PROJECT REPORT

ON
“WEBBLOG”
IN
TecHindustan Private Ltd. Mohali
A REPORT SUBMITTED FOR SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT PROJECT
(FOR MCA STUDENTS) IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF DEGREE OF
MASTER OF COMPUTER APPLICATION
SUBMITTED TO
HIMACHAL PRADESH UNIVERSITY

GUIDED BY: SUBMITTED BY:

Mr. Parvesh Sood Kritika Chauhan
Head of Technology Department MCA 6th Semester
Univ.Roll No: 6510

K.L.B.D.A.V. GIRLS COLLEGE

2013-2016
 Acknowledgement

My journey towards achieving my destination for the design and development of

“WEBBLOG” has finally come to a fruitful culmination.

My efforts and wholehearted co-corporation of each and every one has ended on a
successful note. During this journey, I faced numerous unforeseen problems and
unknown challenges. However, at these junctures, a few enterprising people
stepped in and guide me in a right direction.

I would like to extend my sincere acknowledgement to those who have supported

and encouraged me during this tough journey. Many people met me during this
endeavor and enriched me with their support and knowledge both personally and
professionally that resulted in the project being better that it could possibly have
been without them.

I express my sincere gratitude to my Internal Guide Mr. Parvesh Sood, who

assisting me throughout this project. I thank him for providing me the
reinforcement, confidence and most importantly the track for the project whenever
I needed it.

I’ll also express my sincere gratitude to Our Project Leader Mr. Babban Singh of
TecHindustan Pvt. Ltd., for their constant encouragement and support at all stages
of this project. I also thank them for inducing professional attitude in me.
At last but not the least, I pay my due regards to my parents and Friends, because
every time they encourage, and support me when I need or require.

Kritika Chauhan
 Internal Guide’s Profile

Name :
___________________________________________

University :
___________________________________________

Designation :
___________________________________________

Current Experience :
___________________________________________

Past Experience (if any) :

___________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________
____

__________________________________________________________________
____

Qualification : _______________________________________

Nos. of students guided : ____________

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

S.NO CONTENTS PAGE NO.

1. INTRODUCTION TO COMPANY 1

2. INTRODUCTION TO PROJECT 2,3

2.1 Weblog/webblog 3

2.2 Why we choose this project 3

How it is different from
2.3 3
Existing System
2.3.1 4
Drawbacks of existing
2.3.2 4
system
2.4.1 Benefits of Project 5

2.4.2 Application 5

2.4.3 scope of project 5

Organization of report
2.4.4 8,9

3. SYSTEM MODULE 8
3.1 Module 8

3.2 Change account information 8

Search reference case
3.2.1 9
Other functionalities
3.2.2 9
Input requirement of system
3.2.3 10
output requirement of system
Maintenance
 3.3 15

4. SYSTEM ANALYSIS 15-29

5. PLATFORM 30-35

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 36
6.
37
SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT
38
HARDWARE REQUIREMENT

7. FEASIBILITY STUDY 39

INTRODUCTION 40

TYPES OF FEASIBILITY 43

SDLC 44

DFD 46

USE CASE DIAGRAM 50

8. SYSTEM DESIGN 52

DATABASE 54

SNAPSHOTS OF PROJECT 55
9. INTERFACE DESIGN , CODING 70

10. SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION 93

10. SYSTEM TESTING 100

11. CONTACT AND ABOUT US 117

13 CONCLUSION 118
 1. Introduction to Company-:-

TecHindustan Solutions Pvt. Ltd is One of Asia's Best Full-spectrum It Services

and Industry Solutions Providers with Global Delivery Capabilities. TecHindustan
Solutions Pvt. Ltd Focuses On It Consulting and Web Services to Various
Companies in Businesses of Financial Services, Telecommunications, Consumer
Electronics, Manufacturing, Pharmaceuticals, Healthcare, Automobile, Media,
Energy, Education Sectors. With the Best Track Record of Delivering Technology
Leadership and Operation Excellence for Its Clients in Various Countries.

Headquartered in Mohali, Punjab, India, TecHindustan Looking Forward to

Possesses Nationwide Branches, as Well as An International Footprint in the other
States & Countries. Our Cross-globe Network of Talents, Flexible Engagement
Models, and Professional Environment Enable Us to Provide Top-quality Cost-
effective Services. To attain optimum performance, we create responsive
projects fulfilling the customer’s attributes. Our IT solutions are credible and
trusted offering full customer satisfaction. We ensure our customers of a
defined growth in their business .
 2. Introduction

(2.1) Project Introduction:-

Blogging has become such a mania that a new blog is being created every second of every
minute of every hour of every day. A blog is your best bet for a voice among the online
crowd. Blogs were usually the work of a single individual occasionally of a small group,
and often covered a single subject. More recently, "multi-author blogs" (MABs) have
developed, with posts written by large numbers of authors and professionally edited. MABs
from newspapers, other media outlets, universities, think tanks, advocacy groups, and
similar institutions account for an increasing quantity of blog traffic. The rise of Twitter and
other "microblogging" systems helps integrate MABs and single-author blogs into societal
new streams. Blog can also be used as a verb, meaning to maintain or add content to a blog.
A novel is a long, fictional narrative which describes intimate human experiences.
WEBLOG is a combination of both Blog as well as Novels. Blog contain the Information
of various things related to Technology, Education, News, International, Business, Sports,
Entertainment and ongoing college activities. The main aim of this project is to provide
data to students in only one site. Students can gather the information from one site as well
as give their feedback and create their own blog. Students can post their views and thought
and analyze themselves. Besides all such core functionalities, the application also includes
features like FAQ, request, feedback etc. so as to provide a satisfactory user experience.

(2.2) WHY WE CHOOSE THIS PROJECT:-

In recent past time Blogs are store in the paper files and difficult to search or modify any
information, for expanding the Blogs infrastructure, Awareness of environmental issues or
any other issues related to education, health, digital technology, and search for greater
safety give to information to all persons in all age groups and a new role within the
education system, I choose this project. As a result of these project initiatives phenomenal
growth has taken place in all the activities of blogs and any user can share its information
related to any topic to all users.

(2.3.1) EXISTING SYSTEM:-

Existing system is manual system. It requires a lot of file work to be done. It is a time
consuming system. All customer information is maintained manually. Any searching
requires so much effort manually.
There is no way of spreading the information so fast and in cheapest manner. In previous
system all information does not get in one place. Here people can write whatever they want
to write.

(2.3.2) DRAWBACKS OF EXISTING SYSTEM:-

a) Data redundancy and formatting: The various files are likely to have different
formats and therefore lead to redundancy and inconsistency.

b) Maintaining registers is costly: Traditionally documents have been stored in

batches and they field in file cabinets and boxes. A numerical system is they
assigned. Specifically a consumer number assigned to organize the files.

c) Error prone: Existing systems are error prone, since manual work is required.
More time is consumed and errors may propagate due to human mistakes.

d) Low security feature: Due to maintenance's of records manually and shared and
could view easily by anyone. Also these could be possible loss of data and
confidential information due to some disaster in the form of fire, theft etc.

2.4.1 Benefits of Project

This is a very simple design and implement. It has got following features:
 Data can be saved safely.
 No other person cannot view other person’s detail
 Greater efficiency
 User friendliness
 Minimum time required
 Free of cost

2.4.2Applications
 WEBLOG enables the users to create innovative and attractive information with
photos in just few simple steps. The user just needs to upload some images of his
choice and can also upload the information or can select from the given category list.
This website will provide a personalized environment that would contain the data in
motion with images.

2.4.3 Scope of the Project

 To use the personal images in greeting our loved ones.
 To use the music of our choice to greet in the language we want.
 To provide a personalized mp4 video to the customers.
 To satisfy the customers and provide them with the ordered video before time.

2.4.4 Organization of Report:-

Based on the outline design of the system requirements in terms of inputs, output,
Procedures, the technical issues raised during technical feasibility include:
 Does the necessary technology exist to do what is proposed?
 Does the proposed equipment have the technical capacity to hold the data
required to use in the new system?
 Adequate responses provided by the proposed system?
 Is the system flexible enough to facilitate expansion?
 Is there any technical guarantee of accuracy, reliability, ease of access and
data security?
 The system developer’s task is to view needed capabilities in light of
currently available technology. Our site works hand in hand with high
technology. A database has to be maintained in order to update and backup
data whenever required. To create databases we use MySQL server.
 For the acceptance within the organization the following points are important
and those are explained according to the topics
 Whether the system provides right information to the right place?
  In the current system which is the semi computerized system the information
may be lost in the process of sending from one place to another. This is
mainly due to human interaction in the process of the transferring information
from one place to another. Whether the new system affects the current users
in the system?
The new proposed system will affect the users in the following areas
 Accuracy
 Efficiency
 Productivity

3. SYSTEM MODULE:-
3.1The modules involved in this project are:
1. User
2. Admin

1. User
In this module:
o User can signup
o User can login
o User can upload multiple images
 o User can choose images from database
o User can add information
o User can add comments
o User can select any categories

2. Admin
In this module:
o Admin can block user id
o Admin can resume user id
o Admin can see all pages
o Admin can maintain all records of user
o Admin can maintain all site
o Admin can access and process all requests
o Admin can delete/update/select users
o Admin Provide all information related to any topic
3.2 Change Account Information:-
Update Account information like Name, Address, Email ID and their detail.

3.3 Search Reference Case:-

System will provide an interface for Administrator & Subordinate searching
comprehensively the reference information from the blogs of application on the
basis of various parameters, like Title of blogs e.g. health.

3.4 Other Functionalities: -

System will also provide other functionalities like:
◦ Feedback
◦ Request
◦ FAQ etc.

