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100% found this document useful (1 vote)

606 views204 pages

Dairy Farmer or Entrepreneur

Dairy farming

Uploaded by

Senthura Pandian

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

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ASCI

Agriculture Skill Council of India

Facilitator Guide

Sector
Agriculture and Allied

Sub-Sector Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur

Dairying

Occupation
Dairy Farm Management

Reference ID: AGR/Q4101, Version 1.0

NSQF Level: 4
Published by
Mahendra Publica on Pvt Ltd
Plot No. E- 42/43/44, Sector- 7,
Noida - 201301, U ar Pradesh, India.

All Rights Reserved,

First Edi on,March 2016

ISBN 978-1-111-22222-45-7

Printed in India at

Agriculture Skill Council of India

6 Floor, GNG Buliding, Plot No.10
Sector - 44, Gurugram - 122004, Haryana, India
Email: info@asci-india.com
website: www.asci-india.com
Phone: 0124-4670029, 4814673, 4814659

Disclaimer
The informa on contained herein has been obtained from sources reliable to Agriculture Skill Council
of India. Agriculture Skill Council of India disclaims all warran es to the accuracy, completeness or
adequacy of such informa on. Agriculture Skill Council of India shall have no liability for errors,
omissions, or inadequacies, in the informa on contained herein, or for interpreta ons thereof. Every
eﬀort has been made to trace the owners of the copyright material included in the book. The
publishers would be grateful for any omissions brought to their no ce for acknowledgements in
future edi ons of the book. No en ty in Agriculture Skill Council of India shall be responsible for any
loss whatsoever, sustained by any person who relies on this material. The material in this publica on
is copyrighted. No parts of this publica on may be reproduced, stored or distributed in any form or by
any means either on paper or electronic media, unless authorized by the Agriculture Skill Council of
India.
Skilling is building a better India.
If we have to move India towards
development then Skill Development
should be our mission.

Shri Narendra Modi

Prime Minister of India

II
Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur

Acknowledgements
We are thankful to all organiza ons and individuals who have helped us in prepara on
of this Par cipant manual. We also wish to extend our gra tude to all those who
reviewed the content and provided valuable inputs for improving quality, coherence
and content presenta on of chapters. This handbook will lead to successful roll out the
skill development ini a ves, helping greatly our stakeholders par cularly trainees,
trainers and assessors etc. We are thankful to our Subject Ma er Expert
Dr. Suresh Damodarajan who has given the content and helped us in prepara on of
Par cipant Handbook.

It is expected that this publica on would meet the complete requirements of QP/NOS
based training delivery, we welcome the sugges ons from users, Industry experts and
other stakeholders for any improvement in future.

III
Trainer Guide

About this Guide

Dear Trainer,

This Trainers Manual is intended to empower preparing for the Dairy Farmer Qualification Pack (QP). Every
National Occupational (NOS) is spread over Unit/s. Key Learning Objectives for the NOS check the start of the
Unit/s for that NOS. The images utilized as a part of this book are portrayed beneath. Dairy Farmer is in charge
of Installation, Testing, Commissioning of Dairy Farmer at agriculturist's field for better water administration
and increment in yield of product. The National Occupational Standards indicate the measures of execution an
individual must accomplish when doing a capacity in the work environment, together with the information
and comprehension they have to meet that standard reliably. These word related guidelines are appropriate
both in the Indian and worldwide settings. According to these measures the Dairy Farmer rought not work
freely, ought to be relentless and must be able to settle on operational choices relating to his range of work.
The student ought to pick up clarity of work and ought to be result situated; The Trainee ought to likewise have
the capacity to exhibit abilities to utilize different devices in the Dairy Farmer. The mentor should guide and
prepare the students' in the accompanying abilities:
Ÿ Knowledge and Understanding: Satisfactory operational learning and comprehension to play out the
required chore
Ÿ Performance Criteria: Pick up the required aptitudes through hands on preparing and play out the required
operations inside the predetermined measures
Ÿ Professional Skills: Capacity to settle on operational choices relating to the zone of work

The course incorporates Trainer Guide including student handbook for the learners and coach's aide; appraisal
guide; session arrangement; and syllabus for you. The course material likewise incorporates a couple of blurbs
as showing helps in the classroom. The appraisal guide subtle elements the assessment system. As a mentor
you will assess the learners' execution and grade them in light of the assessment parameters given in the aide.
The system additionally incorporates field visit for the students where they will watch the method/operations
and administrations of the Dairy Farmer. Chapter are prepared to build up the expert abilities like – choices
making, systematic and basic considering. We hope you will be able to impart your knowledge with our help to
make this program a success and up-skill the workers to the recommended standards.

We trust you will have the capacity to confer your insight with our help to make this program a win and up-skill
the workers to the suggested norms.

All the best!

IV
Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur

Role of the Trainer

As a trainer, keep in mind the following guidelines:
Know your job thoroughly

The Trainer ought to first know his/her learners (the students) keeping in mind the end goal to guarantee their
productive contribution in the learning procedure. Fundamentally the majority of these contemplations are
guided by the reasoning of participatory preparing, which advocates that preparation, not at all like
instructing, is more worried with the general improvement of the human identity.

Ÿ As a Trainer, remember the accompanying rules:

Ÿ Training is not learning
Ÿ The trainer needs to learn for himself/herself, through his/her own particular activity and movement
Ÿ The trainer can just guide the understudy movement in a way that prompts a decent learning background
Ÿ The trainer can create reasonable situations fancied to deliver a powerful learning (curricular, co-curricular
and additional curricular) experience
Ÿ Trainees' response with the earth is relied upon to achieve an adjustment in conduct
Ÿ The trainer is the key component, as on him/her depends the arranging of the learning circumstance for
accomplishing the sought result

Practice these common courtesies

Ÿ Greet the students

Ÿ Be warm and neighborly
Ÿ Introduce yourself
Ÿ Ask their names
Ÿ Explain the reason and objectives of preparing project
Ÿ Ask their desires
Ÿ Always make inquiries
Ÿ Listen to then quietly and answer their inquiries
Ÿ In case you can't react to an inquiry say that you will hit them up
Ÿ Respect the students
Ÿ Do not hang over them, their work, or get in their work-space
Ÿ Do not take their work or move it without requesting their consent
Ÿ Be a decent onlooker
Ÿ Offer rededication for weaker students Correct the flawed practices of learners at work before they
transform into propensities
Ÿ Do not condemn
Ÿ Show gratefulness where it is expected
Ÿ Always say 'please', 'thank you', and "too bad"
Ÿ Be a tutor

V
Trainer Guide

Responsibilities

Ÿ The trainer has a unique position and assumes a few parts. He/she is a go between the student and
administration.
Ÿ The trainer has moral and lawful duties and guarantees the expert advancement as well as the prosperity of
the young. You need to counteract:
Ÿ Discrimination as a result of sexual orientation, race or nationality or some other kind
Ÿ Bullying and/or lewd behavior
Ÿ Abuse of liquor, prescription or whatever other substance
Ÿ Physical threats through mischance, air contamination, commotion or risky chemicals
Ÿ Overstepping the student's physical limit
Ÿ You likewise need to secure that time directions or other lawful controls are not infringing– neither by you
nor by the disciple.

Symbols Used

!
Steps Time Tips Notes Objectives Do

Ask Explain Elaborate Field Visit Practical Lab

Demonstrate Exercise Team Activity Facilitation Notes Learning Outcomes Say

Example

Resources Activity Summary Role Play Example

VI
Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur

Table of Contents
S.No Modules and Units Page No.

1. Introduc on 1

Unit 1.1 - Skills In Dairy Farming 3

Unit 1.2 - Ca le Breeds 7
Unit 1.3 - Judging The Dairy Ca le 16
Unit 1.4 - Dairy Industry In India 20
Unit 1.5 - Future Scope of Dairy Farmer 24
Unit 1.6 - Constraints of Present Dairy Farming 27

2. Prepare and Maintain Livestock Accommoda on 31

Unit 2.1 - Selec on of Site For Dairy Farming 33

Unit 2.2 - Principles of Housing 36
Unit 2.3 - Housing of New Born Calves 39
Unit 2.4 - Housing of Heifer or Bull Calves 41
Unit 2.5 - Housing For Lacta ng Animals 44
Unit 2.6 - Housing Of Bull 47

3. Establish With in Livestock Accommoda on 50

Unit 3.1 - Micro Environmental Factors In Dairy Farming 52

Unit 3.2 - Summer Management 55
Unit 3.3 - Winter Management 58
Unit 3.4 - Dairy Rou ne Management 61

4. Provide Feed and Water For Livstock 66

Unit 4.1 - Basic Principles of Feed 68

Unit 4.2 - Important Feed Ingredients 72
Unit 4.3 - Feed Mixing 78
Unit 4.4 - Feeding Management 83

5. Maintain Healthy Performance For Livstock 89

Unit 5.1 - Maintaining Healthy Farm-Causes of Infer lity and Reproduc ve Management 91
Unit 5.2 - Clean Milk Produc on 95
Unit 5.3 - Dairy Waste Management 97
Unit 5.4 - Cleaning of Utensil 100
Unit 5.5 - Important Vaccina on of Dairy Animals 103
Unit 5.6 - Care of The New-Born Calf 106
Unit 5.7 - Preven on and Control of Mas s 110

VII
Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur

Table of Contents
S.No Modules and Units Page No.

6. Performance Hand and Machine Milking 115

Unit 6.1 - Steps of Hand Milking 117

Unit 6.2 - Milking Machine 119
Unit 6.3 - Opera onal Steps in Machine Milking 122

7. Forage Conserva on 125

Unit 7.1 - Importance of Fodder 127

Unit 7.2 - Cul va on of Fodder 130
Unit 7.3 - Silage Making 132
Unit 7.4 - Nutri on In Diﬀerent Fodder 135
Unit 7.5 - Fodder Feeding Management 137

8. Entrepreneurship Skills 142

Unit 8.1 - Prepara on of Project Report 144

Unit 8.2 - Availability of Bank Loan 149
Unit 8.3 - Insurance Facil es 153
Unit 8.4 - Marke ng Management 156
Unit 8.5 - Retail Milk Market 159
Unit 8.6 - Value Added Milk Product 161

9. Maintain Healthy And Safety at The Work 164

Unit 9.1 - Water Sanita on 166

Unit 9.2 - Labour Hygenine 170
Unit 9.3 - First Aid 171

10. Annexures 175

Annexure I : Training Delivery Plan 176

Annexure II : Assessment Criteria 187

VIII
Trainer Guide

IX
ASCI
Agriculture Skill Council of India

1. Introduction
Unit 1.1 - Skills In Dairy Farming
Unit 1.2 - Ca le Breeds
Unit 1.3 - Judging The Dairy Ca le
Unit 1.4 - Dairy Industry In India
Unit 1.5 - Future Scope of Dairy Farmer
Unit 1.6 - Constraints of Present Dairy Farming
Trainer Guide

Key Learning Outcomes

After completing this session the trainees will be able to:

Ÿ Understanding various skill ac vi es of dairy farm
Ÿ Prac cing skill ac vi es of feeder
Ÿ Knowing the skill ac vi es of milker
Ÿ Other ac vi es of the dairy farming

2
Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur

UNIT 1.1: SKILLS IN DARIY FARMING

Unit Objectives
After Completing This Session The Trainees Will Be Able To:
Ÿ Required skills to know management of dairy farm

Say
Ÿ Dairy farming is much more complex and needs to be managed scientiﬁcally. Dairy farmer managing such
dairy farm requires broad knowledge, wide variety of multi-tasking skills and keen business acumen.
Introduc on
Ÿ Dairy farming is much more complex and needs to be managed scien ﬁcally. Dairy farmer managing such
dairy farm requires broad knowledge, wide variety of mul -tasking skills and keen business acumen.

Skill Ac vi es of Dairy Farmer (Manager)

Spend 50 percent of me in Management of the Dairy Herd and remaining me in supervising employees,
Ÿ Ra on prepara on and feeding
Ÿ Raising of replacements
Ÿ Milking
Ÿ Upkeep of facili es, grounds and equipment's
Ÿ Pasture management
Ÿ Herd management
Spend 30 percent of me in Herd Health and Reproduc on.
Ÿ Treat and care for sick animals
Ÿ Help with diﬃcult births
Ÿ Heat detec on
Ÿ Breeding
Ÿ Fill in for sick and vaca ng employees
Spend 20 percent of me in General Oﬃce Work and Procurement
Ÿ Record keeping (herd health, produc on, reproduc on inventories)
Ÿ Monthly inventories
Ÿ Order supplies, repair parts, feed

3
Trainer Guide

Knowledge and Skills Required:

Ÿ Trained in ar ﬁcial insemina on
Ÿ Knowledge of disease and injury treatment and calf pulling
Ÿ Knowledgeable in dairy nutri on
Ÿ Ability to mo vate employees
Ÿ Ability to communicate
Ÿ Knowledge of milking procedures
Ÿ Knowledge of Dairy Herd Improvement Records

Skill Ac vi es of Feeder
Ÿ Spend 70 percent to 80 percent work me to perform the du es of feeding and caring for all
livestock.
Ÿ Keep the animal areas, lots and barns clean and free from manure and extraneous objects.
Ÿ Allow the produc on of a high quality product and promote animal well-being and comfort.

Feeding Responsibili es:

Ÿ Check all animals on a mely basis (three to four mes per day) to be certain they are receiving
adequate feed. Be certain clean water is available at all mes.
Ÿ Feed cows and calves in a mely manner
Ÿ Be certain lots and barns are cleaned daily rou nely check freshening area
Ÿ Check all lots at least ﬁve mes per day (dry cow, heifer and calf areas) to be certain ca le are not
under stress due to weather condi ons.
Ÿ Maintain all equipment as prescribed by manufacturer's sugges ons. Be certain all machinery is in
working order. No fy manager immediately if any malfunc ons occur.
Ÿ Take any necessary feed or forage samples for nutrient tes ng as required by manager.
Ÿ Be certain all pastures and fencing are maintained. Repair these items when needed.
Ÿ Maintain all equipment and tools in an orderly manner so they are readily available to use by any
employee if needed.
Ÿ Treat sick animals and administer appropriate prescrip on drugs only when told by the manager.
Ÿ Perform rou ne vaccina ons under supervision of the manager.
Ÿ Assist in any special projects or rou ne maintenance of farmstead in coordina on with the
manager

Skill Ac vi es of Milker
Ÿ Spend 70 percent to 80 percent work me to perform the du es of milking and related ac vi es
for lacta ng cows.

4
Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur

Milking Responsibili es and Procedures:

Ÿ Prepare milking equipments and bulk tank for milking.
Ÿ Bring in cows for milking or help other employees bring in cows if needed or requested.
Ÿ Wear gloves when milking to help prevent spread of mas s-causing organisms.
Ÿ Follow recommended pre-milking prepara on of ca le before milking.
Ÿ Milk all cows in an orderly, proper and consistent manner.
Ÿ Be certain to look at treatment records so that milk from treated cows is not put into the bulk tank.
Ÿ Note cows that may have mas s or other problems and inform the manager for possible treatment.
(No treatment will be done without permission of the manager.)
Ÿ Clean the milking parlor, holding area and bulk tank room.
Ÿ Operate all milking equipments as recommended by the manager and factory speciﬁca ons.
Ÿ A er milking, be sure all machinery and sanita on procedures are followed according to
manufacturer's speciﬁca on and Grade A Standards of the Public Milk Ordinance.

Milking Related Ac vi es:

Ÿ Help to get ca le in barn if necessary.
Ÿ Maintain treatment records and iden fy treated cows with appropriate markers, such as leg bands,
etc.
Ÿ Assist in ordering supplies by making a list and bringing to the managers a en on any items in short
supply
Ÿ If unable to be present at scheduled working hours, the manager must be given suﬃcient no ce to
arrange for a subs tute milker. Clip udders, freeze brand and perform other procedures that promote
accurate iden ﬁca on and animal well-being
Ÿ Other Responsibili es (approximately 20 percent to 30 percent of daily work schedule) as assigned by
the manager

These responsibili es may include, but are not limited to the following responsibili es:
Ÿ Care of springers and cows at calving
Ÿ Feeding and care of calves
Ÿ Feeding, cleaning and care of milking herd
Ÿ Maintenance of free-stalls
Ÿ Heat detec on, A.I
Ÿ Record keeping
Ÿ Cleaning and maintenance of oﬃce building
Ÿ Maintenance of grounds, pasture, fences
Ÿ Maintenance of vacuum pumps

5
Trainer Guide

Do
Ÿ Provide exercise to dairy farm management activities
Ÿ Exercise for restrain the cow

Notes for Facilitation

Ÿ Explain different management responsibilities of dairy farmer
Ÿ Hands on training is necessary

Notes
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6
Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur

UNIT 1.2: CATTLE BREEDS

Unit Objectives
After Completing This Session The Trainees Will Be Able To:
Ÿ Skill and knowledge on different dairy breeds and breed characteristic of each of them

Say

Ÿ This chapter explain breed character and produc on poten al of diﬀerent dairy breeds in India
Ca le breeds
Ÿ Farm manager or farmer should know ca le breeds with their features

Cross bred cattle in India

1. Name : Jersey Crossbred
2. Crossbred
3. State: All India
4. Purpose: Food -Milk
5. Milk yield per lactation
(kg:1749-2147)

Female Male
1. Name : Holstein Friesian
Crossbred.
2. Crossbred
3. State: Hilly and Temperate
Regions (All India)
4. Purpose: Food -Milk
5. Milk yield per lactation
(kg:3000-3500)
Female Male

1. Name : Thariparkar (White

Sindhi, Grey Sindhi, Thari)
2. Indigenousbred
3. State: Gujarat, Rajasthan
(Thariparkar Animals are Found
along the Indo-Pakborder
Overing Western Rajasthan and
upto Rann of Kutch in Gujarat.
4. Purpose: Food -Milk
Male Female 5. Milk yield per lactation
(kg:1749-2147)

7
Trainer Guide

1. Name : Vechur (White Sindhi,

Grey Sindhi, Than)
2. Indigenousbred
3. State: Kerla (Kuttanadu, a
Unique Agriculture Tract Which
covers Alappuzha, Kottayam and
Pathanamthitta and Kasaragod
districts of kerala.)
4. Purpose: Food -Milk: Dung -
Manure
5. Milk yield per lactation (kg:561)
Female Male

1. Name : Red Sindhi (Malir

(Baluchistan), Red Karachi and
Sindhi)
2. Indigenousbred
3. State: the ogriginal breeding
tract is in Pakistan but some
organised herds are availble in
orissa tamil nadu,bihar, kerala and
Assam states of india.
4. Purpose: Food -Milk:
5. Milk yield per lactation
Female Male (kg:1840-2600)

1. Name : Sahiwal (Lambi Bar, Lola

,Montgomery, Multani and Teli)
2. Indigenousbred
3. State: Punjab, Rajasthan
4. Purpose: Food -Milk: Dung -
Manure
5. Milk yield per lactation
(kg:2325-2750)

Female Male
1. Name : Punganur
2. Indigenousbred
3. State: AP (The breed tract is
confined to the taluks of Punganur
and adjacent taluks of Vayalpad,
Madnapall and Palamanerin
Chittoor district of Andhra
Pradesh)
4. Purpose: Food -Milk; Work-
Draught and Transportation
Female Male 5. Milk yield per lactation (kg:546-
1100)

8
Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur

1. Name : Rathi
2. Indigenous bred
3. State: Rajasthan (Rathi Animals
are particularly Cincertarted in
Loonkarnas artehsil of Bikaner
district which is also known as
Rathi tract).
4. Purpose: Food -Milk:
5. Milk yield per lactation
(kg:1560-2810)
Female Male

1. Name : Motu (Deshi)

2. Indigenous bred
3. State: odisha (south ern part of
Malkangirl district and adjoining
area of chhattisgarh and andhra
Pradesh. Heavy Concentration is
in motu, kalimela, podia and matu
Malkangirl area of Malkangirl
district in Orissa. Sandy and clay
Female Male type soil is predominant. most of
the area is covered with forest)
4. Purpose: Food -Milk- work-
Draught & Manure.
5. Milk yield per lactation (kg:0-
140)

1. Name : Ongole (Nellore)

2. Indigenous bred
3. State: Andhra Pradesh (The
Breeding all along the Coast from
Nellore to Vizianagram )
4. Purpose: Food -Milk- work-
Draught & Manure.
Female Male
5. Milk yield per lactation
(kg:798)

1. Name : khariar (Deshi)

2. Indigenous bred
3. State: Odisha ( Nuapada district
and adjoining area in kalahandi
and Balangir district. Heavy
Concetration is in
khariar,komna.Sinapali and Boden
block of Nuapada district )
4. Purpose: Food -Milk- work-
Draught & Manure and fuel.
Female Male 5. Milk yield per lactation (kg:0-
450)

9
Trainer Guide

1. Name : Hariana (Hansi)

2. Indigenous bred
3. State: Haryana
4. Purpose: Food -Milk:- worker-
Draaught and Transport
5. Milk yield per lactation (kg:997-
1745)

Female Male

1. Name : Kankrej (Wadad or

waged,Vagadia, Talabda,
Nagar,Bonnai)
2. Indigenous bred
3. State: Gujarat, Rajasthan
4. Purpose: Food -Milk:- worker-
Draaught and Transport
5. Milk yield per lactation
(kg:1738-1800)

Female Male

1. Name : Gir
(Bhodali,Desan,Gujarati,
Kathiawari,Sorthi and Surati)
2. Indigenous bred
3. State: Gujarat, (Saurashtra
region of Gujarat specially area in
and around Gir Forest)
4. Purpose: Food -Milk
5. Milk yield per lactation
(kg:2110-3300)

Female Male

10
Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur

Summary of cattle breed and its population in India

11
Trainer Guide

12
Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur

13
Trainer Guide

14
Trainer Guide

Do
Ÿ Provide exercise for production potential of different breeds
Ÿ Allow to identify the breeds

Notes for Facilitation

Ÿ Explain characteristics of different dairy breeds available in India
Ÿ Visual explanation of different dairy breeds

15
Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur

UNIT 1.3: JUDGING THE DAIRY CATTLE

Unit Objectives
After Completing This Session The Trainees Will Be Able To:
Ÿ Prac cing the skill and gaining knowledge in judging of dairy ca le

Say
Ÿ This chapter says structural and func onal ac vi es of dairy ca le, udder conforma on and addi onal
conforma on need to be evaluated
Judging the dairy ca le
Ÿ Judging dairy ca le is a compara ve evalua on of ca le in which animals are ranked based on their
closeness to “ideal” dairy conforma on
Ÿ Desirable dairy conforma on involves func onal traits associated with high milk produc on over a long,
trouble free produc ve life
Ÿ In addi on to learn how to judge ca le, many life skills are gained through the dairy judging experience.
Ÿ These include observa on, decision making, and public speaking skills

Frame - 15%
Ÿ The skeletal parts of the cow, with the excep on of feet and legs, are evaluated
Ÿ Rump - long and wide throughout with pin bones slightly lower than hip bones. Thurls need to be wide
apart and centrally placed between hip bones and pin bones. The tail head is set slightly above and neatly
between pin bones, and the tail is free from coarseness. The vulva is nearly ver cal
Ÿ Stature - height, including length in the leg bones. A long bone pa ern throughout the body structure is
desirable. Height at the withers and hips should be rela vely propor onate
Ÿ Front End - adequate cons tu on with front legs straight, wide apart and squarely placed. Shoulder blades
and elbows need to be ﬁrmly set against the chest wall. The crops should have adequate fullness
Ÿ Back - Straight and strong; the loin broad, strong, and nearly level. Breed Characteris cs- overall style and
balance. Head should be feminine, clean-cut, slightly dished with broad muzzle, large open nostrils, and a
strong jaw is desirable
Ÿ Rump, Stature, and Front End receive primary considera on when evalua ng Frame

Dairy Character - 20%

16
Trainer Guide

Dairy Character - 20%

Ÿ The physical evidence of milking ability is evaluated. Major consideration is given to general openness
and angularity while maintaining strength, flatness of bone and freedom from coarseness.
Consideration is given to stage of lactation
Ÿ Ribs - wide apart. Rib bones are wide, flat, deep, and slanted toward the rear
Ÿ Thighs - lean, incurving to flat, and wide apart from the rear
Ÿ Withers - Sharp with the chine prominent
Ÿ Neck - long, lean, and blending smoothly into shoulders. A clean-cut throat, dewlap, and brisket are
desirable
Ÿ Skin - thin, loose, and pliable

Body Capacity - 10%

Ÿ The volumetric measurement of the capacity of the cow is evaluated with age taken into consideration
Ÿ Barrel - long, deep, and wide. Depth and spring of rib increase toward the rear with a deep flank
Ÿ Chest - deep and wide floor with well-sprung fore ribs blending into the shoulders
Ÿ The barrel receives primary consideration when evaluating Body capacity

Feet and Legs - 15%

Ÿ Feet and rear legs are evaluated. Evidence of mobility is given major consideration.
Ÿ Feet - steep angle and deep heal with short, well-rounded closed toes.
Ÿ Rear Legs: Rear View - straight, wide apart with feet squarely placed.
Ÿ Side View - a moderate set (angle) to the hock. Hocks- cleanly molded, free from coarseness and
puffiness with adequate flexibility
Ÿ Pasterns - short and strong with some flexibility
Ÿ Slightly more emphasis placed on Feet than on Rear Legs when evaluating this breakdown.

Udder - 40%
Ÿ The udder traits are the most heavily weighted. Major consideration is given to the traits that
contribute to high milk yield and a long productive life.
Ÿ Udder Depth - moderate depth relative to the hock with adequate capacity and clearance.
Consideration is given to lactation number and age.
Ÿ Teat Placement - squarely placed under each quarter, plumb and properly spaced from side and rear
views
Ÿ Rear Udder - wide and high, firmly attached with uniform width from top to bottom and slightly
rounded to udder floor
Ÿ Udder Cleft - evidence of a strong suspensory ligament indicated by adequately defined halving
Ÿ Fore Udder - firmly attached with moderate length and ample capacity
Ÿ Teats - cylindrical shape and uniform size with medium length and diameter
Ÿ Udder Balance and Texture - should exhibit an udder floor that is level as viewed from the side.
Ÿ Quarters should be evenly balanced; soft, pliable and well collapsed after milking.

17
Trainer Guide

Additional Factors to Evaluate

Horns

Ÿ No discrimination

Eyes

1. Blindness in one eye: slight discrimination

2. Cross or bulging eyes: slight discrimination
3. Evidence of blindness: slight-serious discrimination
4. Total blindness: disqualification

Wry Face
Ÿ Slight-serious discrimination
Parrot Jaw
Ÿ Slight-serious discrimination
Shoulders
Ÿ Winged: slight-serious discrimination
Tail Setting
Ÿ Wry tail or other abnormal tail settings: slight-serious discrimination
Capped Hip
Ÿ No discrimination unless effects mobility

Judging Procedures

Ÿ The first impression of an animal is often quite valuable. Stick with it unless further inspection gives
good reason to change
Ÿ Observe walking animals for ease of movement, and set to the rear legs and strength of pasterns.
Also, check for strength of loin and firmness of udder attachments
Ÿ A front view of the animal shows width of chest. A rear view aids in evaluating sharpness of
withers, spring of rib, width of rump, width of rear udder and amount of udder cleft
Ÿ The udder is 40% of the scorecard and often becomes the deciding factor
Ÿ Milking cows at the peak of lactation are given an advantage over dry cows or stale cows of equal
merit
Ÿ Develop a good system to evaluate classes for ranking each cow in a class for each major category
on the score card

18
Trainer Guide

Do
Ÿ Allow them to judge the cattle and interpret the body conformation score of the same cattle

Notes for Facilitation

Ÿ Explain each structural conformation of the cattle by using visual aids
Ÿ Hands on training

19
Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur

UNIT 1.4: DAIRY INDUSTRY IN INDIA

Unit Objectives
After Completing This Session The Trainees Will Be Able To:
Ÿ Prac cing the skill and gaining knowledge in judging of dairy ca le

Say

Ÿ This chapter enlightens the growth pa ern of dairy industry in India

Dairy industry
Ÿ Dairy industry occupies an important place in animal husbandry. It embraces the produc on of milk, its
prepara on for sale as well as the manufacture of dairy products.

Dairy industry growth

Ÿ The dairy industry of India has grown from an almost completely unorganized but vastly complex industry
of a large magnitude to an organized industry during the last 55 years with an annual milk produc on of
about 29 million metric tons in the year 1979-80.
Ÿ India's milk produc on in 2001 is forecasted at 81 million tones. In India it took nearly 30 years to achieve
self- sufficiency in milk produc on. The country had produced 123 million tones of milk in 2010-11, 127.9
million tons in 2011-12.
Ÿ The annual growth rate for produc on of milk is increased about 5% in 2011-12 as compared to 2010-11.
India con nued to rank third amongst the countries of the world.
Ÿ The composi on of the milk produc on in India has been dominated by buffalo milk with 76 per cent of the
total milk produc on as compared to 94 percent of cow milk in the total produc on of milk in the ward.
Ÿ The importance of cow con nues as a supplier of cheap milk as also bullocks. Livestock keeping in general
and dairying in par cular has been the integral part of Indian agriculture. In addi onal, dairying provides a
source of nutri on and addi onal income to our farmers.
Ÿ Inefficient and poor maintenance of large number of ca le in the context of available resources could be
responsible for the fact that although there are 12 percent more dairy animals in India than four leading
countries put together, India produces less than 12 percent of the milk produced by these leading countries
of the world.

