9

Unit Opener
Making a Living
page 109 Reading pages 110–111
9.1 make a living (expr) /meɪk ə ˈlɪvɪŋ/ 9.12 combine (v) /kəmˈbaɪn/
work and earn money ● Jessica makes a living join or mix things together ● She combined her
as a teacher. love of music and performing when she joined
9.2 fog bank (n) /fɒɡ bæŋk/ an orchestra. ➣ combination (n)
a thick cloud of fog, especially at sea ● The 9.13 passion (n) /ˈpæʃn/
ship sailed through a fog bank. a very strong liking for sth like an activity,
9.3 cable (n) /ˈkeɪbl/ hobby, etc ● He’s always had a passion for
a strong thick metal rope used on ships, for football. ➣ passionate (adj)
supporting bridges, etc ● The bridge isn’t safe 9.14 assignment (n) /əˈsaɪnmənt/
– the cables need to be replaced. a piece of work that sb is given as part of their
job ● The journalist travelled to Paris because

Reading page 110

his assignment was to report on the Louvre.
➣ assign (v)
9.4 dead-end (adj) /ded end/ 9.15 subject (n) /ˈsʌbʤɪkt/
A dead-end job has low wages and no the thing or person in a picture, a photograph
chance of progress ● He said working at the etc ● Animals are always a popular subject for
supermarket was a dead-end job. photographers.
9.5 exhausting (adj) /ɪgˈzɔːstɪŋ/ 9.16 note (v) /nəʊt/
very tiring ● Being a working mother is say; point out ● He noted that my photography
exhausting because you have to go to work skills were improving.
as well as look after your family and home. 9.17 demand (n) /dɪˈmɑːnd/
➣ exhaust (v), exhaustion (n) the need or desire that people have for sth
9.6 manual (adj) /ˈmænʊəl/ ● There is a high demand for maths teachers
using your hands or your physical strength in the UK.
rather than your mind ● Farming is hard 9.18 get in touch (expr) /get ɪn tʌʧ/
manual work which needs a lot of energy. contact ● Carlos visited his hometown to get
9.7 rewarding (adj) /rɪˈwɔːdɪŋ/ in touch with his childhood.
making you feel satisfied because you are 9.19 roots (pl n) /ruːts/
doing sth useful or important ● It is very your relation to a place because you or your
rewarding for teachers when their students family used to live there ● Her roots are in
pass their exams. ➣ reward (v, n) Hong Kong where she grew up.
9.8 stressful (adj) /ˈstresfl/ 9.20 amateur (n) /ˈæmətə/
making you feel worried and nervous ● Her sb who does sth as a hobby not a job ● He
new job is very stressful. ➣ stress (n) started taking photographs as an amateur, but
now he works for National Geographic.
Word Focus page 110 ✎ Opp: professional
9.9 arrest (v) /əˈrest/ 9.21 obsessed (adj) /əbˈsest/
make sb notice sth and pay attention to it thinking about sb or sth all the time, and
● The sunset arrested his attention as it was so unable to think about anything else ● George
beautiful. ➣ arresting (adj) is obsessed with computers and won’t turn his
off.
9.10 framing (n) /ˈfreɪmɪŋ/
where the photographer sets the borders of 9.22 agent (n) /ˈeɪʤənt/
a photo graph ● Framing the photo correctly sb who represents sb else and helps them find
means keeping people’s heads in the picture! work ● Actors have agents who help them get
➣ frame (v, n) roles in films.
9.11 border (n) /ˈbɔːdə/ 9.23 not look back (expr) /nɒt lʊk ˈbæk/
a band along the edge of sth like a picture stop thinking about sth that happened in the
● On my mobile phone, I can choose different past ● He sold the house, moved to Canada
borders for my photos. and hasn’t looked back since.