3.5 Inputs Requirements of the System:-

 User Information
  Log in Information
 Comment Information
 Categories Information
 Recent Posts Information
 Registered Information
 Topic Information
 Feedback
 FAQ
 Request

3.6 Output Requirements of the System

• Blog Information
• Novel Information
• Assigned information of users
• Categories information
• FAQ
• Request

3.7 Maintenance: -
The system allows following Maintenance processes
◦ Manage Blogs
◦ Manage Blogs Categories
◦ Manage Recent posts
◦ Manage users
◦ Manage images
◦ Manage Comments
◦ Manage news
◦ Security Questions
◦ Manage Contact us
4. SYSTEM ANALYSIS
4.1 DATA ANALYSIS
Before developing this project, we first analyse existing system of study. In existing
system all greetings are given manually. As we know, now a day computer is used in
every field. We can remove the manual work by using automatic system. We see it first
that if it is feasible or not whether technically, economically, operationally. We test that
whether it properly works or not. Its technical requirements are feasible or not. We
analysed the system properly and then start designing it. After designing, we implement
this project that whether this project works properly or not. After implementing the
project, we check that whether there is any problem for the user while using this project.
Prior to stating whether the system we have to develop is feasible or not we believe that
we should emphasize on what is implied by the word “Analysis”. Analysis is the measure
of how beneficial or practical the development of the system will be to the organization.
It is a preliminary survey for the systems investigation. It aims to provide information to
facilitate a later in-depth investigation.
Types
There are various measures of analysis that helps to decide whether a particular project is feasible
or not.
These measures include –
 Operational Analysis
 Technical Analysis
 Economic Analysis
Each of these types will be explained in detail throughout the project report
4.1.1Operational analysis
A proposed system is beneficial only if it can be turned into an information
system that will meet the operational requirements of an organization. A system
often fails if it does not fit within existing operations and if users resist the
change. Important issues a systems developer must look into are:
 Will the new system be used if implemented in an organization?
 Are there any major barriers to implementation or is proposed system
accepted without destructive resistance?
The whole purpose of computerizing it is to handle the work much more
accurately and efficiently with less time consumption. There will be additional
work to be completed, because now the website will have to maintain database
of both their admins as well as their Customers. Compared to the semi-
computerized system the chances of avoiding errors in a computerized system is
much higher because the user need not stress himself unnecessarily resulting in
recklessness. Unlike the semi-computerized system there would be backup data
for all the information concerning the daily transactions occurred. Another
important fact to be regarded is the security control, which is handled by the
system. Since data regarding each Customer is confidential, security is a key
issue. Information falling into the wrong hands could jeopardize the entire
website organisation. Unlike in semi-computerized systems, the proposed
 system offers adequate control to protect against fraud and embezzlement and
guarantees the accuracy and Security of data and information. This is handled
by the system providing individuals with separate login names and passwords.
The new system is user-friendlier, which enables the end-user to complete
his/her work efficiently and accurately with interest. After taking the above fact
into consideration we can state the operating of the proposed system is feasible.

4.1.2 Economical Analysis

In making recommendations a study of the economics of the proposed system should
be made. Even though finding out the costs of the proposed project is difficult we
assume and estimate the costs and benefits as follows. According to the
computerized system we propose, the costs can be broken down in two categories.
1. Costs associated with the development of the system.
2. Costs associated with operating the system.

4.1.3 System Security

System security is a vital aspect when it comes to developing a system. The system
should ensure the facility of preventing unauthorized personnel from accessing the
information and the data within the system. The system should provide total protection
for each user’s information so that the integrity of data is sustained and also prevent
hackers from hacking the system. The proposed system ensures the security and the
integrity of data. This is done by providing a password login system for each authorized
users. And for example the System Administrator has access to all kinds of information.
By providing this facility information is properly managed and information is protected.
For example the system administrator’s day to day tasks are lessened and easier because
he doesn’t have to have a constant eye on the system and worry about hackers hacking
the system.
The Analysis Phase is where the project lifecycle begins. The Analysis Phase is where
you break down the deliverables in the high-level Project Charter into the more detailed
business requirements. The Analysis Phase is also the part of the project where you
identify the overall direction that the project will take through the creation of the project
strategy documents.
Gathering requirements is the main attraction of the Analysis Phase. The process of
gathering requirements is usually more than simply asking the users what they need and
writing their answers down. Depending on the complexity of the application, the process
for gathering requirements has a clearly defined process of its own. This process consists
of a group of repeatable processes that utilize certain techniques to capture, document,
communicate, and manage requirements. This formal process, which will be developed in
more detail, consists of four basic steps.
1. Elicitation – I ask questions, you talk, I listen
2. Validation – I analyze, I ask follow-up questions
3. Specification – I document, I ask follow-up questions
4. Verification – We all agree

Although gathering requirements is the main focus during the Analysis Phase, there are
other important activities during this phase as well. One is to create a Requirement
Management Plan to define how the requirements will be documented, communicated,
tracked and changed throughout the rest of the project lifecycle. This plan will
specifically address establishing a baseline, a change control process, and a way to track
the requirements through the rest of the lifecycle. Another important activity is to set the
overall direction for work that does not take place until later. This is accomplished
through a series of direction-setting strategy documents. For instance, once you have your
requirements, you can start to set the overall direction for training in a Training Strategy
document. The strategies are at a high-level and are later defined at a lower level before
they are finally implemented toward the end of the project.

5. PLATFORM
TECHNOLOGIES TO BE USED:-

Platform:
a. Front end: HTML, CSS, JAVASCRIPT, JQUERY, JSON, Ajax.
b. Back end: MYSQL 2005 as the back end.

5.1 PHP:-

PHP (recursive acronym for PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor) is a widely-used open

source general purpose scripting language that is especially suited for web
development and can be embedded into HTM to produce dynamic Web pages. It is
one of the first developed server-side scripting languages to be embedded into an
HTML source document rather than calling an external file to process data. The code
is interpreted by a Web server with a PHP processor module which generates the
resulting Web page.
PHP is a general purpose server side scripting language originally designed for web
app to development to produce dynamic web pages. It is one of the first developed
server side scripting language to be embedded into an HTML sources document rather
than calling an external file to process data. The code is interpreted by a web server
with the PHP processor, module which generated the resulting web page. It also has
evolved to include a command line interpreter capably and can be deployed on most
web servers and also a standalone share on almost every operating system and
platform free of charge. A competitor to Microsoft active server pages server side
script engine and similar language. PHP is installed on more than 20 million web sites
and 1 million web server. Software that uses PHP includes Mediawiki, Joomla, and
Word process, Cocrete5, MyBB and Drupal.
 Fig 2.1 PHP interpreter

Advantages of PHP
 PHP is accessible.
 It is available for free.
 It is available with documentation in many languages.
 There are many support groups and team support PHP.
 There is wealth of online information regarding PHP.
 It is quick to develop in PHP.
 PHP is loosely typed which makes basic script much faster to develop with less
Attention to design.
 It runs on many different operating systems.
5.1.1 What is the scope of PHP?

If you are planning to build your career in Web technology then PHP is the best
programming scripting language to learn and is also a good career option. PHP
 Is basically a scripting language used for web development. The websites created by
PHP are dynamic and attractive. So Because of this reason it is demanded the
Most in web technology.PHP is an open source so is used freely without any cost
And so greatly in demand. Scope in PHP really high as PHP is a language knows in
The world of technology since many years. So it has gained the maximum popularity
In this era.

5.1.2 HTML:

HTML is a language for describing web pages.

 HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language
 HTML is a markup language
 A markup language is a set of markup tags
 The tags describe document content
 HTML documents contain HTML tags and plain text
 HTML documents are also called web pages

HTML Tags:

HTML markup tags are usually called HTML tags.

 HTML tags are keywords (tag names) surrounded by angle brackets like <html>
 HTML tags normally come in pairs like <b> and </b>
 The first tag in a pair is the start tag, the second tag is the end tag
 The end tag is written like the start tag, with a forward slash before the tag name
 Start and end tags are also called opening tags and closing tags
<Tag name>content</Tag name>

5.1.3 CSS:

 CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets

 Styles define how to display HTML elements
 Styles were added to HTML 4.0 to solve a problem
 External Style Sheets can save a lot of work
 External Style Sheets are stored in CSS files

CSS Syntax:

A CSS rule has two main parts: a selector, and one or more declarations:
  The selector is normally the HTML element you want to style.
 Each declaration consists of a property and a value.
 The property is the style attribute you want to change. Each property has a value.

5.1.4 XAMPP:-
XAMPP is a free and open source cross-platform web server solution stack package
developed by Apache Friends,[1] consisting mainly of the Apache HTTP Server, Maria
DB database, and interpreters for scripts written in the PHP and Perl programming
languages.[2][3] XAMPP stands for Cross-Platform (X), Apache (A), Maria DB (M), PHP (P)
and Perl (P). It is a simple, lightweight Apache distribution that makes it extremely easy for
developers to create a local web server for testing and deployment purposes. Everything needed
to set up a web server – server application (Apache), database (Maria DB), and scripting
language (PHP) – is included in an extractable file. XAMPP is also cross-platform, which
means it works equally well on Linux, Mac and Windows. Since most actual web server
deployments use the same components as XAMPP, it makes transitioning from a local test
server to a live server extremely easy as well.

Acronym
Acronym Meaning
Letter

XAMPP or an ideographic letter X,

X
meaning cross-platform

A Apache or its expanded form, Apache HTTP Server[5]

 M MariaDB(formerly: MySQL)

P PHP

P Perl

5.1.5 MY SQL:-:

MySQL is an open-source relational database management system (RDBMS); in July

2013, it was the world's second most widely used RDBMS, and the most widely used
open-source client–server model RDBMS. The SQL acronym stands for Structured
Query Language.
MySQL is a popular choice of database for use in web applications, and is a central
component of the widely used LAMP open-source web application software stack (and
other "AMP" stacks). LAMP is an acronym for "Linux, Apache, MySQL
Perl/PHP/Python". Free-software open-source projects that require a full-featured
database management system often use MySQL. Applications that use the MySQL
database include: TYPO3, Joomla, WordPress, php BB, My BB, Drupal and other
software.
 MySQL is a database server.
 MySQL is ideal for both small and large applications.
 MySQL supports standard SQL.
 MySQL compiles on a number of platforms.
 MySQL is free to download and use.

