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Recent Developments of Zero ODP, Low
GWP Clean Fire Suppression Agents
Mark L. Robin, Ph.D. & Helen Lowery
DuPont Chemicals & Fluoroproducts
mark.l.robin@dupont.com
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Suppression, Detection and Signaling Research and
Applications Symposium (SUPDET 2014)
March 4-7, 2014
University of Central Florida
Orlando, Florida
04/2009 -DuPont Confidential-
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What is a Clean Agent?
NFPA 2001 Standard on Clean Agent Fire
Extinguishing Systems (2012 edition)
3.3.6 Clean Agent. Electrically
nonconducting, 2volatile, or gaseous fire
extinguishing agent that does not leave a
residue upon evaporation
No residue
No cleanup
No downtime
04/2009 -DuPont Confidential-
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Halon Era: 1960s to 1994:
Halon 1301 – total flooding
Halon 1211 – streaming applications
• No corrosive or abrasive residues
No damage to sensitive/expensive
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asset
• No cleanup required after discharge
No business interruption
Protection of expensive, sensitive,
mission-critical assets
04/2009 -DuPont Confidential-
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Cost of Business Interruption
Cost of datacenter downtime
is high and getting higher
Average cost per minute
increased
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41% from 2010
2010: $5,617 per minute
2013: $7,908 per minute
04/2009 Source:
-DuPont Ponemon Institute 2013
Confidential-
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The Halon Era: 1960s to 1994
Halon 1301/Halon 1211 Applications
Electronics facilities
Computer rooms
Communications
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equipment rooms
Oil & gas industry
pipeline pumping stations
offshore platforms
Shipboard machinery spaces
Museums
Libraries
04/2009 -DuPont Confidential-
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The Halons were near ideal…
– What Happened?
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04/2009 -DuPont Confidential-
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Ozone Depletion
Source: U.S. EPA
04/2009 -DuPont Confidential-
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Mid 1980s Thinkers:
“Halon is to be Phased Out
- Now What?”
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04/2009 -DuPont Confidential-
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The Search for “Son of Halon”
mid-1980s to Present
04/2009 -DuPont Confidential-
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The Halon Era: 1960s to 1994
What made the Halons “Ideal Fire
Extinguishing Agents” ???
Clean
Efficient fire suppression
Chemically inert 10
• Storage stable
• Non-reactive chemically
Electrically non-conducting
Low Toxicity
Low Cost
A unique combination of properties
04/2009 -DuPont Confidential-
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Properties of the Ideal Halon Replacement
• Clean
• Efficient fire suppression
• Chemically inert
Long term storage stability
No chemical reactions with water, fuels, assets
• Electrically non-conducting
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• Low toxicity
• Zero ODP
• Zero GWP
• Reasonable manufacturing cost
No replacement has been found which
satisfies ALL of the above requirements
04/2009 -DuPont Confidential-
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100s of Researchers….
1000s of Compounds Screened Later……..
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Halon Replacements
- Commercialized Agents
04/2009 -DuPont Confidential-
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Comparison of Halon 1301 Replacements
X = provides desired property
Ideal Halon 1301 Replacement Halon 1301 HFCs Inert Gases Perfluoroketones
High weight efficiency XX X
Gas at ambient temperature X X X
Low chemical reactivity X X X
Electrically nonconducting X X X X
Low toxicity X X X
Lack of metabolism X X X
Low agent cost X X X
Low system cost X X X
Low number agent cylinders X X X
Low storage volume X X X
Low system footprint X
13 X X
Low cylinder pressure rating X X X
Low manifold pressure rating X X X
Low negative pressures during discharge X X X
Low positive pressures during discharge X X X
Slow stratification X X X
