PLANNING AND ESTIMATION

B.TECH PROJECT REPORT

PLANNING AND ESTIMATION OF AN OFFICE

Submitted By

HAJARA SULTHANA [BMC16CE030]

JESNA ELSA JOSE [BMC16CE031]

JIMIN PHILIP [BMC16CE032]

JINCY JOHNSON [BMC16CE033]

JOBIN ROY [BMC16CE034]

Department of Civil Engineering

BASELIOS MATHEWS II COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING
(Approved by AICTE and Affiliated to KTU)
Lakeview, Muthupilakadu, Sasthamcotta,

Kollam – 690520

2018

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BMCE

PLANNING AND ESTIMATION

B.TECH PROJECT REPORT

PLANNING AND ESTIMATION OF AN OFFICE PLAN

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of

B.Tech Degree in Civil Engineering

Submitted By

HAJARA SULTHANA [BMC16CE030]

JESNA ELSA JOSE [BMC16CE031]

JIMIN PHILIP [BMC16CE032]

JINCY JOHNSON [BMC16CE033]

JOBIN ROY [BMC16CE034]

Department of Civil Engineering

BASELIOS MATHEWS II COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(Approved by AICTE and Affiliated to KTU)

Lakeview, Muthupilakadu, Sasthamcotta,

Kollam – 690520

2018

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BMCE

PLANNING AND ESTIMATION

BASELIOS MATHEWS II COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

SASTHAMCOTTA

(Approved by AICTE and Affliated to KTU)

2018

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project report entitled ‘’PLANNING AND ESTIMATION
OF AN OFFICE” is a bonafide record of work done by HAJARA SULTHANA
[BMC16CE030], JESNA ELSA JOSE [BMC16CE031], JIMIN PHILIP
[BMC16CE032], JINCY JOHNSON [BMC16CE033], JOBIN ROY
[BMC16CE034] under our supervision and guidance in partial fulfillment for the
award of degree of Bachelor of Technology in Civil Engineering from the kerala
Technological University for the year 2018.

Staff in charge

Head of the Department

Mr. Achu V

Ms. Anju Varghese Prof. Sinu Jacob

Ms. Sruthi D Sivan Dept. of Civil Engineering

Asst. Professors

Dept. of Civil engineering

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BMCE

PLANNING AND ESTIMATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

At the outset, we find it our obligation to thank the Almighty God for having
showered upon us his kindest blessings enabling us to complete our project.

We would like to express our sincere thanks to Dr. L.Padma Suresh, Principal of
the Institution and Prof. Oomen Samuel, Vice Principal of the Institution and
Prof. Sinu Jacob, Head of the Civil Department and all faculty members of
Baselious Mathews II College of Engineering, Sasthamcotta for their kind co-
operation during the course of this work.

We also take this opportunity to express a deep sense of gratitude to Asst.Prof.

Achu. V, Anju Varghese, Sruthi D Sivan Dept. of civil Engineering,
Sasthamcotta for the advices in presenting the project.

HAJARA SULTHANA

JESNA ELSA JOSE

JIMIN PHILIP

JINCY JOHNSON

JOBIN ROY

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BMCE

PLANNING AND ESTIMATION

ABSTRACT

Every construction project has a unique set of variables, from the specifics of the site to
the building’s design and how tight the labor market is for carpenters at the time and in
the place you need them. Underestimating and overestimating can both have negative
consequences.

The practice of construction cost estimating answers those questions. Its origins date
back to the 18th century with British quantity surveyors. Since then, estimation
techniques have grown considerably in sophistication and complexity.

In this project, we will get an in-depth look at the basics of construction cost estimating,
including how it fits into the construction process, how we compile estimates, and what
can cause costs to rise unexpectedly. Here we adopt centre to centre line method to
estimate an office plan.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BMCE

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CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 1