The data in MySQL is stored in database objects called tables.

A table is a collection of related data entries and it consists of columns and rows.
Databases are useful when storing information categorically. A company may have a
database with the following tables: "Employees", "Products", "Customers" and "Orders".

JAVASCRIPT: JavaScript is a prototype-based scripting language that is dynamic, weakly

typed and has first-class functions. It is a multi-paradigm language, supporting object-
oriented, imperative, and functional programming styles. JavaScript was formalized in the
ECMA Script language standard and is primarily used in the form of client-side JavaScript,
implemented as part of a Web browser in order to provide enhanced user interfaces and
dynamic websites. This enables programmatic access to computational objects within a
host environment. JavaScript's use in applications outside Web pages — for example in
PDF documents, site-specific browsers, and desktop widgets — is also significant. Newer
and faster JavaScript VMs and frameworks built upon them (notably Node.js) have also
increased the popularity of JavaScript for server-side web applications. JavaScript uses
syntax influenced by that of C. JavaScript copies many names and naming conventions
from Java, but the two languages are otherwise unrelated and have very different semantics.
The key design principles within JavaScript are taken from the self and Scheme
programming languages.

 JavaScript was basically used for client-side validation.

 JavaScript is compatible with all versions of Microsoft Internet
 Explorer and Netscape Navigator.

JSON: JavaScript object notation is a lightly weight data-interchange format. It is easy for
humans to read and write. It is for machines to parse and generate. It is based on a subset
of JavaScript. Json is text format that is complete language independent but uses
conventions that are familiar to programmers of the C family of languages, including C,
C++, C#, Java, JavaScript, Perl, Python and many languages. These properties make Json
an ideal data-interchange language.

AJAX: Asynchronous JavaScript and XML. Ajax is a technique for creating fast and
dynamic web pages. Ajax allows web pages to be updated asynchronously by exchanging
small amounts of data with server behind the scenes. This means that it is possible to update
parts of web page, without reloading the whole page.

Scripting Languages:-

1. HTML, XML, XSL, XHTML

2. DHTML – CSS, JavaScript, DOM
3. AJAX
4. Bootstrap
5. AngularJS
 6. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS:-

6.1 Software Requirements :-

a. JDK
◦ Java SE Development Kit (JDK) 7
b. Web Server
c. ◦ Apache 2.4.9x
d. Web Scripting Language
e. ◦ PHP 5.5x
f. Database
g. ◦ MySQL 5.6x
h. Environment
i. ◦ NetBeans IDE 8.0.2x
j. Supported Operating Systems
k. ◦ Windows 2000/XP/2003/Vista / Windows 7/ Windows 8/ XP64 / Vista64 /
Windows 7 64 /

6.2Hardware Requirements:-

• Minimum Hardware Configurations

◦Processor: 800MHz Intel Pentium III or equivalent
◦ Memory: 512 MB
◦ Disk space: 750 MB of free disk space
◦ Screen resolution is 1024x768 pixels.

• Recommended Hardware Configurations

◦ Processor: Intel Core i5 or equivalent
◦ Memory: 2 GB (32-bit), 4 GB (64-bit)
◦ Disk space: 1.5 GB of free disk space
◦ Screen resolution is 1024x768 pixels
7. FEASIBILTY STUDY:-

(7.1) INTRODUCTION:-

Feasibility is the measure of how beneficial or practical the development of the system
will be to the organization. It is a preliminary survey for the systems investigation. It aims
to provide information to facilitate a later in-depth investigation.

The report produced at the end of the feasibility study contains suggestions and reasoned
arguments to help management decide whether to commit further resources to the proposed
project.

Within the scheduled duration we were assigned to study both the positive and negative
aspects of the current manual system, in which we have come up with a number of
drawbacks that prevent the progress of the clinic if it is continued to function manually.

Having gone through all measures of feasibility we report to the management to figure out
if the objectives of the new system are met.

For e.g.: –

 Is the system within the budget allowed for it?

 Will the organization’s needs, be met by the new proposed system as originally
envisaged?

(7.2) TYPES OF FEASIBILITY:

There are various measures of feasibility that helps to decide whether a particular project
is feasible or not. These measures include:

 Technical Feasibility
  Operational Feasibility

 Economical Feasibility

Each of these types will be explained in detail throughout the project report.
(7.2.1) TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY

Based on the outline design of system requirements in terms of inputs, outputs, files,
procedures and staff, the technical issues raised during technical feasibility include:

 Does the necessary technology exist to do what is proposed?

 Does the proposed equipment have the technical capacity to hold the data required
to use in the new system?

 Adequate responses provided by the proposed system?

 Is the system flexible enough to facilitate expansion?

 Is there any technical guarantee of accuracy, reliability, ease of access and data
security?

(7.2.2) OPERATIONAL FEASIBILITY:-

A system often fails if it does not fit within existing operations and if users resist the
change.

Important issues a systems developer must look into are:

 Will the new system be used if implemented in an organization?

 Are there major barriers to implementation or is proposed system accepted without

destructive resistance?
If we are considering the performance and response time for each task, it is very much
faster since there is less paper work to be completed. When entering data into the system
to relieve the user from additional work and typing incorrect data, the system provides
options such as combo boxes, check boxes, option buttons and etc. if the users type in
incorrect data they would be informed immediately about the error by the error detection
control.

Another important fact to be regarded is the security control, which is handled by the
system. Since data regarding each user is confidential, security is a key issue. Here, in this
system, data regarding users is stored in database which can only be accessed by the
authorized administrator.

The new system is more user-friendly, which enables the end-user to complete his/her work
efficiently and accurately with interest. After taking the above fact into consideration we
can state the operating of the proposed system within the organization is feasible.

(7.2.3) ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY:-

The proposed system must be justifiable in terms of cost and benefit, to ensure that the
investment in a new/changed system provide a reasonable return.

Even though finding out the costs of the proposed project is difficult we assume and
estimate the costs and benefits as follows.

According to the computerized system we propose, the costs can be broken down to two
categories:

1. Costs associated with the development of the system.

2. Costs associated with operating the system.

(7.3) S/W DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE:

Every software development consists several phases, have certain predefined works and at
the end of each phase document is prepared. This phase is based on certain Software
Development Model.

Software Development Model:

Software engineering is a discipline that integrates process, methods, and tools for the
development of computer software. To solve actual problems in an industry setting,
software engineer or a team of software engineers must incorporate a development strategy
that encompasses, methods, and tools. This strategy is often referred to as a process model
or a software-engineering paradigm.

A number of different process models for the software engineering have been proposed,
each exhibiting strengths and weaknesses, but all having a series of generic phases in
common. Some of the commonly used software process models are:

 The linear sequential model

 The prototyping model

 The RAD model

 The incremental model

 The spiral model

A particular process model for software engineering is chosen on the nature of the project
and the application at hand, the methods and the tools to be used, and the controls are
required.

All software development can be characterized as a problem-solving loop in which four

distinct stages are encountered:

 Status Quo
  Problem Definition

 Technical Development

 Solution Integration

Software Requirement Analysis:

The requirements gathering process is intensified and focused specifically on software. To

understand the nature of the program(s) to be built, the software engineer (“analyst”) must
understand the information domain for the software, as well as required function, behavior,
performance, and interfacing. Requirements for the both the system and the software are
documented and reviewed with the customer.

Design:

Software design is actually a multi-step process that focuses on four distinct attributes of a
program: data structures, software architecture, interface representations, and procedural
(algorithm) detail. The design process translates requirement into a representation of the
software that can be assessed for quality before code generation begins.

Code Generation:

The design must be translated in to a machine-readable form. The testing process focuses
on the logical internals of the software, assuring that all statements have been tested and
on the functional externals that is, conducting tests to uncover errors and ensure that
defined inputs will produce actual results that agree with required results.

Testing:

Once code has been generated, program testing begins. The testing process focuses on the
logical internals of the software, assuring that all statements have been tested and on the
functional externals that is, conducting tests to uncover errors and ensure that defined
inputs will produce actual results that agree with required results.

Maintenance

Software will undoubtedly undergo change after it is delivered to the customer (A possible
exception is embedded software).Change will occur because errors have been encountered,
because the software must be adapted to accommodate change in its external environment
(e.g. A change required because of a new operating system or peripheral device), or
because the customer requires functional or performance enhancements.

Fig. shows SDLC phases

(7.4) DATA FLOW DIAGRAM (DFD):-
Data flow diagrams model the flow of data into, through, and out of an information
system:

• Show the processes that change or transform data

• Show the movement of data between processes
• Represent a system as a network of processes which transform data flowing between them

7.4.1 CONTEXT DATA FLOW DIAGRAM

LOGIN
MANAGE USER
7.4.2 System Requirements
The only link to an external system is the link to the MySQL Database to verify the
membership of a Customer and to store all the data provided by the customer. The Admin
believes that a member is much more likely to be an effective reviewer and has imposed
a membership requirement for a Reviewer. The Database fields of interest to the Admin
are member’s name, membership (ID) number, contact numbers and e-mail addresses.
The details of new members signing up for the events can be added in the list of the
previous members and the amendments can be made to the list accordingly.
The requests of each customer can be inserted in the database so that the admin can
process it for further use.

7.4.3 Clients, Customers, User

These are the ones who visits this particular website and thus has full access to the site and all
the functionalities prevailing in it. The user can choose media and upload multiple files. Their
session expires as the user selects a song for the background view. The user can select any
festival or event according to his requirement.

7.4.4 Functional and Data Requirements

The requirements gathering process is intensified and focused specifically on software.

To understand the nature of the program(s) to be built, the software engineer (“analyst”)

must understand the information domain for the software, as well as required function,

behavior, performance, and interfacing. Requirements for the both the system and the

software are documented and reviewed with the customer.

