Topic :
Indus Valley Civilization
Group Introduction
Name: Roll No. :
Naveed-ul-Hassan 18531509-028
Usama Hassan 18531509-044
Muhammad Bilal Baig 18531509-045
Muhammad Umer 18531509-046
Zaiba Kausar 18531509-054
Introduction
Presented by: Naveed ul Hassan
Civilization
It is described as,
“A process of civilizing
and developing the state of human
society, to the extent that the culture,
industry, technology, government, etc.
reaches the maximum level”
4
Diff. b/w culture and
civilization
✣ Culture
● “Culture is a way of life”
● It describes “What are we”
✣ Civilization
● “Method, technology to develop the
standard of your life”
● Civilization explains “What we have” or
“What we make use of”
5
Introduction
✣ Indus valley Civilization was one of the World’s
first great urban civilization. It flourished in the vast
Indus river plains and adjacent regions, in what are
new parts of Afghanistan, Pakistan and North-
Western India.
✣ Time period of civilization
⨳ 3300 BC to 1700BC
✣ Indus valley civilization was a bronze age
civilization.
6
Geography of Indus valley
✣ The geography of the Indus Valley put the civilizations that
arose there in a highly similar situation to those in Egypt and
Peru, with rich agricultural lands being surrounded by
highlands, desert and ocean.
✣ The civilization extended east into the Ghaggar-Hakra
Rivervalley and the upper reaches Ganges-Yamuna Doab; it
extended west to the Makran coast of Balochistan,
7
Geography of Indus
valley(cont.)
✣ The Indus Valley Civilization encompassed most of
Pakistan, extending from Balochistan to Sindh, and
extending into modern day Indian states of Gujarat,
Rajasthan, Haryana, and Punjab, with an upward
reach to Rupar on the upper Sutlej.
✣ Recently, Indus sites have been discovered in
Pakistan's northwestern Frontier Province as well.
Other IVC colonies can be found in Afghanistan
while smaller isolated colonies can be found as far
away as Turkmenistan and in Gujarat.
8
Cities
✣ Mohenjo-Daro
⨳ To the north is a citadel or raised area. In
Mohenjo-Daro, the citadel is built on an
architectural platform about 45 feet above
the plain
9
Cities(cont.)
✣ Harappa
⨳ At the upper site of valley, the another city
was situated named Harappa. This
civilization is also called Harappa
civilization.
10
Origin, Growth and Economics
Presented by: Usama Hassan
Origin and Growth
✣ Ancient civilization
✣ Urban planning
✣ Indus valley extension
✣ Rectilinear buildings
12
Origin and Growth(cont.)
✣ Early Indus period
✣ Radical transformation
✣ Oriented streets
✣ Pit houses
13
Economics
✣ Animal husbandry
✣ Arable agriculture
✣ Profitable farming
✣ Animal graze on seasonal pastures
✣ Marine resources
14
Resources, Trade, Communication,
Settlements & Material Culture
Presented by: M. Bilal Baig
Resources
✣ Indus river & good quality soil
✣ Greenery
✣ Limestone
✣ Good Flint
✣ Agate & Carnelian
✣ Bitumen
✣ Clay & Mud
16
Resources
✣ Timber & Woods of shurbs
✣ Gold
✣ Ivory
✣ Oysters & Seashell
✣ Salt
✣ Land Transport
17
Trade
Transport
1
• Land Transport
2
• Water Transport
18
Trade(cont.)
✣ Land Transport
⨳ On foot
⨳ Bullock cart
⨳ Tera cotta
⨳ Pastoralists
⨳ Animals
19
Trade(cont.)
✣ Water Transport
⨳ Developed by the needs of Fishers
⨳ Flood “Lake Manchar”
20
Imports/Exports
✣ Exports
⨳ Carnelian
⨳ Lapis Lazuli
⨳ Jade
⨳ Terra cotta
⨳ Agricultural products
⨳ Ivory products
21
Imports/Exports
✣ Imports
⨳ Amethyst
⨳ Jade
⨳ Steatite
⨳ Tin
⨳ Silver
⨳ Iron was not known to this civilization
22
Communication in trade
✣ Seals
⨳ One of the most characteristic finds from
Indus settlements is the square stamp seal.
Usually made of steatite (soapstone) and
hardened by firing, each seal bore an
inscription, usually short, and a picture,
generally of a single animal, although
scenes also occurred. The use of a design
on the seal would have allowed their
recognition by all concerned parties, such
as carriers and Workers
23
Communication in trade
✣ Uses of Seals
⨳ Within a city
⨳ Out of the city
24
RakhiGarhi
Cholistan
Ganeriwala
Settelments
Rupar
Dholavira
In land Settlements
25
Jammu
Alamgirpur
Lothal
Settlements
Gomal River
Coastal
valley Sutkagan Dor
Manda
Settlements
26
Settlements
✣ Town planning
✣ The Great Bath
✣ Granaries
✣ Drainage System
✣ Wells
27
Material Culture
✣ Building construction
⨳ Clay
⨳ Lime stone
⨳ Wood
⨳ Plaster & Mortar
✣ Art
⨳ Gold
⨳ Copper
⨳ Shells
⨳ Carnelian beads and steatite microbeads
28
Social and Political
Organizations & Ideology And
Religion
Presented by: Muhammad Umer
Social Clues
Occupational Specialization
Housing
Clothing
Social HairStyles
Clues
Jewelry
30
Jewelry
By analogy with other societies, the quantity and
quality of jewelry worn may have indicated status.
