WATER PURIFICATION

Reference Guide

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For over 50 years, Millipore has helped This training allows them to provide technical
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Table of Contents
Water Purification.......................................................... 05 Solutions for Clinical Analyzers. .................................... 32
RiOs-DI Clinical Water Purification Systems........................ 32
Water Contaminants. ........................................................... 06 AFS® 3 / 8 / 16 (D) Water Purification Systems. .................... 33
Inorganic Ions..................................................................................... 06 Elix Clinical Water Purification Systems..................................34
Organics................................................................................................................. 06 BioPak™ C Polisher. ......................................................................................... 35
Particulates and Colloids........................................................................ 07
Bacteria and their By-products. ...................................................... 07 Optimized Pure Water Storage. .......................................36
Gases.......................................................................................................................... 07 30, 60 and 100 L PE Reservoirs. ........................................................36
Monitoring of Water Contaminants............................................ 08 SDS 200, 350 L Storage and Distribution Systems........36
Resistivity............................................................................................................ 08 Automatic Sanitization Module (ASM)
Total Oxidizable Carbon........................................................................... 09 and Water Sensor ...........................................................................................37
Advanced Protection Against
Laboratory Water Types. .........................................................................10
Airborne Contamination......................................................................... 37
Overview of Water Purification Technologies. .................. 11
Distillation. ............................................................................................................. 11
Ultrapure Water: Type I................................................................ 38
Ion Exchange........................................................................................................ 12
Activated Carbon. ...........................................................................................14 Technologies Used to Produce Type I Water....................... 38
Microporous Filters. ..................................................................................... 15 Ion-Exchange Resin. ..................................................................................... 38
Ultrafiltration. ................................................................................................... 16 Synthetic Activated Carbon................................................................ 38
Reverse Osmosis.............................................................................................. 17 UV Photooxidation Lamps...................................................................... 38
Elix ® Continuous Deionization. ........................................................... 18 Microfiltration Membranes.................................................................. 39
Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation. ...................................................................... 19 Ultrafiltration Membranes. .................................................................. 39
Ultrapure Water Systems...................................................................... 40
Milli-Q® Integral Water Purification System........................ 40
Water Purification Systems Adapted Direct-Q® 3 Water Purification Systems................................. 42
Direct-Q 5 Water Purification Systems....................................43
to Specific Needs. ........................................................................20 Milli-Q Advantage Water Purification System................... 44
Milli-Q Century Range Water Purification Systems. .... 46
Pure Water: Type III............................................................................. 22 Synergy® Water Purification Systems. ..................................... 47
Technologies Used to Produce Type III Water................ 22 Simplicity ® Water Purification Systems................................. 48
Pretreatment to Protect the RO Membrane........................ 23 Super-Q® Plus Water Purification System. ............................49
Reverse Osmosis to Purify. ................................................................... 23 Point-of-Use Purifiers. ..............................................................................50
Type III Water Purification Systems............................................ 24 Millipak® Filter Units....................................................................................50
RiOs 3 Water Purification Systems............................................. 24
™ BioPak™ Polisher................................................................................................ 51
RiOs 5 / 8 / 16 Water Purification Systems............................... 24 EDS-Pak™ Polisher. .......................................................................................... 51
RiOs 30 / 50 / 100 / 150 / 200
Water Purification Systems................................................................. 25
Service Solutions..............................................................52
Pure Water: Type II............................................................................... 26 Preventive Maintenance Plans for Optimal
Technologies Used to Produce Type II Water..................... 26 Water Quality. .................................................................................................... 53
Elix Technology..................................................................................................27 Qualification Services for Validation.......................................... 53

Type II Water Purification Systems.............................................. 28

Elix 3 / 5 / 10 Water Purification Systems.................................. 28
Elix 20 / 35 / 70 / 100 Water Purification Systems............. 29 Support and Expertise.....................................................54
Technical Support. ........................................................................................ 55
Systems for Low Volume Daily Needs.........................................30
Project Management................................................................................... 55
RiOs-DI® 3 Water Purification Systems.....................................30
Design and Engineering. ........................................................................... 55
Milli-DI® Water Purification Systems. .......................................... 31
Training Support ............................................................................................ 55
Scientific Support......................................................................................... 55

Table of Contents 03
Water purification
Scientists work in many types of laboratories on all kinds of applications.
Not surprisingly, these laboratories are sensitive to contaminants of
different natures. Therefore, different grades of reagents and solvents
must be selected and utilized. Water is one of the main reagents in many
cases, but its importance is often underestimated.

visit www.millipore.com for the most up-to-date product listing

In analytical chemistry, instruments used for inorganic analysis (atomic absorption,
optical emission ICP, ICP-Mass Spectrometry, ion chromatography or titrators) can
vary significantly from those used for organic analysis (HPLC, GC, and the various mass
spectrometry hyphenated techniques). However, several steps are actually common to
most analytical methods. In particular, sample preparation remains a significant step
in the analytical procedure. This step often requires the use of purified water. The
importance and relevance of using high purity water begins at this moment, when the
sample can become contaminated due to a number of reasons: poor quality procedures,
use of water whose purity level is not high enough, or improper rinsing of containers and
filters.

The analysis step itself requires high purity water for several reasons. Most methods
require running a blank and diluting standards in order to calibrate the instruments before
dosing any substances. In liquid chromatography, high purity solvents will optimize column
performance and instrument fluidics, resulting in reduced back pressure, increased
column lifetime, no artifact peaks, improved resolution and sensitivity and increased
separation reproducibility. Rinsing the tubing, the column and the injection valves also
requires particulate-free high purity water.

The use of high purity water in an analytical laboratory can substantially reduce
the time spent on troubleshooting issues due to contamination of the samples and the
instruments. Today high purity water is an integral part of the quality programs in most
laboratory environments.

In the Life Science area, concerns and requirements are different from those
of analytical chemistry. While traces of elements may not be an issue, the presence of
bacteria by-products, such as pyrogens, or bacteria themselves, can have a significant
impact on experiments.

In the genomics field, scientists require nuclease-free water in order to prevent

sample degradation and maintain integrity of the RNA and DNA collected and studied.
While DEPC treatment has long been used, an alternative “nuclease-free” water
production method now exists. Purification of water using ultrafiltration was shown to be
fully efficient in producing nuclease-free water, suitable for genomics experiments. More
and more scientists around the world are selecting this simple and efficient technique to
replace the cumbersome DEPC treatment procedure.

In proteomics, it is crucial to prevent degradation or contamination of the protein

sample. In order to successfully separate the proteins using 2D-PAGE or nano-LC, the
quality of the reagents, including the high purity water, is determinant. The protein or
peptide analysis steps that use MALDI-ToF-MS or MS/MS also require extremely pure
reagents in order to avoid pollution of the mass spectrometer ionization chambers as
well as interferences in the mass analysis. Therefore, in proteomics, high resistivity, low
organic content, protease-free and bacteria-free water should be selected and used
freshly produced.

Water Purification 05
 WATER CONTAMINANTs
Natural water contains five major classes of contaminants that are also
present in tap water.

Inorganic Ions
Inorganic.ions.commonly.present.in.tap.water.are.cations,.
such.as.sodium,.calcium,.magnesium.or.iron,.and.anions,.
such.as.bicarbonate,.chloride.and.sulfate..Many.other.ions.
can.be.present.depending.on.the.water.source..Inorganic.
ions,.even.at.trace.levels,.may.affect.both.organic.and.
biochemical.reactions.by.acting.as.catalysts.

Organics
Dissolved.organic.molecules.present.in.tap.water.are.
mainly.of.biological.origin..Molecules.including.humic.
acids,.tannins,.and.lignin.are.the.by-products.of.the.decay.
of.plants..However,.man-made.contaminants.may.be.
introduced.by.the.pipes.carrying.the.water..For.example,.
PVC.pipes.may.leak.their.phthalate.esters.plasticizers.
into.the.water..Dissolved.organics.can.affect.biological.
experiments.such.as.cell.culture.and.disturb.analytical.
techniques..Even.moderate.organic.contamination.
present.in.water.used.to.prepare.Liquid.Chromatography.
eluents.can.cause.baseline.instability,.decrease.
sensitivity.and.resolution.and.also.reduce.the.column.
lifetime.

06 WATER PURIFICATION
Particulates and Colloids
Natural.water.usually.contains.soft.particulates.(vegetal.
debris).and.hard.particulates.(sand,.rock).as.well.as.
colloids.that.can.interfere.with.instrument.operation.

Bacteria and their By-Products

Bacteria.contaminate.natural.water,.especially.surface.
water..The.chlorination.process.will.ensure.removal.
of.harmful.bacteria,.but.tap.water.still.contains.live.
microorganisms..Bacteria.can.cause.different.issues.in.
laboratory.experiments.either.directly.or.through.their.
by-products,.such.as.pyrogens,.nucleases.or.alkaline.
phosphatase.

Gases
Natural.water.contains.dissolved.gases.such.as.nitrogen,. 5A$
oxygen.and.carbon.dioxide..The.concentration.of.oxygen.
can.affect.specific.biochemical.reactions.and.nitrogen. A$
can.form.bubbles.that.are.detrimental.to.processes.
such.as.particulate.counting.or.spectrophotometric.
measurements.

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WATER PURIFICATION 07
 Monitoring of Water Contaminants
Two classes of contaminants, inorganic salts and dissolved organics, are
known to affect most laboratory experiments and it is therefore important
that they are monitored online in laboratory water systems.

Measuring Resistivity to Detect Ions T emperature measurement performed by a thermistor

Electrical conductivity is a measure of a material’s ability with 0.1 °C sensitivity provides fast and accurate
to conduct an electric current. reaction to temperature variations in water.
Water itself has a weak electrical conductivity. Electric Meters are able to display either resistivity or
current is transported in water by dissolved ions, making conductivity readings, compensated or non-
conductivity measurement a quick and reliable way to compensated at 25 °C.
monitor the total amount of ionic contaminants in water. The meter’s electronic circuit is regularly verified by an
automatic process, and alarm messages will be sent if
the electric or electronic parts are defective, ensuring

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that every result displayed is valid.
The meters are calibrated with a method developed for
use with high resisitivity water, and are delivered with
a certificate of calibration. Meters meet requirements
As conductivity also is related to ion mobility (which for performance of USP § 645 suitability tests.
increases with temperature), conductivity values usually These meters provide continuous, reliable insurance that
are reported compensated at 25 °C, in µS/cm @ 25 °C. water produced by Elix, Milli-Q and AFS water purification
Resistivity, expressed in MΩ.cm @ 25 °C, is the inverse of systems will contain low levels of ionic contaminants.
conductivity.
Traditionally, conductivity is used for values above.
1 µS/cm @ 25 °C, and resistivity for conductivity values
below 1 µS/cm @ 25 °C. 7]VTec`UVd

R = 1/c
Efaa`ce
4]`T\ IReVc
8]`h
Water quality of high purity therefore will be expressed as
resistivity in MΩ.cm @ 25 °C.

Millipore Resistivity Meters

FYVc^Zde`c
The resistivity meters designed by Millipore for use with
ultrapure water take specific needs into consideration:

C ell design is based on concentric electrodes, in order Milli-Q System High Precision Coaxial Resistivity Cell
to generate a large surface and reduce the space The conductivity measurement is performed by dipping
between electrodes without risk of contact, therefore two electrodes in an aqueous solution. An electrical
achieving the low cell constant (around 0.01 cm-1) potential (below 1.23 V) is established between the two
electrodes and the intensity of current passing through
recommended in ASTM® D5391-99.
the circuit is measured. The conductivity of the solution
Electrodes made of 316 L stainless steel are used to
will be proportional to the electrical current.
minimize corrosion and ion release risks.
Flow-through cell design allows immediate detection of
any ionic contamination in the water flow.

08 Water Purification
Measuring TOC to Detect Organics
TOC means “Total Oxidizable Carbon” and is sometimes
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referred as “Total Organic Carbon”. Water may contain 7]VTec`UVd
hundreds of different organic substances at different
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levels of oxidation, and at different concentrations. TOC
HR]gV
expresses the organic contamination of water with a
single figure.

