GROUP 2
RESEARCH METHODS
Human development research follows an organized set of principles to guide the research process. The
researcher formulates questions and hypotheses concerning the problem and the relationship among
variables established.
DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUES
1. DESCRIPTIVE STUDIES
These are quite common. Most are numerically descriptive. Descriptive studies have an advantage of
generating great deal of data but the sequence of events is not under the observer’s control.
SELF REPORT STUDIES - Uses interviews, person to person meetings or conversations for the purpose of
communicating thoughts and ideas, and questionnaires which consists of list of questions.
OBSERVATIONAL STUDIES – Simply counting the number and types of their behaviors.
CASE STUDIES – Presents data on an individual in great detail in order to make generalizations about a
particular group.
2. MANIPULATIVE EXPERIMENTS
The quest for cause and effect of behavior. It is called a treatment if there are differences in the result,
they can be attributed to the variable that was manipulated in the treatment. The experimental subjects
would respond to some tests selected by the investigator in order to determine the effect of the
treatment.
3. NATURALISTIC EXPERIMENTS
The researcher acts solely as an observer and does little as possible to disturb the environment.
“nature” performs the experiment and the researcher acts as the recorder of the results. Naturalistic
experiment has a chance of discovering causes and effects in real life settings. This technique requires
GREAT PATIENCE and OBJECTIVITY and it is impossible to meet the strict requirements of a true scientific
research.
TIME VARIABLE DESIGNS
1. ONE – TIME, ONE – GROUP STUDIES
These studies are those that are carried out only once on one group of individuals. Thus, it is impossible
to investigate causes and effects.
2. LONGITUDINAL STUDIES
Makes several observations of the same individuals at two or more times in their lives and can answer
important questions. The advantage of longitudinal method is that it permits the discovery of lasting
habits and of the periods in which they appear. The second advantage is the possibility of tracing those
adult behaviors that have changed since early childhood. Longitudinal research is expensive and often
hard to maintain. Changes in the environment can also distort the results.
3. CROSS – SECTIONAL STUDIES
These compare groups of individuals of various ages at the same time. The problem with this method is
that although the effects of cultural change can be minimized by careful selection. It is possible the
difference you find may be due to differences in age cohort rather than age maturation.
4. SEQUENTIAL STUDIES
When a cross – sectional study is done several times with the same groups of individuals the problems
mentioned before can be alleviated through a sequential study. This type of research is complicated and
expensive. It is also capable of answering important questions in the complex and fast changing times in
which we live.
INDIGENOUS RESEARCH METHODS
Indigenous research method is the research in Philippine setting which is mainly on the interests,
objectives and methods that would suit the convenience of the researcher.
Carmen Santiago and Virgilio Enriquez (1980) suggested the use of indigenous methods of research
whereas follows:
1. PAGKAPA – KAPA – An exploration into cultural, social or psychological data without the chains of
overriding theoretical frameworks borrowed from observations outside the focus of investigation. It is
also called as “groping method.” It counts most on personal opinion, determination, and sheer ability of
the researcher.
2. PAGTATANUNG – TANUNG – Considers as a time - tested method in which emphasis is given not only
on how it is carried out but also the qualities of the interviewer as well as the interviewees, purpose,
place, situation, time, ang the method of asking questions. It may involve pag – uusisa, the
perseverance to solicit information on minute details of an event or phenomenon.
3. PAGMAMASID – Visual method of monitoring or examining actions of a person, events or other
phenomena in a particular place. It may involve pag – uusyoso, observing an event that has happened.
Pakikiramdam implies sensitivity to what is going on or what is being studied
4. PAKIKIPANAYAM – Involves asking questions from or conversing with experts or authorities on a
topic under investigation.
5. PAGDALAW – DALAW – Entails frequent visits to participants which enable the researcher to gain the
confidence of the community and to allow more freedom of expressing the respondent’s innermost
feelings.
ETHICS IN RESEARCH
Refers to the correct rules of conducting research where the researchers have a moral responsibility to
protect research participants from harm.
A. MINIMIZING THE RISK OF HARM
The researchers must ensure that those taking part in research will not cause distress. They must be
protected from physical and mental harm. This means that you must not embarrass, frighten, offend or
harm participants.
B. OBTAINING INFORMED CONSENT
It is not sufficient to simply get potential participants to say yes. They also need to know what it is that
they are agreeing to.
C. PROTECTING ANONYMITY AND CONFIDENTIALITY
Participants and the data gained from the participants must be kept confidential unless they give their
full consent.
D. AVOIDING DECEPTIVE PRACTICES
Deception is when a researcher gives false information to subjects or intentionally misleads them about
some key aspect of the research. This involves creating false beliefs about oneself, one’s relationship, or
manipulation of one’s concept.
E. PROVIDING THE RIGHT TO WITHRAW
Participants should be informed that they have the right to withdraw. They should not be pressured or
coerced in any way to try and stop them from withdrawing.
II – A PSYCHOLOGY
TENORIO, MARIVIC
UGALI, RIZA FLOR
VALLESTEROS, GRACE ANN
Source: ( Dizon, et.al.,nd, Developmental Psychology, Rex Publishing Inc. )
