100% found this document useful (1 vote)
188 views21 pagesPat9306527 - Scalar Waves
Scalar Waves
Uploaded by
daveklodavekloCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
100% found this document useful (1 vote)
188 views21 pagesPat9306527 - Scalar Waves
Scalar Waves
Uploaded by
daveklodavekloCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 21
(2)
oy
ow
2
0)
ey
@y
on,
(2)
658)
36)
United States Patent
Hively
SYSTEMS, APPARATUSES, AND METHODS
FOR GENERATING AND/OR UTILIZIN
SCALAR-LONGITUDINAL WAVES
Applicant: GRADIENT DYNAMICS LLC,
MeLean, VA (US)
Inventor; Lee M. Hively, Philadelphia, TN (US)
Assignee: GRADIENT DYNAMICS LLC,
MeLean, VA (US)
Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the tem ofthis
patent is extended of adjusted under 35
USC. 1540) by 0 days
Appl. Now 14/726,305
Filed: May 29, 2018
Int.
Host 200
Hara 136
nos 1302
us.cl.
c
(2006.01)
(2005.01)
(2006.01)
‘Ho3Ht 2005 (2013.01); HOIQ 1362
(2013.01); Hose 13/02 (2013.01)
Field of Classification Search
crc, HOIQ 9/16; HO1Q 16, HO1Q 904
usp 343/701, 792, 895
‘See pplication ile for complete search history.
References Cited
USS. PATENT DOCUMENTS
Sam) A864 tole
SEB A Tae
Sate A EB ee
ime A Su fen
A ibe es
RS ee
1US009306527B1
(10) Patent No.
4s) Date of Patent:
US 9,306,527 B1
Apr. 5, 2016
1984 Gelinas
1984 Gelinas
‘aioe A D981 Gelinas
aos A toss
SeoswoT A | 8198 Gelinas
SSago88 A + 51999, Makino Ho1g 90
33715
Sa7919 4+ 21995 Lam HOIQo ts
SaW0317 A * 81995 Jao Hor 1088
33.702
5604505 4 * 21997 Rodal waigo
ss4s220 Pushott
sonto7 ‘amenk ea
RSDIG-1
20190065350 ALY 2015 Hob OIE 605
* cited by examiner
Primary Examiner
(74) Attornes
Pittman LLP
Hoang V Nguyen
Agent, or Firm — Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw
on ABSTRACT
‘Scalr-longtudinal waves (SLWs) may be transmitted andior
received. A first apparatus configured to transmit andior
receive SLWs may include a linea ist conductor coalgured
{0 operate asa linear monopole antenna at first operating
frequency. The fist apparatus may include a tubular second
conductor coaxially aligned with tho fist condctor and an
fnnular balun conligared to cancel most oral rtm curent
‘ona outer surface of the second conductor during operation
sch thatthe first conductor transmits or receives SLWs.
second! apparatus configured 1
Jarlongidinal waves may include bifilar coil formed in an
sltemating fashion of «first conductor and second conde-
{or sh that an clerical eure ia the coi wil propagate in
‘opposite direction in adjacent tums ofthe coll thereby can
celling any magnetic field so that during operation the coil
transmits or receives SLs
smit andlor receive sea-
laims, 9 Drawing Sheets U.S. Patent Apr. 5, 2016 Sheet 1 of 9 US 9,306,527 B1
100
RF Input
Network Analyzer
SLW Propagation
FIG. 1
RF Output U.S. Patent Apr. 5, 2016 Sheet 2 of 9 US 9,306,527 B1
nn
202
206
208
FIG. 2A i 100
Elin Vim
$.0000¢+003
5.532064003
3825464003
264534003
L.x2024-003
8.74694+-002,
US 9,306,527 BIL
41826400:
9234-00;
0000400
60485400
Sheet 3 of 9
Apr. 5, 2016
At
ly eo,
U.S, Patent
FIG. 2B U.S. Patent Apr. 5, 2016 Sheet 4 of 9 US 9,306,527 B1
log, (0)
84
FIG. 3 U.S. Patent Apr. 5, 2016 Sheet 5 of 9 US 9,306,527 B1
90
100
110
-120
“130
90
100
10
-120
-130
tog, 0
FIG. 4 U.S, Patent
Attenuation (4B)
Attenuation (4B)
-100
“110
-120
-140
-100
“110
-120
-130
Apr. 5, 2016
Sheet 6 of 9
US 9,306,527 BIL
140
08
06
log 0
FIG. 5
04
02 U.S. Patent Apr. 5, 2016 Sheet 7 of 9 US 9,306,527 B1
Cie os 02 ° (Hi 0)
log, (r
8,90
FIG. 6 U.S. Patent Apr. 5, 2016 Sheet 8 of 9 US 9,306,527 B1
FIG.7 U.S. Patent Apr. 5, 2016 Sheet 9 of 9 US 9,306,527 B1
800
is Configured To Transmit Or Re 802
Obtain Appara
Scalar-Longitudinal Waves
Transmit Or Receive Scalar-Longitudinal Waves To 804
Achieve Technical Result
FIG. 8 US 9,306,527 BI
1
SYSTEMS, APPARATUSES, AND METHODS
FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE
‘This disclosure relates to systems, apparatuses, and meth-
‘ods for generating and/or utilizing sealar-Fongitdinal waves,
BACKGROUND
Classical eleetmdynamie theory may be regarded as con=
teal to physics. An electric field (B) arises from an electric
‘charge density (p). Charge motion creates an elecrial eur-
rent density (J) that drives dynamical changes in E and the
magnetic field, B. The classical electrodynamic model is
based ona coupled set of partial -differential equations forthe
‘quanttis (BF, J).
Classical electromagnetics predits:no wave ereation by
radial motion ofa charged sphere. More specifically sphei-
‘cal symmety ofthe radial electri field on a charged, oscil-
lating sphere impliesacur-Ireelecsic fell (W-0), which
Jn tur yields no variation in magnetic field from Faraday’s
law (VsE-2B/2t-0), corresponding to no magnetic wave
‘Thus, the Poynting vector, ExBiu, is zero, resulting in no
‘classical electromagnetic radiation. This statement applies
‘more generally to no creation of electical waves by radial
motion of any extended change distribution. An electrically
‘equivalent antenna may include a classical linear monopole
that is driven by a sinusoidal eurent to put charge onto and
remove charge from te linear conductor (antenna).