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Millipore TOC Monitors
The Millipore A10® TOC monitor contains a 0.5 ml quartz
cell in which ultrapure water is captured. When the A10
UV lamp is powered on, photocatalytic oxidation of the
organic compounds occurs. The final end product of
the organic oxidation is carbon dioxide, which dissolves CfRcekTV]] #*'!$'&_^
" '^] GH>R^a
in the water, causing a conductivity increase. This
change in conductivity is regularly monitored by the
titanium electrodes (patented design) and temperature-
compensated to 25 °C. A set of complex algorithms A10 TOC Monitor Photooxidation Cell
confirms complete oxidation and calculates the carbon The A10 TOC monitor contains a quartz cell. Water flows
through a channel at the base of the cell and then exits
level associated with this conductivity change.
through a solenoid valve at the top. Titanium electrodes
Millipore TOC monitors are available as stand alone
in the cell allow conductivity to be measured; a thermis-
units or integrated within some Milli-Q and Elix water
tor on the side measures temperature. A 185 /254 nm UV
purification systems. lamp located next to the cell can emit UV light.
The TOC monitor design offers several benefits:
A s the oxidation and conductivity measurement occurs
in the same cell, the instrument checks that all organics
have been oxidized, and that a stable conductivity
5`_UfTeZgZej

value has been reached before delivering a TOC value.

Otherwise, the A10 monitor will indicate that it did not ?VRdfcV`WZ_ZeZR]
succeed in oxidizing all organics and will start a new T`_UfTeZgZej
eV^aVcRefcV
test.
The A10 TOC monitor is able to detect TOC values over 8Z]] AiZUReZ`_ BfcXV
TjT]V
a range of 1 to 999 ppb TOC, with an accuracy of ± 1 ppb
or 15 %, whichever is greatest.
Each A10 TOC monitor is calibrated for resistivity
around two values: 18.0 MΩ.cm @ 25 °C and 1 MΩ.cm @
25 °C, and for TOC with methanol over a range between
1 and 200 ppb TOC. The calibration results of each TOC BYRdV# BYRdV$ BYRdV% BYRdV&
monitor are delivered with the instrument. FZ^V
Millipore A10 TOC monitors meet the requirements HR]gV`aV_ HR]gVT]`dVU HR]gV`aV_

for the performance of suitability tests as described >R^a`_ >R^a`WW >R^a`_

in USP § 643. These tests can be performed with the
support of Millipore Service Engineers.
Millipore A10 TOC monitors provide an accurate measure A10 TOC Monitor Photooxidation Cycle
of the TOC value in the ultrapure water produced and
therefore a warranty of the quality of that water.

Water Purification 09
 Laboratory Water Types
Norms define different laboratory water grades for both technical and
economical reasons. The purpose of these norms is to ensure that the right
water quality is used for a specific application, while limiting laboratory
operating costs – Type I water is more expensive to produce than Type II or
Type III water.

Type III advanced analytical techniques; preparation of buffers

Type III water is the lowest laboratory water grade, and culture media for mammalian cell culture and IVF;
recommended for glassware rinsing, heating baths and production of reagents for molecular biology applications
filling autoclaves, or to feed Type I lab water systems. (DNA sequencing, PCR); and preparation of solutions for
electrophoresis and blotting. Using Type I water for Type II.
water applications is a common laboratory practice in
Type II
order to decrease the risk of artifact generation during
Type II water is the grade used in general laboratory
experimental procedures.
applications such as buffers, pH solutions and
microbiological culture media preparation; as feed to .
Type I water systems, clinical analyzers, cell culture Laboratory Water Specifications
incubators and weatherometers; and for preparation of Different published norms define the quality required for
reagents for chemical analysis or synthesis. specific laboratory water applications: ASTM® and ISO®
3696 for laboratory applications; CLSI® guidelines for
clinical laboratories. Some laboratories will also use norms
Type I
defined in the European or the US Pharmacopoeia.
Type I water is the grade required for critical laboratory
applications such as HPLC mobile phase preparation,
blanks and sample dilution in GC, HPLC, AA, ICP-MS and
other

The table below outlines the different water specifications based on the different water types.

Contaminant Parameter and unit Type III Type II Type I

Ions Resistivity (MΩ.cm) > 0.05 > 1.0 > 18.0

Organics TOC (ppb) < 200 < 50 < 10

Pyrogens (EU / ml) NA NA < 0.03

Particulates Particulates > 0.2 µm (units / ml) NA NA <1

Colloids Silica (ppb) < 1000 < 100 < 10

Bacteria Bacteria (cfu / ml) < 1000 < 100 <1

These values are only guidelines, as some specific laboratory require pyrogen-free water for some experiments. Millipore has
applications may require a quality superior to the quality indicated done extensive research into laboratory water applications. This
by the norms. For instance, several molecular biology applications information, compiled as internal research notes or references
require Type I water that is both RNase-free and DNase-free; to scientific articles, is provided on demand by our Application
elemental trace analysis at sub ppt levels requires water of a Specialists.
higher purity than regular Type I water; and glassware washing may (Visit www.millipore.com / offices to find your nearest contact).

10 Water Purification
Overview of Purification Technologies
The major water purification technologies are described below. Each
technology has its benefits and limitations. Some are able to remove a large
fraction of several contaminants, while others excel at removing one specific
type of impurity down to very low levels. As a result, in order to remove all
contaminants to the levels required for critical applications, it is necessary
to use a combination of technologies.

Distillation
Distillation is probably the oldest method of water may be generated during the distillation process, which
purification. Water is first heated to the boiling point. provides the energy required for chlorine in the tap
The water vapor rises to a condenser where cooling water (added for sanitization purposes) to react with
water lowers the temperature so the vapor is condensed, the natural organic substances also present in this
collected and stored. water. This explains why the TOC level of distilled water
is typically around 100 ppb.
Distillation is a slow process that requires
storage of water for long periods. During this time,
recontamination occurs from the ambient air (inorganic
and organic volatile substances, bacteria, particulates
5``]Z_X6VgZTV and algae) and the container (organics from plastic
tanks or ions from glass reservoirs).
Distillation requires large amounts of energy
and water, and therefore is expensive to operate. In
addition, a still requires regular cleaning of the boiling
pot with HCl, a brush and sand paper to remove the
contaminants accumulated during the process.

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Benefits
Removes a broad range of contaminants and
therefore useful as a first purification step.
Distillation Reusable.

Many contaminants remain behind in the boiling vessel. Limitations

However, the process has several limitations: Contaminants are carried to some extent into
Inorganic contaminants are able to migrate along the the condensate.
thin water film that forms on the inner walls of the still. Requires careful maintenance to ensure purity.
This explains why ions can be found in the distillate, Consumes large amounts of tap water (for
whose resistivity is therefore usually between 0.5 cooling) and electrical energy (for heating).
and 1 MΩ.cm @ 25 °C (i.e., about 500 ppb total ionic Not environmental friendly.
contamination in water). Contaminants are also
extracted from the glass or metal boiling pot used to
heat the water (silica, sodium, tin, copper).
Organics with boiling points lower than 100 °C will
automatically be transferred to the distillate, and
even organics with a boiling point superior to 100 °C
can dissolve in the water vapor and also pass into the
distillate. In addition, new organochlorine compounds

Water Purification 11
 Ion Exchange
The ion-exchange process percolates water through
spherical, porous bead resin materials (ion-exchange
resins). Ions in the water are exchanged for other ions
fixed to the beads. The two most common ion-exchange
methods are softening and deionization. Softening is
used primarily as a pretreatment method to reduce water
hardness prior to reverse osmosis (RO) processing. The
softeners contain beads that exchange two sodium
ions for every calcium or magnesium ion removed from
“softened” water.

Jetpore® ion-exchange resin beads

: @R The resin may be “regenerated” by strong acid and

: @R bases once it has exchanged all its hydrogen and / or
: hydroxyl ions for charged contaminants in the water. This
: @R
regeneration reverses the purification process, replacing
 

@R5; A: 5]

:$A the contaminants bound to the DI resins with hydrogen
and hydroxyl ions. However, this is a harsh chemical
A: 5]
A: process that may damage the polymer chains constituting
the beads, leading to contamination of the resin by
A: 5] organics and particulates, and creating an issue in the
production of high purity water.

For the production of high purity water, two solutions

exist:
Deionization Use “virgin” mixed bed ion-exchange resin packs
containing monosphere beads with low TOC (such as
Millipore Jetpore® ion-exchange resin) only once and
Deionization (DI) beads exchange either hydrogen ions discard the pack after usage. This is an economically
for cations, or hydroxyl ions for anions. The cation- acceptable process provided that these packs are
exchange resins, which are made of polystyrene chains fed by pretreated water of good quality to limit the
cross-linked by divinylbenzene with covalently bound replacement frequency. A good pretreatment should
sulfonic acid groups, will exchange a hydrogen ion for any remove not only the bulk of ions to limit the burden of
cations they encounter (e.g., Na+, Ca++, Al+++). Similarly, the ionic contaminants reaching the resin pack, but also
anion-exchange resins, which are made of polystyrene organics, particulates and colloids. This is required to
polymer chains with covalently bound quaternary prevent the build-up on the resin beads of a coating
ammonium groups, will exchange a hydroxyl for any anions preventing the ions from accessing the ionic binding
(e.g., Cl-, NO3-, SO4--). The hydrogen ion from the cation sites located mainly inside the beads’ porous structure.
exchanger unites with the hydroxyl ion of the anion Perform the regeneration of the ion-exchange resins
exchanger to form pure water. using a gentle and continuous procedure such as
electrodeionization, in order to avoid damaging the .
These resins may be packaged in separate bed ion-exchange resin beads and consequently generating
exchangers with separate units for the cation and anion contaminants. This process was developed by Millipore
exchange beds. Or, they may be packaged in mixed bed in the 1980s.
exchangers containing a mixture of both types of resins.
This last configuration enables more efficient ion removal
and provides higher water resistivity values.

12 Water Purification
Deionization can be an important component of a total
water purification system when used in combination
with other methods such as RO, filtration and carbon
adsorption. DI systems effectively remove ions, but
they do not effectively remove most organics and
microorganisms. Microorganisms can attach to the
resins, providing a culture media for bacteria growth
and subsequent pyrogen generation over the long run.
The benefits and limitations of this technology are
summarized below.

Benefits
Removes dissolved inorganics (ions) effectively,
allowing resistivity levels above 18.0 MΩ.cm @ 25 °C.
to be reached (corresponding roughly to less
than 1 ppb total ionic contamination in water).
Regenerable (by acid and bases in “service
deionization” or by electrodeionization).
Relatively inexpensive initial capital investment.

Limitations
Limited capacity: once all ion binding sites are
occupied, ions are no longer retained (except
when operating in an electodeionization
process).
Does not effectively remove organics, particles,
pyrogens or bacteria.
Chemically regenerated DI beds can generate
organics and particles.
Single use, “virgin” resins require good
pretreated water quality to be economically
efficient.

Water Purification 13
 Activated Carbon
Activated carbon is made of organic material porous
particulates containing a maze of small pores, which
8]`h
account for the substance’s highly developed surface.
One gram of activated carbon has a surface of up to .
1 000 m2. Organic molecules dissolved in water may
enter the pores and bind to their walls due to van der
Waals forces. The adsorption process is controlled by
the diameter of the pores in the carbon filter and by the
diffusion rate of organic molecules through the pores.
The rate of adsorption is a function of molecular weight
and the molecular size of the organics.

Activated carbon used in water purification is available 4RTeVcZR

in two forms: 6Zdd`]gVUAcXR_ZTd
Natural activated carbon produced by treating 6Zdd`]gVU;_`cXR_ZTd
BRceZT]Vd
vegetal products such as coconut shells at high
temperature. The result of this process is a fine
powder made of irregularly shaped grains. Natural Carbon Adsorption
activated carbon contains a high concentration of
ionic contaminants and is therefore used only as a
pretreatment step to remove excess chlorine from tap
water by a reduction reaction and, to some extent, to
reduce organic contamination.
Synthetic activated carbon is made by the controlled
pyrolysis of polystyrene spherical beads. This cleaner
material is used for the removal of trace organics of low
molecular weight.

Activated carbon is usually used in combination with other

treatment processes. The placement of carbon in relation
to other components is an important consideration in the
design of a water purification system.

