7

HISTORY
GEOGRAPHY Social Studies for Pakistan
CIVICS

Know Your World

Teaching Guide
KHADIJA CHAGLA-BAIG A
CO M
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R E H E N S I V E CO U R
SE F
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 History
Chapter 1 The Rise of Muslim Rule on the Subcontinent 01
Chapter 2 Ghaznavid Rule 03
Chapter 3 The Ghoris 10
Chapter 4 The Delhi Sultanate 15
Chapter 5 The Mughal Empire Begins 24
Chapter 6 The Greatest Mughal Emperor 31
Chapter 7 The Empire at its Peak 35

Geography
Chapter 8 Oceans and Seas—Waves, Tides, and Currents 42
Chapter 9 Ocean and Sea Landforms 49
Chapter 10 Rivers and Smaller Bodies of Water 55
Chapter 11 Natural Disasters 64
Chapter 12 Industries in Pakistan 74
Chapter 13 Trade 77
Chapter 14 Some Major Cities in Asia 81

Civics
Chapter 15 Patriotism 86
Chapter 16 Looking After Senior Citizens 90
Chapter 17 Respecting Law and Authority 92
Chapter 18 Respecting Friends and Peers 95
Answer Key 96

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 HISTORY CHAPTER 1

The Rise of Muslim Rule on the

Subcontinent

Discussion points
Muslim rule started in the subcontinent after Mohammad bin Qasim’s conquest of
Sindh and Multan. It spread (a) because of Mohammad bin Qasim’s treatment of and
policies towards non-muslims, and (b) despite many difficulties, the Arab Muslim
rulers—representatives of the Muslim caliph in Damascus—eventually succeeded in
bringing about peace, stability, and religious harmony. This won the locals over.
Buddhists and Shudras were happy about the new religion, a new way of life, and
willingly converted.
Muslim rule was further strengthened and consolidated by the Muslim Turks from
central Asia. The Turk warriors had already driven away non-Muslims from Arabia and
Persia into Afghanistan and the north-western parts of Pakistan. They invaded these
regions as well and attempted to convert people to Islam.

Answer key
Content review
A 1. Because of pirates who looted ships fearlessly
A 2. Peace was restored on the trade route.
A 3. The stories of India’s wealth and the desire of Muslim Turks to spread Islam
in the land

Going further
silk, spices, cotton, dyes, sugar

Lesson plans
No. of lessons: 2
Duration: 40 minutes
Resources: textbook, content, maps, illustrations, pictures

Lesson 1—The Rise of Muslim rule

Teaching Objective:
• To explain the background of the arrival and spread of Muslim rule

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 HISTORY

Learning Outcomes:
Students should be able to:
• name the early Muslim rulers of the subcontinent
• describe their influence and contributions
Introduction (10 minutes):
Talk about the arrival of Mohammad bin Qasim and see how many students remember
about him from the previous year. For the benefit of new students, revise and
reinforce the reasons for his arrival in India. Ask students to contribute to the story
and put up the main points on the board. Sum up the discussion points.
Explanation (25 minutes):
Use the map to show the directions and places from whence Muslims arrived and
settled. Tell them the importance of the geographical position of these places. Talk to
them about how Arab Muslims had entered Central Asia because of proximity with
Persia and Afghanistan, and that is how that region became Muslim. The Muslims from
Central Asia decided to enter the subcontinent because they had heard of the riches
and they also wanted to establish Muslim rule here. Remind them how Alexander the
Great had also wished to conquer this region but remained unsuccessful.
Conclusion (5 minutes):
Sum up the reasons for the beginning of Muslim rule and the early Ghazni leaders.
Discuss the timelines on pages 2 and 3, and instruct students to keep referring to it to
reinforce names and dates for various ruling dynasties.
Homework: Revise text. Mark difficulties, if any.

Lesson 2—Written work/Assessment

Teaching Objective:
• To reinforce concepts about the arrival and spread of Islam in the
subcontinent through written work
Learning Outcome:
• Students should be able to answer correctly.
Instructions (5 minutes):
Explain the format and questions to the students.
Written work (35 minutes): Answer the following questions.
a) Mohammad bin Qasim’s conquest brought and
in the region.
b) The second wave of Islamic rule came from Asia.
c) Why did Arabs reduce trading with India?
d) What factors made Muslim rule popular in the subcontinent?
e) Why did the Muslim Turks decide to invade India?

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 HISTORY CHAPTER 2

Ghaznavid Rule

Discussion points
Historians have divided Muslim rule in India into three phases:

Early Turks The Delhi Sultanate The Mughals

Ghaznavids Mamluks or slaves
Ghoris Khiljis
Tughlaqs
Sayyids
Lodhis
These were the major ruling groups, with many smaller and less important rulers and
dynasties. The most significant of these groups were the Mughals, as we shall see later
on. However, without any of these ruling dynasties, Muslim rule would not have been
consolidated.
The Ghaznavids were the first Muslim rulers of the subcontinent. They were Turk
warriors who were determined to establish their rule. Their perseverance helped them
achieve their goal and made way for later rulers. Alaptagin, a Turk ruler in the Persian
army, laid the foundations of the rule. Originally a Turk mercenary, he rose to higher
ranks in the Persian army due to his bravery and military skills. After his fallout with
the Persians, he moved to Ghazni, his father’s land, and built a kingdom independent
of the Persians. His son-in-law Sabuktagin inherited his kingdom.
Sabuktagin was Alaptagin’s slave, general, and son-in-law who strengthened Ghazni.
Upon his death, his son Mahmud inherited his empire. Mahmood consolidated
Ghaznavid rule in India. Famous for his seventeen raids on India, Mahmud is accredited
with bringing glory to Muslims.

Answer key
Content review
A 1. Alaptagin
A 2. He was astute, inspiring, courageous, planned with care, carried out his
plans with wisdom and bravery.
A 3. He wanted to establish Muslim rule, rid the land of idol worship and
acquire the riches of India.

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 HISTORY

Going further
Clues from Aini’s notes

Challenge
Ghori

Lesson plans
No. of lessons: 4
Duration: 40 minutes
Resources: textbook, content, maps, illustrations, pictures
Lesson 1—Alaptagin and Sabuktagin
Teaching Objective:
• To introduce students to the beginning of Ghaznavid rule
Learning Outcome:
• Students should be able to name the rulers who laid the foundations of the
Ghaznavid rule in India
Resources: textbook, content, maps, illustrations, pictures
Introduction (10 minutes):
Talk about Ghazni and its historical importance. Discuss the summarized breakup of
Muslim rule in the subcontinent so that students have an idea of what they will be
learning this year.
Explanation (25 minutes):
Reading and parallel explanation from text, which is self-explanatory and unfolds like a
story. Discuss points about Alaptagin and Sabuktagin and their setting the stage for
Muslim rule. Compare the map on page 6 with present day map of south and central
Asia and locate cities.
Conclusion:
Sum up the chapter. Ask students to search for and bring more information about
Mahmud of Ghazni.
Homework: Read text. Mark difficulties, if any. Read glossary words for the chapter.

Lessons 2 and 3—Mahmud of Ghazni

Teaching Objective:
• To inform students about Mahmud, his achievements, and contributions to
the strengthening of Muslim power in India

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Learning Outcome:
• Students should be able to describe the impact of Mahmud’s conquests in
the subcontinent.
Resources: textbook, content, maps, illustrations, pictures
Introduction (10 minutes):
Recap previous lesson. Ask students what they know about Mahmud. Summarize his
achievements briefly. Narrate the story of Mahmud and his faithful slave Ayaz.
Explanation (25 minutes):
Reading and parallel explanation from text, which is self-explanatory and unfolds like a
story. Talk about Mahmud’s wisdom, foresight, bravery, and ambition. It was due to a
combination of all these, along with faith that led him from one victory to another.
He managed to deal with all his adversaries. Although his successors were able to rule
the empire for some time, they did not contribute much to the empire and eventually,
it went into a decline and ceased to exist.
Conclusion (5 minutes):
Ask students’ opinion of Mahmud. Recap the lesson, focusing especially on the reasons
for the downfall of the Ghaznavid Empire.
Homework: Content review questions 1 and 2

Lesson 4—Written work/Assessment

Teaching Objective:
• To reinforce concepts about Ghaznavid rule through written work

Learning Outcome:
• Students should be able to answer correctly.
Instructions (5 minutes): Explain the questions to students. Answer any queries.
Class work (35 minutes): Use worksheet on next page.

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 HISTORY

Worksheet

Date: Name:
Q 1. Fill in the blanks.
a) Alaptagin was a commander in the army.
b) Alaptagin became the governor of in 962.
c) Sabuktagin was Alaptagin’s .
d) Anandpal wanted to avenge his ’s death.
e) Mahmud defeated Anandpal at a place near in 1008.
f) The temple of was the most important religious site for the Hindus.
g) Mahmud’s son succeeded him as the next Ghaznavid ruler.

Q 2. Give brief answers for the following questions.

a) Why did the Hindus rise against the Ghaznavid Turks?



b) Who were Anandpal and Jaipal?



c) Who were other Ghaznavid rulers after Mahmud?



d) When and why did the Ghaznavid rule come to an end?



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Q 3. Pretend you were a soldier in Mahmud’s army. Recount what happened during the battle
of Somnath.








Q 4. In the table below, make a list of Mahmud’s strengths and weaknesses.

Strengths Weaknesses

Q 5. Write two sentences for each of the following leaders, highlighting their importance in the
rise and fall of the Ghaznavid Empire.
a. Alaptagin

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b. Sabuktagin




c. Mahmud Ghaznavi




d. Maudud Shah




e. Bahram Shah




Q 6. Choose the correct answer.
a) Mahmud made raids on the subcontinent. (17, 15, 21)
b) Ayaz was Mahmud’s . (younger brother, general, slave)
c) Bahram Shah killed two brothers from the clan. (Halaku, Ghori, Khilji)
d) Mahmud died in ce. (1020, 1030, 1029)
e) Many territories were taken away from the Ghaznavids by during
Maudud’s rule. (Hindus and Marathas, Sejluk Turks and Hindus, Hindu Rajputs and
Uzbek Turks)

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 HISTORY

Q 7. Study the clues and complete the crossword.

1

2 3

ACROSS DOWN
1. A person or group of persons 1. Very keen and sharp to
who oppose an attack; enemy understand what is happening
and take advantage
2. Gifts and valuables presented
to a ruler or state, usually in 3. A prize or gain obtained from
exchange for favours war or by force

4. The quality of being able to 5. People skilled in specialized

predict future problems and act arts and crafts
wisely

6. Brief, quick fights between

troops of armies

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 HISTORY CHAPTER 3

The Ghoris
Circa 1186 to 1206

Discussion points
The Ghoris were a Turk tribe. Their rule began with the murder of two Ghori brothers
at the hands of Bahram Shah of Ghazni. As an act of revenge, the third brother
Allauddin invaded and plundered Ghazni and destroyed it. People were killed, houses
were looted, and property was destroyed. As a final act, the entire city was set on fire.
Bahram Shah had to flee from Ghazni to save his life. He settled in Lahore which was
the small, remaining territory of what was once a glorious Ghaznavid empire.
Though the first Ghori Turks entered the subcontinent around 1175, Ghorid rule did not
take a consolidated shape till 20 years after Ghazni’s devastation. Allauddin was the
first of the Ghorid rulers. He is known as Allauddin Jahansoz because he set the great
city of Ghazni on fire. He was succeeded by Ghyasuddin, who was succeeded by his
brother Shahabuddin Mohammad, the key ruler.
Mohammad Ghori was as ambitious as Mahmud Ghaznavi and conquered a large
portion of the subcontinent within a short span of time. He first captured the fortress
of Ghazni which had been destroyed by his ancestor, and had it rebuilt. Next, he went
to enter the subcontinent, where he faced resistance from Prithviraj. After a series of
battles, he finally emerged victorious and established his rule. He also destroyed
Banaras, the most important Hindu religious city. He appointed Qutubuddin Aibak as
his governor in the subcontinent and went back to Ghazni. He was assassinated on the
way. Neither of his two successors were capable rulers and the Delhi throne passed to
Qutubuddin Aibak eventually.

Answer Key
Content review
A 1. Allauddin entered Ghazni and burnt it down as an act of revenge against his
brothers’ murder. He became the ruler because Bairam Shah fled to Lahore.
A 2. Prithviraj was the ruler of Ajmer and Delhi. He was Mohammad Ghori’s
strongest enemy who resisted his rule and challenged him to battles.
Eventually he was defeated.
A 3. He was a slave in Ghori’s army who rose through the ranks to become a
general. He was a brave warrior and administrator who assisted Mohammad
Ghori in winning his campaigns.
A 4. The battle established the Ghoris as the first Muslim rulers of India.
Mahmud Ghaznavi never stayed in India to consolidate his rule. Therefore,
Ghori is credited with establishing the Muslim rule over India that
continued for over 600 years.

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Going Further
Both were Turks. Their power base was in Ghazni. Both were ambitious and
brave, did not give up after defeats, and defeated Hindu rulers.

Challenge
He set fire to Ghazni, the most glorious and strongest of territories of that time
and let it burn until it was reduced to ashes. Since it was the centre of control
with the best of resources from all over the world, the word ‘jahan’ refers to
Ghazni as the world.

No. of lessons: 3
Duration: 40 minutes
Lesson 1 and 2—Ghori rule and Shahabuddin Ghori
Teaching Objectives:
• To introduce students to Ghori rule in India
• To explain the effects of Shahabuddin Mohammad Ghori’s conquests in
India
Learning Outcome:
• Students should be able to describe the reasons for the beginning of Ghori
rule, its peak under Mohammad Ghori, and its decline.
Resources: textbook, content, maps, illustrations, pictures
Introduction (10 minutes):
Remind students about Allauddin Jahansoz and his act of revenge from the earlier
lesson. Bring in details of the Ghazni plunder.
Explanation (25 minutes):
Reading and parallel explanation from text, which is self-explanatory and unfolds like a
story. Although Mahmud Ghaznavi expanded the Ghaznavid kingdom, it is actually
Mohammad Ghori who consolidated early Muslim rule in India, making it easier for
other dynasties to add to its power and glory. Talk about his perseverance and how he
managed to overcome his adversary Prithviraj. Compare his rule and actions with those
of Mahmud. Discuss similarities and differences as well as positive and negative points.
Ask students’ views on Aini’s visit (page 16) to medieval India.
Conclusion (5 minutes):
Review main points of the chapter, especially about Mohammad Ghori’s expansion, his
main opponent, and Qutubddin Aibak.
Classwork: Exercise from Going further
Homework: Revise text. Mark difficulties, if any. Content review questions 1 and 2.

