APA @ Conestoga Sample Paper

SMOKING CESSATION STRATEGIES 1

The title
is in CAPITAL
LETTERS in the
header.

Include the
Smoking Cessation Strategies following
information:
John Smith  Title of Paper
 Student name
1234567  Student
number
Introduction to Helping  Course name
and/or
HELP2014 course code
 Course
Samantha Helpert instructor
 Assignment
July 25, 2014 due date

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SMOKING CESSATION STRATEGIES 2 Do not

include the
title before the
As Canadians become more aware of the consequences of smoking introductory
paragraph.
and the benefits of quitting, now more than ever before, smokers may feel
Adding to
the original
external and internal pressure to quit smoking. Although Canadians can celebrate
quotation: Place
additional
that “[smoking] prevalence is at an all‐time low” (Reid et al., 2012, p. 2), many content in
square brackets.
smokers still struggle to quit. In fact, in 2010, almost 50% of smokers who were

surveyed had attempted to quit smoking (Reid et al., 2012, p. 2). Historically, 3 or more
authors;
smokers have used a wide variety of techniques reputed to assist in quitting; standard citation
format
however, some are more effective than others. This essay will identify a number of
Standard
the more helpful smoking cessation strategies and then examine two of the citation for a
paraphrase
strategies: nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) and group therapy.
Introducing
Helpful Strategies an abbreviation

While quitting smoking sounds simple, it is, in fact, anything but easy.
Level 1
Statistics show that most smokers struggle to quit, making repeated attempts heading

before they are able to ultimately break free of their addiction (Konrad, 2010,

para. 7). For many, quitting is more than simply overcoming a physiological

addiction to nicotine: It is a life-changing event. The Registered Nurses’

Association of Ontario (RNAO, 2007) in recognition of this stated “smoking

cessation is not a single event but a process that involves a change in lifestyle, Abbreviating
a corporate
author, first
values, social circles, thinking and feeling patterns, and coping skills” (p. 20).
citation

A number of helpful therapies, categorized as pharmacological and non-

Split citation
format
pharmacological, have developed in response to both the physiological and

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SMOKING CESSATION STRATEGIES 3

behavioral challenges associated with smoking cessation. The pharmacological Second use
of abbreviated
term.
therapies include medication in the form of NRT as well as other drugs such as For first use,
see
varenicline, bupropion, and nortriptyline (Stead et al., 2012, p. 19). The non-

pharmacological treatments encompass standard behavioral support and

motivational interventions such as group therapy and individual counseling 2 authors

in standard
citation: Use &
(Stead & Lancaster, 2012, p. 10) as well as helplines (Free et al., 2011, p. 50).

Moreover, in recent years, mobile phone texting support (Free et al., 2011, p. 50)

and online support groups have developed as new and innovative support

methods. In a brief, informal survey on the treatment preferences of 20

Appendix:
individuals, 60% of those questioned preferred to rely solely on non- If more than
one, label as
pharmacological strategies to quit smoking (see Appendix A). Of the myriad of Appendix A,
Appendix B, etc.
strategies available, research shows two have proven especially helpful for many If only one,
label as
smokers during the quitting process: nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) and Appendix.

group therapy.

Nicotine Replacement Therapy Level 2

subheading
NRT is one of the most well-known and commonly used pharmacological
Titles of
products for assisting in smoking cessation. Mosby’s Dictionary of Medicine, stand-alone
documents in
Nursing & Health Professions defines NRT as “the use of chewing gum, lozenges text: Italicize.

and skin patches as a substitute for tobacco smoke sources to satisfy nicotine

cravings” (“Nicotine Replacement Therapy,” 2009). This definition is somewhat

Paper
dictionary
limited, however, as NRT products are no longer limited to these delivery citation

methods, but also include inhalers and sublingual tablets as well as

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SMOKING CESSATION STRATEGIES 4

nasal and mouth sprays (Robson, 2010, p. 299).

