Using a rule of thumb, what would you
expect the surface wind to have been?
A 35008
B - 32010kt
© = 31002Kt.
D - 30005kt
50 025
Below the tropopause, the Intemational Standard Atmosphere (ISA) assumed values are:
‘A ~ asurface density of 1013.25hPa, a mean sea level temperature of 15°C decreasing atthe rate of 1.98°C/1000Ft unt it
reaches ~56.5°C at 36090ft above which it remains constant,
8 - a surface pressure of 1013.25hPa together with a sea level temperature of 15°C decreasing atthe rate of 1.98°C per
1000 until it reaches absolute zero (-273°C) at 44200 metres above which it remains constant.
C - amean sea level pressure of 1013.25hPa together with @ mean sea level temperature of +15°C decreasing atthe rate of
1.98°C/1000ft uni it reaches ~56.5°C at 36090ft above which it remains constant.
D - a surface pressure of 15 Ib/n® together with a sea level temperature of 15°C decreasing atthe rate of 2°C per 1000ft
Luni it reaches a minimum at 36090ft above which it remains constant.
6
‘At about 1400Z under clear skies at an inland aerodrome in Kent, the surface wind was observed to be 22025kt. The most
likely wind velocity at 2000 ag! would be:
A - 26040kt.
B - 24035kt,
© - 22020kt.
D - 23030kt.
27
The temperature at 2000Kt amsl is forecast to be +5°C: compared tothe Intemational Standard Atmosphere (ISA) this is:
A= 1SA-6.
8-105 +6,
C+ SA45.
D - ISA~<.
28
A low level temperature inversion, for example between the surface and 2000ft gl, may produce:
‘A - an on-shore breeze at night.
B - good visibility by day due to a steep temperature gradient.
CC - light to moderate icing ifthe inversion prevails after sunset due to warmer ar aloft and associated high moisture
content,
D - turbulence between the surface and 2000ft
9
30
31
The atmospheric layer within which the greatest majority of weather occurs and within which light aircraft operate isthe:
AA = troposphere.
B - tropopause.
C = stratosphere
D = atmosphere
The atmosphere is heated mainly by
AA direct solar energy not filtered by the ozone layer absorbed by the lower atmosphere.
8 heat readiated at a modified wavelength from the Earth's surface
- exchanges of latent heat during the process of moisture inthe atmosphere changing state.
warm air from high equatorial regions spreading out and descending into more northerly and southerly latitudes.
‘A pressure gradient stimulates the motion of air from:
AA - a region of low pressure to a cyclonic region
B - a region of high pressure to a low pressure region,
region of low pressure to a region of high pressure
D - a gyclonic region to an anticyclonic region.
wr
33
‘When flying in the vicinity of a range of hls lying north south across which the wind is blowing west to east, exposure to
hazardous downdraughts is most ikely to occur:
‘A.- wien flying west towards the hil from the east.
8 - when flying north to south parallel to the range.
C = when fying east towards the range from the west.
= when flying south to north parallel to the range.
For cumulonimbus cloud to develop, there needs to exist:
‘A - from the surface upwards, a hallow layer of very unstable moist alr
B - a deep layer of very stable moist air with a shallow lapse rate.
from the surface up, a deep layer of very unstable moist ar witha shallow lapse rate.
D = from the surface upwards, a deep layer of very unstable moist ar.
Py 34 When comparatively warm dry air flows over a water surface, the ai in close proximity tothe surface will absorb water
vapour and become:
A ~ more dense and stable
B - less dense, colder and remain atthe surface
C ~ less dense and rise.
D - saturated.
35. When an unsaturated parcel of ars forced to rise, its temperature wil its density Wh lB) anon aNd is
relative humidity Will...) Select the answer that correctly completes this statement,
a b «
Ae remain unchanged increase decrease
B- decrease increase decrease
Cc. decrease decrease increase
D- increase decrease increase
036 You arrive ata south coast aerodrome three hours after sunrise during @ summer morning and the weather report indicates
CCAVOK. As the coast line is predominantly east/ west and a sea breeze is beginning to establish, which of the following
would you expect to be an into wind runway?
A 36
B21
c-21.
D-18
37 Which air mass ariving over the UK would be characterised by cod, moist, unstable air producing convective cloud, showers
and thunderstorms?
A - Tropical maritime,
8 - Polar maritime.
= Arctic maritime.
D = Returning Arctic maritime.
Q38-—_ When two air masses converge within a depression and warmer air replaces cold ar at the surface, the front thus formed
would be a
{A ~ cold front with a sloping interface of approximately 1:150.
B - warm front with a sloping interface of approximately 1:150.
= cold front with a sloping interface of approximately 1:50.
D - warm front with a sloping interface of approximately 1:50.
039 Given asurface temperature of +21°C and a dewpoint temperature of +7°C, at approximately what height will the base of
‘cumulus cloud be found.
‘A 4000
B = 7000ft
C= 8500ft
D - 5s00ft
40 Amongst others, which of te following conditions are most likely to produce thunderstorm activity:
‘A - Ahigh moisture content together with a steep environmental lapse rate
B - Ashallow environmental apse rate together witha low relative humidity
= shallow environmental lapse rate together with a high moisture content.
D - a front formed by an advancing tropical continental air mass.
41 During the winter months in the UK, which of the following weather conditions would most likely be produced by an
anticyclone:
‘A - Subsidence due to surface cooling will produce extensive low level stratiform cloud as the dewpoint temperature is
exceeded
During the day, surface warming wil produce convective activity withthe extensive development of cumulus loud in
the lower levels and stratus cloud in the middle level as adiabatic cooling causes the air to stabilise.
~ General subsidence and adiabatic warming could lead to a temperature inversion, trapping smoke and dust particles
within the inversion layer, which will give poor in-fight visibility.
D - generally appearing from the south west, stability with high relative humidity will produce longer than normal periods of
stable weather with poor visibility inthe middle levels asthe only cloud development occurs over rising ground.
82 a2
as
Precipitation produced by stratus cloud is normaly
A - None.
B - Heavy ran
C- Showers of rain
D - Drizzle.
When air in the northem hemisphere under the influence ofa pressure gradient is forced to move towards an area of lower
pressure, the Coriolis effect will cause the moving air at approximately 2000 to be deflected to:
‘A = the left and flow approximately parallel tothe surface isobars
B - the right and flow across the surface isobars.
C= the left and flow across ta the surface isobars.
D = the right and flow approximately parallel to the surface isobars.
44
945
A balanced wind that follows curved isobar from about 2000ft above the surface is known as a:
AA = isothermic wind,
B = gradient wind,
= fohn wind.
D - geostrophic wind.
You are flying in a cold sector above the freezing level in rain which is falling from overlying warmer air due to an approaching
‘warm front. What type of icing are you most likely to encounter?
A ~ Carburettor ice
B = Rain or clear ice.
= Rime ice.
D = Hoar frost.
Tropical maritime air originating from the Azores that affects UK weather is characterised by
‘A ~ moist unstable conditions leading to well developed CBs thunderstorms.