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Trainer Guide

Dairy Industry: Over the time

Traditional Dairying

Ÿ Traditionally, all the milk in the past had been produced in the villages in India. Even today the bulk of the
country's milk supply comes from the cattle owners in the rural areas. In the old days, the farmers produced
milk usually for their own consumption.
Ÿ Most of the milk was converted by them into butter, ghee and butter milk, which constituted important
food items for the family. As marketing facilities for milk did not exist in those days, the surplus milk was
generally turned into ghee for sale in the villages or in the near-by town markets.
Ÿ Later on, this pattern changed and most of the surplus milk was either sold by the cattle-owners to the
consumers, in the nearby areas or collected by the middlemen for sale in the urban markets.

Modernization of Dairy Industry

Ÿ Modernization of the dairy industry in India gained momentum with the commencement of India's first five
Year plan in 1951.
Ÿ With the aim of catering to the requirement of clean milk for the growing population in urban areas, the
initial government action in this regard consisted of organizing milk schemes for the large cities.
Ÿ The basic objectives of these schemes was to facilitate arrangement for the efficient flow of milk produced
in the rural areas to the dairy plants located in cities and distribution of the processed milk to the urban
consumers.
Ÿ The working of the milk schemes was quite helpful for the development of the dairy industry on modern
lines in India.

Co-operativization

Ÿ The establishment of milk co-operatives is another feature of the modern dairy industry in India. For
successful functioning of economic enterprises in our villages, it is necessary that they are given a corporate
identity. In most developed countries, co-operative have emerged as the most cohesive organization of
farmers.

Ÿ They provide the middle course between the acquisitive and individualistic trends of economy on one
hand and too much centralization and regimentation on the other. They have the merit of combining
freedom and opportunity for the small man with benefits of large scale management and organization
as also good- will and support from the community.

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Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur

Ÿ In India, though the co-operative movement was initiated by the co-operative credit societies Act, 1904,
dairy co-operative could not be promoted till the passing of the co-operative societies Act, 1912.
Ÿ Though, with the establishment of the first cooperative dairy society at Allahabad (U.P.) in 1913, the
movement of dairy cooperative got initiation and spread subsequently in different parts of our country. Its
real large sale and systematic break through could be noticed since 1946 when Kaira District Co-operative
Milk producers' Union Limited (KDCMPUL) popularly known as 'Amul Dairy' which was set up at Anand in
the Gujarat state.

ANAND PATTERN – THREE TIER MODEL

Ÿ A big success story in India's dairy development is of dairy cooperatives. In the forefront is Gujarat
Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation (CCMMF), the apex body of farmers` milk cooperatives. It markets
the milk products produced by its member cooperatives under the brand name Amul and Sagar. Milk is
sourced from 15,301 village dairy cooperatives where more than three million farmers collect their milk
produce.
Structure of Indian dairy Industry

Top 10 milk producers in India

S.No. Dairy Industry Production (‘000 liters per day)
1 AMUL 2500
2 OMFED, Odisha 1950
3 AP Dairy Development Cooperative Federation Ltd 1500
4 Haryana Dairy Development Cooperative Federation Ltd 1450
5 Dynamix Dairy Industries Ltd., Maharastra 1000
6 Mother Dairy, Delhi 1000
7 Vasundhara Dairy, Nagpur 1000
8 Dudhsagar Dairy, Gujarat 950
9 Hatsun Agro, Chennai 800
10 Sterling Agra, New Delhi 800

22
Trainer Guide

Some private dairy industries are as under

Ÿ Amrut Industries Ltd.
Ÿ Anmol Dairy Ltd
Ÿ Britannia Industries Ltd
Ÿ G R B Dairy Foods Pvt Ltd
Ÿ Haryana Milk Foods Ltd
Ÿ Indian Dairy Specialities Ltd
Ÿ Industrial Progressive (India) Ltd
Ÿ Mahaan Foods Ltd
Ÿ Milkfood Ltd
Ÿ Nikumbh Dairy Products Ltd

Do
Ÿ Provide exercise to write the present dairy industry role in Indian economy

Notes for Facilitation

Ÿ Explain the organized growth pattern of dairy industry over 55 years in India
Ÿ Field visit to any dairy industry or dairy cooperative society

23
Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur

UNIT 1.5: FUTURE SOCPE OF DAIRY FARMER

Unit Objectives
After Completing This Session The Trainees Will Be Able To:
Ÿ gain detailed outline on future scope of the dairy farming

Say
Ÿ This chapter says factors deciding the growth pa ern of the dairy industry, consump on pa ern and milk
produc on outlets, challenges ahead in the dairy industry and milk produc on marke ng scope

Dairy market
Ÿ India is a land of opportunity for investors looking for new and expanding markets. Dairy food processing
holds immense poten al for high returns.
Ÿ The dairy market in the India has witnessed a growth in recent years on account of rising demand for milk
and its products fueled by expansion in milk produc on

Rising consump on
Ÿ India is not only the largest producer of milk but also the largest consumer of milk. The policy approach
should be to create growth path for the dairy industry. Currently, milk cons tutes 15 per cent of the
average households' expenditure on food.
Ÿ However, with increasing urbaniza on and growing GDP, income rises are leading to fall in share of food
as percentage of total expenditure.

Sustained Growth
Ÿ Undoubtedly, dairying has provided gainful employment to millions, primarily women, in the villages.
Investments under 'Opera on Flood' have resulted in sustained growth and self-suﬃciency in dairy:
Ÿ Amul Model has demonstrated the capacity of a single commodity to have mul dimensional eﬀect on
producers, consumers as well as the economy of the country. This model has also delineated the
importance of commercial approach to development and nil interference of government in commercial
enterprise.
Ÿ By the year 2020, India`s GDP is targeted to cross that of UK and will be ready for a steep rise ll 2050. But it
can be realized only by ac ve government support to vital sectors like dairying and implementa on of well
formulated ideas provided by dairy scien sts and experts.

24
Trainer Guide

Cooperatives
Ÿ Amul apart from being Asia`s largest milk brand is a vehicle for economic and social development through
which farmers manage their own resources.
Ÿ Amul has long been dedicated to providing best prices to its member producers for their milk and at the
same time providing value for money to its consumers.
Ÿ Amul is also developing wide range of products to meet future demand, including calcium fortified milk,
flavored yoghurt, frozen yoghurt, sugar free ice-cream and pro-biotic products.
Ÿ In order to keep pace with the growing market and production base, GCMMF has planned a total
investment of $600 million for milk processing and village level infrastructure enhancement in the next five
years.

Milk Production Outlook

Ÿ India's White Revolution has attracted world-wide attention and Indian performance is expected to
continue to play a major role in the future of the dairy industry in the world in coming years.
Ÿ It is expected that the world milk production will rise to 867 MMT by 26 per cent from current 714 MMT.
However, as per the current CAGR of 4 per cent and optimistic projection of 4.5 per cent, India`s milk
production is estimated to touch 180 million MT by 2020.
Ÿ This will lead to increase of India`s share in the world milk production from the current 16 per cent to 21 per
cent in 2020. The core of the dairy industry lies with the milk producing farmer, who gets affected by many
factors ranging from fuel and agricultural input prices to government`s foreign policy.
Ÿ Hence, the state of milk producing farmer is crucial for the dairy industry. To sustain the milk production
there has to be a right mix of social, environmental and economic factors influencing the farmer.

National Policy
Ÿ Against this backdrop, the national policy on dairy is critical for the growth of dairy industry. Milk
production in US has been growing at a very good pace as a result of policies of the US government which
nurture and protect cooperative marketing by dairy farmers.
Ÿ Experts feel India should also continue its emphasis on dairy development through cooperatives and
private investments to ensure long term growth and sustainability of the industry.

Challenges
Ÿ However, there are challenges to dairy in India, mostly in the form of rapid urbanization, low interest of
younger generation in dairy farming and increasing real estate price that leads to loss of farm lands. Due to
these factors, some dairy regions may come under pressure.
Ÿ The preventive measures would be to implement changes in the dairy production to make farming system
more competitive.

25
Trainer Guide

Ÿ In addition, there is a need to develop infrastructure to enhance production, followed by investment at

farm level and improving feeding methods. More importantly, Government could consider giving
relaxation in tax on farmer`s income from milk to encourage him to invest in dairy.

Dairy food products

Ÿ The surge in growth is majorly originated from growth in Ice cream and milk powder as segment of dairy
food market
Ÿ The growth in this segment has been largely led by the domestic factors such as innovative technology and
rise in availability of variants
Ÿ India dairy food market will grow at a considerable to cross INR 250 billion due to the increasing number of
dairy farmers and rising average yield of cows

Do
Ÿ Provide exercise to explain the AMUL model

Notes for Facilitation

· Explain the challenges in milk and its product at marketing level

26
Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur

UNIT 1.6: CONSTRAINTS OF PRESENT DAIRY FARMING

Unit Objectives
After Completing This Session The Trainees Will Be Able To:
Ÿ Important constrains in present dairy farming industry – need to understand

Say

Ÿ This chapter explain the problems in scien ﬁc dairy farm management, cold chain to maintain milk quality
and factors ﬁxing the milk price

Smallholder dairy farming

Ÿ Smallholder dairying has inherent weaknesses and is confronted with various threats. However, the sector
can build on its strengths and use opportuni es to sa sfy the increasing demand. At the na onal level, the
following issues will need a concerted response from both the Government and the private sector to enable
the par cipa on of smallholder dairy farmers in dairy markets and to help them compe vely supply
expanding consumer markets.

Constraints and its solu ons

Lack of proper livestock management prac ces and inaccessibility to support services leads to low animal
produc vity
To enhance produc vity, the following measures are recommended:
Ÿ strengthen extension services to reach and educate the maximum number of farmers;
Ÿ launch mass-scale awareness campaigns on management and produc on issues;
Ÿ improve farmers' access to ﬁnancial services;
Ÿ ini ate sustainable long-term breed improvement programmes.

In the absence of an integrated cold chain, adultera on is rampant and access to markets is hampered.

To improve the provision of quality milk as well as enhanced market access for small holders, the following
measures are recommended:
Ÿ provide equipment and facili es related to a cold chain at subsidized rates;
Ÿ provide credit to improve access to infrastructure, such as cold chains;

27
Trainer Guide

Ÿ Adjust utility fees to dairy farmers to equal with what other farmers are charged; currently, most peri-urban
and commercial farms are charged the industrial or residential rate for electricity and water consumption.
This is in bare contrast to the main agricultural sector in which farm use of electricity and water is
determined on the basis of subsidized agricultural rates. This can be a discouraging factor for many farmers
to upgrade their farms, and policies governing the supply of public utilities to the dairy sector must be
revised;
Ÿ promote local manufacturing of storage and processing equipment;
Ÿ Encourage the establishment of integrated cold chains instead of piecemeal approaches in which the focus
is only on cooling tanks.

Smallholder dairy farmers need to coordinate their marketing activities.

To further organize smallholder farmers into groups that can reap maximum market benefits, the following
measures are recommended:
Ÿ create a policy environment conducive to the formation of milk co-operatives societies; laws governing co-
operative societies should be drafted with an approach that encourages their formation. This includes tax
incentives for collective marketing and a subsidized provision of inputs, such as veterinary services, feed
and electricity.
Ÿ link various groups to organizations like the Small and Medium Enterprise Development Authority to
provide guidance in designing an co-operative society
Ÿ provide management training in various areas, including production, marketing, value addition, and
financial and business management techniques;
Ÿ encourage middlemen to integrate their operations with co-operative society; there can be many
modalities for this.

The local government is allowed to fix the price of milk on the pretext that it is an essential commodity.
However, the prices of inputs are not synchronized in the same manner and keep increasing with the
growing inflation.
To ensure parity between input and output prices towards profitable dairying, the following measures are
recommended:
Ÿ review of laws governing price control and their implementation in regards to milk;
Ÿ explore alternative measures, such as setting a control price and incentives for increased production to
meet demand;
Ÿ provide a level playing field by applying similar pricing regulations to both packaged and non-packaged
milk.

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Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur

Currently, most equipment for storage and processing is imported from Western countries. This leads to
greater need for in-country exper se for opera ons and maintenance.

To promote produc on independence, the following measures are recommended:

Ÿ facilitate technology transfer op ons within the region, especially between countries where opera onal
standards as well as pricing and aﬀord ability are comparable;
Ÿ where livestock imports are required to improve the domes c seed stock, import animals from countries
with similar climate and ecology.

Do
Ÿ Allow trainees to solve the challenges in dairy farming

Notes for Facilitation

Ÿ Explain positive and negative factors of dairy industry
Ÿ Questionnaires

29
Trainer Guide
ASCI
Agriculture Skill Council of India

2. Prepare and Maintain Livestock

Accommoda on
Unit 2.1 - Selec on of Site For Dairy Farming
Unit 2.2 - Principles of Housing
Unit 2.3 - Housing of New Born Calves
Unit 2.4 - Housing of Heifer or Bull Calves
Unit 2.5 - Housing For Lacta ng Animals
Unit 2.6 - Housing Of Bull

AGR/N4101
Trainer Guide

Key Learning Outcomes

After completing this session the trainees will be able to:

Ÿ Understanding various points in selec on of site
Ÿ Knowing various criteria for selec on of site
Ÿ Gaining informa on of site loca on
Ÿ Analysis of the environmental factors

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Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur

UNIT 2.1: SELECTION OF SITE FOR DAIRY FARMING

Unit Objectives
After Completing This Session The Trainees Will Be Able To:
Ÿ Know scien ﬁc approach for site selec on for construct the dairy farm

Say
Ÿ This chapter details various criteria for dairy farm site selec on

Introduc on

Ÿ Farmers considering greatly for selec on of sites to build the farms with new structures. Nowadays,
farmers should have aware of dairy farm related to loca on of the farms such as nearby neighbors and
public areas, environmental issues like water quality, odors and ﬁles, li er management, electrical
supply, etc. and laws and regula ons that aﬀect farming opera ons.

33
Trainer Guide

34
Trainer Guide

Conclusion

Ÿ Proper site selection of dairy farm is extremely important. Problems can result if facilities are built in
unfavorable locations. The best time to handle potential problems is BEFORE they occur. Proper planning
will help prevent environmental problems from occurring, and will save time, money and headaches in the
long run.

Do
Ÿ Rovide exercise to identify best site location while going to field visit

Notes for Facilitation

Ÿ Explain different criteria for dairy farm site selection
Ÿ Field visit

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Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur

UNIT 2.2: PRINCIPLES OF HOUSING

Unit Objectives
After Completing This Session The Trainees Will Be Able To:
Ÿ Important principles for dairy house design and construc on of house

Say
Ÿ This session deals with dairy farm layout and blue print, house design, principles of housing and
specifica on of house
Introduc on
Ÿ The need for livestock housing is important from the point of animal health, welfare and comfort, hygiene,
efficient and economical use of labour. A suitable house is essen al to make best use of the, efficient
environment.

Goal of ideal housing

Ÿ Proper housing contributes animal comfort, good sanita on and eﬃcient farm work
Ÿ Animals are protected from cold winds, sun scorches and rain

Principles of housing
Foundation
Ÿ Footing – Broad base of the foundation wall designed to carry the load without settlement
Ÿ Foundation wall – it required for farm buildings depends on the soil condition of the site; generally the
height for light farm building will vary from 18” to 30” and thickness ranges from 9” to 12”

Dimension Heavy Light

Width 24’’ 12’’
Depth 12’’ 8’’

Floor
Ÿ Comfortable floor is constructed by making the earth surface hard
Ÿ The floor is constructed of bricks laid in cement mortar to secure cleanliness and permanency of suitable
slope of one in 60 is provided towards gutter for removal of manure and for effective drainage
Ÿ Floor should be non-slippery, durable, impervious to water and urine and easily cleaned
Ÿ Gutter has to be 30 cm wide and 10 cm deep that may facilitating proper drainage
Ÿ It is recommended minimum slope of two percent

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Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur

Roofing materials
Ÿ Selection of roofing material is essential to prevent the solar radiation. It is preferable to have material with
low conductivity of heat.

Commonly used roof materials

1. Tiles
Ÿ Pan tile or Mangalore tiles – Rectangular tiles with grooves on outer surface and two nibs on the inner
surface. They are lied one at the side of the other to cover the roof
Ÿ Country tiles – semi-circular titles of different shape and dimensions. They are used by keeping one over
other in layers forming numerous air pockets, they conduct less heat

2. Asbestos sheet
Ÿ It is prepared by mixing cement mixture with varying quantities of vegetable fibers
Ÿ Sheets are easily fixed to roof trusses and more durable than titles. But the houses under this roof will be
hotter during summer.

3. Aluminum sheets
Ÿ The bright and polished surface of aluminum sheets provides a reflective insulation and keeps the animal
houses cool during summer
Ÿ They are expensive but have a greater resale value. They are rust proof and therefore they are more durable

4. Galvanized iron sheets

Ÿ They are iron sheets, which are galvanized on the surface and provided with corrugation. They are
available in standard dimension of 6 feet x 3 feet
Ÿ Suitable for hot climate
Ÿ Sheet should be painted white on outer side to avoid absorption of heat

Other parts of cattle housing

Ÿ A feeding trough of 60 cm, width is provided the back of the trough has to be 125 cm above the floor so
that animals may not throw the fodder outside
Ÿ Common water trough of 120 cm length and 60 cm wide has been suggested for cows
Ÿ The wall is 30 cm wide and 125 cm high and is constructed by using bricks laid in cement mortar
Ÿ A structure of this type is quite strong and at the same time economical and essentially will protect the
animals form cold wind

37
Trainer Guide

Do
Ÿ Give exercise to measure or evaluate the house units and get feedback or comment of each dairy house

Notes for Facilitation

Ÿ Discuss importance of dairy house layout planning
Ÿ Explain scientific principles of housing and specification
Ÿ Field demonstration and hands on training is necessary

38
Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur

UNIT 2.3: HOUSING OF NEW BORN CALVES

Unit Objectives
After Completing This Session The Trainees Will Be Able To:
Ÿ Design and speciﬁca on for housing of new born calves

Say
Ÿ This chapter says calf pen layout planning and prepara on

Calf pen
Ÿ This is meant for housing young calves separately.
Ÿ It can be located either at the end or on the side of the milking barn.
Ÿ This facilitates taking calves to their dams quickly.
Ÿ If there are large numbers of calves, the separate unit of calf shed should be arranged and located nearer to
the milking barn.
Ÿ Calf pens should be well ven lated, well lighted, clean, dry, adequately bedded using so material
Ÿ It is be er to rear calves in individual calf pens. If room for individual pens is not available calves must be
ed properly for 15 to 20 minutes a er feeding
Floor space requirement per animal

Covered area ( m 2) Open area ( m2)

Young stock up to 3 month 1 1.5

Young stock up to 3 -6 month 1 2.5

Young stock >6 2 4

Precautions to be taken:
Ÿ The calves are kept in the calf pen for minimum of 5 days after their birth. The calf paddock should be kept
neat & clean without any debris, sharp objects & stones. The paddock should be located in an elevated
area without any water logging, well aerated and with good shade.
Ÿ The calf pen and calf shed are to be cleaned with good quality disinfectant in correct dilution. The calf pen
and calf shed are to be dried well before the calves are housed inside them.
Ÿ The calf pen, calf shed and water troughs are to be white washed with lime at regular intervals.
Ÿ The calf pens, calf shed are sprayed with ectoparasiticide/ organophosporus reagents to avoid tick/lie
infestation in calves.
Ÿ Immediately after the birth, clean the nostril and mouth from the mucus.
Ÿ Clean the whole body of the calf massages/ press the chest for the onset of respiration.

39
Trainer Guide

Do
Ÿ Allow them to design model house for 10 new born calves
Ÿ Individually arrange calf pen

Notes for Facilitation

Ÿ Discuss calf pen layout and specification
Ÿ Explain calculation of model calf pen to receive calves
Ÿ Measurement of feeder and waterers

40
Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur

UNIT 2.4: HOUSING OF HEIFER OR BULL CALVES

Unit Objectives
After Completing This Session The Trainees Will Be Able To:
Ÿ Design and construc on of heifer and bull calves house

Say
Ÿ This session says scien ﬁc planning and essen al elements for heifer or bull calves house construc on

Heifer housing

Ÿ A good heifer housing facility can help provide well-grown replacement animals ready to enter the milking
herd at 24 months of age.

To achieve this goal, the facility must:

1. Produce replacement heifers that are ready to breed at 13 to 15 months of age;

2. Provide a comfortable, healthy environment for calves and heifers;
3. Provide a convenient working environment for the operator. A complete calf and heifer raising facility
must meet a number of other requirements from an animal's birth to freshening.

Housing op ons for heifers

1. Pasture housing
2. Open yard housing
3. Conven onal barns

Pasture housing

Ÿ Access to pasture is typically considered posi ve for ca le welfare. In general, pasture provides ca le with
more space, fewer agonis c interac ons, be er air quality, and access to pasture allows the animals to
perform a greater repertoire of normal behaviors such as walking and grazing
Ÿ Keeping cows on pasture is also thought to increase the frequency of self-grooming behavior as well as
exploratory behaviors

41
Trainer Guide

Open yard housing

Ÿ Under this housing system, animals are kept loose in an open paddock throughout the day and night
Ÿ Shelter is provided along one side of open paddock under which animals can retire when it is very hot or
cold or during rain
Ÿ Common feed manger and water tank is provided
Ÿ The open paddock is enclosed by means of half walls or plain wire fences of convenient height

Conventional barns

Ÿ In this system of housing, the animals are confined together on a platform and secured at neck by
stanchions or neck chain
Ÿ These barns are completely covered with roofs and the sidewalls are closed with windows or ventilator
located at suitable places to get more ventilation and lighting
Ÿ The similar type of housing can be utilized for tropical region with slight modification

Criteria for housing bull calves

Ÿ Bull calves are maintained at least for 6 months after birth with the female stock to bring early sexual
maturity in bulls
Ÿ The young bulls of six month age are kept in separate stalls in a group of two or three for their better care
and management up to one and half year age
Ÿ Then they are shifted to individual pens. The young bulls usually keep together in an enclosure daily for at
least one to two hour for exercise

Bull calves

Ÿ Bull calves should be housed in individual pens

Ÿ Pens should be provided with feeding troughs and water bowls which has to be cleaned daily
Ÿ Calf pens should be provided with adequate bedding which should be changed regularly
Ÿ The pens should be cleaned and disinfected regularly
Ÿ Male and female calves should be separated before nine months of age

42
Trainer Guide

Do
Ÿ Allow them to do measure the size of different heifer housing system (open yard and conventional barns) at
field level

Notes for Facilitation

Ÿ Demonstrate heifer house layout and specification
Ÿ Field visit and hands on training is necessary

43
Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur

UNIT 2.5: HOUSING FOR LACTATING ANIMALS

Unit Objectives
After Completing This Session The Trainees Will Be Able To:
Ÿ Design and construc on of lacta ng animal house

Say
Ÿ This chapter says diﬀerent systems and speciﬁca on of lacta ng animal house

Milking Barn / milk parlour

Ÿ This is a barn where milch animals are milked and is fully covered.
Ÿ It should be located at the centre of the farm with all other farm buildings arranged around it.
Ÿ There shall be an individual standing in the milking barns and the number of standings required should
be 25% of total number of milch animals in the herd.
Ÿ The milking opera on should be carried out in batches

Dimensions of milking barn

Ÿ Length of standing space: 1.5 – 1.7 m

Ÿ Width of standing space: 1.05 – 1.2 m (80% of length of standing space
Ÿ Width of central passage: 1.5 – 1.8 m
Ÿ Width of feed alley: 0.75 m
Ÿ Width of gu er: 0.30 m
Ÿ Overhang: 0.75 m

Calving box/pen

Ÿ Pregnant animals are transferred to a calving pen 2 to 3 weeks before the expected date of calving.
Ÿ Calving pen of 3m x 4m (12 m2) is essen al to keep the animals in advanced stage of pregnancy.
Ÿ It should be located nearer to the farmer's quarters for be er supervision.
Ÿ The number of calving pens required is 10% of the number of total breedable female stock in the farm.

44
Trainer Guide

Floor space requirement per animal

Animal Covered area ( m 2) Open area ( m2)

Cow 3.5 7

Buffalo 4 8

Pregnant Cow 4 8

Types of Housing System

1. Single row – Less than 15 animals
2. Double row – More than 15 animals
a. Tail to tail system
b. Head to head system

Single row system

Ÿ In single row system, 12-16 numbers of animals can be kept.

Double row system

Ÿ If it is greater than 16, then double row system is preferable.
Ÿ In double row system up to 50 animals can be maintained in a single shed.
Ÿ The distance between two sheds should be greater than 30 feet or it should be twice the height of the
building

Tail to tail system

Advantages
Ÿ Cleaning and milking of animals easy

Ÿ Supervision of milking also easy

Ÿ Less chance for transmission of diseases from animal to animal

Ÿ Animals can get more fresh air from outside

Ÿ This system is more labour friendly system

Head to head system

Advantages
Ÿ Getting animals into the shed is easy.
Ÿ Feeding of animals also easy.

45
Trainer Guide

Ÿ Disinfection of gutter will be more due to the direct fall of sunrays over the gutter.
Ÿ Animals are better exhibited to visitors
Disadvantages
Ÿ Milking supervision is difficult.
Ÿ Possibilities of transmission of disease are more.
Ÿ Not labour friendly

Do
Ÿ Provide trip for trainees to see the different housing system (more than two) at field level
Ÿ Give exercise to measure or evaluate the house units and get feedback or comment of each system of dairy
house

Notes for Facilitation

Ÿ Discuss importance of different system of dairy
Ÿ Field demonstration and hands on training is necessary

46
Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur

UNIT 2.6: HOUSING OF BULL

Unit Objectives
After completing this session the trainees will be able to get scientific knowledge on:
Ÿ Norms and speciﬁca ons for bull housing system

Say
Ÿ This chapter says planning for design and construc on of bull house

Bull housing
Ÿ Bulls should be kept in concrete floor individual pens with corrugated asbestos roofed shed with the
orienta on of east-west direc on through its long axis
Ÿ Bulls are kept in individual pens (30'×10') with adequate loafing area separated by solid par ons that
restricted both direct physical and visual contact of bulls in adjacent pens, with a sufficient long rope to
ensure its almost free movements within the shed
Ÿ Hygienic measures should be taken to maintain cleanliness within and surrounding the bull farm.

Bull house building units

Ÿ The adult bulls can be housed in individual loose houses or a number of bulls can be housed together in
conﬁnement (single/double row stanchion barns)
Ÿ The individual loose houses should have a covered area (12 sq m) and an open area (120sq m). In group
housing each animal should be provided a standing space of 2.5 x 1.5 meters. The covered area should be
half walled for free movement of air into the shed
Ÿ The loaﬁng area should be enclosed by railing and should have shady trees
Ÿ The sheds should be provided with feeding mangers, water troughs and dung and urine channels corners of
mangers, troughs, drains and walls should be rounded to avoid injuries and to facilitate easy cleaning.