SUMMARY,
Exemplary implementations of the disclosure provide and’
‘or facilitate transmission and/or reveption of seala-longitu-
dlinal waves (SL.W),togother with technology andlor applica
tions using those waves, More speifialy, this disclosure
includes inter ali: (1) a more complete electrodynamics
(MCE) model that may remove andr lessen incompleteness
and/or inconsistency i classical electrodynamics; 2) vert-
‘ation ofa sealar-longitudinl wave (SLW) that arises from 3
tnntdcat-driven current density: (3) SLW antenna apparatus
‘designs; (4) experimental Jata demonstrating that the SLW
‘exsis and can be trnsmited and received by SLW tenn
‘apparatuses: (5) experimental data shosting the SLW is not
subject to the elasical skin effect, as predicted by the MCE
theory; (6 technology applications ofthe scalarlongitudinal
waves: and (7) ditional applications that arise from MCE.
‘One aspect of the disclosure relates to an apparatus con-
figured to transmit or receive sealar-longitudinal waves. The
apparatus may include linear frst conductor configured 10
‘operate a a linear monopole antenna at a first operating
frequency. The apparatus may include tubular second con-
‘ductor coaxially align with the first conductor suet thatthe
first conductor extends ot na first direction from within the
second conductor. The apparatus may ineludean annular skirt
balun disposed at an end of the second conductor fom which
the first conductor extends, The balun may have a larger
«diameter than he second conductor. The balun may extend in,
‘a second direction opposite the frst direction, The balun may
be configured to cancel most orall return eurent on an outer
surface othe send conductor during operation such thatthe
first conductor transmits or receives. sealar-longitudinal
"Another aspect of the disclosure rel
‘configured to transmit or receive scalar
to an apparatus
tudinal waves
0
o
2
The apparatus may include a bifilar coil Forme in an alter:
ating fashion ofa first conductor and a sevond conductor
such that a given tum of the eoil that is made of the frst
‘concctor is adjacent on either sce to tums ofthe coil made
fof the second conductor. The fist conductor and the second
conductor may be conductively coupled such that an electr-
‘al current inthe en will propagate in opposite directions in
adjacent turns of the col theceby cancelling any magnetic
field so that during operation the coil transmits or receives
sealarlongitadina waves.
These and other features, nd characteristics ofthe present
technology as well asthe methods of operation and funetions
of the related clements of structure andthe combination of
paris snd economies of mannfacture, will become more
‘apparent upon consideration af the following description and
the appended claims with reference to the accompanying
drawings, all of which form a part of this specification,
‘wherein like reference numerals designate coresponding
parts in the various figures. Its to be expressly understood,
however, thatthe drawings are forthe purpose of illustration
‘and description only and sre nol intended sa definition of the
Jimits ofthe invention. Also, itis to be expressly understood
that pemnssive language (eg. “may”) used inthe spe
tion to deseribe the present technology conveys @ present
understanding of the underlying science, but any inadequa-
cies in that understanding should not be ase to Himit the
claims. As used in the specification and in the claims, the
singular form of 3", “an, and “tho” include plural referents
unless the content clearly dictates otherwise,
BRIBE DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS.
FIG. 1 illustrates a system configured to transmit andor
receive scalar longitudinal waves, in aoeordance with one oF
more implementations.
FIG, 2A illustrates eross-scctional view ofa Hinear mono-
pole antenna apparatus 200 configured to transmit andior
receive sealalongitudinal waves, in aoeordaice with one oF
‘more implementations.
FIG. 2B illustrates a cross-sectional view of constant elec:
tric field magnitude eontours for a monopole antenna with a
skin balun inaceordance with one or more implementations.
FIGS. 3,4, 5, and 6 shox experimental results for scalar-
Jongitudinl wave attenuation under various conditions
TG. 7 illostrates a bifilar coil apparatus configured to
transmit and/or receive scalar-longitudinal waves, in accor
dance with one oF more implementations
FIG, 8 illustrates method for utilizing seala-longitadial
‘waves, in aecordance with one or more implementations.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
‘This disclosure may demonstrate measurement of sealar-
longitudinal wave (SLW). The SLW may have C-V-At
(©5428 a non-rer dynamical, scalar eld together with
‘longitudinal F-feld. and may represent the vector and
scalar electrical potentials, respectively. Here, © and may
represent the electrical permittivity and permeability (not
necessarily vacuum values), respectively. The SLW may have
‘no magnetic component. Exemplary implementations may
provide andlor lailitate transmission andlor reception ofthe
SLW via lincar monopole antennas andior tightly-wound,
bifilar, helical cols. Exemplary implementations may fil
fate a 1S 10 28 atomic transition (mS to n8 mn in
general). The measurements show thatthe SLW canbe trans-
mitted through a thick Faraday cage or box (thousands of
classical skin depths thick) © a companion SLW receiver, US 9,306,527 BI
3
citer enclosed in a separate Faraday box or without a Fara
‘day box. This result may not be explainable by radiation of
‘lassical transverse waves because such waves are eliminated
via Faraday cage(s) around the tansmiting andor receiving
‘The nced for an additional (arbitrary) assumption to solve
Maxwell's equations was recognized in the late 1800s.
‘word equivalent to “arbitrary was chosen, analogous to the
‘width variation (gauge) of railroad tracks at that time. The
age fanetion (A) comes fr the vectorteld solution for
the mapnete field, B-VxA. Here, A may describe the vector
potential wth infinitely many choices, A—eASVA, while Bis
tunchanged. The electric field may be represcated by
E-V-SVEL, Here, may represent the electric potential
swith an arbitrariness forthe same reason, = 2A, while
Eisunchanged, Anexamplemay inchide V-A+a& 129 /8t-0.
The permittivity and permeability may be represented by =
and j_ (not necessarily vacuum), respectively, The Lorenz
age (@-1) may in
propaates tthe speed of light. The Coulomb gauge (c-0)
may yield electrostatics with ® propagation at infinite speed.