56
9.24 fond (of) (adj) /fɒnd (ɒv)/ 9.38 be taken with (expr) /biː ˈteɪkən wɪð/
If you are fond of sb or sth, you like them very really like sb or sth ● She was taken with the
much ● He’s fond of music which is why he idea of being an author, so she decided to do
became a music teacher. ➣ fondness (n) a course in creative writing.
9.25 shoot (v) /ʃuːt/
take a photo ● The photographer shot a Adjectives for jobs
picture of the shark with a special underwater
camera. ➣ shot (n) dead-end manual
exhausting rewarding
9.26 sunrise (n) /ˈsʌnraɪz/ high-risk stressful
start of the day when the sun rises in the sky
● The farmer got up at sunrise every day to
care for his fields and animals.
✎ Opp: sunset Vocabulary page 112
9.27 glare (n) /gleə/
9.39 strike (n) /straɪk/
bright light ● I put on my sunglasses to protect
a period of time when workers deliberately
my eyes from the glare of the sun.
stop working because of a disagreement about
9.28 field (n) /fiːld/ pay, working conditions, etc ● The transport
an area of activity that sb is involved in as part strike lasted two days and caused chaos on
of their work ● Her field is archaeology and at the roads. ➣ strike (v), striker (n)
the moment she is doing research in Greece.
9.40 unemployed (adj) /ʌnɪmˈplɔɪd/
9.29 given (prep) /ˈɡɪvn/ without a job ● I have been unemployed
because of or considering sth ● She looks for two months and am looking for a job.
good, given her age. ➣ unemployment (n)
9.30 caption (n) /ˈkæpʃn/ ✎ Opp: employed
words printed under a cartoon or photo ● The 9.41 vacancy (n) /ˈveɪkənsi/
caption under the cartoon was very funny. a job that is available for sb to start doing
9.31 be drawn into sth (expr) ● There aren’t any vacancies and I can’t find a
/bi drɔːn ˈɪntə ˈsʌmθɪŋ/ job. ➣ vacant (adj)
become involved or start doing sth although 9.42 bonus (n) /ˈbəʊnʌs/
you may not want to at first ● Ι don’t want to be money added to sb's salary ● There has been
drawn into their problems. a scandal about the bonuses that were given
9.32 fortune (n) /ˈfɔːʧuːn/ to bank CEOs during difficult times.
luck ● We were hungry and it was very late, but 9.43 perk (n) /pɜːk/
we had the good fortune to find a restaurant in sth you get from your work in addition to
the village. ➣ fortunate (adj) your wages, such as the use of a car, life
9.33 get into (phr v) /ˈɡet ˈɪntə/ insurance, etc ● Many companies provide their
begin to be involved in sth ● How did you first employees with a company car as a perk.
get into acting? 9.44 pension (n) /ˈpenʃn/
9.34 material gain (n) /məˈtɪərɪəl geɪn/ money you receive after you retire ● He
profit in the form of money and possessions receives a pension of 500 euros every month.
● A well-paid job is essential for somebody ➣ pensioner (n)
interested in material gain. 9.45 fire (v) /faɪə/
9.35 craft (n) /krɑːft/ remove sb from their job because they have
a profession for which you need a special skill done sth wrong ● He was fired for stealing
● As a film director, he is very proud of his company money.
craft and wants all his work to be perfect. 9.46 high-risk (adj) /haɪ-rɪsk/
9.36 amateur (adj) /ˈæmətə(r)/ having a larger level of danger than usual
doing sth for pleasure and not as a job ● He’s ● Working as a firefighter is a high-risk job.
just an amateur painter – he doesn’t get paid 9.47 reference (n) /ˈrefrəns/
for his work. ➣ amateur (n) a letter with information about you written by
9.37 representative (n) /reprɪˈzentətɪv/ sb who knows you well, intended for a possible
sb who speaks or acts for another person employer ● My old boss gave me a good
● The boss couldn’t attend the meeting so he reference, so I found another job easily.
chose a representative to go for him. ➣ refer (v)
➣ represent (v), representation (n) 9.48 candidate (n) /ˈkændɪdeɪt/
sb who is being considered for a job ● There
are three candidates for this job, but only one
will get it.
57
 9.49 position (n) /pəˈzɪʃn/ 9.62 spot (v) /spɒt/
a job ● The position of chef at the local see ● I spotted my friend on the Metro on the
restaurant is being advertised in this way to work this morning, but he didn’t see
magazine. me.
9.50 be made redundant (expr) 9.63 agency (n) /ˈeɪdʒənsi/
/biː meɪd rɪˈdʌndənt/ a business that provides a service for other
lose your job because your employer no longer people or companies ● Liz works in a travel
needs you ● She was made redundant when agency. ➣ agent (n)
the factory closed. 9.64 hit it off (with sb) (expr)
9.51 diploma (n) /dɪˈpləʊmə/ /hɪt ɪt ɒf (wɪð ˈsʌmbədi)/
a document showing that sb has completed a get on very well with sb ● He is happy
course of study or passed an examination because he hit it off with his new colleagues.
● He has a diploma in computing, so he wants 9.65 gladly (adv) /ˈɡlædli/
to find work in IT. If you do sth gladly, you are happy to do it.
9.52 social work (n) /ˈsəʊʃl wɜːk/ ● I’d gladly help you. ➣ glad (adj)
work to improve bad social conditions and help 9.66 wages (pl n) /ˈweɪʤɪz/
people who are poor or have problems money you earn that is paid according to the
● Social work is badly paid but very rewarding. number of hours, days or weeks that you work
9.53 glamour (n) /ˈglæmə/ ● She gets her wages every Friday.
the attractive quality of being connected with 9.67 salary (n) /ˈsæləri/
wealth and success ● There is glamour in money that you receive from your employer
being a film star, but it takes a lot of hard work every month ● His salary is paid into his bank
too. ➣ glamorous (adj) account once a month.
9.54 mine (n) /maɪn/ 9.68 volunteer (n) /vɒlənˈtɪə/
a place underground where workers dig for sb who works willingly and without payment
diamonds, coal etc ● There was an accident at ● Many people were volunteers for the
the mine, but fortunately nobody was trapped Olympic Games. ➣ volunteer (v), voluntary
underground. ➣ mine (v), miner (n) (adj)
9.55 employer (n) /ɪmˈplɔɪə(r)/ 9.69 work force (n) /wɜːk fɔːs/
a person or company that pays sb to do work all the people who work in an industry or
for them ● They’re good employers – we like company ● Over fifty per cent of the work force
working for them. ➣ employ (v), employment in this company are women.
(n), employee (n)
9.56 union (n) /ˈjuːniən/
an organisation that protects workers' rights Grammar page 113
● The union took the company to court
9.70 hire (v) /ˈhaɪə(r)/
because it fired three workers without a
give sb a job ● Jo, our secretary, was hired
reason.
four years ago.
9.57 indefinitely (adv) /ɪnˈdefɪnətli/
9.71 abroad (adv) /əˈbrɔːd/
for an unknown length of time ● The company
in or to another country ● I’ve never been
has closed indefinitely and we don’t know if
abroad.
it will open again. ➣ indefinite (adj)
9.72 qualification (n) /kwɒlɪfɪˈkeɪʃn/
9.58 poor (adj) /pɔː(r)/
If you have a qualification, you have passed
bad ● Mr Davies has been in poor health for
an exam to show you have skill or knowledge
years.
in a subject ● What qualifications do you need
9.59 support (v) /səˈpɔːt/ for this job? ➣ qualify (v), qualified (adj)
provide enough money to pay for the things sb
9.73 director (n) /dəˈrektə(r)/
needs ● Tom has two jobs in order to support
a person who controls a company ● The
his family. ➣ support (n)
director asked everyone to work harder.
9.60 countless (adj) /ˈkaʊntləs/ ➣ direct (v)
numerous ● Countless numbers of people
leave their countries to find work elsewhere.
➣ count (v) Listening page 114
9.61 come by (phr v) /kʌm baɪ/ 9.74 out of choice (expr) /aʊt əv ʧɔɪs/
manage to get sth that is difficult to get because you want to ● I live in a flat out of
● I came by this rare book in a charity shop! choice. I've never wanted to live in a house.