B - moist but stable conditions due to @ general subsidence giving low stratus and poor visibly
- dry stable conditions leading to good visibility at low level, with poor visibility in the middle layers,
D ~ moist unstable conditions due to increased moisture content asthe ar tracks north east over the Atlantic Ocean
a7
The type of fog that develops rapidly both by day and by night is
A - advection,
B - radiation.
haar.
D - sea smoke.
a8
You experience a constant drift to the right when flying over the UK at a constant indicated altitude. If the altimeter sub-scale
is not updated this wil result in
{A - flying at a progressively higher altitude than that indicated.
8B - flying atthe actual altitude indicated by the altimeter.
C= the possibilty of using the wrong Regional Pressure Setting,
D - flying at a progressively lower altitude than that indicated.
Qa
‘An unstable air mass when forced to rise due to orographic lifting wil produce:
A - cloud of extensive vertical development.
B = thick stratiform cloud, probably nimbostratus.
= none, asthe air will subside and warm adiabatically after the summit is passed.
D = lenticular cloud,
50
‘The cloud species that forms over mountains in stable ar that is forced to rise due to orographic lifts
A - altocumulus
B - cirostratus
- altostratus
© - lenticularis
53 Q51 The passage of aco wr surface is characterised by:
A ~ adewpoint rise ctu fell and the wind backing,
B - dewpoint rise, 2 aretute fall and the wind veering,
- a dewpoint fall, cmperature fall andthe wind backing
D - a dewpoint fall, a temperature fall and the wind veering
Q52__ The formation of advection fog is often caused by:
‘A - water vapour becoming mixed with dust particles that have become trapped below a low level temperature inversion in
‘moderately windy conditions.
8 - a warm moist air mass under the influence of light to moderate winds being cooled to below its dewpoint by flowing
across a much colder surface.
~ moist air in contact withthe ground being cooled to below its dew point in light wind conditions on a cloudless night.
D - a moist air mass under the influence of light to moderate winds becoming saturated by flowing across a water surface.
Q53 if flying at 2000ft just below cloud in rain with an OAT of between +4°C and +6°C there would be a
A = tsk of carburetor icing
B - risk of rin ice
= risk of rime ice
D - risk of impact icing
54 A piston engined aircraft fying in clear ait may be subjected to the accretion of
AA ~ precipitation icing,
B - dearice.
Crime ice
D - carburettor ic.
055 Just before dawn at an inland aerodrome, the prevailing conditions result inthe formation of radiation fog. The probable
Consequence of the surface wind velocity increasing to 10kt would be
‘A ~ any low cloud and fog to disperse.
B = increased mixing ofthe surface layer and thickening of the fog layer.
C= an initial thickening of the fog as surface dust particles act as condensation nucti to produce more water droplets. The
fog will thin and disperse asthe dust particles are exhausted or lift if the wind velocity increases much above 10kt.
D - the fog to lift and form low stratus cloud.
56 Anaircraft witha constant altimeter setting of 1009hPa fies at a constant indicated altitude from (A), QNH 1009hPa to (8),
‘QNH 1019hPa. When overhead (B) the indicated altitude will be:
‘A ~ higher o lower depending on the airfield elevation.
B - lower than the actual altitude,
C= higher than the actual altitude
D ~ the same as the actual altitude.
957 fan airfield is 240ft above mean sea level (ams) and the airfield QNH is 1024hPa calculate the airfield QFE given that 1hPa
30,
‘A -1016hPa
B - 1021hPa
c= 1011hPa
D - 1032hPa
58 You observe the passage ofthe following cloud sequence: Cirus, cirrostratus,altostratus, nimbostratus, which would suggest
the passage of:
A = acold font,
B - an occluded front.
C = a quasi stationary front
D = a warm front
Q59_ Ice accretion in a piston engine induction system is produced by:
‘A - high power settings, moderate humidity and cold al.
8 - low power settings, low humidity and very cold ar.
= low power settings, high humidity and warm weather.
D - High power settings, high relative humidity and lean fuel mixture.
54 60 The change of atmospheric pressure, cloud and visibility following the passage ofa typical warm front when observed at the
surface would be:
PRESSURE Lou visiBiLiTY
A ~ increases steadily not more than 4/8 goo.
with medium level base
B - falls then rises, 8/8 slowly reducing poor with the possibility
with base rising of fog close to the front.
C = stops felling steady 418 oF less with very rapidly improving to 10km
low base or more after cessation of rain,
D = fises then falls 418 slowly increasing oor with the possibilty
with base lowering ‘of fog lose to the front.
51 Your planned rout les within a warm sector ofa depression which would sugg.
A ~ Good visibility below scattered cumuloform cloud.
8 - Good visibility above and below extensive stratiform cloud,
C - Poor visibility above stratus cloud but moderate to good visibility below.
D - Poor visibility both above and below extensive stratus cloud.
962 Providing the minimum sector altitude is not a determining factor, CAVOK in a TAF or METAR:
‘A - means visibility 10km or more and no cloud below 5000.
B - means visibility 10km or more with only few cloud below 5000ft
- means visibility 10nm or more and no cloud below 5000ft.
D_- means visibility 10nm or more.
63 NOSIG appearing atthe end of the METAR below means:
GAC SAI720 1617202 2209KT CAVOK 16/1 Q1010 NosIGe
‘A = no expected significant variation to the observed weather during the two hour forecast period following the time of
observation,
8 - no significant changes tothe forecast conditions during the period of validity ofthe forecast.
- no significant weather at the time of observation.
D - nothing significant in general for that day.
064 Study the following METAR in which the cloud base has been omitted
28005KT 9999 SCTH 12105 Q1O24 NoSIG:
Select one ofthe following that would most accurately complete the cloud group and trend forthe prevailing conditions.
A - SCTO15 -not changed during the past 3 hours.
B - SCTO2S - no significant change forthe next 2 hous.
~ $CT035 -no significant changes for the next hour.
D - SCTO45 - no other signals received.
Q65 AVOLMETis defined
A - a radio broadcast of selected aerodrome forecasts,
B - acontinuous telephone message of selected aerodrome METARS,
: 3 continuous radio broadcast of selected aerodrome actual weather observations and forecasts
= 2 rao transmission ofa requested aerodrome actual weather observation an forecast.
65 The weather group +SHSNRA contained in Terminal Aerodrome Forecast (TAF) means:
+ slight showers of snow and rain.
B - slight showers of snow becoming rain,
= heavy showers of snow and rai,
D - heavy showers of snow becoming rain
Q67 If ouplan a flight of less than 500nm, the minimum time required before your ETD for a special route forecast to be issued is:
A- hours.
B - 1 hour.
C+ 3 hours,
D = 2hours Q68 With the existence of similar pressure gradients, the approximate speed of travel of a warm front will be:
A 14of that of a cold front.
B - 1/3 of that of a cold front.
C ~ 213 of that of a cold front
D - 3/4 of that of a cold front
Q68 AMETAR—EGZZ 1303507 32005Kt O400N DZ 10/10 BCFG VWO02— in plain lanquage means:
‘A - Observed onthe 13th day ofthe month at 03507, surface wind 320°T/05Kt, minimum visibility 400 metres to the north,
moderate dize, temperature +10°C, dewpoint + 10°C with fog patches, vertical vsbiity 200%.
