E4.

18 Radio Frequency Electronics Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn

Frequency Spectrum
and Applications
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
 E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn

Si CMOS/BJTs SiGe HBT III - V FETs/HBTs

Automotive
Road Transport Collision
Pricing communications Avoidance

Navigation/Aerospace
GPS x - band
Radar

A/D + D/A Converters

Communications
GSM DCS ISM
DECT
WLAN DBS WLAN
G -Ethernet LMDS

0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 50 100

Frequency (GHz)
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn

Wireless Applications
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn

Defence Applications
Phased-array radar Secure Communications

Electronic warfare Explosive/Biological

(e.g. Electronic Surveillance weapon Detection
Measures, ECM, ECCM, decoys)
Altimeters
Smart munitions
Remote sensing, for surveillance
(e.g. Synthetic aperture radar,
Radiometers for passive millimetre-wave imaging)
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn

Space Applications
Astronomy (using
radiometers)
Communications satellites
(e.g. Low earth orbit mobile systems, Altimeters
Steerable phased-array antennas
For footprint control) Station-keeping
Remote sensing, for environmental monitoring
(e.g. Synthetic aperture radar, Radiometers)
 E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn

Civil Applications
Direct Broadcasting by Satellite (DBS)
Satellite TVRO
VSAT earth terminals Bluetooth
Mobile phones Autonomous cruise control
LOS communications Automatic tolling & telematics
Fibre-optic systems Search & rescue
Global positioning (GPS) Security scanners
Broadband Wireless RFID and tagging
(e.g. MVDS Æ LMDS) Smart cards
Wireless local loop Medical systems
Wireless WANs, LANs, HANs, PANs
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn

Wireless Communications
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn

RFID and Tagging

E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn

Short Range
Received signal from
Reader @ frequency Fi
Nonlinear
Reader Antenna Device
(read range 1-2m)
Transmitted signal to
Reader @ Frequencies
Fi, 2Fi, 3Fi

Incident frequency Fi: 2.400-2.4835GHz or 5.725-5.875GHz

Often used for Road Tolling – windscreen tag
Microwaves required – high frequency = narrow antenna beam
 E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn

Medium Range

Tolling and Access

Tags for auto tolls

RFID for gate and garage entry
Telematics
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn

Long Range

www.carnetics.co.uk
Uses Orange network and internet
~ £430

FleetCAD Trakker (USA)

E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn

Space Systems
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn

Iridium now used by the US Military only!

DBS
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn

GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM

The 3 signals arrive at slightly different
times, so position can be calculated

Basic GPS £129 Voice direction £499

E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
 E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn

Satellite TV: 10.7-12.5 GHz (Europe)

Astra 2D UK spot beam

50cm dish + indoor unit

Astra 2D
Built by Boeing, launched Ariane 5, Dec 2000
2 metre dish, 16 x 39W transmitters
1600 watt solar panels, 1445 kg launch mass
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn

Mobile Communications
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn

In the very, very, very

early days of mobile
radio telephony…..
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn

First Generation of Mobile

Phones (German’s C-Net)
…… circa 1988

Motorola CD/CF451:
Analogue Technology
8V 3Ah Ni-Cd battery
4.6 Kg…Paving Stone?
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn

GSM
GSM/CDMA
CDMA
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn

W-CDMA
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn

Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)

E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn

Spatial Division Multiple Access Scheme

BS
 E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn

MicroNet: Wireless Interconnects

Micronet or Network-on-Chip : a network of entities which operate concurrently and
communicate asynchronously
Fractal model of system design: network of sub-systems, down to network of transistors
Control is layered and distributed locally - behaviour can be decomposed to run on
architectural clusters with the optimal mix of computational elements
A clean separation between computation and communication, and, behaviour and timing -
leads to a compositional design style

www.dcs.ed.ac.uk/~dka
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn

B. A. Floyd et al., IEEE Journal Solid State Circuits, 37, 5, pp. 543-552, 2002
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn

Low real-estate dipoles

λ/4 dipole at 100 GHz

750 μm in air
75 μm in dielectric of 100

RF SOI CMOS Transceiver Circuitry

E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn

Intelligent Transportation System (ITS)

and
Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC)
DSRC is a communications approach to allowing short range (< 30 m) communications
between vehicles and the roadside for a variety of purposes, such as intersection collision
avoidance, transit or emergency vehicle signal priority, electronic parking payments, and
commercial vehicle clearance and safety inspections.
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn

Millimetre-Wave Applications
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn

26 GHz Multipoint-to-Multipoint MESH

network (Radiant Networks)
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn

“High resolution radar for automobile applications”

Advances in Radio Science (2003)
R. Schneider and J. Wenger (DaimlerChrysler AG)
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn

University of California at Davis (UCD)

95 GHz Radiometric Millimetre-Wave Imager
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn

Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB)

is based on:

MPEG
&
Coded Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiplexing (COFDM)
 E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn

Multipath propagation = like echoes

t
Main path
Multiple received pulses

Single data pulse

‘multipath’ interference disturbs FM reception but is tolerated in DAB through COFDM
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn

Echoes restrict the data rate

OFDM solution = split the data up and send it over hundreds of carriers

Amplitude

1 carrier @1Mb/s
Frequency
Amplitude

100 carriers @10kb/s

COFDM Frequency
 E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn

An OFDM signal’s spectrum

COFDM

Sine and cosine carriers

are used to increase the
density of carriers

COFDM

Since there is still a

chance some carriers will
be lost, clever coding is
used so that their data L-band DAB 1228-1575MHz is coming soon to the UK
can be recovered
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn

Jan 03

www.worlddab.org
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn

Ultra Wideband (UWB)

E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn

Optical Communications
 E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn

Microwave (or Millimetre-Wave) Video Distribution System (MVDS)

or Local Multipoint Distribution System (LMDS) Concept
Cheap microwave/mm-wave
receiver; small unobtrusive dish

Local transmitter

fibre optic
DISTRIBUTION
backbone
CENTRE

‘Last-Mile’ or ‘Radio-Over Fibre’ or ‘Fibre Radio’ communication systems

E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics Copyright © 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn

High Speed Optical Communication System