Synthetic activated carbon

Benefits
Removes dissolved organics and chlorine
effectively.
Long life due to high binding capacity.

Limitations
Does not efficiently remove ions and
particulates.
Limited capacity due to a high, but limited,
number of binding sites.
Can generate carbon fines.

14 Water Purification
Microporous Filters
Microporous filters can be classified in three
categories: depth, surface and screen. Depth filters
are matted fibers or materials compressed to form a
matrix that retains particles by random adsorption or
entrapment.
Surface filters are made from multiple layers of media.
When fluid passes through the filter, particles larger
than the spaces within the filter matrix are retained,
accumulating primarily on the surface of the filter. .
Screen filters (also called membrane filters) are inherently
uniform structures which, like a sieve, retain all particles
larger than the precisely controlled pore size on their
surface.
The distinction between filters is important because the
three serve very different functions. Depth filters are
usually used as prefilters because they are an economical
way to remove ≥ 98 % of suspended solids and protect
elements downstream from fouling or clogging. They owe Depth Filter
their high capacity to the fact that contaminants are
trapped and retained within the whole filter depth.
Surface filters remove 99.99 % of suspended solids and
may be used either as prefilters or clarifying filters.
Screen (microporous membrane) filters are 100 % efficient
at retaining contaminants larger than their pore size.
These filters are placed at the furthest possible point
in a system to remove the last remaining traces of
resin fragments, carbon fines, colloidal particles and
microorganisms. For example, 0.22 μm Millipore membrane
filters, which retain all bacteria, are routinely used to
sterilize intravenous solutions, serums and antibiotics.

Benefits
Screen filters are absolute filters that remove all
particles and microorganisms greater than their
pore size.
Efficient operation throughout their lifetime,
unless they are damaged.
Maintenance is limited to replacement. Screen Filter

Limitations
They will clog when the surface is covered by
contaminants. Therefore, they should be used as
a last purification step, as a type of insurance.
Will not remove dissolved inorganics, organics or
pyrogens.
Not regenerable.

Water Purification 15
 Ultrafiltration
A microporous membrane filter removes particles
according to pore size. By contrast, an ultrafiltration Benefits
(UF) membrane functions as a molecular sieve. It Effectively removes most particles, pyrogens,
separates dissolved molecules on the basis of their enzymes, microorganisms and colloids above
size–often reported as the “molecular weight“ (both their rated size, retaining them above the
parameters are related, but not always directly)—by ultrafilter surface.
passing a solution through an infinitesimally fine filter. Efficient operation throughout their lifetime,
unless they are damaged.
The ultrafilter is a tough, thin, selectively permeable Their lifetime can be extended by a regular water
membrane that retains most macromolecules above a flush at high speed.
certain size (Nominal Molecular Weight Limit, or NMWL)
including colloids, microorganisms and pyrogens. Smaller
molecules, such as solvents and ionized contaminants, Limitations
are allowed to pass into the filtrate. Thus, UF provides a Will not remove dissolved inorganics or organic
retained fraction (retentate) that is rich in large molecules substances.
and a filtrate that contains few, if any, of these molecules. May clog when challenged by an excessive level
of high-molecular-weight contaminants.

Ultrafilter

Ultrafilters are available in several selective ranges.

In all cases, the membranes will retain most, but not
necessarily all, molecules above their rated size. In water
purification, ultrafilters are routinely used to provide
pyrogen-free and nuclease-free water for critical cell
culture or molecular biology experimentation. The key
point here is the validation process, which ensures that
the ultrafilter, when challenged by pyrogens, RNases or
DNases at levels far above those likely to occur during
regular operation, will be able to reliably deliver water
within specification.

16 Water Purification
Reverse Osmosis
Reverse osmosis (RO) is the most economical method Therefore, the membrane rejects nearly all (> 99 %)
of removing 95 % to 99 % of all contaminants. The pore strongly ionized polyvalent ions but only more than 95 % of
structure of RO membranes is much tighter than that of the monovalent ions like sodium. Salt rejection increases
UF membranes. RO membranes are capable of rejecting significantly with applied pressure up to 5 bar.
practically all particles, bacteria and organics > 200 Different feed water may require different types of
Dalton molecular weight (including pyrogens) at a rate RO membranes. Membranes are manufactured from
close to 99 %. Natural osmosis occurs when solutions cellulose acetate or thin-film composites of polyamide on
with two different concentrations are separated by a a polysulfone substrate.
semi-permeable membrane. Osmotic pressure drives If the system is properly designed for the feed water
water through the membrane; the water dilutes the conditions and the intended use of the product water, RO
more concentrated solution; and the end result is an is the most economical and efficient method for purifying
equilibrium. tap water. RO is also the optimum pretreatment for
In water purification systems, hydraulic pressure is reagent-grade water polishing systems.
applied to the concentrated solution to counteract
the osmotic pressure. Pure water is driven from the
concentrated solution at a flow rate proportional to
applied pressure and collected downstream of the Benefits
membrane. Effectively removes all types of contaminants
Because RO membranes are very restrictive, they yield to some extent (particles, pyrogens,
slow flow rates per surface unit. Storage tanks are microorganisms, colloids and dissolved
required to produce an adequate volume in a reasonable inorganics), and is therefore useful as a first
amount of time. purification step.
Requires minimal maintenance.
Operation parameters (pressure, temperature,
flow rate, ionic rejection) are easy to monitor.

Limitations
Limited flow rates per surface unit require either
large membrane surfaces or an intermediate
storage device to satisfy user demand.
Requires good pretreatment to avoid rapid
membrane damage by water contaminants:
scaling (CaCO3 deposits on the surface),
fouling (deposits of organics or colloids on the
surface) or piercing (RO membrane cut by hard
particulates).

Reverse Osmosis

RO also involves an ionic exclusion process. Only

solvent (i.e., water molecules) is allowed to pass through
the semi-permeable RO membrane, while virtually all ions
and dissolved molecules are retained (including salts and
organic molecules such as sugars). The semi-permeable
membrane rejects salts (ions) by a charge phenomenon
action: the greater the charge, the greater the rejection.

Water Purification 17
 Elix® Continuous Deionization
This technology is a combination of electrodialysis and which is of the opposite charge. This prevents further
ion exchange, resulting in a process which effectively migrations of ions, which are then forced to concentrate
deionizes water, while the ion-exchange resins are in the space between the cells. This space is known as the
continuously regenerated by the electric current in the “concentrate” channel, and the ions concentrated in this
unit. This electrochemical regeneration replaces the area are flushed out of the system to the drain.
chemical regeneration of conventional ion-exchange The channel running through the resin bed in the center
systems. of the cell is known as the “dilute” channel. As water
passes down this channel, it is progressively deionized.
# 8VVUhReVc At the lower end of the dilute channel, where water is free
7]VTec`UV
5YR__V]
BfcZWjZ_X
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BfcZWjZ_X
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of ions, splitting of H2O occurs in the electric field. This
$ % $ ' generates H+ and OH- which regenerate the ion-exchange
: A:
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5] @R
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5]
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5] 
@R
Benefits
Removes dissolved inorganics effectively,
C A C A C
allowing resistivity above 5 MΩ.cm @ 25 °C to
be reached (which corresponds to a total ionic
( IRdeV ) Bc`UfTe contamination level in water of approximately .
50 ppb).
A 3_Z`_BVc^VRS]V?V^ScR_V Environmental friendly:.
C 5ReZ`_BVc^VRS]V?V^ScR_V - No chemical regeneration..
7]ZieVTY_`]`XjafcZWZTReZ`_deVad
- No chemical disposal..
- No resin disposal.
Inexpensive to operate.
Safe: no heating element.
The Elix module consists of a number of “cells”
sandwiched between two electrodes. Each cell consists
of a polypropylene frame onto which are bonded a cation-
Limitations
permeable membrane on one side, and an anion-permeable
Removes only a limited number of charged
membrane on the other.
organics.
The space in the center of the cell, between the ion-
Requires feed by good quality water (for
selective membranes, is filled with a thin bed of ion-
instance, reverse osmosis-treated water) for
exchange resins. The cells are separated from one another
economically efficient operation.
by a screen separator.
The feed water entering the module is split into three
parts. A small percentage flows over the electrodes, .
65-75 % of the feed passes through the resin beds in the
cell, and the remainder passes along the screen separator
between the cells.
The ion-exchange resins capture dissolved ions in the
feed water at the top of the cell. Electric current applied
across the module pulls those ions through the ion-
selective membrane towards the electrodes. Cations are
pulled through the cation-permeable membrane towards
the cathode, and anions through the anion-selective
membrane towards the anode. These ions, however, are
unable to travel all the way to their respective electrodes
since they come to the adjacent ion-selective membrane

18 Water Purification
Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation
Ultraviolet radiation has been widely used as a
germicidal treatment for water. Mercury low pressure
UV lamps generate light at different wavelengths,
including 185 and 254 nm. UV lamps with a regular quartz
sleeve allow passage of 254 nm light. These lamps are an
effective means of sanitizing water. The adsorption of
UV light by the DNA in the microbial cells results in the
inactivation of the microorganism.
UV lamps with a very pure quartz sleeve allow passage
of both 185 and 254 nm UV light. This combination of
wavelengths is necessary for the photooxidation of
organic compounds, which ultimately allows conversion
of dissolved organic substances into carbon dioxide. With
these special lamps, Total Oxidizable Carbon (TOC) levels in
high purity water can be reduced to ≤ 5 ppb.
DV]ReZgV7WWVTeZgV_Vdd

#""

*"

("
$'&_^

&"

$"

"
$&" $(" $*" %"" %$"
IRgV]V_XeY_^

Benefits
Effective sanitizing treatment.
Oxidation of organic compounds (185 nm and 254
nm) to reach water TOC levels below 5 ppb.

Limitations
Photooxidation of organics is a polishing step,
able to decrease the TOC level only by a limited
value.
The CO2 produced during photooxidation
decreases the water’s resistivity, as it reacts
-
with water to produce H2Co3, splitting into HCO3
and H+.
UV light will not affect ions, particles or colloids.

Water Purification 19
WATER PURIFICATION sysTEMs
ADAPTED TO sPECIFIC NEEDs
Millipore’s range of water purification systems is designed to provide
laboratories with systems covering the three different water types in an
efficient and economical way that includes adapted monitoring and quality
assurance.
The graph below shows a summary of the systems available and can help
you select the system best suited to your application needs. However,
each laboratory has its own constraints and our application specialists are
available to answer your questions and support you in the design of the
system that best matches your needs.
Visit www. millipore.com / offices to find your nearest contact.

Water Quality
systems
systems

systems

Type I
systems
systems
systems

Integral 3/5/10/15
Century & Advantage
3/5

systems

systems
systems

Type II
3/5/10/15

20/35/70/100

systems
3

30/50/100/150/200

Type III
systems

systems

Tap

# % ' $' $'" $"""

Volume in liters/day

* Advanced Technical support

A.complete.range.of.services,.including.validation.support,.is.provided.by.trained.Millipore.Field.
Service.Support.Engineers.using.calibrated.equipment.and.Qualifi.cation.Workbooks
 System Water Source Final Water Quality Application

Production.of.up.to.30.l.of.pure.water.per.day.to.feed.autoclaves.or.
RiOs.3 Tap Type.III
glassware.washing.machines.and./.or.feed.water.for.Milli-Q.systems.

RiOs.5–8–16* Tap Type.III Production.of.pure.water.for.laboratories.using.up.to.350.l.per.day.

RiOs.30–50–100–200* Tap Type.III Production.of.pure.water.for.daily.needs.up.to.4.000.l.per.day..

Production.of.pure.water.for.laboratories.needing.up.to.200.l.per.
Elix.3–5–10* Tap Type.II
day.of.water.superior.in.quality.to.double.distilled.water.

Elix.20–35–70–100* Tap Type.II Production.of.pure.water.for.daily.needs.up.to.2.000.l.per.day.

An.economical.alternative.to.stills.for.labs.requiring.up.to.15.l.of.
.RiOs-DI.3 Tap Type.II
purified.water.per.day.
Low.capital.investment.system.for.labs.that.require.up.to.10.l.per.
Milli-DI Tap Type.II
day.of.DI.water.for.non-critical.applications.