‘The velocity gauge (D0,
EQN. I may’ yield the Maxwell-Proca theory, for which
recent tess setan upper hound of mz10"**kg, consistent with
massless photons. For y=1 and m-0, FQN. T may be witten
fin terms of the potentials
e
FQN. 2 may allow two potentially physical classes of
our-veetor fiekls, One class may have zero divergence,
(C-3,A"0, consistent with classical electrodynamics. The
second clast may have zero curl of AMP™=O"A"=
2 AOS%A-0 with a solution, AYA, and a dynamical
‘quantity, C-9,4"-3,0"A. Here, A may represent a scalae
ly thatthe effect of a charge source 2
0
o
4
unetion of space and time. A more complete eletrodyna
smodel (MCE) may be derived from EQN. 2 with C28:
vs oy
The homogeneous equations (V-8-0, VxE43B-0) may
‘unchanged from theclssical model, EQNS. 3-7 may have
the caveat that FQN. 2 i based on the eastaction principle,
roquiring a finite, lower bound on the Lagrangian density
However, FQN. 3 has (-C°2q), which may imply that an
arbitrarily fast change in overtime (or anata rapid
ung i A over space) can make the action arbitrarily large
fund negative, in violation of the leastaction principle. This
Sbsve ay be resaved by noting that EQNS. 17 are base on
partial derivatives, i ifntesinal Jimits overtime and
Space. However the Pinck sale may provide fie iit,
‘whore quantum effets of gravity become strong corespond-
Jingo time an length scale of 54x10" sand 1.610" m,
respectively. The Phanek scales may be experimentally nae
cewible aid may be indistingvishable from iniitesis
thus providing a finite lower bound for EQN. 2. Moreover,
EQN 2 without the new term stilhas—(VxA)?/2, B20
which finite lower bound may apply foe lest Seton. Clase
‘ical electrodynamics has been well validated gains exper
‘ents, s0 the prsonce of the new term, (-C 2), may not
‘quire any mesication in the model of EQNS. 17.
TFQNS. 3-7 may fad to imporcant prditions: (1) eativ-
ine covariancs (2) lssical elds (and Ei terms ofthe
sal elasscal potentials (A and) (3) classical wave equ
‘ins oF A.B, Ean widhoutuseof a gauge coniton: and
a salar-longitdinal wae (SLW), composedof the salar
tun longitudinale elds. Regaaig Hem (3) lhe MCE
thoory may prodice cancellation of aC/ot and —VC inthe
elasial wave equations for and A, thi eliminating the
ood fora gauge condition andits attendant incomplete)
in the classical eleceodynamics. A neeesary and suficient
condition forthe SLW maybe that B-0. The wave equation
Foranull magnetic eld may be shown.as*ByWa-, which
‘may imply that Vx asa result ofthe vector calculus identity,
‘YaVe- 0 Tere x may bea scalar function of space and tine
J for the SLW may be gradient driven and this may be
‘nique detectable, in contrast o classical waves that arse
fiom a solenoidal curent density (Wslo0). Moreover, the
sgradieatrven current density may correspond to a longi
Gil fl in lncarlycondhictive meta, sige Bal US 9,306,527 BI
5
A wave equation for C may arse by use of €y(01) on
EQN. 7, added to the divergence of EQN. 6:
‘TheD’Alembestian may be represented by * Ey maybe Le?
inthe propagation medium (ot neeesarly vacuum. Use of
fromm FQN, 5 in FQN, 8 may’ yield an identity via the
classical wave equations for apd A and he vector alculin
identity for VeVXA-V(VA)-WA-O 10 give
VIV-A-V-V°A since B-0 forthe SLW. Charge conseration
may give zero on te right-hand side (RIS) Of EON. &
crews
EQN. 9 may provide wave-tke solutions, withthe lowest-
‘onde form ina spherically symmetric geometry ta distance
(0. CC, exploit
C{r=2)-20, may be trivially satisfied. The scelar field's
‘energy density may be (C*/2), yielding a constant energy,
‘457 (C7/2p). through spherical boundary in arbitrary med
‘Classical electrodynamics may forbid a spherically symmet-
Fic, transverse wave, This constraint may be absent under the
MCE theory, because the SLW may corespond toa gradient-
driven current. The divenzence theorem of EQN. $ may yield
‘erface matching inthe normal component 1") of VCiu:
L-¢
“The subscripts in EQN. 10 may denote VC in medium | oF
medium 2, respectively.
“The wave equation for E may come from the eur] of Fara
day's aw, use of WB from EQN. 6, and substitution for VE
from EQN. 7 with cancellation ofthe terms WCIO1)-{221)
ve:
EQN. 11 may represent the classical E-wave form. A time
derivative of EQN. 11, and the use of classical charge con-
servation 6p/Ot-—VJ} may yield *E——pleV(V IVE. Here,
the over-do's) may indicate partial time derivative(s). B-O
for the SLW may imply *B-1Vid-0, allowing use of the
vector calculus identity, Ux¥xI-0-V(V-)-VI,, giving
‘V¢V')-V2I, which may imply *(s3/€)-0. Linear eletrical
‘conductivity (0) J~oF, then may give *(E40F/)-0. A very
rapidly decaying, transient soltion may arise by setting the
terms inside the parentheses to zero, giving E-F,exp(-U0})
Here, E may be the initial value of b.
‘A second solution may use the non-transient form, F=E, (6)
‘exp(-jon), which yields
Pew, ~
‘The lowest order, outgoing, spherical wave may be, E-E,F
‘exp [i(kr-ot)}, where F represents the unit vector in the
radial direetionand rrepresents the radial distance, Asbefore,
the oletric wavo's energy, 4°(EE"/2}, may he constant
through a spherical boundary of arbitrary radius and
E(¢—+2)-0. Substitution of I-Pie into EQN. 12 may yield an
‘equivalent form: JO. The SLW equations for E and, J may
‘The boundary condition, >
0
6
be remarkable for several reasons, First, the vector SLW
‘equations for E and J may be fully captured in one wave-
equation forthe scala funeton (x) °-0. This form may be
‘obtained from #J-0 by substitution of JH¥x into the above
identity, VJ-VVk-V(VJ)-V(V'K) Second, these forms
may be ike *C-0 in BQN. 9. Third, these equations may hve
‘zero on the RHS fbr propagation in conductive medi. This
last result may arise from B-0 for the SLA, implying no
back-electromagnetic fell from B in Faraday"s law that ia
tur may give no (circulating) eddy curents. Consequent,
the SLW may not be subje
tothe skin effect in media with,
hean be rewritten
conductivity with
the imaginary pat of the complex permittivity E= cE,0
Slsrical waves may he assumed: EE, Fexplrwt)|rand
CG, expl(keat)}e, ©, may represent the lee space per-
ritivity: may represet the frequency; 2c, and ©, may
represent wavelength, speed of ight, and real par of the
sieletric constant in the propagation medium, respectively:
Ke-2eih, and wr 2, BQN. 13 may predict that (C7E,|~EYe ia
‘slow-conductivity medium (ca#=)"="<<1), witha phase shit
‘ofa between C and E, inthe far fold. This ratio may be
ICIE, ME" "e in a good conductor (S'">>1) with phase
shift"? inthe fr field, EQN. 13 may be consistent with the
ratio for transverse magnet and electri fields, IBV/IEI~1Ve
(C may have the same units as the magnetic field, The enenzy
balance equation forthe MCE theory may’ be shown a
oe we
Jos (Bt are
Use ofthe spherical wave forms for E and C in EQN. 14
with B-O and the ratio of (C/E) from EQN. 13 may yield an
identity, 0-0; the same result lay arise fr plane waves, thus
explicitly verifying the no-skin-ffect prediction. Table T
shows the unique and testable features ofthe MCE theory.
