INSTRUMENTATION &

ELECTRONICS
I have visited Instrument and Electronics shop where I have learned about the 8 major system of
POF.

These are 8 Major System:-

 Traffic Signal
 Security System
 PA (Public Address) System
 Calibration of Instrument
 PCBs Repair
 Fire Alarm System
 Velocity Measuring Equipment (Radars & PCCs)
 General Electronics Maintenance

TRAFFIC SIGNAL:
Traffic lights, also known as traffic signals, traffic lamps, signal lights, and robots, are signaling
devices positioned at road intersections, pedestrian crossings and other locations to control
competing flows of traffic. Traffic lights were first installed in 1868 in London and are now used
all over the world.

Traffic lights alternate the right of way accorded to road users by displaying lights of a standard
color (red, yellow/amber, and green) following a universal color code. In the typical sequence of
color phases:

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  The green light allows traffic to proceed in the direction denoted, if it is safe to do so
 The yellow/amber light denoting prepare to stop short of the intersection, if it is safe to do
so.
 The red signal prohibits any traffic from proceeding.

In POF Wah Cantt are 11 Traffic signals which are at the certain distance.

In Traffic signal use 8 phase card and 4 PCBs in Traffic system.

 Power
 CPU (Programing + Monitor )
 Phase Control Card
 Electronic Maintenance

Traffic signal department maintains the traffic signals. LED traffic signals are being used in POF
that are energy efficient. The controls for the traffic signals are also maintained here. There is a
sprinkler system in golf club that was designed and is being maintained by the I&E.

4-Phase signals are used here in wah cantt.

The timing of each phase can be adjusted accordingly with the traffic on road.

Offset controls the timing of the start of the major street green and/or the end of the major
street green, to keep the signal in coordination with other signals in the overall timing plan.
This timing can be set by the master controller for the particular plan used.

Signal timing involves deciding how much green time the traffic lights shall provide at an
intersection approach, how long the pedestrian walk signal should be, and many numerous
other factors.

SECURITY SYSTEM:
The Pakistan Ordnance Factories (POF), Pakistan’s largest defense supplier and industrial
complex, is a conglomerate consisting of fourteen factories that are central to Pakistan’s
conventional arms production. So security system is important role in the POF. For security
system these are the main things which are used in the security:-

 CCTV cameras
 UVS (Under Vehicle Scanners)
 Walk Through Gates
 Static cameras.
 E-TAG system

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 Metal detectors.

Closed-circuit television (CCTV) also known as video surveillance, is the use of video
cameras to transmit a signal to a specific place, on a limited set of monitors
These cameras are installed on in different places of wah cant including state area as well
as POF.

Under vehicle scanners are used for checking whether foreign objects are concealed
under vehicle or not. These scanners scan the vehicle bottom part.These are installed in
entrance of wah cantt and entrance of POF.

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 Static cameras: about 38 static cameras are installed on different locations of wah cantt.

Walkthrough gates detects the presence of metallic object.its sensitivity can be

increased or decreased according to requirement. These are installed on barriers.

E-TAG system is also installed on barriers of wah cantt. This is computerized system
which after decoding data displays it on the screen which includes vehicle owner name
as well as vehicle number.

PA (PUBLIC ADDRESS) SYSTEM:

Broadcasting or PA system is the distribution of audio or video content to a
dispersed audience via any electronic mass communications medium. A public address system
(PA system) is an electronic sound amplification and distribution system with a microphone,
amplifier and loudspeakers, used to allow a person to address a large public, for example for
announcements of movements at large and noisy air and rail terminals.

The term is also used for systems which may additionally have a mixing console, and amplifiers
and loudspeakers suitable for music as well as speech, used to reinforce a sound source, such as
recorded music or a person giving a speech or distributing the sound throughout a venue or
building.

Broadcasting section deals with the broadcasting inside the POF. All the factories are connected
to the Broadcasting station via telephone pair. The addresses, announcements and recitation of

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Holy Quran are broadcasted via this section. Arrangements for functions and audio/video
conferences are also done by this department.

Telephone cables will soon be replaced by optical fiber.

