REPORT ON

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING

AT

AIRPORT AUTHORITY OF INDIA

SUBMITTED TO

MR. SANTOSH KUMAR TOMAR

BY

BATCH 1 (3 JUNE TO 12 JULY)

Prepared by:
Naman Attrey

Akshita Singh

Tanveer Singh Sodhi

Shikha Vanjani

Mohit Paliwal

Kajal Vats

Utkarsh Ambasta

Nikhil Vashisth

Tanush Dhiman

Ankita Khandelwal

Deepika Patwal

PAGE 1
 Certificate

This is to certify that batch 1 for the industrial training program at the Airport Authority
of India( AAI) has completed the training in the given time period of 6 weeks. Which
was from 03/06/2019 to 12/07/2019.

The industrial training and report submission has been carried out under the supervision
of Mr. Santosh Kumar Tomar. A.G.M.

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 Acknowledgement
We wish to express our gratitude to Mr. Santosh Kumar Tomar, General Assistant
Manager for providing us the opportunity to do our internship and project work at Airport
Authority of India.

We sincerely thank Suman Manish, Mritunjsy Kumar, Surjeet Singh, Sumeet Kumar,
Vishnu Kumar, Neeraj Kumar Saroj, Ajay Kumar, Mohit Kumar Singh, for their
guidance and encouragement in carrying out this project work. We also wish to express
our gratitude to the officials and staff members of AAI who rendered their help during
the period of our project work.

Lastly the co-operation and help consociated from all the students of batch 1 in
completing the project.

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Table of Contents

ASMGCS
Introduction to ASMGCS
SMR
MLAT

DSCN
Introduction to DSCN
Components of DSCN
Merits and Demerits

VHF
Introduction to VHF
Equipment used in VHF

Security Equipment
Door Frame Metal Detector
X Ray Detectors
Hand Held Metal Detector
ETD

COPS
UPS-Uninterrupted power Supply

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 A-SMGCS
(Advance Surface Movement Guidance and Control System)
Advanced-Surface Movement Guidance and Control System (A-SMGCS) comprises of a
combination of systems that provides Services to aircraft and vehicles in order to maintain
airport throughput under all local weather conditions, whilst maintaining the required level
of safety. An A-SMGCS supports surface movement operations at an airport based on
defined operational procedures

As described in the ICAO Manual (see further reading), A-SMGCS consisits of four
basic functions:

 Surveillance
 Control
 Planning/Routing
 Guidance

There are mainly 2 radars primary and secondary.

1) Primary Surveillance radar(PSR) works with the non-cooperative vehicles in

this the radar transmits electromagnetic signal energy towards the target i.e.
aircraft. The aircraft acts as passive element and reflects the EM energy back
towards the primary radar antenna. Primary radar consist of 2 SMRs (Surface
Movement Radars), while secondary radar has 23 remote units across the runways
with reftrans and MLAT.
2) Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR) works with cooperative vehicles which
transmit their own signal with data to communicate. It transmits EM signal
energy towards the target i.e. aircraft. The aircraft acts as active element and
answers with the signal back to the secondary radar. Aircraft houses transponder
on board. The transponder responds to interrogation by transmitting coded reply
signal back. The response contains information such as altitude, identification
code etc.
From SMR the information goes to RDP and from RU information goes to TP and
this data from both devices is processed in MSDP (Multi- Sensor Data Processor).
These are then processed in the Display Processor (DP). The unit has 5 DP’s. Data is
processed via the DP and represented in graphical map format on the computer
screens.

TX RX

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 SMR 9170 Hz 9478 Hz
RU 1030 Hz 1090 Hz

SMR(Surface movement radar)

Surface Movement Radar (SMR) is radar equipment specifically designed to detect all
principal features on the surface of an airport, including aircraft and vehicular traffic, and
to present the entire image on a radar indicator console in the control tower. Used to
augment visual observation by tower personnel of aircraft and/or vehicular movements
on runways and taxi-ways.

Role of SMR:-
In the permanent absence of visual observation of all or part of the manoeuvring area or
to supplement (or in poor visibility, replace) visual observation, SMR may be utilised to:

 monitor the movement of aircraft and vehicles on the manoeuvring area;

 provide routing information to pilots and vehicle drivers as necessary; and
 provide advice and assistance for the safe and efficient movement of aircraft and
vehicles on the manoeuvring area.

MLAT(Multilateration)
Multilateration is a proven technology that has been in use for many decades. It was
developed for military purposes to accurately locate aircraft — many of which did not
wish to be “seen” — by using a method known as Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA).
Multilateration employs a number of ground stations, which are placed in strategic
locations around an airport, its local terminal area or a wider area that covers the larger
surrounding airspace.