7.4.5Non-Functional Requirements

The software developed here assumes the use of PHP for connection between the Front

End and the database. The speed of the User’s connection will depend on how fast they

approach the site. The Admin will run the users requests and will have an access to

database.

 Reliability- The system is reliable i.e. it’s well trusted.

 Security- The system is well secured, i.e. admin and user both have their unique

ID and password to login into the system.

 Maintainability- Our project is well maintained with all required features

involved.

 Portability- The system is portable i.e. it can work on any other system of the

admin.

 The only requirement is the Internet connection.

7.4.6 Use Case Diagram

Use cases are used during the analysis phase of a project to identify system

functionality. They separate the system into actors and use cases. Actors represent

roles that are played by users of the system. Users may be humans, other computers,

or even other software system.

Customer Use Case

Use Case: Upload Data

Brief Description:
The user approaches the site and retrieve data of his choice.

Diagram:

Retrieve Data

User

Use Case: Choose Media

Brief Description:
The customer submits his chosen data to the database for the implementation purpose.
Diagram:

Choose Media

User

Admin Use Case:

The admin has the following set of use cases:
 Log In
 View Requests
 Process Requests
 Access Database
 Access Db
Access
Comments

Process

Admin
View
Request

Log In
7.4.7Object Oriented Analysis
Object–Oriented Analysis (OOA) is the procedure of identifying software engineering
requirements and developing software specifications in terms of a software system’s object
model, which comprises of interacting objects. In the system analysis or object-oriented
analysis phase of software development, the system requirements are determined, the classes
are identified and the relationships among classes are identified. The three analysis
techniques that are used in conjunction with each other for object-oriented analysis are
object modelling, dynamic modelling, and functional modelling.
 Object Modelling
Object modelling develops the static structure of the software system in terms of objects. It
identifies the objects, the classes into which the objects can be grouped into and the
relationships between the objects. It also identifies the main attributes and operations that
characterize each class.
The process of object modelling can be visualized in the following steps:
 Identify objects and group into classes
 Identify the relationships among classes
 Create user object model diagram
 Define user object attributes
 Define the operations that should be performed on the classes
Dynamic Modelling
After the static behavior of the system is analyzed, its behavior with respect to time and external
changes needs to be examined. This is the purpose of dynamic modelling.
Dynamic Modelling can be defined as “a way of describing how an individual object responds
to events, either internal events triggered by other objects, or external events triggered by the
outside world”.
The process of dynamic modelling can be visualized in the following steps:
 Identify states of each object
 Identify events and analyse the applicability of actions
 Construct dynamic model diagram, comprising of state transition diagrams
 Express each state in terms of object attributes
 Validate the state–transition diagrams drawn

Functional Modelling
Functional Modelling is the final component of object-oriented analysis. The functional
model shows the processes that are performed within an object and how the data changes
as it moves between methods. It specifies the meaning of the operations of object
modelling and the actions of dynamic modelling. The functional model corresponds to the
data flow diagram of traditional structured analysis.

The process of functional modelling can be visualized in the following steps:

 Identify all the inputs and outputs

 Construct data flow diagrams showing functional dependencies

 State the purpose of each function

 Identify constraints

 Specify optimization criteria

8. System Design
Database
Data base is used to store the relevant information of the individuals. A database is a
collection of rows and columns in which rows indicates the tuple and column indicates the
domain of table. Database design is the process of producing a detailed data model of a
database. This logical data model contains all the needed logical and physical design
choices and physical storage parameters. Need to generate a design in a data definition
language, which can then be used to create a database. A fully attributed data model
contains detailed attributes for each entity. The term database design can be used to
describe many different parts of the design of an overall database system. Principally, and
most correctly, it can be thought of the logical design of the relation of the base data
structures used to store the data. In the relational model these are the classes and named
relationships. However, the term database design could also be used to apply to overall
process of designing, not just the base data structure, but also the forms and queries used
as part of the overall database application within the database management system
(DBMS).
 Fig. shows database of weblog

It includes eight tables namely

 Admin
 Blogs
 Category
 Comment
 Contact
 News
 Slider
 User registration.
ADMIN TABLE
BLOGS TABLE
CATEGORY TABLE
COMMENT TABLE
CONTACT TABLE
NEWS TABLE
SLIDER TABLE
USER-REGISTRATION TABLE
9. INPUT/OUTPUT
(INTERFACE DESIGN)
ADMIN LOGIN PAGE

In this page admin LOGIN with valid username and password

ADMIN HOME PAGE

In this admin page and user will redirect to this page after log in.
ADD USER

In this admin can add user and fill the information

LIST USER

This will show the list of user that are registered by user
INACTIVE USER PAGE

In this page all deleted/deactivate user are shown

TRASH PAGE

In this Page it will show the deleted user and admin can activate its status
to move to list user page
CATEGORY PAGE

In this page admin can add various categories and shown in add blog page
LIST CATEGORY PAGE

In this page list of all the categories are shown

INACTIVE CATEGORY PAGE

In this page deleted category are shown

ADD BLOG PAGE

In this admin can add blog and choose images from folder and select any
category related to blog
LIST BLOG PAGE

In this page list of all the BLOGS are shown

INACTIVE BLOG

In this page deleted category are shown

ADD NEWS PAGE

In this admin can add NEWS and choose images from folder
LIST NEWS

In this page list of all NEWS are shown

INACTIVE PAGE OF NEWS SECTION

In this page deleted NEWS are shown

ADD SLIDE PAGE

In this page user can add images in the slider shown in top of page
LIST OF SLIDES

It will show the slides description

COMMENT PAGE

In this page, it will manage the list of comments and join with user that are
registered
CONTACT PAGE

This page shows list of contact to admin

 9. SCREEN DESIGN
(FRONT END)

<?php
include'include/connect.php';
include'include/header.php';
if($_POST)
{
$email = $_POST ['email'];
$password = $_POST ['password'];

if($email != '' && $password != '')

{
$query = mysql_query("SELECT * FROM usr_registration WHERE
email='".$email."' AND password='".$password."'") or die(mysql_error());
if(mysql_num_rows($query) > 0)
{
$row = mysql_fetch_array($query);
$data =
array('email'=>$row['email'],'id'=>$row['id'],'name'=>$row['firstname'].'
'.$row['lastname']);
$_SESSION['myproject'] = $data;
header("location: index.php");
}
}
else
{
header("location: index.php?status=error");
}

}
?>
<div class ="wrapper">
<div class= "container">
<div id="login" class="animate form">
<form method="post" action="" >
 <h1 class = "head">Log in</h1>
<p>
<label for="username" class="uname" data-icon="u" >
Your email or username </label>
<input id="username" name="email"
required="required" type="text" placeholder="myusername or
mymail@mail.com"/>
</p>
<p>
<label for="password" class="youpasswd" data-
icon="p"> Your password </label>
<input id="password" name="password"
required="required" type="password" placeholder="eg. X8df!90EO" />
</p>
<p class="keeplogin">
<input type="checkbox"
name="loginkeeping" id="loginkeeping" value="loginkeeping" />
<label
for="loginkeeping">Keep me logged in</label>
</p>
<p class="login button">
<input type="submit" value="submit" name="submit"/>
</p>
<p class="change_link">
Not a member yet ?
<a href="usr_regis.php" class="to_register">Join us</a>
</p>
</form>
</div><!-- login ended-->
</div><!-- container ended-->
</div><!-- wrapper ended-->
<?php include'include/footer.php';?>
LOGIN PAGE
 USER_REGISTRATION

CODING

<?php include'include/connect.php'; ?>

<?php include'include/header.php';?>
<?php if(isset($_POST['submit']))
{
$firstname=$_POST['firstname'];
$lastname=$_POST['lastname'];
$email=$_POST['email'];
$password=$_POST['password'];
$cpassword = $_POST['cpassword'];
//echo $cpassword;
$error=0;
if(empty($firstname))
{
$error=1;
$msg[]="plz enter your firstname";
}

if(empty($lastname))
{
$error=1;
$msg[]="plz enter your lastname";
}
/*if(empty($dob))
{
$error=1;
$msg[]="plz enter your dob";
}
if(empty($city))
{
$error=1;
$msg[]="plz enter your city";
}
if(empty($address))
{
$error=1;
$msg[]="plz enter your address";
}
if(empty($phoneno))
{
$error=1;
$msg[]="plz enter your phonenumber";
}*/
if(empty($email))
{
$error=1;
$msg[]="plz enter your email";
}
if(empty($password))
{
$error=1;
$msg[]="plz enter your password";
}
elseif($password != $cpassword)
{
$error=1;
$msg[]="password and confirm password not match!!";
}
if($error == 1)
{
foreach($msg as $val)
{
echo "<li>".$val."</li>";
}
}
$filename = $_FILES['photo']['name'];
$size = $_FILES['photo']['size'];
$type = $_FILES['photo']['type'];
$tempname = $_FILES['photo']['tmp_name'];
// create random number

$random = rand('999','9999'); //4565

 $nameexp = explode(".", $filename); // explode name by extension
$filename = $firstname."-".$random.".".$nameexp[1]; // create new name
name14525.jpg
//checking formats

if($nameexp[1] == "jpeg" || $nameexp[1] == "jpg" || $nameexp[1] == "png"

|| $nameexp[1] == "JPG" || $nameexp[1] == "JPEG" || $nameexp[1] == "PNG" )
{
// check if file is uploaded

if(move_uploaded_file($_FILES['photo']['tmp_name'],'../uploads/'.$filename
))
{

$ins=mysql_query("INSERT INTO
usr_registration(firstname,lastname,email,password,created_on,updated_on,ima
ge) VALUES
('".$firstname."','".$lastname."','".$email."','".$password."',NOW(),NOW(),'".$fi
lename."') ") or die(mysql_error());