Elix.Clinical*.35–70 Tap NA** Feed.for.clinical.analyzers.needing.up.to.1.400.l.per.day.

AFS.3–8–16* Tap NA** Feed.for.clinical.analyzers.needing.up.to.350.l.per.day.

Production.of.pure.water.for.laboratories.needing.up.to.350.l
per.day.of.water.superior.in.quality.to.double.distilled.water..
Milli-Q.Integral *
Tap Type.I,.Type.II
Ultrapure.water.designed.for.pharmaceutical.and.biotech.research.
applications.and.QC.labs.needing.from.1.to.350.l.per.day.
Ultrapure.water.designed.for.pharmaceutical.and.biotech.research.
Milli-Q.Advantage* Type.III.or.II Type.I
applications.and.QC.labs.needing.from.1.to.200.l.per.day.
Ultrapure.water.systems.tailored.for.specific.applications.in.
Milli-Q.Century* Type.III.or.II Type.I
research.and.QC.labs.needing.1.to.200.l.per.day.
Designed.for.labs.using.1.to.15.l.of.ultrapure.water.per.day.and.up.to.
Direct-Q.5* Tap Type.I,.Type.III
100.l.of.Type.III.water.per.day.
Designed.for.labs.using.1.to.10.l.of.ultrapure.water.per.day.and.up.to.
.Direct-Q.3 Tap Type.I,.Type.III
50.l.of.Type.III.water.per.day.

Synergy Type.III.or.II Type.I Designed.for.labs.using.1.to.40.l.ultrapure.water.per.day.

Designed.for.labs.using.1.to.5.l.ultrapure.water.per.day..An.
Simplicity Type.III.or.II Type.I
economical.alternative.to.bottled.water.

Super-Q Type.III.or.II Type.I Production.of.ultrapure.water.with.high.instant.flow.rate.(12.l/min).

*..Advanced.Technical.Support **.Designed.to.be.in.compliance.with.CLSI.CLRW.quantitative.
A.complete.range.of.services,.including.validation.support,.is. specifi.cations..
provided.by.trained.Millipore.Field.Service.Engineers.using.
calibrated.equipment.and.Qualifi.cation.Workbooks.

. illipore lab water systems can be combined to

M
achieve specific laboratory objectives. For instance,
an Elix system combined with a reservoir and a Milli-Q
Advantage system will fulfill the following requirements
in a laboratory:
. ..Production.of.Type.II.water.for.non-critical.applications.
such.as.buffer.and.reagent.preparation
. ..Production.of.Type.I.ultrapure.water.for.critical.
laboratory.applications

WATER PURIFICATION sysTEMs ADAPTED TO sPECIFIC NEEDs 21

 Type III Water
Technologies used to produce Type III water
Various purification technologies exist, each with its own benefits and
limitations. To remove all contaminants to the levels required for specific
applications, it is necessary to use a combination of technologies. Reverse
Osmosis (RO) is the most economical method for removing 90 % to 99 % of
all contaminants and Millipore Type III systems combine different steps as
outlined in the graph below to optimize the RO process.

Tap

Progard Pack
Protection of RO against
Step 1 scaling (CaCO3), piercing
(particulates) and
oxidation by chlorine

Reverse Osmosis
Removal of up to
Step 2
99 % of feed water
contaminants

UV Lamp 254 nm
Production of water
Step 3
with low levels of
bacteria

22 WATER PURIFICATION SYSTEMS ADAPTED TO SPECIFIC NEEDS

Pretreatment to protect the RO membrane

The high quality Progard® pretreatment pack minimizes

the risk of clogging the RO membrane and guarantees the
lifetime of the equipment. 3
The pretreatment pack contains (1) carbon beads, (2)
anti-scaling compounds and (3) a prefilter to efficiently 1
protect the RO membrane(s) against plugging, scaling
and oxidation.
Silver-impregnated carbon cartridges (optional
cartridge version S1 or S2) are adapted to areas where
2
the feed water has high bacterial levels.
The Progard packs come in two different sizes to cover
a range of feed water conditions.

Progard Pretreatment Pack

Reverse Osmosis to purify

Type III water is produced by the latest Reverse Osmosis

(RO) technology. This method is capable of rejecting up
to 99 % of the contaminants present in potable water
by passing pressurized feed water through a polyamide
membrane. The different types of contaminants are
efficiently removed.
Laboratory-grade water is frequently used in
laboratories mainly for applications such as:
Glassware rinsing
Feed water for humidifiers, autoclaves, washing
machines
Feed water for Milli-Q ultrapure water systems

Reverse Osmosis

WATER PURIFICATION SYSTEMS ADAPTED TO SPECIFIC NEEDS 23

 Type III Water Purification Systems
RiOs™ 3 Water Purification Systems
Economical pure water solution for low volume
needs

Produce up to 20–30 l / day of Pure Water (Type III Water)

from Tap.
Because optimum quality water requires appropriate flow
rate sizing, Millipore has especially developed a 3 l / hour
system for small volume needs. Water is conveniently
stored inside the unit to save space.
Features
Unique “all-in-one” consumable pack includes
pretreatment and reverse osmosis membrane.
Maintenance reduced to changing a single cartridge
once or twice a year.
Backlit color display shows conductivity, temperature
and water level in reservoir.
Integrated, compact 6-liter reservoir; (connection to a
30 l or 60 l reservoir possible for higher daily needs).
Efficient removal > 94 % of ionic contaminants.
Efficient removal > 99 % of other contaminants
(organics, bacteria, particles).

RiOs 5 / 8 / 16 Water Purification Systems

The advanced RO system for laboratories

Produce up to 350 l / day of Pure Water (Type III) from Tap.

Features
Easy to maintain.
Self-maintenance functions of the reverse osmosis
membrane.
Advanced reverse osmosis technology with high
recovery loop reduces water consumption by more
than 50 %.
Constant product flow rate.
Optional UV lamp for optimum water quality for
applications sensitive to bacteria.
All system functions accessible from a user-friendly
keypad and displayed on backlit screen.

Applications
The water produced by these systems may be
used for basic laboratory needs, such as buffer
and reagent preparation, microbiology media
preparation and rinsing of glassware. In addition,
it may be used in water baths. It may also be used
as the pretreatment step for an ultrapure water
purification system.

24 WATER PURIFICATION SYSTEMS ADAPTED TO SPECIFIC NEEDS

RiOs 30 / 50 / 100 / 150 / 200
Water Purification Systems
One complete purification and control unit for large
labs or a whole laboratory building

Produce up to 4000 l / day of Pure Water (Type III).

Features
Total control of all functions, operating parameters
and standard accessory components within the RiOs
system itself and in the pure water distribution loop.
High water recovery thanks to advanced reverse
osmosis technology.
Constant product flow rate independent of
temperature from 7–30° C.
Built-in UV lamp for bacteria-sensitive applications.
Easy-to-replace pretreatment packs, tailored to the
feed water source.
Built-in conductivity monitoring to ensure water quality.

Applications
The water produced by these systems may be
used for basic laboratory needs, such as buffer
and reagent preparation, microbiology media
preparation and rinsing of glassware. In addition,
it may be used in water baths, autoclaves, to feed
laboratory dishwashers and as a water source for
animal facilities and aquariums. It may also be used
as the pretreatment step for an ultrapure water
system.

Specifications

RiOs 5 RiOs 8 RiOs 16 RiOs 30 RiOs 50 RiOs 100 RiOs 150 RiOs 200

Flow Rate, l / h + / - 15 % .

5 8 16 30 50 100 150 200
at 7° C < T< 30° C)
Water Recovery, % 25 28 38 up to 45 up to 50 up to 70 up to 70 up to 70

Ion Rejection, % 95-99 95-99 95-99 95-99 95-99 95-99 95-99 95-99
Organic Rejection, % .
99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99
(MW > 200 Dalton)
Particle Rejection, % 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 99

Bacteria, cfu / ml < 1* < 1* < 1* < 10 < 10 < 10 < 10 < 10

* Valid for systems with UV lamp

Ordering Information
Visit www.millipore.com / catalogue or find your local office telephone number by visiting www.millipore.com/offices and Millipore
specialists will guide you through the best choice for your application needs.

WATER PURIFICATION SYSTEMS ADAPTED TO SPECIFIC NEEDS 25

 Type II Water
Technologies Used to Produce Type II Water
There are various purification technologies that can produce Type II water.
The most efficient way of producing Type II water is to begin with Reverse
Osmosis and follow with either deionization (RO-DI) or Electrodeionization
(RO-EDI). Millipore systems combine these technologies in a comprehensive
range of systems.

Tap

Progard Pack
Protection of RO against
Step 1 scaling (CaCO3), piercing
(particulates) and oxidation
by chlorine

Reverse Osmosis
Removal of up to
Step 2
99 % of feed water
contaminants

# 8VVUhReVc
7]VTec`UV BfcZWjZ_X 5`_TV_ecReZ_X BfcZWjZ_X 7]VTec`UV
5YR__V] 5YR__V] 5YR__V] 5YR__V] TYR__V]

Elix Module or DI
$ % $ '
: A:
@R 5]

5] @R
&
+
3_`UV

:
5]
@R
A:
- 5ReY`UV

Consistent
Step 3 C
5]

A C A C
@R

production of high
( IRdeV ) Bc`UfTe
resistivity and low
A 3_Z`_BVc^VRS]V?V^ScR_V TOC water
C 5ReZ`_BVc^VRS]V?V^ScR_V

7]ZieVTY_`]`XjafcZWZTReZ`_deVad

UV Lamp* 254 nm
Production of water
with low levels of
Step 4
bacteria
.
*optional

26 WATER PURIFICATION SYSTEMS ADAPTED TO SPECIFIC NEEDS

Elix® Technology
# 8VVUhReVc
7]VTec`UV BfcZWjZ_X 5`_TV_ecReZ_X BfcZWjZ_X 7]VTec`UV
Water entering the Elix module is RO purified Type III 5YR__V] 5YR__V] 5YR__V] 5YR__V] TYR__V]

water. $ % $ '
Ion-exchange resins in the module are continuously : 
@R 5]
A:

regenerated via an electrical current. This process 5] @R

&
requires only very small quantities of water and energy. 3_`UV + @R - 5ReY`UV

No special maintenance or chemical regeneration is 5]

: A:
needed that would deteriorate the resin beads.
This unique process has become the new standard for 5] @R

the production of Type II water and is replacing both C A C A C

distillation and conventional deionization units in the
laboratory.
Features ( IRdeV ) Bc`UfTe
In general, water that has been purified using Elix
technology is suitable for use with analyses at the parts
A 3_Z`_BVc^VRS]V?V^ScR_V
per million (ppm) or high ppb levels, and also may be used to
fulfill several other needs in a laboratory: C 5ReZ`_BVc^VRS]V?V^ScR_V

Buffer and media preparation, in particular for 7]ZieVTY_`]`XjafcZWZTReZ`_deVad

microbiology, titration (unless trace levels are
targeted), pH or general analytical chemistry.
Non-sensitive sample preparation requiring extensive
washing.
Chemical reactions run in water.
Stability testing chambers and autoclave feeding.
Histology.
Glassware washing; can be used for manual washing
or Elix systems can be fitted to dishwashers to deliver
water on demand.
With additional basic ion-exchange polishing, the water
can be used in clinical chemistry and as feed water for
weatherometers.

Applications
The water produced by these systems may be
used for basic laboratory needs, such as buffer
and reagent preparation, microbiology media
preparation, histology, dissolution testing (with
UV detection) and rinsing of glassware. In addition,
it may be used in water baths, weatherometers,
laboratory dishwashers and autoclaves. It may also
be used as the pretreatment step for an ultrapure
water system.