Bull house maintenance

Ÿ In summer, exotic bulls and buffalo bulls need cooling mechanism in the pen to maintain
Homoeothermic. During summer, sprinkling along with fan gives them some amount of relief from heat stress.
Ÿ Regular disinfection of the pens should be carried out with insecticides to keep away the flies, fleas, ticks etc
Ÿ Foot bath should be provided at the entry point
Ÿ Slurry tanks should be constructed adjoining the sheds for the collection of dung, urine and wash water
which then can be applied to the pastures and leys

47
Trainer Guide

Ÿ Daily cleaning of manger and waterer is done

Ÿ Left over feeds is removed from manger daily to prevent mould growth and refusal of fresh feed
Ÿ Cleaning of the shed is done once daily early in the morning using hose pipe having pressure nozzle
Ÿ Disinfectants like formalin or phenyl based compounds should not be used in the bull sheds. Alternatively
compounds containing gluteraldehyde can be used. Weekly spraying with Sodium Bicarbonate (4%) should
be practiced. The floor should be sterilized at least once a year by a blowlamp or by burning straws

Do
Ÿ Allow them to measure the bull house system at field level

Notes for Facilitation

Ÿ Discuss bull house system and specification
Ÿ Field visit is necessary

48
Trainer Guide
ASCI
Agriculture Skill Council of India

3. Establish With in Livestock

Accommoda on
Unit 3.1 - Micro Environmental Factors In Dairy Farming
Unit 3.2 - Summer Management
Unit 3.3 - Winter Management
Unit 3.4 - Dairy Rou ne Management

AGR/N4102
Trainer Guide

Key Learning Outcomes

After completing this session the trainees will be able to:

Ÿ Importance of micro environmental factors
Ÿ Diﬀerent components of the micro environment
Ÿ Op mum temperature and rela ve humidity for comfort zone
Ÿ Understanding role of ven la on, insula on and ligh ng

51
Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur

UNIT 3.1: MICRO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS IN DAIRY FARMING

Unit Objectives
After completing this session the trainees will be able to get scientific knowledge on:
Ÿ Inﬂuence of diﬀerent environmental factors to keep animal in comfort zone

Say
Ÿ This chapter says feed diﬀerent components of micro environmental factors in animal house

Micro environment
Ÿ The micro environment of an animal is the physical environment immediately surrounding it - the primary
enclosure with its own temperature, humidity, and gaseous and par culate composi on of the air
Ÿ The micro-environment is aﬀected to a considerable extent by the meteorological factors of the external
environment, the type of construc on of animal house, the management prac ces and the animals housed
in me

Tips for be er micro-environment

Animal shelter
Ÿ Providing proper shade is one of the cheapest ways to modify an animal's micro environment during the
hot or cold weather
Ÿ The aim of the animal shelter is to provide a congenial micro environment for be er growth, reproduc on
and produc on performance of animals
Ÿ Shelter should be accessible to all animals, have suﬃcient ven la on, and be designed to prevent buildup
of waste materials and excessive moisture
Ÿ Houses, dens, boxes, shelves, perches and other furnishings should be constructed in an manner and made
of materials that allow cleaning or replacement in accord with generally accepted husbandry prac ces
when the furnishings are excessively soiled or worn

Temperature:
Ÿ For most farm animals, a mean daily temperature in the range 10–20 °C is referred to as the 'comfort zone'
Ÿ In this range, the animal's heat exchange can be regulated solely by physical means, such as the constriction
and dilation of blood vessels in the skin, ruﬄing up the fur or feathers and regulation of the evaporation
from lungs and skin

52
Trainer Guide

Ÿ At the upper and lower critical temperatures, physical regulation will not be sufficient to maintain a
constant body temperature and the animal must, in addition, decrease or increase its metabolic heat
production
Ÿ A further decrease or increase in temperature will eventually bring the temperature to a point beyond
which not even a change in heat production will be sufficient to maintain homeothermy
Ÿ A very young animal, lacking fully developed temperature-regulating mechanisms, particularly the ability
to increase heat production by increased metabolism, is much more sensitive to its thermal environment
and requires higher temperatures

Humidity
Ÿ Cows have varying abilities to sweat and, in descending order
Ÿ In a hot, dry climate evaporation is rapid but, in a hot humid climate, the ability of the air to absorb
additional moisture is limited and inadequate cooling may result in heat stress
Ÿ Excessively low humidity in the air will cause irritation of the mucous membranes, while excessively high
humidity may promote the growth of fungus infections. High humidity may also contribute to decay in
structures. If possible, keep the relative humidity in the range of 40 percent to 80 percent.

Ventilation
Ÿ The ﬁrst and most important thing that you must consider when housing cattle indoors is ventilation
Ÿ The main reason for this is because respiratory infection is undoubtedly the most common and the most
ﬁnancially damaging disease in housed calves and cattle
Ÿ There are three different ways in which you can provide indoor livestock with ventilation; these are by wind
effect, by outlet, or by inlet
Ÿ Good ventilation also allows cattle to have unlimited access to fresh air, so that it is as if they are outside

Insulation
Ÿ This is done by providing them with bedding. This provides the cows with all of the insulation they need as
they do not need a lot because cows release their own heat
Ÿ Insulation also links to temperature, it is important that cows are kept at a suitable temperature because
otherwise it could cause illness
Ÿ Cows release a lot of their own heat and therefore they do not need to be kept in very heated conditions
Ÿ Flooring gives good insulation
Ÿ This can link in with drainage because you must have to include this into your flooring plan. The most
common flooring that is used is fully slatted flooring because cattle lie down regularly and bare slatted
flooring would be uncomfortable

53
Trainer Guide

Lighting
Ÿ Ensure access to day light for cows. Do not place them in dark and damp corners. Keep artificial lights that
mimics natural light in the farm
Ÿ Avoid too bright or flashy lights in the farm
Ÿ Lighting facilitates early identification of any abnormality in the farm
Ÿ Good lighting stimulates feeding and result in high milk yield
Ÿ Do not overcrowd cows in dairy farm as it leads to poor welfare and can increase the spread of disease. It
can also cause the cattle to fight because they do not have enough space and it can also be caused by
restricted access to food.
Ÿ With cattle it is especially important that you do not overstock when you have calves.
Ÿ Overall, the main aim of the indoor accommodation is to provide shelter for the cattle; it should protect
them from the extremes of rain and snow and protect them from the wind.
Ÿ This is really important because if cattle are not kept correctly and not kept in the correct conditions then it
is not only seen as unfair to the animal but it can also cause the animals to become ill or die and therefore
farmers end up losing lots of money because of it.

Conclusion
Ÿ Overall, the main aim of the micro environment is to provide shelter for the cattle; it should protect them
from the extremes of rain and snow and protect them from the wind. This is really important because if
cattle are not kept correctly and not kept in the correct conditions then it is not only seen as unfair to the
animal but it can also cause the animals to become ill or die and therefore farmers end up losing lots of
money because of it.

Do
Ÿ Allow the trainee's to assess micro environmental conditions (temperature, relative humidity, lighting and
ventilation) in dairy farm at field level

Notes for Facilitation

Ÿ Explain the components of micro environmental factors in dairy house
Ÿ Field visit and hands on training is necessary

54
Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur

UNIT 3.2: SUMMER MANAGEMENT

Unit Objectives
After completing this session the trainees will be able to get scientific knowledge on:
Ÿ Scien ﬁc planning to manage the cows during summer months

Say
Ÿ This chapter says reasons for heat stress and how to manage to alleviate heat stress.
Introduc on
Ÿ Produc vity and efficiency of dairy animals goes down dras cally during summer season and heat stress is
an inevitable part of life during the summer for dairy farmers in India. Hence it is need to be managed
during summer season for increasing produc on efficiency.
Outcome of high ambient temperature
Heat stress
Ÿ Heat stress occurs in animals when there is imbalance between heat produc on (thermogenesis) within
the body (gain) and heat dissipa on (thermolysis) from the body i.e. impaired thermoregula on. Increased
ambient temperature may lead to enhanced heat gain as compared to heat loss from the body and cause
heat stress in animals.
Ÿ When feed is converted by the animal's metabolism for the produc on of milk, eggs, meat, offspring etc.,
heat is produced as a by-product. An increased produc on level and thus feed requirement will therefore
result in increased internal heat produc on.
Ÿ High yielding animals are consequently more likely to suffer from heat stress in a hot climate than are low
yielders. Hence utmost considera ons must be taken to protect the high yielders from heat stress.
Signs of heat stress
Ÿ During heat stress the animals usually show the following signs. Restlessness
Ÿ Lethargy
Ÿ Reduced appe te (decreased dry ma er intake) to minimize metabolic heat produc on
Ÿ Increased thirst and more crowding around the water tanks
Ÿ Decreased ac vity
Ÿ Crowding under shade
Ÿ Usually more animals remain standing rather than lying down
Ÿ Increased respira on
Ÿ Increased swea ng and pan ng to lose more heat (help thermolysis)

55
Trainer Guide

Ÿ Increased saliva on
Ÿ Rise of rectal temperature
Ÿ Reduc on in heart rate
Ÿ Maintenance requirement may increase by 20-30% in animals under heat stress.

Tips for summer management

Orientation
Ÿ Animal shelter should be constructed in east west orientation so as to avoid maximum solar radiation
during summer.

Nutrition
Ÿ Increasing the amount of feed available during the cooler period of the day, early morning or late evening.
Ÿ Feeding 60 to 70 percent of the ration between 8 pm and 8 am has successfully increased milk production
during hot weather.
Ÿ Feeding bypass protein (fish meal) and bypass fats.
Ÿ Reduce the amount of fiber in the diet to minimize the metabolic heat production
Ÿ Soaking of concentrate in equal amount water for 20-30 minutes helps in better utilization of nutrients and
reduces dustiness in concentrates.
Ÿ Supplementation buffer sodium bicarbonate and magnesium oxide help to maintain rumen PH in summer.
Ÿ Feeding of antioxidants (vitamin A, & E Zinc etc ) reduce heat stress and prevent mastitis

Water
Ÿ Provided unrestricted access to cool, fresh and clean water to cows especially during winter season.

Heat stress alleviation:

Ÿ Shades, fans, fog misters and sprinklers are used to alleviate heat stress of high producing cows
Ÿ High velocity blast fans mounted on side walls can also help in reducing heat stress during July to September

Fogger system
Ÿ Sprinkling water with air draft or wind from fan on heat stress vulnerable animals helps to decrease their
body temperature and respiratory activity

Other Managemental strategies:

Ÿ Avoid transporting livestock in hot weather

56
Trainer Guide

Ÿ Reduce biting fly populations (with improved sanitation, repellents and traps) which tend to cause cattle to
bunch together
Ÿ Reduce parlor walking distance.
Ÿ Reduce time in holding area.
Ÿ Improve ventilation.
Ÿ In areas of extreme heat, it is even more important for cows to give birth in good body condition because
after parturition their dry matter intake will be lowered by heat stress, as well as the usual low intake
immediately after calving.
Ÿ Fly control.
Ÿ Under these conditions dairy farmers must go for artificial insemination rather than using natural service of
heat stressed bulls.
Ÿ Teat dipping with germicidal dips is recommended.
Ÿ Handling cattle can elevate their body temperature by as much as 3.5°F. Therefore avoid handling during
intense heat.

Do
Ÿ Assessment of environment factors in a commercial dairy farm
Ÿ Practice summer management procedures

Notes for Facilitation

Ÿ Explain the heat stress
Ÿ Discuss the factor responsible for heat stress
Ÿ Hints for alleviation of heat stress

57
Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur

UNIT 3.3: WINTER MANAGEMENT

Unit Objectives
After completing this session the trainees will be able to get scientific knowledge on:
Ÿ Skill and knowledge on micro environmental manipula on, nutri onal correc on and disease control
procedures during winter stress

Say
Ÿ This chapter a ributes problems due to lowering of micro environmental temperatures in farm house,
water hygiene maintenance and disease control management procedures during winter season

Introduc on
Ÿ Produc on performance of the animal will also be aﬀected when it is too cool because increased
propor on of energy will be used for maintenance of body temperature and produc vity depends on the
ability of the animal to keep normal and stable body temperature.

Protec ve measures to prevent the eﬀect of cold stress:

Ÿ Increase barn temperature- Supply of hea ng in the winter keep the calf healthy, less chances of calf
pneumonia, diarrhea and mortality.
Ÿ Reduce humidity to ensure be er ven la on, preven ng excessive moisture in sheds, roof dripping and
ground freezing phenomenon.
Ÿ Ven la on should be carried in a ernoon.
Ÿ Less water should be used in winter barn to wash the ground and dry cleaning should be followed.
Ÿ In the a ernoon sunlight ca le should be kept out of the barn.
Ÿ Bedding should be provided to protect them from cold ﬂoor.
Ÿ Waterers or water tanks should not be frozen. Lukewarm water should be provided for drinking purpose
Ÿ Cold weather increases feed needs of cows. Hay provides more heat during diges on than concentrate
feeds.
Ÿ Preven on of cold draught. Cows need dry, draught-free res ng area.
Ÿ During winters, provision of dry, clean bedding keeps the animal dry and insulates the udder against cold
temperatures and pathogens. Having dry teats when the cow leaves the parlor is important. One way to
lessen the risk is to dip the teats, allow the dip of about 30 seconds and then blot dry using a paper towel.
Ÿ Protect the animal from frostbite.

58
Trainer Guide

Effect of cold stress on calves:

Ÿ Calves born in winter and early spring as well as wet and cold calves are more prone to cold stress or
hypothermia. Precipitation adds to the negative effect on calf survival when temperature drops, so it is
important to combat cold stress (hypothermia) in newborn calves.

Signs of cold stress:

Ÿ Rectal temperature is the most accurate method of determining if a calf is experiencing hypothermia.
Ÿ Mild hypothermia- Body temperature drops below 100°F; Severe hypothermia- Body temperature drops
below 94°F.
Ÿ Vital organs are cold and impaired brain function results.
Ÿ Calf shivers to increase heat production and shunt blood from body extremities to the body core.

Protective measures:
Ÿ Protective measures include warm water bath, warm air or heat lamps and warm blankets. Blankets are
most useful for calves less than 3 weeks of age that are not yet eating grain. Warm blankets should not be so
hot that they cause skin burns or sweating during the day.
Ÿ Thick, dry straw or sawdust at resting area should be provided for better insulation
Ÿ Wind drafts must be avoided because they encourage heat loss.
Ÿ Young dairy calves have very little stored fat they can use for warmth. To cope with cold stress by feed with
extra energy should be provided.
Ÿ Additional amount of feed (starter, milk replacer, or milk) that a calf would need to eat to compensate for
extra energy used to keep warm during cold weather. Repeated changes in the calf's diet should not be
done.
Ÿ Calves less than 3 weeks of age increases the amount of milk or milk replacer to provide extra energy.
Ÿ Calves that are eating starter, especially those over 3 weeks of age and can more easily cover their increased
energy needs by voluntarily eating more grain is beneficial in terms of generating heat.
Ÿ In cold weather, provision of warm water three times per day for a minimum of 30 minutes each time in
order to ensure calves have ample opportunity to drink.
Ÿ Closing air inlets restricts the ventilating rate and causes moisture to accumulate in the shed. As moisture
accumulates, it will begin to condense on cold surfaces, and if the surfaces are below freezing, frost will
form.
Ÿ In severe cold weather and during blizzard conditions, air inlets can be partially closed to reduce airflow
blowing into the barn. The minimum inlet opening during severe cold weather is one-half inch for each 10
feet of building width. (There should be an inlet on each long side of the building.)
Ÿ When normal winter weather conditions return, eave inlets should be reopened to the standard one inch
per 10 feet of building width on both sides of the building. Of course, eave inlet adjustments are much
easier if the inlets have been designed to be adjusted. Boards on hinges are the most common type of
adjustable eave inlet.

59
Trainer Guide

Do
Ÿ Winter management practices to protect the cows and keep up the production level continuously

Notes for Facilitation

Ÿ Explain the impact on production due to lowering the micro environmental temperatures
Ÿ Discuss the managemental practices during winter season

60
Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur

UNIT 3.4: DAIRY ROUTINE MANAGEMENT

Unit Objectives
After completing this session the trainees will be able to get scientific knowledge on:
Ÿ Rou ne management prac ces followed in dairy farm

Say
Ÿ This chapter a ributes various plan for dairy rou ne management
Introduc on
Ÿ In a dairy farm the primary objec ve is to produce quality milk and sell the same with proﬁt. Therefore,
rou nely some ac vi es or opera ons are carried out to meet this primary object.
Weaning
Ÿ Weaning is deﬁned as the separa on of young calves from their mother a er birth
Ÿ In bovine, weaning may be followed either just a er birth called as weaning at birth or zero day weaning, or
a er colostrum period i.e. 3-4 days a er birth
Ÿ Weaner calves are fed milk @8-10% of their body weight

Milking prac ces

Ÿ Milking is the most important daily rou ne ac vity in dairy farm
Ÿ Milking is done commonly twice in most dairy farm morning and evening; however, if milk produc vity of
animal and labour availability is more then go for three mes milking per day i.e. early morning, at noon and
evening keeping the dura on of milking interval equal
Ÿ Milking should be conducted gently, quietly, quickly, cleanly, completely and at regular intervals

Feeding
Ÿ Feeding ac vity is most important daily rou ne opera on and proper understanding of nutrient
requirement and feeding management will reduce the expense
Ÿ Dairy animals are generally allowed for free access to roughages but measured amount of concentrate is
given based on body weight for maintenance, milk yield, milk fat percent, pregnancy and growth.
Ÿ The roughage and concentrate are generally give separately; during milking only concentrate is given.
Ÿ The daily requirement of dairy ca le and buﬀaloes are calculated based on daily dry ma er intake. Ca le
generally eat @2-2.5 kg dry ma er per 100 kg body weight. As a thumb rule up to 4-5 liter milk yield no
concentrate is needed if suﬃcient green fodder is available.
Ÿ If a cow giving 10 lit milk with approximately 400 kg body weight then give 20-25 kg greens, 3-4 kg dry
fodder and 5 kg concentrate

61
Trainer Guide

Exercise in dairy animals

Ÿ In conventional housing management where animals are tied throughout the day and night, exercise is
compulsory
Ÿ Exercise should be recommended daily at least once during morning just after milking for ½ to 1 hour

Washing
Ÿ Washing in dairy animals is generally followed to remove the dirt and loose hairs before milking for clean
milk production
Ÿ Washing of flank, udder and tail are washed with clean water followed by drying with a clean towel/cloth

Weighing
Ÿ Young growing calves are commonly weighed at weekly interval as their growth is much faster than the
adults
Ÿ However, in adult animal weighing is followed at fortnight intervals or monthly interval depending on the
labour availability. Regular weighing of dairy animals is essential for the optimal dairy farm management

Marking/Identification
Ÿ Marking of animals soon after birth for easy identification is important managemental practice in dairy
farm
Ÿ Tattoing is a common method used in animal with lighter body coat and preferably done at the ventral
aspect of ear
Ÿ In cattle and buffaloes ear tagging is done using either self piercing or non-piercing plastic or non-rousting
tags.
Ÿ Under branding hot iron branding using hot branding iron or cold branding using branding iron dipped in
liquid nitrogen is vogue
Ÿ Now-a-days for easy and automatic identification, electronic identification of animal is done using either
electronic ear tag or neck collar

Disbudding and Dehorning

Ÿ Disbudding is the process of removing horn bud in young calves before its attachment to skull within 3-5
days after birth. On the other hand dehorning is the removal of horn after it has attached to the skull in
older calves. However, in most dairy farm disbudding is practiced instead of dehorning as former is less
painful

Disbudding and dehorning

Ÿ Dehorning may be practiced by chemical cauterization using caustic soda, caustic potash or Silver nitrate
sticks.
Ÿ Disbudding may be done mechanically using red hot iron or electrical dehorner pressing on the horn bud

62
Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur

Electrical dehorning

Ÿ Electrical dehorning is best as it requires only 10 minutes and less hazardous compared to chemical or hot
iron method

Grooming
Ÿ Grooming or brushing of body hair coat is an important daily farm operation to make and keep the animals'
body clean and fit
Ÿ For grooming blunted type brush is used, if not available then use coarse rope made from paddy straw,
coconut coir or dried grass
Ÿ In India, grooming generally practiced before milking along with washing to improve the clean milk
production

Castration
Ÿ Castration is the unsexing of both male and female, and during castration there is removal of testis and
ovaries, respectively. However, surgical removal of testes produces pain to the animals
Ÿ Moreover, castration with burdizzo castrator is most commonly used bloodless castration, where the
testicles are not removed rather the spermatic cord is crushed and separated from each testicles

Burdizzo castration method

Ÿ Castration is generally preferred at young age preferably within 1 year
Ÿ Castration should be performed during cold season and strictly avoided in rainy season

Hoof trimming
Ÿ Hoof trimming is a routine procedure in dairy farm which corrects the hoof problems or lameness and
extent the productive life of cows.
Ÿ The foot trimming in animals practiced at 6 month interval and cut only the extra grown hoof otherwise if
excess than causes pain and bleeding.

Record keeping
Ÿ Record keeping is an important daily farm activity, helpful for the evaluation of individual performance of
cow and economic assessment of dairy farm as a whole.
Ÿ Daily farm record data entry is a challenge with rewards. The different types of record maintained in a dairy
farm are birth register, body weight register, herd register, production register (milk yield register) death
and disposal register, feed and fodder register, breeding register, treatment register, health care register,
expenditure and income register, labour records etc.

63
Trainer Guide

Do
Ÿ Dairy routine management practices to protect the cows and keep up the production level continuously

Notes for Facilitation

Ÿ Discuss the daily managemental practices in dairy farm
Ÿ Field visit and hands on training is necessary

64
Trainer Guide
ASCI
Agriculture Skill Council of India

4. Provide Feed and Water

For Livstock
Unit 4.1 - Basic Principles of Feed
Unit 4.2 - Important Feed Ingredients
Unit 4.3 - Feed Mixing
Unit 4.4 - Feeding Management

AGR/N4103
Trainer Guide

Key Learning Outcomes

After completing this session the trainees will be able to:

Ÿ Diﬀerent components of principles of dairy nutri on
Ÿ Rumen diges on process – understanding
Ÿ Diﬀerent types of feed energy
Ÿ Various parts of feed protein

67
Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur

UNIT 4.1: BASIC PRINCIPLES OF FEED

Unit Objectives
After completing this session the trainees will be able to get scientific knowledge on:
Ÿ Importance of feed and its role in health and produc vity of animals

Say
Ÿ This chapter says different components of principles of dairy nutri on and explain rumen diges on process
Introduc on
Ÿ Feed contain the various nutrients for animal survival and produc on. Hence understanding the principle
behind the selec on of feed for ra on formula on is necessary.
The nutrients needed by livestock are classed below:
Ÿ Carbohydrate (for needed energy in body ac vi es)
Ÿ Fats and fa y acids (for energy and normal body func oning)
Ÿ Protein and amino acid (for bodybuilding, growth, maintenance and reproduc on)
Ÿ Minerals (for growth, maintenance, and reproduc on)
Ÿ Vitamins (for normal body and cell func oning)
Nutrient supplied by feed
Water
Ÿ The body of a dairy cow is composed of 70–75% water. Milk is about 87% water. Water is not a feed as such
because it does not provide specific nutrients. However, it is essen al in body processes and to regulate
body temperature.
Ÿ Water is involved in diges on, nutrient transfer, metabolism and waste removal. Water has structural and
func onal roles in all cells and all body fluids.
Ÿ An abundant, con nuous, and clean source of drinking water is vital for dairy cows
Energy
Ÿ Dairy cows use energy to func on (to walk, graze, breathe, grow and put on body condi on, lactate and
maintain a pregnancy)
Ÿ Energy is the key requirement of dairy cows for milk produc on. It determines milk yield and milk
composi on
Protein
Ÿ Protein is the material that builds and repairs the body's enzymes and hormones, and is a cons tuent of all
ssues (muscle, skin, organs and foetus)
Ÿ Protein is needed for the body's basic metabolic processes, growth and pregnancy. Protein is also vital for
milk produc on. Proteins are made up of various nitrogen-containing amino acid molecules.
Ÿ Amino acids are the building blocks for the produc on of protein for milk, ssue growth and the
development of the foetus during pregnancy

68
Trainer Guide

Fibre
Ÿ For efficient digestion, the rumen contents must be coarse with an open structure and this is best met by
the fibre in the diet
Ÿ Fibre contains most of the indigestible parts of the diet. It ensures that the cow chews its cud (ruminates)
enough and therefore salivates. Saliva buffers the rumen against sudden changes in acidity
Vitamins
Ÿ These are organic compounds that all animals require in very small amounts
Ÿ At least 15 vitamins are essential for animals. Vitamins are needed for many metabolic processes in the
body, such as the production of enzymes, bone formation, milk production, reproduction and disease
resistance
Minerals
Ÿ These inorganic elements are needed for teeth and bone formation, enzyme, nerve, cartilage and muscle
function or formation, milk production, blood coagulation and efficient utilisation of energy and protein
Describing feed energy
1. Digestibility
Ÿ Measured as a percentage, digestibility relates to the portion of food that is not excreted in the faeces and
so is available for use by the cow. Digestibility is not a direct measure of energy, but it does indicate overall
feed quality.
2. Metabolisable energy (ME)
Ÿ This describes the energy in a feed that cows can actually use for their metabolic activities; that is,
maintenance, activity, pregnancy, milk production and gain in body condition. The ME content of a feed can
be calculated directly from its digestibility
Ÿ The ME content of a feed (also called its energy density) is measured as megajoules of metabolisable energy
per kg of dry matter (MJ ME/kg DM). Intake of ME is expressed in MJ/day.
Ÿ The higher the energy content of a feed, the more energy is available to the animal.
3. Total digestible nutrients (TDN)
Ÿ This is an alternative method to describe feed energy.
Ÿ TDN content is expressed as a percentage, with TDN intake expressed in kg/day.
Ÿ TDN and ME are interchangeable.
Ÿ References to the energy density of feeds are given in either of these two measures, as ME (as MJ/kg DM)
and TDN (as %).
4. Undegradable dietary protein (UDP)
Ÿ This is any protein in the diet that is not digested in the rumen. It is digested 'as eaten', further along the gut.
That's why UDP is sometimes called 'bypass protein'. The proportion of the protein that is digested in the
rumen is called its degradability.