Because the nicotine found in cigarettes is extremely addictive, smokers

attempting to quit face significant withdrawal symptoms such as cravings,

irritability, anger, and impatience (Robson, 2010, p. 301). In order to reduce the Second
citation of
withdrawal symptoms, NRT supplies a decreased amount of nicotine to smokers abbreviated
corporate
during the quitting process (RNAO, 2007, p. 25). These physical symptoms are at author.
For first use,
see
their most extreme during the first few days of quitting after which they should

decrease and then altogether disappear after the first 10 days of not smoking

(Health Canada, 2007, p. 43). Government

author
In order to benefit fully from a chosen NRT product, it is important that

smokers who are trying to quit follow the directions as given on the product 40+ word
quotation
packaging. For example, according to Robson (2010),
Use ellipsis
the nicotine in the chewing gum is released at variable rates depending on (3 dots) plus a
period when
the intensity and duration of chewing… . Thus, special instructions need to omitting words
and ending a
be given to patients on how to chew the nicotine gum, as chewing the gum sentence before
the next
sentence.
rapidly may lead to excessive nicotine release, resulting in effect in ‘over-

smoking’, with side effects such as light-headedness, nausea, vomiting, Citing a

quotation from
hiccups, indigestion and throat irritation (pp. 300-301). multiple pages:
Use pp.
Thus, NRT gum clearly needs to be chewed in a certain way in order for the
Figures and
product to effectively control cravings (see Figure 1). tables: Refer to
each figure/table
by number.

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SMOKING CESSATION STRATEGIES 5

Chew gum
slowly until
you taste a
strong flavour.

Stop chewing
Chew again and put gum
when the between
flavour fades teeth and side Citation for
of cheek. figures: Include
• a label
• caption
Figure 1. How to Use Nicorette Gum. Adapted from Johnson and Johnson (2014, • acknowledgment
of the source
How Do I Chew section). • modified split
citation.
While it is understandable that companies, such as the producers of
Include source in
Nicorette, advertise and promote the use of NRT products as a successful references.

smoking cessation strategy, it is telling that the Ontario government and

Web
documents with
organizations such as the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) also headings but no
page numbers:
promote NRT use. This is evidenced by the Ontario Ministry of Health and Long- Cite section
heading and
Term Care’s funding support of the STOP Program (CAMH, 2011, Program paragraph
number for that
Funding and Team section, para. 2). STOP reported that since 2005, “more than section.

80,000 Ontario smokers have enrolled in the program to receive free stop-smoking

medication in combination with various forms of counselling support to help them

Multiple
quit smoking” (CAMH, 2011, About the STOP Program section, paras. 2-3). paragraphs
Use paras.
Ultimately, it is clear that researchers, corporations, organizations, and the

provincial government agree that NRT products are useful in helping Ontarians

successfully overcome their smoking habits.

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SMOKING CESSATION STRATEGIES 6

Group Therapy

Group therapy helps smokers quit by providing them with a forum where

they can listen, vent, share, and learn. Group therapy is defined in the Merriam-
No date given
Webster Dictionary as a discussion-based therapy that takes place between a
Use n.d.

therapist and multiple smokers (“Group Therapy,” n.d.). When quitting, support
2 authors in
is essential. According to Stead and Lancaster (2009), “group programmes are a split citation:
use and, not &
more effective for helping people to stop smoking than being given self-help

materials without face-to-face instruction and group support. The chances of

Secondary
quitting are approximately doubled” (p. 2). Burlingame et al. (as cited in Becona &
citation

Miguez, 2008) note that having a strong, supportive facilitator and a well-structured

group allow for optimal outcomes in group therapy sessions (p. 70). Moreover,

each individual has a role to play.

The therapist plays an important role in establishing a safe environment and

generating group discussion. It is recommended that this facilitator give attendees

information about the quitting process, teach problem-solving skills and stress
Commas
management, help group members predict challenging situations, and come up for a list of 3+
items: Use a
with coping strategies (Kinzie et al., 2004, p. 10). Table 1 shows various coping comma after
each item.
strategies that can be discussed during group therapy sessions.

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SMOKING CESSATION STRATEGIES 7

Behavioral strategies Cognitive strategies Citation for

Keep busy. Think about side effects of smoking. tables: Include
Avoid situations with other smokers. Think about benefits of quitting. • a label and title
Chew gum, eat, or drink. Be optimistic about quitting. • acknowledgment
Sleep. Think about social sanctions. of the source and
Exercise. Focus thoughts away from smoking. modified split
Breathe deeply. Encourage oneself through self-talk. citation below table.
Table 1. Coping Strategies Discussed in Group Therapy Sessions. Adapted from
Include source
in references.
Jannone and O’Connell (2007, p. 177).

