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Filtration and Types

Filtration is a physical and mechanical process that separates mixtures from liquids containing solids or particles. During filtration, mixtures are separated from liquids using mechanical filtration methods or a combination of methods depending on the quality of the raw water and desired purity. Membrane filtration is a dynamic filtering process where the liquid or gas flows horizontally through membranes of varying pore sizes to filter particles of different sizes. Common membrane filtration methods include cross-flow filtration, microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis, each used for different applications based on their filter pore sizes and pressures used.

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197 views2 pages

Filtration and Types

Filtration is a physical and mechanical process that separates mixtures from liquids containing solids or particles. During filtration, mixtures are separated from liquids using mechanical filtration methods or a combination of methods depending on the quality of the raw water and desired purity. Membrane filtration is a dynamic filtering process where the liquid or gas flows horizontally through membranes of varying pore sizes to filter particles of different sizes. Common membrane filtration methods include cross-flow filtration, microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis, each used for different applications based on their filter pore sizes and pressures used.

Uploaded by

Vijay Kumar
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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What is filtration

Filtration means separation only in a physical and mechanical way.


During the filtering process, mixtures (suspensions) are mechanically separated from liquids
containing solids (particles or molecules).
During water treatment, the optimum filtration processes or a combination of several methods is
chosen depending on the quality of the raw water as well as the specifications for purity after
filtration.

Types of membrane filtration and their application


Membrane filtration is a dynamic filtering process. The flow direction of the liquid or gas is here not
vertically through the filter area but horizontally through membranes. By selecting a filter pore size of
a membrane, the fineness of filtration, i.e., the size of the particles to be removed, can be
determined.

Membrane filter procedure

Cross-flow filtration
This is used mainly in the food industry and serves as filtration technology for fluids with high murky
contents (such as fruit juice, wine, etc.) but finds use in dialysis as well.

Microfiltration
The material of the filter surface in microfiltration may be - depending on the application area - made
from plastic, textile fabric or stainless steel. The filter pore size of this technique is > 0.1 µm.
Microfiltration is used, for example, to separate oil-water emulsions, biotechnology applications, or to
separate colloidal oxides or hydroxides.

Ultrafiltration
The filter pore size of ultrafiltration is 0.1 to 0.01 µm. Ultrafiltration is used for such applications as
separating proteins, cold sterilization in the pharmacy, or for metal recovery and wastewater
cleaning in the field of metallurgy.

Nanofiltration
Nanofiltration is a pressure-driven membrane processes. In contrast to reverse osmosis,
nanofiltration uses lower pressures and filters with larger pore sizes. The particle size, which is
retained in nanofiltration, is the size of single and divalent heavy metal ions. Nanofiltration is used,
for example, for softening water and the removal of heavy metals during drinking water treatments.
Reverse osmosis
Reverse osmosis or also is a pressure-driven membrane process in which pressure reverses the
natural osmosis process.
It is used to treat drinking and process water, aquarium water, to produce fruit juice concentrates,
and in the treatment of wastewater.

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