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Surveillance of the airport surface and surrounding airspace is the most fundamental
function of any A-SMGCS system. The surveillance element is comprised of several
sensor systems which are integrated via a data fusion system. The A-SMGCS can
integrate Saab’s own sensors, such as Saab’s MLAT and SR-3 SMR, or existing airport
sensors:
Cooperative Sensors: Multilateration, ADS-B, Vehicle Tracking systems, Secondary
Surveillance Radar (SSR).

Non Cooperative Sensors: Surface Movement Radar (SMR), Primary Surveillance Radar
(PSR)

Multi Sensor Fusion fuses: all surveillance sources into Saab’s tracker which provides a
high quality track output free of false tracks.

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 DSCN
(Dedicated Satellite Communication Network)
DSCN is a wireless media for transferring useful data among airports and between ATC
and pilot. The term ‘’dedicated” signifies that it is used only by and for Airports
Authority of India.

Following is the block diagram of DSCN depicting its structure and working:

Uplink SATELLITE Downlink

BUC LNB

Antenna Antenna

MODEM MODEM

Multiplexer Demultiplexer

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Components
1. Multiplexer- MUX 800,950 and 2000 are Time domain, frequency domain
multiplexed or both. Time division multiplexing (TDM) is a technique of multiplexing,
where the users are allowed the total available bandwidth on time sharing basis. Here the
time domain is divided into several recurrent slots of fixed length, and each signal is
allotted a time slot and FDM is a technique by which the total bandwidth available in a
communication medium is divided into a series of non-overlapping frequency bands,
each of which is used to carry a separate signal.

2. MODEM-A modem modulates one or more carrier wave signals to encode digital
information for transmission and demodulates signals to decode the transmitted
information. The goal is to produce a signal that can be transmitted easily and decoded to
reproduce the original digital data.

3. Block up Converter (BUC)- A block up converter (BUC) is used in the transmission

(uplink) of satellite signals. It converts a band of frequencies from a lower frequency to a
higher frequency. Therefore it converts L band to C band. Then it is transmitted to
satellite by Antenna.

4. Satellite- ISRO launched GSAT-18 satellite in October 2016. It is a geostationary

satellite therefore its orbital period the same as the Earth's rotation period. It is 35,786 km
above Earth's equator. GSAT-18 Satellite has C-12 transponder whose function is to
change frequency and convert uplink frequency to downlink frequency. In Satellite
communication uplink frequency is greater than downlink frequency.

5. Low Noise Block down converter (LNB)- it takes the signals on the super-high
satellite frequencies and converts them to lower frequencies, therefore it converts C band
to L band.

L Band- (1-2 GHz)

C Band-(4-8 GHz)

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Data from the following unit is communicated through DSCN:

Radar unit, VHF (Very High Frequency), AMSS (Automatic Message Switching
System), ADS-B (Automatic Dependent Surveillance– Broadcast), and Gagan.

DSCN is operated/monitored with the help of Network Management System (NMS)

and Spectrum Analyzer (satellite beacon). It works on Frame Relay technology. The
hub is called Network Control Center (NCC) which sends synchronized signal to all
sites. The synchronization is done by Master Reference Terminal (MRT) along with
Traffic Terminal (TT).

Merits of using satellite communication:

1. This type of communication is wireless so it saves a lot of cost and manpower in

laying cables.
2. Long distance communication is possible.
3. Continuous connection is obtained.
4. Easy installation.

Demerits of using satellite communication:

1. Delay in communcation
Distance of geostationary satellite from earth = 36000km (approx.)
Speed = c = 3*10^8m/s
Time delay = Distance/Speed = 0.12 s (one-way)
Total time delay in communication = 0.12*2 = 0.24 s (two-way)
2. Sun Outage
When the earth, sun and satellite happen to lie in a straight line, communication is
disrupted as there is huge amount of noise from the sun. This happens twice in a
year. For this, we use another pair of satellite and antenna and communicate
through voting system.

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 VHF
(Very High Frequency)
The VHF (very high frequency) range of the radio spectrum is the band extending
from 30 MHz to 300 MHz. The wavelengths corresponding to these limit frequencies are
10 meters and 1 meter.

In the VHF band, electromagnetic fields are affected by the earth's ionosphere and
troposphere. Ionospheric propagation occurs regularly in the lower part of the VHF
spectrum, mostly at frequencies below 70 MHz. In this mode, the communication range
can sometimes extend over the entire surface of the earth. The troposphere can cause
bending, ducting, and scattering, extending the range of communication significantly
beyond the visual horizon. Auroral, meteor-scatter, and EME (earth-moon-earth, also
called moonbounce) propagation take place on occasion, but these modes do not offer
reliable communication and are of interest primarily to amateur radio operators.