8 ~ Reported on the 13th day ofthe month at 03507, surface wind 320°MOSKt, minimum visibility 4O0metes tothe north,
dieze, temperature +10°C, dewpoint above 10°C with fog patches, vertical vsbility 200metres.
C= Observe on the 13th day ofthe month and valid between 0300 and 05007, surface wind 320°7/05k, minimum
visibility 4000 meres tothe noth, drizzle temperature + 10°C, dewpoint + 10 °C, becoming fog patches, vertical
visibility 200
D - Reported on the 13th day ofthe month and valid between 0300 and 05002, surface wind 320°M/OSK, minimum
visibly 400 metres to the north, diz temperature +10°C, becoming fog patches, vertical visibility 200k.
Q70—_Anaircraft with 1020hPa set on the altimeter sub-scale departs aerodrome ‘A’ which i 800ft above mean sea level (ams!)
The flight is made to the planned destination aerodrome ‘B’ which isin an area of lowe pressure, but the altimeter sub-scale is,
‘not updated en route. If the QNH at aerodrome ‘B' is 999hPa, and the highest point on the landing area is Ot am, what
should the altimeter read?
‘Assume 1hPa = 30ft. \
A- 830%
B - ~130Ft
c- 1130
D - -1808
Q71_ Which ofthe following report the wind direction referenced to true north?
A - TAF, ATIS, AIRMET.
B - METAR, ATIS, SIGMET.
C - TAF, ATIS, SIGMET.
- TAF, METAR, VOLMET.
Q72 The symbol below appearing on a forecast weather chart means:
I<
A - severe turbulence.
B = severe icing ;
~ thunderstorms.
D = severe lightning.
73 Ameteorological chart symbol ilustrated below means:
A - mist.
B - stratus loud
strong low level winds
D - fog
074 METAR may be defined as:
‘A - routine weather report concerning a specific aerodrome.
B = aroutine weather report fora large area
= an aerodrome forecast containing @ TREND for the next two hours.
D - meteorological, terminal area report.
56 Q75 The conditions most likely encountered following an east west track that crosses an occluded front lying north/south would be:
‘A ~ calm conditions before the occlusion with a considerable backing ofthe wind across the oclusion,
B = thick stratus and drizzle ahead of the occlusion with light wind gently backing across the occlusion,
C - severe weather approaching the front with a large change of WIV crossing the occlusion.
D - Severe weather with the possibility of thunderstorm activity with litle or no change in WIV within the occlusion,
076 The symbol below appearing on a forecast weather chart means:
A = severe turbulence,
B - thunderstorms
rain ice decreasing then increasing.
D - severe icing,
Q77_ When receiving citcut joining information prior to an approach to its destination, the pilot of a light aircrafts warned ofthe
presence of low level windshear. The pilot should frst consider:
‘A = delaying the approach or avoid it by diverting.
B - using a higher than normal approach speed to counteract the loss of head wind component.
C = the possibility of a missed approach.
D = the landing distance available and a flapless approach.
Q78 During the evening at an inland airfield in the UK, the surface wind velocity is most likely to have :
from the surface wind velocity during the day. Which ofthe following responses correctly completes the above statement
‘A ~ backed and increased
B - backed and decreased
C - veered and decreased.
D - veered and increased.
Q79__Low level winds inthe northern hemisphere that blow around a depression are drawn on surface weather charts:
‘A ~ in an anticlockwise direction
B - ina clockwise direction,
across the isobars
D - parallel tothe isobars.
(Q80 Winds that blow around an anticyclone (high pressure system) at lower levels in the northem hemisphere are represented on a
Jow level weather chart as blowing:
AA - parallel to the isobar
B - in.an anticlockwise direction
- across the isobars.
D - ina clockwise direction,
Q81 Select the statement thatis most representative of land and sea breezes in the UK.
‘A - The surface wind s likely to be on shore during the night.
B - The surface wind is likely to be on shore during the day.
- By day the 1000ft wind is likely to flow parallel to the coastline.
D - By night the 1000ft wind is likely to flow parallel to the coastline
82 Which of the following correctly defines the datums for forecasting or reporting cloud bases?
A METAR agl TAF amst ‘Atea Forecast ams!
B - METAR agl TAF amst ‘Area Forecast agl
C+ METAR - ams! TAF- ams! ‘rea Forecast ams)
D - METAR- agi TAF - ag] ‘Area Forecast amsl.
Q83.—_ The usual method of flight crew briefing in the UK is:
A - individual briefing by a forecaster face to face or by phone, available every 15 minutes.
B = individual briefing by a forecaster to assistant staff at weather centres and aerodromes for dissemination to individual
flight crew, and available every 30 minutes
self briefing using facilites, information and documentation routinely available in aerodrome briefing areas.
D - self briefing vi information and documentation updated every 15 minutes 084 The visibility oroup R20/0050 in a METAR means:
‘A ~ as measured by eunway measuring equipment for runway 20, a current visibility of 50 metres.
B - forrunway 20, acutent visibility of 500 metres measured by runway visual range equipment.
C - the visibility reported is 50 metres as measured by runway visual range equipment within the last 20 minutes.
D = for runway 20, a current visibility of 500 feet measured by runway visual range measuring equipment.
Q85.__ A meteorological chart symbol illustrated below means
A
A - hail
B = light rime icing
C - moderate turbulence
D - snow, not reaching the surface,
Q86 A meteorological chart symbol ilustrated below means:
ee
‘A - iceladen freezing wind.
B - low level turbulence.
= freezing fog
D - hard hail ;
087 Tropical maritime air that affects UK weather originates from:
AA = the Indian Ocean.
B - the Mediterranean,
C= the north Atlantic
D - the Azores.
Q88-— When a TEND is included at the end of an aviation METAR or ‘Station Actua’, the trend isa forecast valid for:
‘A ~ Zhours after the time of observation
B ~ 2 hours after itis issued.
C= 2 hours commencing 1 hour before the end ofthe forecast perio,
D - t hour after the time of observation.
089 The code: BECMG FM 1100 — RASH when used in a METAR means:
A = from 1100 UTC the cessation of rain showers.
B becoming from 1100 UTC slight rain showers.
= becoming fairly moderate weather from 1100 UTC.
D - from 1100 UTC the prevailing rain showers becoming sight.
(030 BECMG 1820 BKNO30 in a TAF means:
‘A = gradually the wind changing to 18020kt, cloud cover changing to 5 - 7 oktas base 3000ft above ground level.
B - becoming between 1800 and 2000 local time, 5 - 7 oktas, base 3000ft above aerodrome elevation.
= becoming between 1800 and 2000 UTC 5-7 oktas, base 3000ft above aerodrome elevation.
D = at 1820 UTC, cloud cover changing to 5 -7 oktas base 3000ft above ground level
091 TEMPO in an Aerodrome Forecast or TAF means:
‘A - a temporary variation to the main forecast that will ast for less than an hour or, if recurring, for less than half of the
period indicated.
8 - a temporary variation to the main forecast lasing less than an hour.