ABSTRACT 2

LIST OF FIGURES 4

LIST OF TABLES 4

1 INTRODUCTION 5

2 LITERRATURE REVIEW 7

3 SCOPE AND OBJECTIVE 9

4 PLANNING AND ESTIMATION 10

4.1 DEFINITION 10

4.2 PRINCIPLES 11

5 METHODOLGY 16

6 ESTIMATION OF OFFICE 19

6.1 PLAN 20

7 RESULT 21

7.1 DETAIL OF FOUNDATION 22

7.2 CENTRE TO CENTRE LINE

METHOD ESTIMATING 23

8 CONCLUSIONS 25

9 REFERENCE 26

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BMCE

PLANNING AND ESTIMATION

LIST OF FIGURES

FIG NO NAME PAGE NO

1 COST ESIMATION PROCESS 15

2 EXAMPLE OF CENTRE TO CENTRE

LINE METHOD 17

3 FOUNDATION DETAILS 22

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO NAME PAGE NO

1 ESTIMATION 24

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BMCE

PLANNING AND ESTIMATION

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUTION

A cost estimate is the approximation of the cost of a program, project, or operation.

The cost estimate is the product of the cost estimating process. The cost estimate
has a single total value and may have identifiable component values. A problem
with a cost overrun can be avoided with a credible, reliable, and accurate cost
estimate. A cost estimator is the professional who prepares cost estimates. There are
different types of cost estimators, whose title may be preceded by a modifier, such
as building estimator, or electrical estimator, or chief estimator. Other professionals
such as quantity surveyors and cost engineers may also prepare cost estimates or
contribute to cost estimates. It is the predictive process used to quantify, cost, and
price the resources required by the scope of the project, to better manage budgets
and deliver projects that do not exceed the identified scope, and that are on time
throughout the development process.

Estimates for the cost of facility construction are a major part of the cost estimate
domain. A construction general contractor or subcontractor must normally prepare
definitive cost estimates to prepare bids in the construction bidding process to
compete for award of the contract. Although many estimators participate in the
bidding and procurement processes, those are not a necessary function of cost
estimate preparation. Earlier estimates are prepared by differing methods by
estimators and others to support the planning process and to compare with bids.
One way to make those estimates is by determining the resources needed (e.g., the
amount of construction material quantities that are required) and then multiplying
the estimated construction material quantities by the corresponding unit cost. One
advantage of making estimates in this way is that it allows for the segregation of
quantities and costs. This way they can be updated separately as new information
becomes available. They can also be tracked separately allowing decision makers to
make better decisions about the project during its conceptual phase

The estimate can be regarded as a baseline type or higher type. The discipline
approach and crew development technique is used. The estimate begins with a
study of information available for the project:

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BMCE

PLANNING AND ESTIMATION

From the design documents, the estimator takes off such information as trench
depth, length, slopes, soil conditions, and type of terrain. Wages for the locality in
which the trench is to be excavated are obtained from standard handbooks, local
labor unions.

Each phase of an estimate may require different estimating inputs, methods,

techniques, and tools. The task of cost estimating, by its very nature, requires the
application of prudent judgment, from the initiation to the completion.

The term "cost estimate," as used during the project development process, includes
all direct capital outlay costs, including right of way, structures, and landscaping,
but does not normally include indirect capital outlay support costs. Project cost
estimates should be as accurate as possible. Estimates should never be artificially
reduced to stay within the funding limits, nor should they be reduced to make
available more funding for region projects.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BMCE

PLANNING AND ESTIMATION

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

Dipohusodo (1996) proposed estimates in general is essentially an attempt to

assess or estimate a value through analysis and calculation based on experience.

Wara Kushartini (2002), developing the Budget Plan (RAB), contains elements
of uncertainty about the information and input data, such as data on the use of
labor, materials and equipment.

Rudi Santoso (1999), to determine the cost estimation, in the grouping categories
need to be considered a function of the buildings to be used as a guide for unit
price.

Ibrahim Bachtiar (1993), the budget cost of a building or project is a computation

of the required amount of fees for materials and labor based on the analysis, as well
as other costs associated with project implementation.

Allan Ashworth (1994), cost planning process consists of 3 (three) phases include:
Phase One, involving the determination of realistic. The second phase, how to plan
estimates on the various parts of the work of a project. The third phase, a checking
process to ensure that the actual design detail to the parts of this work can be
carried out within the limits of the cost plan.

 Preliminary Estimation

 Planning Cost

 Cost Checking

 Tender verification

 Post-contract cost controlling

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BMCE

PLANNING AND ESTIMATION

Zohar Herbsman, Wei Tong Chen, William Epstein, (1995) found that “the
innovative contracting methods in construction projects have been very successful
in reducing construction time, while only increasing overall construction costs
minimally, if at all.