‘which predicts transiission and reception of the SLW,
The radiated SLW power (Poy) may be obtained, 38
follows, The anieana may ‘be’ short, linear monopole
(engih-L) along the z-axis with @ gradientlriven current
density (that is maximal atthe feed point (20) and nero at
the end (1), A and ® may be obtained from the retarded
potentials. and C may be derived from FQNS. 3and 5. The
‘died power may eome from the time-average ofthe radial
‘component of CE in EQN. 14
TABLE 1
o
ius ane SL Prope
rn be ad pie SW propery Equation)
Tees apaeea quay ar Bh EN
2)C fede ty arent aad 3 EQN
3)SIN peng cntne ma EQNS 812
‘ylmesicemaching cts sonny in Vite EQN, 10
5) Alonptadin! fell accmnpasen araeStWC EQNS UIT
EQNS. L117
EQN US 9,306,527 BI
Z-Gu=)'7, which is 376,730 in free space, Terms on the
‘onder of (kt) and higher may be neglected. The resultant
orm for Poor may be shown as
neh
FQN. 15 may be obtained from the classical, retarted
potentials for a gradieat-driven cureat. Then, «paradox
aries, since Cis non-zero dynamical fel, in contrast tothe
‘assumption under which the classical, retarded potetials
‘were obtained via the Lorenz gauge (C-0). The paradox may
be resolved by the MCE theory, which predict explicitly that
‘Cisa dynamical field without a gauge assumption.
FIG.1 illostrates a system 100 configured to transmit and
‘or receive sealae-longitudinal waves, in accordance with one
‘or more implementations, Some” implementations may
jnchide an Agilent Technologies PS07IC nebwork analyze
(300 ki17-20 GEL). The transmitting and receiving antennas
‘ay he identical, because the reciprocity theorem guarantees
thatthe transmitter peometry en also act asa receiver. This
simple layout isto facilitate experimental replication in any
Jaboratory with the appropriate facilities and equipment
FIG. 24 illustrates enoss-sectional view of linear mono
pole antenna appaeatus 200 eontigured to transmit andor
recive scala longitudinal waves, in ascordanee with one oF
‘more implementations. The apparatus 200 may include a
linear first conductor 202, a tubular second conductor 204, an
‘annulae skit balun 206, and/or other components. The firs
‘conductor 202 may extend froma core ofa coaxial eble. The
second conductor 204 may extend from an outer conductor of
‘scoanial cable. The first conductor 202 may be configured to
‘operate as a Tinear monopole antenna at a first operating
fequeney. The second conductor 204 may be coaxially
aligned with the first conductor 202 such thatthe frst con
‘ductor 202 extends out in a first direction from within the
second conductor 204, The skie balun 206 maybe disposed at
fn end of the second conductor 204 from which the fist
‘conductor 202 extends. The talun 206 may have a larger
‘diameter than the second conductor 204, The ban 206 may
‘extend ina second direction oppesite the first direetion. The
balun 206 may be configured to cancel most or all return
‘current on an outer surface ofthe second conductor during
‘operation such that the frst conductor transmits or receives
‘calr-longitidinal waves. Some implementations of appara-
tus 200 may include a tubular dielectric 208 coanially dis-
posed between the first conductor and the second conductor,
the tabular dielecsic extending out in the first direction from
within the second conductor at least part way up the fist
‘conductor.
“The configuration of apparatus 200 js for illustrative pur-
poses and should not be viewed as Himiting as other eontig-
Fations are contemplated and are within the scape of the
1 THz, meaning that a
person normally skilled in the art may need an electron-
‘microscope (or equivalent) to build such an antenna. High
requencies (+1 TH2) may correspond, forexampleto atomic
transitions from a IS to. 2S orbital, which are forbidden by
classical quantum mechanies on the basis of classical elee- US 9,306,527 BI
ul
teodynamies, as discussed above. As one normally skilled
the art can appreciate, analogous molecular, muclear, and
sub-atomie transitions, also exist. Note further that essen-
tally all tansverse-wave transmission or reception may be
eliminated by enclosing a SLW antenna (eg, upparatus 200,
‘orapparatus 70) insidea Faraday cage orbox (e.,acopper
‘or aluminum easing not unlike that for a modern superca-
paciton,
TABLE 2
Fraucey Winget Len0i,
Gali’ eaethFamew tm)
7 310 ame 3.000 be
so 3Hor aston 2 be
Notion “o
Beto. em 03 Sn
Stoo 3
Seta aie
‘More complete electrodynamics (MCE) may be important
for several reasons. First, the MCE theory may involve @
radical revision of Maxwell's equations with one new tenn
{Gefen Gass” aw snd one new frm (-VC) in Ampere’s
Jaw, These new terms may arise from (-C7/24) inthe Stueck-
celberg Lagrangian. Second, the MCE theory may give rela
tivistie covariance; preservation of the fiekds (B and F) in
terms ofthe classical potentials (A snd ¢); and the classical
wave equations for and withouta gauge condition, Thin
the MCE theory may predict new force ter in the MCE
‘momentum balance equation that might explain “dark mat-
ter” as a placeholder for unexplained cosmological atractive
ores, Fourth, new terms in the MCE energy balance (EQN.