- the development of unpredictable temporary conditions that may be a hazard to aviation,
D - a temporary variation to the main forecast lasting for less than half ofthe forecast period.
58 992 The correct decode for a TAF 0615 14025G40 1200 BR would be
‘A ~ The forecast is fora nine hour perid from 0615 UTC with a surface wind of 140°M at 25kt gusting 40kt, visibility 1200
metres in mist.
8 - for the nine-hour period 0600-1500 UTC, for runway 14 a wind of 025°T at 40kt, runway visibility 1200 metres
improving to 10 kilometres or more
C - forthe nine-hour period 0600-1500 local time, a surface wind from 140°M at 25kt, gusting 40kt, runway visibility 1200
metres in blowing rain,
D - for the nine-hour period 0600-1500 UTC and forecasts a surface wind of 140°T at 25kt gusting to 40k, visibility 1200,
meties in mist
Q93 An aerodrome VOLMET report for 0450 UTC during the autumn in the UK is:
Surface wind 150/05Kt
Visibility 2000 metres
Weather Nil
Temperature ¥C
Dewpoint temperature BC
NH 1029hPa
Trend NosiG
Given that sunrise is at 0600 UTC, during the two hours following the report, the most probable meteorological condition to develop
would be
A CAVOK,
B = radiation fog
advection fog,
D - 9999
994 An AIRMET is issued (i) and is valid for (i) with an outlook period of (i
@ (ii) Gi)
A - 6 times a day Shours 4 hours.
B - Atimes a day 6 hours 4 hours
C= Atimes a day Shours 6 hours.
D - 6 times a day 6 hours 6 hours.
Q95 The frequency of issue and period of validity of Metforms 214 and 215 are.
AA - every 4 hours for an 6 hour period
B - every 3 hours fora & hour period
= every 6 hours fora 6 hour period
D - every 8 hours for a 3 hour period
096A temperature group’ of 28/24 in a METAR means that:
A - the temperature is 28°C at the time of reporting, but is expected to become 24°C by the end of the TREND period,
B - the temperature is 28°C and the dewpoint is 24°C,
- the dewpoint is 28°C and the temperature is 24°C,
- the maximum forecast temperature is 28°C and the minimum forecast temperature is 24°C,
097 Refer to Appendix ‘A’ FORM 214,
What isthe forecast wind velocity at 5000 at postion SO°N O°EAW?
A - 18020kt
B = O7015Kt.
= 22020kt
D - 25015kt.
998 Refer to Appendix ’B” MET FORM 215.
Note: weather zones are delineated by scalloped lines on the chart
\What is the height above mean sea level of the 0°C level at Bristol EGGD?
A 600
8 - 3000!
= 450K
D - 6000.
59 Q99 Refer to Appendix ‘B' Zone 4 (extract below).
ZONE4 GEN 10KM —NILRA_3-5/8CUSC 200018000 7/8 AC 8000122000
What is the cloud amount indicated by 3-5/8?
A - scattered! broken
B - few! broken
- scattered! overcast
D - broker few
(0100 _ Refer to Appendix “8° MET FORM 215.
Note: Weather zones are delineated by scalloped lines on the chart.
Fora sea level aerodrome, te fllowing TAF would be typical of which weather zones?
1322 35020kt 9999 SCTO30 SCTO90 TEMPO 1322 8000 SHRA BKNO1S PROB3O TEMPO 1522 5000 +RASH SCTOGS BKN 009CB=
A ~ Zones 2 and 1
B - Zones 4 and 2,
= Zones 2
D - Zone 3
Q1O1 Refer to Appendix 8” MET FORM 215.
The feature OY at SSN over the North Sea at 1500Zis
‘A - a quasistationary front at the surface.
B - an occluded front above the surface moving slowly northwest.
- an occluded front at the surface moving at less than Skt towards the northwest.
- a quasi-stationary front above the surface moving at less than Skt towards the northwest.
102 Refer to Appendix 8” MET FORM 215,
The forecast for 1500 UTC gives X L 988 at position 50°N 1°E. This denotes a:
AA - low pressure centre of 988hPa.
B - chart QFE of 988hPa at 09002 and surface wind velocity of 20kt,
high pressure centre of 98.8hP=.
D - the centre of a 998.8hPa pressure gradient.
Q103 Refer to Appendix 8’ MET FORM 215. Note: Weather zones are delineated by scalloped lines on the chart.
‘A route for a precision visual navigation exercise (in which the pilot is requited to follow the route without deviation) is pre-planned for
{an area of South West England lying mainly within Zone 3.
The exercise area is Class G Airspace (open FIR) and the pilot will cary one passenger to assist with the lookout and navigation. The
‘maximum indicated airspeed will be 100kt and the minimum altitude is 2000ft.
‘The VMC minima for a PPL without either an IMC or instrument Rating are an in flight visibility of not less than 3km, clear of cloud and
in sight of the surface.
The aircraft is not certificated for flight in known icing conditions.
Examine the MET FORM 215 Appendix’ and decide which ofthe following is the correct course of action.
‘A - The cloud base is forecast to be above the required operating altitude. Occasional precipitation witha lower cloud base
‘would prove to be a bar to the exercise even if the general cloud base improved. The conditions are unlikely to improve
during the rest ofthe day. Cancel the fight.
B - The front will mave clear of the area by the late afternoon. Postpone until mid afternoon.
~ Congitions are suitable for the exercise during the early afternoon. Proceed.
D - The cloud base is forecast to be above the required operating altitude, Occasional precipitation with a thinning cloud
base and general visibility improvement during the rest of the day. Proceed with caution.
.Q104 Refer to Appendix ‘C’ MET FORM 214,
Calculate the 2000ft wind velocity and temperature at position SON OEAW.
‘A - 19020kt +10°C.
B- 20513kt 411°,
C= 22003kt +12°C,
D = 2a515kt 413°C, 105 Refer to Appendix‘D’ MET FORM 215.
[At position 55N O°EMW the height ofthe forecast freeing level is:
A - 5000
8 - 000%
C - T0008
D - 000%.
Q106 Refer to Appendix ‘D’ MET FORM 215.
The feature identified by the letter Jat position 6ON 12W is:
A - a.warm frontal system.
B - a quasistationary frontal system,
= an occluded frontal system,
D = acold frontal system,
Q107 Refer to Appendix D’ MET FORM 215,
Study the TAF below and select the zone which would most likely give rise to a TAF relating to a sea level aerodrome at 1500Z.
EG** FTO800 030903 11005KT 9999 FEWOTO BKNOZ5 TEMPO 0912 SCTOI2 TEMPO 1421 6000 -SHRA scTO2S
BECMG 2023 BKNOO6=
A - Zone 2.
8 - Zonet.
= Zones 1 or 2.
D = Zone3.
Q108 Refer to Refer to Appendix D’ MET FORM 215.
A route is planned as indicated onthe chart by a dashed line from ‘A’ Swansea in Zone 1 to’8' Manston in Zone 3 with the Alternate
‘C’ Goodwood. The fights tobe undertaken during the forecast perod at iow level not below 1500ft AGL The pilot i a PPL holder
with nether an IMC nor Instrument rating and plans to fl the route under VER.