69
Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur

Selection of feed
Ÿ In dairy ration formulation, selection of feed is mainly based on TDN and DCP value of feed

Feed ingredient DM DCP TDN

Roughages

Rice 90 -- 40

Wheat 90 -- 40

Jowar 90 -- 40

Bajra 90 -- 40

Sugarcase bagasee 90 -- 40

Hay 90 -- 50

Greens

Maize 25 5 65

Lucerne 20 12 60

Berseem 20 12 60

Hybrid napier 20 5 55

Jowar 30 4 55

Bajra 25 5 55

Sugarcane whole 25 3 60

Concentrates

Cotton seed cake 90 20 75

Groundnut cake 90 45 75
(expeller)

Groundnut cake 90 45 75
(deoiled)

Sunflower cake 90 28 75

Linseed cake 90 30 75

Rice bran 90 09 65

Rice bran (deoiled) 90 10 55

Wheat bran 90 08 60

70
Trainer Guide

Do
Ÿ Allow them to calculate digestible energy for different ration with available feed ingredients

Notes for Facilitation

Ÿ Discuss importance of five nutrients in animal feed
Ÿ Interact on specification for various feed ingredients

71
Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur

UNIT 4.2: IMPORTANT FEED INGREDIENTS

Unit Objectives
After completing this session the trainees will be able to get scientific knowledge on:
Ÿ Skill and knowledge of diﬀerent feed ingredients for prepara on of ra ons

Say
Ÿ This chapter says feed ingredient classifica on and feed ingredients role in dairy ra on
Classifica on of feed stuffs
Concentrates
Ÿ Feed mixture which supplies primary nutrients (protein, carbohydrate and fat) at higher level but
contains less than 18% crude fibre with low moisture.
Ÿ In general, concentrates are feeds that are high in nitrogen free extract and total diges ble nutrients
and low in crude fibre
Two types of concentrates
1. Energy rich – less than 18% CP
2. Protein rich – more than 18% CP
Grains and seeds
Ÿ Cereal grains are essen ally carbohydrates, the main component of the dry ma er being starch which
is concentrated on the endosperm
Ÿ Many of the grains are milled or processed in some manner thereby crea ng addi onal by-products
which can be fed to livestock with varying degrees of nutri ve values
Ÿ Crude protein content of grains and seeds ranges between 8 to 12% which again is deficient in lysine
and methionine.
Ÿ All cereals are deficient in vitamin D and calcium, but are moderately rich in phosphorus and vitamin E
Ÿ Lipid content of grain ranges from 1 to 6%; Maize and oat contain 4-6% oil, sorghum contain 3-4%,
wheat, barley and rice contain 1-3% oil
Molasses
Ÿ It is highly palatable and an excellent source of energy. In addi on to its use as energy feed is also used in
following ways: as appe zer, to reduce dus ness of a ra on, as a binder for pelle ng, to s mulate rumen
microbial ac vity and to supply uniden fied factors.
Roots and tubers
Ÿ The most common root crops used in the feeding of farm animals are fodder beet, sugar beet and turnip
Ÿ It contain 75-90% moisture and low crude fibre content
Ÿ The organic ma er of roots consists mainly of sugars (50-75%) and is of high diges bility
Ÿ Poor source of vitamin and crude protein

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Trainer Guide

Grains and seeds Nutritive value

Maize grain Maize is a high energy grain because it contains about 70% starch,
85-90% TDN, 4% oil and 8-12% protein
Sorghum It contains 65% starch, 80-85% TDN, 2-3% oil and 8-12% protein
This grain should be grounded before feeding, otherwise they will
escape digestion
Less palatable than maize
Wheat Though wheat is a good source of energy containing 75 -80% TDN, it
is rarely used for cattle feeding in India due its higher cost and
demand for human consumption
Rice Unprocessed rough rice contains about 8-10% crude protein, 9%
crude fibre, 1.9% ether extract and 6.5% ash. The TDN content
ranges from 78-82%.
The unprocessed rice contains about 25% of its weight as hulls
which are not recommended for cattle feeding
Rice should be ground or cracked before feeding to animals
Its by-products like rice polish and rice bran are extensively used for
cattle feeding in India
Milling by-products Nutritive value
Wheat bran Crude protein ranges from 13-16% and TDN from 65-70%
The bran has amino acid balance superior to that of wheat
De-oiled rice bran Raw rice bran contains 13-19% oil which is removed by solvent extract
process leading to production de-oiled rice bran
It is good source of protein, vitamin and minerals

Protein sources
Protein sources Nutritive value
Soya bean meal Soya bean is an annual legume that grows in wide range of condition
It contains from 16-21% of oil and are normally solvent extracted
The residual meal has an oil content of about 1%
Groundnut meal It is an important source of protein for livestock feeding in India
Three types of oil cakes are available in India, namely ghani pressed (10-12%
oil), expeller pressed (6-8% oil) and solvent extracted (0.5-0.7%)

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Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur

Two type of roughages

1. Dry roughage (10-15% moisture)
2. Green or succulent roughage (60-90% moisture)

Dry roughage Green roughages

Hay (Conserving the green crops) Cowpea
To reduce the moisture content of green crops up to Early fresh leaves contains 18% crude protein
15-20%, to inhibit the action of plant and microbial Important varieties – EC-4216, UPC-287, UPC-5286,
enzymes GFC-1, GFC-2 and GFC-4
Straw Sorghum
Inadequate production of green fodder in the It contains 5-8% of crude protein
country compelled the farmers to utilize dry Important varieties – Rio, Vidisha 68-1 and IGFRI-5
roughages as cattle feed
Digestible energy varies between 40 and 50%
Stover Maize fodder
Stovers are the mature cured stalks from grain crops, It contains 8-10% protein and 60% digestible energy
typically maize or sorghum, with the grain or corn Important varieties – African tall, JS-1006 and Vijaya
removed composite
Poor in nutritive value

Grasses

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Trainer Guide

Alternate Feed resources for animals

Ÿ Straws and stovers are the basic feeds of the ruminants. However straws and stovers are deficient in
fermentable nitrogen, energy and minerals. To overcome these problem following products are available in
the market, which can be used daily:
1. Urea molasses mineral block (UMMB)
2. Urea treatment of straws
3. Bypass protein feed
4. Bypass fat
Urea molasses mineral block
Ÿ Helps in increasing the number of micro-flora in the rumen there by digestibility
Ÿ The urea molasses mineral block should be kept before the animal in a special dispenser to facilitate it to lick
as and when desired
Ÿ Provision of adequate straw or fodder and water should be made
Ÿ The concentrate feeding can be reduced when UMMB lick is provided

Composition of mineral block

Ingredient Inclusion level

Molasses 30-50 %
Urea 5-10 %
Rice/Wheat/Maize Bran 15-25%
Salt 5-7 %
Lime or cement 5-7%
DCP 2-4%
Minerals 1-2%

Ÿ Molasses give a sweet taste to block; It provides energy and other minerals i.e. sulphur; Don't exceed 40-
50% otherwise block will break too easily and take too long to dry
Ÿ Urea – limited to 10% to avoid poisoning; Improves digestibility and provides protein
Ÿ Cereal brans – Provides protein and holds the block together
Ÿ Salt – Control the rate of consumption and accelerates hardening of block

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Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur

Urea treatment of straw

Ÿ Treatment of straw by urea can greatly increase in nutritional value, digestibility palatability and intake
Ÿ Urea at the rate of four percent of straw is sprinkled in solution form layer by layer and then well pressed by
manual tampling
Ÿ Mineral mixture at appropriate level is also sprinkled layer by layer. Treated straw heap is left undisturbed
for two to three weeks before it is used as feed
Ÿ Initially aerate the treated straw for half an hour before feeding. Once the animal is accustomed to the
treated straw, feed it without aeration
Ÿ If animal does not accept the treated straw initially, sprinkle some concentrate powdered flour over it to
induce eating
Ÿ Eg to treat 1000 Kgs straw, 40 Kg urea is dissolved in 400 Liters of water. Cover the treated straw with plastic
sheet

By pass protein feed

Ÿ In bypass protein feed the dietary protein escapes ruminal degradation but degraded in fourth stomach
(abdomen)
Ÿ Ideally, compounded by pass protein feed should have a minimum of 28% crude protein.
Ÿ The concentrate is reduced by 40%
Ÿ The efficiency of protein utilization is far superior in BPF formulation as it is based on the principle of dietary
protein degradability

By pass fat
Ÿ By pass fat is also protected from the rumen degradation, it by passes the rumen and gets totally digested in
lower gut
Ÿ The energy is used with maximum efficiency without any wastage
Ÿ By pass fat increases the milk yield and also balance the protein energy ratio to increase the fertility. In the
concentrate feed it is incorporated at 2-4% level, where the feed is given as per the milk production and for
maintenance so as to get the requisite amount energy

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Trainer Guide

Do
Ÿ Identifications of different feed ingredients and its quality
Ÿ Allow the trainees to do urea treatment of straw

Notes for Facilitation

Ÿ Discuss different feed ingredients
Ÿ Explain the importance of feed ingredients quality in dairy ration formulation
Ÿ Hands on training is necessary

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Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur

UNIT 4.3: FEED MIXING

Unit Objectives
After completing this session the trainees will be able to get scientific knowledge on:
Ÿ Scien ﬁc knowledge on prepara on of compound balanced feed using speciﬁc machineries in feed
mixing unit

Say

Ÿ This chapter says mechanized feed mixing unit and its parts and explain grinding, mixing, packing and
storage of compound feed
Introduc on
Ÿ Feed mixing is to assure that an animal receives all of its formulated nutrient allowances every day.
Ÿ Uniformity of par cle size and number of par cles per unit weight are important considera ons for
assessing mixing of the various micro ingredients.

Guidelines for feed mixing

1) Premix
Ÿ Premix micro ingredients such as drugs, vitamins, and trace minerals with a suitable diluent prior to their
inclusion in a supplement
Ÿ Diluents serve to dilute the micro ingredient and thereby facilitate the rate of mixing
Ÿ Examples of suitable diluents include the macro minerals typically incorporated in a feed mix (ie. salt,
limestone, dicalcium phosphate, magnesium oxide)
Ÿ Diluents should be dry in order to permit a more uniform dispersion of individual micro ingredient par cles
Ÿ Moisture must be avoided as it may cause entrainment and clumping (hygroscopic compounds such as urea
are not suitable diluents)
Ÿ The premix (micro ingredients plus diluent) should represent 3%, by weight, of the supplement. Premixing
may be done by hand in a large container.
Ÿ However, it can be performed more easily and eﬃciently by means of a small portable cylinder mixer
(cement mixer). Protec ve clothing, gloves and dust mask should be worn when handling micro ingredients

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Trainer Guide

2) Supplement
Ÿ Prepare a supplement. This supplement will contain the premix, a suitable carrier, and the remaining minor
dry ingredients in the diet including minerals, urea, and supplemental protein sources
Ÿ Carriers are feed ingredients which combine with the micro ingredients in the premix to alter their physical
characteristics.
Ÿ By adsorbing to the carrier, the very fine particles of the micro ingredients are allowed to move more rapidly
and uniformly through the mix.
Ÿ This rapid movement of micro ingredients through the mix is important to assure adequate distribution
prior to addition of molasses.
Ÿ Carriers should have physical properties comparable to ground grain or oilseed meals. Indeed, both of
these may be used as carriers.
Ÿ However, the adsorptive properties of ground grain and oilseed meals are low. This limitation may be
overcome by first combining 2% fat to the ground grain or oilseed meal before blending with the premix.
Ÿ The thin film of fat covering the carrier will facilitate adsorption of the micro ingredients in the premix.
Ÿ Outstanding carriers for micro ingredients include rice hulls, wheat bran, vermiculite, alfalfa meal, ground
corn cobs, and beet pulp.
Ÿ The amount of carrier to include in the supplement will depend on the “space” available in the diet
formulation.
Ÿ The supplement should comprise a minimum of 3% by weight of the finished feed.
Ÿ In preparing the supplement, first add the carrier, and then add other major ingredients until they reach the
central shaft line, then add the premix and other minor ingredients, and finally add the remaining major
ingredients.
Ÿ Mixing volume and mixing time will depend on the specifications of the particular mixer being used.
Ÿ Although some mixers will mix feed very efficiently at low volumes, most do not.
Ÿ Review the literature regarding your mixer and then see that the volume of feed being mixed and mixing
times are optimal for the mixer. Be careful not to underfelt or overfill the mixer.

3) Finished feed
Ÿ Finished feed may be prepared as follows:
1) add the grain portion of the diet to the mixer;
2) add the dry supplement (remember that the supplement should comprise a minimum of 3% of the
finished feed) to then center of the mixer (if possible, add supplement on the opposite end of the mixer to
where the feed is discharged);

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Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur

3) allow feed to mix for a minimum of 1 minute;

4) add forage component of the diet;
5) Add fat component of the diet;
6) add molasses or liquid component of the diet;
7) Allow to mix for the time specified for the mixer (usually not less than 8 minutes).

Steps to avoid feed mixer troubles

Ÿ Ribbon and auger mixers operate most efficiently if they are filled to 70 to 90% of capacity.
Ÿ With paddle mixers, satisfactory mixing may be obtained at much lower levels of loading (25% of capacity).
However the application of fat and/or molasses to mixers that are not adequately loaded may cause coating
of the sides of the mixer and mixer bars, resulting in decreased mixer efficiency and contamination.
Ÿ The mixer should not be overloaded. Overloading the mixer will cause some of the feed to float above the
mix and not blend properly.
Ÿ With paddle and ribbon mixers the mixer bars should rise at least 12 cm above the level of the mix.
Ÿ Improper mixing can also occur if the tolerances between the mixer bars and the sides of the mixer are not
set properly. Mixers are factory-set with an agitator clearance of .3 to .9 cm.
Ÿ If that clearance increases to 1.3 cm, mixer efficiency will be impaired. Mixers should be visually inspected
periodically.
Ÿ Establish a set schedule for inspecting the mixer. Worn paddles and ribbons should be replaced.
Ÿ Do not deviate from proper mixing times. If possible have mixing time controlled by a timer.
Ÿ Mixing time increases with the level of liquid feed added to the mix. This is because the mix becomes more
viscous, slowing down the flow of ingredients through the mix.
Ÿ This problem accentuates when the level of molasses added to the mix exceeds the absorptive capacity of
the mix. Thus, the level of molasses employed in a diet formulation should be considered not only with
respect to relative cost of the molasses, but also with respect to practical mixing time and the acceptable
limiting micro ingredient in the mix.

Sampling
Ÿ It is best if the sample can be obtained directly as the feed is being delivered from the mixer.
Ÿ Scoops or containers used for collecting samples should be of the size and volume to uniformly collect only
the amount desired.
Ÿ The sample should be stored in air-tight sealed containers.
Ÿ Keep in mind that if feed is to be sampled from sacks, bins or feed bunks the sampling variation is increased
(that is, it will be more difficult to obtain a representative sample).
Ÿ Accordingly, the sample of finished feed should be approximately 10 kg, for representing 1-kg samples
taken at random as the feed is delivered from the mixer.

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Trainer Guide

Sample size
Ÿ Because the principal objective in feed mixing is to assure that an animal receive all of its formulated
nutrient allowances every day, the sample size should reflect the expected average daily intake of the
animals consuming the finished feed.
Mixing efficiency
Ÿ Due to costs involved, assays for mixing efficiency should be based on nutrients or drugs whose
concentration in the diet, from either a legal or animal performance standpoint, are critical.
Ÿ Drugs make particularly good markers of mixing efficiency because there is usually only one ingredient
source of the drug in the mix, and accurate analytical assays are available for most drugs.
Ÿ Because of their high density and low concentration in the diet, trace elements might also serve as markers
of mixing efficiency. However, they have the disadvantage that there are usually many ingredient sources of
trace elements in the mix.
Compound feed ingredients
Ÿ Grains: Maize, sorghum, wheat, rice, oats, barley, ragi, millets, etc.
Ÿ Brans: De-oiled rice bran, rice polish, wheat bran, maize bran, etc.
Ÿ Protein meals/cakes: soyabean meal, groundnut cake, rapeseed meal, linseed cake, etc.
Ÿ Chunnies: Gaur, tur, urd, moon, gram and chunnies of other locally available pulses
Ÿ Agro-industrial by-products: Molasses, mango kernel extraction, tapioca waste, etc.
Ÿ Minerals and vitamins: Mineral mixture, calcite powder, common salt, di-calcium phosphate, vitamins A,
D3 & E
Compound feed manufacturing
Ÿ Different feed ingredients are taken in batch mixer from the raw material storage godown, in accordance
with the computerized least cost feed formulation
Ÿ After mixing, all raw materials are ground to uniform particle size of 3mm. ground material is further mixed
Ÿ Materials used in feed formulation in smaller quantities, such as vitamins, minerals, urea, calcite powder,
common salt etc., are mixed in a ribbon mixer using proper diluents and stored in one of the storage bins
Ÿ Ground material and molasses are mixed simultaneously in twin –screw type mixer
Ÿ Molassed feed is mixed with the dry steam (75-80°C) before pelleting.
Ÿ Steam acts as conditioner to the feed and it helps killing some pathogens
Ÿ Steamed feed is converted to pellets by passing it through cylindrical die and press roller
Ÿ Usually, 8 mm die is used for production of pelleted feed. Pelleted feed, thus produced is passed through
pellet cooler, before packing in HDPE or gunny bags

Quality control aspects

Ÿ Each raw material is tested in the laboratory, before it is finally accepted for production of cattle feed
Ÿ All adulterated and infested raw materials are out rightly rejected, to ensure proper quality of finished
product
Ÿ Even, finished product is tested for quality, before dispatch
Ÿ Finished product of improper quality is reprocessed

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Trainer Guide

Do
Ÿ Identifications of different feed mixing machineries
Ÿ Give practices to preparation one feed lot

Notes for Facilitation

Ÿ Discuss different feed mixing machineries
Ÿ Hands on training and field visit is necessary

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Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur

UNIT 4.4: FEEDING MANAGEMENT

Unit Objectives
After completing this session the trainees will be able to get scientific knowledge on:
Ÿ Scien ﬁc knowledge on feeding management of diﬀerent stages of cow

Say
Ÿ This chapter says feeding management of calves, milch animals and bull
Feeding management of calves
Ÿ Re culo-rumen is nonfunc onal in calves and hence feeding of calves should be treated as non-ruminant
and they are not equipped to u lize cellulose. The calves cannot u lize roughages containing higher
amount of cellulose
Ÿ To encourage the early development of rumen and re culum the calves should be fed with good quality
leguminous hay and other roughages
Ÿ Urea should not be included in calves ra on because of calves have li le capacity to u lize non-protein
nitrogenous compounds
Ÿ B complex vitamins also are dietary essen al for calves in addi on to vitamin A and D

Feed Formulae for Calves

Composi on of Good Milk Replacer (Biologically similar to natural milk)

Ingredient Proportion (Kg)

Dried skin milk 70
Dried whey 18
Lecithin 2
Animal fat 10
Dicalcium phosphate 1.7
Copper sulphates, ferrous sulphates, Traces
manganese sulphates and antibiotic

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Trainer Guide

Composition of Partial Milk Replacer

Ingredient Proportion (Kg)
Wheat 10.0
Fish meal 12.0
Linseed meal 40.0
Milk 13.0
Coconut oil 7.0
Lineseed oil 3.0
Molasses/ Jaggery 10.0
Mineral mixture 3.0
Butyric acid 0.3
Antibiotic mixture 0.3
Rovimix A, B2, D3 0.015
Total 100.115

Note: Crude protein around 10%

Crude fibre less than 5%
Feed Formulae for Calf Starter
Proportion (Kg)
Ingredient
Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4
Maize chuni 35 40 21 46
Dal chuni 30 27 20 30
Soyabean meal 10 10 - 11
Groundnut cake 12 10 11 10
Linseed meal - - 10 -
Dried whey - - 10 -
Dehydrated lucerne - - 5 -
meal
Molasses/Jaggery 10 10 5 -
Calcium and 2 2 2 2
Phosphorus
Trace min erals 1 1 1 1
Total 100 100 100 100

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Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur

Ÿ For these mixtures add 5 lakhs I.U. of vitamin A and 60 thousand I.U. of Vitamin D and 0.15 gram of Aurofac
or TM – 5
Ÿ Note:-Minimum protein content 16%; total digestible nutrient 75 %
Ÿ In addition to milk, calf starter may be fed at the rate of 125 grams per day from 5th to 8th week, 250 grams
from 9th to 12th week, 650 grams from 13th to 16th week (quantity of milk feeding is reduced from 2.5 lts
to 0.5 lts) and 1000 gram from 17th to 24 weeks (at this period, milk is totally withdrawn)
Feeding management of milch cattle
Ÿ In general the dry matter from roughage should not exceed 2 per cent of cow's live weight nor should it be
less than 1 per cent
Ÿ Challenge feeding
Ÿ It means the cows with high milk production potential are to be fed increase quantity of concentrate to
'challenge' them to produce to the maximum
Challenge feeding schedule
Period Concentrate allowance
Last 2 weeks before calving Starting from 500g, increase 300-400 g daily until
the cow is eating 500-1000 g per 100 kg of body
weight
First 2 weeks of lactation Increase 500 g per day to free choice level
Second week to peak yield (test day) Free choice
From test day onwards According to production as per thumb rules.
Example: 1 kg for every 2½ kg milk produced
Remaining lactation Concentrated adjusted to monthly test of milk
production
All periods Green fodder and dry fodder given adequately

Feeding management of bull

Ÿ A good rule to feed mature bull is to feed daily about 1 kg hat and ½kg concentrate per 100 kg body
weight
Ÿ Excess calcium in bull ration can cause problem particularly in older bulls. When legume roughage is
fed the concentrate mixture should not contain a calcium supplement
Allowance of feed at different stages of cattle
Ÿ Additional allowance for milch cow – 1.0 kg of concentrate for every 2.5 kg of milk average 4% fat
percentage
Ÿ Additional allowance for pregnant animal after 6 months of pregnancy – 1.5 kg of concentrate mixture
over and above the ration schedule of adult animal

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Trainer Guide

Cattle age Feed allowance

Calves – 3 to 6 months Concentrate mixture – 1 to 1.25 kg
Green fodder - 5 to 10 kg
OR
Concentrate mixture - 1.25 to 1.5 kg
Green fodder - 3 to 5 kg
Dry fodder, ad libidum (Usually 1.5 to 2 kg)
Young stock – 6 to 12 months Concentrate mixture - 1.5 to 1.75 kg
Green fodder - 10 to 15 kg
OR
Concentrate mixture - 2.0 to 2.5 kg
Green fodder - 3.0 to 5 kg
Dry fodder, ad libidum (usually 2.5 to 3.5 kg)
Adults Concentrate mixture - 1.5 to 2 kg
Green fodder - 20 to 30 kg
Dry fodder - 2 to 3 kg

Feed Formulae for Dairy and Working animals

Proportion (Kg)
Ingredient
Model 1 Model 2 Model 3
Maize/Jowar 25 27 27
Groundnut cake 20 20 15
Rice polish/wheat bran 30 10 20
(1st quality)
Soyabean meal 10 10 -
Deoiled rice polish 20 30 15
Maize gluten - 10 10
Dried whey - - 10
Husks/groundnut 2 - 20
shell/powder
Mineral mixture 2 2 2
Salt 1 1 1
Antibiotics + - -
Vitamins + + +
Total 100 100 100

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Trainer Guide

Do
Ÿ Give practices to preparation of scientifically balanced ration of different stages of cow

Notes for Facilitation

Ÿ Explain cost effective feeding management of milch animal
Ÿ Discuss importance of feeding management in dairy animal

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Trainer Guide
ASCI
Agriculture Skill Council of India

5. Maintain Healthy
Performance of Livestock
Unit 5.1 - Maintaining Healthy Farm-Causes of Infer lity
and Reproduc ve Management
Unit 5.2 - Clean Milk Produc on
Unit 5.3 - Dairy Waste Management
Unit 5.4 - Cleaning of Utensil
Unit 5.5 - Important Vaccina on of Dairy Animals
Unit 5.6 - Care of The New-Born Calf
Unit 5.7 - Preven on and Control of Mas s

AGR/N4104
Trainer Guide

Key Learning Outcomes

After completing this session the trainees will be able to:

Ÿ Best prac ces for reproduc ve management
Ÿ Observa on of standing heat
Ÿ Reproduc ve problem and its management
Ÿ Points to iden fy diﬀerent infer le animals

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Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur

UNIT 5.1: MAINTAINING HEALTHY FARM - CAUSES OF

INFERTILITY AND REPRODUCTIVE MANAGEMENT

Unit Objectives
After completing this session the trainees will be able to get scientific knowledge on:
Ÿ Scien ﬁc informa on and background of fer lity management of dairy ca le

Say
Ÿ This chapter says best prac ces for reproduc ve management of dairy cows
Introduc on
Ÿ A sound reproduc ve program is essen al to the ﬁnancial health of the organic dairy. A fundamental goal
should be to breed cows back in a mely manner so that daily milk produc on remains high and a steady
supply of new heifers is available for replacements or sale.

Reproduc ve management in dairy farm

Ÿ It is not advisable to use ar ﬁcial hormones for breeding or to treat the animals with reproduc ve problems
Ÿ Good dairy farm should follow the measures that pertaining to heat cycle detec on and natural alterna ve
treatments that will help to increase the fer lity of the farm

Best prac ces for improvement of dairy farm

Ÿ Observa on of standing heat is the best way to judge the me to inseminate or breed a cow
Ÿ Some farms may use some heat detec on devices or other physical methods but nothing beats watching
the cows for heats twice daily

Observa on of standing heat

Ÿ Cow standing to be mounted
Ÿ Vulval discharge
Ÿ Vulval lips thickening
Ÿ Cows ovulate about 12 to 16 hours a er a standing heat so most of the farmers have a habit of "Morning-
Evening" rule for breeding.
Ÿ If a farmer observes a cow in standing heat in the morning, he/she will breed her that evening; if a cow is
observed in standing heat in the evening, she/he will be bred in the morning

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Trainer Guide

Insemination
Ÿ Even though frozen semen contains small amounts of antibiotics, dairy farmer follow to use artificial
insemination for safety reasons and to improve genetics by breeding for selected traits.
Ÿ Some farms still use natural service (breeding by a bull) if good heat detection is difficult, for "clean-up"
(breeding cows that have not been successfully bred by AI), or on virgin heifers.
Ÿ Additionally, some farmers feel that available semen does not possess the genetic traits they desire.

Points to be considered for bull handling

Ÿ All bulls are potentially dangerous animals and should manage them with caution and respect and some
basic considerations
Ÿ Raise bull calves in a group or on a nurse cow for proper socialization
Ÿ Know aggressive behavior in bulls
Ÿ Never run from bulls
Ÿ Remove bulls from herd at the first sign of aggressive behavior

Reproductive challenges and its solution

Challenge Definition Factors Involved Management Considerations

Anestrus- Failure to come into · Lack of energy in diet. · Evaluate ration for energy balance
True heat; ovaries are not · Low hormone levels · Feed adequate amounts of trace
cycling.
because of feeding minerals (selenium, iron, copper,
excessive stored feeds phosphorous) and vitamins
· Cystic ovaries · Feed fresh forage or stored forages
· Uterine infections that contain estrogens (red clover).
· Anemia · Have veterinarian perform physical
to detect anemia, cystic ovaries, or
infections

Anestrus Failure to detect heats. · Poor animal identification · Keep good estrous cycle records
· Poor record-keeping · Increase time spent watching cows
· Cows in an environment · Provide good footing
where they cannot express · Consider tail paint
estrus (crowded)
· Not enough time to watch
cows

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Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur

Cystic Large cysts on ovaries · High estrogens in feeds · Forage analysis (calcium,
Ovaries that last more than 10 (legumes or molds) phosphorus, mycotoxins)
days; cows may be
· Genetics · Avoid cows and bulls that produce
constantly in heat or not
· Calcium: Phosphorus ratio cystic daughters
cycling
greater than 2:1
· Older cows

Persistent CLs that are present on · High milk production · Evaluate diet for energy imbalance
CLs (corpus the ovary beyond 20 · Uterine infection (too little energy)
luteum) days in a non-pregnant
cow

Retained Failure to drop placenta · Twin births or difficult · Review selenium and vitamin A and E
Placenta within 24 hours of calvings. levels in dry cow diet
(RP) calving
· Selenium/vitamin E/vitamin · Avoid weight gain in dry period
A deficiencies · Select bulls for easy calving
· Fat dry cows · Calcium supplements
· Infection (bacterial or viral)
· Low-grade milk fever

Metritis Infected discharge that · Secondary to retained · Calve in clean areas and use sanitized
last more than 2 weeks placenta equipment when assisting calving
post-calving
· Difficult calving · Address factors that result in RPs.
· Poor hygiene during an · Feed maximum amounts of vitamin
assisted calving E/selenium

Pyometra Severe infection of · See metritis (above) · See metritis (above).

uterus with yellow, foul - · Poor infusion technique · Uterine infusion by veterinarian
smelling discharge
when treating metritis (iodine, chlorhexidine-check with
certifier).
· Antibiotics, prostaglandins, and
removal from herd in severe cases.

Repeat Cows requiring 3 or more · Poor insemination · Culture/testing for infectious

Breeders inseminations technique diseases
· Improper handling of · Good quality forage
semen · Careful timing of breeding
· Early death of embryo · New bull tested for high fertility
(rough rectals, bacterial, or · Review AI technique and semen
viral infection) handling
· Bull infertility · Veterinary examination
· Sexually spread diseases

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Trainer Guide

Abortions Loss of calf between 42 · Genetic problems

and 260 days. · Fungal toxins
· Bacterial and viral infections
· Multiple calves
· Injury (rough palpation)
· Nitrate/nitrite poisoning
· Neospora

Conclusion
Ÿ Based on complete investigations of management and health examination is best way to identify infertile,
sub fertile and sterile animals for improving the fertility status of the farm

Do
Ÿ Allow them to identify standing heat of cows at different farms

Notes for Facilitation

Ÿ Detailed explanation of reproductive disorder
Ÿ Visual demonstration of standing heat is necessary

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Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur

UNIT 5.2: CLEAN MILK PRODUCTION

Unit Objectives
After completing this session the trainees will be able to get scientific knowledge on:
Ÿ Knowledge on clean milk produc on procedures

Say
Ÿ This chapter says plan and steps of clean milk produc on
Introduc on
Ÿ Clean milk produc on following Good hygienic prac ces is an essen al pre requisite for obtaining whole
some and superior milk quality.
Clean milk defini on
Ÿ Defined as “Milk drawn from the udder of healthy animals, which is collected in clean dry milking pails and
free from extraneous ma ers like dust, dirt, flies, hay, manure etc. Clean milk has a normal composi on,
possesses a natural milk flavor with low bacterial count and is safe for human consump on”.
Steps for clean milk produc on
1. Animal shed and environment
Ÿ The floor of the milk shed should be swept with clean water, and disinfected with one-percent bleaching
powder solu on to arrest cross contamina on and spreading of undesirable odors.
2. Animal
Ÿ The animal itself is one of the most significant sources of contamina on, care and management of the
animal and its health is therefore the star ng point for clean milk produc on
Ÿ Milk from diseased animals should be kept separate and disposed of safely. Animals suffering from any
contagious disease, including mas s, should be segregated from the healthy ones.

3. Milking method
Ÿ In hand milking, the danger of contamina on coming from the milker is higher as compared with machine
milking.
Ÿ The milker should therefore be free from contagious diseases
Ÿ Nails should be well trimmed; she/he should wear clean clothes and should wash her/his hands with soap
and water before milking, then dry with a clean towe
Ÿ
Ÿ In modern Dairy farms, the milking is done with the help of milking machine in very hygienic way without
hand touch.
Ÿ The opera on of milking is very fast and the quality of milk also superior.

