LUCKNOW PACT – 1906 Reasons why it was signed: (Points of improved relations 1911-1914) ~ to
achieve common aims and pressurize British British Policy of Repression against Indians, worried
Congress and League Jinnah, member of Congress and League was a believer in their unity and
convinced them to hold sessions together for Indian’s sake. British deliberately leaked/let it known that
there were going to make reforms, Indians wanted to let their demands be known Why it was
important: Congress agreed to demands of separate electorate. Congress willing to support muslims
Congress agreed to extra seats, gave Muslims more seats than population Congress agreed to no law
affecting the community being passed until 3 quarters supported it – showing support for minorities
MONTAGUE CHELMSFORD REFORMS
Why Indians opposed this: Council of princely states that was purely advisory/A talking shop Viceroy
could change laws for the “safety” of the Indians, this could be exploited and gave less power System of
Diarchy laws made by Indians in transferred subjects could be amended or removed Number of voters
increased but still low -2%- because of high property qualification
ROWLATT ACT - 1919
>Introduced to counter nationalism. Indians could be arrested without warrant, detention without bail,
govt could tell people where to live. Unfair rights, both Communities opposed this, thus closer. Jinnah
left imperial legislative council, Gandhi launched Hartal.
AMRITSAR MASSACRE – 1919
>General Reginald Dyer fired upon a peaceful protest in Jalianwala bagh, 1600 rounds fired. 1200
injured, 400 kill. Hunter’s committee to set up to investigate his actions.
>Gave Hindus and Muslims a common enemy against the British thus united, both denounced them.
Q: Were the Montford Reforms the only event that affected British Muslims relations in 1919?
L3: Montform Reforms, 4 points.
L4: Rowlatt Act, Amritsar Massacre, Hunter’s committee
Q: How successful was Hindu-Muslim relations b/w 1905 and 1919? Explain your anwer.
Successes: Lucknow Pact Amritsar Massacre Rowlatt Act Hunter’s committee Montford Report
Fails: Swadeshi Movement Reversal of Partition of Bengal Morley Minto Reforms Simla Deputation
Extremist Hindu Groups Congress support of hindu as national language
Q: How successful were British Muslim relations during 1905 – 1919?
Succeses: Partition of Bengal Swadeshi Movement Morley Minto Muslim League Failures: Poartition of
Bengal Reversal Morley Minto Reforms view change Lucknow Pact Rowlatt Act Amritsar Massacre
KHILAFAT MOVEMENT
Reasons for starting the Khilafat Movement: >British captures Turkish Empire this included Makkah,
Madinah. Launched to protect these areas >Sultan of Turkey dethroned, immense figure in Muslim
world. >Germany and Austria had been punished through several treaties, worries about Turkey being
treated in a similar manner >The Muslims supported the British but did not wish to fight against their
Muslim Brothers. Desserted. >Some Muslim Leaders thought that Indian Muslims would also be
punished through reforms, etc. >British had previously promised good treatment of Turkey empire.
>Hindu supported the Muslims but wanted Self Rule Reasons for Failure: >Delegation of Muslim
members (under Maulana Muhammid Ali Johar)’s demands regarding Turkey were not accepting .
>British policy of repression against supporters. 30,000 arrested. >Hijrat movement failure >Leaders, Ali
Brothers arrested on Sedition charges >Gandhi’s non co operation movement spilled over to violence,
Chauri chara incident. Thus ended non co-operation. >Disunity among aims, Hindus only wanted Self
Rule >Kemal Ataturk took over Turkey, abolished Caliphate sy Reasons for Hijrat Movement: >Some
Muslim Leaders like Maulana Abdul Kamal believed that India was Dar ul Harb Leaders of the Khilafat
Movement realized that British would not accept demands, so to Pressurize British and Ruin their
international image >Muslims who migrated weren’t in good economic condition and were promised
fertile land in Afghanistan. Reasons for failure of Hijrat Movement: >Muslims who migrated couldn’t
enter Afghanistan because closed borders so forced back. The movement itself was very ill planned, no
leaders, no afghani govt consulted, Jinnah did not believe in this movement saying that Politics should
remain in India Successes: >Precursor to Independence ~ Large Scale Hindu and Muslim nationalistic
feelings/want for self rule >Muslims learnt political strength and how to do large scale movements
unlike small previous methods >Realized mistakes they made in KM which led to downfall >Hindu
Withdrawal from movement gave credence to the Two nation Theory Failures: >Detoriated British
Muslim relations on a large scale, political demands reform acceptance unlikely >Many Muslims
migrated to Afghanistan, came back to economic misery >muslims pulled children from schools,
weakening education >Turkish – Kemal Ataturk - themselves abolished the caliphate Q Was the Khilafat
Movement the most important event between 1920 and 1929 that affected Hindu Muslim Relations?