WATER PURIFICATION SYSTEMS ADAPTED TO SPECIFIC NEEDS 27

 Type II Water Purification Systems
Elix® 3 / 5 / 10 Water Purification Systems
The standard for pure water in laboratories – an
efficient, economical alternative to distillation and
deionization

Produce up to 200 l / day of Type II Water from Tap. Elix

system water meets or exceeds Type II water quality
as defined by ISO® 3696 / BS 3997 and purified water
defined by the European and U.S. Pharmacopoeia. With Elix
systems, control of water purity is built into every step
of the purification process – ensuring that water quality
will be a constant in your applications, not an additional
variable.
Features
Easy to maintain and operate.
- A unique and easy-to-install prefiltration pack unit.
- Self-maintenance of the reverse osmosis membrane Applications
Self-regeneration of the ion-exchange resins by an The water produced by these systems may be
electrical current. used for basic laboratory needs, such as buffer
- Production of consistent high water quality . and reagent preparation, microbiology media
- Optimized cost per liter preparation, histology, dissolution testing (with
Advanced reverse osmosis technology . UV detection) and rinsing of glassware. In addition,
- High recovery loop reduces water consumption by it may be used in water baths, weatherometers,
 more than 50 % . laboratory dishwashers and autoclaves. It may also
- Constant product flow rate be used as the pretreatment step for an ultrapure
Integrated UV lamp for optimum water quality for water system.
applications sensitive to bacteria
Data storage and RS 232 communication port

Specifications Ordering Information

Visit www.millipore.com/catalogue or find your local office
Elix 3 Elix 5 Elix 10 telephone number by visiting www.millipore.com/offices and
Millipore specialists will guide you through the best choice
Water Needs.
Up to 60 l Up to 100 l Up to 200 l for your application needs.
per day
Flow Rate, l / h + / –15 %
3 5 10
at 7 °C < T< 30 °C)
Resistivity.
(MΩ.cm) compensated >5 >5 >5
to 25 °C)*
Conductivity.
µS / cm (compensated < 0.2 < 0.2 < 0.2
to 25° C)*
TOC, ppb < 30 < 30 < 30
Bacteria Count**
<1 <1 <1
cfu / ml
Silicate Removal, % > 99.9 > 99.9 > 99.9

Water Recovery, % 15 18 24
* (CO2) ≤ 30 ppm in feed water: typical resistivity 10–15 MΩ.cm .
(CO2 > 30 ppm in feed water; typical resistivity > 2 MΩ.cm)
** Valid for Elix systems with UV lamp

28 WATER PURIFICATION SYSTEMS ADAPTED TO SPECIFIC NEEDS

Elix® 20 / 35 / 70 / 100 Water Purification
Systems
One complete purification and control unit

Produce up to 2000 l / day of Type II Water. Elix

20 / 35 / 70 / 100 systems are designed to produce up to .
2000 l / day of Type II water from potable tap feed water
to meet or exceed the relevant standards defined by
CLSI, ISO® 3696 / BS 3997 and the European and US
Pharmacopoeia.Elix systems can be integrated into
a centralized system, providing total control of all
parameters.
Features
Total control of all functions, operating parameters and
standard accessory components within the Elix system
itself and within the external pure water distribution
loop Applications
Patented Elix electrodeionization (EDI) module The water produced by these systems may be
continuously regenerates ion-exchange resins used for basic laboratory needs, such as buffer
Built-in resistivity and TOC (Total Oxidizable Carbon) and reagent preparation, microbiology media
monitoring ensures water quality preparation and rinsing of glassware. In addition,
No additional softeners are required for most feed it may be used in water baths, weatherometers,
water conditions laboratory dishwashers and autoclaves.
Easy-to-replace pretreatment packs, tailored to the It is recommended for use in chemical and
feed water source pharmaceutical QA/QC laboratories, and in central
Built-in UV lamp for bacteria-sensitive applications water distribution systems. It may also be used
as the pretreatment step for an ultrapure water
system.

Specifications

Elix 20 Elix 35 Elix 70 Elix 100

Water Needs.
Up to 400 l Up to 700 l Up to 1400 l Up to2000 l
per day
Flow Rate, l / h + / –15 %
20 35 70 100
at 7 °C < T< 30 °C)
Resistivity.
(MΩ.cm) compensated >5 >5 >5 >5
to 25 °C)*
Conductivity.
µS / cm (compensated < 0.2 < 0.2 < 0.2 < 0.2
to 25° C)*
TOC, ppb < 30 < 30 < 30 < 30
Bacteria Count**
< 10 < 10 < 10 < 10
cfu / ml
Silicate Removal, % > 99.9 > 99.9 > 99.9 > 99.9

Water Recovery, % Up to 30 Up to 40 Up to 50 Up to 50

* (CO2) ≤ 30 ppm in feed water: typical resistivity 10–15 MΩ.cm .

(CO2 > 30 ppm in feed water; typical resistivity > 2 MΩ.cm)
** Valid for Elix systems with UV lamp

WATER PURIFICATION SYSTEMS ADAPTED TO SPECIFIC NEEDS 29

 Systems for Low Volume Daily Needs
RiOs-DI® 3 Water Purification Systems
For low volumes (< 10 l / day) of pure water (Type II)
from tap

The RiOs-DI 3 UV system is a very compact solution that

efficiently combines reverse osmosis (RO) technology
with deionization (DI) resins to produce high quality pure
water of high resistivity and low TOC (> 10 MΩ.cm at 25
°C and < 50 ppb). The system’s product water is stored in
an internal reservoir and is ideal for low volume routine
laboratory applications.
Features
Maintenance is reduced to the quick change of a single
cartridge.
The consumable is a unique “all-in-one” pack that
includes the pretreatment, reverse osmosis membrane
and ion-exchange resin.
Integrated, compact 6-liter reservoir.
The built-in UV lamp* is ideal for applications that
require low bacteria levels.
Backlit color display shows resistivity, temperature and
water level in reservoir.
* This system is also available without UV lamp.

Applications
The water produced by these systems may be
used for basic laboratory needs, such as buffer
and reagent preparation, microbiology media
preparation and rinsing of glassware. In addition,
it may be used in water baths. It may also be used
as the pretreatment step for an ultrapure water
purification system.

Specifications

Resistivity, MΩ.cm at 25 °C Typically >10

Average Daily Needs 5 to 10 L per day
Flow Rate, l/h >2.4 l/h at 15 °C
Organics, ppb <50

30 WATER PURIFICATION SYSTEMS ADAPTED TO SPECIFIC NEEDS

Milli-DI® Water Purification Systems
Produce deionized water directly from tap water

The.Milli-DI.system.is.a.compact.and.easy-to-use.water.
purification.system.that.instantly.provides.deionized.
water.(resistivity.>.1.MΩ.cm.at.25.°C).directly.from.tap.
water..Suitable.for.users.requiring.low.volumes.of.purified.
water,.3.to.5.l./.day,.this.battery-powered.system.comes.
with.everything.needed.for.easy.installation.in.the.lab.
(includes.tubing.for.½“.tap.fitting).
Features
. ...Low.investment.
. ..Cartridge.contains.high.quality.mixed-bed.resins.
. ..Optional.0.22.µm.filter.produces.bacteria-free.water.
. ...A.green.LED.light.indicates.good.water.quality,.and.a.red.
LED.light.indicates.that.the.DI-PAK®.purification.pack.
needs.to.be.replaced.

Applications
The.water.produced.by.these.systems.may.be.
used.for.basic.laboratory.needs,.such.as.buffer.
and.reagent.preparation,.microbiology.media.
preparation.and.rinsing.of.glassware..In.addition,.
it.may.be.used.in.water.baths..It.may.also.be.used.
as.the.pretreatment.step.for.an.ultrapure.water.
purification.system.

specifications

Resistivity,.MΩ.cm.at.25.°C >1

Flow.Rate,.l./.min 0.5–0.7
Potable.tap.water.at.a.
Feed.water.Requirements feed-pressure.of.1–4.9.
bar.(14–70.psi)

WATER PURIFICATION sysTEMs ADAPTED TO sPECIFIC NEEDs 31

 Solutions for Clinical Analyzers
Millipore offers a complete range of water purification systems designed
to match the needs of small through large volume applications. Compatible
with any analyzer, these systems are economical, easy to use, save water and
improve productivity and results.

RiOs-DI® Clinical Water Purification Systems

For low volumes (< 10 l / day) of pure water (Type II)
from tap

The RiOs-DI Clinical system is a very compact solution

designed for low volume analyzers. The system efficiently
combines reverse osmosis (RO) technology with
deionization (DI) resins to produce CLSI® Special Reagent
Water*.
Produces water with flow rate of 3 l/h
Specifically designed to feed low-volume analyzers
using up to 20 l/day
Designed to be in compliance with CLSI CLRW**
quantitative specifications
Economical system allows substantial cost savings
Provides an efficient alternative to buying and storing
bottled water
* Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) SRW type
** Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute Clinical Laboratory
Reagent Water

Features
Easy to install
Easy to maintain
Saves space
Advanced water quality monitoring
Quiet operation
Consumable cartridges snap in and snap out without
tools

Applications
The water produced by these systems may be
used for basic laboratory needs, such as buffer
and reagent preparation, microbiology media
preparation, histology, dissolution testing (with UV
detection) and rinsing of glassware.

32 WATER PURIFICATION SYSTEMS ADAPTED TO SPECIFIC NEEDS

AFS® 3 / 8 / 16 (D) Water Purification Systems

Produce water with flow rates of 3, 8, 16 l / h

respectively.
Designed to be in compliance with CLSI CLRW
quantitative specifications.
Fit any lab and can be mounted on a bench, wall or floor
stand.
Remove dissolved gases from final product water using
Millipore’s patented technology.
Features
Easy to use.
Advanced water quality monitoring.
Complete bacterial control.
50 % water savings.
Quiet operation.
Consumable cartridges snap in and snap out without
special tools.
Traceability — data is archived and allows these
systems to be accredited by regulatory bodies.

Compliance with Regulatory Industry Standards

AFS and Elix Clinical systems are UL and cUL
listed under file E216983 in the “Laboratory Use Electrical
Equipment Category,” and meet the requirements of UL
61010 standards. They also have Class One Medical Device
Status under FDA citation 21 CFR 862.2050. AFS systems
conform to European Union CE directives 89 / 336 / CEE
(electromagnetic compatibility) and 72 / 23 / CEE (electrical
equipment within certain voltage limits). All systems
are manufactured in ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 certified
environments.

Applications
The water produced by these systems may be
used for basic laboratory needs, such as buffer
and reagent preparation, microbiology media
preparation, histology, dissolution testing (with
UV detection) and rinsing of glassware. In addition,
it may be used in water baths, weatherometers,
laboratory dishwashers and autoclaves.

WATER PURIFICATION SYSTEMS ADAPTED TO SPECIFIC NEEDS 33

 Elix® Clinical Water Purification Systems

Produce 35 and 70 l / h

Designed to be in compliance with CLSI CLRW
quantitative specifications.
Self regenerating resins using the patented Elix
technology, provide significant operating cost savings
and ease of maintenance.
Reduce polishing cartridge changes five-fold.
Features
Total control of all functions, operating parameters and
standard accessory components within the Elix system
itself and within the external pure water distribution
loop
Patented Elix electrodeionization module continuously
regenerates ion-exchange resins
Built-in resistivity and TOC (Total Oxidizable Carbon)
monitoring to ensure water quality
No additional softeners are required for most feed
water conditions
Easy-to-replace pretreatment packs, tailored to the
feed water source
Built-in UV lamp for bacteria-sensitive applications
Systems contain integrated control functions for
distribution loop components (pump, UV lamp, ASM, TOC
and resistivity meters)

Applications
The water produced by these systems may be
used for basic laboratory needs, such as buffer
and reagent preparation, microbiology media
preparation, histology, dissolution testing (with
UV detection) and rinsing of glassware. In addition,
it may be used in water baths, weatherometers,
laboratory dishwashers and autoclaves. It may also
be used as the pretreatment step for an ultrapure
water system.