}
else
{
echo "try again";
}

}
?>
<div class = "wrapper">
<div class="container">
<div id="register" class="animate form">
<form action="" autocomplete="on" method="post"
enctype="multipart/form-data">
<h1 class ="head"> Sign up </h1>
<p>
<label for="usernamesignup" class="uname" data-
icon="u">First Name</label>
 <input id="usernamesignup" name="firstname"
required="required" type="text" placeholder="mysuperusername690" />
</p>
<p>
<label for="usernamesignup" class="uname" data-
icon="u">Last Name</label>
<input id="usernamesignup" name="lastname"
required="required" type="text" placeholder="lastname" />
</p>

<p>
<label for="emailsignup" class="youmail" data-icon="e"
> Your email</label>
<input id="emailsignup" name="email"
required="required" type="email" placeholder="mysupermail@mail.com"/>
</p>
<p>
<label for="passwordsignup" class="youpasswd" data-
icon="p">Your password </label>
<input id="passwordsignup" name="password"
required="required" type="password" placeholder="eg. X8df!90EO"/>
</p>
<p>
<label for="passwordsignup_confirm"
class="youpasswd" data-icon="p">Please confirm your password </label>
<input id="passwordsignup_confirm"
name="cpassword" required="required" type="password" placeholder="eg.
X8df!90EO"/>
</p>
<p>
<label for="emailsignup" class="youmail" data-icon="e"
> Profile Pic</label>
<input id="emailsignup" name="photo" type="file"/>
</p>
<p class="signin button">
<input type="submit"
value="Sign up" name="submit"/>
</p>
<p class="change_link">
Already a member ?
<a href="login.php" class="to_register"> Go and log in </a></p>
</form>
</div>
</div><!--container ended-->
</div><!--wrapper ended-->
<?php include 'include/footer.php';?>
 INDEX PAGE
CODING

<?php
include("include/connect.php");
include("include/header.php");
include("include/slider.php");
//$id=$_GET[id];
if(isset($_GET['p'])){
$page = $_GET['p'];
}else{
$page = 1;
}
$cur_page = $page;
$page -= 1;
$per_page = 2;
$previous_btn = true;
$next_btn = true;
$first_btn = true;
$last_btn = true;
$start = $page * $per_page;
$pagename = 'index.php';
?>
<div class="clear"></div>
<div id="right">
<?php
$pop=mysql_query("SELECT * FROM blogs LIMIT $start, $per_page" ) or
die (mysql_error());
$count=mysql_query("SELECT * FROM blogs ") or die (mysql_error());
if(mysql_num_rows($pop) > 0)
{$count1 = 1;
while($row=mysql_fetch_array($pop)) {
?>
<div class="content"><span class="headline_one">
<a href="descrip.php?id=<?php echo $row['id'];?>"><?php echo
$row['blog_title'];?></a>
</span><br />
 <br />
<div class ="line"></div>
<span class="number"><?php echo $count1;?> </span>|<span
class="date">On <?php echo date('jS F Y',
strtotime($row['createdon']));?></span><br/>
<p class ="para"><?php echo substr($row['description'], 0, 800);?></p>
<?php if($row['image'] != ""){?>
<img src="uploads/<?php echo $row['image'];?>"
style="float:left;width:100%;border-radius:20px;">
<?php }?>

<div class="comment_box"><a href="descrip.php">Comments </a></div>

</div>
<?php $count1++;} ?>

<?php
$count = mysql_num_rows($count);
$no_of_paginations = ceil($count / $per_page);

/* ---------------Calculating the starting and endign values for the

loop----------------------------------- */
if ($cur_page >= 7) {
$start_loop = $cur_page - 3;
if ($no_of_paginations > $cur_page + 3)
$end_loop = $cur_page + 3;
else if ($cur_page <= $no_of_paginations && $cur_page
> $no_of_paginations - 6) {
$start_loop = $no_of_paginations - 6;
$end_loop = $no_of_paginations;
} else {
$end_loop = $no_of_paginations;
}
} else {
$start_loop = 1;
if ($no_of_paginations > 7)
$end_loop = 7;
else
$end_loop = $no_of_paginations;
}
 /* --------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------- */
@$msg .= "<div class='pagination'>";

// FOR ENABLING THE FIRST BUTTON

if ($first_btn && $cur_page > 1) {
$msg .= "<a href='$pagename?p=1'
class='first'>First</a>";
} else if ($first_btn) {
$msg .= "<div class='radiodesable'>First</div>";
}

// FOR ENABLING THE PREVIOUS BUTTON

if ($previous_btn && $cur_page > 1) {
$pre = $cur_page - 1;
$msg .= "<a href='$pagename?p=$pre' class='pre'> <<
</a>";
} else if ($previous_btn) {
$msg .= "<div class='radiodesable'><<</div>";
}
for ($i = $start_loop; $i <= $end_loop; $i++) {

if ($cur_page == $i)
$msg .= "<div class='radiodesable'>$i</div>";
else
$msg .= "<a href='$pagename?p=$i'
class='page456'>$i</a>";
}

// TO ENABLE THE NEXT BUTTON

if ($next_btn && $cur_page < $no_of_paginations) {
$nex = $cur_page + 1;
$msg .= "<a href='$pagename?p=$nex' class='next'> >>
</a>";
} else if ($next_btn) {
$msg .= "<div class='radiodesable'>>></div>";
}

// TO ENABLE THE END BUTTON

if ($last_btn && $cur_page < $no_of_paginations) {
 $msg .= "<a href='$pagename?p=$no_of_paginations'
class='last'> Last </a>";
} else if ($last_btn) {
$msg .= "<div class='radiodesable'>Last</div>";
}
//$goto = "<input type='text' class='goto' size='1' /><input
type='button' id='go_btn' class='go_button' value='Go'/>";
$total_string = "<div class='pagi_goto'><span
a='$no_of_paginations'>Page <b>" . $cur_page . "</b> of
<b>$no_of_paginations</b></span>";
$msg = $msg . $total_string . "</div>"; // Content for
pagination
echo $msg;
}
?>
</div>
</div>

<?php include("include/sidebar.php");?>
<?php include("include/footer.php"); ?>
 SIDEBAR PAGE

CODING

<div id="left">
<form id="search-form" name="search" method="get" action="search.php">
<input id="search-input" name="s" type="text" placeholder="search here...">
</form>

<span class="headline_three">Categories</span><br />

<ul class="category">
<?php $query =mysql_query("SELECT * FROM category")or
die(mysql_error()); ?>
<?php while($row =mysql_fetch_array($query)) {?>
<?php $id =$row['id'];?>
<?php $query1 =mysql_query("SELECT id FROM blogs WHERE
category='".$id."'")or die(mysql_error());
$count =mysql_num_rows($query1);
// print_r($count);?>
<li>
<a href="category.php?id=<?php echo $row['id'];?>">
<?php echo $row['category_name']." (".$count.")";?>
</a>
</li>
<?php }?>
</ul>
<?php $query=mysql_query("SELECT * FROM Blogs ORDER BY
RAND() LIMIT 0,5") or die(mysql_error());?>
<span class="headline_three">Recently Added</span><br />
<span class="small_caps">Posts You can read</span>

<ul class ="added">

<?php while($row=mysql_fetch_array($query)) {
?>
<li>
<div class ="image">
<a href ="descrip.php?id=<?php echo $row['id'];?>">
 <img src ="uploads/<?php echo $row ['image'];?>"
alt="<?php echo $row['blog_title'];?>"/>
<h3 ><?php echo $row['blog_title'];?></h3>
</div>
</a>
</li>

<?php }?>
</ul>

</div>

CATEGORY SECTION

CODING

<?php
include("include/connect.php");
include("include/header.php");
include("include/slider.php");
$id =$_GET['id'];
?>
<?php
if(isset($_GET['p'])){
$page = $_GET['p'];
}else{
$page = 1;
}
$cur_page = $page;
$page -= 1;
$per_page = 2;
$previous_btn = true;
$next_btn = true;
$first_btn = true;
$last_btn = true;
$start = $page * $per_page;
$pagename = 'category.php';
?>
<div class="clear"></div>
<div id="right">
<?php
$pop=mysql_query("SELECT * FROM blogs WHERE category ='".$id."'
LIMIT $start, $per_page" ) or die (mysql_error());
$count = mysql_query("SELECT * FROM blogs WHERE category
='".$id."'") or die(mysql_error());
if(mysql_num_rows($pop) > 0){
$count1 = 1;
while($row=mysql_fetch_array($pop)){
?>
<div class="content"><span class="headline_one">
<a href="descrip.php?id=<?php echo $row['id'];?>"><?php echo
$row['blog_title'];?></a>
</span><br />
<br />
<div class ="line"></div>
<span class="number"><?php echo $count1;?> |</span> <span
class="date">On <?php echo date('jS F Y', strtotime($row['createdon']));?><br
/>
<span class="small_caps"> </span>
<p class ="para"><?php echo substr($row['description'], 0, 800);?></p>
<?php if($row['image'] != ""){?>
<img src="uploads/<?php echo $row['image'];?>"
style="float:left;width:100%;border-radius:20px;">
<?php }?>
<div class="comment_box"><a href="">Comments </a></div>
</div>
<?php $count1++;} ?>
<?php
$count = mysql_num_rows($count);
$no_of_paginations = ceil($count / $per_page);

/* ---------------Calculating the starting and endign values for the

loop----------------------------------- */
if ($cur_page >= 7) {
$start_loop = $cur_page - 3;
if ($no_of_paginations > $cur_page + 3)
$end_loop = $cur_page + 3;
 else if ($cur_page <= $no_of_paginations && $cur_page
> $no_of_paginations - 6) {
$start_loop = $no_of_paginations - 6;
$end_loop = $no_of_paginations;
} else {
$end_loop = $no_of_paginations;
}
} else {
$start_loop = 1;
if ($no_of_paginations > 7)
$end_loop = 7;
else
$end_loop = $no_of_paginations;
}
/* --------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------- */
@$msg .= "<div class='pagination'>";