Although the facilitator plays an important role in this process, information

sharing between group members is also vital to this process. According to

Mentioning
an article title in
“Smoking Cessation Interventions and Strategies” (Joanna Briggs Institute, 2008), your document

“the functions for group therapy are to: [sic] analyse motives for group members’

behaviour, provide an opportunity for social learning, generate emotional Quoting

material with an
experiences, and impart new information and teach new skills” (p. 2). Members are error by original
author: Use
asked to analyze their reasons for lighting a cigarette. This self-awareness helps [sic] after error.

individuals to anticipate their triggers, prepare strategies in advance, and problem- (The author’s
colon use is
incorrect.)
solve their way through each challenging situation.

Support groups provide opportunities for group members to connect with

Quoting a
others who are experiencing the same temptations, challenges, and emotions. As
sentence that
had double
“people are ‘social animals’ influenced by each other” (BBC, 2012, para. 7), quotation marks
in the original
support groups can serve as powerful tools during the quitting process. The effect source: Change
to single
of this influence can be particularly powerful when supporting peers in a group quotation
marks.
setting. In response to a survey, former smoker R. Thomson (personal
Personal
communication
communication [email], January 30, 2012) stated, “group members were a lifeline citation

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SMOKING CESSATION STRATEGIES 8

throughout the quitting process.” Other survey respondents reported similar

feelings (see Appendix B). When provided with adequate support, smokers find

that quitting, although difficult, is possible (BBC, 2012; Canadian Lung Association, Summary of
findings: No
page
2008). Thus, just as NRT has also helped many quit smoking, group therapy has numbers
needed in
proven effective in helping smokers achieve their goals of quitting. multiple
citation.
Conclusion

In conclusion, within the wide variety of smoking cessation strategies, two

are seen to be particularly effective: NRT and group therapy. While NRT gives

physiological relief from withdrawal symptoms in the form of gradually declining

nicotine doses, group therapy provides the emotional support needed to effect the

behavioral changes required to permanently quit smoking. While smoking is a

difficult addiction to overcome, individuals who succeed substantially improve their

chances to live longer and healthier lives; these healthy non-smoking individuals

will eventually lead to a healthier non-smoking society for all.

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SMOKING CESSATION STRATEGIES 9

References References
title: Level 1
BBC. (2012). Stoptober Urges Smokers to 'Mass Quit.' Retrieved July 22, 2014, heading

from http://www.bbc.com/news/health-19783472
Secondary
Becona, E., & Miguez, C. (2008). Group Behavior Therapy for Smoking Cessation.
citation source:
Reference the
Journal of Groups in Addiction & Recovery, 3(1/2), 63-78. source you read.

doi:10.1080/15560350802157528
1 style of
Canadian Lung Association. (2013). Quitting Smoking. Retrieved April 23, 2013, DOI
See also
from http://lung.ca/protect-protegez/tobacco-tabagisme/quitting-

cesser/index_e.php Association
author
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health. (2011). The STOP Program. Retrieved

April 24, 2013, from

https://www.nicotinedependenceclinic.com/English/stop/Pages/Home.aspx

Free, C., Knight, R., Robertson, S., Whittaker, R., Edwards, P., Zhou, W., Rodgers,

A., Cairns, J., Kenward, M. G., & Roberts, I. (2011). Smoking Cessation Always list
all authors.
Support Delivered via Mobile Phone Text Messaging (txt2stop): A Single-

Blind, Randomised Trial. The Lancet, 378(9785), 49-55.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60701-0

Group Therapy. (2015). In Merriam-Webster’s Online Dictionary. Retrieved May 3,

Online
2014, from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/group%20therapy dictionary

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SMOKING CESSATION STRATEGIES 10

Health Canada. (2012). On the Road to Quitting: Guide to Becoming a Non-

Smoker [HC Pub No. 4395]. Retrieved May 4, 2014, from http://www.hc- Government
document
sc.gc.ca/hc-ps/alt_formats/pdf/pubs/tobac-tabac/orqa-svra/orqa-svra-

eng.pdf

Jannone, L., & O’Connell, K. A. (2007). Coping Strategies Used by Adolescents

During Smoking Cessation. The Journal of School Nursing, 23(3), 177-184. 1 style of
DOI
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10598405070230030901 See also

Joanna Briggs Institute. (2008). Smoking Cessation Interventions and Strategies.