Zero ODP (ozone depletion potential) X X X
Zero GWP (global warming potential) X
VOC exempt (no contribution to smog) X X X
HFCs offer the best overall combination
of the properties desirable in a Halon replacement
04/2009 -DuPont Confidential-
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Global Warming: Impact of HFCs in Fire
Extinguishing Applications
Impact on
High GWP value ≠ High impact on global warming
Low GWP values ≠ Low impact of global warming Global Warming
Impact = GWP x Emissions
CO2 85%
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All other GHGs
99.99%
HFCs in Fire
Applications (0.01%)
04/2009 -DuPont Confidential-
Based on US EPA 2013
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Clean Agent Program
Goal: Discover and commercialize a range of new clean fire
extinguishing agents to extend our current portfolio and
satisfy the safety, environmental and performance
requirements of clean agent users around the world
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04/2009 -DuPont Confidential-
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Total Flooding Agents
• High mass efficiency
• Chemically inert
• No reaction with water, common solvents
• Long term storage stability
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• High volatility
• bp -70 to + 40 oC
• Electrically non-conducting
• Low toxicity
• Cost effective
04/2009 -DuPont Confidential-
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Total Flooding Agents
Fire Suppression Testing
95% of clean agent
• Class A (solid) Fuels applications are
Class A/Class C hazard
• UL 2166 Full-scale Tests protection
• Plastic Sheets (PMMA,
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• Wood crib
• 100 m3 enclosure; 50 kg per single test run
04/2009 -DuPont Confidential-
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Class A Performance
Lab Scale Method Developed
DuPont-developed rod tests
• Modification of cup burner apparatus
• Plastic rod – special design
• Laboratory scale : 300
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g requirement
• Excellent agreement with UL 2166 results
FM-200®, FE-25TM, NovecTM 1230
04/2009 -DuPont Confidential-
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Total Flooding Agents
Fire Suppression Testing
• Class B (liquid, gaseous) Fuels
Cup burner apparatus
• Standardized apparatus (NFPA 2001/ISO 14520)
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04/2009 -DuPont Confidential-
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Small Scale Total Flooding Tests
• 0.6 m3 Lexan test enclosure
• Class B “pan” fire tests
• Class A tests 20
plastic pieces (PMMA, PP, ABS)
“mini wood crib”
04/2009 -DuPont Confidential-
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Physical & Chemical Properties of Total
Flooding Agents for Occupied Areas
Flooding
Halon NovecTM
Property FM-200® Candidate
1301 1230
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CF3CF2CF(CO)-
Chemical Formula CF3Br CF3CHFCF3
21 CF(CF3)2
Proprietary
Boiling point (oC) -58 -17 49 31
Liquid density
1.54 1.38 1.72 1.3
(g/cm3 @ 25 oC)
Chemical
Low Low High Low
Reactivity
04/2009 -DuPont Confidential-
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Toxicological Properties of Total
Flooding Agents for Occupied Areas
Halon NovecTM Flooding
Property FM-200®
1301 1230 Candidate 1
4h LC50 , ppm >800,000 >800,000
22 >100,000 >231,000
CS NOAEL,
5.0 9.0 10.0 10.0
% v/v
CS LOAEL,
7.5 10.5 > 10.0 12.5
% v/v
04/2009 -DuPont Confidential-
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Fire Suppression Properties of Total
Flooding Agents for Occupied Areas
Halon NovecTM Flooding
Property FM-200®
1301 1230 Candidate 1
Class A MDC, % v/v 5.0 6.7 4.5 5.6
Class B MDC, % v/v a 5.0 8.7 5.9 6.9
Class C MDC, % v/v 5.0 7.0 4.7 6.3
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Relative mass
efficiency, heptane 0.48 1.00 1.26 1.00
hazard
Relative mass
efficiency, Class C 0.60 1.00 1.25 1.00
Hazard
Mass Efficiency:
Halon 1301 > Flooding Candidate 1 ~ HFC‐227ea > FK‐5‐1‐12
Higher mass required
04/2009 -DuPont Confidential-
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Flooding Candidate 1: Determination of GWP
Experimental Data
Infrared Absorption Spectrum
Rate Constant for reaction with OH radical
Reaction with OH is primary atmospheric sink
Laser Photolysis –Laser Induced Fluorescence Technique