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Lesson 3—Written work/Assessment

Teaching Objective:
• To reinforce concepts about Ghori rule through written work

Learning Outcome:
• Students should be able to answer correctly.
Instructions (5 minutes): Explain the questions to students. Answer any queries.
Class work (35 minutes): Use worksheet on next page.

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 HISTORY

Worksheet

Date: Name:
Q 1. Fill in the blanks.
a) set Ghazni on fire which burnt for days.
b) Bahram Shah fled to after this attack.
c) The most powerful of the Ghori rulers was
d) Shahabuddin Ghori was the younger brother of Sultan .
e) was the most important Hindu religious city.
Q 2. Give brief answers for the following questions.
a) Why was Allauddin called Jahansoz? Is it a title of appreciation?



b) Name the three Ghori rulers in correct order.



c) What other names is Mohammad Ghori known by?



d) In which years did Ghori capture Multan, Sindh, and Lahore?

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e) Who was Qutubuddin Aibak? What role did he play in Ghori’s success?


f) How and when did the Ghori rule come to an end?


Q 3. Give an account of Prithviraj’s defeat at the hands of Mohammad Ghori.



Q 4. Circle the correct answer.
a) Ghazni was plundered by (Alauddin, Shujauddin, Karimuddin) as revenge.
b) Bahram Shah escaped to (Lahore, Delhi, Multan) to save his (empire, son, life).
c) Mohammad Ghori was also known as (Mohammad Khilji-Ghori, Alauddin Ghori, Sultan
Shahabuddin Mohammad).
d) The most important holy centre for the Hindus was the city of (Ganges, Banaras, Kolkatta)
e) Ghori army (rewarded, appreciated, punished) Khusro Malik for his deeds.
Q 5. Complete the following timeline.

Date Event
1151

Arrival of Ghoris in India

Shahabuddin captures Multan

1182

1186

1192

Ghori’s death

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 HISTORY CHAPTER 4

The Delhi Sultanate

Discussion points
The Delhi Sultanate is the collective name given to the five ruling dynasties of the
subcontinent between 1175 and 1526. They made Delhi their capital city and
consolidated their rule from there, hence the name Delhi Sultanate. The five dynasties
of the Delhi Sultanate are:
The Mamluk or Slave Dynasty
The Khiljis
The Tughlaqs
The Sayyids
The Lodhis
The Mamluk Dynasty was the first of the Delhi dynasties. Qutubuddin Aibak, who was
Mohammad Ghori’s general and later governor, founded it. The reason it is called
Slave Dynasty is that the founder Qutbuddin Aibak was once a slave who had been
freed by Ghori.
Delhi Sultanate is marked by conquests and expansions, education and learning, art
and architecture, under all its rulers.

Answer key
Content review
A 1. Open ended question. Mark answers with reference to correctness of
content and well-justified opinion.
A 2. Discussion (written or oral) should include her capabilities and talent,
reasons for rise to power, the court intrigues, and the opposition to her
rule for being a woman, and how and where her death occurred.
A 3. Because he was related to Shah Alam, the last Sayyid king
A 4. Sikander Lodhi: cultured, tactful, devoted to learning, interested in welfare
of the state and the people. The Sultanate flourished under him.
Ibrahim Lodhi: hot-tempered, disinterested in the welfare of empire,
tactless, could not keep the Sultanate in order.
A 5. Central Asian culture, Persian language, learning, architecture, customs,
pluralism, diversity

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Going further
Use timeline on pages 2 and 3 for reference.

Challenge
Draft a letter from Dolat Khan Lodhi and put it up on the board. Students can
write a reply in about a paragraph of 5-7 lines. They can make scrolls. Share with
class. Open question. Judge on the correctness of facts and sensibility.

No. of lessons: 8
Duration: 40 minutes each
Resources: textbook, content, maps, illustrations, pictures
Lessons 1, 2, and 3—The Delhi Sultanate and the Slave Dynasty
Teaching Objectives:
• To introduce Delhi Sultanate to students—the dynasties and their
importance
• To introduce the Slave Dynasty and its various rulers
Learning Outcome:
• Students should be able to name, compare, and differentiate between
different rulers of the Slave Dynasty
Lesson 1
Introduction (10 minutes):
Recap the last chapter and remind students about the role of Qutubuddin Aibak in
Ghori’s rule and how the empire came into his hands after Ghori’s death. Brief them
about Aibak’s slave background and the reason for the Slave or Mamluk Dynasty to be
named thus.
Explanation (25 minutes):
Reading and parallel explanation from text, which is self-explanatory and unfolds like a
story. Use the map on page 17 and compare the territory under Delhi Sultanate with
Ghaznavid and Ghori territories. Point out the Delhi Sultanate with reference to the
rest of India. Discuss how the Slave Dynasty began and Aibak’s personality and role.
What would have happened had Aibak lived longer?
Conclusion (5 minutes):
Sum up chapter, address student queries, if any. Introduce Iltutmish as the next sultan.

Lesson 2
Introduction:
Give a brief background of who Iltutmish was and how he rose to power.

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Explanation:
Discuss Iltutmish’s accomplishments and achievements, and how he fared compared to
earlier rulers. What developments did he introduce? Who were his adversaries? How,
why, and when did his rule come to an end? Who succeeded him?
Conclusion:
Review and sum up lesson with main points. Address student queries, if any.

Lesson 3—Written work/Assessment

Teaching Objective:
• To reinforce concepts about the rule of the Slave Dynasty through written
work

Learning Outcome:
• Students should be able to answer correctly.
Instructions (5 minutes): Explain the questions to students. Answer any queries.
Class work (35 minutes): Use worksheet on next page.
Homework: Revise text. Mark difficulties, if any. Content review Q 1 and 2 and exercise
from Going further.

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 HISTORY

Worksheet 1

Date: Name:

Q 1. For each of the following statements, write True or False. Give the correct answer for all false
statements.

a) The Slave Dynasty was the first of the Delhi Sultanate dynasties.

b) Qutubuddin Aibak was known to be stingy and miserly.

c) Iltutmish was Aibak’s older brother.

d) Razia Sultana is the first Muslim ruler in history.

e) Nasiruddin was a pleasure-seeking ruler who had no time for learning the Quran.

Q 2. Read the clues and identify the personality.

a) I am Razia Sultana’s brother and successor. I was made the sultan after her death in 1426.
Court intrigues saddened me and I preferred to stay away from court matters and spent time
learning Ilm-e-Quran and calligraphy. I am .

b) I was once a slave but later became Mohammad Ghori’s trusted general and governor. After
Ghori’s death, his empire came into my hands and I founded the first of the Delhi Sultanate
dynasties. Unfortunately, I did not live long to achieve all my dreams.

c) I was against my sister Razia Sultana and her husband and gave them a lot of trouble.

d) My father-in-law was the founder of the Slave Dynasty. I had been receiving many complaints
about Aram Shah, his son. I defeated him and became the next ruler.

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e) Sultan Nasiruddin Mahmud entrusted all his affairs to me because he did not like what went
on in the court. I sorted out all the problems created by the Mongols, the Hindus and the
outlaws. The Slave Dynasty passed down to the Khiljis because of my son Kaikobad’s
incompetence.

Q 3. Which of the rulers of the Slave Dynasty do you think was the most competent? Give reasons to
justify your answer.

Q 4. Give brief answers for the following:

a) List all the rulers of the Slave Dynasty in the correct order.

b) What are ‘Quwwat-ul-Islam’ and ‘Qutub Minar’?

c) What were the problems faced by Iltutmish on becoming king?

d) Who was Changez Khan?

e) Who were Razia Sultana and Malik Altunia? What was their fate?

f) Who were Yaldiz, Qabacha, and Ali Mardan?

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Lesson 4—Khiljis
Teaching Objective:
• To introduce students to Khilji rulers and their contribution to consolidation
of Muslim rule in India
Learning Outcome:
• Students should be able to analyse and compare different rulers and their actions.
Resources: textbook, content, maps, illustrations, pictures
Introduction (10 minutes):
Recap of previous lesson, link to current topic
Explanation (25 minutes):
Reading and parallel explanation from text, which is self-explanatory and unfolds like a
story. Talk about how the Khilji Dynasty began, their contributions in terms of learning
and development, the challenges they faced, their strengths and weaknesses and
reasons for decline. Compare with other rulers. Emphasise the names of the main
rulers and go over their contributions, successes and failures and negative and positive
aspects of rule point by point. Get student feedback and opinions. Why did their rule
come to an end? How and when? Who replaced them?
Conclusion (5 minutes): Recap main points of the lessons.
Homework: Revise text. Mark difficulties, if any.

Lesson 5—Tughlaqs
Teaching Objective:
• To introduce students to Tughlaq rulers and their contribution to the
consolidation of Muslim rule in India
Learning Outcome:
• Students should be able to analyse and compare different rulers and their actions.
Resources: textbook, text, maps, illustrations, pictures
Introduction (10 minutes): Recap of previous lesson, link to current topic
Explanation (25 minutes): Reading and parallel explanation from text, which is self-
explanatory and unfolds like a story. Talk about how the Tughlaq Dynasty began, their
contributions in terms of learning and development, the challenges they faced, their
strengths and weaknesses and reasons for decline. Again, go over each ruler’s
description, and compare and analyse. Take students’ opinion of which ruler appealed
to them the most and why? Judge response with reference to facts and reason.
Conclusion (5 minutes): Recap main points of the lessons.
Homework: Revise text. Mark difficulties, if any.

Lesson 6—Sayyids
Teaching Objective:
• To introduce students to Sayyid rulers and their contribution to the
consolidation of Muslim rule in India
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Learning Outcome:
Students should be able to analyse and compare different rulers and their actions
Resources: textbook, content, maps, illustrations, pictures
Introduction (10 minutes):
Recap of previous lesson, link to current topic
Explanation (25 minutes):
Reading and parallel explanation from text, which is self-explanatory and unfolds like a
story. Talk about how the Sayyid Dynasty began, their contributions in terms of
learning and development, the challenges they faced, their strengths and weaknesses
and reasons for decline.
Conclusion (5 minutes): Recap main points of the lessons.
Classwork: Worksheets
Homework: Revise text. Mark difficulties, if any.

Lesson 7—Lodhis
Teaching Objective:
• To introduce students to the Lodhi rulers and their contribution to the
consolidation of Muslim rule in India
Learning Outcome:
• Students should be able to analyse and compare different rulers and their actions.
Resources: textbook, content, maps, illustrations, pictures
Introduction (10 minutes):
Recap of previous lesson, link to current topic
Explanation (25 minutes):
Reading and parallel explanation from text, which is self-explanatory and unfolds like a
story. Talk about how the Lodhis came to power, their contributions in terms of
learning and development, the challenges they faced, their strengths and weaknesses,
and the reasons for their decline.
Conclusion (5 minutes): Recap main points of the lessons.
Homework: Revise text. Mark difficulties, if any.

Lesson 8—Written work/Assessment

Teaching Objective:
• To reinforce concepts about the Khiljis, Tughlaqs, Sayyids, and Lodhis
through written work

Learning Outcome:
• Students should be able to answer correctly.
Instructions (5 minutes): Explain the questions to students. Answer any queries.
Class work (35 minutes): Use worksheet on next page.
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Worksheet 2

Date: Name:
Q 1. Choose the correct answer.
a) Feroze Khilji is popularly known as
i. Jalaluddin Khilji ii. Malik Jalaluddin iii. Jalaluddin Rumi
b) Mohammad was Balban’s
i. son ii. daughter iii. nephew
c) The Tughlaq Dynasty was founded by
i. Malik Kafur ii. Ghyasuddin Tughlaq iii. Malik Altunia
d) Malik Khizr Khan was a ruler of the
i. Slave Dynasty ii. Khilji Dynasty iii. Sayyid Dynasty
e) The Lodhi Dynasty ended because of its last ruler
i. Zaheeruddin Babur ii. Dolat Khan iii. Ibrahim
Q 2. Give reasons for the following.
a) People loved and respected Sikandar Lodhi.



b) Mohammad Tughlaq often became harsh to his people.



c) After Allauddin’s death there were issues about who his successor would be.

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d) Jalaluddin Khilji’s nephew Allauddin turned against him and killed him.



Q 3. Complete the table below.

Achievements/Successes/ Mistakes/Failures/
Ruler
Strengths Weaknesses/
Mohammad bin Tughlaq

Ghiyasuddin Balban

Bahlol Lodhi

Allauddin Khilji

Nasiruddin Mehmood

Firoze Shah Tughlaq

Ibrahim Lodhi

Q 4. Who were the troublemakers for each of the following kings and how were they dealt
with?

Ruler Troublemakers Action

Firoze Shah Tughlaq

Allauddin Khilji

Ghiyasuddin Balban

Ibrahim Lodhi

Jalaluddin Khilji

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 HISTORY CHAPTER 5

The Mughal Empire Begins

Circa 1526 to 1858

Discussion points
Babur, a descendent of Timur, founded the Mughal Empire. His father was the king of
Farghana, a small kingdom which was once part of Timur’s great empire. He, too, was
an ambitious ruler who dreamed of ‘ruling the world.’ Babur’s initial life was turbulent–
he faced all kinds of problems, including trouble from his own family members. He
never gave up his struggle and this perseverance paid off when he was requested by
Dolat Lodhi to help him get rid of Ibrahim Lodhi. That led him straight into the heart
of the subcontinent. He defeated Ibrahim Lodhi and installed himself as the king. His
rise to power heralded a new era of Muslim rule over the subcontinent, which covered
almost the entire South Asia at its peak.
Babur’s son Nasiruddin Humayun became king at the age of 22. Though he had
remained by his father’s side throughout, he was still inexperienced in matters of state.
In addition to his brothers’ hostilities, he also had to face Sher Shah Suri’s invasions, in
which he lost a considerable chunk of his empire. He was hunted out of his own
territories and had to leave India, seeking refuge with King Tahmasp of Persia. With
King Tahmasp’s help, he later recovered his lost glory and once again came back to the
throne as the rightful Mughal king.
Sher Shah Suri, an Afghan Muslim leader, was Humayun’s strongest enemy who
managed to overrun Bengal while Humayun was away on an expedition, and
established the Suri kingdom. He was initially a soldier in Babur’s army, but was very
ambitious and wanted to set up his own empire. Suri was a great statesman with
excellent administrative skills and foresight, and during his brief rule of five years, he
brought about progress and development in his area. It is said that Akbar owed much
of his success to Sher Shah Suri’s style of governance.
After Suri’s death, his empire weakened and his successors were unable to keep
control. This paved the way for Humayun’s return.
We know much about Humayun through memoirs written by his sister Gulbadan Begum,
who describes her brother as a lenient, forgiving man, kind to even the worst of his enemies.
Humayun had a habit of kneeling in reverence whenever he heard the azan. On one
such morning, he was on the staircase when the morning azan sounded. As he knelt, he
tripped over his robe and fell down the stairs. This fall resulted in his death.