15) may explain “dark energy” as a placeholder for unex-
plained repulsive cosmological forces. Fith, the MCE theory
(long with classical theory) may predict that a gradient-
«driven curent produces seala-ongtudinal photon, consist-
ing ofboth scalar (C) and longitudinal F-felel components
This last prediction may make theSLW wave uniquely detect-
able vie’ a pradieatdrven current density in the novel
‘antenna, distinet fom classical transverse photons, that
rexjire a circulating current (VxJ40), The existence of dark
‘matter al dark energy may signify that our physies under
standing is incomplete likely requiring a new idea as pro-
ound as general relativity. Sealar-longitudinal waves’pho-
tons may be tht new idea, as validated by our experimental
results.
Tin some implementations, system 100 (see FIG. 1) may be
‘configured for providing a compuitional simulator based on
‘calar-longitdinal waves, The system 100 may include one
‘or more hardware processors (not depicted) configured by
‘machine-readable instructions. The machine-readable
instructions may inchudea simulation component classical
transverse elecimmmagnetie wave component, a sealarlongi-
tudinal wave component, an evaluation component, an opli-
mization component, andor other components. The sim
tion component may be configured to provide a computerized
physical simulation eavironment in Which electromagnetic
‘imolations ofan antenna or device are performed, In some
‘implementations, the computerized physical simulation envi-
ronment may include a reflector aided to the antenna oF
device to form a direeted bea for transmission andor recep
tion of scalarongitdinal waves. The classical transverse
‘electromagnetic wave component may be configured to pro-
0
o
12
vide simulated classical transverse electromagnetic waves
that ae roeived or transmitted in the electromagnetic sina
Jation ofthe antenna or device. The sealae-longitudinal wave
‘component may be configured to provide simulated scalar
Jongitndinal waves that are received or twansmitted in the
clectmmagnetic simulations of the antenna or device. The
evaluation component my be configured to evaluate charac-
teristics of the antenna or device based on information asso
ciated with simulated classical transverse electromagnet
‘waves and/or simulated scalaclongitudinal waves. The opt
nization component may be conligured to optimize one or
more characterises of the antenna or device based on the
evaluation ofthe characteristics,
‘A given processor may be configured to provide informa-
‘ion processing capabilities in system 100. As such, the tiven
processor may include one or more ofa digital processor,
analog processor, 2 digital circuit designed to process infor
‘mation, an analog circuit designed to process iniormation, a
state machine, andor other mechanisms for electronically
processing information. In some implementations, system
100 may include a plurality of processing units. These pro-
cessing units may be physically located within the same
device, or the given processor may represent processing func-
sionality ofa plurality of devices operating in coordination
The given processor may be configured to execute machine
reaudable instrctions include the simulation component, the
classical transverse electromagnetic wave component, the
scalar-longitudinal wave component, the evaluation compe
‘ent, the optimization component, andor other components
‘of machine-readable instructions. The given processor may
execute machine-readable instructions by software; hard-
‘ware; fimware: some combination of software, hardware
andlor firmware; andlor other mechanisms for configoring
processing capabilites on the given processor
Tesbould be appreciated tht the description of the fanc-
sionality provided by the dierent machine-readable instrue-
‘ion components described herein is for illustrative purposes,
and isnot intended to be limiting, as any of the machine-
‘tkale insriction components may provide more of less
‘unetionality than is deseribed. For example, ane or more of
the machine-readable instruction components may be elimi-
‘nated, and some oral fits functionality may be provided by
silt ones of the machine-readable instruction components
As another example, the given processor may be configured
tw execute one or more addtional machine-readable insirte-
‘ion components that may perform some oral ofthe fune-
ionality attributed herein to one of the machine-readable
instruction components
The system 100 may include electronic storage (not
depicted). The electronic storage may store machine-read-
ahleinstructions and/orother infomation, Electronic storage
‘may comprise non-transitory storage media that electroni-
cally stores information. The electronic storage media of
‘lecioie storage may inlade one or both of system storage
that is provided integrally (ie, substantially non-removable)
‘witha physical computing platform andior removable storage
that s removably connectable toa physical computing plate
orm via, for example, a por (e.g.,aUSB pont firewire por,
ete, oradrive (e.g, adisk drive, ee), Electronic storage may
include one ormore of optically readable storage media. g.
‘optical disks, et), maynetically readable storagemedia(eB.
‘magnetic tape, magnetic hard drive, loppy drive, etc) elec.
‘rieal charge-based storage media (eg., FEPROM, RAM,
te), solid-state storage media (e-., Nash drive ete), andior
other electronically eadable storage media. Fletronie stor
fage may include one or more visual storage resources (©.
cloud storage, a Viral private network, and/or other viral US 9,306,527 BI
13
orage resources), Electronic storage may store software
‘algorithms, information determined by processors, andor
‘ther information that enables system 100 to function as
‘described herci,
FIG, illustrates « method 800 for wilizing sealarlongi-
tudinal waves, in accordance with one or more implementa-
tions. The operations of method 800 presented below are
intended tobe illustrative. In some implementations, method
‘800 may bo accomplished with one or more ditional opera
tions aot described, and/or without one or more of the oper
tions discussed, Additionally, the order in which the opera-
tions of method 800 are ilstrated in FIG. 8 and deseribed
below is aot intended to be limiting
In some implementations, one or more operations of
chad 800 may be implemented in one oF more processing
devices (eg, a digital processr, an analog processor, a digi
tal eicuitdosignod t process information, an analog circuit
‘designed to process information, a state machine, andor
cthermechanisa
‘The one ormore processing devices may include one or more
devices executing somecorall othe operations of method 800
jn response to instructions stored electtonically on an elec
tronic slomige medium, The one or more processing devices
may include one or more devices configured through hard-
Ware, Firmware, andor software to be specially designed
Jor exccution of one or more ofthe operations of method 80.
-Atan operation 802, a firs apparatus orasecond apparatus
‘configured to transmit andlor receive scalar-longitudinal
‘waves may be obtained, The fist apparams (608, eR
ratus 200 of FIG. 24) may include a linear frst conduetor, a
tuhularsecond eonductor, and an annulaeskrt alu, The first
‘conductor may configured to operate asa linear monopole
‘antenna ata firs operating frequency. The second eonduetor
‘may be couxilly aligned with the fist condactor such thatthe
first conductor extends out n'a frst direction from within the
second conductor, The balun may disposed st an end of the
Second conductor from which the fies conductor extends. The
bala may havea lazer diameter than the second conductor
The halon may extend ina second diction opposite the first
direction, The balun may be configured to cancel most or al,
return current on an outer surface of the second conductor
during operation suc thatthe fist conductor transmits oF
receives scalar-longitudinal waves. The second apparatus
(Gee, eg. apparatus 700 of FIG. 7) may include a bifilar oil
Jormed in an altemating feshion of a first conductor and @
second conductor such that a given tue of the coil that is
made ofthe first conductor is adjacent on ether side fo turns
‘of the coil made ofthe second conductor. The first conductor
and the second conductor may be conductively coupled such
that sn electrical current in the coi wil propagate in opposite
slirections in adjacent tans ofthe coil thereby cancelling any
‘magneti fleld so that during operation the eoil transmis oF
receives scalarlongitudinal waves.