// FOR ENABLING THE FIRST BUTTON

if ($first_btn && $cur_page > 1) {
$msg .= "<a href='$pagename?p=1'
class='first'>First</a>";
} else if ($first_btn) {
$msg .= "<div class='radiodesable'>First</div>";
}

// FOR ENABLING THE PREVIOUS BUTTON

if ($previous_btn && $cur_page > 1) {
$pre = $cur_page - 1;
$msg .= "<a href='$pagename?p=$pre' class='pre'> <<
</a>";
} else if ($previous_btn) {
$msg .= "<div class='radiodesable'><<</div>";
}
for ($i = $start_loop; $i <= $end_loop; $i++) {

if ($cur_page == $i)
$msg .= "<div class='radiodesable'>$i</div>";
else
 $msg .= "<a href='$pagename?p=$i&id=$id'
class='page456'>$i</a>";
}

// TO ENABLE THE NEXT BUTTON

if ($next_btn && $cur_page < $no_of_paginations) {
$nex = $cur_page + 1;
$msg .= "<a href='$pagename?p=$nex' class='next'> >>
</a>";
} else if ($next_btn) {
$msg .= "<div class='radiodesable'>>></div>";
}

// TO ENABLE THE END BUTTON

if ($last_btn && $cur_page < $no_of_paginations) {
$msg .= "<a href='$pagename?p=$no_of_paginations'
class='last'> Last </a>";
} else if ($last_btn) {
$msg .= "<div class='radiodesable'>Last</div>";
}
//$goto = "<input type='text' class='goto' size='1' /><input
type='button' id='go_btn' class='go_button' value='Go'/>";
$total_string = "<div class='pagi_goto'><span
a='$no_of_paginations'>Page <b>" . $cur_page . "</b> of
<b>$no_of_paginations</b></span>";
$msg = $msg . $total_string . "</div>"; // Content for
pagination
echo $msg;
}
?>
</div>
</div>
<?php include("include/sidebar.php");?>
<?php include("include/footer.php"); ?>
NEWS SECTION

CODING

<?php
include("include/connect.php");
include("include/header.php");
include("include/slider.php");
//$id = $_GET['id'];
?>
<?php
if(isset($_GET['p'])){
$page = $_GET['p'];
}else{
$page = 1;
}
$cur_page = $page;
$page -= 1;
$per_page = 2;
$previous_btn = true;
$next_btn = true;
$first_btn = true;
$last_btn = true;
$start = $page * $per_page;
$pagename = 'news.php';
?>
<div class="clear"></div>
<div id="right">
<?php
$pop=mysql_query("SELECT * FROM news LIMIT $start, $per_page" ) or
die (mysql_error());
$count = mysql_query("SELECT * FROM news") or die(mysql_error());
if(mysql_num_rows($pop) > 0)
{
$count1 = 1;
while($row=mysql_fetch_array($pop)){
?>
<div class="content"><span class="headline_one">
 <a href="newsdescription.php?id=<?php echo $row['id'];?>"><?php echo
$row['news_title'];?></a>
</span><br />
<br />
<div class ="line"></div>
<span class="number"><?php echo $count1;?> |</span> <span
class="date">On <?php echo date('jS F Y',
strtotime($row['created_on']));?></span>
<span class="small_caps"></span>
<p class ="para"><?php echo substr($row['definition'], 0, 800);?></p>
<?php if($row['image'] != ""){?>
<img src="uploads/<?php echo $row['image'];?>"
style="float:left;width:100%;border-radius:20px;">
<?php }?>
</div>
<?php $count1++;} ?>
<?php
$count = mysql_num_rows($count);
$no_of_paginations = ceil($count / $per_page);

/* ---------------Calculating the starting and endign values for the

loop----------------------------------- */
if ($cur_page >= 7) {
$start_loop = $cur_page - 3;
if ($no_of_paginations > $cur_page + 3)
$end_loop = $cur_page + 3;
else if ($cur_page <= $no_of_paginations && $cur_page
> $no_of_paginations - 6) {
$start_loop = $no_of_paginations - 6;
$end_loop = $no_of_paginations;
} else {
$end_loop = $no_of_paginations;
}
} else {
$start_loop = 1;
if ($no_of_paginations > 7)
$end_loop = 7;
else
$end_loop = $no_of_paginations;
}
 /* --------------------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------- */
@$msg .= "<div class='pagination'>";

// FOR ENABLING THE FIRST BUTTON

if ($first_btn && $cur_page > 1) {
$msg .= "<a href='$pagename?p=1'
class='first'>First</a>";
} else if ($first_btn) {
$msg .= "<div class='radiodesable'>First</div>";
}

// FOR ENABLING THE PREVIOUS BUTTON

if ($previous_btn && $cur_page > 1) {
$pre = $cur_page - 1;
$msg .= "<a href='$pagename?p=$pre' class='pre'> <<
</a>";
} else if ($previous_btn) {
$msg .= "<div class='radiodesable'><<</div>";
}
for ($i = $start_loop; $i <= $end_loop; $i++) {

if ($cur_page == $i)
$msg .= "<div class='radiodesable'>$i</div>";
else
$msg .= "<a href='$pagename?p=$i'
class='page456'>$i</a>";
}

// TO ENABLE THE NEXT BUTTON

if ($next_btn && $cur_page < $no_of_paginations) {
$nex = $cur_page + 1;
$msg .= "<a href='$pagename?p=$nex' class='next'> >>
</a>";
} else if ($next_btn) {
$msg .= "<div class='radiodesable'>>></div>";
}

// TO ENABLE THE END BUTTON

if ($last_btn && $cur_page < $no_of_paginations) {
 $msg .= "<a href='$pagename?p=$no_of_paginations'
class='last'> Last </a>";
} else if ($last_btn) {
$msg .= "<div class='radiodesable'>Last</div>";
}
//$goto = "<input type='text' class='goto' size='1' /><input
type='button' id='go_btn' class='go_button' value='Go'/>";
$total_string = "<div class='pagi_goto'><span
a='$no_of_paginations'>Page <b>" . $cur_page . "</b> of
<b>$no_of_paginations</b></span>";
$msg = $msg . $total_string . "</div>"; // Content for
pagination
echo $msg;
}
?>
</div>
</div>

<?php include("include/sidebar.php");?>
<?php include("include/footer.php"); ?>

Link to the NEWS section : newsdescription.php

<?php
include("include/connect.php");
include("include/header.php");
$id=$_GET['id'];

?>
<style>
#cmnt_data{width:100%; float:left;}
.success{color:green;}
.error{color:red;}
</style>
<head>

<script src="js/jquery-1.6.3.min.js"></script>
<!-- Include all compiled plugins (below), or include individual files as needed -
->

</head>

<div class="clear"></div>

<div id="right">
<?php
$query = mysql_query("SELECT * FROM news where id ='".$id."'") or
die(mysql_error());
$count = 1;
while($row=mysql_fetch_array($query)){
?>
<div class="content"><span class="headline_one">
<?php echo $row['news_title'];?></span><br /><br />
<span class="number">.<?php echo $count;?> |</span> <span
class="date">On <?php echo date('jS F Y', strtotime($row['created_on']));?><br
/>
<span class="small_caps">Information</span>
<p class ="para"><?php echo $row['definition'];?></p>
<img src="uploads/<?php echo $row['image'];?>"
style="float:left;width:100%;border-radius:20px;">
</div>
<?php $count++;} ?>
</div>

<?php include("include/sidebar.php");?>
<?php include("include/footer.php"); ?>
CONTACT US PAGE

CODING

<?php include'include/connect.php'; ?>

<?php include'include/header.php';
?>
<?php if(isset($_POST['submit']))
{
$name=$_POST['name'];
$email=$_POST['email'];
$message=$_POST['message'];
$error=0;
if(empty($name))
{
$error=1;
$msg[]="Please enter your name";
}

if(empty($email))
{
$error=1;
$msg[]="Please enter your email";
}
if(empty($message))
{
$error=1;
$msg[]="Please enter your message";
}
else{
$ins=mysql_query("INSERT INTO
contact(name,email,message,contact_status,created_on,updated_on) VALUES
('".$name."','".$email."','".$message."','1',NOW(),NOW())") or
die(mysql_error());
}
}
?>
<div class = "wrapper">
<div class="container">
<div id="register" class="animate form">
<form action="" autocomplete="on" method="post"
enctype="multipart/form-data">
<h1 class ="head"> Contact Us </h1>
<p>
<label for="usernamesignup" class="uname" data-
icon="u">Name</label><br>
<input id="usernamesignup" name="name" type="text"
placeholder="mysuperusername690" />
</p>
<p>
<label for="emailsignup" class="youmail" data-icon="e"
> Your email</label><br>
<input id="emailsignup" name="email"
required="required" type="email" placeholder="mysupermail@mail.com"/>
</p>
<p>
<label for="emailsignup"
class="youmail" data-icon="e" > Message</label><br>
<textarea name="message"
rows="7" cols="30">
</textarea><br></p>
<p class="signin button">
<input type="submit"
value="Submit" name="submit"/>
</p>
</form>
</div>
<div class ="content">
<span class="headline_one">Contact Info:</span>
<p id ="contact">D185, Phase 8B, Industrial Area,
Mohali, Punjab<br>
Email: kritikachauhan19@gmail.com<br>
Contact No: +91 9056808418, +91 8628090521</p>
</div>
</div><!--container ended-->
</div><!--wrapper ended-->
<?php include'include/recntpost.php';?>
<?php include 'include/footer.php';?>
 ABOUT US PAGE