Answer key
Content review
A 1. ambitious, patient, noble and refined, courageous, sensible, loved learning
and arts

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A 2. Open-ended question—evaluate on justification of opinion. Most of the

students will probably opt for his skill as a general because that helped him
to consolidate his rule.
A 3. He was defeated in battle by Sher Shah Suri and his brothers had refused to
give him shelter. A chieftain in Umerkot provided shelter.
A 4. Sher Shah Suri

Going further
inexperienced in matters of state, hostile brothers, Mughal Empire not yet
settled and strong, hostility from Lodhi princes and Sher Shah Suri

No. of lessons: 4
Duration: 40 minutes each
Resources: textbook, content, maps, illustrations, pictures
Lessons 1 and 2—The Mughal Empire, Zaheeruddin Babur
Teaching Objectives:
• To introduce students to the beginning of the Mughal rule in India, and
Zaheeruddin Babur as its founder
• To explain the consolidation of Muslim rule by a new Dynasty which stayed
in power for more than 300 years and changed the look of the subcontinent
Learning Outcome:
• Students should be able to describe the reasons and events that led to
Babur’s arrival and the consolidation of Muslim power by a new ruling family.
Introduction (10 minutes):
Discuss the map of Asia. Familiarize students with central Asia, Uzbekistan, India, and
Iran. Talk about Timur and what happened to his empire after his death and then bring
in the kingdom of Ferghana. Refer to timeline on pages 2 and 3.
Explanation (25 minutes):
Reading and parallel explanation from text, which is self-explanatory and unfolds like a
story. The key points should be Babur’s connection to the Timurid empire, his early life
of struggle, his persistence and finally his success. Discuss map on page 29 with the
earlier ones. Point out the extent of rule and discuss territories added to the empire
during Mughal rule. Talk about Baburnama and its importance as the main record or
document for events during Babur’s rule. Also discuss Babur’s death and his heir.
Conclusion (5 minutes):
Recap the main lesson. Talk about how Babur’s initial hard work set the stage for his
successors.
Classwork: Content review
Homework: Revise text. Mark difficulties, if any. Going further

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 HISTORY

Lesson 3—Nasiruddin Humayun

Teaching Objectives:
• To introduce students to Nasiruddin Humayun, the second Mughal emperor
• To inform students about the events that took place during Humayun’s rule
and his contribution to the Mughal Empire
Learning Outcomes:
Students should be able to
• describe the challenges faced by Humayun and the actions he took to
strengthen (a) his position as an emperor and (b) the Mughal empire
• describe the salient features of Humayun’s rule
• analyse his personality
Introduction (10 minutes):
Introduce Babur’s sons: Humayun, Hindal, Askari and Kamran. Talk about the tussle for
power between the brothers. The newly established Mughal Empire was still weak and
vulnerable. When Babur died, the throne passed to Humayun who was troubled by his
brothers because they wanted to rule. Humayun became the emperor but he was only
22 and inexperienced.
Recap the call for help by Dolat Lodhi, and ask students to imagine his anger at Babur
rising to the throne as king instead of letting him be the ruler. This had provoked the
Lodhi princes as well and they continued to make trouble. Sher Shah Suri’s ambitious
advances and strategies were the final nail in the coffin of Humayun’s initial rule.
Explanation (25 minutes):
Reading and parallel explanation from text, which is self-explanatory and unfolds like a
story. The key points should be Humayun’s struggle, his adversaries, his helpers, his
persistence, and finally his return. Talk about how Humayun was persecuted, Sher Shah
Suri’s role in Humayun’s asylum with Tahmasp, and Humayun’s patience and planning in
order to return to the throne.
Conclusion (5 minutes):
Recap the main lesson. Ask students what each of them would have done had they
been in Humayun’s place and their opinion of him.
Homework: Revise text. Mark difficulties, if any. Exercises (a) and (b) from Going
further.

Lessons 4—Written work/Assessment

Teaching Objective:
• To reinforce knowledge about Babur and Humayun through written work

Learning Outcome:
• Students should be able to answer correctly.
Instructions (5 minutes): Explain the questions to students. Answer any queries
Class work (35 minutes): Use worksheet on next page.

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Worksheet

Date: Name:
Q 1. Fill in the blanks.
a) Babur inherited the kingdom of .
b) The and members of Babur’s family did not let him rule in peace.
c) Babur entered the subcontinent at ’s request for help.
d) After Babur’s death, his son became the next Mughal emperor.
e) Babur and Ibrahim Lodhi’s armies battled at .
f) Nasiruddin became king at the age of .
g) was the king of Persia.
h) A chieftain from took pity on Humayun and gave him shelter.
i) Humayun died in .
Q 2. Give brief answers for the following questions:
a) What was the outcome of the Battle of Panipat?



b) What kind of weapons were used for the first time in this battle?



c) In which year did the Battle of Panipat take place?

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 HISTORY

d) What were some of the important steps taken by Babur during his rule?



e) For how many years did Babur rule?



Q 2. Read the clues. Then find and circle the names of these people in the wordsearch.
a) Humayun’s wife
b) Humayun’s sister
c) One of Humayun’s stepbrothers who attacked his caravan on the way to Kandahar
d) The king of Persia who helped Humayun
e) The Afghan leader who overthrew Humayun
f) Humayun’s trusted general and advisor
HINDALZZPEYDGLPOFET
EAKEBSHERSHAHSURIH
HAQBAIRAMKHANWALI
ABCCHAMIDABANOSPTT
HUMTEHMASPBEHMANO
PWRGULBADANABSHA
Q 3. Give brief answers to the following:
a) Make a list of problems Humayun faced on his rise to power.

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b) Why did Humayun flee towards Sindh?

c) Why did he turn to King Tahmasp for help?



d) After how many years did Humayun regain his throne?



e) For how long did (i) Sher Shah Suri rule, (ii) Sher Shah Suri’s successors rule?



f) Why did the Suri Empire weaken?



g) Who succeeded Humayun as the third Mughal emperor?



h) Who was Bairam Khan?

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 HISTORY

Q 4. Pretend you are Emperor Humayun. Give an account of your life from the time you reach
Umerkot until you regain the Mughal throne. Include the events, people, and your own
feelings (planning, emotions).

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HISTORY CHAPTER 6

The Greatest Mughal Emperor

Discussion points
Humayun’s return to the throne had made him wiser; however he did not survive long
enough to enjoy the fruits of his struggle. After his death, his son Akbar succeeded
him to the throne. Akbar was only 13 at that time, a minor, and was hence placed
under the guardianship of Bairam Khan, Humayun’s trusted advisor. A minor is someone
who has not reached the required age (usually 18 years) for any specific purpose.
Minors need to be supervised or be under the care of a trustworthy adult called a
guardian because they are considered too young and immature to assume
responsibility. Akbar’s education and grooming took place under the care of his
mother Hamida Bano.
As soon as Akbar reached the age of majority, he relieved Bairam Khan of his duties as
a guardian. He wanted to think and act independently and did not care about Bairam
Khan’s counsels any more. This led to bitterness between the two and as a result,
Bairam Khan turned against Akbar. Akbar suppressed and defeated Bairam, but because
he was grateful to Bairam Khan for his services to him and his father, he spared Bairam
Khan’s life and took the responsibility of bringing up Bairam Khan’s son under his
supervision. However, he also forced Bairam Khan into exile.
Like his grandfather and father, Akbar, too, had to deal with many problems. His wisdom,
foresight, diplomacy, planning, and decision-making helped him keep his empire under
control. Anticipating an uprising by the Hindu Rajputs, he gave them important positions
in his court. He merged Muslim and Hindu practices into one way of life and called it
Deen-e-Ilahi. This brought him under a lot of criticism from both Muslim and Hindu
religious leaders. His court was a place for learning and the arts alike.
His son Salim with whom he had a quarrel earlier on, became his successor as the
fourth Mughal emperor.

Answer key
Content review
A 1. Bairam Khan. Because he was too young to be king
A 2. Sati and child marriage
A 3. To promote harmony between different sections of Indian society

Going further
Muslims—because he introduced Hindu practices into Islam and merged them
with Muslim practices, Hindus—because he outlawed some of their ancient
customs like Sati and child marriages

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 HISTORY

No. of lessons: 3
Duration: 40 minutes each
Resources: textbook, content, maps, illustrations, pictures
Lessons 1 and 2
Teaching Objective:
• To familiarize students with Akbar as the third Mughal emperor through
discussion and written work
Learning Outcomes:
Students should be able to
• describe Akbar’s policies and actions
• Analyse their effects on the subcontinent
Introduction (10 minutes):
Start the topic with a recap of Humayun’s death and Akbar’s rise to power at the age
of 13. Talk about guardians and wards, and the reasons for Akbar being placed in
Bairam Khan’s care.
Explanation (25 minutes):
Reading and parallel explanation from text, which is self-explanatory and unfolds like a
story. Focus on points which highlight Akbar’s successes and foresight, and also what
made him come under fire from conservative Muslims and Hindus in those times.
Discuss Akbar’s philosophy for Muslim-Hindu unity and the repercussions of the unions
of customs, traditions, religious tenets, and culture. Talk about the different customs
from other religions that have become part of our culture. Weigh the pros and cons of
Akbar’s policy.
Conclusion (5 minutes):
Recap chapter, focusing on his achievements.
Class work:
Answer questions and exercises from Content review and Going further.
Homework: Revise text. Mark difficulties, if any.

Lesson 3—Written work/Assessment

Teaching Objective:
• To reinforce concepts about Akbar’s rule through written work

Learning Outcome:
• Students should be able to answer correctly.
Instructions (5 minutes): Explain the questions to students. Answer any queries.
Class work (35 minutes): Use worksheet on next page.

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Worksheet

Date: Name:
Q 1. Fill in the blanks.
a) Akbar ruled the Mughal Empire from to .
b) As a child, Akbar had a mind.
c) Bairam Khan was killed on his way to .
d) Deen-e-Ilahi contained tenets from and .
e) The word means nine gems.
Q 2. Give brief answers to the following:
a) Who was Akbar’s guardian? Why did he need a guardian?




b) Who was Hamida Bano? What role did she play in Akbar’s education and grooming
during his childhood?




c) Why did Akbar relieve Bairam Khan of his duties as a guardian?

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d) Why do you think Akbar spared Bairam Khan’s life? What does this tell you about
Akbar’s character/nature?




e) What language was introduced and adopted as the court language during Akbar’s rule?




Q 4. What clues from the text prove that Akbar was
a) a “liberal ruler who did not believe in ruling his empire on Islamic traditions alone”




b) a wise and diplomatic ruler who took brave decisions

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 HISTORY CHAPTER 7

The Empire at its Peak

Discussion points
Prince Salim came to power as the fourth Mughal emperor Jahangir. He was the heir
nominated by his father Akbar. His mother was a Rajput princess and Akbar’s most
favoured wife.
In his earlier days, he had revolted against his father Akbar because of court intrigues
and also because he had fallen into pleasure-seeking; some nobles incited him to rise
against his father. Akbar quelled the revolt and forgave him.
Jahangir too had his share of challenges. During Akbar’s life, there were two nominees
for succession. One was Jahangir, while the other was Jahangir’s son Khusro from his
other wife. As she was related to Man Singh, he wanted Khusro to be the king and not
Jahangir. Man Singh opposed Jahangir’s nomination, but after Jahangir came to power,
he accepted him.
As a promise to his father, Jahangir continued the policy of looking after the Muslims
and Hindus alike. He remained busy with the tussles at court. Khusro rose against
Jahangir, supported by the Sikhs, but was defeated by Jahangir.
The first Europeans arrived in the subcontinent during Jahangir’s reign. Sir Thomas Roe
arrived in India as an ambassador of King James I of England. In his stay of four years,
the British East India Company received many benefits and permissions to set up
factories.
Jahangir was as diplomatic and foresighted as Akbar, and dealt strategically with all the
trouble-causing elements. His queen Nur Jahan also received criticism at court where
nobles did not like a woman’s ascent to such a high position. His son Khurram came to
power after his death in 1627.
Shahabuddin Khurram succeeded his father Jahangir as the fifth Mughal emperor and
assumed the title Shahjahan. Initially, Shahjahan had risen to power amid many
controversies and a bitter power struggle. In addition, he had to face revolts and
rebellions, just like his ancestors. His first act was to suppress all acts of rebellion
within his family and court, and then move outwards. For these purposes, he resorted
to tremendous aggression.
After he had settled all disputes, he took measures for the well-being and progress of
the Mughal Empire. He was an ardent fan of architecture and commissioned
construction of beautiful buildings. He also encouraged learning. His financial policies
and administrative skills made the empire prosperous. He encouraged industries, like
fabric and metal forging. Factories were built. Artisans and farmers were encouraged in
their pursuits. It is said that the Mughal Empire reached the peak of its glory during
Shahjahan’s reign.

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Shahjahan had four sons who were all capable rulers and controlled different parts of
Shahjahan’s empire; Dara the eldest and his favourite, had Kabul and Punjab; Shuja
ruled Bengal and Orissa; Murad ruled Gujrat and Malwa; and Aurangzaib had Deccan.
After Shahjahan’s death, there was a power struggle between the brothers. Dara,
Murad, and Shuja moved all over the empire to establish their control whilst
Aurangzaib chose to remain in his territory. Finally, Aurangzaib emerged victorious
after a series of battles between his brothers had removed or weakened his main
opponents. He imprisoned Shahjahan within the palace.
Aurangzaib Alamgir, the sixth Mughal emperor assumed power after a three year power
struggle with his brothers. He was Shahjahan’s third son. Akbar had a strong inclination
towards the Hindus because of diplomatic and other reasons. Aurangzaib was a total
contrast—a very devout and staunch Muslim. Though he wasn’t particularly unfair or
cruel to people of other faiths, he ensured orthodox Muslim practices are followed.

Answer key
Content review
A 1. (a) Aurangzaib (largest territory) (b) Humayun
A 2. (a) Akbar—50 years (b) Babur—5 years
A 3. Discussion should include his dealings with the Afghans, the Sikhs, and the
British. His tolerance, justice, culture, art, and architecture, treatment of women
with reference to his installing of Nur Jahan as the only Mughal queen
A 4. Discussion should include boundaries, prosperity, income from taxes and
tributes, trade, peace and security for people, army, architecture, art,
literature
A 5. Architecture
A 6. Open-ended question. Discussion should include the following concepts:
staunch Muslim, ruled strictly, very strong ruler, hard working, brave, and
wise; Style of ruling and enforcement of strict Muslim laws caused unrest
among the non-Muslim and diverse Indian population.