CALIBRATION OF INSTRUMENT:
Calibration is a comparison between measurements – one of known magnitude or correctness
made or set with one device and another measurement made in as similar a way as possible with
a second device.

The device with the known or assigned correctness is called the standard. The second device is
the unit under test, test instrument, or any of several other names for the device being calibrated.

Following organizations give standards to the POF:

 PCSIR Lahore
 NTRC Haripur (KPK)
There are three main reasons for having instruments calibrated:

 To ensure readings from an instrument are consistent with other measurements.

 To determine the accuracy of the instrument readings.
 To establish the reliability of the instrument i.e. that it can be trusted.

PURPOSE OF INSTRUMENT CALIBRATION:

Calibration refers to the act of evaluating and adjusting the precision and accuracy of
measurement equipment. Instrument calibration is intended to eliminate or reduce bias in an
instrument's readings over a range for all continuous values.

Precision is the degree to which repeated measurements under unchanged conditions show the
same result

Accuracy is the degree of closeness of measurements of a quantity to its actual true value.

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This figure provides an example of precision and accuracy; it also shows the result after
calibration.

For this purpose, reference standards with known values for selected points covering the range of
interest are measured with the instrument in question. Then a functional relationship is
established between the values of the standards and the corresponding measurements.

FIRE ALARM SYSTEM:

An automatic fire alarm system is designed to detect the unwanted presence of fire by
monitoring environmental changes associated with combustion. In general, a fire alarm system is
classified as either automatically actuated, manually actuated, or both. Automatic fire alarm
systems are intended to notify the building occupants to evacuate in the event of a fire or other
emergency, report the event to an off-premises location in order to summon emergency services,
and to prepare the structure and associated systems to control the spread of fire and smoke.

After the fire protection goals are established – usually by referencing the minimum levels of
protection mandated by the appropriate model building code, insurance agencies, and other
authorities the fire alarm designer undertakes to detail specific components, arrangements, and
interfaces necessary to accomplish these goals. Equipment specifically manufactured for these
purposes are selected and standardized installation methods are anticipated during the design.

There are two types of fire alarm system installed in POF.

 Automatic
 Manual

For safety form fire in POF there is a controlled fire alarm system. Fire alarm system is
controlled and maintained by a separate cell here. In case of fire the fire alarms are raised in the
factory to save the workers. The fire brigade department is then alerted and will arrive in short
span to put out the fire.

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VELOCITY MEASURING EQUIPMENT:
Velocity Measurement System is a highly accurate system to measure the velocity of a projectile.
It is a simple set up of two optical detectors which detects when a projectile passes immediately
overhead and blocks the light being fed from the solid state light source. This system can record
velocities to 0.1% accuracy, from as low as 10 metres per second to 5000 metres per second.
Under normal conditions the projectile would be detected at a height of up to 500 times the
projectile caliber. This rugged system can be used in nearly all outdoor lighting conditions and
will operate where background illumination conditions are as low as 50-foot lamberts therefore
enabling it to be used in both natural and artificially lit areas. The system comes with analysis
software that also enables it to be easily stored and then analyzed at a later date.

Radar system works on the Doppler Rule.

EDH-2605 radars are now in use by POF along with old ones. EDH specializes in the design,
development and manufacture of Doppler radar instruments for muzzle velocity and short-range
ballistic measurement.

Muzzle velocity is the speed a projectile has at the moment it leaves the muzzle of the gun.

Muzzle Velocity measurement significantly improves range accuracy of gunfire. EDH’s Tactical
MV Radars make it possible to have this improvement on the weapon with high accuracy and
reliability at low cost. Various models of Muzzle Velocity Radar are available for different
requirements that depend on application (e.g. Artillery, Naval, etc.), gun types, calibre and
ammunition, display and fire control system connections etc.
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Frequency of 10.5GHz is used.

There are three ways of triggering radar.

 Acoustic (through sound)

 Internal (manually)
 By sensing output (through flash)

With the help of radar we are mostly interested in finding out the muzzle velocity.

IC TESTER:
IC tester is use in the instrument and electronics shop. There are two types of testing, which are:

 In circuit Testing
 Out of circuit Testing

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