SUSTAINABLE PORT
DEVELOPMENT IN WIO REGION BY
JOHN OTIENO ODHIAMBO
ASSISTANT LECTURER
Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT)
GHG EXPERT
Maritime Technology Co-operation Centre- Africa ( MTCC-Africa)
CONTENT
Port and the
Environment Port
Large Scale Development
Port-City Objectives of
Developments Relations the Proposed Traditional Port Scenario Policy
Modelling Recommendations
in WIO region study Development
Effects on
Environment Ports of the
Future
Large Scale Developments in the WIO Region
Large Scale developments The countries of the WIO are
along WIO coastlines ranging 4. Phase I of 205-km rail
expected to enter into a period of between Dar es Salaam and
from rapid economic growth, enabled by Morogoro, is scheduled for
❖ Ports their; completion by October 2019
❖ Railways ❑ Current low economic baseline
❖ Roads ❑ Rapid demographic growth c). Mauritius
❖ Oil & Gas explorations ❑ Access to new energy sources. 1. Expanded Port Louis by
❖ Mining activities dredging up to 16.5m
b). Tanzania 2. Mauritius Container Terminal
a) Kenya.
1. In July 2017 Dar es Salaam Maritime constructed and Inland Container
1. Port of Mombasa
Gateway Project (DSMGP) was unveiled terminal is proposed.
✓ 3 berths completed in Sep. 2016-
aiming to overhaul Port of Dar es Salaam’s d). Madagascar’s Toamasina Port
550,000 TEUS
infrastructure by 2023. Development Project (April 2017-
✓ KSH35B phase II for Additional
2. TradeMark East Africa is providing the April 2027).
450,000TEUs (230,320 and
350m . TPA with technical support in the e). Nacala Port in Mozambique is
rehabilitation of access roads to help reduce undergoing Rehabilitation and
To handle Pannamax and Post
traffic congestion. Expansion
Panamax Vessels
3. Plans to build a dry port in the country’s f. Uganda is expected to ship its oil
2. Lapsett Project- 32 berth port and
western Kigoma region. soon-maybe through Mombasa
other infrastructures (ongoing)
Port –City Relations Port Cargo Base Expansion
Ports act transfer hubs for trade
and are intermodal systems
where road, rail, pipelines and
other transport modes meet for
purposes of trade enhancement
Investments in ports ;
Drivers
1. Increase in vessel sizes.
2. Cargo base expansion
among other factors
Challenges Facing Ports of Today
a) Increase in Cargo volumes
b) Challenge in cargo types
c) Changes in Vessel Fleets
d) Inland connections constrains
e) Changing physical conditions
f) Increased environmental impacts
Can be avoided by proper planning during port development and expansion as
well as incorporating strategies to reverse environmental effects of existing port
OBJECTIVES
1. Overview on Ports and developed along the WIO Ocean region.
2. Audit on specific environmental effects of major ports of the
WIO region
3. Conduct scenario analysis and develop scenarios for port
development and expansion along the WIO region
4. Produce a Toolkit on development of green ports and highlight a
mechanism for enforcement to provide support to governments
for decision making in port development and expansion.
Ports and the Environment (1)
There is unavoidable intersection with critical coastal and marine resources with huge potential to compromise the
integrity of these resources because the resources are critical for the socio-economic development of the region since the
economies are largely natural resource based e.g. tourism, fishing, farming, mining etc.
Degradation Significant visual intrusion Loss of Restriction or exclusion of
of natural Replacement of natural shapes and public access to parts of the
forms with hard lines and edges public coastal environment
coastal
landscapes
Disruption of natural coastal patterns access and • Loss of amenity through
and processes increased noise, light and
amenity
Disruption of wave energy, currents and traffic
Changes to tidal flows Damage to the
coastal Alteration of sediment transport integrity of
regimes causing coastal erosion or Degradation of archaeological sites
processes
sediment accumulation marine heritage and other sites of
• Habitat change historical significance
Degradatio
Discharge of sediment or • Contamination of water and
n of water pollutant-laden water Disrupting the
and relationship of sediment
Increased levels of rubbish, oil and • Loss of intertidal areas
sediment people with
antifoul paints entering the water,
quality through increased use of an area the marine • Loss of access to, or
environment destruction of, culturally
important sites
Ports and the Environment (2)
• Direct loss of coastal habitat
• Disruption of sensitive and/or ecologically productive ecosystems and transition zones
• Damage to habitats of birds and intertidal fish and animals.
