TABLE OF CONTENTS
POLLUTION 2
Abstract 2
History 2
Causes of Pollution 3
TYPES OF POLLUTION 4
Air Pollution 4
Light Pollution 4
Littering 4
Noise Pollution and others 4
POLLUTION CONTROL 5
GLOBAL WARMING 6
BIBLIOGRAPHY 7
ABSTRACT AND HISTORY
Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into
the natural environment that cause adverse
change. Pollution can take the form of chemical
substances or energy, such as noise, heat or
light. Pollutants, the components of pollution, can
be either foreign substances/energies or
naturally occurring contaminants. Pollution is
often classed as point source or nonpoint source
pollution. In 2015, pollution killed 9 million people
in the world.
Major forms of pollution include: Air
pollution, light pollution, littering, noise
pollution, plastic pollution, soil contamination, radioactive contamination, thermal
pollution, visual pollution, water pollution. Air pollution has always accompanied
civilizations. Pollution started from prehistoric times, when man created the first fires.
According to a 1983 article in the journal Science, "SOOT" found on ceilings of
prehistoric caves provides ample evidence of the high levels of pollution that was
associated with inadequate ventilation of open fires. Metal forging appears to be a
key turning point in the creation of significant air pollution levels outside the home.
Core samples of glaciers in Greenland indicate increases in pollution associated with
Greek, Roman, and Chinese metal production.
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SOURCES AND CAUSES
Air pollution comes from both natural and human-made (anthropogenic) sources.
However, globally human-made pollutants from combustion, construction, mining,
agriculture and warfare are increasingly significant in the air pollution equation.
Motor vehicle emissions are one of the
leading causes of air pollution.
China, United states Russia, India, Mexico,
and Japan are the world leaders in air
pollution emissions. Agricultural air
pollution comes from contemporary
practices which include clear felling and
burning of natural vegetation as well as
spraying of pesticides and herbicides.
About 400 million metric tons of hazardous
wastes are generated each year. In 2007, China has overtaken the United States as
the world's biggest producer of CO2,while still far behind based on per capita
pollution – ranked 78th among the world's nations.
In February 2007, a report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC), representing the work of 2,500 scientists, economists, and policymakers
from more than 120 countries, said that humans have been the primary cause of
global warming since 1950. Humans have ways to cut greenhouse gas emissions
and avoid the consequences of global warming, a major climate report concluded.
But to change the climate, the transition from fossil fuels like coal and oil needs to
occur within decades, according to the final report this year from the UN's
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).
Pollution can also be the consequence of a natural disaster. Some sources of
pollution, such as nuclear power plants or oil tankers, can produce widespread and
potentially hazardous releases when accidents occur. In the case of noise
pollution the dominant source class is the motor vehicle, producing about ninety
percent of all unwanted noise worldwide.
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TYPES OF POLLUTION
The major forms of pollution are listed below along with the particular containment
relevant to each of them:
Air pollution: The release of chemicals and particulates into the atmosphere.
Common gaseous pollutants include carbon monoxide, sulphur
dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and nitrogen oxides produced
by industry and motor vehicles.
Light Pollution: Includes light trespass, over illumination and astronomical
interference
Littering: the criminal throwing of inappropriate man-made objects onto public
and private properties.
Noise pollution: which encompasses roadway noise, aircraft noise, industrial
noise as well as high-intensity sonar.
Plastic pollution: involves the
accumulation of plastic products and micro
plastics in the environment that adversely
affects wildlife, wildlife habitat, or humans.
Soil contamination occurs when
chemicals are released by spill or
underground leakage. Among the most
significant soil
contaminants are hydrocarbons, heavy
metals, MTBE, herbicides, pesticides and chlorinated hydrocarbons.
Radioactive contamination, resulting from 20th century activities in atomic
physics, such as nuclear power generation and nuclear weapons research,
manufacture and deployment.
Thermal pollution, is a temperature change in natural water bodies caused by
human influence, such as use of water as coolant in a power plant.
Visual pollution, which can refer to the presence of overhead power lines,
motorway billboards, scarred landforms, open storage of trash, municipal solid
waste or space debris.
Water pollution, by the discharge of wastewater from commercial and industrial
waste into surface waters; discharges of untreated domestic sewage, and
chemical contaminants, such as chlorine, from treated sewage; groundwater
pollution from waste disposal and leaching into the ground, including from pit
latrines and septic tanks; eutrophication and littering.
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POLLUTION CONTROL
Pollution control is a term used in environmental management. It means the control
of emissions and effluents into air, water or soil. Without pollution control,
the waste products from overconsumption,
heating, agriculture, mining, manufacturing,
transportation and other human activities,
whether they accumulate or disperse, will
degrade the environment. In the hierarchy
of controls, pollution prevention and waste
minimization are more desirable than
pollution control. In the field of land
development, low impact development is a
similar technique for the prevention
of urban runoff.
The pollution powers of plating wastes are
reduced within the plant by several means. Many recommendations for modifications
in design and operation to reduce wastes have been suggested. The Ohio River
Valley Water Sanitation Commission has published a guide for these practices.
Additional modifications include the following:
Installing a gravity-fed, nonoverflowing emergency holding tank for toxic
metals and their salts
Eliminating breakable containers for concentrated materials
Designing special drip pans, spraying rinses, and shaking mechanism
Reducing spillages, drag-out, and leakage to the floor or other losses by
curbing the area and discharging these losses to a holding tanks
Using high-pressure fog rinses rather than higher volume water washes
Reclaiming valuable metals from concentrated plating bath wastes
Evaporating reclaimed wastes to desired volume and returning to plating bath
at rate equals to loss from bath
Recirculating wet washer wastes from fine scrubbers
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GLOBAL WARMING
Carbon dioxide, while vital for photosynthesis, is sometimes referred to as pollution,
because raised levels of the gas in the atmosphere are affecting the Earth's climate.
Disruption of the environment can also highlight the connection between areas of
pollution that would normally be classified separately, such as those of water and air.
Recent studies have investigated the potential for long-term rising levels of
atmospheric carbon dioxide to cause slight but critical increases in the acidity of
ocean waters, and the possible effects of this on marine ecosystems.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.wikepedia.com
www.indiatimes.com
www.sciencedirect.com
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