34 WATER PURIFICATION SYSTEMS ADAPTED TO SPECIFIC NEEDS

BioPak™ C Polisher
Final in-line purification step to remove alkaline
phosphatase for immunoassay and clinical
chemistry analyzers

The.BioPak.C.unit.is.a.disposable.ultrafiltration.
cartridge.that.provides.a.final.in-line.purification.step.
for.immunoassay.and.clinical.chemistry.analyzers..The.
cartridge.is.designed.to.minimize.alkaline.phosphatase.
(ALP).released.by.bacteria.that.may.be.present.in.analyzer.
feed.water.used.to.dilute.reagents,.make.blanks.and.rinse.
tubing.and.probes..The.BioPak.C.cartridge.can.be.installed.
easily.on.most.immunoassay.and.clinical.chemistry.
analyzers.on.the.market.today,.providing.improved.
laboratory.efficiency.and.performance.with.lower.overall.
running.costs.
Features
. ..Produces.ALP-free.water.with.bacteria.levels.lower.
than.10.cfu/ml.(typically.<.1.cfu/ml)
. ..Creates.stable.assay.baselines,.resulting.in.better.
reliability
. ..Reduces.the.need.for.frequent.analyzer.calibration
. ..Eliminates.the.need.for.frequent.decontamination.and.
resulting.costly.downtime
. ..Results.warranted.within.specifications.for.120.days.of.
use.
. ...Maintenance-free

WATER PURIFICATION sysTEMs ADAPTED TO sPECIFIC NEEDs 35

 OPTIMIzED PURE WATER sTORAGE
The main concern when storing purified water is the degradation of water
purity over time. Only a strict adherence to suitable reservoir materials,
associated with careful design and appropriate protection against airborne
contaminants, can ensure consistent water quality during storage.

30, 60 and 100 l PE Reservoirs

. ..Polyethylene.selected.for.minimal.release.of.
extractables.
. ..Blow-molded.technique.associated.with.best.material.
choice.prevents.biofilm.formation.
. ..Cylindrical.shape.minimizes.surface.area.in.contact.
with.water.
. ..Conical.bottom.allows.complete.cleaning.and.rinsing.
. ...Purified.water.smoothly.fed.in.at.bottom.of.the.
reservoir.prevents.absorption.of.carbon.dioxide.
. ..UV.–.an.essential.feature.to.keep.bacterial.levels.low.
. ...Front.valve.for.manual.dispense.of.purified.water.
. ..Hermetically-sealed.lid.prevents.air.from.entering.the.
reservoir.
. ..Large.top.opening.allows.cleaning.during.sanitization.
procedure.
. ..Compact,.space-saving.design.

SDS 200, 350 l Storage and Distribution

Systems

Millipore.SDS.200.and.350.liter.reservoirs.incorporate.
the.most.advanced.technological.developments.and.
innovative.features.to.guarantee.consistent.purity.of.the.
stored.and.distributed.water.
. ..Polyethylene.reservoir.ensures.minimal.release.of.
organics.and.smooth.inner.surface.prevents.biofilm.
formation.
. ..Conical.bottom.guarantees.no.dead.volume.and.allows.
complete.cleaning,.draining.and.rinsing.
. ..ASM.(Automatic.Sanitization.Module).UV.lamp.easily.
added.to.minimize.bacterial.growth.during.storage.
. ..Sanitary.overflow.in.the.unlikely.event.of.water.system.
malfunction.
. ..Choice.of.vent.filters.to.protect.stored.water.against.
airborne.contamination.
. ..Sensor.rod.float.switch.for.automatic.reservoir.refill.
. ..Built-in.pump.option.can.distribute.purified.water.to.
multiple.locations.
. ...Inlet.and.outlet.connections.and.valves.are.all.
pre-plumbed.for.easy.installation.

36 WATER PURIFICATION sysTEMs ADAPTED TO sPECIFIC NEEDs

Automatic Sanitization Module (ASM) and
Water Sensor

. ..254.nm.low.pressure.mercury.vapor.UV.lamp,.selected.
for.its.germicidal.effectiveness.
. ..Pre-programmable.intervals.of.10.min./.day.automatic.
UV.illumination.for.optimized.efficiency. ASM
. ..Additional.programmable.and.manual.UV.exposure.
possible.to.meet.critical.application.requirements.
. ..Up.to.60.min./.day.of.UV.exposure.for.total.flexibility.
. ..Choice.of.language.display.and.real.time.clock.for.
maximum.convenience.
. ..The.ASM.is.available.with.an.optional.water.sensor,.
which.can.isolate.the.water.system.from.the.main.line.
should.any.leakage.be.detected..The.ASM.display.will.
show.the.time.and.date.water.was.detected.along.with.
instructions.on.how.to.use.this.function. Water.Sensor

Advanced Protection Against Airborne A

Contamination B

Air.is.contaminated.by.carbon.dioxide,.particles,. D

microorganisms,.and.volatile.organic.compounds.that.
come.mainly.from.the.laboratory.atmosphere.itself..To.
protect.the.purified.water.from.all.these.contaminants,.
Millipore.has.developed.an.advanced.vent.filter.that. 2

includes:
. ..Activated.carbon.to.adsorb.volatile.organics.(including. Airborne Contaminants
1

3
A Volatile Organics

lab.solvents.such.as.acetone,.chloroform.and.methanol) B

C
Particles
Bacteria

. ..A.soda-lime.bed.to.remove.CO2 D CO2
2 Volatile Organics absorption
. ..A.Durapore®.hydrophobic.membrane.for.particle.and. 4
3 CO2 removal

bacterial.retention Particle and Bacterial retention

4

5 Reservoir inlet
Purified air enters the reservoir

This.advanced.vent.filter.is.recommended.for.the. 5

protection.of.high-resistivity.water,.such.as.Elix.product.
water,.during.storage..A.standard.0.65.µm.membrane. .Advanced.Vent.Filter.Protects.Water.Purity.
vent.filter.is.available.to.protect.reverse-osmosis-quality.
water.

WATER PURIFICATION sysTEMs ADAPTED TO sPECIFIC NEEDs 37

 Type I Water
Technologies Used to Produce Type I Water
The production of ultrapure (Type I) water demands a combination of different
water purification techniques, each removing specific contaminants.

Ion-Exchange Resin

Ion-Exchange Resins are small (< 1.2 mm) porous beads

with ion-exchange binding sites covalently bound on
the surface and inside the beads. Millipore Jetpore®
ion-exchange resins are characterized by high-binding
capacity, fast ion-exchange kinetics to reach high
resistivity and low TOC release.

Ion-Exchange Resin

Synthetic Activated Carbon

Synthetic activated carbon is produced by the controlled

pyrolysis of porous polystyrene beads. The activated
carbon has a large developed surface (> 1000 m2 / gram)
and binds organic molecules on the walls of the pores by
Van der Waals forces such as hydrophobic interactions.

Synthetic activated Carbon

UV Photooxidation Lamps %A$

5:%A:$A:
GH#*' :$A
UV lamps at 185 and 254 nm wavelengths provide the
$A%
:5:A$:$A
energy required to convert the oxygen dissolved in water GH$'&
$A:
into hydroxyl radicals. These powerful oxidizing agents $A$ $A$
will transform dissolved organics, first into charged   :5AA::$A

$A $:$A$
molecules, and ultimately into carbon dioxide. Carbon : $A
$A:
GH$'&
dioxide will react with water to generate bicarbonate &A: 5A$$:$A

and carbonate ions that can be removed by ion-exchange

resins.
5A$:$A :$5A% :5A% :

UV Photooxidation Lamps

38 WATER PURIFICATION SYSTEMS ADAPTED TO SPECIFIC NEEDS

Microfiltration Membranes

Microfiltration membranes are screen filters that retain

all contaminants (particulates and bacteria) larger than
their pore size on their surface. Millipore membrane
filters such as the Millipak® filter have been validated for
sterilizing filtration and are delivered with a certificate of
quality.

Microfiltration Membranes

Ultrafiltration Membranes

Ultrafiltration membranes used in Millipore water

purification solutions are hollow fibers that provide a
large surface within a small volume and therefore supply
the required flow rate with minimum space occupancy.
Millipore Pyrogard® 5000 and BioPak UF devices have
been validated for the efficient removal of pyrogens and
nucleases (RNases, DNases). In addition, UF membranes
also retain most colloids on their surface.
These water purification techniques are organized Hollow Fiber Membranes
in an optimized process sequence to make sure that
the highest water purity level is reached. Intermittent
recirculation of the water allows water quality to be
maintained between sampling times to ensure that the
quality remains unchanged until the user needs it.
The materials that make up the lab water system and
are in contact with the water are carefully selected to
guarantee minimum release of both ionic and organic
contaminants.

WATER PURIFICATION SYSTEMS ADAPTED TO SPECIFIC NEEDS 39

 Ultrapure Water Systems
Milli-Q® Integral Water Purification System
One water system—two water quality types

The right water quality for all lab activities. The Milli-Q.
Integral system includes a comprehensive, optimized
sequence of water purification and monitoring technologies
in a single unit, allowing both pure and ultrapure water to be
produced directly from tap.

It provides pressurized, bacteria-free water through Water can be delivered at different flow rates from
E-POD™ (Elix-Point-of-Delivery) units and Milli-Q ultrapure the mobile dispenser located at the end of an 80
water through Q-POD® (Quality-Point-of-Delivery) units. cm recirculation loop. The user can also select a
Water can be delivered from the system’s exclusive specific water volume and have the Q-POD / E-POD unit
production unit to as many as 3 independent PODs that automatically fill any laboratory vessel from a 100 ml
can be conveniently located at different places in the Erlenmeyer flask to a 5 l calibrated flask or 20 l carboy.
laboratory. Each POD incorporates a color backlit screen To ensure easy adaptation to various laboratory
enabling the user to check the operation of the entire applications, validated POD Pak polishers are available
system and the water quality at a glance. to remove contaminants that can impact specific
The ergonomic design of the PODs accounts for the height applications (such as pyrogens, nucleases, bacteria,
and shape of regular laboratory glassware to ensure particulates, organics, etc.) just before water leaves the
optimum user convenience. system. Configurations can easily evolve to match lab
activity changes or extensions.

40 WATER PURIFICATION SYSTEMS ADAPTED TO SPECIFIC NEEDS

 Specifications
The Milli-Q Integral system is designed to be fed by potable
tap water as described in US-EPA, EP and WHO norms.

Pure (Type II) water quality

Elix water (at Elix module outlet)

Parameter Value Unit

Resistivity >5 MΩ.cm @ 25° C

TOC < 30 ppb (µg/l)

Features Note: If pure water is sourced from an E-POD, the following
Pure and ultrapure water is available directly from tap water quality specifications are achieved:
water (no need to have a DI source in the lab) from .
60 l / day up to 350 l / day (depending on model) Parameter Value Unit
Consistent production of superior quality pure water Bacteria <1* cfu / ml
(better than twice the quality of distilled water) without
Particulates > 0.22 µm <1* Particulates / ml
the need to regenerate a DI tank, thanks to patented
Pyrogens (endotoxins) < 0.001 ** EU/ml
Elix technology
Easy pure or ultrapure water delivery in different lab RNases < 0.01 ** ng/ml
locations thanks to the PODs DNases < 4 ** pg/ µl
Easy and intuitive operation * With Millipak filter with Millipore Express membrane or BioPak™
® ®

Application-specific water qualities through filter as POD Pak

** With BioPak filter as POD Pak
customized final polishers
Built-in resistivity and TOC monitors designed to
Resistivity, TOC and bacteria levels match the
comply with the most demanding norms, including USP
requirements of Type II water as described in ISO®
requirements (§ 643 and § 645)
3696, ASTM D1193 (Type II resistivity, TOC, HBC Table I
System manager-specific interface with protection of
specification), and Purified Water as described in USP, EP.
key set points by a login and password
Ultrapure (Type I) water quality
Milli-Q® water (sourced from a Q-POD unit)
Applications
When the system is equipped with a 0.2 µm filter,
Parameter Value Unit
the high purity water delivered by the system is
suitable for HPLC, LC-MS, MALDI-ToF-MS, IC, ICP, AA Resistivity 18.2 MΩ.cm @ 25° C
and most of the analytical techniques commonly TOC <5 ppb (µg/l)
used in the laboratory. When an ultrafiltration Bacteria <1* cfu / ml
cartridge (BioPak) is utilized at the point-of-use, Particulates > 0.22 µm <1* Particulates / ml
the water is suitable for genomics applications Pyrogens (endotoxins) < 0.001 ** EU/ml
(quality at least equivalent to DEPC-treated water) RNases < 0.01 ** ng/ml
and cell culture. The water produced following
DNases < 4 ** pg/ µl
the system’s pretreatment step may be used for
basic laboratory needs, such as buffer and reagent * With Millipak filter with Millipore Express membrane or BioPak™
® ®

filter as POD Pak

preparation, microbiology media preparation, ** With BioPak filter as POD Pak
histology, dissolution testing (with UV detection)
and rinsing of glassware. The Milli-Q Integral system is designed to produce
ultrapure water in agreement with the quantitative
specifications of Type I water as described in ISO 3696,
ASTM D1193, and of EP and USP Purified Water, as well as
the CLSI® - CLRW.