CODING

<?php
include("include/connect.php");
include("include/header.php");
include("include/recntpost.php");?>
<div id ="right">
<img src="uploads/blog.jpg" style="width:100%;border-radius:40px;"/>
<div class="content"><span class="headline_one">About Us</span>
<p class ="para">WEBLOG is a combination of both Blog as well as
Novels. Blog contain the Information of various things related to Technology,
Education, News, International, Business, Sports, Entertainment and ongoing
college activities. The main aim of this project is to provide data to students in
only one site. Students can gather the information from one site as well as give
their feedback and create their own blog. Students can post their views and
thought and analyze themselves.</p>
<p class="para"> The WEBLOG not only provide information related
to many fields like Edu blogs, health, digital technology, latest news, trends and
can give feedback and share his/her views regarding any topic. The WEBLOG
have high quality content survive. The young generation are now moving from
static content to dynamic content like flash and updating information like
twitter. The WEBLOG provide the latest information, you just have to visit the
specific blog of your interest and view the main page. The main page of website
gives you latest information about the site content. The blogging is more taking
attention to tech news like iPhone, iPad, laptops, iPod, mobiles and other
technology news.
In the Novel section you can see the article of any blogger by clicking on author
name. Weblogs are discussing about medical treatment and how to remain
healthy and smart, so that mean you can write on other information also. People
always looking for new techniques and words. WEBLOG gives visitors a new
way of reading and not boring content. </p>
</div>
</div>

<?php include("include/footer.php"); ?>

10. System Implementation
10.1 Implementation
Implementation is the stage in the project where the theoretical design is turned into the
working system and is giving confidence to the new system for the users i.e. will work
efficiently and effectively. It involves careful planning, investigation of the current system
and its constraints on implementation, design of method to achieve the changeover, an
evaluation, of change over methods. A part from planning major task of preparing the
implementation is education of users. The more complex system is implemented, the more
involved will be the system analysis and design effort required just for implementation. An
implementation coordinating committee based on policies of individual organization has
been appointed. The implementation process begins with preparing a plan for the
implementation for the system. According to this plan, the activities are to be carried out,
discussions may regarding the equipment has to be acquired to implement the new system
Implementation is the final and important phase. The most critical stage is in achieving a
successful new system and in giving the users confidence that the new system will work
and be effective. The system can be implemented only after thorough testing is done and
if it found to working according to the specification. This method also offers the greatest
security since the old system can take over if the errors are found or inability to handle
certain types of transaction while using the new system.
The major elements of implementation plan are test plan, training plan, equipment
installation plan, and a conversion plan.
There are three types of implementation:
 Implementation of a computer system to replace a manual system.
 Implementation of a new computer system to replace an existing system.
 Implementation of a modified application to replace an existing one, using
the same computer.
 Successful implementation may not guarantee improvement in the
organization using the new system, but improper installation will prevent it.
 It has been observed that even the best system cannot show good result if the
analysts managing the implementation do not attend to every important
detail. This is an area where the systems analysts need to work with utmost
care.

10.2 Implementation Phase

1. Training personnel
2. Conversion Procedures
3. Post-implementation review
Training Of Personal Involved With System
Even well designed system can succeed or fail because of the way they are operated and
used. Therefore, the quality of training received by the personal involved with the system
in various capacities helps or hinders and may even prevent the successful implementation
of management information system.
System Operators Training Running of the system successfully depend on the personnel
working in the Computer Centre. They are Responsible for providing the necessary
support. Their training must ensure that they are able to handle all possible operations, both
routine and extra-ordinary in nature. If the system calls for the installation of new
equipment, such as new computer system, special terminals or different data entry
machines, the operators training should include such fundamentals as how to turn the
equipment on and use it, how to power off and a knowledge of what constitutes normal
operations. The operators should also be trained on different type of malfunctioning, how
to recognize them and what steps should also be taken whenever they arise.
User Training
User may be trained on use equipment, particularly in the case where, e.g. a microcomputer
is in use and individual involved is both operator and user. In such cases, user must be
given training on how to operate and user. In such cases, user must be given training on
how to operator the system also. Questions that may be trivial to the analyst, such as how
to turn on a terminal, how to insert a diskette into a micro-computer or when it is safe to
turn off equipment without danger of data loss are significant problems to new users who
are not familiar. In most of the cases user training deals with the operation of the system
itself, with proper attention given to data handling techniques. It is imperative that users be
properly trained in methods of entering transaction, editing data, formulating inquiries,
deleting and inserting of records. No training is complete without familiarizing users with
simple systems maintenance activities. Weakness in any aspect of training may lead of
awkward situation that creates user frustration and error.

10.3 Conversion Methods

A conversion is the process of changing from the old system to the new one. It must be
properly planned and executed. Four methods are common in use. They are Parallel
Systems, Direct Conversion, Pilot System and Phase In method. Each method should be
considered in the light of the opportunities that it offers and problems that it may create. In
general, system conversion should be accomplished in shortest possible time. Long
conversion periods create problems for all persons involved including both analysts and
users.
Parallel System
The most secure method of converting from an old to new system is to run both systems in
parallel. This method is safest one because it ensures that in case of any problem in using
new system, the organization can still fall back to the old system without the loss of time
and money.
The Disadvantages Of Parallel Systems Approach Are:
1. It doubles operating costs.
2. The new system may not get fair trial.
Direct Conversion
This method converts from the old system to new system abruptly, sometimes over a
weekend or even overnight. The old system is used until a planned conversion day, when
it is replaced by the new system.
Pilot System
Pilot approach is often preferred in the case of the new system which involves new
techniques or some drastic changes in organization performance. In this method, a working
version of the system is implemented in one part of the organization, such as a single work
area or department.
Phase –In- Method
This method is used when it is not possible to install a new system throughout an
organization all at once. The conversion of files, training of personnel or arrival of
equipment may force the staging of the implementation over a period of time, ranging from
weeks to months.
Post Implementation Review
After the system is implemented and conversion is complete, a review should be conducted
to determine whether the system is meeting expectations and where improvements are
needed. A post implementation review measures the systems performance against
predefined requirement. It determines how well the system continues to meet the
performance specifications.
 11. System Testing
System Testing
System testing is a critical element of quality assurance and represents the
ultimate review of analysis, design and coding. Test case design focuses on a set of
techniques for the creation of test because that meet overall testing objective. When a
system is developed it is hoped that it performs properly. The main purpose of testing an
information system is to find the errors and correct them. The scope of system testing
should include both manual and computerized operations. System testing is comprehensive
evaluation of the programs, manual procedures, computer operations and controls.
System testing is the process of checking whether the developed system is working
according to the objective and requirement. All testing is to be conducted in accordance
to the test conditions specified earlier. This will ensure that the test coverage meets the
requirements and that testing is done in a systematic manner.
TEST CHARACTERS :

1. A good test has a high probability of finding an error.

2. A good test is not redundant.
3. A good test should be “best of breed”.

Table 11.1 Levels Of Testing

Client Needs Acceptance Testing

Requirements System Testing
Design Integration Testing
Code Unit Testing

BLACK BOX TESTING:

The method of Black Box Testing is used by the software engineer to derive the required
results of the test cases:
1. Black Box Testing alludes to test that are conducted at the software interface.
2. A Black Box Test examines some fundamental aspect of a system with little regard for
the internal logic structure of the software.
3. A limited number of important logical paths can be selected and exercised.
Black box testing was performed to find errors in the following categories:-
 Incorrect or missing functions
 Graphics error.
 Errors in data in binary format.
 Error in data in integer format.
 File error.
 Pointer error
 Variable error

WHITE BOX TESTING:

White Box Testing is sometimes called Glass Box Testing. Using White Box Testing
methods the software engineer can derive the following test cases:
1. Guarantee that all independent paths within a module have been exercised at least once.
2. Exercise all logical decisions on their true and false sides.
3. Execute all loops at their boundaries and within their operational bounds.

In White Box Testing efforts were made to handle the following:-

• Number of input parameters equal to number of arguments.
•Parameters and arguments attributes match.
• Number of arguments transmitted is called modules equal to attributes of parameters.
•Unit system of argument transmitted is called modules equal unit system of parameter.
• Number of attributes and order of arguments to build in functions correct.
•Any references to parameters not associated to build in functions correct.
•Input only arguments altered.
•Global variable definition consistent across module.
•Files attributes correct.

Unit Testing

Code testing was carried out to see the correctness of the logic involved and the correctness
of the modules. Tests were conducted based upon sample and live data as well. All the
modules are checked separately for assuming correctness and accuracy in all the
calculations.

Specification Testing

It examines the specification stating about what program should do and how it performs
under various conditions. This testing strategy is better strategy since it focuses on the way
the software is expected to work.

Integration Testing

The next level testing that was performed is often referred to as integration testing. During
this phase many unit tested modules were combined into subsystems, which were then
tested. The goal here was to see if modules can be integrated properly. Here the emphasis
was on testing interfaces between different constituent modules of system.

Functionality Testing

Here the entire software system was tested. The reference document for this process is the
requirements document, and the goal was to see if software solution meets its requirements.
This level of testing is essentially a validation exercise, and in many situation it is the only
validation activity.
Stress Testing

Proxy server developed for the specified purpose was testing under heavy load, i.e. a large
no. of clients were made to sit in lab and were asked to send requests for logging in and
then were asked to request for text on internet. System responded to request as desired.
Acceptance Testing

Acceptance was performed in the real environment with realistic data of the client to
demonstrate if the software developed is working satisfactorily. Here the main focus was
on the external behavior of the system; the internal logic of the program was not
emphasized.

Test Data and Test Cases

The primary objective of test case design is to derive a set of tests that have the highest
likelihood of uncovering errors in software. The test case specification is the major activity
in the testing process. Careful selection of test cases that satisfy the criterion on approach
specified is essential for proper testing. Various characteristics of test cases that are
required for portal are:
 A good test has a high probability of finding an error.
 A good test is not redundant.
 A good test should be “Best of Breed”.
 A good test should be neither too simple not too complex.
Overview of Testing

1. Testing: Testing involves executing the program (or part of it) using sample data and
inferring from the output whether the software performs correctly or not. This can be done
either during module development (unit testing) or when several modules are combined
(system testing).
2. Direct Testing: Defect testing is testing for situation where the program does not meet
its functional specification. Performance testing tests a system's performance or reliability
under realistic loads. This may go some way to ensuring that the program meets its non-
functional requirements.