Going further
a. Students should make a timeline using dates from the text and see the
timeline on pages 2 and 3.
b. Jahangir—the conqueror of the world; Shahjahan—the king of the
world; Aurangzaib—the glory of the throne

Challenge!
Taj Mahal

No. of lessons: 5
Duration: 40 minutes
Resources: textbook, content, maps, illustrations, pictures

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Lesson 1—Jahangir
Teaching Objective:
• To introduce Emperor Jahangir as the fourth Mughal emperor and discuss
his life
Learning Outcome:
• Students should be able to describe Jahangir’s contribution to the Mughal
Empire.
Introduction (10 minutes):
Start the topic with a recap of Akbar’s policies, his marriage to the Rajput princess,
and Man Singh’s position as one of Akbar’s nauratans. Akbar’s wife was Man Singh’s
aunt. Jahangir was her son, married to Man Singh’s daughter whose son was Khusro.
This led to court rivalry because the nobles were divided into two—one group
supporting Jahangir, the other supporting Khusro.
Explanation (25 minutes):
Reading and parallel explanation from text, which is self-explanatory and unfolds like a
story. Discuss that like his ancestors, Jahangir also had his share of rivals and enemies.
Tell students how he was able to appease all of them except the Sikhs. Ask students
to remember why the Sikhs became enraged with Jahangir and how this led to trouble
between the Mughals and the Sikhs later on. Emphasize on Nur Jahan’s role in
stabilizing Jahangir’s rule, and her foresight in guessing the intentions of Sir Thomas
Roe. Analyse Nur Jahan’s character using the excerpt on page 43. Clarify the
relationships of Aitemad-ud-daulah, Asaf Khan, and Khurram with Jahangir and Nur
Jahan and explain the role they played in the empire.
Conclusion (5 minutes):
Recap main points, address student queries, if any.
Classwork: Content review, Going further
Homework: Revise text. Mark difficulties, if any.

Lesson 2—Shahjahan
Teaching Objective:
• To discuss the importance of Shahjahan and his era in the history of the
Mughal Empire
Learning Outcomes:
Students must be able to:
• describe Shahjahan’s practices and policies
• compare him to other rulers
Introduction (10 minutes):
Recap previous lesson and discuss Shahjahan’s rise to power.
Explanation (25 minutes): Reading and parallel explanation from text, which is self-
explanatory and unfolds like a story. Compare his rule with other Mughal emperors.

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Discuss his taste for lavishness. Emphasize on the salient points of his rule and how
they differed from others, even in the matter of succession of his heirs.
Conclusion (5 minutes):
Tell the students about the power struggle that lasted for three years as Shahjahan
was imprisoned in his own palace by his own sons. Link to Aurangzaib Alamgir.
Classwork: Content review/Going further.
Homework: Revise text. Mark difficulties, if any.

Lesson 3—Aurangzaib
Teaching Objective:
• To introduce students to Aurangzaib and the salient features of his rule
Learning Outcome:
• Students should be able to compare and contrast him to Akbar and other
Mughal emperors.
Introduction (10 minutes):
Recap previous lesson, link to Aurangzaib
Explanation (25 minutes):
Reading and parallel explanation from text, which is self-explanatory and unfolds like a
story. Talk about how Aurangzaib’s nature and policies towards non-Muslims were in
total contrast to those of Akbar. Discuss the reforms and polices enforced by
Aurangzaib during his reign and how they affected the later Mughals. Analyse his
nature, compare with his ancestors.
Conclusion (5 minutes):
Recap the topic. Summarize all the Mughal rulers studied. Review Muslim rule in India
from The Ghaznavids to Aurangzaib. Introduce Sirajuddin Zafar (Bahadur Shah) and
later Mughal rulers to be studied in Grade 8.
Classwork: Content review
Homework: Revise text. Mark difficulties, if any. Written work

Lesson 4 and 5—Written work/Assessment

Teaching Objective:
• To reinforce knowledge of events during the rules of Jahangir, Shahjahan,
and Aurangzaib through written work

Learning Outcome:
• Students should be able to answer correctly.
Instructions (5 minutes): Explain the questions to students. Answer any queries.
Class work (35 minutes): Use worksheets on the following pages.

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Worksheet 1

Date: Name:
Q 1. Fill in the blanks.
a) Jahangir’s actual name was .
b) Khusro was Raja Man Singh’s .
c) Jahangir came to power in and ruled till .
d) Khurram was Jahangir’s .
Q 2. Complete the following:
a) The Sikhs did not forgive the Mughals because .
b) Jahangir dealt with the Afghans by .
c) Jahangir was a cultured king known for .
Q 3. Write a few sentences each about who the following were and what role they played
during Jahangir’s reign.
Raja Man Singh

Khusro Mirza

Nur Jahan

Thomas Roe

Q 4. Complete the table.

Name Helped by Nature of trouble Outcome/solution

Khusro

Afghans of
Bihar
Asaf Khan

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Worksheet 2

Date: Name:
Q 1. Fill in the blanks.
a) Shahjahan came to power in .
b) Shahji Bhosle, a leader was the most stubborn and formidable
opponent of the Mughals.
c) Shahjahan’s rule is said to be the period of India.
Q 2. Complete the following:
a) Shahjahan rose to power in .
b) He had to face rebellion from .
c) Shahji Bhosle was persistent in his efforts to .
d) Some of the buildings commissioned by Shahjahan are .
Q 3. Give brief answers.
a) What happened to Shahji’s mission after his death?



b) In which year did Shahjahan fall sick?



c) What happened when Shahjahan fell sick?

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Worksheet 3

Date: Name:
Q 1. Choose the correct answer.
a) Aurangzaib won the power tussle and ascended the throne in .
i. 1660 ii. 1659 iii. 1657
b) Shivaji Bhosle was Shahji Bhosle’s
i. brother ii. father iii. son
c) Aurangzaib had been weakened by the stress of
i. constant battles ii. bribes iii. travelling
Q 2. Give brief answers.
a) Write down all the ways in which Shivaji created trouble for Aurangzaib.




b) Write down all the reforms that Aurangzaib brought about during his rule.




c) What is your opinion of Aurangzaib as a ruler? Support your answer with reasons.

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 CHAPTER 8

GEOGRAPHY Oceans and Seas

Waves, Tides, and Currents

Discussion points
Oceans and seas are huge masses of water. They affect life and land. Waves, tides, and
currents are the movements within the oceans and the seas. Each of these movements
is unique and affects oceans and seas in different ways.
Waves are formed by the action of wind on ocean and sea surfaces. Strong winds
create larger and more powerful waves.
Tides are water in the oceans that rises to the moon’s gravitational pull, just like a
piece of iron is pulled towards a magnet. As a result, the sea level comes up and goes
down twice a day. Because tides are caused by the pull of gravity that the Sun and the
Moon exert on the Earth, two unusual phenomena occur: (i) as the Earth rotates, the
waters of the oceans closest to the moon rise and bulge higher than the waters of the
oceans away from the Earth. This explains why some parts of the world experience
low tides while others are seeing high tides, (ii) sometimes the Sun and the Moon fall
in a straight line and exert their pull in the same direction. As a result, the high tides
become even higher; and low tides get lower. These are called spring and neap tides
respectively.
Ocean currents are movements of the water of the oceans as a result of the uneven
heating of water surfaces. They are generally swirling movements and can be like rivers
flowing within the sea.

Answer key
Content review
A 1. The rising and falling movement of water on its surface
A 2. Because of the gravitational pull of the Moon on the Earth’s surface; water
gets pulled up as it is lighter than land
A 3. Help in erosion. Support marine life and environment which affects humans.
Currents affect weather
A 4. Clockwise direction in summers. Anti-clockwise in winters

Going further
Students can make this poster on an A4 size paper or chart paper. Poster must
contain:
i. An eye-catching title/slogan
ii. A message, whatever appeals to them and whatever they want to tell
people. It should be a strong, convincing appeal.

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iii. Message to be supported by facts/reason

iv. Drawing/pictures/illustrations

Challenge!
Black Sea, Mediterranean Sea, Yellow Sea, Sea of Japan

No. of lessons: 4
Duration: 40 minutes each
Resources: textbook, content, maps, illustrations, pictures
Lessons 1, 2, and 3
Teaching Objective:
• To introduce the concepts of waves and tides, how and why they occur and
their importance
Learning Outcome:
• Students must be able to describe waves and tides, how and why they
occur and how they affect humans and the ocean and sea environment.
Introduction (10 minutes):
Introduce the lesson with the opening paragraphs and the map showing oceans and
seas. Ask students if they know why there are waves in oceans and seas. Ask them if
they have noticed that at different times of the day/month/year, water is nearer or
farther than usual from the beach. Can they think why?
Explanation (25 minutes):
Reading and parallel explanation from text. Select one or more activities from the list
on page 50 of this guide and use them to explain the concepts of waves, tides, and
currents. Continue activities until the end of the lesson. Assign a group of students to
record observations on the board as well as on paper. Hand out sample record sheets
so that they know what to look for.
Conclusion (5 minutes): Conclude the lesson with a game of tug of war to
demonstrate spring tides and neap tides. Enact situations in which (a) students are all
pulling from one direction and (b) standing at angles and pulling. Which exerts greater
strength? Reinforce the lesson. Ask students if they have seen wave makers and similar
creations at water parks. What natural concept do they think these ideas were based
on? I
Classwork: Content review, Going further
Homework: Revise text. Mark difficulties, if any.

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Lesson 4—Written work/Assessment

Teaching Objective:
• To reinforce concepts related to waves, tides, and currents through written
work

Learning Outcome:
• Students should be able to answer correctly.
Instructions (5 minutes): Explain the questions to students. Answer any queries.
Class work (35 minutes): Use worksheet on next page.

Activities/Projects
1. Observing currents
Materials: newspapers/old sheet or towel, a shallow container, water, paints
Instructions: Spread out newspapers or sheet to protect the work surface. Fill
the container with water but not full. Blow across the surface of the water. What
do you see? Put a drop of paint into the water at one end of the pan. Blow from
that end of the pan. What do you observe?
2. Creating waves I
Materials: a deep glass dish, newspapers/clothwipe or towel, water
Instructions: Fill the container almost to the top with water. Children take turns
blowing across the surface of the water at once. Ask them to blow gently at first
and then hard. Discuss observations. Students should conclude that wind is the
major cause of waves. Ask them to think what happens when stormy winds blow.
b. Creating waves II
Materials: transparent bottles or jars with corks or screw-on lids, blue or green
poster paints, cooking oil, water
Instructions: Fill bottles about two-thirds with water. Add blue/ green poster
paints (few drops only) to the cooking oil to represent the color of the ocean.
Then fill the bottles of water to the top with the colored cooking oil. Sway
bottles gently, swaying them from side to side. What do you observe? Discuss
observations.
3. Mixing of hot and cold currents
Materials: glass bowl, icy water, hot water, poster paints, chalk powder/talcum
powder/pepper powder
Instructions: Fill the bowl two-thirds with ice water. Sprinkle some chalk powder
on the surface of the water. Add a few drops of paint to the hot water and
slowly pour some of it into the bowl of ice water. What do you observe? The
hot water stays on top because it is lighter than cold water. As the water cools
down, it becomes heavier and begins to sink, mixing with the water below.
Repeat the experiment, but reverse the position of the hot and cold water. This
time, start with a bowl of hot water. Pour colored icy water into the bowl. What
should happen?

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Worksheet

Date: Name:
Q 1. Fill in the blanks.
a) The part of the ocean that meets land is called .
b) Areas around seas are called .
c) A is the movement of water in the oceans and seas.
d) A large wave resulting from tectonic activity in the ocean bed is called a

e) On full and half moons, the Sun and the Moon pull water in the
direction.
f) An ocean current is the flow of water in a particular .
Q 2. Write True or False for each of the following statements and give the correct answer for each false
statement.
a. Ocean and seabeds are flat.



b. The deepest parts of the ocean receive most sunlight.



c. The weaker the wind, the stronger the waves will be.



d. Just like the Earth, the Sun and the Moon also have gravitational pull.

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e. In high tides, the bulges rise high because the Moon’s pull is the weakest.



Q 3. What is the difference between:
a. Inland sea and coastal area



b. Spring tide and neap tide



c. Ridges and trenches



d. Surface currents and deep water currents



e. Waves, tides, and currents

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Q 4. How do waves, tides, and currents affect human life?

km 0 100 0 2000

mi 0 100 0 2000

Q 5. Mark the following on the given map.

a) Dead Sea
b) Baffin Bay
c) Yellow Sea
d) Carribbean Sea
e) Arabian Sea
f) North Atlantic Ocean
g) South Atlantic Ocean
h) Indian Ocean
i) Southern Ocean

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Q 6. Use your atlas to do the following on the given map.

a) Write down the names of the missing seas and oceans in the map.
b) Circle three inland seas.
Q 7. Give brief answers for the following questions:
a. What causes a tsunami?



b. What happens during a tsunami?



c. Why do tides pass all over the world? What is the other effect of this phenomenon?



d. What damages can strong waves cause?



e. Why are ocean currents dangerous?

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 CHAPTER 9

GEOGRAPHY Ocean and Sea Landforms

Discussion points
Landforms are natural shapes and features on the Earth’s surface. These are formed
over a long time as a result of erosion, tidal movements, and tectonic activities.
Landforms are found on land and water both. Some basic sea and ocean landforms
include peninsula, gulf, isthmus, cape, strait, and archipelago. Landforms determine
people’s lifestyles. They add beauty to landscapes.

Answer key
Content review
A 1. Through tectonic activity, erosion, and tidal movements
A 2. Isthmus is a strip of land, strait is a narrow waterway; Gulf is larger than a
bay; Peninsula is larger than a cape; Archipelago is a collection of islands.

Going further
a. Open-ended question. Check for correct facts.
b. Drawing. Check for clear concept and visualization.

No. of lessons: 4
Duration: 40 minutes
Resources: textbook, content, maps, illustrations, pictures
Lesson 1—Introduction to landforms—how they are created
Teaching Objectives:
• To introduce students to the idea of landforms
• To explain how these are formed
Learning Outcomes:
Students should be able to:
• define landforms
• describe how they are formed
Introduction (10 minutes):
Discuss the photos of landforms with students. Ask them to observe the different
shapes and forms, and if they can guess how these are created.