WATER PURIFICATION SYSTEMS ADAPTED TO SPECIFIC NEEDS 41

 Direct-Q® 3 Water Purification Systems
Ultrapure (Type I) water directly from tap

The Direct-Q 3 system is designed for simple and intuitive

operation. Water quality parameters (resistivity or
conductivity, temperature) are clearly indicated on a
bright color display. The Direct-Q 3 systems allow delivery
of a fixed volume of Type I water and automatically shut
off once the selected volume has been delivered.
The Type I product water is suitable for most low-volume
laboratory applications, including the preparation
of buffers for liquid chromatography separations
and biochemical experiments, of solutions for
analytical techniques such as spectrophotometry and
spectroscopy, and of culture media.
For applications requiring very low organic contaminant
levels, the Direct-Q 3 UV system also incorporates a dual
wavelength UV lamp to produce water with <5 ppb TOC,
making it suitable for HPLC, GC, ILC and TOC analyses. Specifications
With the BioPak cartridge as a final filter, Direct-Q 3 Ultrapure (Type I) Product Water Quality*
systems produce pyrogen-free, RNase-free water for cell
culture and molecular biology applications. Parameter Typical Value
Features Resistivity, MΩ.cm at 25 °C 18.2
Ideal for laboratories that do not have easy access
TOC .
to pretreated water and need between 1 and 10 l of (Direct-Q 3 system)
< 10 ppb
ultrapure water per day.
TOC .
Alarm warning in case of a sudden drop in the quality of (Direct-Q 3 UV system with 185 / 254 nm < 5 ppb
the product water. UV lamp)
Dispensing adapted to different size laboratory Particulates < 1 Particulate / ml
glassware.
Bacteria** < 1 cfu / ml
Time-saving fixed volume dispense.
Pyrogen*** < 0.001 EU / ml

RNase ***
< 0.01 ng / ml
Applications DNase ***
< 4 pg / µl
The ultrapure water produced by the Direct-Q 3. Flow Rate .
system may be used for regular laboratory (w / Millipak® Express 20 filter or BioPak™ 0.5 l /  min
applications, such as the preparation of buffers cartridge)
and solutions for titrations, spectrophotometry, * In regular operating conditions
atomic absorption or emission spectroscopy, ILC ** With Millipak Express 20 (0.22 µm) membrane filter or with BioPak
and GC when the final filter is a Millipak, and for life ultrafiltration cartridge as final polisher
***Only with BioPak ultrafiltration cartridge as final polisher
science applications, such as protein and nucleic
acid isolation, ELISA tests, electrophoresis gel and
buffer preparation, capillary electrophoresis and
preparation of media for microbiological, plant and
mammalian cell culture when the final filter is a
BioPak.
The ultrapure water produced by the Direct-Q 3 UV.
system is adequate for chromatography
applications: HPLC, LC, LC/MS, GC-MS and GC when
the final filter is a Millipak Express 20, and for
molecular biology applications, when a BioPak is
used as the final filter.

42 WATER PURIFICATION SYSTEMS ADAPTED TO SPECIFIC NEEDS

Direct-Q® 5 Water Purification Systems
Ultrapure (Type I) water directly from tap

The Direct-Q 5 tap-fed water purification system is

designed for scientists who need up to 100 l of pure .
(Type III) water per day and 5 to 15 l of ultrapure water per
day and do not have easy access to acceptable quality
pre-treated water. This compact, silent system produces
5 l / hour of pure (Type III) water and up to 0.6 l / min of
ultrapure (Type I) water on demand, directly from potable
tap water. Direct-Q
system performance characteristics are automatically
monitored by pressure, temperature and resistivity
sensors, and are clearly shown on the system’s display,
which also indicates when routine maintenance should be
performed.
Features
Progard plug-in pretreatment pack
Constant water flow-rate
Automatic refilling of the 10 l reservoir
Quiet operation

Applications
The ultrapure water produced by the Direct-Q 5.
system may be used for regular laboratory
applications, such as the preparation of buffers
and solutions for titrations, spectrophotometry,
atomic absorption or emission spectroscopy, ILC
and GC when the final filter is a Millipak, and for life
science applications, such as protein and nucleic
acid isolation, ELISA tests, electrophoresis gel and
buffer preparation, capillary electrophoresis and
preparation of media for microbiological, plant and
mammalian cell culture when the final filter is a
BioPak.

Specifications

Parameter Typical Value

Resistivity, MΩ.cm at 25 °C 18.2

TOC, ppb – with Quantum IX < 30

TOC, ppb – with Quantum EX < 10

0.22 µm sterilizing
Particulates
filter
Type I water flow rate (l / min) Up to 0.6

Type III water flow rate (l / hour) Up to 5

WATER PURIFICATION SYSTEMS ADAPTED TO SPECIFIC NEEDS 43

 Milli-Q® Advantage Water Purification
System
High qualiy ultrapure water for all critical
laboratory applications

The Milli-Q Advantage system simplifies your daily life in

the lab by utilizing two distinct components:
The Milli-Q production unit is a compact system that
can be placed either on the bench, under the bench or
on a wall – wherever it best suits you.
The Q-POD (Quality-Point-of-Delivery) unit provides
final polishing at the point-of-use delivering ultrapure
water adapted to your specific needs.

The revolutionary Q-POD technology empowers you with

convenient and flexible dispensing options. Up to three .
Q-POD units can be used with each Milli-Q Advantage
system at different locations within the same laboratory.
Depending on the application, simply select the
appropriate media to remove the specific contaminants
that may affect your results.
For example, the Millipak® filter with the Millipore Express®
membrane (0.22 µm) produces particulate- and bacteria-
free ultrapure water for analytical applications such as
spectrophotometry, spectroscopy and chromatography.
The BioPak™ ultrafilter, while removing particulates and
bacteria, produces pyrogen- and nuclease-free ultrapure
water for biochemical applications.

44 WATER PURIFICATION SYSTEMS ADAPTED TO SPECIFIC NEEDS

Features
Parameter Typical Value
Separation of production and delivery for better
laboratory space occupation and easier system Resistivity 18.2 MΩ.cm at 25 °C*
installation
TOC < 5 ppb*
Multiple and independent water delivery points (Q-POD
unit): up to 3 different ultrapure water qualities Particulates (> 0.22 µm / ml) < 1 particulate / ml**

available in the same lab. Bacteria < 1 cfu / ml**

Improved water purification strategy: the most critical Pyrogens (endotoxins) < 0.001 EU / ml**
purification step for a specific application is performed
RNases < 0.01 ng / ml**
by POD Pak consumables just before water leaves the
system. DNases < 4 pg / µl **
Water delivery adapted to specific laboratory needs: Flow Rate up to 2 l / min *
from low flow to high flow or using the automatic
volume dispense function *Feed within specifications
**Test conditions with the appropriate Q-POD final polisher.
Automatic consumables traceability: using RFID
technology, the lab water system automatically
registers in its memory the catalogue number, lot
number of new Q-Gard® and Quantum® cartridges
installed.
Built-in Resistivity and TOC meters ensure that both
inorganic and organic contaminants remain within
specs. The meters are designed taking into account the
requirement of USP suitability tests (USP $ 645 .
and $ 643)
Complete qualification support for laboratories
concerned by validation

Applications
This system delivers high purity water suitable for
most applications. Equipped with a 0.2 µm filter, the
system delivers water suitable for HPLC, LC-MS,
MALDI-ToF-MS, IC, ICP, AA and most of the analytical
techniques commonly used in the laboratory. When
an ultrafiltration cartridge (BioPak) is utilized at
the point-of-use, the water is suitable for genomics
applications (quality at least equivalent to DEPC-
treated water) and cell culture.

WATER PURIFICATION SYSTEMS ADAPTED TO SPECIFIC NEEDS 45

 Milli-Q® Century Range Water Purification
Systems

This range of Milli-Q systems produces ultrapure water

from Elix and RiOs systems water, as well as distilled or .
DI water. Each system is designed for specific
applications.

Applications
The Milli-Q Academic system produces water The Milli-Q Synthesis system is designed for
adequate for regular laboratory applications such production of water for critical molecular biology
as the preparation of buffers and solutions for applications such as defined culture media
titrations, spectrophotometry or spectroscopy, preparation for mammalian (including human)
atomic absorption or emission, ILC,GC. cell culture, preparation of buffers for 2 D
The Milli-Q Gradient system delivers water Electrophoresis and blotting (Northern, Southern,
recommended for chromatography applications: Western), preparation of solutions for PCR and DNA
HPLC, LC, LC/MS, GC-MS,GC. Sequencing and MALDI-TOF (= Matrix Assisted Laser
The Milli-Q Biocel system delivers water for life Desorption Ionisation - Time Of Flight MS).
science applications such as protein and nucleic The Milli-Q Element system is designed for elemental
acid isolation, ELISA tests, electrophoresis gel and ultratrace analysis (ppt or sub-ppt level) by
buffer preparation, capillary electrophoresis and techniques such as ICP-MS,FAAS, ILC, etc.
preparation of media for microbiological, plant and
mammalian cell culture.

Academic Gradient Biocel Synthesis Element

Applications Lab applications HPLC Life science Molecular biology Trace analysis

Product Water Specification*

Resistivity (MΩ.cm) @ 25 °C 18.2 18.2 18.2 18.2 18.2

TOC Level (typical values) (ppb) < 5–10 5–10 5–10 1–5 1–5

Pyrogen Level (EU / ml) NA NA < 0.001 < 0.001 NA

Bacteria (cfu / ml) <1 <1 <1 <1 <1

Particulates > 0.22 µm (P / ml) <1 <1 <1 <1 <1

Flow Rate (l / min) 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.5

*Test conditions: Milli-Q system equipped with Q-Gard® 1 pack, **Consumables have to be ordered separately from the system
Quantum EX cartridge, feed water produced by Elix system with as their selection will depend on the feed water nature and the
resistivity > 1 MΩ.cm @25 ° C, TOC < 50 ppd. Product water quality laboratary applications.
may vary due to local feed water conditions.

46 WATER PURIFICATION SYSTEMS ADAPTED TO SPECIFIC NEEDS

Synergy® Water Purification Systems
Ultrapure water from pretreated water for low-
volume critical applications

The Synergy system is designed for laboratories that

already have access to purified water and need a point-
of-use system to supply high quality ultrapure water.
The compact design assures easy installation anywhere
in your lab, on the bench or wall-mounted. The Synergy
system allows delivery of a fixed volume of Type I water
and automatically shuts off once the selected volume has
been delivered.
Features
Quality suitable for HPLC and other
spectrophotometric/spectroscopic analytical
techniques for biological, biochemical, and cell culture
applications .
Dispensing adapted to different size laboratory
glassware.
Time-saving fixed-volume dispense.

Specifications
Applications
The ultrapure water produced by the Synergy Synergy Synergy UV
system may be used for regular laboratory Resistivity, .
18.2 18.2
applications, such as the preparation of buffers MΩ.cm at 25 °C
and solutions for titrations, spectrophotometry, TOC, ppb < 10 <5
atomic absorption or emission spectroscopy, ILC
Flow Rate, l / min Up to 1.2 Up to 1.2
and GC when the final filter is a Millipak, and for life
0.22 µm filter or 0.22 µm filter or
science applications such as protein and nucleic Final Filter
BioPak ultrafilter BioPak ultrafilter
acid isolation, ELISA tests, electrophoresis gel and
buffer preparation, capillary electrophoresis and * Feed water: Pretreated water (Elix ® system, RO, distilled or DI
water).
preparation of media for microbiological, plant and
mammalian cell culture, when the final filter is a
BioPak.
The ultrapure water produced by the Synergy
UV system is adequate for chromatography
applications: HPLC, LC, LC/MS, GC-MS and GC when
the final filter is a Millipak Express 20, and for
molecular biology applications, when a BioPak is
used as the final filter.