11.2Debugging
Debugging is a cycle of detection, location, repair and test. Debugging is a hypothesis
testing process. When a bug is detected, the tester must form a hypothesis about the cause
and location of the bug. Further examination of the execution of the program (possible
including many returns of it) will usually take place to confirm the hypothesis. If the
hypothesis is demonstrated to be incorrect, a new hypothesis must be formed. Debugging
tools that show the state of the program are useful for this, but inserting print statements is
often the only approach. Experienced debuggers use their knowledge of common and/or
obscure bugs to facilitate the hypothesis testing process. After fixing a bug, the sys tem
must be reset to ensure that the fix has worked and that no other bugs have been introduced.
This is called regression testing. In principle, all tests should be performed again but this
is often too expensive to do.
Test Planning
Testing needs to be planned, to be cost and time effective. Planning is setting out standards
for tests. Test plans set out the context in which individual engineers can place their own
work. Typical test plan contains:
Interface Testing: Usually done at integration stage when modules or sub-systems are
combined. Objective is to detect errors or invalid assumptions about interfaces between
modules. Reason these are not shown in unit testing is that test case may perpetuate same
incorrect assumptions made by module designer. Particularly important when OO
development has been used.
Four Types Of Interface
1. Parameter: data (or occasionally function references) passed from one unit to another.
2. Shared memory: block of memory shared between units (e.g. global variable) .One
places data there and the other retrieves it.
3. Procedural: Object-Oriented or abstract data type form of interface, encapsulating
several procedures.
4. Message passing: one sub-system requests a service by passing a message. Client-server
interface also used by some OO architectures.
Typical levels of testing:
Acceptance testing - whole system with real data (involve customer, user, etc) .Alpha
testing is acceptance testing with a single client (common for bespoke systems). Beta
testing involves distributing system to potential customers to use and provide feedback. In,
this project, Beta testing has been followed. This exposes system to situations and
errors that might not be anticipated by us.

11.3 Maintenance

Once the website is launched, it enters the maintenance phase. All systems need
maintenance. Maintenance is required because there are often some residual errors
remaining in the system that must be removed as they are discovered. Maintenance
involves understanding the effects of the change, making the changes to both the code and
the documents, testing the new parts and retesting the old parts that were not changed.
Maintenance is mainly of two types:
1. Corrective Maintenance
2. Adaptive Maintenance
Corrective Maintenance
Almost all software that is developed has residual errors or bugs in them. Many of these
surfaces only after the system have been in operation, sometimes for a long time. These
errors once discovered need to be removed, leading to the software to be changed. This is
called Corrective Maintenance.
Adaptive Maintenance
Even without bugs, software frequently undergoes change. The software often must be
upgraded and enhanced to include more features and provide more services.

Perfective Maintenance - This includes modifications and updates done in order to keep
the software usable over long period of time. It includes new features, new user
requirements for refining the software and improve its reliability and performance.

Preventive Maintenance - This includes modifications and updating to prevent future

problems of the software. It aims to attend problems, which are not significant at this
moment but may cause serious issues in future.

Cost of Maintenance
Reports suggest that the cost of maintenance is high. A study on estimating software
maintenance found that the cost of maintenance is as high as 67% of the cost of entire
software process cycle.

On an average, the cost of software maintenance is more than 50% of all SDLC phases.
There are various factors, which trigger maintenance cost go high, such as:

Real-world factors affecting Maintenance Cost

 The standard age of any software is considered up to 10 to 15 years.

  Older software’s, which were meant to work on slow machines with less memory
and storage capacity cannot keep themselves challenging against newly coming
enhanced software’s on modern hardware.
 As technology advances, it becomes costly to maintain old software.
 Most maintenance engineers are newbie and use trial and error method to rectify
problem.
 Often, changes made can easily hurt the original structure of the software, making
it hard for any subsequent changes.
 Changes are often left undocumented which may cause more conflicts in future.
Software-end factors affecting Maintenance Cost

 Structure of Software Program

 Programming Language
 Dependence on external environment
 Staff reliability and availability
Maintenance Activities
IEEE provides a framework for sequential maintenance process activities. It can be used
in iterative manner and can be extended so that customized items and processes can be
included.

These activities go hand-in-hand with each of the following phase:

 Identification & Tracing - It involves activities pertaining to identification of

requirement of modification or maintenance. It is generated by user or system may
itself report via logs or error messages. Here, the maintenance type is classified
also.

 Analysis - The modification is analyzed for its impact on the system including
safety and security implications. If probable impact is severe, alternative solution
is looked for. A set of required modifications is then materialized into requirement
specifications. The cost of modification/maintenance is analyzed and estimation is
concluded.
  Design - New modules, which need to be replaced or modified, are designed against
requirement specifications set in the previous stage. Test cases are created for
validation and verification.

 Implementation - The new modules are coded with the help of structured design
created in the design step.Every programmer is expected to do unit testing in
parallel.

 System Testing - Integration testing is done among newly created modules.

Integration testing is also carried out between new modules and the system. Finally
the system is tested as a whole, following regressive testing procedures.

 Acceptance Testing - After testing the system internally, it is tested for acceptance
with the help of users. If at this state, user complaints some issues they are
addressed or noted to address in next iteration.

 Delivery - After acceptance test, the system is deployed all over the organization
either by small update package or fresh installation of the system. The final testing
takes place at client end after the software is delivered.

Training facility is provided if required, in addition to the hard copy of user manual.

 Maintenance management - Configuration management is an essential part of

system maintenance. It is aided with version control tools to control versions, semi-
version or patch management.

Software Re-engineering
When we need to update the software to keep it to the current market, without impacting
its functionality, it is called software re-engineering. It is a thorough process where the
design of software is changed and programs are re-written.

Legacy software cannot keep tuning with the latest technology available in the market. As
the hardware become obsolete, updating of software becomes a headache. Even if
software grows old with time, its functionality does not.

For example, initially Unix was developed in assembly language. When language C came
into existence, Unix was re-engineered in C, because working in assembly language was
difficult.
Other than this, sometimes programmers notice that few parts of software need more
maintenance than others and they also need re-engineering.

Re-Engineering Process

 Decide what to re-engineer. Is it whole software or a part of it?

 Perform Reverse Engineering, in order to obtain specifications of existing
software.
 Restructure Program if required. For example, changing function-oriented
programs into object-oriented programs.
 Re-structure data as required.
 Apply Forward engineering concepts in order to get re-engineered software.
There are few important terms used in Software re-engineering

Reverse Engineering
It is a process to achieve system specification by thoroughly analyzing, understanding the
existing system. This process can be seen as reverse SDLC model, i.e. we try to get higher
abstraction level by analyzing lower abstraction levels.

An existing system is previously implemented design, about which we know nothing.

Designers then do reverse engineering by looking at the code and try to get the design.
With design in hand, they try to conclude the specifications. Thus, going in reverse from
code to system specification.

Program Restructuring
It is a process to re-structure and re-construct the existing software. It is all about re-
arranging the source code, either in same programming language or from one
programming language to a different one. Restructuring can have either source code -
restructuring and data-restructuring or both.

Re-structuring does not impact the functionality of the software but enhance reliability
and maintainability. Program components, which cause errors very frequently can be
changed, or updated with re-structuring.
The dependability of software on obsolete hardware platform can be removed via re -
structuring.

Forward Engineering
Forward engineering is a process of obtaining desired software from the specifications in
hand which were brought down by means of reverse engineering. It assumes that there
was some software engineering already done in the past.

Forward engineering is same as software engineering process with only one difference –
it is carried out always after reverse engineering.

Component reusability
A component is a part of software program code, which executes an independent task in
the system. It can be a small module or sub-system itself.

Example
The login procedures used on the web can be considered as components, printing system
in software can be seen as a component of the software.

Components have high cohesion of functionality and lower rate of coupling, i.e. they work
independently and can perform tasks without depending on other modules.

In OOP, the objects are designed are very specific to their concern and have fewer chances
to be used in some other software.

In modular programming, the modules are coded to perform specific tasks which can be
used across number of other software programs.

There is a whole new vertical, which is based on re-use of software component, and is
known as Component Based Software Engineering (CBSE).

Re-use can be done at various levels

 Application level - Where an entire application is used as sub-system of new

software.
  Component level - Where sub-system of an application is used.

 Modules level - Where functional modules are re-used.

Software components provide interfaces, which can be used to establish

communication among different components.

Reuse Process
Two kinds of method can be adopted: either by keeping requirements same and adjusting
components or by keeping components same and modifying requirements.

 Requirement Specification - The functional and non-functional requirements are

specified, which a software product must comply to, with the help of existing
system, user input or both.

 Design - This is also a standard SDLC process step, where requirements are defined
in terms of software parlance. Basic architecture of system as a whole and its sub-
systems are created.

 Specify Components - By studying the software design, the designers segregate

the entire system into smaller components or sub-systems. One complete software
design turns into a collection of a huge set of components working together.

 Search Suitable Components - The software component repository is referred by

designers to search for the matching component, on the basis of functionality and
intended software requirements..

 Incorporate Components - All matched components are packed together to shape

them as complete software.
 13. How to Contact us & about us

Contact Us
If user want to contact us he/she can contact us through the contact us option in the main
menu. Our E-mail id and contact no. is provided. User can contact us through any of the
above links.

About Us
If user want to know anything about this website then he/she can know about us through
the about us option in the main menu. Our website’s brief information is provided there.
14 Conclusion

While developing the system a conscious effort has been made to create and
develop a software package, making use of available tools, techniques and
resources – that would generate a proper system for cases.

While making the system, an eye has been kept on making it as user-friendly.
As such one may hope that the system will be acceptable to any user and will
adequately meet his/her needs. As in case of any system development process
where there are a number of short comings, there have been some
shortcomings in the development of this system also.