‘Assume the route is entirely within the open FIR (Class G Airspace) and that no restricted airspace or hazardous
areas exist along the route. The aircraft is not certificated for flight in known icing conditions.
Note: VFR requires thatthe aircraft remain clear of cloud, in sight ofthe surface with a minimum in fight visibility forward of
the cockpit of 3km.
ETD 14302 Flight plan time to destination 2hr 50min.
‘The 14002 METAR for Swansea reads: 23015KT 9999 -SHRA SCTO20 Q1005=
‘The TAF for MANSTON reads: 1019 2210KT 9999. scTOz
Consider the above information together with the MET FORM 215. and select the safest course of action.
‘A ~ Both the departure METAR and destination TAF are above the plot’s minima, but a change of course en route to avoid
isolated showers may prove necessary. Proceed with caution,
8 ~ Both the departure METAR and destination TAF are above the plot's minima, but the outlook suggests a deteriorating
cloud base later in the forecast period to below the required minima so delay the fight until the next day
= The fight should be delayed until later inthe day because isolated heavy thunderstorms are forecast for Manston
around the planned ETA.
D - Both the departure TAF and destination METAR are above the pilot's minima, but the outlook suggests a deteriorating
loud base later inthe forecast period to below the required minima so proceed with caution,
109. Refer to Appendix ’E’ MET FORM 214.
Calculate the wind velocity and temperature at 2000ft over position 50°N O°E/W.
A-ATSISKt 45°C.
B- 35518 46°C.
C= 34512Kt 47°C.
D-31511kt 48°C.
Q110 Refer to Appendix ‘F” MET FORM 215,
‘What is the height of the freezing level above mean sea level at position SO°N 2°E?
A - 300%.
B - 50008.
- 6000Ft
D - 70008
6 Q111 Refer to Appendix 'F” MET FORM 215.
\What is the meaning ofthe symbol X as shown at 09002 on the right hand side ofthe char at 55°30'N?
‘A - Acold front atthe surface moving south south east
B - A quasi-stationary front at the surface.
C ~ An occluded front moving slowly south east.
D ~ Awarm front moving slowly south east.
112 Refer to Appendix F” MET FORM 215.
Study the METAR below and selec the zone which would most likely give rise to METAR relating toa sea level aerodrome at 0900.
EG** 30012 9999 SHRA BKNOI2 OVCO7O 07/05 Q1020=
A Tone3, :
B - Zone2
C - Zone 4,
D = Zonet.
113 Refer to Appendix F” MET FORM 215.
‘The outlook for 18002 indicated by the right hand outlook charts:
{A ~ a quasi-stationary front lying SWINE forming across the North Sea and SE England,
B - a semi-ocluded front across SE England lying NE/SW.
~ a quast-stationary front forming atthe surface across SE England lying SWINE.
D ~ combined cold and warm fronts moving across SE England lying NEISW. ’
Q114 Refer to Appendix Metform 215.
route is planned along the English east coast as indicated on the chart by a dashed line from ‘A’ Shipdham in Zone 2 to ‘B’
‘Newcastle-upon-Tyne in Zone 3 with the Alternate ‘C' RAF Lynton-on-Ouse in Zone 3. The fights to be undertaken during the fore-
cast period at ow level but not below 1000ftagl avoiding high ground which is generally 500ft amsl, The pilot is a PPL holder with net-
ther an IMC nor Instrument rating and plans to fly the route under VFR,
Assume the route is entirely within the open FIR (Class G Airspace) and that no restricted airspace or hazardous
areas exist along the route. The aircraft is not certificated for flight in known icing conditions.
Note: VER requires thatthe aircraft remain clear of cloud, in sight ofthe surface, with a minimum in fight visibility forward
cof the cockpit of 3km,
ETD 10302 Flightplan time to destination thr 50min
The 10002 METAR for Shipdham reads: O7010KT 9999 -RA SCTO20 01/03 Qt017 =
The TAF for Newcastle: 1019 OB010KT 7000 -RASN SCTO1O BKNOZ0 BECMG 1013 9999 SCTO25 BKNO4S=
Consider fightin Zones 2 and 3 at about 1100 UTC, study the available weather forecasts and select the safest course of action.
{A - Plan for an immediate departure because the lowest cloud base en route isa 1000ftagl and the destination TAF is
above the minima required fora visual approach.
B - Delay departure for 3 hours to allow the weather at Newcastle behind the frontal passage to clear ©)
= The en route cloud base of 2000 and occasionally broken at 2000ft would preclude light under VFR. With the slow
passage of the front tothe south east there is @ possibility of an immediate improvement, Proceed with caution.
- The initial en route cloud base of 1000ft in Zone 2 and occasionally broken at 200K together with in Zone 2 a general
cloud base of 2000ft and occasionally broken cumulus base 1500ft with rain showers would preclude fight under VFR.
With the slow passage ofthe front tothe south east there is no possibility ofan immediate improvement, Delay the
flight for 24 hours.
Q115 Refer to Appendix ‘G’ MET FORM 214.
Calculate the wind velocity and temperature at S000ft over position 55°N OO5°W:
A= 14015 45°C.
B- 15018 42°C.
© 21528 45°C.
D - 18028 42°C.
QN6 Refer to Appendix iW’ MET FORM 215.
{At postion SON 002E, what height isthe O° isotherm:
A - Toh.
B - 700K.
= 7oodtt.
D - 17008
2 Q117 Refer to Appendix “H' MET FORM 215.
‘dentify the feature over Ireland at position 53N 007W together with its direction and speed of movement.
{A - An occluded front moving north-north-east over the surface at 10kt,
B - An quasi-stationary front moving north-east at 6000ft at 10k,
= Acold front moving east-north-east at 600ft at 10kt.
D - Awarm front moving east-north-east at 600ft at Skt.
0118 Refer to Appendix 'H’ MET FORM 215.
At 15002 of which forecast zone would the following METAR be most typical ofa sea level aerodrome:
EG"* 1450 OS006KT 9999 SCTO35 BKNOSS 10/07
A - Zone 3
B - Zone 4,
C= Zone
D - Zone2
Q119. Refer to Appendix H’ MET FORM 215.
Using both chart elements: the outlook for 24002 forecasts:
‘A little change witha low epicentre over the St. George's Channel
8 - conditions improving slowly over the next 24 hours
= the occlusion over the St. George's Channet will dominate conditions with litte change over the next few days.
D = a warn front and high pressure system moving in from the SW will result ina slow improvement.
120 Refer to Appendix H’ MET FORM 215.
‘Asolo short route is planned for the purpose of undertaking a precision navigation exercise within Zone 3 indicated by the dashed line.
The fight isto be undertaken during the forecast period not below 150Oft ams! at an indicated airspeed of 9Okt. The pilot is a PPL
holder without either an IMC or Instrument rating and plans to fy the route under VER.
Note: VFR requites that the aircraft remain clear of cloud, in sight of the surface with a minimum in flight visibility forward of
the cockpit of 3km.