58
9.75 suit (v) /suːt/ 9.86 take on (phr v) /teɪk ɒn/
be right or good for sb ● City life doesn’t really employ ● The company hasn’t taken on any
suit me. ➣ suitable (adj) new employees this year.
9.87 get the sack (expr) /ˈɡet ðə sæk/
Grammar page 116
tell sb that they can no longer work for you
● He was always late for work, so he got the
9.76 details (pl n) /ˈdiːteɪls/ sack.
personal information ● I need your contact 9.88 desperately (adv) /ˈdesprətli/
details: your address, phone number and very much ● We desperately need to get new
email. computers as these keep crashing.
9.77 give sb your word (expr) ➣ desperation (n), desperate (adj)
/ɡɪv ˈsʌmbədi jə ˈwɜːd/ 9.89 meet a deadline (expr) /miːt ə ˈdedlaɪn/
promise sb that you will do sth ● You have to have sth finished on time ● In order to meet a
help her. You gave her your word. deadline, we often work longer hours in the
9.78 make an effort (expr) /meɪk ən ˈefət/ office.
try ● If you want to learn another language, 9.90 properly (adv) /ˈprɒpəli/
you will have to make an effort and study well or correctly ● I can’t see properly without
regularly. my glasses. ➣ proper (adj)
9.79 on time (expr) /ɒn taɪm/ 9.91 staffing (n) /ˈstɑːfɪŋ/
not late ● Make sure you arrive on time for the providing the workers for a business or an
interview. organisation ● The staffing problems at many
9.80 accountant (n) /əˈkaʊntənt/ schools mean that there are not enough
a person whose job is to check the money teachers for some subjects. ➣ staff (n)
another person or company receives and pays 9.92 at all costs (expr) /æt ɔːl kɒsts/
● He asked the accountant how much the whatever it takes ● We must get another actor
company had spent that month. at all costs or the film won’t be made.
9.93 be in debt (expr) /biː ɪn det/
Interviews owe money ● Stop using your credit card
because you are already in debt and owe
candidate reference the bank money.
details vacancy
position 9.94 redundancy (n) /rɪˈdʌndənsi/
becoming unemployed because your job
no longer exists ● The factory closed and
there were hundreds of redundancies.
Use your English page 117 ➣ redundant (adj)
9.95 take sb by surprise (expr)
9.81 shift (n) /ʃɪft/
/teɪk ˈsʌmbədi baɪ sʌˈpraɪz/
If workers work shifts, they work for a period
surpise sb ● When we got higher salaries, it
of time during the day or night and are then
took us by surprise.
replaced by other workers ● She’s a nurse and
is doing the night shift this week. 9.96 out of work (expr) /aʊt əv wɜːk/
unemployed ● The supermarket closed and
9.82 part-time (adv) /ˈpɑːt taɪm/
now we are all out of work.
for only part of the day or week in which
people work ● She’s still at college, so she 9.97 on behalf of (expr) /ɒn bɪˈhɑːf ɒv/
only works part-time. ➣ part-time (adj) instead of sb; as sb's representative ● On
behalf of John, who can’t be here tonight, I
9.83 lay off (phr v) /leɪ ɒf/
thank you for this award.
stop employing sb because there is no work
for them ● He was laid off last month and 9.98 promotion (n) /prəˈməʊʃn/
hasn’t found another job yet. a move to a more important job in a company
● She used to be a teacher but got a
9.84 launch (v) /lɔːnʧ/
promotion and is now the principal.
make a new product available to the public
➣ promote (v)
● The designer has just launched her summer
fashion collection. ➣ launch (n)
9.85 withdraw (v) /wɪðˈdrɔː/ Things that make you want to work
stop offering a product for sale ● The toy has bonus perk salary
been withdrawn from the market. glamour promotion wages