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Trainer Guide

4. Utensil cleaning
Ÿ Utensil must be thoroughly cleaned with Water followed by Hot water rinsing.
Ÿ Dirty milking equipment is one of the main sources of infection of milk.
Ÿ About 15 minutes before milking, milking equipment should be rinsed with a sanitizing solution
5. Personnel hygiene
Ÿ The Milk Handlers need to wash their hands thoroughly with cleaned water followed by hot water
rinsing or sanitization with sanitizing agent to avoid physical and biological contamination.
6. Milk handling and testing
Ÿ Milk needs to be handled hygienically without spillages while transferring
Ÿ Milk needs to be filtered in order to be free of dust and foreign particles
Ÿ All the Filled milk cans to be kept in organized way in very clean and hygienic way in a shade without
direct exposure to Sunlight. The milk is susceptible to get deteriorated and develop oxidized flavors if
kept exposed to direct sunlight
Ÿ The milk samples to be drawn using an appropriate and cleaned sample device as per the Quality
Control guidelines.
7. Transportation of milk
Ÿ The Milk cans to be transported in a Covered/protected hygienic milk vans.
Clean milk production – merits
Ÿ Prevention of milk spoilage in short period
Ÿ Increase the quality and shelf life of the milk and its products
Ÿ It controls the spread of infectious disease through milk

Do
Ÿ Provide exercise to enumerate steps for clean milk production

Notes for Facilitation

Ÿ Detailed discussion of clean milk production
Ÿ Visual demonstration and hands on training is necessary

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Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur

UNIT 5.3: DAIRY WASTE MANAGEMENT

Unit Objectives
After completing this session the trainees will be able to get scientific knowledge on:
Ÿ Systema c and scien ﬁc u liza on of dairy farm waste for recycling with cost eﬀec veness

Say
Ÿ This chapter enlightens the various components of dairy farm waste and explains diﬀerent techniques used
to manage the waste
Introduc on

Ÿ Animal manure is rich in nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium manure has several beneﬁcial eﬀects on soil
proper es, in addi on to providing supplemental nutrients for crop growth

Ÿ Compos ng is a sustainable waste farm management prac ce that converts a large volume of accumulated
organic waste into a usable product.
Ÿ When organic wastes are broken down by microorganisms in a heat-genera ng process, waste volume is
reduced by almost 50%, many harmful organisms including pathogens and weed seeds are destroyed, and
a useful, poten ally marketable product is produced.
Component of dairy farm waste
1. Ca le manure
2. Spoiled hay and feed
3. Animal bedding
Types of waste

(i) Solid waste (dung)

(ii) Slurry

Various techniques used are:

1. Compos ng
2. Biogas produc on (anaerobic fermenta on)
3. Aerobic oxida on in ditches/Lagoons/lakes
4. Direct applica on in field
5. Use as fish feed in fish ponds
6. For growing algae (diluted slurry)
7. Other techniques (less popular) recycling as filler in animal feed (i.e. poultry waste in ca le feed, etc.)

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Trainer Guide

Composting:

Ÿ In composting pile of solid waste is collected in pit 1.5 m deep and 3×4 meter dimension or large as per
requirement (3 cubic meter/adult animal units) as per (Allnutt design described by R.G. Linton)

Ÿ This design has two pits with walls on all three sides covered on top with temporary roof to prevent
desiccation, and alternative filing and emptying has been suggested.

Ÿ The front side should have a gutter which should be filled with cresol and water to control fly breeding and
the front side should have a vertical sliding shutter to prevent debris falling into the gutter.

Ÿ The manure should be dumped and well packed in each compartment separately. While one is filled and
packed, fermentation and decomposition occurs in the other which was filled earlier.

Ÿ The manure should be turned periodically to ensure uniform decomposition; this also enhances the
destruction of larvae of parasites that are normally present in the dung.

Ÿ During composting frequent mixing of waste is required. The manure from other livestock farms like sheep,
goat, pig and poultry can be decomposed in the similar manner. After piling within 24 hours temperature
rises to 50°C and within 3-8 days it reaches to 70°C. Thereafter it falls to 50°C. C: N ratio and moisture are
important in this process.

Biogas Production (Anaerobic fermentation)

Ÿ In this process organic matter is converted into volatile fatty acids which is in turn by the action of anaerobic
bacteria (methanigenic bacteria) is converted to CH4 and CO2.

Ÿ The slurry is valuable product for using in fields.

Aerobic Oxidation
Ÿ Slurry can be disposed by keeping it in shallow ditches, lagoon, and lakes. BOD (Biological oxygen demand)
per acre is generally 20 for proper oxidation.
Ÿ Large areas are required and periodically solid sludge has to be removed. Upper water is used for irrigation
after mixing with fresh water or directly also

Liquid Form by Means of Lagoon:

Ÿ Lagoon is a body of water like a small pond where in liquid manure is discharged and digested by bacterial
action. In this method fertility value of manure is wasted but helps in saving of equipment and labor which
may compensate the loss.

Ÿ Pens are scraped and washed daily with water under pressure 75 Ibs./sq” inch and 500 gallons water per
hour. This is run into lagoon which should hold at least one week accumulation of manure @ 20
kg/cow/day.

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Trainer Guide

Bacterial Action in Lagoon:

(i) Aerobic - By aerobic bacteria in the presence of air/oxygen
(ii) Anaerobic - By green algae which use carbon dioxide, nitrate and other nutrients and in turn gives
off oxygen for aerobic bacteria for oxidizing waste materials. Anaerobic bacteria also take over to
decompose the waste materials which may produce undesirable odor too
Ÿ Water in Lagoon. Should be kept filled with water
Ÿ Depth of Lagoon. Approximately two meters
Ÿ Size of Lagoon. @ 6.5 m²/cow
Ÿ Location. 200 meters away from sties and prevent direction of prevailing winds.
Precautions:
Ÿ Provide safety fence around lagoon to make dog and child proof.
Ÿ Make the bottom leveled and impervious.
Ÿ Clean the lagoon once in 5 to 8 years or when necessary to remove accumulated sludge if filled up to depth
of one meter.

Do
Ÿ Practice them to do any one of the recycling method of dairy farm waste

Notes for Facilitation

Ÿ Notes on dairy farm waste utilization
Ÿ Field visit (recycling unit) is necessary
Ÿ Demonstration of recycling methods of waste (like composting)

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Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur

UNIT 5.4: CLEANING OF UTENSIL

Unit Objectives
After completing this session the trainees will be able to get scientific knowledge on:
Ÿ Basic scien ﬁc principles of cleaning of milking utensils

Say
Ÿ This chapter explains procedure for cleaning of milking utensils, different method of cleaning and
assessment of cleaning
Selec on of Utensils for Milking/Storage
Ÿ The pails/ containers/cans made up of mild steel and HDPE/plas c material shall not be used for storage
and transporta on of milk
Ÿ The utensils/pails and the storage vessels should have smooth surface with minimal joints and free from
dents, cracks and crevices
Ÿ A suitable size lid should always be used to cover the utensils and the vessel
Ÿ Ensure that the milking utensils are uniform having small mouth so that dirt and flies do not gain easy access
Ÿ They should be exclusively used for milking and storage
Ÿ Use separate vessel for washing of udder and teats & for milking
Procedure for cleaning the milking utensils
Ÿ Pre-rinsing with cold or lukewarm water should always be carried out immediately upon emptying the
vessels.
Ÿ A er rinsing scrub utensils/pails thoroughly with a suitable brush, using hot water and efficient dairy
cleaner
Ÿ Follow the washing up on scrubbing with hot water. The temperature water should be more than 50°C.
Ÿ Wash the utensil again with enough cold water (tepid water in cold season) to remove traces of detergent.
Ÿ Sani se the cleaned utensils with acceptable sani zing agent (iodophors /chlorine solu ons (50-200ppm
of ac ve compound)) to kill/disinfect the utensils.
Ÿ Properly cleaned vessels should be placed in inverted posi on for the complete drainage of water, so as to
avoid contamina on from air, insects, rodents, rep les etc.
Ÿ Dry cleaned utensils should be stored in dust, dirt and other contamina on protected area.
Ÿ Hot water steriliza on- the temperature should be as near the boiling point as possible and never below
85°C. The utensils should be immersed for 20 min, but where it is not possible, boiling water should be
poured over the milk-contact surfaces ll they are too hot to touch.

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Trainer Guide

Cleaning and Sanitation of Milking Machines

Manual Cleaning
Ÿ After milking, the outside of the milking unit is cleaned by wiping and rinsing. Each unit should be rinsed by
connecting the vacuum tube to a vacuum tap and drawing clean water through the teat cups. If the clusters
are not cleaned immediately, they should be left immersed in water.
Ÿ The warm detergent-disinfectant wash, is the most important of the three. Unless the solution reaches all
milk-contact surfaces, milk residues may remain which will protect bacteria from the disinfectant. Care
must be taken to avoid air-locks in the clusters.
Ÿ Clusters should be washed first by full immersion for two minutes; teat cups, milk tubes and claws are
scrubbed, and the cluster is reassembled and transferred to the rinsing trough.
Ÿ The final clean water rinse, the addition of 50 ppm of hypochlorite significantly improves results. The
clusters should be rinsed and hung up to drain.

II. In place cleaning

Ÿ This method used in the milking equipment is connected with the pipelines and cooling tank. This has
circulation and acidified boiling water cleaning methods, latter method is less commonly used in cleaning.
Ÿ After milking, rinse the machine thoroughly with warm water, and brush the clusters to remove external
dirt. Attach the letters to the cluster. Check the water temperature (85°C).
Ÿ Drain the milk from the receiver and milk pump. Remove the filter sock (interior) and clean the filter as
recommended by the manufacturer.
Ÿ Connect the air pipeline directly to the water heater and set the three way valve to the washing position so
that the hot rinse water is drawn into the machine.
Ÿ Set the releaser milk pump to run continuously and adjust the spreader on the receiver lid to the washing
position.
Ÿ Allow hot water to pass through the machine and discharge to waste until the temperature of the water
leaving the machine exceeds 50°C.
Ÿ Add approved detergent-disinfectant solution to the measured volume of hot water, in accordance with
the specifications of the manufacturer.
Ÿ Set the three-way valve to draw solution from the wash through the installation and continue circulation
for 5-10 min. No advantage is gained by prolonging circulation, as the temperature of the solution
progressively falls.
Ÿ Discharge the detergent-disinfectant solution by deflecting the delivery pipeline.
Ÿ Run clean cold water into the machine. Sodium hypochlorite may be added at a concentration of 50 ppm to
avoid risk of contamination from supply lines.
Ÿ Switch off the releaser and vacuum pumps; drain and prepare the machine for milking.
.

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Trainer Guide

Cleaning assessment methods

1. A Visual inspection
Ÿ Cleaning failures usually result in a visual build up or residual film on some part of the milk harvesting or
storage equipment.
2. Rinse/Swab method
Ÿ Rinse method for cans/pails and Swab method shall be used for testing Cleaning efficiency of milking
equipment and its accessories.
3. Bioluminescence method
Ÿ ATP bioluminescence is a rapid detection method suited for on-site sampling and takes less than five
minutes to perform.
Ÿ ATP bioluminescence can detect both bacterial contamination and non microbial contamination such
as milk soil.

Do
Ÿ Practice them to assess the cleaning efficiency of utensils

Notes for Facilitation

Ÿ Notes on utensil cleaning in dairy farm
Ÿ Demonstration of cleaning procedures

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Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur

UNIT 5.5: IMPORTANT VACCINATION OF DAIRY ANIMALS

Unit Objectives
After completing this session the trainees will be able to get scientific knowledge on:
Ÿ Common vaccine and vaccina on schedule for dairy ca le

Say
Ÿ This chapter says need, storage and handling for vaccine and explain common vaccina on schedule for
dairy ca le
Vaccine and vaccina on – Good management prac ces
1. Vaccine purchase
Ÿ Consult veterinarian before purchasing vaccine to determine which vaccine is necessary at that point of the
me
Ÿ Check expira on dates when purchase or receive vaccine
Ÿ Check the shipping cooler as soon as it arrives and refrigerate the vaccine immediately
Ÿ Purchase vaccine in small-dose vials to minimize waste
2. Storage of vaccina on
Ÿ Read and follow label instruc ons
Ÿ Discard any vaccine that freezes
Ÿ Discard expired vaccine
Ÿ Store vaccine that will expire first near the front of the refrigerator and use it first
Ÿ Do not overstock vaccine
Ÿ Train employees, family members and others on proper vaccine handling
3. Handling of vaccine at field level
Ÿ Pre-cool the cooler for at least 1 hour prior to placing the vaccine inside
Ÿ Use enough ice or cold packs to maintain a steady temperature, 35-45°F
Ÿ Take enough vaccine for the morning or for a ernoon, not for both
Ÿ Keep the cooler out of sunlight
Ÿ Iden fy any le over unopened bo les of vaccine and use them first the next me
Ÿ Do not use the same vaccine gun for different vaccines
Ÿ Do not mix modified live vaccines if won't be able to use them within 1-2 hours recons tu ng them
Ÿ Discard bo le of killed vaccines that have been opened for more than 2 days because vaccine can be
contaminated by repeated introduc on of air and needles

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Trainer Guide

4. Injection of vaccine
Ÿ Give injections in front of the shoulder in the middle neck region
Ÿ Avoid giving injections in the nuchal ligament of the neck region
Ÿ Remove air from syringes or guns prior to injecting vaccine
Ÿ Use the correct gauge and length of needle as specified by the label
Ÿ Change needles every time you fill a syringe or vaccine gun
Ÿ Change needles that become burred, bent, or broken
Ÿ Never straighten and reuse a broken needle
Ÿ Space multiple injections 4 inches apart on the animal to avoid mixing different products
Ÿ Use a new needle each time syringes are filled
5. Disposal of vaccine
Ÿ Follow if any disposable instructions provided on the label
Ÿ Do not place the unused vaccines on water sources
Ÿ Unused or empty vaccine container should be banned either through burn barrels or incinerators

Vaccine schedule for dairy animals

S. No Disease Vaccine Dose (ml) Schedule

1 Foot and mouth disease Raksha FMD 3 Twice in a year September and
March
2 Haemorrhagic septicaemia Alum ppt H.S 5 Annually before monsoon (twice a
year in endemic areas)
3 Black quarter Alum ppt B.Q. 5 Annually before monsoon
4 Brucellosis Brucella cotton – 5 Only once (4-9 months of age in
19 strain cow in prevalent herds)
5 Theileriosis Rakshavac T 3 Annually

Deworming schedule for dairy animals

Type of worm Deworming schedule
Round worms First dose at 10 days of age and thereafter at monthly interval up to 6 months
Thrice a year in animals above 6 months of age
Liver Flukes Twice a year in prevalent area (before and after monsoon)
Tape worms Twice a year (January and June in prevalent herds)

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Trainer Guide

Do
Ÿ Allow them to identify different injection site for vaccination schedule

Notes for Facilitation

Ÿ Explain the vaccination and deworming schedule of dairy cattle
Ÿ Demonstration of vaccination procedures

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Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur

UNIT 5.6: CARE OF THE NEW-BORN CALF

Unit Objectives
After completing this session the trainees will be able to get scientific knowledge on:
Ÿ Scien ﬁc principle and management of new born calf

Say
Ÿ This chapter explains calf management up to six month of age and weaning procedures for new born calves.
Calf rearing system
Calf rearing system varies with the facili es available to farmers. They may be reared indoors or outdoors or
partly indoors and partly outdoors. The important factors to be considered are:
1. Availability of quality fodder.
2. The humid tropical environment is ideal for the prolifera on of internal parasites and it is very difficult to
keep the calves free from massive infec on if they are grazing.
3. Outside grazing may not provide sufficient nutrients from op mum growth.
4. Clima c stress affects growth and u liza on of feed nutrients.
In humid tropics, it may be desirable to keep the calves indoor in day me and outdoor at night. This will
reduce parasi c infec on also. Thus, it is advantageous to keep new born calf in individual pen for the first 3-4
weeks of age. Calves that are running in batches o en suckle or lick each other a er feeding and it is a good
prac ce to keep them in their es for some me a er milk feeding. Hair swallowed by the calves a er suckling
each other o en forms a hard ball in the abomasum and this is a constant cause of diges ve disturbances.
Cleaning the mouth of the calves a er each milk feeding is a sanitary prac ce. The calf pens should provide
comfort and easy cleaning.

Management prac ce up to six months age of calves

Ÿ Clean nostrils and mouth which helps the calf breathe be er and help prevent future breathing problems.
Ÿ Allow the mother to lick the calf clean which promotes circula on within the calf's body and prepares the
calf to stand up and walk.
Ÿ Tie the naval cord with a thread at a distance of around
Ÿ 2 inches from the base and cut the remaining cord with a clean instrument.
Ÿ Dip the navel (a simple smearing will not serve the purpose) in 7% or higher ncture of iodine solu on and
repeat a er 12 hours. (Do not use teat dip or weaker iodine solu ons). A poorly maintained navel is the
gateway to serious infec ons.

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Trainer Guide

Ÿ A new born calf should be given 2 litres of colostrum within the first 2 hours of birth and 1-2 litres (based on
size) within 12 hours of birth.
Ÿ Many calves do not nurse adequate amounts of colostrum from their dams within the first few hours of
life, and thus they may not receive adequate immunity.
Ÿ Feeding colostrum after 24 hours of birth may not help the calf to ward off infections.
Ÿ A calf must receive adequate colostrum to protect it from diseases for the first three months of its life.
Colostrum is the calf's “passport to life”.
Ÿ Hand-feeding new-born calves are therefore recommended so that the farmer is sure about the amount of
colostrum an individual calf receives.
Ÿ Provide fresh, clean water all times, particularly when milk feeding is induced discontinued
If muconium (first faecal matter) is not voided out, mild enema by dissolving soap in a liter of warm
water should be given.
Weaning:
Ÿ If weaning at birth is followed care should be taken to see that adequate colostrum is fed for the first 3-4
days. If weaning is practised 4 days after calving, then further ration has to be fed as per the schedule
described.
Health management
Ÿ De-worming should be done within 10-14 days of age subsequently on a monthly basis up to the 6th month
Ÿ When the animal is 3 months old, contact the veterinarian for vaccination.
Calf nutrition
Ÿ Provide calf starter from 2-8 weeks for better growth and early maturity.

Example of a simple calf starter (approx. percentages)

Feed ingredients Percentage

Maize 52 %

Oats 20 %

Soya bean meal 20 %

Molasses 5%
Salt 0.5 %

Minerals (Macro & Micro) 1.5%

Vitamins 1%

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Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur

Calf pen
Ÿ Calf pen should be close to cow shed.
Ÿ Pen should provide sunlight; good ventilation floor should not be slippery.
Ÿ After 6-8 weeks, calves may be grouped according to age, sex.
Ÿ The feed boxes & watering equipment should be provided in the pen.
Identification mark
Ÿ Giving of identification mark which is necessary for keeping proper records, proper, feeding, better ore and
management.
1. Branding
1. Freeze Branding
2. Hot Iron Branding
Ÿ Uses a metal instrument to burn or freeze a mark on the animal's hide
2. Ear Tagging
Ÿ Use special pliers to attach pieces with numbers on them
Ÿ Easy to read from the front view
3. Tattooing
Ÿ Uses a special tool to put inked numbers in an animal's skin
Ÿ Permanent, Simple and relatively painless
Ÿ Hard to read from a distance
Dehorning the calves
Ÿ Dehorning or disbudding: Disbudding is carried out either by the use of hot iron, caustic sticks and electrical
dehorning cone. Both the buds are destroyed at the early age (within 3 to 10 days).
Castration
Ÿ Castration of bull calf: At age of 2-3 months, bull calves should be castrated suitably.
Ÿ Non-invasive method of castration
Ÿ Bloodless method of castration
Ÿ Burdizzo
Ÿ Elastrator
Ÿ Calicrate bander
Ÿ Short-scrotumed
Ÿ Chemical castration
Burdizo method of castration
Ÿ Restrain the animal
Ÿ Do one at a time
Ÿ Push teste down into scrotum and over to the side
Ÿ Place the lips of the instrument over the cord 1/2 the distance between the teats and abdomen
Ÿ Push handles together until the cord is crushed

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Trainer Guide

Elastrator method of castration

Ÿ Restrain the animal
Ÿ Place the rubber band over the prongs
Ÿ Spread the rubber band and push both testes down through it
Ÿ Release the band above the testes
Ÿ Check later for the scrotum to fall off and disinfect
Invasive method of castration
Ÿ Restrain the animal
Ÿ Examine the calf to see if testes have descended in to the scrotum
Ÿ Disinfect equipment, hands, and scrotum
Ÿ Grab the end of the scrotum with one hand and pull down. Cut off the lower 1/3 of the scrotum
Ÿ Pull testicles down one at a time / scrape if necessary
Ÿ Trim excess fat and membrane carefully
Ÿ Disinfect the area again
Ÿ Incision method is performed much the same way, but make an incision on each side of the scrotum first,
then pull down each testicle through the incision
Record keeping
Ÿ Add record keeping of newborn care, when calf was moved from calving area, navel dipped, fed colostrum,
which provided care.

Do
Ÿ Practice them to do calf starter formulation

Notes for Facilitation

Ÿ Outline the new born calf management protocol
Ÿ Skill demonstration or hands on training of different castration methods, branding and ear tagging

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Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur

UNIT 5.7: PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF MASTITIS

Unit Objectives
After completing this session the trainees will be able to get scientific knowledge on:
Ÿ Systema c scien ﬁc ra onale for preven on and control of mas s

Say
Ÿ This chapter outline the causes of mas s and scien fic planning for preven on and control of mas s
Mas s
Ÿ Mas s, or inflamma on of the mammary gland, is the most common and the most expensive disease of
dairy ca le throughout most of the world.
Clinical mas s
Ÿ Infected quarter becomes swollen, some mes painful to touch, and the milk is visibly altered by the
presence of clots, flakes, or discolored serum and some mes blood
Ÿ In severe cases (acute mas s), the cow shows signs of generalized reac on: fever, rapid pulse, loss of
appe te and sharp decline in milk produc on
Subclinical mas s
Ÿ The cow appears healthy, the udder does not show any signs of inflamma on and the milk seems normal.
However, microorganisms and white blood cells (soma c cells) that fight infec ons are found in elevated
numbers in the milk.

Development of mas s

Stage 1 Invasion of the teat (After milking, the teat canal remains dilated for one to two
hours; however, the canal of a damaged teat may remain partially open
permanently. Organisms from the environment (manure, bedding, etc.) or those
found on injured skin at the tip of the teat may easily invade an open or partially
open canal)

Stage 2 Migration of bacteria and colonization of milk secretion cells

Stage 3 Production of toxic substances from organism affects milk secretion cells

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Trainer Guide

Common bacteria causing mastitis

Percentage of
Bacterial type Primary source Source of spread
infections

Streptococcus agalactiae >40% Infected udder Quarter to quarter;

cow to cow during
milking

Staphylococcus aureus 30-40% Infected udder and Quarter to quarter;

teat tenderness cow to cow during
milking

Environmental 5-10% Bedding and manure Environment to cow

streptococci
(Streptococcus uberis and
Streptococcus
dysgalactiae)

Coliforms (Escherichia <1% Manure Environment to cow

coli, Enterobacteri
aerogenes and Klebsillia
pneumonia)

Prevention of mastitis

Ÿ Create a clean, stress-free environment for cows. Starting with a clean stall and parlor will decrease the
presence of mastitis-causing bacteria
Ÿ Remove all solids and clean teats. Do not use chapped, cracked or bleeding teats or teat ends for milking
Ÿ Use paper towels or reusable cloth towels to clean and dry teats
Ÿ Fore-strip milk from each quarter. This practice should be done before attaching the milking unit to check
for clinical infection
Ÿ Use milking equipment properly. All personnel who use the milking equipment should be trained on how to
properly attach, adjust and remove (if required) the milking unit

Ÿ Using milking machines properly is an important part of a milking parlor or milking barn routine, plus an
important component of a mastitis management program

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Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur

Steps to mastitis control

S. No Steps Control measures

1 Milking hygiene Prepare the udder to be milked. The appropriate use of pre-dipping is
very important; Single use of towels; Use of gloves; Dry teats before
inserting the milking machine

2 Good milking system Milking equipment should be adequate in size, functioning properly,
and regularly cleaned and maintained

3 Good use of machinery Apply and remove machine carefully. Remove machine when cow is
milked out, shut off vacuum at claw before removal

4 Pre-dipping Effective teat disinfection post milking reduces SCC

5 Monitor mastitis trough Monitor your mastitis score (DHI-SCC, CMT) regularly
SCC and milk weight

6 Treat clinical mastitis Treat clinical cows, follow label recommendations, and treat
aseptically. Withhold treated cows' milk from milk supply

7 Eliminate chronic cows Segregate chronic mastitis cows, milk them last, cull when necessary.
from the herd or milk them Cows with chronic mastitis serve as reservoirs of organisms and could
last infect susceptible cows

8 Dry cow therapy Dry treat each quarter using partial insertion techniques with an
approved dry cow treatment at drying off. Cure rate is twice high as
that during lactation. Lowers the risk of clinical and subclinical
mastitis during subsequent lactation

9 Keep environment clean as Keep cows’ clean, udders free from soil and manure. Fence off wet,
much as possible swampy areas. Keep free stalls and stanchions bedd ed properly. Keep
calving areas clean, properly bedded (straw preferred)

10 Good nutrition Properly feed and care for cows. It has been shown by different studies
that there is an association between mastitis and supplementation
with vitamins and minerals

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Trainer Guide

Do
Ÿ Provide training them to do hygienic milking practices

Notes for Facilitation

Ÿ Detailed explanation of causes, prevention and control of mastitis
Ÿ Visual demonstration or hands on training for udder cleaning before and after milking

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Trainer Guide
ASCI
Agriculture Skill Council of India

6. Performing Hand
and Machine Milking
Unit 6.1 - Steps of Hand Milking
Unit 6.2 - Milking Machine
Unit 6.3 - Opera onal Steps in Machine Milking

AGR/N4105
Trainer Guide

Key Learning Outcomes

After completing this session the trainees will be able to:

Ÿ Right approach for hand milking
Ÿ Points to be noted for clean milk produc on
Ÿ Outline of milking machine
Ÿ Parts of milking opera on
Ÿ Advantage of milking machine
Ÿ Limita on of milking machine

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Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur

UNIT 6.1: STEPS OF HAND MILKING

Unit Objectives
After completing this session the trainees will be able to get scientific knowledge on:
Ÿ Technique and skill of hand milking

Say

Ÿ This chapter guide right approach for hand milking and points to be noted for clean milk produc on

Procedure for milking by hand

Ÿ Milking should be done at regular mes, if possible by the same person and at intervals of 12 hours
Ÿ Avoid noise in the dairy because it will have a nega ve inﬂuence on the release of milk
Ÿ Get proper training in the corrected procedures and have pa ence with the cows
Ÿ Milk cows with dry hands and never use milk to lubricate the cow's teats. Use a milking salve if needed
Ÿ Always test the ﬁrst milk to come out for mas s
Ÿ Wash dirty udders and teats by hand under running water. If they are clean, massage the udders for about 1
minute
Ÿ Complete milking in 5 to 7 minutes because the cow will stop giving milk a er that
Ÿ A er milking, if the cow's calf does not suckle, use a teat dip to prevent mas s
Ÿ Supervise the milking process and maintain the same rou ne in every milking

Tips !

Tips for clean milk produc on through hand milking

Ÿ Person involved in milking process should be clean, healthy and free of infec ous diseases
Ÿ Maintain the cows free of dirt and prevent their hindquarters from becoming ma ed with manure and mud
Ÿ Groom the cows regularly to remove loose hair and dirt these can fall into the pail during milking
Ÿ Detect and treat all cows showing signs of udder infec on
Ÿ Tie the cow's hind legs so that the tail does not swish around
Ÿ Do not use a cloth to clean the udder and teats because it is unhygienic and can cause problems such as
mas s
Ÿ Wash the hands before milking and hands should be moist but not dripping wet
Ÿ Do not dip the hands into the milk
Ÿ Pour the milk into a container through a ﬁne metal gauze strainer or muslin. Tie it so that dirt cannot bypass
it
Ÿ Keep the milk refrigerated or in a cool place a er milking

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Trainer Guide

Do
Ÿ Provide training them to do hand milking in a correct manner

Notes for Facilitation

Ÿ Step wise explanation of hand milking
Ÿ Demonstration or hands on training for hand milking

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Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur

UNIT 6.2: MILKING MACHINE

Unit Objectives
After completing this session the trainees will be able to get scientific knowledge on:
Ÿ Systema c and opera on skill of milking machine

Say

Ÿ This chapter explain parts of milking machine and its own merits and demerits
Introduc on
Ÿ Dairy ca le are milked by machine. Milking machine design and func on is cri cal for rapid and efficient
removal of milk without damage to the teat or gland and with minimal risk for transmi ng pathogenic
microorganisms that might cause mas s.
Modern milking machine
Ÿ Modern milking machines are capable of milking cows quickly and efficiently, without injuring the udder, if
they are properly installed, maintained in excellent opera ng condi ons, and used properly. The milking
machine performs two basic func ons.
1. It opens the streak canal through the use of a par al vacuum, allowing the milk to flow out of the teat
cistern through a line to a receiving container.
2. It massages the teat, which prevents conges on of blood and lymph in the teat.

Milking machine parts

1. A calf and the machine- similar fashion
2. Tongue, Dental pallet and jaw movement of the calf by the inﬂa on tube, pulsator and vacuum pump.
3. 352mm Hg- Ca le
4. 400mm Hg in Buﬀaloes

Ÿ The machine includes teat cups that contact the cow's teats and remove the milk, a claw where milk pools
as it is removed from the four teats, vacuum tubes that provide vacuum to the teat cups and a milk tube
that removes milk away from the claw, a source of vacuum for the machine, and a pulsator that regulates
the on-oﬀ cycle of the vacuum
Ÿ Many milking machines today have an automa c take-oﬀ (ATO or detacher) device that removes the
machine from the cow when milking is completed.