‘Assume the route is entirely within the open FIR (Class G Airspace) and that no restricted airspace or hazardous
areas exist along the route. The aircraft is not certificated for flight in known icing conditions.
ETD 15002 Flight plan time to destination 45minutes,
In respect ofthe above, select the safest course of action
‘A - The cloud base and visibility are above the minima at the planned ETD but forecast to deteriorate. Make an immediate
departure.
B - The cloud base and visibility are both at or below minima but forecast to improve later wit frontal movement. Delay
‘the flight until late afternoon,
- The cloud base is forecast to be below the designated altitude, With precipitation, lowering cloud base and occasional
deteriorating visibility in rain and drizzle near the front, the fight should be postponed unt at least the next day.
D - The cloud base is forecast to be atthe designated altitude. With precipitation and occasional deteriorating visibility in
rain and drizzle behind the front, the ight should be postponed until at the evening,
121 When water evaporates to form water vapour:
A - latent heat is absorbed.
8 - latent heat is released
C= specific heat is released
D - specific heat changes to latent heat.
122 An observer atthe surface during the passage of an cold front associated with an Atlantic depression would experience
( pressure (i) cloud ity.
‘A ~ increases steadily not more than 4/8 ‘good
medium level base
B- rises then falls 518 with low base poor with tle change
C - stops falling - steady 418 or less poor with possibilty of fog close to the front
with very low base
D- falls then rises 8/8 reducing in amount ‘poor in precipitation followed by
after precipitation rapid improvement
with base rising
8 (9123 The concitions experienced during fight within a cold air sector will most probably be:
‘A ~ good visibility below scattered to broken cumuloform cloud.
B - poor visibility below stratiform cloud
= good visibility below a high overcast.
D = poor visibility due a low level inversion -
64 METEOROLOGY
PRACTICE ANSWER SHEET
ABCD ABCD ABCD
at 4“
2 2
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29 49
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123 METEOROLOGY EXPLANATIONS
EM1(C)
TAF Decade: See also EM66 fig M24.
Airfield Identifier EGNX
Time code 130410. Issued on 13th at 0410 UTC
Timecode 0615 For the 9 hour period from 0600 UTC
0 1500 UTC,
Wind velocity 21005 Direction from 210°T speed Skt
Visibility 0550E 550 metres to the east.
Weather DZBCFG moderate drizzle and fog patches.
Cloud amount not reported
Vertical visibility Vvo0z 200 ft
EM2(D)
This is long range TAF for the 18-hour petiod from 0200 UTC to
2000 UTC.
EM3(A)
AVRMET is telephone service where forecast information is
given in plain language for specific areas. The service i intended
for se by aircrew not having access to meteorological forecast
charts of area forecasts. Telephone numbers assigned to each
area are published in the UK. AlP GEN 3-5-25
Em4(D)
‘See EM22,
The time of the report is for just before dawn (0450) during the
autumn and the sky is clear as no cloud is reported. The wind is
light (5kt) and the air temperature (9°C} has almost cooled to its
dewpoint (8°C). With prevailing high pressure, the conditions are
ideal for the formation of radiation fog before sunrise at 0600.
Note: The visibility is already poor at 2000 metres
It is quite possible that CAVOK may exist much later during the
‘morning as solar heating causes the fog to disperse.
EMS(C)
See fig M1
fig M1
Flying towards a mountain range from its leeward side
(right to left in fig M1).
Lenticular clouds producing airframe icing form in the crest of a
mountain wave and remain relatively stationary.
‘The airflow passing over the ridge from windward to leeward
(left to right) follows the general undulation of the surface. This
‘creates a strong downdraught just before the ridge is reached on
the leeward side and strong updraughts would be experienced
after passing the ridge tothe windward side. The most danger-
‘ous point is approaching the range from the leeward side where
the strong downdraughts may defeat the aircraft's rate of climb
with disastrous consequences,
C)
EM6(D)
See fig MI
The severest turbulence is always downwind tothe lee ofthe
‘mountain below the level ofthe ridge, n or just below the roll
cloud rotor, but generally within the layer between the surface
and the top of the rotor. Observations have shown that turbu
lence here can be as severe as anything found in thunderstorms.
EM7(B)
See EMS, EM6 and fig Mt.
EMa(D)
See fig M2,
aN
ae)
fig M2
ee
‘A gust front due to the outflow of cold air and inflow of warmer
air may extend as far as 15 to 20 miles ahead of a moving thun-
derstorm,
EM9(B)
See fig M3.
Cloud Profile of an Approaching Warm Front
front eurtace
postion
‘Avatm air mass overruns a colder air mass ahead creating a
slope of about 1:150
In this example, stable warm moist airs lifted creating layers of
stratus cloud up to high levels with a band of precipitation
‘extending some 200 miles ahead ofthe surface position of the
front. The high coud (crus) may extend up to 600 miles ahead
of the surface position ofthe front.
Note: Rain ceases atthe front’s surface position, but drizzle
may follow.
The behaviour of frontal systems is vey variable, but the accept.
ced generalised yardstick in this instance i precipitation up to
200nm ahead ofthe fronts surface position,
EM10(C)
See EM 09 and fig M2
‘Awarm front produces cloud of horizontal development (stratus)
at all levels due to the gradual slope ofthe front (1:150) —M11(A)
See fig Ma,
VARI BIfi —po
fig M4
‘A rapidly moving cold front, where a cold air mass is undercut
ting warmer moist unstable air ahead, is more likely to produce
‘thunderstorm activity. A steep frontal slope i created (1:50) that,
rapidly hits the warmer ait ahead, producing cloud of extensive
vertical development, cumulonimbus) with the possibilty of
thunderstorm activity
‘Note: Precipitation occurs both ahead and behind the surface
Position of the front.
EM12(A)
See fig M5.
Forward of the cockpit, vision of the surface may be improved by
flying higher. Although the total distance of aircraft B to a point
‘on the surface is greater than that for aircraft A, the distance B
through the haze layer to the surface object is considerably less
‘than distance A.
EM13(B)
Foq is cloud at the surface but classified as fog only when the
visibility i less that 1000 metres. front isthe interface of two
air masses of different temperatures and characteristic of an
‘approaching warm front that is overiding colder air ahead is @
lowering statform cloud base, progressively reduced visibility
and precipitation ahead of the front's surface position.
Frontal fog can form in two ways.
(@) Precipitation ahead of the front’s surface position will
evaporate atthe surface and recondense inthe colder air to
form a shallow fog layer.
(0) The cloud itself in the warm air reaching the surface as the
front passes which occurs mainly over rising ground which is
also refered to as il fog,
Occluded fronts are formed by the coalescence of cold and warm
fonts. The warm air behind the warm front progressively
‘squeezed up and over the less watm air ahead and toa lesser
extent aver the advancing cold air behind resulting in a gradual
reduction in the amount of warm air at the surface. When the
warm air at the surface is depleted, the tw fronts will have co
70
lesced with the depression cnpltely surourded by cod ai. The
‘occlusion actually ies along :. rough of low juessure spreading
out in a curved path that rotates e1ound the centre of the low.