WATER PURIFICATION SYSTEMS ADAPTED TO SPECIFIC NEEDS 47

 Simplicity® Water Purification Systems
Personal ultrapure water source

The Simplicity portable water purification system can

be located anywhere in your laboratory. To use it, simply
plug it in, insert the consumable and fill the removable 2 l
reservoir with pre-treated water (Elix, RiOs, distilled or .
DI water). The Simplicity system will produce Type I water
on demand at a flow rate of 0.5 l / min.
Features
System draws water from a removable, refillable, .
built-in reservoir.
Alarm function in the event of a sudden drop in the
quality of the product water guarantees your water
quality at all times.
Dispensing adapted to different size laboratory
glassware.

Applications
The ultrapure water produced by the Simplicity
system may be used for regular laboratory
applications, such as the preparation of buffers
and solutions for titrations, spectrophotometry,
atomic absorption or emission spectroscopy, ILC
and GC when the final filter is a Millipak, and for life
science applications such as protein and nucleic
acid isolation, ELISA tests, electrophoresis gel and
buffer preparation, capillary electrophoresis and
preparation of media for microbiological, plant and
mammalian cell culture, when the final filter is a
BioPak.
The ultrapure water produced by the Simplicity
UV system is adequate for chromatography
applications: HPLC, LC, LC/MS, GC-MS and GC when
the final filter is a Millipak Express 20, and for
molecular biology applications, when a BioPak is
used as the final filter.

Specifications

Simplicity Simplicity UV

Resistivity, MΩ.cm at
18.2 18.2
25 °C
TOC, ppb < 15 <5

Flow Rate, l / min > 0.5 > 0.5

0.05 µm filter or 0.05 µm filter or
Final Filter
BioPak ultrafilter BioPak ultrafilter
* The Milli-DI system provides a convenient feed water source for
Simplicity systems.

48 WATER PURIFICATION SYSTEMS ADAPTED TO SPECIFIC NEEDS

Super-Q® Plus Water Purification Systems
Produce up to 12 l / min of Type I ultrapure water on
demand

The.Super-Q.Plus.System.is.a.high-flow.water.system.
designed.to.provide.the.“final.polish”.to.water.that.
has.been.pretreated.by.reverse.osmosis,.distillation.
or.deionization..Super-Q.Plus.systems.consistently.
produce.ultrapure.water.quality.which.exceeds.Type.I.
ASTM./.CAP./.CLSI.specifications.
The.Super-Q.Plus.water.system.features.a.modular.design.
for.the.production.of.ultrapure.water..The.system.also.
features.automatic.recirculation.of.water.on.an.hourly.
basis.to.maintain.water.quality.between.uses..
Features
. ..Modular.design.for.the.production.of.ultrapure.water..
. ..Automatic.recirculation.of.water.on.an.hourly.basis.to.
maintain.water.quality.between.uses..
. ..Because.Super-Q.product.water.is.produced.“on.
demand”,.there’s.no.need.to.store.water.and.risk.
degrading.water.quality.over.time.

specifications

Parameter Typical Value

Flow.Rate,.l./.min 10–12

Resistivity,.MΩ.cm.at.25.°C 18.2

TOC,.ppb* <.20

Microorganisms,.cfu./.ml **
<.10

Heavy.Metals,.ppm <.0.01

Silicates,.ppb <.0.01

Total.Dissolved.Solids,.ppm <.0.03
Electrical.Requirements. 120.V./.60.Hz.or.
Pump./.Motor:.0–33.H.P. 230.V./.50.Hz
*.With.the.Organex-Q ®.cartridge.installed.and.feed.water.pretreated.
by.reverse.osmosis.
**With.Durapore.cartridge.installed

WATER PURIFICATION sysTEMs ADAPTED TO sPECIFIC NEEDs 49

 Point-of-use purifiers
Millipak® Filter Units
For bacteria filtration of liquids in pharmaceutical
applications

The.Millipak.Express.40.filtration.unit.is.built.using.
the.stacked.disc.filters.concept..The.microfiltration.
membrane.is.sealed.to.a.solid.support.in.order.to.warrant.
its.integrity.during.the.filtration.process..A.total.of.four.
membrane.discs.are.bonded.to.two.supports.to.reach.a.
total.200.cm2.filtration.surface..The.stacked.disc.design.
allows.minimal.hold-up.volume.and.particle.shedding,.
making.Millipak.units.ideally.suited.for.high.value-added.
applications.

The.Millipak.Express.40.filter.unit.housing.is.made.of.
SAN.to.avoid.the.release.of.plasticizers.that.are.clearly.
identified.as.endocrine.disrupters.such.as.Bisphenol.A.
The.Express.0.22.µm.membrane,.validated.for.bacteria.
removal,.has.conical-shaped.pores.to.ensure.a.high.flow.at.
a.low.differential.pressure.and.is.heat.welded.on.the.SAN.
support.to.avoid.the.release.of.chemicals.in.the.water.

The.Millipak.Express.40.filter.is.the.last.purification.step.
of.a.Milli-Q.water.system..It.is.therefore.critical.to.ensure.
that:
. ..It.efficiently.removes.the.contaminants.that.it.is.
supposed.to.retain.(particulates,.bacteria)
. ..It.does.not.add.unwanted.contaminants.(ions,.organics,.
particulates).to.the.purified.water

This.is.ensured.by.a.strict.quality.insurance.process,.
including.an.in-depth.validation.followed.by.regular.QA.
tests.registered.in.the.certificate.of.quality.delivered.
with.each.Millipak.Express.40.filter.unit..For.instance,.
each.unit.is.integrity.tested.during.manufacture.to.
guarantee.its.efficiency.

50 WATER PURIFICATION sysTEMs ADAPTED TO sPECIFIC NEEDs

BioPak™ Polisher
Final purification step at the ultrapure water point-
of-delivery provides pyrogen- and nuclease-free
water

The.BioPak.unit.is.a.disposable.ultrafiltration.cartridge.
typically.used.in.cell.culture,.biochemistry.or.molecular.
biology.applications..It.can.be.installed.at.the.outlet.of.
Type.I.water.purification.systems.such.as.the.Milli-Q,.
Direct-Q,.Simplicity.or.Synergy.systems,.to.produce.
pyrogen-.and.nuclease-free.ultrapure.water.for.a.period.
of.up.to.three.months.
Features
. ..Direct.connection.to.all.Millipore.Type.I.water.systems.
. ..Pyrogen-free.water.(<.0.001.EU./.ml).production.
. ..RNase-free.water.(<.0.01.ng./.ml).and.DNase-free.
water.(<.4.pg./.µl).production.
. ..Safe.method.that.eliminates.the.need.to.treat.water.
with.DEPC.
. ..Bacteria-free.water.(<.1.cfu./.ml).production.
. ..Warranty.of.results.within.specifications.for.a.minimum.
of.90.days.usage.
. ..Maintenance-free.

EDS-Pak™ Polisher
Endocrine disrupter-free water at the ultrapure
water point of delivery

The.EDS-Pak.polisher.is.a.disposable.point-of-use.
ultrafiltration.cartridge.developed.by.Millipore.to.meet.
the.needs.of.researchers.who.require.ultrapure.water.
free.of.endocrine.disrupters.(EDS)..The.EDS-Pak.polisher.
can.be.installed.on.all.Millipore.Type.I.water.purifi.cation.
systems.that.deliver.ultrapure.water.with.TOC.<.5.ppb,.
including.the.Milli-Q.Synergy,.Simplicity.and.Direct-Q.
systems..It.is.designed.to.provide.at.least.300.l.of.
EDS-free.ultrapure.water.before.replacement.is.
necessary..
Features
. ..Point-of-use.polisher.for.use.with.Milli-Q.and.other.
Millipore.Type.I.water.purification.systems.
. ..Final.purification.step.provides.endocrine.
disrupter-free.ultrapure.water.at.high.flow.rate—when.
you.need.it.
. ..Delivers.a.minimum.of.300.l.of.EDS-free.ultrapure.water.
. ..Validated.for.efficient.removal.of.bisphenol.A,.diethyl.
phthalate.and.di-n-butyl.phthalate.
. ..Each.EDS-Pak.cartridge.is.delivered.with.a.Certificate.
of.Quality

WATER PURIFICATION sysTEMs ADAPTED TO sPECIFIC NEEDs 51

Service Solutions
Providing Expert Support and Peace of Mind
Millipore’s Certified Field Service Support Engineers provide expert,
professional support for the installation, validation and maintenance of
both individual water systems and total water systems. We also offer
design and engineering support for larger volume central systems requiring
pretreatment, storage, and distribution to multiple points-of-use.

visit www.millipore.com for the most up-to-date product listing

Preventive Maintenance Plans for
Optimal Water Quality
When you select a Millipore Service Plan, you are ensuring
a high level of performance for your organization — as
well as complete peace of mind for yourself. Contact your
local Lab Water Application Specialist to select one of our
pre-defined plans and / or build your own service solution
to match your needs. Among the services provided:
Preventive maintenance visits
Program updates
Maintenance kits
Customized user training
E xtended system guarantees
Calibration of monitoring devices
Storage and distribution loop sanitization
Pharmacopoeia suitability tests
Validation support
Maintenance carried out in a Quality management
system
Post-installation optimization
Troubleshooting visits

Qualification Services for Validation

Millipore’s Qualification Program covers all the elements
required for the successful qualification of your Millipore
laboratory water systems.
Millipore water systems are designed for easy
operation within a validated environment.
Qualification workbooks are provided and include IQ and
OQ protocols, and outline recommended PQ protocols.
Millipore Field Service Support Engineers are trained,
certified, and able to conduct qualification protocols
using calibrated equipment.
Certificates of Conformity, Calibration and Quality are
provided.

Service Solutions 53
Support and Expertise
Technical Support
Millipore’s In-house Support Team is available to answer
any questions you may have on your water purification
system. Our specialized team is always ready to help.

Project Management
From needs assessment, design and installation services,
to system qualification and user training, Millipore
provides comprehensive project management throughout
to ensure that all bases are covered. This includes .
hands-on assistance with the water purification system
design and installation, selection of the necessary
materials and components, as well as assistance with
budget planning and providing a detailed quotation
package.

Design and Engineering

Millipore designs the water purification installation to
meet a customer’s exact specifications. The design
includes the water purification system as well as the
storage, distribution and control systems. Millipore’s
engineering group has a broad selection of systems
and accessories available (such as storage reservoirs,
distribution pumps, UV lamps, warning systems, and
control and measuring equipment) and the required
expertise to design the system to meet your specific
needs.

Training Support
Millipore regularly organizes seminars worldwide covering
water purification techniques, removal of contaminants
and how to optimize the installation of your water
purification system. You can inquire about participating
in a scheduled Millipore seminar on our web site. Our
Application Specialists or Field Service Support teams can
also provide on-site customized training. Give us a call,
send an e-mail or visit our web site anytime. .
(www.millipore.com/labwater)

Scientific Support
Millipore brings you scientific support every step of
the way. Our Lab Water Application Experts will guide
you through the process of selecting the most suitable
system for your requirements. Then throughout the
lifetime of your Millipore equipment, you will benefit
from our scientific support, technical assistance, R&D
application support teams and range of technical and
scientific literature—technology briefs, detailed product
specifications, technical posters and our R&D Notebook
publications summarizing the research carried out by our
scientists on new water purification developments.

Support and Expertise 55

Work Online the Way You
Work on the Lab Bench
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Lit. No. CA1081EN00. Printed in France 01/08. Copyright © 2008, Millipore Corporation, Billerica, MA, U.S.A. Millipore, Milli-Q, Elix, RiOs-DI, Milli-DI, Synergy, Simplicity,
AFS, Direct-Q, Super-Q, Progard, Jetpore, Durapore, Q-POD, Millipak, Pyrogard, Q-Gard, Quantum, A10, DI-PAK, Millipore Express, Organex-Q, Upstate, Chemicon and Linco
are registered trademarks of Millipore Corporation. The “M“ mark, “Advancing Life Science Together“, RiOs, E-POD, BioPak and EDS-Pak are trademarks of Millipore
Corporation. ISO is a registered trademark of The International Organization for Standardization or an affiliated company. ASTM is a registered trademark of the
American Society for Testing and Materials. CLSI is a registered trademark of Clinical Laboratory and Standards Institute, Inc.
All rights reserved. Design: Sysaxe S.A.S.