Andrew Shing - Tar Chang (2001), “Cost and schedule increases are common in
engineering design projects. Analyse the cause effect relationship, trace
responsibility, and improve performance for engineering design projects.”

Michel W. Hurley and Ali touran (2002), a detailed analysis of the elements that
comprise overhead and the key elements that affect overhead can be presented.”

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BMCE

PLANNING AND ESTIMATION

CHAPTER 3

SCOPE AND OBJECTIVES

 To ascertain the necessary amount of money required by the

owner/contractor to complete the proposed work.
 To obtain administrative approval, allotment of funds and technical
sanction.
 To ascertain quantities of materials required in order to program their
timely procurement.
 To calculate the number of different categories of workers that are to be
employed to complete the work within the scheduled time of completion.
 To assess the requirements of Tools, Plants and equipment required to
complete the work according to the program.
 To fix up the completion period from the volume of works involve in the
estimate.
 To draw up a construction schedule and program and also to arrange the
funds required according to the programming.
 To invite tenders and prepare bills for payment.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BMCE

PLANNING AND ESTIMATION

CHAPTER 4

PLANNING AND ESTIMATION

4.1 WHAT IS PLANNING?

Construction planning is a fundamental and challenging activity in the management

and execution of construction projects. It involves the choice of technology, the
definition of work tasks, the estimation of the required resources and durations for
individual tasks, and the identification of any interactions among the different work
tasks.

A good construction plan is the basis for developing the budget and the schedule for
work. Developing the construction plan is a critical task in the management of
construction, even if the plan is not written or otherwise formally recorded. In
addition to these technical aspects of construction planning, it may also be
necessary to make organizational decisions about the relationships between project
participants and even which organizations to include in a project.

4.2 WHAT IS ESTIMATION?

4.2.1. Estimate:

An estimate is an anticipated or probable amount of construction which is usually

made before the execution of the actual construction work or it is the probable cost
of that job as computed from plans and specifications

4.2.2 Estimation:

Estimation is the scientific way of working out the appropriate amount of

engineering project prior to the execution of work. It requires a thorough
Knowledge of the construction procedures and cost of materialism. For a good
estimate the, actual cost of the proposed work after completion should not differ by
more than 5 to 10 % from its approximate cost estimate, provided there are no
unusual, unforeseen circumstances. Labour in addition to the skill , experience,
foresight and good judgment.

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4.2.3. TYPES OF ESTIMATION

1. Preliminary Or Approximate Or Rough Estimate:

This is an approximate estimate to find out an approximate cost in a short time and
thus enables the authority concerned to consider the financial aspect of the scheme,
for according sanction to the same. Such an estimate is framed after knowing the
rate of similar works and from practical knowledge in various ways for various
types of works.

2. Detailed Estimates:

This includes the detailed particulars for the quantities, rates, and costs of all the
items involved for satisfactory completion of a project.

Quantities of all items of work are calculated from their respective dimensions on
the drawings on a measurement sheet. Multiplying these quantities by their
respective rates in a separate sheet, the cost of all items of work are worked pout
individually and then summarised, i.e abstracted (which is the detailed actual
estimated cost of work). All other expenses required for satisfactory completion of
the project are added to the above cost to frame the total of a detailed estimate.

A detailed estimate is accompanied by

1. Report
2. Specifications
3. Detailed drawings showing plans, different sections, Key or Index plan
etc.
4. Design data and calculations
5. The basis of rates adopted in the estimate.
Such a detailed estimate is prepared for technical sanction, administrative approval
and also for the execution of a contract with the contractor.

3. Quantity Estimates Or Quantity Survey:

This is a complete estimate or list of quantities for all items of work required to
complete the concerned project. The quantity of each individual item of work is
worked out from respective dimensions on the drawing of the structure. To find the
cost of an item its quantity is multiplied by the rate per unit for that item. The
purpose of the bill of quantities is to provide a complete list of quantities necessary
for the completion of any engineering project and when priced gives the estimated
cost of the project.

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PLANNING AND ESTIMATION

4.Model Estimate:

This type of estimate is prepared based on a model project estimate which is

developed before. Preparing this type of estimate needs answering several key
questions depending on model project. Such as length and width of building,
number of base, size of base, floor height, number of bath etc. Keep in mind that
proposed project should be similar to model project. this type of estimate may
prepare a details estimate of whole project or a part of project depending on the
model project.

