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Ultra Structure and Difference

1. Bacterial virulence factors are molecules produced by bacteria that increase their ability to infect and damage human tissues. Virulence factors include enzymes, toxins, and surface structures that help bacteria attach to and invade cells. 2. Diphtheria is diagnosed based on both laboratory and clinical criteria, including isolation of Corynebacterium diphtheriae from cultures or identification via staining, as well as upper respiratory symptoms and formation of a grey pseudomembrane in the throat. 3. Important virulence factors for pathogenic bacteria include toxins, enzymes, capsules, and adhesins that help the bacteria attach to and invade cells while evading the immune system.

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87 views6 pages

Ultra Structure and Difference

1. Bacterial virulence factors are molecules produced by bacteria that increase their ability to infect and damage human tissues. Virulence factors include enzymes, toxins, and surface structures that help bacteria attach to and invade cells. 2. Diphtheria is diagnosed based on both laboratory and clinical criteria, including isolation of Corynebacterium diphtheriae from cultures or identification via staining, as well as upper respiratory symptoms and formation of a grey pseudomembrane in the throat. 3. Important virulence factors for pathogenic bacteria include toxins, enzymes, capsules, and adhesins that help the bacteria attach to and invade cells while evading the immune system.

Uploaded by

Steven Putra
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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1.

Ultra Structure and Difference


2. Difference between Virulen and Antigenic Factor
Bacterial Virulence Factors are molecules synthesized by certain bacteria that increases their
capacity to infect or damage human tissues.

3. Diagnosis Diphteria
The current clinical case definition of diphtheria used by the United States' Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention is based on both laboratory and clinical criteria.

Laboratory criteria

 Isolation of C. diphtheriae from a Gram stain or throat culture from a clinical


specimen,[9]
 Histopathologic diagnosis of diphtheria by Albert's stain
Clinical criteria

 Upper respiratory tract illness with sore throat


 Low-grade fever (above 39 °C (102 °F) is rare)
 An adherent, dense, grey pseudomembrane covering the posterior aspect of the
pharynx: in severe cases, it can extend to cover the entire tracheobronchial tree.

Case classification

 Probable: a clinically compatible case that is not laboratory-confirmed and is not


epidemiologically linked to a laboratory-confirmed case
 Confirmed: a clinically compatible case that is either laboratory-confirmed or
epidemiologically linked to a laboratory-confirmed case

Empirical treatment should generally be started in a patient in whom suspicion of


diphtheria is high.

4. Virulence Factor
 Staphylococcus
Enzyme :
1. Coagulase
2. Hyaluronidase
3. Staphylokinase
4. Lipases
5. -lactamase

Toxin

1. Cytolytic toxins
2. Exfoliative toxins
3. Toxic-shock-syndrome toxin
4. Enterotoxins
 Group A Strep- Virulence Factors
1. M protein of fimbriae
2. Toxins
o Streptolysin O and S - hemolysis
o Erythrogenic toxin - rash
o Pyrogenic toxin – fever
3. Enzymes
o Deoxynuclease
o Hyaluronidase
o Streptokinase – lyse platelets, WBC
Virulence Factors:
1. Phosphorylcholine –
stimulates cells to phagocytize the bacteria
1. Polysaccharide capsule
protects the bacteria from digestion after endocytosis
1. Protein adhesin –
binds the cells to pharynx epithelial cells
1. Secretory IgA protease – destroys IgA
2. Pneumolysin – lyses epithelial cells and suppresses the digestion of the endocytized
bacteria

5. Gram Positive Bacteria that is pathogenic


I-Gram Positive Cocci
A-Streptococcus (e.g. streptococcus Pneumoniae)
B-Staphylococcus (e.g. Staph. aureus)
C-Enterococcus (Previously Group D Strep.)
II-Gram Positive Rods
A-Corynebacteria: Corynebacterium diphtheria
B-Listeria monocytogenes
C-Bacillus anthracis (Anthrax)
D-Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
III-Gram Positive Branching Organisms
A-Actinomycetes

B. COCCI
Staphylococcus
1. Staphylococcus aureus
 More virulent strain
 Some people are “carriers” in nose and on skin
2. Staphylococcus epidermidis
 Normal microbiota of human skin
 Can cause opportunistic infections
Streptococcus
 Group A and B are pathogens
 Group A : Streptococcus pyogenes : strep throat
- Beta-hemolytic
- Infects the pharynx or skin
- Often causes disease when normal microbiota are depleted
- Spreads through respiratory droplets

Group A Streptococcal Diseases


Scarlet Fever Accompanies strep throat if strain releases erythrogenic toxins

 Group B Streptococcus beta hemolytic= Streptococcus agalactiae


Alpha-Hemolytic Streptococci:
Streptococcus pneumonia
The Viridans Group

Enterococcus : E. faecalis and E. faecium

C. BASIL
Bacillus

 B. cereus group

 B. anthracis

Listeria monocytogenes

Corynebacterium : C. diphtheria, C. jeikeium (JK), C. urealyticum

Erisipelothrix rhusopathiae

Nocardia : Opportunist (HIV, Malignancy)

Rhodococcus equi
Tropheryma whippeli

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