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Explanation (25 minutes):

Reading and parallel explanation from text about how these landforms are created.
Make model landforms using recyclable material and natural material like sand and
grass and twigs. Use water, ice cubes and a fan to demonstrate formation of
landforms. Melting water from ice cubes passing through sand, water dripping
constantly on an ice cube, wind blowing away sand are some simple activities that can
generate interest as well as explain concepts easily. Giving small shakes to the model
can help students understand tectonic activities.
Conclusion (5 minutes):
Recap lesson. Continue with the activities. Sum up main points.
Classwork: Content review, Going further
Homework: Revise text. Mark difficulties, if any.

Lesson 2—Some important landforms

Teaching Objective:
• To introduce students to important landforms related to oceans and seas
Learning Outcome:
• Students should be able to describe some important types of ocean and sea
landforms with examples.
Introduction (10 minutes):
Discuss the photos of the landforms with students. Ask them to observe the different
shapes and forms, and if they can guess how these are created. Ask students to locate
Japan on their atlas and see how the country is made up of islands. Alternately, you
can use any other landform to introduce the topic.
Explanation (25 minutes):
Reading and parallel explanation from text about how these landforms are created.
Looking at maps especially physical maps will make the lessons more interesting. After
reading the description of each landform in the book, open the atlas and ask the
students to locate and identify the landform.
Conclusion (5 minutes): Recap lesson.
Classwork: Content review, Going further
Homework: Revise text. Mark difficulties, if any.

Lessons 3 and 4—Written work/Assessment

Teaching Objectives:
• To reinforce the concepts related to landforms—reasons for formation of
shapes and features and the process of formation
• To familiarize students with some famous landforms of the world

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Learning Outcome:
• Students should be able to answer correctly.
Instructions (5 minutes): Explain the questions to students. Answer any queries.
Class work (35 minutes): Use worksheet on next page.

Activities/Projects:
Students can make model landforms using recyclable material like old cartons,
newspapers, tins and containers, cloth, and other material like plasticine/play dough,
clay, etc. They can have a well-labelled display with small presentations to explain
their models.

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Worksheet

Date: Name:
Q 1. Give three examples for each of the following landforms.
Strait: , ,
Peninsula: , ,
Cape: , ,
Archipelago: , ,
Isthmus: , ,
Bay: , ,
Gulf: , ,
Q 2. Look at the pictures below and write the name of the landform.

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Q 3. Complete the following statements.

a) Landforms are
b) Europe is one large peninsula made of
c) A cape is
d) A bay is
e) A strait is
f) An isthmus is
g) An archipelago is
Q 4. Write the name for each group of landforms:
a) Balkan, Arabian, Sinai, Iberian
b) Cod, Verde, Good Hope
c) Bengal, Biscay, Hudson, Fundy
d) Persian, Aqabah, Mexico, Alaska
e) Bass, Bering, Dover, Magellan
f) Panama, Suez, Corinth
g) Japan, Philippines, New Zealand, Finland
Q 5. Choose the correct answer and write it in the blanks provided.
a) Soft rock is less and breaks easily.
(resistant, absorbent, reactive)
b) A large piece of land extending into an ocean or sea is called a .
(cod, cape, peninsula)
c) A very large bay is called a .
(archipelago, giant bay, gulf)
d) The largest archipelago of the world is the archipelago.
(Indian, Malay, Maldives)
e) The Aegean Sea has more than rocks and islands.
(100 000, 60 000, 10 000)

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Q 6. a) What are landforms?

b) Name and describe the ways in which they are created.

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 CHAPTER 10

GEOGRAPHY Rivers and Smaller Bodies of Water

Discussion points
Lakes, springs, and glaciers are known as smaller bodies of water. They are called
‘smaller’ in comparison to the vast expanse of seas and oceans and the mighty flow of
rivers. These are generally sweet water bodies and their water is used for drinking and
other life-sustaining purposes. This is why they are important.

Answer key
Content review
A 1. They are the most important source of fresh water for all forms of life, they
form boundaries, they can be used for transport and many leisure activites.
Fish from rivers and animals that come for water can be hunted and used
for food.
A 2. Meander, oxbow lake, waterfall, estuary, and delta
A 3. Glaciers flow downhill and erode surrounding rocks with their weight and
slow speed. They create U-shaped valley.
A 4. Lake Michigan, Lake Superior, the Dead Sea, the Caspian Sea

Going further
Judge on correctness and sensibility of content, neatness, strength of appeal/
message/conviction, title, and layout.

Challenge!
Page 72–Option 1—the blind dolphin
Page 73–Option 1—breaking off from a glacier

No. of lessons: 7
Duration: 40 minutes
Resources: textbook, content, maps, illustrations, pictures
Lessons 1 and 2—Rivers and River Systems
Teaching Objective:
• To inform students about rivers and rivers systems

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Learning Outcome:
• Students should be able to describe rivers and river systems.
Introduction (10 minutes):
An interesting way to introduce rivers is through personification. Begin like a story,
drawing the course of a river on the board or with the help of a clear, enlarged
diagram. Relate it to the lifecycle of a human being. A person spends his childhood
and youth close to his/her parents, then reaches middle age like the students’ parents
may have, and finally the person becomes old like the students’ grandparents. The
river begins its journey on mountain slopes, young like the students themselves. Like a
youthful person, in this stage, the river has the most energy to flow, erode, and carry
heavy material. Then comes middle age. The river has just started to mellow down. It
still flows with energy but has slowed down a bit passing through plains. Then comes
the river’s old age. It no longer has the energy to flow fast or erode and eventually it
flows out to the sea.
Explanation (25 minutes):
Reading and parallel explanation from text, which is self-explanatory. Look at the
pictures and text in the book. Discuss various components of a river system. Explain
the difference between a watershed and drainage basin.
Conclusion (5 minutes):
Recap main points. Address student queries, if any.
Classwork:
Homework: Revise text. Mark difficulties, if any.
Do some research on River Indus. (See activity suggestion at the end of the lesson
plan.)

Lesson 3—River landforms

Teaching Objective:
• To introduce students to landforms shaped by or formed due to rivers
Learning Outcome:
• Students should be able to identify and describe the different landforms
created by a river on its journey.
Introduction (10 minutes):
Ask students if they have seen or heard of waterfalls. Ask them how they think
waterfalls are created.
Explanation (25 minutes):
Reading and parallel explanation from text, which is self-explanatory. Describe all
landforms made by rivers. Look at the pictures in the textbook. Discuss them with
students. Discuss the way these landforms affect the environment.
Conclusion (5 minutes): Recap main points. Address student queries, if any.
Homework: Revise text. Mark difficulties, if any.

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Lesson 4—Importance of rivers and threats to rivers

Teaching Objective:
• To create awareness about the threats that most rivers are facing and why
they need to be looked after
Learning Outcomes:
Students should be able to:
• explain the importance of rivers and why they need to be looked after
• demonsatrate a sense of responsibility and ownership about our rivers
Introduction (10 minutes):
Introduce industrial and other pollution. Ask students what would happen if rivers get
polluted? Would other smaller bodies of water be enough to provide drinking water
to people? What should be done?
Explanation (25 minutes): Reading and parallel explanation from text, which is self-
explanatory. Discuss the threats and dangers faced by rivers. Then analyse the
importance of rivers. Bring two containers, one full of fresh clear water and the other
full of dirty smelly water. Ask students which one is good for drinking and how they
think the water got polluted. Talk about the difference between contamination and
pollution. Discuss the reasons why people are careless about water sources. Ask for
suggestions.
Conclusion (5 minutes):
Sum up the chapter by taking pledges from students for looking after rivers in their
own way.
Homework: Revise text. Mark difficulties, if any.

Lesson 5—Other smaller bodies of water

Teaching Objectives:
• To introduce students to water bodies other than oceans or seas
• To explain the importance of these bodies as sources of fresh drinking
water
Learning Outcome:
• Students should be able to name the smaller water bodies and describe
their characteristics and importance.
Introduction (10 minutes):
Ask students if they have seen any natural fresh water bodies in their areas—streams,
lakes, springs, rivers, glaciers. Ask them if they know how useful or harmful they are.
What are they being used for? Are they being used for the right purposes or are they
being destroyed?
Explanation (25 minutes):
Reading and parallel explanation from text, which is self-explanatory. Explain the
difference between a river and other smaller bodies of water as fresh water sources.

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Talk about their being used as an invaluable source of water for animals and plants.
Get student feedback. Use atlas to locate landforms.
Conclusion:
Sum up the main points. Recap. Answer student queries, if any. Have a two minute oral
quiz to reinforce key concepts and gauge understanding of topic.

Activities/Projects:
Students can do a research project on River Indus and prepare a collage/display. They
need to find out:
• the source of the Indus
• places it passes through
• tributaries, confluence of tributaries
• its mouth—estuary/delta
• major threats to it
• what steps are being taken by state and private organizations to safeguard
it.
• what we can (as students and Pakistanis) do to protect it

Lesson 6 and 7—Written work/Assessment

Teaching Objective:
• To reinforce concepts about rivers, river systems and other smaller bodies
of water through written work

Learning Outcome:
• Students should be able to answer correctly.
Instructions (5 minutes): Explain the questions to students. Answer any queries.
Class work (35 minutes): Use worksheets on the following pages.

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Worksheet 1

Date: Name:
Q 1. Give one word answers.
a) The area of land that a river runs through.
b) The imaginary line along the surrounding highland, separating one drainage basin and
river system from another.
c) Areas of flat land on either sides of a river. They are extended river banks created by
the deposition of silt after flooding.
d) Branches of the main river, or smaller rivers that join the main river.
e) The point where two or more rivers meet.
f) Bends in rivers.
Q 2. Give brief answers to the following:
a) Why are rivers known as ‘agents of erosion’ and ‘landscape shapers’?



b) In which direction do all rivers generally flow? Which river is an exception to this
rule?



c) Name the sources of rivers.



d) How is a waterfall created?

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e) What is the ‘mouth’ of a river?



f) Why should rivers be regularly de-silted?



g) Make a web-diagram listing the uses of a river.



Q 3. State whether True or False. Write the correct answer for the false statements.
a) River Indus flows from north to south.


b) Waterfalls are usually found in the lower course of a river because the river flows the
fastest here.


c) No plants and animals can survive in an estuary.


d) An obstacle in a river is called a meander.


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e) Ox-bow lakes are meanders cut off from the main river.


Q 4. Make a list of all threats faced by rivers.




Q 5. Choose the correct answer:
a) River Nile has its delta in the (Arabian, Mediterranean, Red) Sea in
northeast . (Africa, Egypt, Lake Victoria)
b) The journey of a river from its source until it meets the sea is called a .
(river story, river mechanism, river system)
c) Areas of flat land on either sides of a river are called . (river banks,
floodplains, estuaries)
d) Bends in a river are called . (meanders, U-turns, hairpin bends)
e) Water in an oxbow lake is for drinking. (suitable, unfit, blue)

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Worksheet 2

Date: Name:
Q 1. Answer the following questions.
a) Name three smaller bodies of water.
i) , ii) , iii)
b) Give a brief description of each.
i)


ii)


iii)


c) Write two sentences about the importance of each.
i)


ii)


iii)

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d) Name some important lakes of Pakistan.

e) What are permeable and impermeable rocks?


Q 2. Fill in the blanks.
a) Artifical lakes built on dams are called .
b) Rivers of melting ice are called .
c) Bits of glaciers that have ‘calved off’ from the main glacier and are floating in the sea
are called .
d) Godwin Austin, Baltoro, Biafo, Siachen, and Hispar are some important
of .
e) Water comes out through cracks and in the Earth’s crust.
f) The purest form of water is water.
Q 3. Complete the following phrases.
a) Caspian Sea is unusual because .
b) Water from springs is collected and bottled near its because
.
c) Reservoirs are important because .
d) Water comes out through cracks in the Earth’s surface because .
Q 4. Choose the correct answer.
a) Lakes are bodies of (sweet, salty, bitter) water surrounded by
(mountains, hills, land) on all sides.
b) Rivers of melting ice are called . (frozen water, icy rivers, glaciers)
c) Hidden icebergs have many ships. (rescued, hidden, destroyed)
d) Springs are natural (chunks, fountains, rivers) of water that gush forth
from underground sources.

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 CHAPTER 11

GEOGRAPHY Natural Disasters

Discussion points
A natural disaster is an event that occurs due to forces of nature and causes great
damage to life and property. Though we cannot prevent them from occurring, we can
minimize chances of damage by preparing to meet situations of emergency. All natural
disasters cause devastation but the type and extent of damage may differ owing to
the nature of the disaster. For example, the effects of flooding can be different from
the effects of an earthquake. Uneven heating of the Earth’s surface is one of the major
causes. It affects weather and climate, the water cycle, weathering, and erosion, all of
which in turn have an effect on the entire Earth.
These events or phenomena are great wonders of nature. Extreme temperatures
(equatorial and polar zones), excess water spilling on to land, mountains spewing fire,
droughts, eclipses, the shaking and quaking of the Earth—all appear to be mysterious
events but scientists have discovered the physical reasons for their occurrences.

Answer key
Content review
A 1. i. Small tremors that occur before the main quake because rocks deep
inside the earth start to move
ii. Small tremors that occur after the main quake because rocks deep
inside the earth seek space to settle down
A 2. Rock movement beneath the Earth’s surface owing to plate movements/
tectonic activity
A 3. i. When convergent and divergent oceanic and continental plates move,
they cause cracks or fissures to open in the crust.
ii. Permanent cracks in the Earth’s crust called hot spots allow magma to
come to surface.
iii. Stretching and thinning of Earth’s crust.
A 4. Volcanoes that have not erupted for a very long time and there are no
chances of their erupting in the future
A 5. Because there is more water in a river’s channel than it can hold and water
overflows onto land. There are many reasons for surplus water in a river.
A 6. Floods cause huge damage to life and property, to individuals and
countries.

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A 7. A huge wave that slams on to land because of tectonic activity/earthquake

in the seabed

Going further
(a)–(e) Open-ended questions. Assess all five tasks for relevant, correct, and
justified content.

