CHEMISTRY I – REVIEWER I.
BASIC LABORATORY PRACTICES
BASIC LABORATORY APPARATUS &
GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICES
Clinical Health
Good
Organizational
Laboratory SOP-1: PROPER PERSONAL
Process
Practices
PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT ASSEMBLY
There are four (4) major
Environmental
classifications of PPE:
Safety
1. Respirators (Smell)
2. Skin Protection (Touch)
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES 3. Eye Protection (Sight)
A standard operating 4. Hearing Protection
procedure (SOP) is a set of (Hearing)
step-by-step instructions
compiled by an organization PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT:
to help students carry out RESPIRATORS
complex routine operations. Respirators serve to protect the
SOPs aim to achieve user from breathing in
efficiency, quality output and contaminants in the air, thus
uniformity of performance, preserving the health of one's
while reducing respiratory tract. There are
miscommunication and failure three (3) main types of
to comply with academic respirators:
regulations. 1. Active Filtration
Respirators
CENTRAL PARADIGM OF SCIENCES these are
Each field in STEM follows the designed to
regulation standard: safeguard the
Good Laboratory Practices students from
(GLP) contaminated air
current Good by essentially
Manufacturing Practices filtering it.
(cGMP) these are the
Good Clinical Practices filtration
(GCP) respirators that
actively collect air
from the
surroundings, but
due to its small
openings (2-10
micrometers), the source from the
air particulates environment so
are unable to that there will be
pass the material, no interaction
such as dust, between the
bacteria and different systems.
other air-borne
particles that can 3. Mechanical Filter
harm the these are
individual. In this designed to
type of filtration, prevent the
usually it involves expulsion of
whole face up to bodily fluids from
the neck level to in or out the body.
maximize the
filtration potential. Where do you think laboratory
masks belong? Mechanical
2. Passive Filtration Filter
Respirators
these are PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT:
designed to SKIN PROTECTION
safeguard the 1. Laboratory Gowns – (single use
students from and multiple use)
contaminated air 2. Laboratory Shoes – (single use
by using a and multiple use)
separate source 3. Laboratory Gloves – single use
of air, such as only.
oxygen tank. 4. Laboratory Hairnets – multiple
these are the use, as long as it does not
filtration have slips that allow the hair to
respirators that be exposed.
does not allow
exposure of the SKIN PROTECTION: LABORATORY
individual in the GOWNS
surroundings,
especially in
respirators that do
not allow
exchange of air
between the
individual and the
environment. In
Disposable-Single Use Multiple Use
here, the
Laboratory Gowns Laboratory Gowns
respirator provides
a separate air
SKIN PROTECTION: SOP-2: PROPER CALIBRATION OF
LABORATORY SHOES, GLOVES AND DIGITAL BALANCE
HAIRNETS Step 1: Make sure that the
laboratory sheet for calibration
is present.
Step 2: Take time to locate the
level indicator and make sure
that the bubble is in the
acceptance are for level.
Step 3: Press the power button
to see the displace value on
the screen. If there is a value
present on the screen besides
0.0000 grams, press tare to
reset the value.
Step 4: Try to weigh a standard
weights. DO NOT TOUCH THE
STANDARD SET OF WEIGHS
WITH YOUR OWN HANDS.
SOP-3: PROPER LABELLING OF
MATERIALS
SOP-4: PROPER USAGE OF
EMERGENCY DEVICES
1. In case of accidents, there
should be an officer-in-charge
in every laboratory.
2. In case of emergency, DO
NOT PANIC. Listen to the
instructions of the officer-in –
charge.
3. Avoid any possible interaction
with the accident.
4. Call an ambulance
EYE PROTECTION: GOGGLES immediately with paramedic.
IN CASE OF SPILLAGE,
1. Cover the affected area
immediately with any
absorbent material and flood
the area with 0.5% Sodium
Hypochlorite solution and
mark the area with a warning
sign. Clean the one-meter THE START OF CHEMISTRY
radius of the spillage. Alchemy - a medieval chemical
2. If PPE has been contaminated, science and speculative philosophy
remove and dispose all aiming to achieve
equipment immediately and the transmutation of the base metals
rinse the body with running into gold, the discovery of a
water. universal cure for disease, and the
discovery of a means of indefinitely
SOP-5 PROPER DISPOSAL OF prolonging life
DIFFERENT CHEMICAL WASTES
4 Basic Elements
4 BASIC ELEMENTS
1. AIR – Blood; hot and wet
2. WATER – Phlegm; cold and wet
3. FIRE – Yellow Bile; hot and dry
4. EARTH – Black Bile; cold and dry
*ETHER*
CHEMISTRY AS A SCIENCE IN THE 21ST
CENTURY
Chemistry is the study of matter and
the changes it undergoes.
Chemistry is often called the central
science, because a basic
knowledge of chemistry is essential
for students of biology, physics,
geology, ecology, and many other
subjects. (Chang, 2010)
SOP-6: CHEMICAL WARNING LABELS
MATTER AND PROPERTIES WITH
MEASUREMENTS
ENERGY – doesn’t occupy space
and has no mass.
MATTER – can’t exist at the same
place.