59
 9.107 outsider (n) /aʊtˈsaɪdə/
Losing your job sb who isn’t from a particular place ● He felt
like an outsider at his new school as nobody
be made redundant out of work would talk to him.
fire redundancy
get the sack unemployed
Video: Wildlife Reporter
page 120
Writing: a report pages 118-119 9.108 flame (n) /fleɪm/
the hot burning gas that you see when sth is
9.99 reduction (n) /rɪˈdʌkʃn/ on fire ● Don’t put your hand near the candle
a decrease in sth ● A reduction in the price of flame. You’ll burn yourself.
the meals at the canteen made the staff happy.
➣ reduce (v) 9.109 majority (n) /məˈʤɒrəti/
✎ Opp: increase more than half of a group of people or things
● The majority of students passed the exam,
9.100 recommendation (n) /ˌrekəmenˈdeɪʃn/ but a few didn't.
a suggestion or advice about the best thing ✎ Opp: minority
to do, buy, etc ● Based on his experience, he
made some recommendations for improving 9.110 occupation (n) /ɒkjʊˈpeɪʃn/
our work. ➣ recommend (v) a job ● 'What's your occupation?' 'I'm a
teacher.'
9.101 board (v) /bɔːd/
get on ● We board the bus every morning 9.111 significant (adj) /sɪgˈnɪfɪkənt/
at eight and get off when we get to school. important ● Scientists have made significant
progress in fighting many diseases.
9.102 supervision (n) /suːpəˈvɪʒn/ ➣ significance (n)
being in charge of an activity or person and ✎ Opp: insignificant
making sure things are done correctly
● The children are naughty and need 9.112 skilled (adj) /skɪld/
supervision. ➣ supervise (v), supervisor (n) having the training and experience necessary
to do sth well ● The furniture was made by
9.103 on duty (expr) /ɒn ˈdjuːti/ skilled craftsmen and is very good.
working ● I wasn’t on duty at 4.30. ➣ skill (n)
9.104 day-to-day (adj) /deɪ-tə-deɪ/ ✎ Opp: unskilled
daily ● The day-to-day costs of running this car 9.113 capable (adj) /ˈkeɪpəbl/
are too high for me. having the ability necessary to do sth ● You
9.105 running (n) /ˈrʌnɪŋ/ need to be a capable climber to reach the
organising or being in charge of a business summit of this mountain.
● The running of the shop is the manager's ➣ capability (n)
responsibility. ➣ run (v) ✎ Opp: incapable
9.106 slip (v) /slɪp/ 9.114 potential (n) /pəˈtenʃl/
move smoothly over sth by accident and fall or the possibility that something will develop in a
almost fall ● Careful you don’t slip – the floor’s certain way ● Katy has the potential to become
wet. ➣ slippery (adj) a wonderful painter. ➣ potential (adj)

60