5.Parametric Estimate:

In this type of estimate, an estimator uses equations to prepare the estimate. This
equation is the relationship between “parameters” and “cost” of a building project.
This estimate is like unit based estimate but more complex than unit based estimate.
This type of estimate is done for getting concept of proposed project cost.

6.Project Comparison Estimate :

In this method, an estimator prepares estimate of proposed project by comparing

similar completed project. After preparing the comparison estimate, estimator
makes adjustment for variation of proposed project with the completed project.

7.Budget Estimate:

Sometimes, companies are asked to give a rough idea of the cost of construction for
planning purposes. This is commonly referred to as a budget estimate or an order of
magnitude. Typically, all of the details needed to create a bid estimate are not yet
available for a budget estimate, and is commonly used in the planning process of a
project.

8.Unit Based Estimate :

This type of estimate is prepared by calculating building area and then multiplying
area by predefined unit cost. And then adjusted the cost by considering building
height, length, width and other necessary building components. Required
documents for preparing this type of estimate is a simple floor plan with
measurement and key elevation of the building. This type of estimation is used to
check whether the project was designed within owner’s budget.

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PLANNING AND ESTIMATION

4.3. THE BASIC COMPONENTS OF A STUDY OF THE COST OF A

CONSTRUCTION PROJECT

4.3.1. The Flat Costs

These costs are also called direct payments or disbursements.
Flat costs are comprised of unit tasks, each contain some or all of the following
resources: manpower production, supplies, equipment, subcontractors.
These expenditures are termed “flat” because their value is not weighted by any
surcharge coefficient.

4.3.2. Work Site Costs

These costs constitute all six mass budget, they are as follows: labor site costs,
supplies, assigned and non-assigned equipment; subcontractors and operating costs.

4.3.3. The Total Disbursement

According to the common relationships, the total disbursement is the sum of flat
costs and building site costs. This is the total budget put at the disposal of the site
manager to perform the work with good practice.
The total disbursement is also called cost of production, expressed in terms of
value, it allows by a rule of three to get directly the amount of duty free sales, and
then the coefficient for study, called K1, expressed in terms of value, it allows to
calculate first K1 and amount of tax free sales. The results are naturally consistent.
The total disbursement will be managed by the site manager.

4.3.4. Special Costs

Chronologically, these costs come after the building site costs. They are also called
market fees.
These charges will not be managed by the building site and don’t make a part of
overheads since they are related to a specific case; they are most of the time costs
that are charged to a work site which comprises:

4.3.5. Overhead
Overheads are necessary costs for the proper functioning of the company, it is not
possible to disaggregate and allocate a precise production: administration,
organization, management.

4.3.6. Cost Price

It is the total disbursement sum + special costs + overheads, that is to say the costs
of all expenses of a project.

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PLANNING AND ESTIMATION

4.3.7. Margin and Risks

(a). Gross Margin
The amount of gross margin brings together the total expenses resulting in the total
disbursed (the cost of production).
(b). The Net Margin
The amount of net margin is the difference between before-tax sale amount and
cost price amount.

4.3.8. The sales price excluding VAT

It is the cost price plus a variable margin.
This margin is decided depending on information that is generally subjective. The
sum of tax-free sales of the year represents the turnover of the firm. It is an
important element that characterizes a business.
4.4. SITE CONDITIONS AFFECTING THE OVERALL COST

1.Each type of work requires a different method of construction.

2.Quality of labour and labour output varies in different localities.

3.Weather conditions greatly affect the output and, hence, the overall cost.

4.Ground conditions vary and change the method of construction. For example,
excavation may be dry, wet, hard, soft, shallow or deep requiring different efforts.

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BMCE

PLANNING AND ESTIMATION

Fig 1 Cost Estimation Process

4.5. RISK AND CONTIGENCY OVERVIEW

Uncertainty is inherent in the estimation of any future costs. Uncertainty drives the
risks that any project and the project team face. Estimating contingency involves
using experienced and knowledgeable individuals and tools to quantify, through a
risk analysis, as much of the uncertainty associated with project cost estimates as is
practical. Neither the uncertainty nor the risks can be completely eliminated from
any cost estimate. Therefore, a reasonable and defensible amount of contingency is
included in a project’s cost estimate to account for the anticipated risk exposure.
The risk exposure and the corresponding contingency typically reduce as a project
advances through the different project development phases.