✣ Bangles are an important element in traditional
Indian female dress.
✣ Men may also wear bangles, the best known
example being the Sikh Kara.
✣ The figurines show that women wore a great
variety of jewelry, which might include ear
ornaments, pendants, or anklets.
31
Hairstyles
✣ Females’ figurines often wear their hair either
folded up over a pannier or fan-shaped frame or
piled high on the top of their heads.
✣ Males’ figurines wear their hair in a bun, divided
horizontally by a headband.
✣ The majority of men were bearded.
32
Clothing
✣ Men and women dressed in colorful robes.
✣ Women in Vedic society wore a variety of garments.
✣ The first being a skirt type garment (dhoti), with a blouse (choli) and
scarf.
✣ Second is a sari, which is a length of fabric wound around the body
with the loose end (pallu) thrown over the shoulder.
✣ Men usually wore a Dhoti, which is a length of fabric wrapped around
the waist.
✣ Male headdress was also a length of fabric, wrapped around the head,
called a Turban.
33
Housing
✣ The two biggest cities of Indus valley civilization
were Mohenjo-daro and Harappa.
✣ People lived in stone houses that were 2-3 stories
high and all of them had sewage systems. The
system was built with mud bricks and ran under
the street.
✣ The city of Mohenjo Daro had 3,500 people. they
had about 700 wells which brought underground
water to the surface.
34
Occupational specialization
✣ The great majority of Harappan population
must have been primary producers: farmers,
fishers, or hunter-gatherers.
✣ Agriculture was the main occupation of the
Indus Valley people. Crops such as wheat,
barley, peas and bananas were raised.
✣ Many people would have been employed as
servants, anyone who could afford to keep a
servant would probably have at least one, and
wealthy people might have dozens.
35
Political Clues
✣ Seals
✣ Settlement
Hierarchy
36
Seals
✣ The Pashupati Seal is a steatite seal that was
discovered at the Mohenjo-daro
archaeological site of the Indus Valley
Civilization.
✣ The Unicorn Seal, this seal from Mohenjo-
daro measures 29 mm (1.14) inches on each
side and is made of fired steatite.
37
Settlement Hierarchy
The settlements fall basically into three
categories.
✣ First there are few enormous settlements, the
cities.
✣ Second at the opposite end of the spectrum
were rural settlements.
✣ The third category, towns, is an amorphous
catch-all, including a great diversity of
different types of settlements.
38
Historical Clues
✣ Indus civilization, also called Indus valley civilization or
Harappan civilization, the earliest known urban culture
of the Indian subcontinent.
✣ The civilization was first identified in 1921 at Harappa in
the Punjab region and then in 1922 at Mohenjo-daro
(Mohenjo-daro), near the Indus River in the Sindh (Sind)
region.
✣ The Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) was a Bronze Age
civilization (3300-1300 BCE; mature period 2600-1900
BCE) extending from what today is northeast
Afghanistan to Pakistan and northwest India.
39
Ideology And Religion
✣ The Indus Valley religion is polytheistic and is made up of
Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism.
✣ The people of the Indus Valley also appear to have worshipped
a male god.
✣ The most important depiction of an imagined Hinduism god is
seal number 420.
✣ Buddhism originated in the fifth century BCE and spread
throughout the Indian subcontinent in the third century BCE.
✣ The swastika symbol (right-hand) was believed to have been
stamped on Gautama Buddha's chest by his initiates after his
death. It is known as The Heart's Seal.
40
Ideology And Religion(cont.)
✣ With the spread of Buddhism, the Buddhist
swastika reached Tibet and China. The symbol was
also introduced to Balinese Hinduism by Hindu
kings.
✣ The Rig-Vedic hymns were dedicated to various
deities, chief of whom being Indira, a heroic god
praised for having slain his enemy Vrtra; Agni, the
sacrificial fire; and Soma, the sacred potion or the
plant it was made from.
✣ Equally prominent gods were the Adityas or Asura
gods Mitra–Varuna and Ushas (the dawn).
41
Types and cause of Decline And
Conclusion
Presented by: Zaiba Kausar
Types of Decline
✣ There are two types of decline which
caused the disintegration of Indus
valley civilization
⨳ Sudden decline
⨳ Gradual decline
43
Sudden Decline
Flood
Drought Ecological
Attack of Change
Aryans river course
44
Sudden Decline
✣ Not enough food could be produced
for the population, so people began to
abandon the cities.
✣ Change in climate around 1800 B.C.
✣ Change the course of Indus river
✣ Aryans invasion around 1700 B.C
✣ Decreased rainfall caused the drought
45