‘At an operation 804, scalar-longitudinal waves may be
transmitted and/or received using the fist apparatus or the
second apparatus in order to achieve technical result. xem-
platy technical results are described herein but should not be
Viewed a limiting as other technical results involving scalar-
Jongitudinal waves are contemplated and are within the seope
of the disclosure
In some implementations, the technical result of method
800 may incite communicating and/or sensing information
underwater
In some implementations, the technical result of method
800 may incosle communicating and/or sensing information
underground.
for electronically processing information). 2
o
14
In some implementations, the technical result of method
£800 may include enhancing (or de-enhancing)a decay rate of
‘radioactive material, (Dejenhancement of radio-active
decay rates may be achieved because the Stueckelberg
Lagrangian density in FQN. 2 comesponds (© new teams
(Gavolving C) inthe eleetmdynamie Hamiltonian:
‘This MCE Hamiltonian may modify the charged-paticle
interactions via the SLW (e.g, orbital electrons and nuclear
protons in electron-capture decay, and bound electrons and
Protons in bela decay’ of neutrons), These new terms may
‘moilate the nuclear barrier potential, causing decay-rate
variations in proportion to the SLW power. Indeed, time-
‘atlableradiogetve-decy ates have been reported typieslly
20.3%) in 7H, Na, C1, “Ti, “Mn, Co, Kr, Se,
‘sag, "Ba, Cs, "Bu, Bu, Rn, Ra, and Pu,
‘Typical periods in the decay rate may include: one day, 12.087
year (solar rotation rate) one year and ~12 years (sun-spot
teyele) Classical low-energy niclear theory is a collection of
ad hoe models whose predietions cannot explsin these bser-
‘ations, The suns sphere of charged particles (asin) that
js well-known to oscillate radially (breathing mode) and in
‘multi-pole modes. Te osillation amplitude of ions is much
diferent from electrons, giving rise to a net radial curent
‘density that creates the SW, which in tm may modulate the
rnidioactive deeay ratenceording to the new tems in EQN. 16.
(One specitie application is use of SLW power to enhance
decay of mdiactive fission-waste products fiom # nuclear
actor, and isotopes of proliferation concern
Tn some implementations, the technical result of method
£800 nay include enfiancing fusion rate reaction to produce
heat andoreletrical power, Classical methods and paras
{or controlled fusion typically involve maintaining a high
enough fuel density (e2, deter and tritium) sta sue
cient temperature (eg, 100 million degrees K) fora long
enough time (eg, many’ seconds). FQN. 16 predicts mod-
Jation ofthe nuclear barrier potential, allowing fusion reac-
tions at room temperature. Nuclear reactions could be
enlianced directly (eg, “D, 2D, #SLW—-,Fe*renempy) via
fold fusion of D-O without intermediate steps (and core
sponkingly compiex infrastructure),
"Existing electromagnetic‘multi-physis simulators use the
classical version of Maxwell's equations. A specifi applica
tion of the MCE theory (EQNS. 1-17) may be a more com-
plete simulator for detailed design of antennas and other
‘lectricalclectronic devices that use SLW technology:
"A specilic application of exemplary implementations may
include a focusing SLW antenna, The above tests showed
seatering and reflections of the SLW. This observation is
consistent with classical electrodynamics, which predicts
scatoring of elecric fics from conductors duc to imoge-
charges and image-currents. This observation implies that
(MCE modifications of elecirodynamic simulators may be
used for development of SLW antenna(s) for focused tran
‘mission (and reception). Such antennas may reduce power,
weight, and cost in practical applications.
‘In some implementations, he technical result of method
$800 may include detecting scalar-Tongituinal waves emitted
from achemical-bond-breaking process. The chemesl-bond-
breaking may be caused by seismic activity associated with
an carthquake, a failure of a manmade structure, and/or other
processes. Earthquake prediction has been sought for US 9,306,527 BI
15
‘decals, and typically may depend on quantitative measure
tent of underground motion andr slipstick stress at tee-
tonie plate boundaries, The seismic activity causes grinding
‘of rock to powder, which may generate high voltages by
‘molecular bond breaking, The voltage corresponds to anelec-
tric field, which drives a current gradient as the SLW driver
These signals occur well in advance ofthe slip events, and
may allow prediction ofthe time and location of events with
suitable SLW detection/imaging. “Earthquake clouds” and
‘electromagnetic precursors of scismic events have been
reported. Geophysicists recently discovered low-frequency
toroidal oscillaons with a period of 2 5 minutes these
Tow-ffequency waves may cause excited animal behavior
prior to anearthquake. The peeling of tapes another example
‘of bond breaking. The specific applications may include
sive detection/prediction of trictural failures ofall kinds
such as bridges, buildings, erteal equipment, and seismic
activity.
In some implementations, the technical result of method
800 may include passive imaging ofa living onanism based
‘on graient-driven currents across cellar membranes. In|
some implementations, the technical result of method 800
inchide transmission of selat-longitadinal waves into 8
living organism t enhance health andior treat a disease via
pradieatriven currents across cellular membranes. Gener >
ally speaking, living processes are driven by charged ion
transport across the eell membranes. The ion transport is
driven, in tum by concentration gradients inthe inra- and
cexinv-cellular media, This gradient-driven transport of
charged fons creates a gradientdriven electrical curent,
‘which is the basis for SLW creation, Consequently. all living
‘organisms ereate SLWs, which ean be imaged by’ a phase
famray of receivers. This new imaging modality may allow
passive imaging of living organisms (including people) for
esearch and disease diggnosis and treatment. As one who is
‘normally skilled i heart can appreciate, standard techniques
may be used to convert variation in line-of-sight SLW ampli-
tude into an image, not unlike a CT scan, One application is
passiveimagingof live snimals and humans (©, brs, heat,
Jungs). Human eloctrophysiology has a typical frequency
range of 0.5-1000 I, impying SLW might be elficacions ia
this frequency range.