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BMCE

PLANNING AND ESTIMATION

CHAPTER-5

METHODOLOGY

Centre to Centre Line Method

The estimation of building quantities like earth work, foundation concrete,

brickwork in plinth and superstructure etc. can be worked out by three different
methods of estimation.

1. Center line method.

2. Long and short wall method.
3. Crossing method.

Here we adopt centre to centre line method. Centre to centre line method is quick,
but it requires special attention and consideration at the junctions or meeting points
of partition or cross walls, etc. In this method of estimation, the total center line
length of walls in a building is first calculated, then the center line length is
multiplied with the breadth and depth of respective item to get the total quantity at a
time.
The center line length for different sections of walls in a building shall be worked
out separately. For verandah walls or partition walls joining the main walls, the
center line length shall be reduced by half of the breadth of the layer of main wall
that joins with the partition or verandah wall at the same level. The number of such
joints is studied first to obtain the center line length.
By using this method estimation can be finished more quickly. This method is as
accurate as other methods (except unsymmetrical wall). This method is suitably
used for estimating circular, rectangular, hexagonal, octagonal etc shaped building.
It can be explained by following eg:

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BMCE

PLANNING AND ESTIMATION

Fig 2 Example of Centre to Centre Line Method

First we need to calculate total center line length of the building.

Total center line length = 2 x 5.3 + 2 x 4.3 = 19.2 m.
1.Earthwork in excavation = Total center line length x breadth x depth
= 19.2 x 0.9 x (0.3+0.3+0.3)
= 19.2 x 0.9 x 0.9
= 15.52 cu.m
2. Concrete in foundation = 19.2 x 0.9 x 0.3 = 5.18 cu.m
3. a) Brickwork in foundation for 1st footing
= 19.2 x 0.6 x 0.3 cu.m

b) Brickwork in foundation for 2nd footing

= 19.2 x 0.5 x 0.3 = 2.88 cu.m

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BMCE

PLANNING AND ESTIMATION

4.Brickwork in superstructure
= 19.2 x 3.5 x 0.3 = 20.16 cu.m

ADVANTAGES OF CENTRE TO CENTRE LINE METHOD

1. The conversion of motion measurements into units of standard deviations from

normal provides a measure not only of the severity of abnormality but also of its
significance, and expresses abnormality in all chords in equivalent units. This is
important because it allows comparison between different regions of the same heart
and between different hearts. Also, the motion of adjacent chords can be averaged,
which reduces variability in the measurement.

2. The ability to express in a single parameter the severity, significance, and

direction of a wall motion abnormality.

3. The centerline method uses a "sliding window" to measure motion where it is

abnormal, because assessment of wall motion in predefined regions of the
ventricular contour underestimates abnormality.

4. The centerline method measures motion along locally determined vectors, and
requires no apex, origin, coordinate system, or geometric reference figure.

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BMCE

PLANNING AND ESTIMATION

CHAPTER 6

ESTIMATION OF OFFICE

Here we take an office plan for estimation consisting of:

1. Workspace

2. Pantry

3. Meeting Room

4. Two Office Rooms

5. Reception

6. Storage and Plotting

Total area of the plan is 422.33sq.metre

We have chosen centre to line method for taking its estimation.

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PLANNING AND ESTIMATION

6.1 PLAN

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BMCE

PLANNING AND ESTIMATION

CHAPTER-7

RESULTS

Estimation of the given work is follows:

Following points are to be considered:

 Since the building is a low bearing wall structure, hence all walls are full
brick thick wall i.e.250mm thick.
 Door 1 - 900x2100mm (Single Shutter)

Window – 900x1200mm

(Wooden Frame with glazed shutter)

Door 2 - 1200x2100mm (Double Shutter)

 Brick works in cement mortar 1:6

 Plastering – externally-1:4, internally 1:6 15mm thick
 Flooring – 100mm sub base, 35mm thick 1:3 floor finish over 50mm thick
base in 1:3:6
 Roof R.C.C. 1:2:4, (100mm thick)using 8mm @ 150c/c both ways and extra
base also.
 Roof height – 3.6m (floor to roof)
 Total Area of the plan
= [25.15+(0.25x7)]x[15.20+(0.25x2)]