Challenge!
Pacific Ocean—because of high levels of tectonic activity

No. of lessons: 10
Duration: 40 minutes
Resources: textbook, content, maps, illustrations, pictures
Lesson 1 and 2—Earthquakes
Teaching Objective:
• To introduce students to earthquakes—the reasons for their occurrence and
the damages it can cause
Learning Outcome:
• Students should be able to describe why earthquakes occur, and the
aftermath.
Resources: textbook, content, maps, illustrations, pictures
Introduction (10 minutes):
Begin the discussion by asking students about any latest natural disaster that they may
have witnessed or heard of. Have a brainstorming session highlighting the main points.
Write points on the board. Build up on the lesson.
Explanation (25 minutes):
Reading and parallel explanation from text, which is self-explanatory. If the school has
a multimedia setup or computer lab, show excerpts from documentaries (CDs are
available or you can download from the Internet) from National Geographic or BBC
about natural disasters. It would be exciting if teachers are able to get National
Geographic magazines and other reading material to read out from and share with the
class. Students can also be requested and encouraged to bring reading material.
Discuss what students have to say.
Conclusion (5 minutes):
Ask students how they would cope with an emergency. Discuss the rights and wrongs.
Sum up main points of the lesson.
Homework: Exercise (a) and (b) from Going further

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Lessons 3 and 4—Floods

Teaching Objective:
• To familiarize students with flooding—reasons, effects, and coping strategies
Learning Outcomes:
Students should be able to:
• identify the reasons for flooding
• describe the devastation it causes and the ways to deal with a crisis
Introduction and explanation (35 minutes):
Discuss students’ research. Parallel reading from text, and explanation. Compare
student answers with text. Ask questions regarding their research to generate interest
and reinforce understanding of major concepts.
Conclusion (5 minutes):
Sum up main points of the text, highlighting main points. Ask students how they
would feel if they were affected by a natural disaster. How should they behave when
they have been affected or when someone else has been affected?
Homework: Revise text. Mark difficulties, if any.

Lessons 5 and 6—Tsunami

Teaching Objective:
• To introduce students to what a tsunami is and its effects
Learning Outcome:
• Students must be able to describe what a tsunami is, why it occurs, and its
aftermath.
Resources: textbook, content, maps, illustrations, pictures
Introduction (10 minutes):
Use the case study for the Tohoku tsunami. Read it aloud and then introduce tsunami.
Remind them that they had studied tsunamis briefly earlier.
Explanation (25 minutes):
Reading and parallel explanation from text, which is self-explanatory. Discuss the case
point by point and explain why the damages occurred and whether they could have
been prevented or not.
Conclusion (5 minutes):
Sum up main points, Recap text.
Homework: Research: What is the area around the Pacific Ocean called and why? Why
does it contain so many volcanoes?

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Lessons 7 and 8—Volcanoes

Teaching Objectives:
• To introduce students to volcanoes—what they are, how they are formed,
how many kinds there are
• To introduce students to the causes and effects of volcanic eruptions
Learning Outcomes:
Students should be able to:
• describe the causes and effects of volcano formations and volcanic activity
• name specific terms related to volcanoes
Resources: textbook, content, maps, illustrations, pictures, Plaster of Paris or modelling
clay
Introduction (10 minutes):
Use the research assignment given as homework in the last lesson to introduce
volcanoes. Get student feedback, and reinforce why the particular region in the Pacific
Ocean is called the Ring of Fire. Build up on the lesson.
Explanation (25 minutes):
Reading and parallel explanation from text, which is self-explanatory. Make a volcano
with plaster of Paris or modeling clay, with a small dent at the top as a crater. Create
a scene of a village around the volcano with twigs for trees, toy cars, and matchbox
houses. Keep it ready a day or two before the lesson. Put baking soda and vinegar and
some red food colouring in the vent and wait for it to froth and bubble over. In case
of using modeling clay, put a small container or bottle top in the ‘crater’ to hold the
baking soda and vinegar. Explain the concept of volcanic eruptions. Ask students to
think of damages it can cause.
Conclusion (5 minutes):
Sum up topic. Recap main points.
Homework: Revise text. Mark difficulties, if any.

Lessons 9 and 10—Written work/Assessment

Teaching Objective:
• To reinforce concepts about natural disasters through written work

Learning Outcome:
• Students should be able to answer correctly.
Instructions (5 minutes): Explain the questions to students. Answer any queries.
Class work (35 minutes): Use worksheets on the following pages.

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Worksheet 1

Date: Name:
Q 1. In your own words, explain how each of the following can worsen floods.
a) Water in the soil from earlier rains



b) Construction in drainage basins



c) Deforestation



d) Dry, impermeable soil



Q 2. You have been appointed in charge of the Emergency Management Unit of your town or
city. For the last three years, devastating floods have been causing great damage to the
city. You have studied the situation and these are your findings:
Floods occurred because of heavy rainfalls. Factors that further aggravated the situation
were:
a) the soil still contains water from previous years’ rains.
b) there has been a lot of construction in the drainage basin due to which water from
rivers cannot flow through and thus collects there.

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c) no de-silting has been done in the last four years and the river bed has become
higher.
Damages caused include loss of lives, destruction of property, road closures.
Task: Prepare a report on the situation. Contents should include: why these floods occur, what
damage they cause, how do you plan to minimize damages and losses to life and property,
what material, equipment, supplies, and other kinds of help are required

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Worksheet 2

Date: Name:
Q 1. Fill in the blanks.
a) The machine used to record the magnitude of an earthquake is called a
.
b) A record of seismic waves is called a .
c) The strength of an earthquake is called its .
d) The point below the Earth’s surface where the rock breaks or gives way is where the
waves are given out. This point is called the .
e) The is on the ground, just above the area affected by an earthquake.
Q 2. Differentiate between the following pairs of words:
a) epicenter and focus


b) seismograph and seismometer


c) fault and boundary


d) Richter scale and magnitude


Q 3. Make a list of damages caused during an earthquake. Use the textbook for support, but
think and add some more of your own as well.

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Q 4. If you were living in or close to an earthquake zone, what measures would you take to
protect (a) yourself, your family, and property (b) other people and your city or town?

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Q 5. Make a labelled diagram showing how a tsunami occurs.

Q 6. Why do tsunamis occur?

Q 7. Make a list of damages a tsunami can cause.

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Worksheet 3

Date: Name:
Q 1. Mark the following on the diagram.
crater, ash
cloud, lava flow,
throat, magma chamber,
lava, magma, branch pipe,
side vent

Q 2. What are:
a) convergent and divergent plates


b) volcano and volcanic
eruptions


c) lava and magma


Q 3. Why are volcanic eruptions dangerous?

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 CHAPTER 12

GEOGRAPHY Industries in Pakistan

Discussion points
Industries are considered the backbone of any country’s economy. Pakistan is also an
industrialized country. However, there is still plenty of room for further development
and advancements. Law and order situations, trade policies, demand and market for
goods, increasing costs of all factors of production (raw material, labour, capital, etc.)
are all affecting industrial activities in Pakistan.

Answer key
Content review
A 1. Industry refers to everything connected to the production of goods and
services.
A 2. Three. Primary, secondary, and tertiary
A 3. Textile: availability of raw material. Sugar: constant demand. Cement:
growth of construction sector
A 4. Discussion of any three of the factors described on pages 92–93.

Going further
It would be interesting to see what ideas students come up with. Give them the
following checklist for their plans. You can add more of your own.
What do I plan to sell/manufacture and sell?
Is there a market/demand for what I plan to sell?
What raw material will I require?
How much will I require initially?
Do I need workers? If so how many?
How much profit do I expect?
Will I invest all my money or should I keep some in case there are losses?

No. of lessons: 3
Duration: 40 minutes
Resources: textbook, content, maps, illustrations, pictures

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Lessons 1 and 2
Teaching Objective:
• To familiarize students with the concept of industry, types of industries,
benefits of industrialization, and industries of Pakistan
Learning Outcome:
Students should be able to describe the importance of industry.
Introduction (10 minutes):
Introduce the topic by asking students about different kinds of factories—ask what
manufacturing and production mean and talk about goods. Talk about professions and
discuss what services mean. The terms goods and services mean that there is an
exchange involving money in return for these.
Explanation (25 minutes):
Reading and parallel explanation from text, which is self-explanatory. Explain what the
three kinds of industries are. Compare industry and agriculture. Ask why they are both
important. Discuss how Pakistan has all resources for being an industrialized nation as
well as being an agricultural nation, a blessing that most countries don’t have. Tell
them about Pakistan’s main industries and how they have contributed to Pakistan’s
economic standing in the world. While discussing the factors of production, ask
students to find out about the problems being faced by Pakistan’s industries.
Conclusion (5 minutes):
Recap the lesson and summarize the main points. Ask them for suggestions to help
improve industries in Pakistan.
Classwork: Going further
Homework: Content review
Revise text. Mark difficulties, if any. Think about or ask an adult about what problems
are currently being faced by Pakistan’s industries.

Lesson 3—Written work/Assessment

Teaching Objective:
• To reinforce concepts about industries through written work

Learning Outcome:
• Students should be able to answer correctly.
Instructions (5 minutes): Explain the questions to students. Answer any queries.
Class work (35 minutes): Use worksheet on next page.

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Worksheet

Date: Name:
Q 1. Answer the following questions.
a) Into how many kinds can industry be classified?



b) Why is agriculture an industry? What kind of an industry is it?



c) Why is it important for a country to have a well-developed industrial sector? Make a
list of reasons.




d) In your own words, explain why the following industries are important for Pakistan.
i) Automobile


ii) Sugar

iii) Textile

iv) Cottage industries

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 CHAPTER 13

GEOGRAPHY Trade

Discussion points
Trade refers to buying and selling of goods and services in exchange for value or
money. Manufacturers are also traders because they sell their finished goods.
Professions are also a kind of trade—professionals like lawyers, doctors, consultants,
etc. sell their services. It is through trade that revenue is generated. The purpose of
trade is (a) to make a profit and (b) to provide people with what they need.
For successful trade, one needs to build up a relationship on trust and honesty with
various parties. These parties are called trading partners. Trading partners can be
countries with whom international trade is carried on or local suppliers and buyers.
Trade, especially international trade, depends on certain factors. The availability of
natural resources, capital, and labour are the key factors that affect trade. These
should be available easily and cheaply.
The relationship between countries determines help and cooperation extended to
both parties. There should be mutual trust, understanding and open, honest, and fair
dealings.
Trade policies of governments encourage or discourage trade.
Law and order/security issues in countries also affect trade—people are scared to
trade with such countries because of the risk of goods or payments being stuck.
The value of currency or exchange rate is another factor. Currencies are valued against
dollars and euros in international markets. Law and order situations also affect
currencies. Daily fluctuations in currency rates affect trade.

Answer key
Content review
A 1. International trade is between different countries, local trade (also known
as domestic trade) is within a city or between different cities of the same
country.
A 2. Importing too much means we are spending too much. If we have the
money to spend on imports, it means we are losing foreign exchange. If we
don’t have the money, it means we have to borrow money to pay the seller
and will be under debt.
A 3. Reference on pages 97–98.

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Going further
(a)–(c). Talk to students about how our local industries are suffering because of
imports of all kinds of consumer goods. Suggest local alternatives for imported
brands. Talk about creating a balance. Have a brain storming session for each of
the question component. A good idea would be to have the students research
and brainstorm the questions and then put it forward as a group/individual
project.

Challenge!
oil, cars, technology, branded consumer items including food and beverages

No. of lessons: 3
Duration: 40 minutes
Resources: textbook, content, maps, illustrations, pictures
Lessons 1 and 2
Teaching Objective:
• To create awareness and a sense of responsibility about creating a balance
between spending on luxuries and necessities
Learning Outcome:
• Students must be able to explain that each individual’s efforts can make a
difference.
Introduction (10 minutes):
Begin with the illustrations of Balance of Trade and ask students if they understand
the concepts. Talk about simple buying and selling in local shops. Move on to the ‘big
picture’—imports and exports.
Explanation (25 minutes):
Reading and parallel explanation from text. Talk about facts and figures, and Pakistan’s
trading partners. Invent a game or think up trading situations with different goods
(modelled out of recyclable material) and make fake paper money (e.g. Monopoly
notes) Divide the class into 4–5 groups and ask them to trade. Set a time. Keep
explaining important concepts to facilitate learning. At the end, compare who landed
up with more money only, or money and resources both, or just resources.
Conclusion (5 minutes): Recap topic; address student queries.
Classwork: Content review
Homework: Going further. Revise text. Mark difficulties, if any.

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Lesson 3—Written work/Assessment

Teaching Objective:
• To reinforce concepts about trade and its results through written work

Learning Outcome:
• Students should be able to answer correctly.
Instructions (5 minutes): Explain the questions to students. Answer any queries.
Class work (35 minutes): Use worksheet on next page.

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 GEOGRAPHY

Worksheet

Date: Name:
Q 1. Complete the following statements.
a) Local trade means



b) Before the creation of money



c) Pakistan’s major exports include



d) Pakistan’s major imports include



e) Factors affecting trade are



Q 2. Who is Pakistan’s major trading partner?

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 CHAPTER 14

GEOGRAPHY Some Major Cities in Asia

Discussion points
The purpose of including these urban centres is to let students compare their own city
and country with the rest of Asia.

Answers key
Content review
A 1. Shanghai
A 2. Tashkent
A 3. Open ended question. Students may cite any city as answer but support it
with reasons. Dhaka was part of East Pakistan once; Tehran is in a
neighbouring country; Shanghai is notable for Pakistan’s brotherly relations
with China; Tashkent is important for our cultural heritage.
A 4. Dhaka: 23.7W 90.4E; Tehran: 35.7W 51.4E; Shanghai: 31.2W 121.4E; Tashkent:
41.2W 69.2E

Going further
a. Show students a sample or two of travel brochures for any country. They
are easily available from all local travel agents. Then ask them to use the
information available in the textbook and prepare such brochures. Students
from each group can be assigned different tasks to ensure team work. Tasks
include collecting, sorting and organizing information, writing, drawing, and
presentation of their brochure. Have each group present their assignment
to the others. A bit of competition will make it more challenging and
motivating.
b. Open-ended question

No. of lessons: 4
Duration: 40 minutes
Resources: textbook, content, maps, illustrations, pictures
Lessons 1 and 2
Teaching Objective:
• To familiarize students with some neighbouring urban centres

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Learning Outcome:
• Students should be able to compare cities with their own.
Introduction (10 minutes):
Create interest in the topic by telling the students that in the next couple of lessons,
they will be travelling to four destinations in Asia. Introduce the cities and tell them
that these are the major urban centres in the region.
Explanation (25 minutes):
Reading and parallel explanation from text. Discuss pictures, get student feedback.
Provide magazines and catalogues for supplementary reading. Also prepare a chart
with information about Pakistan’s urban centres and put it up to compare with other
cities.
Conclusion (5 minutes):
Recap main points. Ask students how they felt and compare the cities with their own.
Class work: Going further—to be done as an activity
Homework: Revise text. Mark difficulties, if any. Content review

Lessons 3 and 4—Written work/Assessment

Teaching Objectives:
• To reinforce concepts about Pakistan’s neighbouring regions /important
urban centres of Asia through written work
Learning Outcome:
• Students should be able to answer correctly.
Instructions (5 minutes): Explain the questions to students. Address any queries.
Written work (35 minutes): Use worksheet on next page.