Being bounded by two colder air masses, weather aloft within an
‘occlusion is often marked by low cloud, precipitation and poor
visibility with light to moderate turbulence. The manifestation
and degree of any weather encountered by the presence of an
occlusion along a route is dependent upon the cifference in pys-
ical characteristics of the two cold air masses and as such cannot
be described by any one particular model
—m14(C)
The three levels of coud are LOW, MEDIUM and HIGH,
Low clouds do not have a prefix added to their name whereas:
‘medium- and high-level clouds are prefixed to further define
their species. Hence, the level of any cloud may be identified as:
Low Level Cloud ro prefix
Medium Level Cloud prefixed ALTO
High Level Cloud prefixed CIRRO or simply Cirrus as
a cloud species.
Correct answer
tow Medium High
Nimbostratus, Altocumulus, Cirrus
Note: ‘Nimbo'prefxing ‘stratus or ‘nimbus' suffxing‘cumulo!
means rain bearing
—M15(D)
‘Acorona or halo results from light being refracted by moisture
particles in medium level cloud such as thin altostratus.
EM16(C)
‘An unstable parcel of aris that which when forced to rise, will
continue to rise when the initial lifting agent is removed, Air that
continues to rise will continue to cool adiabatically. The initial
lifting agent may be convection (caused by surface heating), ofo
sraphic (caused by topography) or frontal it. the parcel of air
continues to rise, once the condensation level is passed, water
droplets will continue to condense out ofthe saturated air and
‘umuliform (heaped) cloud will progressively form.
When the air is intially vry moist, showers may result from con:
tinued cloud development due to the rising air no longer able to
support the growing water droplets. During precipitation, visibil-
ty may be severely restricted but the consequence of the strong
Lupdraughts and cloud formation is that solid particles in the air
that restrict visibility are carried into the upper atmosphere
resulting in generally good visibility at lower levels outside of
precipitation
EM17(C)
See fig M2 and fig M4 both of which illustrate mature CBs.
‘The lfe of a thunderstorm or cumulonimbus (CB) cell passes
through three stages:
1 Developing or cumulus.
2 Mature
3 Dissipating,
During development, warm moist aris drawn into the cell caus
ing updraughts which penetrate to great heights during the
imatute stage. At this time, an abundance of ie crystals and
water droplets arepresent, Ths leads to precipitation which, at
the surface, marks the transition from cumulus to mature stage.
Cold precipitation causes a drag on the warmer updraught' and is,
‘one reason forthe onset of cold downdraughts, initially, found
only in the middle and over levels ofthe cell but gradually increasing in vertical and horizontal development eventually ariv-
ing at the surface and spreading out along the ground,
‘There now exists at and near the surface an inflow of warm air
and an outflow of cold air (windshear) together with marked sur-
face weather conditions. In addition, the friction between the
cdowndraught and updraft near the surface at the front of the cell
often causes a rol of cloud to form at the leading edge of the
storm, producing severe and sudden changes in both wind
strength and direction, both vertically and horizontally (winds
heat). This may exist for a considerable distance outside the cel
Ifthe cell is tilted, hail may fall rom the overhang some distance
‘outside the cell into clea air which can result in airframe dam-
‘age. Severe turbulence or windshear encountered either inside or
‘outside the cell may impose structural loads beyond the design
capability of the airframe.
Within the cell, severe turbulence will be experienced due to the
‘opposing up and downdraughts and descending supercooled
water droplets striking an aircraft will cause rapid accretion of
airframe ice when fying above the freezing level.
{single cell may grow from two miles up to five miles in diame:
ter and a thunderstorm may consist of many cells along a front of
several hundred miles, Mature CBs should be given a wide berth
as hazards may be experienced within 10
les of the cloud.
—M18(B)
See EMB, EM11 EM1?, figs M2 and M4,
The correct answer concerns safety, which isnot flying within the
vicinity of CBs.
EM19(D)
Hails produced by cumulonimbus during the mature stage. See
ew7.
EM20(B)
‘Nimbo' means rain bearing: see EM14,
—M21(D)
‘Stratus is a uniform layer cloud that develops horizontally. It
does not have significant depth and often produces drizzle.
EM24(C)
Surface friction will reduce the wind speed by approximately
20%. Because the surface wind speed is reduced, the Coriolis
effect (that causes the wind above the surface to veer in the
northern hemisphere) will be reduced so the surface wind will be
backed from that at 1000ft by approximately 20°.
Therefore: 330° - 20° = 310°
T5kt 20% = 12k
Surface wind 31012kt
EM25(C)
The INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ATMOSPHERE (ISA) specifies
conditions of Temperature, Pressure, Density and Lapse Rate at
alllevels ofthe atmosphere up to an altitude of 36090ft
(tropopause), above which the temperature remains constant at
~56,5°C. See TEC2 fig T1 page 173.
ISA ~ mean sea level values are:
Temperature +15°C
Lapse Rate ~1.98°C/ 0008
Pressure 1013.25 hectopascals
Density 1225 grammestcubic metre
Note: For the practical purpose of calculating the temperature
at altitude when given the mean sea level temperature,
use a lapse rate of -2°C/1000ft.
EM26(B)
See fig M7
EM22(D)
Fog is cloud atthe surface, therefore the air has to be cooled to
its dewpoint for it to form.
Radiation fog only forms over land and often inthe late evening,
bbut more commonly around dawn after a cloudless night which
has allowed surface heat to escape into the atmosphere.
Ifthe temperature of warm moist ar in contact with a cool sur
face is lowered sufficiently for it to reach its dewpaint, the con-
densation process wil begin and radiation fog wil form. Any
wind must be light (2 - 8kt) as any wind much greater than this
will cause the fog to be lifted into low cloud.
After sunrise, if solar heating can penetrate the fog, rising surface
temperature will cause the fog to lift and disperse, However, after
sunrise, itis the rising wind speed due to thermal mixing outside
of the fog layer which is a dominant factor in fog dispersal
EM23(A)
See fig M6.
The surface wind during a constant pressure gradient blows
across the surace isobar, their direction differing ether side of a
‘warm front because i isin tough of low pressure
‘The direction from which the wind is coming will alter in a clock-
wise direction (veer) as the front passes a surface position.
n
2000 wind veered
to 24035kt
fig M7
Under clear skies, heating ofthe surface is strongest at 1400
local time, coresponding with the strongest surface winds.
From sunrise, warming of air at the surface causes it to expand,
become less dense and rise. The cooler, denser, faster-moving air
at 2000 will subside to replace the rising surface ait, seting up
2 significant mixing layer within which the wind will assume falr-
ly uniform characteristics.
Blowing from about 2000ft above the surface, winds follow the
«general direction of curved and straight surface isobars formed
by HIGH and LOW pressure systems. Friction produced by air flowing over surface topography pro-
dluces further modification by retarding the surface wind sped,
further invigorating the mixing layer atthe lower level.
Progressively below 2000ft, the wind speed due to surface fric-
tom is reduced which in turn reduces the Coriolis effect causing
the wind to back in direction.
‘Any frictional modification is dependent upon the surface nature,
but compared tothe free wind aloft, the general retardation of|
the surface wind both by day and by night means that the
Coriolis effect is also reduced.