Best Practice, 12(8), 1-4. Retrieved July 22, 2014, from Institution as
author
http://connect.jbiconnectplus.org/ViewSourceFile.aspx?0=464

Johnson and Johnson. (2014). Nicorette Gum. Retrieved July 22, 2014, from
Always
include full URL
http://www.nicorette.ca/products/gum
in retrieval
statement.
Kinzie, P., d’Avernas, J., & Naylor, A. (2004). Helping Smokers Quit: Skills for

Future Facilitators. Retrieved July 22, 2014, from http://www.publichealth Website

article
greybruce.on.ca/tobacco/HealthProfessionals/HelpingSmokersQuit.pdf

Konrad, W. (2010, January 8). For the New Year, Cost-Effective Options to Stop
Online
Smoking. The New York Times. Retrieved July 22, 2014, from http://
newspaper
article
www.nytimes.com/2010/01/09/health/09patient.html?module=Search&mab

Reward=relbias%3Ar%2C%7B%222%22%3A%22RI%3A14%22%7D&_r=0

Nicotine Replacement Therapy. (2009). In T. Myers (Ed.), Mosby’s Dictionary of

Medicine, Nursing & Health Professions (8th ed.). St. Louis, United States: Print
dictionary
Mosby Elsevier.
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SMOKING CESSATION STRATEGIES 11

Registered Nurses’ Association of Ontario. (2007). Nursing Best Practice RNAO

Best Practice
Guideline: Integrating Smoking Cessation into Daily Nursing Practice (Rev. Guidelines
format
ed.). Retrieved July 22, 2014, from http://rnao.ca/sites/rnao-

ca/files/Integrating_Smoking_Cessation_into_Daily_Nursing_Practice.pdf

Reid, J., Hammond, D., Burkhalter, R., & Ahmed, R. (2012). Tobacco Use in
Always
Canada: Patterns and Trends, 2012 edition. Retrieved July 22, 2014, from include date in
retrieval
http://tobaccoreport.ca/2012/TobaccoUseinCanada_2012.pdf statement.

Robson, N. (2010). Nicotine-Replacement Therapy: A Proven Treatment for

Smoking Cessation. South African Family Practice, 52(4), 298-303. Journal

article from
database
Retrieved July 21, 2014, from CogPrints database.

Stead, L. F., & Lancaster, T. (2009). Group Behaviour Therapy Programmes for
Cochrane
Smoking Cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2009(2), database
format
1-76. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001007.pub2

Stead, L. F., & Lancaster, T. (2012). Combined Pharmacotherapy and Behavioural

Same
Interventions for Smoking Cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic authors as
above: List
Reviews, 2012(10), 1-91. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008286.pub2 chronologically.

Stead, L. F., Perera, R., Bullen, C., Mant, D., Hartmann-Boyce, J., Cahill, K., &
First
Lancaster, T. (2012). Nicotine Replacement Therapy for Smoking author in
group same
Cessation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2012(11), 1-264. as above:
List
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000146.pub4 alphabetically
by second
author.

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SMOKING CESSATION STRATEGIES 12

Appendix A Appendix
label
Smoking Cessation Strategies and
title
Figure A1 represents percentages of cessation strategies used by smokers trying

to quit as determined through an informal survey.

Pharmacological &
Non-Pharmacological
Non-Pharmacological

Pharmacological

Figure
label in an
Figure A1. Percentages of types of strategies used.
appendix

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SMOKING CESSATION STRATEGIES 13

Appendix B

Survey Question #10 and Sample Responses

When answering a short survey via email, many survey respondents went

into detail regarding how group therapy had helped them. The sample of

responses below attests to the usefulness of accountability and support.

Survey Question

Please describe the strategy that helped you quit smoking. How did it help?

Answers regarding group therapy

Respondent #12
“Group therapy really helped me lot. Group members were a lifeline

throughout the quitting process.”

Respondent #35
“I needed to hear other people’s stories and have their support.”

Respondent #48
“My leader helped us analyze what made us want to smoke and find ways

to stop. The people in my group became my friends.”

Respondent #63
“Going to see my group helped me because I had support from people who

went through the same thing I did.”

Respondent #75
“My group really knew what I was going through and encouraged me to

keep trying to quit.”

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