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Worksheet

Date: Name:
Q 1. Complete the table.

Dhaka Shanghai Tehran Tashkent Your city

Religious
building
Library

Museum

Educational
institution
Leisure and
entertainment
Parks and
gardens
Monuments

Government
building

Q 2. Give one word answers.

a) World’s ninth largest urban centre

b) The urban centre which is not a capital city

c) Rickshaw capital of the world
d) A tea house in one of the urban cities
e) A monument symbolizing modern Iran
Q 3. Answer the following questions:
a) Why do you think Dhaka is called the rickshaw capital of the world?



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b) What kind of people live in each of these urban centres? Write your answers under
four brief headed paragraphs.

c) Which urban centre has two international airports? Name both the airports.




d) What are some of the titles given to Tashkent?




e) What does the word Tashkent mean?


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f) Comment on the historical richness of Tashkent.

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 CHAPTER 15

Patriotism
CIVICS

Discussion points
A person should be patriotic but still be respectful towards other countries. Students
must be clearly told the importance of having this balance with reasons. Another
point for discussion is the presence of minorities and religious differences. We have
Hindus, Parsis, and other smaller communities in Pakistan who are equally patriotic
Pakistanis. Similarly, the Muslims of India are patriotic Indians. This does not make
anyone irreligious in any way. In fact, this is an example of tolerance. The white stripe
in our flag is a reminder to us. Patriotism is a feeling of love and loyalty for one’s
country. This feeling leads to progress and development in the country, inculcates, and
increases the ownership and responsibility for one’s country. However if unchecked,
patriotism can reach negative levels when people adopt a condescending attitude
towards other nations with the intention of glorifying their own country.

Answer key
Content review
A 1. Patriotism:
• gives a sense of pride and belonging
• positive feelings about one’s own country generates hope. A person
with hope can work more constructively.
• a feeling of national spirit binds people together to work towards a
common goal, their country
• encourages people to do good for their country. This brings glory to
the nation and generates respect for it.
• by being patriotic, you are actually safeguarding the freedom and
rights of all the citizens.
A 2. Sometimes people develop hatred and negative feelings for other nations, a
danger which can create problems for a country instead of helping it
progress. This feeling is also called nationalism. Experienced in excess, this
feeling of animosity creates destructive emotions in people. Destructive
emotions, as the name suggests, lead to destructive acts which give the
nation a bad name and bring down the rate of progress. Individuals and
communities suffer. Many immigrants don’t know which country they
should feel more love for—the country from which they have migrated or
the one they presently live in.
A 3. Open-ended discussion.

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Going further
Talk about cricket matches and other important sporting tournaments, bring in
Aisam-ul-Haq, Jahangir Khan, national achievements, national heroes, and
occasions like 14th August, 6th September. These are memorable people, events,
and dates that are strongly tied to Pakistan. Ask students what they feel like
doing when Pakistan is in a losing situation or winning situation. Discuss what is
positive and what is negative patriotism here.

No. of lessons: 3
Duration: 40 minutes
Resources: textbook, content, illustrations, pictures
Lessons 1 and 2
Teaching Objective:
• To enable students to understand what patriotism for one’s country means
and what its advantages and risks are
Learning Outcome:
• Students should be able to the describe the feeling and importance of
patriotism.
Introduction (10 minutes):
Ask students if they have heard a patriotic song Jazba-e-Junoon or pick any other
patriotic song they might have heard. Ask them what it means and how they feel
when they listen to it. Alternately, begin with one of the quotes and build up from
there.
Explanation (25 minutes):
Reading and parallel explanation from text. Encourage student feedback and ideas.
Narrate the story of Rashid Minhas and ask students about his act and feelings.
Conclusion (5 minutes): Recap lesson.
Class work: Content review, Going further
Homework: Revise text. Mark difficulties, if any. Complete class work.

Lesson 3—Written work/Assessment

Teaching Objective:
• To reinforce concepts about rivers, river systems, and other smaller bodies
of water through written work

Learning Outcome:
• Students should be able to answer correctly.
Instructions (5 minutes): Explain the questions to students. Answer any queries.
Class work (35 minutes): Use worksheet on next page.

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 CIVICS

Worksheet

Date: Name:
Q 1. Make up your own statement on patriotism based on what it means to you.
Q 2. Answer the following questions.
a) What does patriotism mean?

b) Do students also need to be patriotic? Why? Write down some of the ways in which
students can show their patriotism.

c) Explain this quote: “He loves his country best who strives to make it best.”

d) Who was Rashid Minhas?

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e) Who was Mati-ur-Rehman?

f) What was Rashid’s heroic feat?

g) What award was he given and why?

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 CHAPTER 16

Looking After Senior Citizens

CIVICS

Discussion points
The chapter is aimed at reinforcing and reviving the tradition of respecting and looking
after senior citizens.

Answer key
Content review
A 1. They become irritated and frustrated because they have lost the energy to
work and have become dependent on people to get their work done. This
upsets them.
A 2. They can guide us about what is right and wrong because they have seen
more in life than we have. We can enjoy their company by listening to their
stories. They can help us out with our chores. Some children love it when
their grandparents pick them up from school.

Going further
The students can search and may find all of these quotations or only a few. Use
whatever material they bring to generate discussion and emphasize the core
point of respect.

No. of lessons: 1
Duration: 40 minutes
Resources: textbook, content, illustrations, pictures
Lesson 1
Teaching Objective:
• To create awareness about the rights of senior citizens at home and in
public places
Learning Outcomes:
Students should be able to
• describe the role of senior citizens and their rights
• demonstrate a feeling of compassion for the elders
Introduction (10 minutes): Ask students if any of them has senior citizens at home.
Bring in a comparison between people who respect the elderly and those who do not.

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Explanation (25 minutes):

Reading and parallel explanation from self-explanatory and simple text. Discuss the
benefits of respecting senior citizens in the long and short runs. Talk about developing
patience and do mention that it is a trying job indeed but worth the effort. Bring in
empathy.
Conclusion (5 minutes):
Ask students how they would feel if they were treated badly in their old age when
they will supposedly have become weaker. Take a pledge for treating senior citizens
and all elders with respect and looking after their needs and requirements
compassionately. It is a difficult task which requires patience but its rewards are
manifold.
Class work: Content review
Homework: Revise text. Mark difficulties, if any. Going further

Activities/Projects
Activity 1: Observe a ‘Respect for Senior Citizens Day’ at your school or class. Make
the students wear badges pledging to look after senior citizens. Tell them that this is
not just a promise for one day—this attitude must be practiced every day. Students
should be encouraged to show kindness and respect to any elderly workers/servants
at home and school.
Activity 2: Get students to interview a senior citizen either at home or at school. Ask
them questions along these lines: Age, profession, how long they’ve been working,
what changes have they seen in (a) themselves (b) others around them as they aged,
how they would like to be treated by youngers.
Activity 3: If possible, arrange for a field /educational trip to a nursing home for the
elderly.
Activity 4: Points from the text can be converted into dialogues for a short play or
role-play.

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 CHAPTER 17

Respecting Law and Authority

CIVICS

Discussion points
A society can only progress if all its members respect the law. Chaos and
mismanagement occur because individuals take the law into their own hands. If left
unchecked, this gradually becomes acceptable to all members of a community,
however wrong this attitude may be. In the long run, system of justice is eroded and
everyone suffers the consequences. Individuals, communities, and finally nations suffer
greatly. Progress is hampered.

Answer key
Content review
A 1. Self-importance, selfishness
A 2. There is peace, justice, and progress for everyone

Going further
a. Explain how each student is a part of the student community, and that
student communities are a vital part of a nation. Explain that countries are
ruled by adults who were once students. In the same way, all individuals are
part of some larger community which is part of a nation. Ask them to think
how individuals, communities, and nations benefit. Judge answers on the
basis of correctness and common sense.

Challenge!
Open-ended question—suggested correct answers include self-importance,
impatience, selfishness. Deadlocks, tantrums and flare-ups, damage to life and
property

No. of lessons: 2
Duration: 40 minutes
Resources: textbook, content, illustrations, pictures
Lesson 1
Teaching Objective:
• To explain to students the importance of obeying law and order

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Learning Outcome:
• Students must be able to describe the importance of obeying law and
authority.
Introduction (10 minutes):
Use the question in Challenge! as the opening. See what answers students give. Discuss
other traffic violations and their repercussions.
Explanation (25 minutes):
Reading and parallel explanation from text. Cite examples from school life—students
breaking or jumping a queue, rushing out of turn, etc. Ask students why they do it. Or
ask why they disregard teachers’ instructions. Discuss the repercussions of such
actions. Make them understand that each wrong or right action like this sets off a
chain reaction which eventually affects everyone.
Conclusion (5 minutes): Recap main points.
Classwork: Content review
Homework: Revise text. Mark difficulties, if any. Going further

Lesson 2—Written work/Assessment

Teaching Objective:
• To reinforce concepts about respecting law and order through written work

Learning Outcome:
• Students should be able to answer correctly.
Instructions (5 minutes): Explain the questions to students. Answer any queries.
Class work (35 minutes): Use worksheet on next page.

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Worksheet

Date: Name:
Q 1. Explain the following quote: “It is the respect for law and authority that separates a
civilized nation from an ignorant one.”




Q 2. Write down three ways in which we can show respect to law and authority.




Q 3. What is law? Why are laws important?




Q 4. What is authority?



Q 5. What is the purpose of having a system of law and authority?




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 CHAPTER 18

Respecting Friends and Peers

CIVICS

Answer key
Content review
A 1. To avoid: hurting the friends’ feelings, getting them into trouble, causing
them damage or harm, making them angry
A 2. Open-ended question

Going further
(a) and (b). Open-ended questions

No. of lessons: 1
Duration: 40 minutes
Resources: textbook, content, illustrations, pictures
Lesson 1
Teaching Objective:
• To describe the etiquettes of joking and respecting friends and peers
Learning Outcome:
• Students should be able to understand the repercussions of joking
excessively and improperly.
Introduction (10 minutes):
Content review questions can be used as introduction.
Explanation (25 minutes):
Reading and parallel explanation from text. Ask each student about their best friends
and how and why they find him or her likeable. Discuss answers in the light of all
points given on pages 117–120.
Conclusion (5 minutes): Sum up the topic.
Classwork: Content review/Going further
Homework: Revise text. Mark difficulties, if any.

Activity: Role-play
Make up a short skit or play about a group of very close friends. Create situations
using points from the text as guideline. Ask students to come up with a concluding
moral at the end.
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 Answer Key

Answer Key
Chapter 1 brothers which toppled the Ghaznavid
kingdom
a) peace, security
b) central Q 6. a) 17
c) because of the fear of pirates b) slave
d) Arabs’ fair governance c) Ghori
e) They wanted to spread Islam and gain the d) 1030
fabled wealth of India e) Sejluk Turks and Hindus

Chapter 2 Q 7. Across: 1. adversary; 2. tribute; 4. foresight; 6.

skirmishes. Down: 1. astute; 2. booty; 5. artists
Q 1. a) Turk, Persian
b) Ghazni Chapter 3
c) son-in-law
Q 1. a) Alauddin, 7
d) father
b) Lahore
e) Lahore
c) Shahabuddin Mohammad Ghori
f) Somnath
d) Ghyasuddin
g) Masud
e) Banaras
Q 2. a) They felt threatened by the rising
Q 2. a) Because he set Ghazni, the most
Muslim power in their land.
developed city of that time, on fire. It
b) Rajas of the Hindu Shahi dynasty; they
is not a title of appreciation—shows
rose against Alptagin and Sabuktagin.
what he is remembered for, the
c) Masud, Maudud, Bahram Shah, Khusro
destruction of the city
Shah, and Khusro Malik
b) Alauddin, Sultan Ghyasuddin,
d) In 1186, after Bahram Shah fled to
Shahabuddin Mohammad Ghori
Lahore
c) Shahabuddin
Q 3. Open-ended question d) Multan 1175, Sindh 1182, Lahore 1186
e) Ghori’s slave, loyal general and
Q 4. Strengths: astute, fearless, inspired loyalty
governor, assisted Ghori in all his
and courage, good planner, possessed
battles, succeeded Ghori as the next
wisdom and foresight, humble
ruler
Weakness: over-ambitious, did not stay to f) When Shahabuddin Ghori was
consolidate his rule assassinated by unknown men in 1206
Q 5. a. Alaptagin: founder of the Ghaznavid Q 3. Prithviraj, ruler of Ajmer and Delhi, was a
dynasty, brave and competent leader formidable enemy for Ghori. Ghori
who managed to rule with a small but challenged him to the first Battle of Tarain
well-trained army but lost because Prithvi’s army was stronger,
b. Sabuktagin: first Muslim to enter the and Ghori’s men deserted him because they
subcontinent from the north, brave and assumed him dead. Ghori returned with a
competent, defeated Jaipal stronger army and defeated and killed Prithvi
c. Mahmud Ghaznavi: the most powerful in the second battle in 1192.
ruler of his time, defeated the Indians,
Q 4. a) Alauddin
conquered Somnath, established
b) Lahore, life
Muslim rule in India
c) Shahabuddin Ghori
d. Maudud Shah: Mahmud’s son, not as
d) Banaras
capable and competent as him
e) punished
e. Bahram Shah: caused the decline of the
Ghaznavid empire; killed two Ghori

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 Answer Key

Q 7. Worksheet 2 Page 22:

Date Event Q 1. a) Jalaluddin Khilji

b) son
1151 Bahram Shah kills two Ghori brothers;
c) Ghyasuddin Tughlaq
Alauddin ransacks Ghazni
d) Sayyid Dynasty
1175 Arrival of Ghoris in India; Shahabuddin e) Ibrahim Lodhi
captures Multan
Q 2. a) He was fair and just in his dealings and
1182 Shahabuddin captures Sindh
a committed ruler.
1186 Shahabuddin captures Lahore b) Because his ideas often failed and that
1192 Shahabuddin wins second Battle of would make him angry.
Tarain; Prithviraj is defeated and killed c) There were conflicts and power tussles
1206 Ghori’s death as to who would be the successor.
d) He was instigated against his uncle by
Chapter 4 court nobles.
Worksheet 1 Q 3. Mohammad bin Tughlaq–Strengths: brilliant,
learned, well-versed in religion, literature
Q 1. a) True and other subjects, a thinker and planner
b) False–famous for generosity Weaknesses: ambitious, became frustrated
c) False–slave and son-in-law when his ideas failed
d) False–she was the first female Muslim
ruler in history. Ghiyasuddin Balban–Strengths: capable ruler,
e) False–he was a religious man and loved courageous, prudent, problem-solving ability,
reading the Quran confident, possessed foresight
Q 2. a) Nasiruddin Mahmud Weaknesses: cunning
b) Qutubuddin Aibak Bahlol Lodhi–Strengths: competent, pious
c) Bahram Shah and humble, treated people with respect,
d) Iltutmish interested in welfare of people
e) Ghyasuddin Balban
Allauddin Khilji–Strengths: good
Q 3. Open-ended question administrator, concerned about well-being of
Q 4. a) Qutbuddin Aibak, Iltutmish, Razia people, remorse over wrong-doing, strict and
Sultana, Nasiruddin Mahmud, fair ruler, self-taught and interested in
Ghiyasuddin Balban education
b) Quwwat-ul-Islam is a mosque and Weaknesses: reckless and impulsive
Qutub Minar is a victory monument
commissioned by Aibak. Nasiruddin Mahmud–Strengths: experienced,
c) His succession was challenged by pious
Aibak’s other generals; constant attacks Weaknesses: not interested in ruling, overly-
by Changez Khan. passive
d) A Mongol emperor
e) Razia Sultana was Iltutmish’s daughter Firoze Shah Tughlaq–Strengths: interested in
and the first female Muslim ruler of welfare of people, started welfare projects,
India. Malik Altunia was her husband. fair and just, kind, generous
They were harassed by her brother and Weaknesses: could not match Timur’s attacks
other nobles, and finally killed.
f) Trusted generals of Aibak

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Ibrahim Lodhi–Strengths: competent ruler. Q 4. a) He lacked experience in state and

Weaknesses: hot-tempered, tactless, lacked administration matters, his step-
sincerity and drive to maintain an empire brothers and court nobles created
problems instead of cooperating, and
Q 4.
attacks from the Lodhi princes and Sher
Ruler Troublemakers Action Shah Suri were troublesome.
Firoze Shah Timur could not match b) He had nowhere else to turn to for
Tughlaq Timur support and he wandered from place
to place in that direction.
Allauddin Khilji the Mongols repelled their attacks
c) Because no one else supported him.
with the help of his
d) 15 years
brothers
e) 5 years, 10 years
Ghiyasuddin the Mongols they killed his son, he f) Sher Shah’s successors were
Balban was heart-broken, incompetent rulers.
died a year later g) His son Jalaluddin Akbar
Ibrahim Lodhi the nobles of defeated by Babur h) Humayun’s trusted general
his court Q 5. Open-ended question
Jalaluddin Khilji his nephew killed by Allauddin
Allauddin Chapter 6
Q 1. a) 1556, 1605
Chapter 5 b) questioning
Q 1. a) Farghana c) Makkah
b) nobles d) Islam, Hinduism
c) Dolat Lodhi e) Nauratan
d) Humayun Q 2. a) Bairam Khan, because Akbar was a
e) Panipat minor
f) 22 b) Akbar’s mother. She made sure he recei
g) Tehmasp ved education and training apprropriate
h) Umerkot for a king.
i) 1556 c) Akbar had an independent mind and
Q 2. a) Babur defeated and killed Ibrahim did not want anyone’s advice, and this
Lodhi. turned Bairam Khan against him.
b) Canon and matchlock rifles d) Because of Bairam Khan’s loyalty to him
c) 1526 and his late father. He was a grateful
d) encouraged learning, organized his man and appreciated a good deed done
army, strengthened his empire to him or his family.
e) 4 years e) Farsi

Q.3 a) HINDALZZPEYDGLPOFET Q 4. (a) “He introduced a new system of

b) EAKEBSHERSHAHSURIH belief………between the Muslims and
c) HAQBAIRAMKHANWALI Hindus.”
d) ABCCHAMIDABANOSPTT (b) “He was an astute………as a guardian.”
e) HUMTEHMASPBEHMANO
f) PWRGULBADANABSHA

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Chapter 7 c) Golden
Worksheet 1 Q 2. a) 1627
b) the Marathas
Q 1. a) Salim
c) weaken the Mughal empire
b) grandson
d) Moti Mahal, Lal Qila, Jama Masjid,
c) 1607, 1627
Diwan-e-Aam, Diwan-e-Khas, Shahjahani
d) son
Masjid, and the Taj Mahal
Q 2. a) Jahangir killed their leader Guru Arjun
Q 3. i. His son Shivaji continued his father’s
Singh.
anti-Mugal struggle.
b) giving them honour and important
ii. 1657
positions in his court.
iii. There was a tussle for power among his
c) his wisdom, justice, and fairness
successors.
Q 3. Raja Man Singh: Jahangir’s father in law and
Worksheet 3
Khusro’s grandfather who wanted Khusro to
be king instead of Prince Khurram Q 1. a) 1660
b) son
Khusro Mirza: Jahangir’s son and Raja Man
c) constant battles
Singh’s grandson who led a revolt against
Jahangir and favoured the Sikhs Q 2. a) He instigated and supported all those
who were against Aurangzaib and the
Nur Jahan: Jahangir’s favourite queen known
Mughals, resorted to plunder, provoked
for her wisdom and foresight
local rulers and the Mughal army to
Thomas Roe: the first English ambassador to battles.
the Mughal court whose tact and diplomacy b) Introduced Islamic sharia, did away with
won Jahangir over and he gave the British the Deen-e-Ilahi and other influences in
the permission to trade with India religion, worked for the welfare of all
Q 4. his subjects
c) Open-ended question
Name Helped by Nature of Outcome/solution
trouble GEOGRAPHY
Khusro Raja Man revolt Jahangir quelled the Chapter 8
Singh and against rebellions
the Sikhs Jahangir Q 1. a) sea
Afghans of challenged tactfully sorted by b) coasts or coastal areas
Bihar to battle Jahangir by giving c) wave
them honour and d) tsunami
important positions e) same
in court f) direction
Asaf Khan his father wanted took Jahangir into Q 2. a) False–they have ridges and trenches
Aitemad- full confidence, slowly
(like hills and valleys on land.)
ud-Daulah control of took over matters
the empire of state, married his
b) False–the shallowest parts receive most
daughter to sunlight.
Khurram. c) False–the weaker the wind, the smaller
the waves will be.
Worksheet 2 d) True
Q 1. a) 1627 e) False–the Moon’s pull is the strongest
b) Maratha during high tides.

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 Answer Key

Q 3. a) Inland seas are almost completely Archipelago: Indonesia, Japan, Philippines,

surrounded by land and coastal area is Aegean Sea, Maldives
the land around the sea.
Isthmus: Panama, Suez, Bosphorus
b) Spring tide is a high tide caused during
Bay: Bay of Bengal, Hudson Bay, Bay of Biscay,
full and half moons, when gravity is
Fundy Bay, James Bay, Hawkes Bay
exerted by the Sun and the Moon in
the same direction; neap tides are high Gulf: the Persian Gulf, Gulf of Aqabah, Gulf of
tides created at quarter moons when Mexico, Gulf of Suez, Gulf of Alaska, Gulf of
the Sun and the Moon exert force in Eden
different directions. Q 2. From top left: bay, gulf, archipelago
c) Ridges are small hills and trenches are From bottom left: strait, cape, isthmus,
small valleys in the ocean bed. peninsula
d) Surface currents are currents that are Q 3. a) created when rocks break down
on the ocean surface; deep water b) four smaller peninsulas
currents occur under water at various c) pointed, curved, or hooked piece of
depths. land extended into the sea
e) Waves are the rising and falling d) a sheltered c-shaped landform created
movement of the water as a result of when the sea pushes into land
strong winds; tides are the surging and e) a narrow waterway separating two
retreating movements of an ocean or landmasses
sea due to gravitational pull; currents f) a narrow strip of land connecting two
are the flow of water in an ocean or a land masses and separating two bodies
sea in a definite direction, due to of water
uneven heating of water surfaces. g) a group of islands clustered together in
an ocean or sea
Q 4. Open-ended question
Q 4. a) peninsula
Q 7. a) An earthquake in the ocean bed
b) cape
b) A huge wave rises and crashes on to
c) bay
land
d) gulf
c) Because of the Earth’s rotation
e) strait
d) Hurl people, boats and ships over long
f) isthmus
distances and smash them against
g) archipelago
mountains and other rocky surfaces in
coastal areas Q 5. a) resistant
e) Can drag a person or object away from b) peninsula
the shore towards the ocean c) gulf
d) Malay
Chapter 9 e) 60,000
Q 1. Strait: Strait of Malacca, Strait of Dover, Q 6. a) Unusual features or shapes of land
Magellan Strait, Strait of Gibraltar, Bass b) Erosion: rocks and rock surfaces are
Strait, Bering Strait broken down, transported, and
Peninsula: Arabia, Balkan, Scandinavian, Iberian deposited. Tectonic activity: plate
movements create rifts and valleys.
Cape: Cape Cod, Cape Verde, Cape of Good
Hope, Cape Horn

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Chapter 10 c) floodplains
d) meanders
Worksheet 1
e) unfit
Q 1. a) Drainage basin
b) Watershed Worksheet 2
c) Floodplains Q 1. a) i. Lakes
d) Tributaries ii. Glaciers
e) Confluence iii. Springs
f) Meanders
b) i. Lakes are bodies of fresh water
Q 2. a) As a river flows, it erodes. Then it surrounded by land
transports and deposits the eroded ii. Glaciers are rivers of melting ice
material and changes the landscape of iii. Springs are natural fountain of
a place. water that gush or trickle out
b) From north to south; Nile, which flows from the ground.
south to north
c) Glaciers, springs, lakes, rainfall c) i. Natural and artificial lakes are
d) By the effect of water flowing over used as reservoirs for storing
alternate layers of hard and soft rock. water.
Soft rock is less resistant and erodes ii. Glaciers are also freshwater
faster, creating a ledge of hard rock. sources in frozen form. Many
Water falls quickly over this layer and rivers and springs begin from
drops sharply to the base, forming a glaciers.
plunge pool. iii. Springs contain the most minerals,
e) The place where it meets or joins the are the purest source of water
sea d) Saiful Muluk, Hanna, Mahodand, Rawal,
f) To prevent flooding, to keep the water Satpara
clean, to prevent water from becoming e) Permeable allows liquid or gas to pass
stagnant, to prevent the clogging of or seep through, impermeable does not.
outlets
g) Provide drinking water, silt from rivers Q 2. a) reservoirs
is fertile, fish and other animals that b) glaciers
come to rivers can be used as food, c) icebergs
leisure activities, transportation, d) glaciers, Pakistan
creating hydro-electric power, e) fissures
construction of dams f) spring

Q 3. a) True Q 3. a) it is a large lake, surrounded by land

b) False–found in the upper course and yet its water is salty.
because water flows the fastest there b) source, water is the purest and contains
c) False–excellent habitat for flora and most minerals at this stage.
fauna c) they store water.
d) False–a turn or bend in a river is called d) impermeable rocks will not allow it to
a meander pass any further.
e) True Q 4. a) sweet, land
Q 4. pollution, drying up, silting, flooding b) glaciers
c) destroyed
Q 5. a) Mediterranean, Africa d) fountains
b) river system

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Chapter 11 Worksheet 3

Worksheet 1 Q 2. a) Convergent plates collide and push into

each other; divergent plates move or
Q 1. a) the land is like a wet sponge or towel, pull away from each other.
saturated with water, cannot absorb b) Volcano is a cone-shaped mountain
any more, causes flooding that emits lava and other volcanic
b) Concrete impermeable, does not allow material; volcanic eruption is when a
water to pass through, water runs off volcano sends out lava and other
very fast, causing floods volcanic material through a vent or
c) Trees slow down the flow of water and opening.
also cause it to change direction. With c) Lava is the molten rock that erupts
no trees, water runs very fast in one from a volcano; magma is molten rock
channel and causes floods. inside a volcano.
d) Impermeable, does not allow water to
be absorbed Q 3. They cause widespread destruction.

Q 2. Open-ended question Chapter 12

Worksheet 2 Q 1. a) Three: primary or extractive, secondary

or manufacturing, tertiary or services
Q 1. a) seismometer b) Produces goods for other industries as
b) seismograph raw material. Primary industry
c) magnitude c) To provide employment, increase local
d) seismic, focus production, improve standard of living,
e) epicenter self-sufficiency, descrease dependence
Q 2. a) epicenter is the area above the ground on imports, earn revenue from exports,
over the focus of an earthquake and efficient utilization of resources,
focus is the point below the ground progress and development, technology
exactly where the earthquake occurs. and expertise
b) seismograph is the record of seismic d) Open-ended question
waves; seismometer is a machine to
Chapter 13
detect seismic waves
c) fault is a crack or break in the Earth’s Q 1. a) buying and selling within a country
crust; boundary is the edge of a plate b) commodities were exchanged for other
d) Richter scale is a scale that indicates commodities
the magnitude of an earthquake; c) cotton textiles, rice, leather goods,
magnitude is the strength or intensity carpets, sports goods, handicrafts, fish,
of an earthquake and fruit
d) industrial equipment and machinery,
Q 3. Open-ended question
chemicals, vehicles, steel, iron ore,
Q 4. Open-ended question edible oil, pulses and tea
Q 6. Because of earthquakes in the ocean or sea e) availability of natural resources,
bed communication network, social and
trading relationships, law and order
Q 7. Open-ended question situation, government policies, regional
cooperation, value of currency
Q 2. European Union 15%

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Chapter 14 d) A trained fighter pilot from Lahore,

who prevented his aircraft from being
Q 1. Research-based question
hijacked by crashing it
Q 2. a) Dhaka e) A Bengali flight instructor who wanted
b) Shanghai to hijack the aircraft and take it to
c) Dhaka Bangladesh
d) Chaikhana f) He thwarted the hijack by crashing it
e) Azadi Tower and lost his life in the attempt.
Q 3. a) Because of the large number of g) Nishan-e-Haider–the highest military
rickshaws in the city award for bravery
b) Open-ended question Chapter 17
c) Tehran–Imam Khomeini International
Q 1. Open-ended question
Airport and Meherabad International
Airport Q 2. Following rules ourselves; encouraging others
d) City of friendship, city of peace, city of to follow them; enforce rules fairly if we are
bread in authority
e) Stone city
Q 3. A collection of rules that all people of a
f) Part of many historical eras especially
society must follow; to ensure justice,
during Persian, Mughal, and Mongol
security, peace, and harmony for everyone
rules, witnessed Islamic conquests
fairly
Civics Q 4. A person or group of persons who are given
the task of making sure that rules are
Chapter 15
followed
Q 1. Open-ended question
Q 5. Gives everyone a fair chance to live in a
Q 2. a) Loving your country and being willing society; offers protection, compensation and
to make sacrifices for it benefits, as well as punishments to wrong-
b) Open-ended question doers
c) Open-ended question

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