In some implementations, the technical result of method
800 may include imaging an object ara void. The method 800
may include providing a phased-aray of sealarlongitudinal
‘waves forthe imaging. A phased array of SLW receivers may
passively image objects of interest or voids (eg, under
ground tunnels, facilites, and pipelines) using the back-
round solar SEW fox forilumination. Onespeciic example
{s imaging of buildings" interiors, which would be bathed in
solar SLW, Detection of underground nuclear tests is part of
the nuclear testban treaty verification. A nuclear explosion
‘ejests concentric, radially-expanding shells of fist electrons
{outer shel) and sloser-moving positive-ions (inner shell.
These charged shells form a spherical capacitor wth a radial
efild (gradient-driven curent, thus ereating a SLW. The
sun isa hot ll ofions aod electrons (inthe form ofa plasma)
that oscillates radially, thus eating the SLW that hen image
solar storms for prediction/mitjgation of adverse events (e2.,
power outages). More generally, the SLW may be used
Create three-dimension images (eg, via binocular image)
that sees through fog, clouds, dist rin, and using fires
“during the day’ of night, Another application is astronomical
‘maging inthe sctoss the entire frequency spectrum.
In some implementations, the technical result of method
|800 may include transmission andor reception of scalar
Jongitudinal waves for dar imaging of an object andlor @
16
‘oid, The sun emit Iow oss SLW, which may be used to foe
passive images of underwater objects vi a phased array that
Tooks upsvard from the oeean floor. An aetive, phases-array
(or syntheticaperture) SLW-RADAR fom ships, aireraft
Sand satellites may detect nd identify underwater objects,
underwater vehicles, underground tunnels, pipelines, under
srcund facilities, stealth areraft under adverse weather con-
ditions, and/or other objects. The SLW transmission may not
need 10 be limited to one frequency. The SLW transmission
nay be hyperspectral (ex, MHz to THz). space-based
implementation may use satelite arrays to transmit the SLW
signal at many frequencies, receive the reflections in syn-
thetic-apertre mode, and process the results on-boan for
ime imaging, SLW RADAR can he used for detection of
srovised explosive devies (IEDs) on te battlefield.
‘SLW propagation throng conductive media may inehude
ionized plasma around a space vehicle that re-enters the
art's atmosphere. More specifically, SLW-RADAR may be
‘used to characterize space vehicles that re-enter the earth's
atmosphere, while sutrounded by « hot sheath of plasma.
Classical (Gansverse) electromagnetic waves cannot pen-
cat the plasma sheath.
‘In some implementations, the technical result of method
800 may include reception of solar-genersted sealar-ongit-
inal waves to produce electrical power. The MCE theory
‘may predict thats changed sphere oscillating ina ballooning
(ovonopolar) mode (expanding and contracting radially) will
radiate the SLW. The MCE theory may predict that higher-
‘order (molti-pole) oseilations will ereatethe SLW. The sun is
‘very hot ball of changed particles (electrons and ios inthe
orm ofa plasma) that undergoes such oscillations. Conse-
quently, SEW powereaches the ert, just a slight does. A
specific application may include eonversion of solar SLW
power into electric power for (re}changing batteries andlor
powering electrical device, such as electric vehicles could be
replaced by power convertors for the SLW, which is not
limit by the skin effet. Harvesting of ths solar power may
be scalable via advanced photovoltaics that convert the vari
ahle-frequeney SLW to direct current then invert the DC
power (0 stable 60 Hz alternating eurent (for example). An
extension of this approach is wireless SLW power trans
‘sion that could dhen be coaverted to usable electrical power
‘A speclic application of exemplary implementations may
involve eleetical power generation from solar SLWs, on the
basis ofnew tems inthe MCF momentum balance equation:
T may represent the Maxwell sires tensor, More speci
cally, electrical power may be generated by charging a fa
plate eapactorto given large, directed F-field. SLW emission
from the tun may generat force variations across the capac
{or plates vi the term, (ECij) in EQN. 17, corresponding to
avoliage to devea power-produeing current. This poster may
be proportional to E (and therefore the capacitor voltage)
y’be proportional tothe amplitude ofthe solar LW
ions (C) The variablesrequency power may be rect
fied, and subsequently converted to slternatng current via an
altemator. More specifically the sun isan osellating sphere
(monopolar antenna) of charged matter (plasma) that will
produce SLW under the MCF theory, because the oscillation
‘stance for ions is different than for elects for various
plasma waves. Earth is spherical conductor (monopole US 9,306,527 BI
17
antenna) that would receive the solar SLW emissions, and
would re-radiate them (along with other planes, comets,
asteroids). So, nearstellar regions are bathed in SLW emis-
sions, day-and night, allowing SLW power-conversion 10
‘operate day and night, ain or shine
‘The term (PC/p)in EQN. 17 may bean addtional term that
forms a generalized Poynting veetor, comesponding to the
‘magnitude nd direction of power density transmissionby the
SLW. This new term may imply that SLW power ean be
transmitted wirelessly over large distances in a directed fash-
jon, for example to power satellites or areraft from the
ground, electrical power transmission, andadvanced forms oF
(Girweted) beams,
(MCE theory may predict new terms in electromagnetic
‘momentum balance and power balance, EQNS. 14 and 17.
