COSTING METHODS
UNIT-1
INTRODUCTION TO COSTING METHODS
INTRODUCTION
The methods or types of costing refers to the methods used in the ascertainment of cost of
products and services.Several methods have been designed to suit the needs of different
industries. The method of costing to be used In a particular concern depends upon the type
and the nature of manufacturing activities . There are two main types of costing , they are -
Job costing
Process costing
All other methods are variants of either job costing or process costing .
Various methods are as follows -
I. JOB COSTING:
Under this method, each job or work order or projectis identified separately to be
treated as a cost unit and for which the cost are separately calculated and accumulated
.According to CIMA of U.K. job costing is being defined as "applies where work is
undertaken to customers' special requirement " .
A job may be big or small , comprises of specific quantity of product to be produced
as per customer specification .
The industries where this method of costing is applied are -
Printing press
Interior decorators
Repair shops
Painters
General engineering workshops , etc
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CONTRACT / TERMINAL COSTING
In contract costing the work Is carried as per customers specification . Here each
contract is considered as separate cost unit. A separate contract account Is opened for
each contract to ascertain profit on each contract . Contract costing is most suited to -
Civil engineering contracts such as construction of buildings , construction of
dams , bridges , roads , etc …
Ship building , air craft's construction , etc..
BATCH COSTING
A batch represents a number of small orders or group of identical products
produced in a batch . Therefore, each batch of product is treated as cost unit for
which cost are separately ascertained . This method is used in companies engaged In
production of ready made garments , toys , biscuits and chocolates , shoes , tyres and
tubes , compound parts , etc ..
OPERATING / SERVICE COSTING
This method of costing is used in the undertakings which provides services.
Examples of undertakings using this methods are -
Transport undertakings ( road transport , airways , shipping )
Electricity companies
Hotels
Hospitals
Cinema theatres , etc .
Cost is ascertained per unit of service rendered . These are usually a compound cost
unit .Example : In transport company cost is as ascertained in tonne- kilometre or
passenger kilometre
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SINGLE / OUTPUT / UNIT COSTING -
This methodof cost ascertainment is used when production is uniform and consist of
single or more varieties of same product . Where the product is produced in different
grades, cost are ascertained grade wise .
As the unit of output are identical, the cost per unit is calculated by dividing the total
cost by the number of units produced . The cost is ascertained in the form of cost
sheet for a definite period . This method is applied in mines , steel mills , flour mills ,
quarries,etc ..
OPERATION COSTING -
A process may consist anumber of operations as explained in the last stage of textile
industry which involves number of operations such as polishing , dying , designing ,
packing etc and operation costing involves cost ascertainment of each operation
which is involved in process costing .
II PROCESS COSTING
Process costing method is used In mass production Industries which manufactures
standardised products In which raw materials passes through number of process of
manufacturing process in a particular sequence to completion stage . A process here
means a stage of production . Cost are accumulated for each process or department
wise . As all the units produced are alike , in order to arrive at the cost per unit , the
total cost of process Is divided by number of units produced . The finished product of
one process is passed on to the next process in sequence as raw materials .
For example , the manufacturing of clothes in textile factory involves different process
The first process is spinning process ,i.e, yarn is produced which is used by the
weavers as raw materials in the next process ,i.e, in the weaving process . In the
second process, the output of weaving process ,i.e, cloth is determined and transported
to the next process ,i.e, finishing process which involves different operations like
dying , designing and packing process . Therefore in such multiple process industry ,
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process costing is used to ascertain the cost of each process . Example of industries
which employ this method are
soap manufacturing industry ,
refineries ,
sugar mills ,
chemical manufacturing industries ,
textile industries , etc .
III MULTIPLE COSTING / COMPOSITE COST
It is an application of more than one method of cost ascertainment in respect of same
product . This method is used in engineering industries where a number of
components are separately manufactured in different nature to assemble into a final
product .
Example : Refrigerators , automobile industries , air conditioners , computers , mobile
phones , air crafts , etc .
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