*UNIVERSE*
ATOM
NUCLEUS (+) – PROTON (+)
NEUTRON (0)
ORTBITALS – ELECTRONS (-)
SOLID
Has definite volume and shape
Molecules: compact and has little
vibration
LIQUID
Has no definite shape
Has definite volume
Molecules: sliding with each other
GAS
Has no definite shape and volume
Molecules: Freely and randomly
moving
Hierarchy of organization levels of matter
PHASES OF MATTER
BOSE EINSTEIN CONDENSATE – 1990’s
1958 – Einstein’s Death
Satyendra Bose & Albert Einstein
More solid than solid
Molecules: No movement
PHASE CHANGES
INTENSIVE (QUANTITATIVE)
is a property of matter that does not
change as the amount of matter
changes. It is a bulk property, which
means it is a physical property that is
not dependent on the size or mass of
PROPERTIES OF MATTER a sample. (Helmenstine, 2019).
Examples:
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES (QUALITATIVE) Density
Can be observe without changing Specific Gravity
the composition of the matter. Specific Heat
Examples: Temperature
Color Hardness
Density Color
Volume
Mass
Boiling point
Melting point
EXTENSIVE (QUANTITATIVE)
An extensive property is a property
of matter that changes as the
amount of matter changes. This may
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES (QUALITATIVE) be observed and measured without
Can only be observe by changing any chemical change (reaction)
the composition of the matter. occurring. (Helmenstine, 2019).
Examples: Examples:
Heat combustion Area
Chemical Stability Volume
Flammability Size
Oxidation Weight
Mass
Length
COMPOUND
Chemical combination of 2 or more
element
MIXTURE
Combination of two or more
substances
CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
PURE SUBSTANCE
HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE
Physical and chemical properties are
“Solution”
the same throughout the sample
Single phase
ELEMENT
HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURE
Simple form of matter
Non-uniform mixture
Made up of particular kind of atom
COLLOID
One matter dispersed with another
Tyndall Effect
Brownian movement
BASIC SEPARATION TECHNIQUES
CHROMATOGRAPHY
for separating and identifying
mixtures that are or can be colored,
especially pigments.
COLLOID (TYNDALL EFFECT)
Scattering of light
DISTILLATION
Distillation is an effective method to
COLLOID (BROWNIAN MOVEMENT)
separate mixtures comprised of two
Random movement of atoms
or more pure liquids.
and molecules
SUSPENSION EVAPORATION
Most impure matter Evaporation is a technique used to
separate out homogenous mixtures
where there is one or more dissolved
solids.
FILTRATION
a separation method used to
separate out pure substances in
mixtures comprised of particles some
of which are large enough in size to
be captured with a porous material.
CRYSTALLIZATION
Solid-liquid separation and
purification technique in which mass
transfer occurs from the liquid
solution to a pure solid crystalline
phase.
CENTRIFUGATION
Separate suspended material with
different density by the centrifugal
force of the rotation
MEASUREMENT
Number + unit
Assigning a number to an object in
comparison to other object
DECANTATION
Separate particulates from a liquid METRIC ENGLISH
by allowing the solid to settle to the Meter Inch
bottom of the mixture and pouring Kilogram Yard
off the particle-free part of the liquid.
Second Pound
Ampere Gallon
Kelvin Ounce
Mole
Candela
SIEVING
A porous material is used to separate
particles of different sizes.
BASIC LAWS OF MATTER
Law of Conservation of Mass
Law of Definite Composition
Law of Multiple proportion
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS
Mass can’t be created nor
destroyed
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
LAW OF DEFINITE COMPOSITION
states that a given chemical
compound always contains the
same elements in the exact same
proportions by mass.
SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
LAW OF MULTIPLE PROPORTION
whenever the same two elements
CHAPTER 2: ATOM, MOLECULES, AND IONS form more than one compound, the
different masses of one element that
DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY combine with the same mass of the
other element are in the ratio of
small whole numbers.
IONS
CHEMICAL FORMULA
Used to express composition of a
molecule and ionic compounds in
terms of chemical symbols
WRITING CHEMICAL FORMULA
CRIS-CROSS METHOD
Valence = 1 (do not write)
Same valence (Cancel)
Lowest term
PARTS OF THE PERIODIC TABLE
A molecular formula shows the exact
number of each element in the
PERIOD OR SERIES
smallest unit of a substance
An empirical formula shows the
simplest whole-number ratio of the
atoms in a substance
A structural formula shows the bonds
in the molecular compound
GROUPS OR FAMILIES
BLOCK ACIDS
BINARY
Hydro + nM + ”ic”
Examples:
HCl(aq) – hydrochloric acid
Hl(aq) - hydroiodic acid
OXYACID
“ate” “ic” acid
“ite” “ous” acid
Examples:
HNO3 – Nitric Acid
*Nitrate
HNO2 – Nitrous acid
*Nitrite
POLYATOMIC IONS
NAMING COMPOUNDS
1. Metal + Non Metal
2. Non metal + Non metal
3. Acids
4. Polyatomic Ions
NON METAL + NON METAL
Prefixes
Positive ion + Negative ion + “ide”
Examples:
SO3 - Sulfur trioxide
CO – Carbon monoxide
Cl2O – Dichlorine monoxide