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Results
k(272 K) = 3.2 x 10-13 cm3 molecule-1 s-1
Lifetime = 36 days
GWP (100 year time horizon) = 2
04/2009 -DuPont Confidential-
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Environmental Properties of Total
Flooding Agents for Occupied Areas
Flooding
Halon NovecTM
Property FM-200® Candidate
1301 1230
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ODP 10 025 0 0
Atmospheric
65 34.2 0.02 0.10
Lifetime, years
GWP (100 y
7140 3220 1 2
ITH)
04/2009 -DuPont Confidential-
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Total Flooding Candidate 1
Suitable for the protection of normally occupied
areas containing Class A, Class B, and
Class C hazards
• 4h LC50 > 23.1%
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• CS NOAEL = 10%
• CS LOAEL = 12.5%
• MDC Class A = 5.6%
• MDC Class B = 6.9%
95% Clean
• MDC Class C = 6.3 % Agent Applications
04/2009 -DuPont Confidential-
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Total Flooding Candidate 1
• Current Activity
• Process scale-up27completed
• Intermediate & Full-scale fire testing
04/2009 -DuPont Confidential-
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Clean Agent Development
Streaming Agents
• High mass efficiency
• Chemically inert
• No reaction with water, common solvents
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• Long term storage stability
• Liquid or high bp gas
• bp -10 to + 40 oC
• Electrically non-conducting
• Toxicity
• Equal to or better than Halon 1211 or HCFC-123
• Cost effective
04/2009 -DuPont Confidential-
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Physical & Chemical Properties of Streaming
or Non-Occupied Area Agents
Streaming/ Streaming/
Non-occupied Non-occupied
Halon
Property 2-BTP Area Area
1211
Candidate 1 Candidate 2
(SC1) (SC2)
Chemical Formula CF2BrCl CF29
3CBr=CH2 Proprietary Proprietary
ODP 3 0.0028 0 0
Atmospheric lifetime (y) 16 0.02 TBD TBD
GWP (100 year ITH) 1890 0.26 < 20 est. < 20 est.
Boiling point (oC) -4 34 31 18
Liquid density
1.8 1.65 1.38 1.3
(g/cm3 @ 25 oC)
Chemical Reactivity Low Low Low Low
04/2009 -DuPont Confidential-
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Toxicological Properties of Streaming
or Non-Occupied Area Agents
Streaming/ Streaming/
Non-occupied Non-occupied
Halon
Property 2-BTP Area Area
1211
Candidate 1 Candidate 2
(SC1) (SC2)
31,300 30
4h LC50 ,
to > 20,000 > 102,900 120,000
ppm
100,000
CS NOAEL,
0.5 0.5 1.25 2.50
% v/v
CS LOAEL,
1.0 1.0 2.50 > 2.50
% v/v
Candidate 2 exhibits toxicity profile superior
to that of Halon 1211 and 2‐BTP
04/2009 -DuPont Confidential-
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Fire Suppression Properties of Streaming
or Non-Occupied Area Agents
Streaming/ Streaming/
Non-occupied Non-occupied
Halon
Property 2-BTP Area Area
1211
Candidate 1 Candidate 2
(SC1) (SC2)
Class A MDC, % v/v 5.0 ? 5.6 4.8
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Class B MDC, % v/v 5.0 6.1 7.3 6.2
Class C MDC, % v/v 5.0 ? 6.3 5.0
Relative mass
1.0 1.3 2.0 1.0
efficiency, heptane
Relative mass
1.3 ? 1.9 1.0
efficiency, Class A
Candidate 2 exhibits a mass efficiency equal to
or superior to that of Halon 1211 and a mass
04/2009 efficiency superior to that of 2‐BTP
-DuPont Confidential-
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Summary
• Total flooding: Occupied Areas
Development of a promising total flooding candidate
suitable for use in normally occupied areas based on
toxicological testing and small-scale fire testing
• Suitable for use in normally occupied areas
• Class A, Class B, Class
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• Zero ODP
• Low GWP
• Good mass efficiency
• Low chemical reactivity
Further evaluation in progress
04/2009 -DuPont Confidential-
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Summary
• Streaming or Non-occupied Areas
Development of several promising candidates based on
toxicological testing and small-scale fire testing
• Candidate #2 meets or exceeds Halon 1211 in mass
efficiency and has superior toxicity profile
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• Candidate #2 exceeds 2-BTP in mass efficiency and
has superior toxicity profile
• Zero ODP
• Low GWP
• Low chemical reactivity
Further evaluation in progress
04/2009 -DuPont Confidential-