= 422.33 sq.m

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BMCE

PLANNING AND ESTIMATION

7.1 DETAILS OF FOUNDATION

Fig 3 Foundation Details

 b1=900mm
 b2=750mm
 b3=450mm
 b4=250mm thick brick wall
 d1=100mm
 d2=450mm
 d3=550mm
 Total depth of excavation=1.1m
 The superstructure is assumed to construct from the ground level, therefore
d4=0
 The footing is random rubble masonary, the cement mortar ratio is 1:4
 The foundation concrete is P.C.C.of 1:4:8

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BMCE

 PLANNING AND ESTIMATION

7.2CENTRE TO CENTRE LINE METHOD ESTIMATING

Length of horizontal walls=25.450+18+18+10.5+18.95+4.5

=95.4m

Length of vertical walls

=15.20+15.20+2.5x2+4.5x4+7.875x2+11.4

=80.55m

Total Centre Length =95.4+80.55=175.95m

Table 1 Estimation

Sl.N Description of No: Length Breadth Height Quantity Explanatory

o: Items Notes

Earthwork 1 176.85m 0.9m 1.1m 175.1 Length=Tota

Excavation l centre
1 cu.m length+0.9

P.C.C. 1:4:8 in 1 176.85m 0.9m 0.1m 15.92 Length same

foundation as above
2 cu. m

Random Rubble 1 176.85m 0.75m 0.45m 59.6868

Masonary in
3 foundation cu.m

1 175.90m 0.45m 0.55m 43.53cu.

m

103.222c
Total u.m
Brick works in 1 176.85m 0.25m 3.60m 159.165c Deductions
cement mortar1:6 u.m of doors,
4 as in walls windows
and
ventilators

Deductions

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BMCE

 PLANNING AND ESTIMATION

Toilet door

Door 1 1 0.75m 2.0m 0.25m 0.375cu.

m
1 0.90m 0.25m 2.10m
0.4725cu.
Door 2 m

1 1.20m 0.25m 2.10m 0.63cu.m

Window 0.27cu.m

1 0.90m 1.20m 0.25m

Ventilator 0.0675cu.
m
1 0.60m 0.45m 0.25m
157.35cu.
Net m
quantit
y after
deducti
ons
R.C.C. 1:2:4 as in 1 176.85m 0.25m 0.20m 8.84cu.m
lintels
5

R.C.C. 1:2:4 as in 1 25.45m 15.2m 0.1m 38.684cu.

roof slabs m
6
7.41cu.m
1 6.5m 11.4m 0.1m
46.094cu.
m

Total

The cost of the building can be determined by multiplying the quantity estimated
from center to centre line method with the present rate per unit of the item.

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BMCE

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CHAPTER-8

CONCLUSION

The initial view stated in the preface of this paper was that the objective of an
estimate was to provide the most realistic prediction of cost. To realize this
objective there is a fundamental need for relevant data. The main problem areas in
estimating relate to difficulties with access to data and with the methodology for the
manipulation of data. This is important because early estimates tend to shape the
perceptions of a project. With a few expectations, there are three main factors
which lead to significant project underestimates. The first is the inappropriate
assessment of risk within an estimate; this factor would alone could account for
significant variations in actual performance. Second is the use of inappropriate
contract strategies, and third the human characteristics of the individual estimator.
This emphasis a wider view of estimating, which should take into consideration not
just the physical project elements, but also the source of risk and the methodology.

This paper is the review of estimation of an office with the help of centre to centre
line method. When using this method, everyone should know where addition or
subtraction is required because it affects the quantity. So this is another simple
method for finding out the quantity of various construction items. For the area of
about 422.33sq.metre office, the total estimation cost is calculated by multiplying
the quantities estimated from centre to centre line method with the rate per unit of
the item.

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CHAPTER – 9

REFERENCE

 B . N DUTTA, 2006 Estimating and costing in civil engineering.

 JOHN S PAGE, Estimator’s General Construction Man-Hour Manual

 PANNEERSELVAM R, SIVASANKARAN, Process planning and cost

estimation.

 RODNEY D STEWART, RICHARD W WYSKIDA, JAMES D

JOHANNES, Cost estimator’s reference manual IInd edition.

 S. C RANGWALA, Estimation,Costing and Valuation.

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DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BMCE