L3: Khilafat movement, (early on together, ended with hindu withdrawal) L4: Hindu nationalistic groups
activities Congress refused Muslim demands of provincial autonomy even in Muslim majority areas
Simon Comission of 1927, opposed by BOTH All party conference against commission Nehru Report 14
Points NEHRU REPORT 1928 >Suggested stronger center with limited provincial Autonomy, relations
down since Muslims interested in provincial autonomy >Hindu as national Language >Muslims shouldn’t
be given extra seats in the council Importance to Pakistan movement: >Same points as above, with
reference to Hindu - Muslim estrangement. FOURTEEN POINTS OF JINNAH Why produced? >Tried to
amend the Nehru report… resulted in a “Parting of the Ways” >Response to Nehru Report, DEADLOCK
since Muslims = No Nehru Report, Congress = No 14 points >Nehru Report’s Anti Muslim/Prohinduness
countered >Jinnah knew British were going to introduce Reforms, so informed them of Muslim demands
SIMON COMISSION – 1927 Reasons for it being sent. >Growth of Communalism in India and Hindu-
Muslim riots. Sent to negotiate and restore peace between two parties >Montford Report 1919
promised reforms after 10 years >British Conservative Government feared losing against Labor party Q
Was Lucknow Pact of 1916 only beacon of hope b/w 1915 and 1930 L3: Lucknow Pact L4: Montford
Report Amritsar Massacre Hunter’s committee Rowlatt Act Khilafat Movement (Start) Simon
commission Q: How successful was Hindu – Muslim relationship b/w 1920 and 1929 Successes: Khilafat
Movement Simon Comission Failures: Withdrawal of Khilafat Movement Nehru report 14 Points Delhi
Proposals ALLAHABAD ADDRESS - 1930 Importance to Pakistan Movement: >Iqbal gave Idea of
Muslim Homeland, Strenthened TwoNationTheory >Nehru report was anti Muslim, Iqbal gave clear cut
goal in its opposition >He was source of Inspiration for future Muslim Leaders, accepted by Jinnah in
1940 resolution Iqbal’s poetry tried to awaken Indian Muslims ROUND TABLE CONFERENCES – 1930
TO 1932 Why held: >Muslim criticized Simon Comission Report (No extra seats, no Sindh from Bombay
separation) >Deadlock between League and Congress, Nehru report and 14 points >Previous Reforms
rejected by Indians because no Indian Opinion Taken Reasons for 1st RTC being unsuccessful >Congress
refused to attend because reforms were not guaranteed Why they were important for the Muslims of
India >1st RTC, British agreed on provincial autonomy (14 points demand) (helped Muslim in Muslim
majority areas) >2nd RTC: British agreed to make Sindh and NWFP separate provinces (good for
Muslims) >3rd RTC Gandhi took a hard line, rejected 14 points. Gulf between two communities widened
Reasons for 2nd RTC being unsuccessful >1931 Labor Party lost power, new coalition govt less likely to
give reforms >Gandhi took a hardline and refused minority rights >Gandhi wanted Nehru Report in
Constitution, Muslims wanted 14 points. Disagreement Reasons for 3rd RTC being unsuccessful >Lord
Irwin replaced with Lord Willington who was less willing to make reforms, less Indian thus wanted to
come. Only 46 delegates came. >Congress restarted Non Co-operation movement and leaders Gandhi
and Nehru arrested. Thus >Congress leaders didn’t attend >innah went to voluntary exile after 2nd RTC
because disappointed, thus not invited and did not attend. Q: How Successful were the RTC’S? Explain
your answer. Successes (Importance) Failures(Reasons for each RTC’s failure) Q: “The RTC of 1930
achieved nothing” Do you agree? Explain your answer Successes + Failures of 1930 RTC Q: “The RTC of
1930 achieved more than the RTCs of 1931 and 1932” Explain your answer. L3: First RTC success L4:
Failures of first RTC, Successes and Failures of RTC 1931 and 1932