• Reduction in natural flushing, potentially leading to eutrophication
• Shading of areas of water resulting in the longer term loss of marine plants
• Removal of all marine life from parts of the seabed
• Permanent loss of slow growing, sensitive species which are unable to recover
• Release of sediment into seawater which reduces light penetration, disrupts juvenile species and
filter feeders, and smothers benthic communities over a wide area
• Release of organic-rich sediments into seawater which can exacerbate algal blooms
• Release of metals, chemicals, organochlorines and PCBs into the marine environment
Traditional Port Development
Port development will continue to impact on the marine ecosystems unless port capacity and efficiency can be shown to benefit
more from sustainable port development than from traditional approaches
❖ Fossil fuel Extraction
BUSINESS AS ❖ Fossil fuel use
USUAL PORT ❖
❖
Low/weak regulations
Inadequate investment to
DEVELOPMENT protect environment and
social assets
SCENARIO ❖ Little or no regard for
Short Term Long future capacity needs
Results term
Increase in Effect
profit 1. Real wealth decrease
(unsustainable) 2. Habitat loss
3. Species loss
4. Severe decline in marine gross product.
Undermining achievement of the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.
Let us Reflect on this quote;
Sustainability in port development and management is therefore
unavoidable concept that needs to be address urgently
Sustainable Port Development
Aims to create scenarios for “Ports of the Future” which are green, sustainable
and has minimal or no impact to the environment
BALANCE of:
Economic growth 1. Improved Air quality
Green Port + Port Community
Leading
Sustainable 2. Improved waste management
to;
Development Welfare + Healthy
Ecosystems 3. Real time monitoring of
Achieved Port pollution sources
by a look
into; 4. Real time monitoring of
ecosystems
✓ Blue Economy Strategies in port’s influence area.
✓ Innovative Port Governance. 5. Improved Port Security
✓ Public - Private Partnerships. 6. Sustainable Profits
✓ Integration of Port-City socio-economic and cultural impacts 7. Efficient port operations
✓ Green Energy Sources use By the
✓ Synchronization and optimization of port operational processes use of; Advanced IT technologies
✓ Strong environmental regulations Modelling and simulation tools
Sustainable Port Development (2)
Measures to Reduce Spatial and Environmental Barriers to Port Development
Improved Air Quality Improved Water and Soil Quality
-Environmental friendly antifouling agents.
-Replacing fossil fuel use by electric transportation at the ports -Adequate reception facilities
and use of renewable energies. -Structurally sound oil transmission and
-Equipping new and possibly also existing vehicles/machinery containment equipment.
Reduce Noise
with oxidation catalysts and particulate traps, which may reduce
emissions of CO, HC and PM by up to 90%. Flood protection-by Eco-engineering solutions
-Calm driving (EcoDriving).
-Improve port logistics, reducing fuel consumption and pollutant Benefits
emissions per goods unit handled
-Introduce and increase the supply and use of shore-side • Reduced inland transport costs
electricity (regional approach)
-Use of fuels with lower sulphur content (by regulations or • Reduced operational expenses.
voluntarily).
-Use of sulphur scrubbers (by regulations or voluntarily). • Healthy Port environment
-Use of NOX reduction systems (by regulations or voluntarily).
-Use of particulate traps (by regulations or voluntarily). High investment costs hence there is need
for a proper look at the financial viability.
Focus on Environmental Strategy in Port Development
Environmental
Technologies
• New Equipment and
Technology
Introduction
• New and Renewable
Energy sources
• Optimizing the
routing of vehicles
• Sustainable building
construction
Sustainable Practices in Port Operation
Regulatory Societal Pressures (Resulting Port Development Operational Issues Competitive Advantage
Compliance direct Economic Benefit) and Planning (Gain)
-International -Corporate and social -Coastal Zone -Operational -Competition between
Maritime and responsibility planning Performance regional ports
Environmental
Legislation -Environmental protection -Health and safety -Create/promote/gain
and quality Improvement Issues green logistics
-National and Local -Components of
Environmental -Economic Incentives port sustainable -Process
Legislation development standardization
(provincial, county, -Environmental Management
state) (pollution prevention)
Scenario Modelling Formulation and
1. Financial and economic analysis (Cost and pricing). Assessment of
2. Operational Analysis and Capacity Assessment. development
3. Environmental Assessment and impact analysis.
scenarios
4. Social cost benefit and value for money analysis
Models
➢ Flexible to incorporate change
➢ Make best use of existing port assets
➢ Allow for phased development to match demand
➢ Include port zooning to cover for both land and water areas-often by trade type
➢ Allow for future proofing of critical parameters
1. Berth depth 2. Land areas 3. Port Zooning 4. Land Connections etc.
Policy Recommendations
Nairobi Convention to adopt an initiative of identifying a sustainable regional (WIO)
development strategy for ports and harbors by;
1. Conducting scenario analysis for port development and expansion in the
WIO region
2. Producing a toolkit for green port development for the WIO region
The green port toolkit will aim at providing guidelines for port development
with limited impacts on existing ecosystems and maximizing social welfare.
The region will greatly benefit due to reduced ecological and
environmental impact that are seen today in the traditional ports
THANK YOU
Q&A