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Trainer Guide

Ÿ In addition, many milking machine systems are linked to a computer system that both regulates the
machine and generates data about the cow and its milk as milking is occurring. The description below is an
overview of the milking machine components.
Ÿ The milking system is divided into the milking side and the pulsator side. When the system is turned on,
vacuum is created everywhere by a vacuum pump that removes air from the system.
Ÿ When the cows are not attached to the milking system, the vacuum created will be the same on both the
milking side and the pulsator side of the system.
Ÿ When the cows are attached to the milking system by the milking claws, milk and vacuum are present on the
milking side.
Ÿ This will cause the vacuum on the milking side of the system to be somewhat lower than the vacuum on the
pulsator side. The pulsator side will never have milk, only vacuum or air.
Ÿ The easiest way to understand the milking system is to look at the action taking place at the teat cup level.
Ÿ There are 4 teat cups with liners attached to the milking claw. The area between the liner and the claw is
part of the pulsator side of the system.
Ÿ The area between the teat and the liner is on the milking side of the system. The pulsators are devices that
sit on top of the pulsator lines on the pulsator side of the system.
Ÿ They alternately expose the area between the liner and the shell to air and vacuum.
Ÿ When exposed to vacuum, the liner is pulled open around the teat and milk flows. Milk flows because the
teat is exposed to vacuum.
Ÿ When exposed to air, the liner collapses around the teat, and the teat is not exposed to the vacuum on the
milking side of the system, so milk ceases to flow and the teat rests. This is how the cow is milked. This
pulsator action generally takes place around 60 times a minute.

Advantages
Ÿ Saving of labour expenses
Ÿ Reduction of dependency on skilled farm workers
Ÿ Enables rearing of larger herd strength
Ÿ 3-4 times faster than hand milking
Ÿ Increase in the milk yield
Ÿ Increase in the quality of milk
Ÿ Reduces stress throughout the lactation by creating good milking routines

Limitations
Ÿ Some of the older cows which are accustomed to hand milking may not adjust to machine milking
Ÿ Standby power supply is essential
Ÿ High initial investment and training of staff
Ÿ Negligence in following the strict cleaning procedures would lead to severe contamination and higher
incidence of mastitis
Ÿ Greater water requirement for cleaning of equipment
Ÿ Prompt service and availability of spares is essential

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Trainer Guide

Do
Ÿ Provide skill exercise to identify different parts of the machine milking apparatus

Notes for Facilitation

Ÿ Explanation milking machine apparatus
Ÿ Spotter exhibition of milking machine

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Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur

UNIT 6.3: OPERATIONAL STEPS IN MACHINE MILKING

Unit Objectives
After completing this session the trainees will be able to get scientific knowledge on:
Ÿ Step wise procedure for skill opera on of milking machine

Say

Ÿ This chapter explain arrangements for machine milking and opera on of the milking machine
Check foremilk and udder for mas s.
Ÿ Examine the udder for swelling, heat, or pain, and, using a strip cup or plate, examines the foremilk from
each quarter prior to every milking.

Wash teats with an udder wash sani zing solu on.

Ÿ Washing each teat aids milk letdown and removes mud, dirt, manure, and other foreign objects on the skin.

Applica on of the machine:

Ÿ The milking machine should be applied within one minute of the ini al wiping of the teats to take maximum
advantage of the milk letdown response
Ÿ The milker holds the claw in hand, the vacuum is turned on and four teat cups are applied as eﬃciently as
possible, with minimal sucking of air when teat cups are turn up to place on the teat ends. Milk should start
ﬂowing immediately
Ÿ Adjust the machine so that it hangs straight down from the cow. Teat cups that ride-up excessively high on a
teat should be adjusted. This situa on can poten ally cause irrita on to the teat lining

Machine-on me:
Ÿ Maximal intramammary pressure caused by milk letdown occurs at about one minute a er udder
prepara on begins and con nues for about 5 minutes
Ÿ Shortly a er that the milk flow will drop to a point where the automa c take-offs will detach the milking
machine. Most cows will milk out in 5 to 7 minutes.
Ÿ Some cows are slow to milk out. This may occur because they produce more milk than can be removed in 5
minutes, even with maximal removal efficiency. Or, cows may have structural problems with the teat end or
inside the udder that makes them milk out slowly. In the la er case, because the machine is on the cow
repeatedly for long periods, the cows may be expose to more chances of contac ng mas s-causing
pathogens.

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Trainer Guide

Detaching the machine at the end of milking:

Ÿ The vacuum must be turned off before the machine is removed. Otherwise, pulling on the teat cups while
the vacuum is still on may cause trauma to the teat ends, weakening the sphincter muscles that keep the
streak canal closed.
Ÿ Normally it takes about one hour after milking for the streak canal to re-close. Any teat end trauma may
compromise the ability the sphincter muscles to close the canal and prolong the exposure of the teat end to
mastitis-causing pathogens post-milking.
Ÿ Most people milking cows tend to over-milk the udder. In an effort to remove all of the milk, they will
physically push down on the claw or pull down on one or more teat cups. This is called machine stripping,
and while it does result in removal of more milk from the quarters, it also results in over milking and more
stress on the gland. The purpose of the automatic take-off (ATO) is to prevent this over milking.
Ÿ The milking system detects flow rate of milk coming from the gland. When that flow rate drops to a
specified level, the vacuum is turned off and a mechanical arm or chain retracts and pulls the machine from
the cow's udder. Many modern milking machines do not require the person milking the cow to manually
remove the suction cups.
Ÿ Once one quarter has been milked dry, they automatically fall off, one by one. Teat dip the cows within one
minute after take off. This will safeguard disinfection and protection of the teat canal while it still is open.
Ÿ It is important to keep the dairy cow standing for a while after milking. This will give some time for the wax
like seal of the teat orifice to seal back up. A good solution is to have a rack of fresh hay and fresh water
available right after they exit the milking parlour.

Do
Ÿ Provide training them to operate machine milking in a correct manner

Notes for Facilitation

Ÿ Notes on dairy farm waste utilization
Ÿ Field visit (recycling unit) is necessary
Ÿ Demonstration of recycling methods of waste (like composting)

Notes

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Trainer Guide
ASCI
Agriculture Skill Council of India

7. Forage Conserva on
Unit 7.1 - Importance of Fodder
Unit 7.2 - Cul va on of Fodder
Unit 7.3 - Silage Making
Unit 7.4 - Nutri on In Diﬀerent Fodder
Unit 7.5 - Fodder Feeding Management

AGR/N4106
Trainer Guide

Key Learning Outcomes

After completing this session the trainees will be able to:

Ÿ Importance of fodder nutri on
Ÿ Classiﬁca on of green fodder
Ÿ Use of tree fodder
Ÿ Planning and scheduling of crop rota on
Ÿ Use of crop residues
Ÿ Cul va on of model fodder unit

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Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur

UNIT 7.1: Importance of Fodder

Unit Objectives
After completing this session the trainees will be able to get scientific knowledge on:
Ÿ Scien ﬁc knowledge on importance of fodder in dairy farming

Say

Ÿ This chapter covers green fodder classifica on and value of green fodder nutri on
Introduc on
Ÿ Produc on of fodder plays a major role in feed of milch animals, thereby providing required nutrients for
milk produc on and health of the dairy animals. Green fodder produc on provides the be er op on of
feed buying alterna ve for farmers who are planning to go for dairy farming
Merits of green fodder produc on
Ÿ It provides best way of nutrients for animals and has a effects on their growth and health
Ÿ It reduces the feed cost
Ÿ Green fodder can be u lized for silage making
Ÿ These fodder varie es are mostly perennial so can get more fodder cul va on for each year
Ÿ Cul va on and maintenance cost is low compared to other feed ingredients
Classifica on of fodder on the basis of season of cul va on
Ÿ Kharif fodder (June – September) : Eg . Cowpea, Field bean, Bajra, Sorghum, Maize
Ÿ Rabi fodder (October – Dec/Jan) : Eg. Berseem, Lucerne, Oats, Barley etc.,
Ÿ Summer fodders (April – June) : Eg. cowpea, Maize, Field bean, Sorghum, Bajra etc.
Classifica on based on Plant family and dura on of the crop
Ÿ Legumes (Annual and Perennial) : Eg. Berseem, Cowpea, Stylo, Hedge Lucerne
Ÿ Non – legumes (Annual and Perenial) : Eg. Hybrid Napier, Guinea grass, Fodder maize, Fodder sorghum etc.
Ÿ Tree fodder: Eg. Leucaena leucocephala, Erythrina indica, Acacia nilo ca, etc.

Legume fodder
Ÿ Dairy animal in the smallholder sector depend on natural pastures and crop residues for the greater part of
the year.
Ÿ During the dry season, the natural pastures and crop residues available for animals a er crop harvest are
usually ﬁbrous and devoid of most essen al nutrients including proteins, energy, minerals and vitamins
which are required for increased rumen microbial fermenta on and improved performance of the animal.
Ÿ One poten al way for increasing the quality and availability of feeds for smallholder ruminant animals in
the dry season may be through the use of shrub legumes

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Trainer Guide

Ÿ Legumes are the most important component of animal fodder in view of their high content of crude protein
(20 – 25%) compared to fodder cereals (8 – 12%) and fodder grasses (5 – 10%)
Ÿ Non leguminous fodders (Cereal and grass) provided much of the required energy (carbohydrates) for
livestock while legumes improve the quality of fodders when mixed with non-leguminous fodders
Ÿ Green fodders of non-legumes are fed in bulk quantities (about 10% of body weight of the animal) whereas
those of legumes are fed in small quantities (1-2% of body weight).
Ÿ If legumes are fed in bulk, it may create problems like bloat in animals.

Non-legumes fodder
Ÿ Non legumes refer to all grasses belonging to the family of plants, gramineae comprising 450 genera and
more than 6000 species distributed throughout the world.
Ÿ Grasses considerably vary in their habits, size and habitat. Some grasses are annuals, while others are
perennials.
Ÿ Another group of non-legumes is the Cereal fodders. They play an important role in the feeding of dairy
animals.
Ÿ Farmers in general are not growing cereals exclusively for fodder purpose. Rather they grow them mainly
(straw / stover) is used as cattle feed. But such straw/stover are very poor in their nutritive value compared
to their value as green fodder.
Ÿ However there are varieties available in the cereal group exclusively meant for fodder purpose and in such a
case the crop should not be allowed for grain setting.

Value of tree fodder

Ÿ Trees, which can be grown either in combination with agricultural crops or on separate land usually not fit
for agriculture, offer opportunity of producing green nutritious fodder for the livestock.

Desirable features of a tree species:

1. Be reasonably easily and reliably established
2. Having good competitive ability against weeds
3. Remain grandly productive under repeated ability or grazing and browsing
4. It will be well adopted to different climatic condition
5. As compared to other fodder, it requires less fertilizer
6. Mostly having resistant against local pests and diseases
7. Have good nutritive value
8. Palatability and acceptability to animal is comparatively high

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Trainer Guide

Do
Ÿ Provide to exercise to identify different green fodders

Notes for Facilitation

Ÿ Notes for importance of green fodder in dairy farming
Ÿ Exhibition of different green fodders

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Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur

UNIT 7.2: CULTIVATION OF FODDER

Unit Objectives
After completing this session the trainees will be able to get scientific knowledge on:
Ÿ Scien ﬁc knowledge to establish the model fodder plot

Say

Ÿ This chapter covers planning and scheduling of crop rota on, crop residues usage and model fodder unit
cul va on
Introduc on

Ÿ Awareness and adop on of improved fodder produc on and conserva on technologies among farmers
will increase the produc on & availability of green fodder in term of quality and quan ty signiﬁcantly.

List of various fodders

Crop rota on

Ÿ Suitable crop rota on can enhance produc vity of the land and availability of the green fodder throughout
the year

Crop rota on schedule

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Trainer Guide

Tips for fodder production

Ÿ Select the seeds of high yielding varieties or hybrids of fodder crops
Ÿ Choose suitable crop rotation
Ÿ short duration fodder crops during the swap over season
Ÿ Legume as an inter-crop or as mixed crop with a non-legume crop to enhance the nutritional value of fodder
and improve soil fertility
Ÿ Plant perennial grasses like hybrid napier bajra/guinea grass in about 15 to 20 per cent of the cultivated area
to get green fodder round the year
Ÿ Plant tree fodders on farm boundaries to get green fodder during the lean period
Ÿ Harvesting the fodder at correct stage
Ÿ Adopt modern practices like hay or silage making to overcome the problems raised in scarcity period
Ÿ Use chaff-cutter to minimize the fodder wastage

Effect of Crop Residues

Ÿ Due to regional and seasonal imbalances, there is considerable wastage of crop residues in areas of surplus,
while there is a perennial shortage of dry fodder in some areas. Not only productivity of livestock is affected
due to regional imbalances and shortages, but also huge expenditure is incurred on transportation of crop
residues due to low bulk density of biomass

Ÿ The straw recovery, enrichment and densification machines not only provide additional roughage for cattle
but also help in increasing farm productivity and providing cleaner environment

Do
Ÿ Allow them to do model cultivation unit by using 1 acre land

Notes for Facilitation

Ÿ Explanation of crop rotation and usage of crop residues
Ÿ Field visit to fodder cultivation land is necessary

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Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur

UNIT 7.3: SILAGE MAKING

Unit Objectives
After completing this session the trainees will be able to get scientific knowledge on:
Ÿ Scien ﬁc knowledge to establish the model fodder plot

Say

Ÿ This chapter covers fodder selec on and stepwise procedure for silage making
Introduc on
Ÿ Forage which has been grown while s ll green and nutri ous can be conserved through a natural 'pickling'
process. Lac c acid is produced when the sugars in the forage plants are fermented by bacteria in a sealed
container ('silo') with no air
Ÿ Forage conserved this way is known as 'silage' and will keep for up to three years without deteriora ng
Suitable fodder for silage making
Ÿ Fodder maize, Fodder sorghum, Bajra, Hybrid Napier, Sugar cane tops, etc are suitable for silage making
Ÿ Preference for cereal green fodder is due to it has more sugar content than protein, as sugar is u lised in
fermenta on process to make lac c acid by microorganisms.
Ÿ These cereal fodder crops have hard stem, which takes more me for drying in making hay of these crops, so
it is be er to use these kinds of crops for making silage than hay.
Methods of silage making
Ÿ Pit method
Ÿ Tank method
Ÿ Depending upon local situa on like ground water level, number of animals & dura on of feeding silage to
animals, decide shape & size of construc ng pit/tank for silage making.
Ÿ For pit method, select loca on for making pit at higher level on ground so that rain water may not percolate
in to pit.
Ÿ In rectangular pit, corner edges should be making round so that while ﬁlling & pressing chaﬀed fodder, air
will not remain inside in the corners of pit or tank. Wall of pit/tank should be air proof to avoid air too come
inside in pit /tank through cracks or crevices
Ÿ To avoid this situa on, plaster wall of silo pit or tank with cement or moistened soil. If ground water level is
nearer, then go for building tank for silage making than pit method. If plastering cement to the wall of
pit/tank is uneconomical, then you may use HDPE plas c paper (200 micron) to cover pit/tank inside out
posi on.

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Trainer Guide

Treatment for Silage

Ÿ For making best quality & balanced silage, needs proper treatment of additives like-
Ÿ Per ton of chaffed green fodder requires 1 kg urea, 2 kg jaggary, 1 kg common salt, 1 kg mineral mixture & 1
litre of whey.
Ÿ Prepare separate solution in 15 to 20 litres of water for urea, jaggary, mineral mixture & common salt in
separate pots/buckets & then spread it on layer of pressed chaffed green fodder while filling silo pit/tank.
Stepwise procedure of silage making
Ÿ Prior to filling silo pit / tank, clean& dry it.
Ÿ Cover with plastic film inside pit/tank in such way that it will cover all sides of pit/tank.
Ÿ For making silage, chaffing of fodder is essential component. With the help of chaff cutter machine, make
pieces of 1.5cm. to 2 cm. length of green maize, sorghum, sugarcane tops, fodder bajra etc for filling silo pit
Ÿ Prepare separate solution in 15 to 20 litres of water for urea, jaggary, mineral mixture & common salt in
separate pots/buckets & then spread it on layer of pressed chaffed green fodder while filling silo pit/tank
Ÿ Start to fill chaffed green fodder in pit or tank
Ÿ After making 4” thick layer of chaffed green fodder, press it with wooden plank(Like Mortar) in such a way
that air will not entangled in chaffed fodder. Then sprinkle it with prepared solution of jaggary, mineral
mixture, urea, common salt & whey
Ÿ Follow the same procedure until filling of pit/tank 1 to 1.5 feet above the ground level(In pit).Then covet it
from plastic film from all side carefully
Ÿ Covet it with Trash, Wheat straw, Soil & dry hay to protect it from entering rain water in to it. If possible to
temporary arrangement of shed above the silo pit/tank
Ÿ It will require 45 to 60 days to make good quality of silage
Quality of Silage

Ÿ Mould: If silage while filling pit/tank, not well pressed; there will be growth of mould

Ÿ Odour: Good quality silage has sweet & sour taste

Ÿ Colour: Good quality silage has faint green or brownish colour. Rotten silage has black colour

Ÿ pH: Good quality silage has pH of 3.5 to 4.2

Advantages of silage
Ÿ It is stable for longer period of time
Ÿ Reduce the nutrient loss compared with hay production
Ÿ Economical use of plants with high yield of green fodder
Ÿ Better use of land with 2-3 crops per annum
Ÿ Silage making is suitable for both cold and cloudy weather
Ÿ Plants can be harvested at optimal phase of development and are efficiently used by animal

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Trainer Guide

Disadvantages of silage
Ÿ Marketing potentiality of silage is low
Ÿ Compared to hay, silage having less amount of vitamin D
Ÿ The weight increases the manipulation costs
Ÿ It does not allow the longer transportation

Do
Ÿ Allow them to do model silage unit
Ÿ Advice the trainees to construct silage unit in their own farm

Notes for Facilitation

Ÿ Notes on silage making procedures
Ÿ Field visit to silage unit is necessary

Notes

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Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur

UNIT 7.4: NUTRITION IN DIFFERENT FODDER

Unit Objectives
After completing this session the trainees will be able to get scientific knowledge on:
Ÿ Nutrients availability in green and tree fodders

Say

Ÿ This chapter says nutri ve value of green and tree fodder

Nutri ve value of fodder crops
Ÿ These are highly diges ble (55 – 65%) mostly when harvested at a proper me. The crude protein may
range from as li le as 3% in very mature forages to over 30% in young heavily fer lized grass (on DM basis)
Ÿ The soluble carbohydrate of grasses ranges in the dry ma er from 4-30%. The cellulose and hemicellulose
are generally within the range of 20-30% and 10-30% of the dry ma er respec vely
Ÿ Grass proteins are par cularly rich in arginine, glutamic acid and lysine. Green forages are excellent source
of carotene 250mg/kg), the precursor of vitamin A
Ÿ Generally leguminous fodder contain 8-12% DCP and 45-60% TDN
Ÿ The phosphorus content of leguminous fodder are poor. It is advisable to supplement a ra on containing a
large amount of leguminous fodder with a limited quan ty of wheat or rice bran, which is rich in
phosphorus
Ÿ The non-leguminous fodder are having 2.5% DCP and 45-60% TDN on dry ma er basis
Ÿ Green fodder is the primary source of vitamin A. Vit.A is present in the form of precursor
Ÿ Green fodder contains 100 mg carotenes /Kg when compared with about 20 mg /Kg in silage
Ÿ Carotene Content of some fodder: Agathi 18.3 mg / 100 dry ma er; Lucerne 15.6 mg / 100 dry ma er;
Guinea grass-14.2 mg / 100 dry ma er and Desmodium 7.09 mg / 100 dry ma er

Nutri ve value of tree fodders

Ÿ Shrubs and leguminous trees are good source of diges ble crude protein (DCP) for supplementary feeding
to farm animals. Tree leaves are useful as protein supplements to straws and low protein fodder. Tree leaves
are good sources of calcium but low in phosphorus.

Conclusion
Ÿ Ideal fodder produc on is depends on maximum yield of diges ble nutrient per hectare or maximum
livestock products from unit area. Hence nutri ve values of each fodder is helpful for ideal dairy
management

135
Trainer Guide

Do
Ÿ Advice the trainees to remember the nutritive value of each fodder

Notes for Facilitation

Ÿ List for nutritive value of green and tree fodder

136
Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur

UNIT 7.5: FODDER FEEDING MANAGEMENT

Unit Objectives
After completing this session the trainees will be able to get scientific knowledge on:
Ÿ Scien ﬁc basis for green fodder feeding management

Say

Ÿ This chapter says fodder feeding management to dairy animals

Introduc on
Ÿ Feed alone cons tute 60 per cent of the produc on cost of milk. The farm manager should carefully plan a
cropping programme to ensure year round supply of mixture of leguminous and non leguminour forages.
However, feeding of cereal and legume green fodder alone meets the nutrient requirements for cows that
producing up to 10 kg of milk. Feeding of fodder mainly based on DCP and TDN content of the fodder

Nutrient requirement of cow

Particular Requirement for maintenance of Additional requirement per kg

450 kg body weight cow milk with 4% fat
DCP 275g/day 45 g
TDN 3.33kg/day 315 g

Nutrient composition of fodder crops

Ÿ Highly digestible (55 – 65%) mostly when harvested at a proper time
Ÿ Crude protein may range from as little as 3% in very mature forages to over 30% in young heavily fertilized
grass (on DM basis)
Ÿ Soluble carbohydrate of grasses ranges in the dry matter from 4-30%
Ÿ Cellulose and hemicellulose are generally within the range of 20-30% and 10-30% of the dry matter
respectively
Ÿ Grass proteins are particularly rich in arginine, glutamic acid and lysine
Ÿ Leguminous fodder contains 8-12% DCP and 45-60% TDN

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Trainer Guide

Ÿ Phosphorus content of leguminous fodder are poor. It is advisable to supplement a ration containing a large
amount of leguminous fodder with a limited quantity of wheat or rice bran, which is rich in phosphorus
Ÿ Non-leguminous fodders are having 2.5% DCP and 45-60% TDN on dry matter basis
Ÿ Green fodder is the primary source of vitamin A. Vit.A is present in the form of precursor. Green fodder
contains 100 mg carotenes /Kg when compared with about 20 mg /Kg in silage

Nutrient composition of tree fodder

Ÿ The nutritive value of shrubs and tree species vary widely due to varying inherent nutritive value between
species and within species because of climatic and edaphic conditions, cutting and grazing strategies and
the soil in which the plant is growing.

Quantity of green fodder for feeding dairy cow at different stages of lactation

Quantity of green grass to be give (kg)

Animal
for animal weighing
type
250 kg 300 kg 350 kg
Dry cow 25 30 35
Milch cow 25 30 35

Nutritive value corresponding with intake of fodder

Volume Nutritive value (%)

Particulars intake % of Remarks
body weight DCP TDN

Green cereal + 2.5 10-15 55-65 Maintenance with 5 -6 kg

legume forages of milk production
Green cereal 2.0 3-6 50-55 Maintenance with 2 -5 kg
forages of milk production
Cereal hay 1.5 13 40-50 Sub maintenance
Straw >1.5 0.5-1.0 >40 Sub maintenance

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Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur

Tips for fodder feeding management

Ÿ Physical treatments like sprinkling of molasses, water, salt solution or wilting in shade for 8 hours for
Gliricidia or neem leaves, shade welting resulted in the significant improvement in palatability rather than
feeding fresh leaves
Ÿ Roughage should be fed at the rate of 65% of dry matter requirement in ruminant animals
Ÿ The feeding of sugarcane tops increased to growth rate of calves by 29.2%.
Ÿ Subabul can make up the protein requirement for maintenance of cattle weighing 400 kg, if given at 25-30
per cent of the paddy straws. Feeding larger quantities to lactating cows gives taint in the milk. It is believed
to cause sterilitiy in cows and sows. Feeding up to 25 per cent in daily ration has not shown any adverse
effect
Ÿ Good quality roughage can save the concentrate supplement. Approximately 20 kg of grass (guinea, napier,
etc) or 6-8 kg of legume fodder (leucerne, hedge leucerne, etc) can replace 1 kg of concentrate mixture
Ÿ Half the roughage ration can be fed in the forenoon after watering and cleaning the animals. Remaining half
is fed in the evening, after milking and watering
Ÿ High yielding animals may be fed three times a day and the optimum concentrate roughage ratio on dry
matter basis should be 60:40
Ÿ Highly moist and tender grasses should be mixed with straw before feeding to prevent the occurrence of
bloat and indigestion

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Trainer Guide

Conclusion
Ÿ Fodder production with dairy farm can be encouraged for the sustainability of the dairy farming and better
on farm feed resource management

Do
Ÿ Provide exercise to calculate fodder and concentrate feeding allowance to the different categories of dairy
animal (calves, milch animlas, pregnant animals, etc.)

Notes for Facilitation

Ÿ Explanation of fodder feeding management
Ÿ Schedule for feeding allowance of dairy animals

140
Trainer Guide
ASCI
Agriculture Skill Council of India

8. Entrepreneurship
Unit 8.1 - Prepara on of Project Report
Unit 8.2 - Availability of Bank Loan
Unit 8.3 - Insurance Facil es
Unit 8.4 - Marke ng Management
Unit 8.5 - Retail Milk Market
Unit 8.6 - Value Added Milk Product

AGR/N4107
Trainer Guide

Key Learning Outcomes

After completing this session the trainees will be able to:

Ÿ Segmenta on of project report
Ÿ Scheme formula on to avail bank loan
Ÿ Scru ny of scheme by bank
Ÿ Lending terms

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Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur

UNIT 8.1: PREPARATION OF PROJECT REPORT

Unit Objectives
After completing this session the trainees will be able to get scientific knowledge on:
Ÿ Project report prepara on for ﬁnancial investment arrangements in order to safe guarding the farm

Say

Ÿ This chapter enlightens segmenta on of project reports for new farm construc on and maintenance
1. Produc on Capacity And Price Per Annum

S.No Description Amount Rs.

1 Production of milk per

year @ rate of X litres per cow

2 Selling price of the milk

2. project cost/capital investment

S.No Description Amount Rs.

1 Preliminary & Preoperative Expns ( land cleaning)

2 Land leasing cost and registration

3 Planting cost of CO4, hedge lucerne, sorghum, agathi, maize, etc.

4 Labour

5 Animal

6 Insurance

7 construction of shed

8 Equipment (grass cutter and chaff cutter)

Total project cost

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3. means of finance

S.No Description Investors Amount Rs.

1 Promoter Contribution

2 Contribution of per investor

3 Subsidy /Soft Loan

4 Term Loan

4. Financial aspects
A. Fixed capital

(1) Land and Buildings

(2) Machinery and equipment

Cow cost

Shed cost

Milk testing machine cost

Equipment cost

Insurance rate

B. WORKING CAPITAL
1. Salaries & Wages (per month)
S.No Description Amount Rs.

1 Supervisor/Entrepreneur

2 Unskilled

2. Raw Material (per month)

S.No Description Amount Rs.

1 Feed

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3. Utilities (per month)

S.No Description Amount Rs.

1 Power

2 Water

4. Other Expenses (per month)

S.No Description Amount Rs.

1 Stationery Expenses

2 Transportation Expenses

3 Miscellaneous Expenses

Total working capital (per month) = Salaries & Wages + Raw material + Utilities + Other expenses
5. COST OF PRODUCTION (PER ANNUM)
S.No Description Amount Rs.

1 Total working capita l

2 Depreciation

3 Interest

6. TURN OVER (PER YEAR)

S.No Description Amount Rs.

1 Total working capital

2 Depreciation

3 Interest

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7. PROFIT ANALYSIS & RATIOS

S.No Description Amount Rs.

1 Net profit

2 Profit per month

3 Return on Investment for investors share per

Month

Summary

DESCRIPTION 1 year 2 year 3 year 4 year 5 year

Capital cost

Recurring cost

Total cost

Profit from milk

Profit from sale of new born cow

( Ready to sale at 3 year end)

Total benefit

Net profit

Profit per month

Investors profit per

Month

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Trainer Guide

Do
Ÿ Allow them to do analyze the profit ratio of given project

Notes for Facilitation

Ÿ Provide basic information for preparing the project report

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Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur

UNIT 8.2: AVAILABILITY OF BANK LOAN

Unit Objectives
After completing this session the trainees will be able to get scientific knowledge on:
Ÿ Financial investment arrangements and safe guarding the farm through banks

Say

Ÿ This chapter enlightens important points for applying bank loan for new farm construc on and
maintenance
Financial Assistance Available from Banks/NABARD for Dairy Farming
Loan from banks with refinance facility from NABARD is available for star ng dairy farming
Ÿ For obtaining bank loan, the farmers should apply to the nearest branch of a commercial bank, regional
rural bank or co-opera ve bank in their area in the prescribed applica on form which is available in the
branches of financing banks.
For dairy schemes with very large outlays, detailed project reports will have to be prepared
Ÿ The items of finance would include capital asset items such as purchase of milch animals, construc on of
sheds, purchase of equipments etc.
Ÿ The feeding cost during the ini al period of one/two months is capitalized and given as term loan. Cost
towards land development, fencing, digging of well, commissioning of diesel engine/pumpset, electricity
connec ons, essen al servants' quarters, godown, transport vehicle, milk processing facili es etc. can be
considered for loan.
Ÿ Cost of land is not considered for loan.