‘The surface wind therefore when compared to the wind aloft is
backed in direction to flow approximately across the surface iso
boars in the general direction ofthe low pressure system.
Overland under clear skies, the velocity of the 2000 wind will
bbe about 50% faster than the surface wind,
Due to the increased Coriolis effect it will veer indirection from
the surface wind by approximately 25°.
Therefore: 220° + 25° = 245°
25kt + 50% = 25 + 125 = 375k
2000 wind = 24537kt
24035kt.
Nearest answer
—M27(A)
The ISA Lapse Rate of 1.98°C/1000ft is an arbitrary standard
rounded up to 2°C/1000ft for the practical purpose of calculating
‘the temperature aloft, or determining how the actual tempera-
ture alot cifers from ISA
ISA at 2000ft = +15°C —(2°C x 2)
ISA at 2000ft = «15°C -4°C = 411°C
OAT at 20001 = -+5°C whichis 6°C lower than ISA
A 6
OAT at 200%
EM28(D)
The accepted temperature model ofthe Earth's lower atmos
phere is that it cools adiabatically with altitude increase by
approximately 2°C/1000ft. After sunset, surface heat absorbed
during the day radiates upwards and as the earth cools, air in
contact with the surface will cool by conduction to a temperature
which is lower than that at 2000ft. This isa temperature inver-
sion where a shallow layer ofthe atmosphere increases in tem-
perature for just afew hundred fet.
Besides fog atthe surface, generally poor visibility together with
slight turbulence may be encountered during flight through an
inversion layer.
an
EARTH'S SURFACE
fig M8
nR
EM29(A)
The twoposphere. See fig ME.
EM30(B)
The wave length of the incoming solar radiation is too short to
be absorbed by the lower atmosphere although some is absorbed
by cloud and atmospheric impurities, Radiation reaching the
Earth's surface is absorbed and then re-radiated at a modified
‘wave length that heats the air in close proximity tothe surface.
Ain contact with the surface is also heated by conduction.
—M31(B)
See fig M9.
‘A region of high pressure to @ cyclonic region or lower pressure
‘A pressure gradient may be described as the uniform change of
pressure that exists between two adjacent air masses of different
density temperature and pressure. Air will always diverge away
from a region of high pressure (anticyclone) and converge to fill a
region of low pressure (cyclone)
Note: The Coriolis effect will cause the airflow to deflect to the
right in the northern hemisphere.
EM32(A)
See ig M10.
fying towards the range from east to west.
‘The airflow passing over the ridge from windward to the leeward
{(WEST to EAST) follows the general undulation ofthe surface.
This creates a strong downdraught just after the ridge on the lee
ward side. The most dangerous point is approaching the range
from the leeward side or east inthis instance, where strong
ddowndraughts may defeat the aircraft's rate of climb with disas
trous consequences.
—M33(D)
Cumutonimbus (CB)
See EMI.
For a CB to develop there must be a deep, unstable layer at least
10,000ft in height and three conditions must exist:
(i) Very moist unstable air at the lower levels.
(ii) Apprevailing steep ELR remaining greater than the DALR
‘even above the condensation level causing rapid cooling
ofthe environment surrounding the unstable rising at. Gil) An initial trigger action that causes the air tobe lifted
rapidly. This may be convective through a sudden rise of
surface temperature, orographic or frontal action, the
type of action identifying the storm type
£M34(C)
Become less dense and rise.
Warm dry air in contact with a water surface will cause surface
moisture to evaporate into water vapour which will be held in.
suspension by the warm dry air.
Water vapour is less dense than at, so when the water vapour
content of a parcel of air is increased, it will become less dense
and rise As the air ses, it will expand and cool adiabatically
and ifthe temperature falls below the dewpoint temperature, the
water vapour will re-condense to form cloud.
—M35(C)
When a parcel of unsaturated air is forced aloft, for example by
‘orographic lift, it will expand, reducing in density and subse-
‘quently cool adiabatically so its temperature wil fall,
\Werm air has th capacity to hold more water vapour than cooler
air. Hence, ifthe temperature ofa parcel of ai fall, its capacity
‘to hold water vapour will reduce.
Relative humility isthe amount of water vapour contained by a
parcel of ar ata given temperature compared withthe maximum
amount of water vapour that parcel of ar could hold atthe same
temperature, Relative humidity is expressed as a percentage.
Water vapour content at a given temperatwe 100
‘maximum water vapour content atthe same temperature * 1
if temperature is reduced, relative humity wil ise because the
ai’s capacity to hold water vapour is reduced
—M36(D)
See fig M11
=
l fig M11
Land and sea breezes are produced by a temperature difference
between land and water surfaces.
The atmosphere is heated by solar radiation that is re-radiated
from the Earth's surface at a wave length that heats the ar from
below. Under clear skes, surface heating over the land by day
causes the air to rise, forming relatively high pressure aloft at
about 1000ft ag. A sea surface reflects less heat back tothe
atmosphere than the land so the air at sea level, being cooler
than the land, will expand less with lower pressure aloft at about
1000
‘The higher pressure aloft over the land wil flow out to sea to fill
the area of lower pressure alot, which then subsides to create
higher pressure at the surface over the sea.
‘The outflow of ar alot from land to sea will create relatively low
pressure over the and surface, producing an inflow of air at the
surface from sea to shore. Tis isan onshore wind or ea breeze.
B
As the coastline runs east-west, and the sea breeze is ust begin
ning to establish, the Corals effect would have had litle time to
‘modify the direction of the on-shore flow so an into wind runway
would be 18,
EM37(B)
See fig M12.
Returning Polar
Taste’
"opted!
|
fig M12
Predominantly cold and stable at source, Polar Maritime Air
becomes warmer and unstable due to surface heating as it tracks
south east across the North Atlantic, The moisture content
increases because of surface evaporation giving rise to convec-
tive cumuloform cloud with increasing instability which is intensi
fied during summer daytime due to surface heating and oro-
graphic lift as it passes the western U.K. coastline. Cumuloform
cloud and CBs may give rise to thunderstorms or showers during
hich visibility will be poor. The ai will remain unstable,
although losing moisture due to precipitation as it moves inland
which results in improved visibility
EM38(B)
This is a warm front. See EM9 fig M3.
EM39(D)
Because the surface dewpoint temperature is given, you are
required to account fr is affect when calculating the cloud
base,
The dewpoint decreases by 0.5°C/1000ft, so the DALR of
3°C/4000Kis modified to 2.5°C/1000ft
surface temperature ~ dewpoint temperature
Cloud base = oe
= 21C-7)_ _ 14°C x 1000
=
Northern Hemisphere
Initially, the flow willbe due to a pressure gradient (PG) flowing
‘rom HIGH to LOW but gradually influenced to turn right by the
Coriolis effect hereon referred to as the geostrophic force (GF)
GF acts at 90° to the flow to cause it to tur right. Therefore, a
geostrophc wind isthe product of two forces PG and GF.
Because it takes time to take effect, the value of GF will ag
behind the value of PG and the maximum value of GF is depen-