The VHF band is popular for mobile two-way radio communication. A great deal of
satellite communication and broadcasting is done at VHF. Wideband modulation is used
by some services; the most common example is fast-scan television broadcasting.
Channels and sub-bands within the VHF portion of the radio spectrum are allocated by
the International Telecommunication Union (ITU).

The CNS works at 122.3 MHz and uses components made of two companies PAE and
OTE.

EQUIPMENTS USED IN VHF ARE:

1. VCCS : Voice Communication Control System /Switch

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2. JK Controller and PTT (Model OTE AK100)
3. Dipole antenna for transmission and reception

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 SECURITY EQUIPMENTS
Airport security refers to the techniques and methods used in an attempt to protect
passengers, staff, aircraft, and airport property from accidental/malicious harm, crime, and
other threats . Security Equipments are used to make sure no bombs , explosives or any
other material which can cause damage to life and property is not being carried by the
passengers . We have majorly 5 Security Equipments at our Airports

Which are as followed:

 Door Frame Metal Detector

 X-Ray Detector
 Hand Held Metal Detector
 ETD

1. Door Frame Metal Detector :

Metal Detectors are the most common screening device used with mantrap doors,
security vestibules,
or access control portals. Door frame metal detector systems can be tuned to find
as little as ½ of a razor
blade or a flash drive.

When electricity flows through the transmitter coil, it creates a magnetic field all
around it. If you sweep the detector above a metal object (such as this old gray
spanner), the magnetic field penetrates right through it. The magnetic field makes
an electric current flow inside the metal object.

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 2. X-Ray Detectors :
X-ray detectors are devices used to measure the flux, spatial distribution, spectrum,
and/or other properties of X-rays.

Components of a x-ray detector are:

1. X-ray lamp
2. X-Ray Generator
3. Conveyor belt

Three types of material that an x-ray detector detects are

1. Organic material
2. Metal
3. Inorganic material

Organic materials are Identified by orange color on the screen , Metals are detected by Blue
color on the screen , Inorganic materials are detected by green color.

Bio weapons cannot be detected by X-Ray detectors.

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 3) Hand Held Metal Detector :
We supply Hand Held Metal Detectors (HHMD) which are used for detecting ferrous, non
ferrous and stainless steel objects carried by people. This helps the security personnel to
ensure that the person entering a premises is not carrying any object which could be used
as a weapon. HHMD’s are used to also detect people leaving offices, warehouses and
factories to ensure that they are not carrying away any metal object from the premises.

4) ETD:

ETD are defined as Explosive Trace Detector , equipment able to

detect explosives of small
magnitude. The detection is accomplished by sampling non-visible "trace"
amounts of particulates.

PAGE 15
 Devices similar to ETDs are also used to detect narcotics. The equipment is used
mainly in
airports and other vulnerable areas considered susceptible to acts of unlawful
interference.
Dr. Stephen Lee is credited with inventing the Fido explosives detector while
working at the Army Research Laboratory

PAGE 16
 CRITICAL OPERATIONS POWER SYSTEMS
(COPS)

Critical Operations Power Systems (COPS). COPS are defined as “power systems for
facilities or parts of facilities that require continuous operation for the reasons of public
safety, emergency management, national security, or business continuity.”
The area covered by COP system is called Designated Critical Operations Areas (DCOA)
is defined as “areas within a facility or site designated as requiring critical operations
power. According to the existing article, COPS are classified by municipal, state, federal,
or other codes by any governmental agency having jurisdiction or by facility engineering
documentation establishing the necessity for such a system.”

In Airport Authority of India, Delhi, the COP system consists of 6 UPS and each UPS is
connected to 6 battery setup and each battery setup is connected to 38 cells.
Every cell has a sensors attached to them which collects the information about the cell’s
voltage supply, current supply, resistance and temperature. All these data are
sent to server through Battery Monitoring System(BMS) and RDU.

Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS)

Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPSs) and Standby Power Supply Systems are used in
applications where loss of the mains supply could be disastrous, as in the case of hospital
operating theatres or intensive care units, Airports, Computer installations, production
systems, alarms and signaling equipments.

The UPS can be on-line or off-line. Both systems use a d.c. link inverter with a battery
bank and trickle-charger. In the case of the off-line system, in normal operation power is
supplied directly from a.c. mains. In the event of mains failure, a transfer switch
disconnects the power line and connects the inverter to the load. When mains power is
restored, the load is reconnected to the power line. A block schematic diagram of the off-
line system is given in Figure. The switching process can take several milliseconds if the
switch is solid state, and tens of milliseconds if the switch is electromechanical.

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With on-line systems, the rectifier-inverter combination supplies the load power from the
a.c. mains during normal operation. Should the mains fail, the battery automatically
supplies the d.c. link to the inverter and there is no time delay involved. Should the
rectifier–inverter system fail, the load could be transferred to a.c. mains using a transfer
switch.

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