Scheme Formula on for bank loan

Ÿ A Scheme can be prepared by a beneficiary a er consul ng local technical persons of State Animal
Husbandry Department, DRDA, Dairy Co-opera ve Society / Union /Federa on / commercial dairy farmers.
Ÿ If possible, the beneficiaries should also visit progressive dairy farms and government / military /
agricultural university dairy farms in the vicinity and discuss the profitability of dairy farming. A good
prac cal training and experience in dairy farming will be highly desirable.
Ÿ The dairy co-opera ve socie es, if exis ng in the villages would provide all suppor ng facili es par cularly
for marke ng of fluid milk. Nearness of dairy farm to such a society, veterinary aid centre, ar ficial
insemina on centre should be ensured. There is a good demand for milk, if the dairy farm is located near
urban centre.

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Trainer Guide

Ÿ The scheme should include information on land, livestock markets, availability of water, feeds, fodder,
veterinary aid, breeding facilities, marketing aspects, training facilities, experience of the farmer and the
type of assistance available from State Government, dairy society/union/federation.
Ÿ The scheme should also include information on the number and types of animals to be purchased, their
breed, production performance, cost and other relevant input and output costs with their description.
Ÿ Based on this, the total cost of the project, margin money to be provided by the beneficiary, requirement of
bank loan, estimated annual expenditure, income, profit and loss statement, repayment period, etc. can be
worked out and shown in the Project report.
Scrutiny of Schemes by banks
Ÿ The scheme so formulated should be submitted to the nearest branch of the bank. The bank's officer can
assist in preparation of the scheme or filling in the prescribed application form.
Ÿ The bank will then examine the scheme for its technical feasibility and economic viability.
(A) Technical Feasibility - this would briefly include
Ÿ Nearness of the selected area to veterinary, breeding and milk collection centre and the financing bank's
branch
Ÿ Availability of good quality animals in nearby livestock market
Ÿ Availability of training facilities
Ÿ Availability of good grazing ground/lands, green/dry fodder, concentrate feed, medicines etc.
Ÿ Availability of veterinary aid / breeding centres and milk marketing facilities near the scheme area
(B) Economic Viability - this would briefly include -
Ÿ Unit Cost
Ÿ Input cost for feed and fodder, veterinary aid, breeding of animals, insurance, labour and other overheads.
Ÿ Output costs i.e. sale price of milk, manure, gunny bags, male/female calves, other miscellaneous items etc
Ÿ Income-expenditure statement and annual gross surplus.
Ÿ Cash flow analysis.
Ÿ Repayment schedule (i.e. repayment of principal loan amount and interest).
Ÿ Other documents such as loan application form, security aspects, margin money requirements etc. are also
examined.
Ÿ A field visit to the scheme area is undertaken for conducting a techno economic feasibility study for
appraisal of the scheme.

Sanction of Bank Loan and its Disbursement

Ÿ After ensuring technical feasibility and economic viability, the scheme is sanctioned by the bank.
Ÿ The loan is disbursed in kind in 2 to 3 stages against creation of specific assets such as construction of sheds,
purchase of equipments and machinery, purchase of animals and recurring cost on purchase of
feeds/fodders for the initial period of one/two months

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Lending terms – General

Outlay
Ÿ Outlay of the project depends on the local conditions, unit size and the components included in the project.
Prevailing market prices may be considered to arrive at the outlay.
Margin Money
Ÿ Margin depends on the category of the borrowers and range from 5 to 25%.
Interest Rate for ultimate borrower
Ÿ Banks are free to decide the rates of interest within the overall guidelines. However, for working out the
financial viability and bankability of the model projects we have assumed the rate of interest as 12 % p.a.
Security
Ÿ Security will be as per NABARD/RBI guidelines issued from time to time.
Repayment period of loan
Ÿ Repayment period depends upon the gross surplus in the scheme. The loan will be repaid in suitable
monthly/quarterly installments usually within a period of five to seven years.
Insurance
Ÿ The animals and capital assets may be insured annually or on long term master policy, where ever it is
applicable
Format for Project report preparation - Dairy Farm
General
Ÿ Nature and objectives of the proposed scheme
Ÿ Details of proposed investments
Ÿ Specification of the project area
Ÿ Name of the financing bank branch
Ÿ Status of beneficiary:(individual/Partnership/Company/Corporation/Co-operative Society/Others)
Ÿ Details of borrowers profile – Capability, Experience, Financial Soundness, Technical/Other special
Qualifications, Technical/Managerial Staff and adequacy
Technical aspects
Location, Land and Land Development - Location details of the project, Total Area of land and its cost, Site map
and Particulars of land development, fencing, gates, etc.

Financial Aspects
Ÿ Project Cost included total capital cost and recurring cost
Ÿ Down payment/margin/subsidy (Indicate source & extent of subsidy)

Financial viability particulars include Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) and Net Present
Worth (NPW)

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Trainer Guide

Financial position of the borrowers (to be furnished in case of corporate bodies/partnership firms)
Ÿ Profitability Ratio (GP Ratio and NP Ratio)
Ÿ Debt Equity Ratio
Ÿ Whether Income Tax & other tax obligations are paid up to date
Ÿ Whether audit is up to date (enclose copies of audited financial statements for the last three years)
Ÿ Lending Terms include rate of interest, grace period, repayment period, nature of security and availability
of Government guarantee wherever necessary
Ÿ Infrastructural Facilities include availability of technical staff with bank/implementing authority for
monitoring, details of technical guidance, training facilities, Govt. support /extension support, tie-up
arrangements with marketing agencies for loan recovery, insurance details, whether any subsidy is
available, if so amount per unit and arrangements for supply for green fodder and cattle feed

Do
Ÿ Preparation project repot for getting bank loan under stipulated conditions
Ÿ Allow them to do analyze the technical feasibility report of given project

Notes for Facilitation

Ÿ Provide basic information on financial investment through nationalized banks

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Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur

UNIT 8.3: INSURANCE FACILITIES

Unit Objectives
After completing this session the trainees will be able to get scientific knowledge on:
Ÿ Scien ﬁc knowledge on safe guarding the farm through diﬀerent dairy ca le insurance schemes

Say

Ÿ This chapter enlightens important points for applying dairy ca le insurance

Ca le Insurance
Applicability:
Ÿ Applicable to indigenous, cross breed and exo c ca le owned by/ belonging to private owners various
financial ins tu on i.e. Bank-financed, Military dairy farms, Co-opera ve/Corporate dairies etc
Ca le means and Include - Milch cows and Buffaloes, Calves/Heifers, Stud Bulls, Bullocks/He buffaloes and
Mithuns

Age Group
a) Milch cows 2 years or age at first calving to 10 years b) Milch Buffaloes3 years or age at first calving to 12
yearsc) Stud bulls 3 years or earlier age at sexual maturity to 8 years d) Bullocks/He buffaloes3 years to 12
yearse) Calves/Heifers4 months upto date of 1st calving
(No relaxa on in upper age-limits is allowed)

Valua on
Ÿ Valua on based on market value as on date and place and to be decided on the basis of recommenda ons
of the local veterinary surgeon.
Sum Insured: Not exceeding market value.
Scope of Cover
· The policy shall give indemnity only for death of ca le due to:
1) Due to accident (inclusive of ﬁr ligh ng, ﬂood/inunda on, cyclones, tornado, tempest, storm,
hurricane, famine) or any other fortuitous circumstances (Fortuitous means accidental in origin).
2) Diseases (Inclusive of Rinderpest, Black Quarter Haemorrhegic Sep cemia, Foot and mouth disease
subject to vaccina on against these diseases.
3) Surgical opera ons.
4) Strike, Riot and Civil Commo on risk & Terrorism
5) Earthquake

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Trainer Guide

Exclusion
Ÿ Theft or clandestine sale, missing of insured animal.
Ÿ Malicious or willful injury or neglect/ intentional slaughter.
Ÿ Transport by air or sea or beyond 80 km by rail or road.
Ÿ Partial disablement of any type, whether permanent or temporary.
Ÿ Accident happened/Diseases contracted prior to commencement of risk.
Ÿ War & allied perils.
Premium Rates
1) 4% gross p.a. & 1% gross p.a. for PTD cover.
2) 2.25% net p.a. for IRDP (Integrated Rural Development Programme) (Any government sponsored
scheme) animals. Addl. 0.85% net p.a. for PTD cover.
3) 2% gross p.a. for exotic animals.
Additional Benefits Available
Ÿ Long term policies of 3 & 5 are years available

No of years Discount rate

3 15% on basic rate
4 25% on basic rate

Special Features
Ÿ PTD arising out of accident animal and or unable to conceive or yield milk or unable to be used for
breeding can be covered by payment of additional premium.
Points to be noted:
1) 15 days waiting period
Ÿ The company is not liable to pay the claim in the event of death of insured animal due to diseases
occurring within 15 days from the commencement or risk
2) No tag no Claim
Ÿ In the event of death of animals covered under the policy, claims shall not be entertained unless the ear
tags are surrendered to the company. In the event of loss of ear tags, it is the responsibility of the
insured to give immediate notice to the company and get the animal retagged
3) Service tax
Ÿ Exempted for IRDP Scheme policies

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Trainer Guide

Do
Ÿ List out pre conditions for insurance
Ÿ Practice them how to claim insurance

Notes for Facilitation

Ÿ Provide basic information on financial investment through coverage's insurance

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Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur

UNIT 8.4: MARKETING MANAGEMENT

Unit Objectives
After completing this session the trainees will be able to get scientific knowledge on:
Ÿ Scien ﬁc knowledge on detailed analysis of marke ng trend in dairy industry

Say

Ÿ This chapter says marke ng channels for milk producers and analysis of problems faced in marke ng of milk
Marke ng
Ÿ All the ac vi es that are involved in moving products from producers to consumers. This includes product-
exchange ac vi es, physical ac vi es and auxiliary ac vi es. The func ons of marke ng can be further
divided into buying and selling as exchange ac vi es; storage, transport, processing and standardizing as
physical ac vi es; and financing, risk-bearing and market intelligence as auxiliary ac vi es.
Marke ng chain
Ÿ The flow of commodi es from producers to consumers that brings in economic agents who perform
complementary func ons with the aim of sa sfying both producers and consumers
Marke ng node
Ÿ Any point in the marke ng chain where an exchange and/or transforma on of a dairy product takes place.
A marke ng chain may link both formal and informal market agents.
Marke ng agents
Ÿ Individuals, groups of individuals or organiza ons that facilitate the flow of dairy products from producers
to consumers through various ac vi es, such as produc on, purchasing, processing and selling. Examples
of market agents include farmers selling dairy products, retailers, wholesalers, dairy coopera ves,
importers and exporters.
Milk producers
Ÿ Rural subsistence farmers, rural market-oriented farmers, commercial dairy farmers and urban and peri-
urban milk producers.
Milk collectors
Ÿ Contractors, village milk collec on centres and dairy coopera ves (MPOs).
Dairy processors
Ÿ Large-scale private dairy processing corpora ons.

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Trainer Guide

Emerging Dairy markets

Ÿ Food service institutional market – It is growing at double the rate of consumer market
Ÿ Defense market – An important growing market for quality products at reasonable prices
Ÿ Ingredients market – A boom is forecast in the market of dairy products used as raw material in
pharmaceutical and allied industries
Ÿ Parlour market – The increasing away-from-home consumption trend opens new vistas for ready-to-serve
dairy products which would ride take credit on the fast food revolution sweeping the urban India
Challenges for marketing of milk
Ÿ Majority of the market is still un-organized
Ÿ Acceptability of the consumer base
Ÿ Less penetration to the rural market
Ÿ Lack of transparent milking pricing system
Solution to overcome the challenges for dairy marketing
Dairy cooperatives
Ÿ One of the most successful producer organization is the Indian dairy cooperative which in 2005 had a net
work of more than 100,000 village level dairy cooperatives with 12.3 million members
Ÿ National Dairy Development Board covers 1,40, 227 village level societies and 14 million farm families of
which 4 million are women. It has a daily procurement of 22 million liters of milk.
Ÿ Amul Pattern of dairy cooperatives have contributed immensely to the fact that India has progressed from a
milk-deficit country to emerge as the largest milk-producing nation in the world. In the process, they have
generated millions of days of employment for the rural poor and improved their socio-economic condition
Contract farming
Ÿ Contract farming has a potential to help the small and marginal farmers overcome constraints in accessing
inputs, credit, extension and marketing
Ÿ The problem of the higher cost of contracting with small producers is overcome by contracting with a single
person in the village often an agent who acts as an intermediary between the processor and producers
Ÿ The country's dairy sector is dominated by small holders, and contracting with a large number of them
involves transaction costs for the processors. The processors do not have much choice but to take milk from
smallholder producers.
Self Help groups and group approach
Ÿ The women's self help group (SHG) movement particularly SHG-bank linkage programme has spread all
over the country.
Ÿ These programme's interventions and processes have resulted in a sustained process of empowerment of
its women members.
Ÿ The real power of the SHG-bank linkage model (SBL model) lies in the economies of scale created by Self
Help Group (SHG) Federations (comprising 150−200 SHGs each). This is evident, for example, in bulk
purchase of inputs (seeds, fertilisers etc.) and marketing of outputs (crops, vegetables, milk, NTFPs etc).
Ÿ Government of India has now started National Rural Livelihoods Mission (NRLM) in 2011. There is a clear
understanding that the SBL programme can only be successful if it is tied up with livelihood programmes
such as improved agriculture, dairying, marketing etc.

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Trainer Guide

Institutional innovations
Ÿ There are many institutional innovations in input services and output marketing for marginal and small
farmers.

Do
Ÿ Provide guidance to trainees to involve different marketing activities

Notes for Facilitation

Ÿ Explanation of marketing structure for milk

Ÿ Visit to any milk cooperative society

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Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur

UNIT 8.5: RETAIL MILK MARKET

Unit Objectives
After completing this session the trainees will be able to get scientific knowledge on:
Ÿ Understand the retail marke ng system of milk

Say

Ÿ This chapter covers reorganiza on of structure of retail market on various types of retail outlet
Introduc on
Ÿ Retailing of milk in India is thoroughly unorganized. There is no supply chain management perspec ve. An
overwhelming propor on of the Rs. 4,00,000 crore retail market is unorganized. In fact, only a Rs. 20,000
crore segment of the market is organized
Retailers
Ÿ Milk shops, peri-urban farmers, rural subsistence and market-oriented farmers and retail shops.
Unorganized milk retail chain
Ÿ Milk producers directly supply milk to the consumer or through a marke ng channel
Ÿ Milk producers supply milk to the consumers through the intermediaries like middle men
Organized milk retail chain
Ÿ Milk producers supply their milk to primary coopera ve society, which further supplies to secondary
coopera ve. The milk a er processing, reaches consumers via marke ng channel either directly or through
apex coopera ve
Industry based milk retailing opportuni es

Milk Butter/Cheese/Ghee

• Ice cream manufactures • Bakery/Confectionaries

• Restaurants or food chains • Pizza retailers

• Coffee shop chains • Snacks retailers

Conclusion
Ÿ Hence farmer choose organized milk retail or industry based retailing chain for improving their status as
well as Indian economy

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Trainer Guide

Do
Ÿ Advice them to involve organized milk retailing

Notes for Facilitation

Ÿ Defined organized milk retail outlet

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Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur

UNIT 8.6: VALUE ADDED MILK PRODUCT

Unit Objectives
After completing this session the trainees will be able to get scientific knowledge on:
Ÿ know the Existence of value added milk products

Say

Ÿ This chapter covers scope for value added milk products and classiﬁca on of Indian tradi onal dairy
products
Value added dairy products
Ÿ Dairy farmers can add value to their milk by processing and marke ng their own products, such as cheeses,
yogurt, bu er, ice cream, and ﬂavored milk. Many consumers are willing to pay a premium for locally
produced, high-quality and farmstead dairy products
Ÿ India's demand for milk and milk products is increasing twice as fast as the produc on of milk. The market is
also witnessing a consumer shi towards healthier products such as UHT milk, probio c drinks, Processed
Cheese, Curd, Bu er, Milk & Ghee etc.

Classiﬁca on of Indian tradi onal dairy products

1. Heat and acid coagulated milk products
Paneer is an unaged, acid-set, non-mel ng farmer cheese made by curdling heated milk with lemon juice or
other non-rennet food acid, and then removing the whey and pressing the result into a dry unit
Chhena is like paneer, except some whey is le and the mixture is beaten thoroughly un l it becomes so , of
smooth consistency and so but ﬁrm
Sandesh is a confec on made from chhena mixed with sugar then grilled lightly to caramelize, but removed
from heat and molded into a ball or some other shape
Rasagolla is confec on made from mixture of chhena and semolina rolled into a ball and boiled in syrup

2. Fat rich dairy product

Ghee - Ghee is prepared by simmering bu er, which is churned from cream (tradi onally made by churning
yogurt), skimming any impuri es from the surface, and then pouring and retaining the clear, s ll liquid fat,
while discarding the solid residue that se led on the bo om
Malai - It is made by hea ng non-homogenized whole milk to about 80 °C (180 °F) for about one hour and then
allowing to cool. A thick yellowish layer of fat and coagulated proteins forms on the surface, which is skimmed
oﬀ. The process is usually repeated to remove most of the fat.

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Trainer Guide

Cultured dairy products

Yogurt and Dahi are dairy foods that are used and consumed widely. A notable difference between these two is
that Yogurt is prepared by pasteurizing milk, whereas Dahi is prepared by boiling milk, then cooling it to room
temperature, and finally adding the previous day's mild acidic curd to it.

Mishti doi is dahi (Indian Yogurt) mixed with sugar

Shirkhand is Strained Yogurt mixed with sugar, and often flavorings such as cardamom, saffron, or fruit.
3. Heat desiccated products
Kulfi is made from slowly freezing sweetened condensed milk. In comparison to ice Cream, kulfi is not whipped
or otherwise aerated.
Khoa or Mawa is made by reducing milk in an open pan over heat.
Rabri is a sweet, condensed-milk-based dish, made by boiling the milk on low heat for a long time until it
becomes dense and changes its color to pinkish. Sugar, spices and nuts are added to it to give it flavor. It is
chilled and served as dessert.
Basundi is a sweetened condensed milk made by boiling milk on low heat until the milk is reduced by half

Do
Ÿ Provide exercise to do any one of the value added milk products

Notes for Facilitation

Ÿ Explanation of different value added milk products

Ÿ Hands on training is necessary

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Trainer Guide
ASCI
Agriculture Skill Council of India

9. Maintain Healthy
and Safety at the Work
Unit 9.1 - Water Sanita on
Unit 9.2 - Labour Hygenine
Unit 9.3 - First Aid

AGR/N9903
Trainer Guide

Key Learning Outcomes

After completing this session the trainees will be able to:

Ÿ Role of water in dairy farm
Ÿ Physical quali es of water
Ÿ Method of water sanita on
Ÿ Method of chlorina on

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Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur

UNIT 9.1: WATER SANITATION

Unit Objectives
After completing this session the trainees will be able to get scientific knowledge on:
Ÿ Water quality, water analysis and water sanita on in dairy farm

Say

Ÿ This chapter covers importance of water hygiene in dairy farm

Objec ve
Deﬁne Water
Ÿ Water is a cri cal nutrient for all living organisms. Water is essen al for health of the birds and hygienic
surroundings of the farm
Water in dairy farm
Ÿ Drinking or free water intake sa sﬁes 80 to 90 percent of the dairy cows' total water needs.
Ÿ The amount of water a cow will drink depends on her size and milk yield, quan ty of dry ma er consumed,
temperature and rela ve humidity of the environment, temperature of the water, quality and availability of
the water, and amount of moisture in her feed.
Ÿ Water is an especially important nutrient during periods of heat stress. The physical proper es of water are
important for the transfer of heat from the body to the environment.
Ÿ During periods of cold stress, the high heat capacity of body water acts as insula on – conserving body
heat.
Drinking Behavior
Ÿ Providing the opportunity for livestock to consume a rela vely large amount of clean, fresh water is
essen al.
Ÿ Water is consumed several mes per day and is generally associated with feeding or milking.
Ÿ Cows may consume 30 to 50 percent of their daily water intake within 1 hour a er milking.
Ÿ On the basis of farm studies, the length of water troughs should be 2 inches per cow with an op mal height
of 24 to 32 inches.
Ÿ Water depth should be a minimum of 3 inches to allow the animal to submerge its muzzle 1 to 2 inches
Ÿ Provide at least one watering device for every 15 to 20 cows, or a minimum of two foot of tank space per 20
cows

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Trainer Guide

Water Quality
Ÿ Water quality is an important issue in the production and health of dairy cattle
Ÿ The five properties most often considered in assessing water quality for both human and livestock use are
organoleptic properties (odor and taste), physiochemical properties (pH, total dissolved solids, total
dissolved oxygen and hardness), presence of toxic compounds (heavy metals, toxic minerals,
organophosphates and hydrocarbons), presence of excess minerals or compounds (nitrates, sodium
sulfates and iron), and presence of bacteria.
Explain method of water analysis
Ÿ New dairy farms must get the analysed water samples before starting the farm
Ÿ Analytical report should contain mineral status and microbial load of the water samples
Ÿ Interpret the water sample analysis report with veterinary surgeon
Water hygiene
Ÿ Cleanliness of the water should be maintained from water yielding point to water usage point
Ÿ Water collection should be hygienic
Ÿ Five feet surrounding the well should be cement plastered to avoid possible subsoil water contamination
Ÿ Unused water from waterers should be a discharged properly
Ÿ Waterer cleaning place should be an elevated place with proper drainage to avoid any stagnation
Ÿ There should not be any leakage in water lines
Ÿ Water storage places should be properly covered

Microbial quality of water

Contaminant Maximum acceptable level

Total heterotrophic bacteria 100 cfu/ ml

Coliform bacteria 50 cfu/ml

Ÿ If the number of microorganisms found in a water sample is too high, it indicates that the water supply is
contaminated
Ÿ Coliform bacteria are organisms normally found in the digestive tracts of livestock, and human Their
presence in water is used as a sign of fecal contamination
Ÿ Desirable bacterial count in water is 0/ml

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Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur

Discuss Physical quality of water

1. pH: (6.0 to 6.8)
2. Hardness: (No hard water)
3. Color: (Colorless)
4. Turbidity: (Free from turbidity)
5. Total solids: (Represent the total amount of solid material in a suspension or solution)
6. Dissolved oxygen: (Normal level – 7to14 ppm)
Routine monitoring of the watering system
Ÿ Check of water pressure on individual lines
Ÿ Replacement of clogged filters
Ÿ Residual chlorine levels
Ÿ Random sampling of drinkers in every line
Ÿ Inspection of pumping, water treatment, and storage sites
Observation of watering schedule
Ÿ Water should be turned on and available for one hour prior to feeding and turned off or removed one hour
after all feed is consumed
Water sanitation
1. Filtration
2. Sedimentation
3. Ozonisation
4. Ultraviolet treatment
5. Chemical treatment – Chlorination is best and cheapest method of water sanitation in poultry farm
Method demonstration of Chlorination
5 grams of stabilized bleaching powder (available chlorine level 35%)

Add 1000 litres of drinking water

Minimum contact time 60 minutes

Residual chlorine level at collection point is 0.2 ppm

Other chemicals
Ÿ Hydrogen peroxide (50%) solution, at 1ml/50 liters of water
Ÿ Iodophor compounds (1.6% available iodine)
Ÿ Quaternary ammonium compounds (1ml/10 liters of water).

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Trainer Guide

Ways to protect the water hygiene

Ÿ Contamination of water needs to be avoided
Ÿ Water stagnation should be avoided
Ÿ Inner side of water containers should be free from sliminess
Ÿ Water storage drum should be properly covered
Ÿ Proper cleaning of water tank
Ÿ Water should available in water tank at all time
Ÿ Water should be chlorinated continuously

Do
Ÿ Provide calculation for usage of chlorine in different size of water tank

Notes for Facilitation

Ÿ Explain different water sanitization methods followed in dairy farm

Ÿ Demonstrate various sanitizer used in water hygiene

Notes

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Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur

UNIT 9.2: LABOUR HYGEINE

Unit Objectives
After completing this session the trainees will be able to get scientific knowledge on:
Ÿ Understand the labour hygiene in the dairy farm

Say

Ÿ This chapter enlightens the guidelines for labour hygiene

Guidelines for labour hygiene in dairy farm
Ÿ Persons suﬀering from an illness or being a carrier of a disease which could contaminate the milk, e.g. food
poisoning, must not carry out milking or handle milk.
Ÿ All personnel should have clean hands; wear clean clothing and carryout clean prac ces.
Ÿ Adequate hand washing facili es and a hygienic method of hand drying should be available close to the
milking area.
Ÿ Smoking is not permi ed in any areas used for milking, milk storage or washing up.
Ÿ During milking and milk handling, the operator must wear clean clothing.
Ÿ Operator's hands and forearms must be thoroughly washed before milking.
Ÿ These parts, as well as gloves if worn, must be kept clean during milking and milk handling. Damaged gloves
must be replaced as soon as is prac cable.
Ÿ Milking person should be free from infec ous diseases. Cut his nails regularly, wash his/her hands and legs
before milking and wear cap or head gear.
Ÿ He/she shall not wet his hands with water or milk or saliva etc during milking.

Do
Ÿ Provide tips for labour or personnel hygiene

Notes for Facilitation

Ÿ Explain labour hygiene in the dairy farm

170
Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur

UNIT 9.3: FIRST AID

Unit Objectives
After completing this session the trainees will be able to get scientific knowledge on:
Ÿ know comprehensive view on use and applica ons of ﬁrst aid in the dairy farm

Say

Ÿ This chapter outline the first aid purpose and its applica on
First aid
Ÿ First aid includes any emergency care given to an injured or ill person before medical assistance arrives.
Due to the o en hazardous nature of farming and isola on, all people working on the farm should be
trained in basic first aid.
Basic supplies
Ÿ Basic supplies to include: adhesive medical tape, an bio c ointment, an sep c solu on, gauze in
assorted sizes, bandages including elas c wraps, co on balls, instant cold packs, duct tape, plas c bags
for disposal of contaminated items, sterile eye wash, thermometer, scissors (for cu ng bandages or
clothing), tweezers, soap or instant hand sani zer, latex gloves and a first-aid manual.
Emergency contacts

Ÿ A card inside an emergency kit should include numbers for an ambulance, hospital or ﬁre department
and have wri en direc ons on how to get back to the farmstead, ﬁeld or work area. Numbers for
poison control and emergency road service should also be included.

Addi onal safety measures

Ÿ Check the farm safety kits every three months to make sure supplies are not expired and that they ﬁt
the current season.

Ÿ Safety kits are important tools to have on the farm, but addi onal training could also be beneficial in
responding to emergencies. Consider ge ng training in first aid or other important topics to assist
when first responders can't be on the scene immediately.

Individual needs

Ÿ Make sure the kit includes personal medica ons and medical informa on for those who require special
a en on.

Ÿ Drugs to treat allergic reac ons and any other personal medica ons that don't require refrigera on
should be included. The name and a phone number of the family doctor should also be included.

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Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur

Fire
Ÿ Everyone on the farm should be familiar with the location of fire extinguishers, fire hoses and exit points
from buildings.

Ÿ Everyone should be aware of which fire extinguisher to use and how to use it.
If a fire is detected, immediately raise the alarm. Use the fire extinguisher if it is safe to do so. Never fight
a fire alone. To reduce the risk of injury from a fire:

Ÿ Have a fire plan

Ÿ Extinguish the fire (only if safe to do so)

Ÿ Alert all persons nearby and request assistance

Ÿ Call 000

Ÿ Assemble at the evacuation assembly point and ensure that everyone has been located

Ÿ Assist any person in immediate danger (only if safe to do so)

Ÿ Close the door on the fire to contain the spread

Ÿ If threat to life exists, evacuate immediately closing all doors

Ÿ Maintain control of people at the evacuation assembly area

Ÿ If you are exposed to smoke or fumes seek medical attention

Hazardous material spills and leaks

Ÿ Working with chemicals and hazardous and dangerous substances on farm means there is a possibility
of spills or leaks and people on the farm should be trained in how to handle these situations.

Ÿ Storage facilities should be constructed to contain spills and leaks; this includes chemicals in use in the
dairy, chemical store and mixing area, and fuel storage.

Ÿ For small leaks or spills from a container, move the container or empty the contents into another
container that is safe; isolate the area and keep people away.

Ÿ Clean up small spills immediately. Avoid contact with skin or breathing vapours or dust.
Ÿ A designated spill control kit should have adequate material to clean up a small spill. Dispose of
products in a safe and approved manner. Refer to the material safety data sheets for any requirements
for protective clothing and equipment for the cleaning up process.

172
Trainer Guide

Do
Ÿ Provide tips for basic materials in first aid box

Notes for Facilitation

Ÿ Notes for first aid activities in the dairy farm

173
Trainer Guide
ASCI
Agriculture Skill Council of India

10. Annexures
Annexure I : Training Delivery Plan
Annexure II : Assessment Criteria

AGR/N9903
Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur

Annexure I
Training Delivery Plan
Training Delivery Plan
Program Name: Certificate Course in Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur
Qualification Pack Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur AGR/ N4101 , AGR/ N4102, AGR/ N4108, AGR/ N4103,AGR/ N4104,
Name & Ref. ID AGR/N4105, AGR /N4106, AGR/N9903
Version No. 1.0 Version Update Date 21-01-2016
Pre-requisites to No entry level barrier; 5th Standard Passed preferable
Training (if any) One year prior experience in field (crop) operations
Training Outcomes
By the end of this program, the participants would have achieved the following
competencies:

1. Increased understanding of Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur

2. Increased knowledge about various aspects of Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur system
3. Enhanced knowledge of Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur components
4. Increased motivation to take up Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur as livelihood options
5. Increased awareness about schemes like - NHM, NHB, NABARD, Central & State
Schemes
6. Development of a strategy for adaptation of Dairy Farmer technology

S. Module Session Objectives Methodology Tools Duration

No
1 Pre-training Internal Assess the current Theory test Assessment Guide 1 hour
assessment assessment knowledge on dairy farm Trainer’s Guide
management

2 Ice Breaker Ice Breaker Introduce each other and Group Trainer’s Guide 1 hour
build rapport with fellow participation
trainees and the trainer activity

3 Interesting facts Introduction to State the interesting facts Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 1 hour
about dairy farm dairy farming about dairy cattle Discussion

4 Skills in dairy Skill activities of State the detailed farm Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 30
farming dairy farm manager duties like Discussion minutes
manager management of dairy herd,
health, reproduction and
general office work

176
Trainer Guide

5 Skills in dairy Skill activities of Explain the duties of feeder Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 30
farming Feeder (person involved in feeding Discussion minutes
and carrying of cattle)

6 Skills in dairy Skill activities of Outline the responsibilities Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 30
farming milker of the person involved in Discussion minutes
milking process

7 Cattle breeds Breed Information on different Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 1 hour
characters breed characters and its Discussion
production performance Visual aid

8 Cattle breeds Cattle Summary of cattle breed Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 30
population in and its population in India Discussion minutes
India

9 Judging the dairy Cattle body Discuss on score or grade Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 1 hour
cattle score card the cattle based on its Discussion
conformation Visual aid Skill
Hands on practical
training

10 Judging the dairy Judging Enumerate stepwise Trainer led Trainer’s 1 hour
cattle procedures procedure involved in cattle Discussion GuideVisual aid
judging Skill practical
Practical

11 Dairy industry in Dairy industry State the dairy industry Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 30
India growth growth in terms of Discussion minutes
traditional dairying,
modernized dairying and
Co-operativization

12 Dairy industry in Structure of Information on dairy Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 30

India dairy industry industry structure in India Discussion minutes

13 Dairy industry in Leading milk State the top 10 milk Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 30
India producers in producers in India Discussion minutes
India

14 Future scope of Dairy market Detailed outline on future Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 30
dairy farmer scope of the dairy farming Discussion minutes

15 Future scope of Dairy food Information of dairy food Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 30
dairy farmer products products marketing in Discussion minutes
future India

177
Trainer Guide

16 Constraints of Constraints of Discuss important Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 30

present dairy present dairy constrains and its solutions Discussion minutes
farming farming in present dairy farming Questionnaires
industry

17 Recap Recap Revise the learning of the Group Trainer’s Guide 1 hour
“Introduction to dairy participation
industry in India” Questionnaires
Quiz

18 Prepare and Selection of site Information on scientific Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 1 hour
maintain livestock for dairy approach for site selection Discussion
accommodation farming for dairy farming Field visit

19 Prepare and Layout of dairy Schematic explanation of Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 30
maintain livestock farm ideal layout of dairy farm Discussion minutes
accommodation Blue print

20 Prepare and Principles of State the principles of dairy Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 30
maintain livestock dairy housing housing Discussion minutes
accommodation

21 Prepare and Roof materials Describe different roof Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 30
maintain livestock materials for dairy farm Discussion minutes
accommodation construction Visual aids or
exhibition

22 Prepare and Housing of new Describe design and Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 30
maintain livestock born calves structure of new born Discussion minutes
accommodation calves housing Field visit

23 Prepare and Housing of Outlook on design and Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 30
maintain livestock heifer or bull management of heifer and Discussion minutes
accommodation calves bull housing Field visit

24 Prepare and Housing for State scientific planning for Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 30
maintain livestock lactating design and construction of Discussion minutes
accommodation animals housing of lactating animal Field visit

25 Prepare and Dairy cattle Information on different Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 30
maintain livestock housing system types of cattle housing Discussion minutes
accommodation system Field visit

178
Trainer Guide

26 Prepare and Housing of bull Explain planning for design Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 1 hour
maintain livestock and construction of bull Discussion
accommodation house Field visit

27 Recap Recap Revise the learning of the Group Trainer’s Guide 1 hour
“Prepare and maintain participation
livestock accommodation” Questionnaires
Quiz

28 Establish livestock Micro State the role of different Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 1 hour
within environmental environment factors to keep Discussion Skill practical
accommodation factors in dairy animal in comfort zone
farming Practical Field visit

29 Establish livestock Heat stress in Explain the heat stress Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 30
within dairy cattle mechanism in dairy cattle Discussion minutes
accommodation

30 Establish livestock Tips for Enumerate the tips for Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 30
within summer summer management in Discussion minutes
accommodation management dairy farming
Practical

31 Establish livestock Cold stress State the cold stress Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 30
within mechanism and signs in Discussion minutes
accommodation dairy cattle

32 Establish livestock Tips for Outline the preventive Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 30
within summer measures during winter Discussion minutes
accommodation management season in dairy farming
Practical

33 Establish livestock Daily Stepwise daily works Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 1 hour
within management followed in dairy farming Discussion
accommodation practices Field visit
Practical

34 Establish livestock Identification of State different Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 1 hour
within dairy cattle identification procedures Discussion
accommodation (branding, tattooing and Visual
tagging) in cattle Hands on demonstration
training

35 Establish livestock Disbudding, Explain the detailed Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 1 hour
within dehorning, procedures of disbudding, Discussion
accommodation grooming and dehorning, grooming and Visual
hoof trimming hoof trimming Hands on demonstration
training

179
Trainer Guide

36 Establish livestock Castration Demonstrate different Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 1 hour
within procedures for bull Discussion
accommodation castration Visual
Hands on demonstration
training

37 Recap Recap Revise the learning of the Group Trainer’s Guide 1 hour
“Establish livestock within participation
accommodation” Questionnaires
Quiz

38 Provide feed and Principles of Explain five basic principles Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 30
water for livestock dairy nutrition of dairy nutrition Discussion minutes

39 Provide feed and Rumen Schematic explaination of Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 30
water for livestock digestion rumen microbial digestion Discussion minutes
process and protein digestion
process in cattle

40 Provide feed and Energy and Discuss digestibility of Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 30
water for livestock protein energy and protein in cattle Discussion minutes
digestibility

41 Provide feed and TDN and DCP List the TDN and DCP values Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 30
water for livestock values of of different feed ingredients Discussion minutes
different feed
ingredients

42 Provide feed and Classification of Classify the feed stuffs Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 30
water for livestock feed stuffs based on its nature Discussion minutes

43 Provide feed and Concentrates Explain the role of Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 1 hour
water for livestock concentrates in dairy feed Discussion
Exhibition

44 Provide feed and Roughages Explain the role of Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 1 hour
water for livestock roughages in dairy feed Discussion
Exhibition

45 Provide feed and Alternate Feed Discuss alternate feed Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 1 hour
water for livestock resources for resources for dairy cattle Discussion
animals available in market Skill practical
Hands on
training

180
Trainer Guide

46 Provide feed and Feed mixing Practical estimation of feed Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 1 hour
water for livestock mixing quality Discussion
Skill practical
Practical

47 Provide feed and Trouble shoots Enumerate the steps to Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 1 hour
water for livestock in feed mixer avoid feed mixer troubles Discussion
Skill practical
Practical

48 Provide feed and Sampling of Importance of sampling in Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 1 hour
water for livestock feed each batch of feed Discussion
prepared Visual
Practical demonstration

49 Provide feed and Compound feed Explain compound feed Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 1 hour
water for livestock preparation ingredients and preparation Discussion
Skill practical

50 Provide feed and Feeding Discuss the feeding Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 1 hour
water for livestock management of management for each Discussion
cattle category of cattle

51 Provide feed and Feed Practices to formulate the Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 1 hour
water for livestock formulation ration for dairy cattle Discussion
Skill practical
Practical

52 Recap Recap Revise the learning of the Group Trainer’s Guide 1 hour
“Provide feed and water for participation
livestock” Questionnaires
Quiz

53 Maintain healthy Reproductive State reproductive Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 1 hour
performance of management management in dairy farm Discussion
livestock Visual
demonstration

54 Maintain healthy Reproductive Explain common Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 1 hour
performance of challenges and reproductive challenges in Discussion
livestock its solution dairy cattle and its solution Visual
demonstration

55 Maintain healthy Clean milk Describe steps involved in Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 30
performance of production clean milk production in Discussion minutes
livestock dairy farming Skill practical

181
Trainer Guide

56 Maintain healthy Dairy waste Explain dairy waste and its Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 30
performance of importance for recycling Discussion minutes
livestock

57 Maintain healthy Dairy waste Explain various techniques Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 1 hour
performance of recycling involved in dairy waste Discussion
livestock recycling Visual
Hands on demonstration
training

58 Maintain healthy Utensil Outline the importance of Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 30
performance of selection utensil selection in dairy Discussion minutes
livestock farming

59 Maintain healthy Utensil cleaning Enumerate the steps Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 30
performance of involved in utensil cleaning Discussion minutes
livestock

60 Maintain healthy Assessing Practices to assess the Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 1 hour
performance of utensil cleaning quality of utensil cleaning Discussion
livestock quality Visual
Hands on demonstration
training

61 Maintain healthy Vaccination Discuss vaccine storage, Visual Trainer’s Guide 1 hour
performance of handling and route of demonstration
livestock administration Visual aids

62 Maintain healthy Vaccination Outlines vaccination Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 1 hour
performance of schedule in schedule followed in dairy Discussion
livestock dairy cattle farming Visual aids

63 Maintain healthy Deworming Outlines deworming Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 30

performance of cattle in dairy schedule followed in dairy Discussion minutes
livestock cattle farming Skill practical

64 Maintain healthy Care of new Detailed discussion on care Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 1 hour
performance of born calves of new born calves and its Discussion
livestock health management Visual
Practical demonstration

65 Maintain healthy Detection of State the detection of Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 30
performance of mastitis mastitis and bacterial Discussion minutes
livestock causes for mastitis

182
Trainer Guide

66 Maintain healthy Mastitis control Explain steps involved in Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 30
performance of mastitis control Discussion minutes
livestock Visual aids

67 Recap Recap Revise the learning of the Group Trainer’s Guide 1 hour
“Maintain healthy participation
performance of livestock” Questionnaires
Quiz

68 Performing hand Steps of hand Discuss steps of hand Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 1 hour
and machine milking milking Discussion
milking Skill practical

69 Performing hand Milking Explain the parts of milking Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 1 hour
and machine machine machine Discussion Skill practical
milking

70 Performing hand Application of Guidelines for milking Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 1 hour
and machine machine machine application in dairy Discussion
milking milking cattle Data sheet

71 Performing hand Operational Explain step wise Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 1 hour
and machine steps in procedures involved in Discussion
milking machine machine milking
milking

72 Performing hand Packages of Discuss on packages of Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 1 hour
and machine hygienic hygienic practices at farm Discussion
milking practices at level
farm level

73 Recap Recap Revise the learning of the Group Trainer’s Guide 1 hour
“Performing hand and participation
machine milking” Questionnaires
Quiz

74 Forage and Leguminous Explain different Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 1 hour
concentrate fodder leguminous fodder for Discussion
cattle feeding Skill practical

Exhibition

75 Forage and Non Importance of non Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 1 hour
concentrate leguminous leguminous fodder for Discussion
fodder cattle feeding Skill practical

Exhibition

183
Trainer Guide

76 Forage and Tree fodder State tree fodder Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 1 hour
concentrate importance in cattle feeding Discussion
Exhibition

77 Forage and Crop rotation Explain how the crop Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 30
concentrate rotation increasing the land Discussion minutes
productivity Visual aids Field
Visit

78 Forage and Model fodder Practice to do model fodder Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 1 hour
concentrate cultivation unit cultivation unit Discussion

Practical

79 Forage and Crop residue Explain effects on crop Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 30
concentrate residue in dairy farming Discussion minutes

80 Forage and Fodder for State suitable fodder for Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 1 hour
concentrate silage making silage making Discussion
Skill practical

Exhibition

81 Forage and Silage making Discuss silage making Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 1 hour
concentrate methods procedures at field level Discussion
Hands on training
Practical

82 Forage and Nutritive value Enumerate nutritive value Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 30
concentrate of green fodder of green fodder Discussion minutes

83 Forage and Green fodder Explain scientific basis Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 1 hour
concentrate feeding Discussion
management For green fodder feeding
management

84 Recap Recap Revise the learning of the Group Trainer’s Guide 1 hour
“Forage and concentrate” participation
Questionnaires
Quiz

85 Entrepreneur -ship Preparation of Preparation of project Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 1 hour
project report report for dairy farming Discussion
Data sheet

184
Trainer Guide

86 Entrepreneur -ship Format for Discuss the format for Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 1 hour
project report project report preparation Discussion
preparation

87 Entrepreneur -ship Availability of Explain bank loan Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 1 hour
bank loan availability for dairy farm Discussion
startup

88 Entrepreneur -ship Insurance State insurance facilities Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 1 hour
facilities and its coverage for dairy Discussion
farming

89 Entrepreneur -ship Marketing List the marketing channels Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 30
channels for for milk producers Discussion minutes
milk producers

90 Entrepreneur -ship Emerging dairy Discuss the emerging dairy Trainer led Trainer led 30
markets markets Discussion Discussion minutes

91 Entrepreneur -ship Challenges in List the challenges and its Trainer led Trainer led 30
milk marketing solutions in milk marketing Discussion Discussion minutes

92 Entrepreneur -ship Retail milk Outline the retail milk Trainer led Trainer led 30
market marketing Discussion Discussion minutes

93 Entrepreneur -ship Value added Enumerate the value added Trainer led Trainer led 1 hour
milk products milk products Discussion Discussion

Practical

94 Recap Recap Revise the learning of the Group Trainer’s Guide 1 hour
“Entrepreneurship” participation
Questionnaires
Quiz

95 Maintain healthy Water Explain water sanitation Trainer led Trainer led 1 hour
and safety at the sanitation methods in dairy farming Discussion Discussion
work
Visual aids

96 Maintain healthy Water quality Discuss on water quality Trainer led Trainer led 1 hour
and safety at the assessment assessment in dairy farming Discussion Discussion
work
Practical Hands on training

97 Maintain healthy Labour hygiene State labour hygiene Trainer led Trainer led 1 hour
and safety at the maintenance in the farm Discussion Discussion
work

185
Trainer Guide

98 Maintain healthy First aid Explain first aid measures in Trainer led Trainer led 1 hour
and safety at the dairy farm Discussion Discussion
work
Practical Hands on training

99 Recap Recap Revise the learning of the Group Trainer’s Guide 1 hour
“Maintain healthy and participation
safety at the work” Questionnaires
Quiz

100 Employability and Employability Story line to encourage Trainer led Trainer’s Guide 1 hour
entrepreneurship and employability and Discussion
skills entrepreneursh entrepreneurship skills in
ip skills dairy farming Group
participation

186
Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur

Annexure II
Assessment Criteria
CRITERIA FOR ASSESSMENT OF TRAINEES
Assessment Criteria for ASCI- Greenhouse Operator
Job Role Dairy Farmer / Entrepreneur
Qualification Pack AGR/Q4101
Sector Skill Council Agriculture

S.No. Guidelines for Assessment

1. Criteria for assessment for each Qualification Pack will be created by the Sector Skill Council. Each
Performance Criteria (PC) will be assigned marks proportional to its importance in NOS. SSC will also
lay down proportion of marks for Theory and Skills Practical for each PC.
2. The assessment for the theory part will be based on knowledge bank of questions created by the
SSC.
Individual assessment agencies will create unique question papers for theory part for each
3.
candidate at each examination/training center (as per assessment criteria below).
Individual assessment agencies will create unique evaluations for skill practical for every student at
4.
each examination/training center based on this criteria.

5. To pass the Qualification Pack, every trainee should score a minimum of 50% in aggregate.

6. In case of successfully passing only certain number of NOS's, the trainee is eligible to take
subsequent assessment on the balance NOS's to pass the Qualification Pack.
7. The marks are allocated PC wise, however, every NOS will carry a weight age in the total marks
allocated to the specific QP.

Marks Allocation
Total Out
Assessment
Assessment Criteria Marks of Theory Skills
Outcome (450) Practical
1.AGR/ N4101
Prepare and PC1. Prepare animal accommodation which achieves the
best balance between animal health and well-being and 8 4 4
Maintain
Livestock available resources, consistent with relevant legislation
Accommodation PC2. Prepare and maintain equipment, tools and 6 3 3
materials required for livestock accommodation
PC3. Follow cleaning routine in accordance with
8 4 4
supervisor’s instructions
PC4. Dispose of waste according to established
7 5 2
workplace procedures 75
PC5. Report any hazards identified, to the supervisor
6 4 2
immediately
PC6. Maintain accommodation in a safe and clean 8 6 2
condition for livestock
PC7. Replenish materials and supplies as required by
6 3 3
livestock
PC8. Clean tools and equipment and maintain according 8 3 5
to established workplace procedures

187
Trainer Guide

PC9. Store equipment safely and securely in the assigned

6 2 4
location
PC10.Use working methods and systems which promote
health and safety and which are consistent with relevant 6 2 4
Legislation and codes of practice.
PC11.Take the appropriate action when monitoring 6 2 4
reveals problems or issues with the accommodation
75 38 37
2.AGR/ N4102
Establish PC1. Wear suitable personal protective equipment when
establishing livestock in their accommodation 2 1 1
Livestock within
Accommodation
PC2. Check that the equipment, materials and
accommodation are suitable for reception of the 2 1 1
livestock, prior to their arrival
PC3. Establish suitable environmental conditions for the
2 1 1
animals
PC4. Handle and move the livestock correctly and safely, 2 1 1
according to supervisor’s instructions
PC5. Introduce livestock into the accommodation in a
way that minimizes stress and maintains their health and 2 1 1
welfare
PC6. Deal with any difficulties arising according to 2 1 1
established workplace procedures
PC7.Carry out your work according to relevant legislation
2 2 0
And codes of practice.
25
PC8. Monitor the livestock carefully, t o ensure their on- 2 1 1
going health and welfare is maintained
PC9. Monitor environmental conditions carefully to
ensure that they promote the health and well -being of 2 1 1
livestock
PC10. Adjust and replenish materials as required by the
2 1 1
livestock

PC11. Arrange for regular cleaning of animal housing

2 0 2
areas, floors and mats of animals (if any) according to the
Animal accommodation and specification.
PC12. Carry out cleaning routines of animals as per 1 0 1
Prescribed procedures.
PC13. Arrange for regular disposal of animal waste and
1 1 0
Other wastes as per prescribed procedures .
PC14. Report problems that cannot be dealt with to the 1 1 0
supervisor immediately
25 13 12

188
Trainer Guide

3. AGR/
PC1.check that the correct quantities and types of animal feed have 10 5 5
N4103
been delivered and that they are in an acceptable condition
Provide Feed
and Water PC2.report any shortfalls or faults in delivered animal feed to the 5 2 3
for Livestock appropriate person
PC3. Handle animal feed safely, and in a way that protects it from 6 3 3
damage and contamination and minimizes wastage
PC4.store animal feed safely according to the manufacturer’s 6 4 2
recommendations, in the order in which it is to be used 100
PC5.check stored animal feed regularly for any signs of pest 8 4 4
infestation and report this to the appropriate person straight away
PC6.Check stock levels regularly and tell the appropriate person if 5 2 3
Stocks are low.
PC7.Wash hands effectively before and after handling animal feed 4 0 4
PC8.Obtain the equipment and materials needed to prepare and 8 3 5
serve animal feed
PC9.Clean work surfaces, utensils and equipment effectively before 6 2 4
and after use
PC10.Arrange for various feed and feed supplements essential for 8 4 4
Animal nutrition and growth.
PC11.Mix the appropriate proportions of feed and feed 8 3 5
Supplements depending on the age and stage of growth of animal.
PC12.Prepare the correct amount of animal feed as directed in the 6 3 3
Feeding Plan in a way that minimizes wastage
PC13.Operation and maintenance of equipment used in feed 2 1 1
Preparation e.g. chaff cutter.
PC14. Use working methods and practices throughout the process 2 2 0
that promote health and safety
PC15. Dispose of any stale and unusable animal feed in a safe place 2 2 0
And put equipment and utensils away safely.
PC16.Wear suitable personal protective equipment when providing 2 2 0
feed and water to livestock
PC17. Supply feed to livestock according to established workplace
2 0 2
procedures
PC18. Supply clean, fresh water to the animals according to their
2 2 0
needs
PC19. Report concerns, related to the feeding and drinking habits of 2 2 0
animals, to the supervisor immediately
PC20. Monitor the condition of feed and water and take the 2 2 0
appropriate action when problems occur
PC21. Clean and maintain feed and water equipment according to 2 0 2
established workplace procedures
PC22. Dispose of waste from the feeding and watering systems 2 2 0
safely and correctly, according to established workplace procedures
100 50 50

189
Trainer Guide

PC1.Treat animals in a manner which complies with relevant

4. AGR/ legislation, minimizes any likelihood of stress and injury, and 6 3 3
N4104 maintains their health and well-being
Maintain
Healthy PC2.Provide animals with sufficient and effective opportunities to 8 4 4
move, and maintain physical functioning
Performance
of Livestock PC3.Monitor the physical condition of the animals at suitable 8 2 6
intervals, and recognize, record and report any abnormal signs
100
PC4. Check livestock for presence of external parasites 8 3 5
PC5. Carry out specific measures to promote and maintain animals’ 6 3 3
health and welfare correctly and safely
PC6.Ensure records are accurate, legible and complete and comply 4 3 1
with organizational and legal requirements for future reference
PC7.Immediately summon assistance for any animals health 6 2 4
emergency, and initiate action appropriate to the situation

PC8. Manage waste safely and correctly in accordance with 8 2 6

Legislative requirements.
PC9.use and store drugs, medication and equipment in accordance 8 6 2
with veterinary instructions and organizational policy
PC10.use current and uncontaminated presc ribed medication only 8 5 3
for the intended animal
PC11. use the correct technique to give the specified treatment at 8 4 4
the correct time
PC12. Report any difficulties, in administering treatments, 6 3 3
immediately to the supervisor
PC13.Complete records of the treatment accurately, according to 8 6 2
established workplace procedures
PC14.Observe livestock after treatments and report concerns 8 4 4
immediately to the supervisor
100 50 50
5.
AGR/N4105 2 2 0
PC1. Maintain conducive milking environment
Performing
Hand and PC2.Restrain the cow in preparing her for milking 2 1 1
Machine PC3.Prepare Udder before milking 2 0 2
Milking PC4. Check for mastitis 2 0 2
PC5.Check and Adjust milking equipment, as required, to ensure 2 2 0
correct operating order
PC6.Carry out livestock health treatments during drying off, as 2 2 0
directed, with minimal stress and weight loss
PC7. Perform Milking using the right technique 2 0 2
PC8. Establish a calm regular milking routine 25 1 0 1
PC 9. Implement milking procedures with m inimum stress to 1 1 0
livestock and maximum yield within reasonable timeframes

PC10. Rectify Minor malfunctions of equipment or milking systems

are rectified to manufacturer's specifications, and more complex 1 1 0
repairs are reported for specialist attention
PC11. Implement prescribed handling practices so as to prevent 2 1 1
cross-infection during milking operations
PC12. Perform Teat dipping to prevent mastitis 2 1 1
PC13. Weigh and store the milk into milk can 2 1 1
PC14. Clean the milking pail and keep them in the designated place 2 0 2
25 12 13

190
Trainer Guide

6. PC1.Explore various forage conservation options based on the year 4 2 2

AGR/N4106 Round requirement of feed and fodder.
Forage
PC2. Identify risk factors for spoilage in forage conservation such as 75
Conservation 4 3 1
Fire, vermin and air in silage.
PC3. Ensure favorable conditions sui table for forage conservation. 5 2 3

PC4. Prepare forage conservation machinery and equipment in

accordance with manufacturer's specifications, Occupational Health 4 2 2
And Safety (OHS) requirements.
PC5. Ensure clear access to paddocks for harvesting and transport
2 1 1
Machinery.
PC6. Prepare storage facility for selected forage conservation
4 1 3
Method.
PC7. Identify safety hazards and implement OHS procedures for 4 1 3
Forage conservation.
Monitor weather conditions to determine optimum time for 2 1 1
Harvest and to ensure quality.
PC8. Identify dry matter target and assess dry matter content of 4 2 2
Forage material for the forage operation.
PC9.Mow, condition, tender and/or rake swaths depending on 5 2 3
Weather conditions and forage drying targets.
PC10.Conduct harvesting activities in a safe, controlled and efficient
5 2 3
Manner.
PC11. Check equipment during harvesting operations regularly for 4 2 2
Wear and damage.
PC12. Bale, wrap, compact, seal or store forage in accordance with 6 4 2
Storage plan.
PC13. Load, transport, and store/compact (if required) forage in 4 4 0
Accordance with OHS and quality requirements.
PC14. Store forage so as to minimize risk of spoilage and
6 4 2
combustion
PC15. Dispose of all waste and debris to minimize environmental
4 2 2
Impacts.
PC16.Clean and service machinery and ancillary equipment in
accordance with manufacturer's specifications, OHS requirements 3 1 2
And industry practice.
PC17.Test or sample stored forage for quality. 3 0 3
PC18.Mitigate environmental impacts of forage conservation 2 2 0
Activities such as effluent run off, if any.
75 38 37

191
Trainer Guide

PC1.Farm Planning and Budgeting with reference to various 8 4 4

7. components of Dairy Farm
AGR/N4107 PC2.Keep books of accounts and various transactions of the farm 8 4 4
Entrepreneur
ship PC3.Arrange for financial assistance from various quarters in the 6 3 3
light of various schemes available for dairy development
PC5.Ascertain the prices of various inputs and milk and milk 75
6 2 4
products from the market
PC6. Assess the influence of various quality parameters of the milk 6 2 4
on the milk pricing
PC7.Establish cordial relations with various clients for the benefit of 8 4 4
dairy farm development
PC8.Assess the needs and requirement of the clients and assess 8 3 5
one’s own unique selling proposition
PC9.Extract critical market information that is otherwise not in the 6 2 4
public domain
PC10. Choose appropriate buyer in a given situation of market
7 3 4
parameters
PC11. Identify best ways of attracting market price for one’s
6 3 3
produce
PC12. Ensure quality before and during the sale activity to ensure 6 4 2
Good returns.
75 34 41
PC1. undertake basic safety checks before operation of all
machinery and vehicles and hazards are reported to the 3 1 2
appropriate supervisor
PC2. work for which protective clothing or equipment is required is
identified and the appropriate protective clothing or equipment is
3 1 2
used in performing these duties in accordance with workplace
Policy.
PC3. read and understand the hazards of use and contamination
3 1 2
mentioned on the labels of pesticides/fumigants etc.
PC4. assess risks prior to performing manual handling jobs, and
1 1 0
Work according to currently recommended safe practice.
PC5. use equipment and materials safely and correctly and return
3 1 2
the same to designated storage when not in use
PC6. dispose of waste safely and correctly in a designated area 1 1 0
PC7. recognize risks to bystanders and take action to reduce risk
8. 1 1 0
associated with jobs in the workplace
AGR/N9903
Maintain PC8. perform your work in a manner which minimizes

Health & environmental damage all procedures and work instructions for 25 1 1 0
Safety at the Controlling risk are followed closely.
workplace PC9. Report any accidents, incidents or problems without delay to
an appropriate person and take necessary immediate action to 1 1 0
Reduce further danger.
PC10. follow procedures for dealin g with accidents, fires and
emergencies, including communicating location and directions to 1 1 0
Emergency.
PC11. follow emergency procedures to company standard /
1 1 0
workplace requirements
PC12. use emergency equipment in accordance with manufacturers'
3 1 2
specifications and workplace requirements
PC13. provide treatment appropriate to the patient's injuries in
1 1 0
accordance with recognized first aid techniques
PC14. recover (if practical), clean, inspect/test, refurbish, replace
1 1 0
and store the first aid equipment as appropriate
PC15. Report details of first aid administered in accordance with
1 1 0
Workplace procedures.
25 15 10

Total 500 500 250 250

192
Trainer Guide
6th Floor ,GNG Buildin ,Plot No.10
Sector -44, Gurugram - 122004,Haryana, India

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