The tem CE /umay correspond to an increase (or decrease)
Jongitudinal eleetrodynamie momentum in EQN. 17 along
the direction of motion, with a concomitant deerease (ine
‘rease) in electrical power per EQN. 14, This sign change
maybe important because longitudinal electrodynamic 2
power loss (or gain) may drive a corresponding kineticenersy
ain (oss) inthe physically massive object that i emitting
these waves. Consequently, the MCE theory may predict
propulsion mechanism without the use of propel mass
‘which is a sovere constraint on all transportation systems. >
This mechanism may dependon adequate encrpy to create the
SLW. The potential applications include all transportation
des on land, sea ai, and space for propellan-less propul-
(MCE theory may predict a new tenn, CJ, in EQN. 17
[Emission of the SLW fom a physically massive object may
have a leat two components: the longitudinal electric feld
(B)and the scalar field (C). The electric eld may induce an
‘eleccial current density (I) in any (distant) conductive object,
ints path, according to -oE. The concomitant presence of
the scalar field (C) may interact with his curent to prodet a
force (C1) on the distant object. By use of a phased array of
SLW emites, the relative of phase of F (and ths J) may be
shifted relativeto the phase of C. The resultant foree, I. may
be adjusted to havea postive (repulsive) force or a negative
(attractive) force, commonly called a “tractor beam.” Poten-
tial applications may range from the nano fo macro~seales on
any conductive object (eg. sub-atomic particles, molecules
Tiving cells, people, animals, vehicles, comets, asteroids,
planets, stars. galaxies)
‘A mathematical theorem states that nonlinear quantum
systems can be used to solve the hardest, non-deterinistc
polynomial-time (NP-hard) problems in deterministic poly-
‘nomial time. The Hamiltonian in EQN. 16 may be inherently
nonlinear, and therefore may provide path to constroct such
a computer, which would then enable the solution of grand-
challenge class problems in a very finite time (minutes t0
hours, instead of years or more)
‘igh-temperature superconcctivity was (FITS) discov-
‘ered in 1986, The highest ertcal temperature for HITS is,
150K. Hlossever, the physical mechanism for HTS is one of
the major unsolved problems in theoretical condensed matter
physies, in part because the materials are very complex,
multi-layered crystals. Moreover, this theoretic effort uses
‘classical electrodynamic interactions in condensed! mater,
While the MCE theory may provide an explanation on the
basis of gradientcriven eurtents between (or among) the
‘egystl ayers. The well-known London model of speroon=
‘ductivity is not gauge invariant. Specifically, the London
model works only for the Coulomb gauge, WAO, Recent
‘experiments show evidence for a Higaslike mode in f0=
‘dimensional supercondctrs, namely excess absorption of
18
THz radiation. However the Higasike mode may not be an
aciul pts, but a collective quantum made, The ness
amitonian of EQN. 16 may include the SEW due wo grai-
catdrven currents sniong the rytalline layers, as a expe
fuon of HTS. Many commercial and military aplicatons
cst, including sensitive magnetometers based on SQUIDS,
fiat digit circuits, rapid single-ox quantum technology,
‘aglevtrins, MRI imaging, magnetic confinement fasion,
‘magnetics in panicle accelerators, meow fers, high
Sensitivity particle detectors, nanowire single-photon detc-
tor, railaus and evlguns, electric motors and generators,
faulteareat limiters, and cecrcl power storage and tans.
‘Revent esearch has ivestgated a connoction etween the
SLW, high-temperature sopercondctors and gravity Init
‘work placed a small, non-conducting, non-magnetic mass
(6.48 g) over a levialng. rotating, superconducting disk at
77 ; tho mass weighed 0.05-0 3% less, depending onthe
1 MV with topped magnetic ik
of at 1) The retltan focused bear propagated without
noticeable attenuation through diffrent materials and
exerted shor repulsive free on small movable objects in
proportion their mas, independent ofthe sample's com
postion, More recent work wsod a superconducting cathode
5130-70 K and a copper anode to ereate discharges (10 amps
ft22 MV)inlow presse gases. The dschargechange fa
4 spark 1o a Bat glowing plasma that originated fom the
Superconducting cathode at >500 kV. collimated, non-sic-
feomanctic“adiation pulse” propagated from the cathode,
tovardand beyond the anods, apparently without attention.
Recent work use this doviee to measro the seattering of
Jase light whose attenuation lasted 34-48 ns and increased
with discharge olage up 10 7%6at2 MV: The radation-pulse
propagation speed was measured by 060 piszaeletie cry
lalsover 1211 mwitha time dele of 632s, eoresponding
to 64 tines the spood of ght, Difleenttagets (liste
rendolums photoms, pieroelectric ental) are afectad di
{erently by the radiation pulse, possibly reacting to bean
components at diferent speeds. This approach may be the
basis fora SLW laser.
Spectrum allocation of the SEW may be important for
arcater data rates ver les bandwidth, Examples for higher
data rates nay be applied tothe SLW, such as frequency
hoppinate-se, spreo-spcctrum technology, polarization,
coil division, anor other examples. Ihe SLW may be nde
pendent of TEM spectrum, elfectvey doubling the preset
feansmission/seeeption capacity.
Although the present technology has been deseibed jn
etl forthe parposeotilluseation based on whatiseurently
considered 0 be the mos practical and prefered implemen-
tations, i tobe understood hat such deta is solely fr that
purposeand tht the technology sno inited tothe dielosed
Jplementatons, bt, onthe contrary, i intended 1 cover
‘modifications and equivalent arangementsthatare within the
Spin nd scope ofthe oppeaded claims For example, tito
$eundersond thatthe present technology contemplates that,
toibeextent posible, ene or more eis oF ay implemen.
tation can becombined US 9,306,527 BI
19
‘What is claimed is
1. An apparites configured to transmit or receive seaare
Jongitudinal waves, the apparatus comprising
‘Tinea first conductor configured to operate as a Tinea
‘monopole antenna ata fist operating frequency’
‘tubular second conductor coaxially aligned with the ist,
ceanductor such that the first conductor extends out in 2
first direction from within the second conductor; and
‘an annular skitt balun disposed at an end of the second
‘conductor from which the fist conductor extends, the
‘balun having larger diameter than the sevond conduc-
{or and extending in asscond direction opposite the fist
direction, the balun being configured to cancel most or
all eturn current on an outer surface ofthe second con=
doctor ding operation such ht th fst conductor
receives scalar-ongitudinal waves:
wren Salonga! waves east bythe fist
‘conductor propagate though conductive medium with
substantially lower attenuation relative 10 a classical
skin-deptb atenvation.
2. Theapparatusof claim 1, wherein the length ofthe bain
‘extending i the second directions approximately one fourth
fof a wavelength coresponding to the fist operating f=
quency.
3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein during operation an
‘eleccical cuerent wave on the balua is approximately 180,
‘degrees out of phase relative to an eleetrial curent wave on,
the outer surface of the second conductor adjacent to the
balun thereby cancelling most or all ofthe return current on
the outer surface ofthe second conductor.
‘4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein attenuation of scalar-
Jongitudinal waves transmitted by the frst conductor is
inversely proportional to the square of a distance from &
‘center ofthe first conductor i fee spc.
8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the conductive
‘medium inchides a solid-copper Faraday box
‘6. The apparatus of claim 1, farther comprising a solid
‘copper Faraday box enclosing the first condetor, the second
‘conductor, an thehalun, the araday box being configured to
block most or all transverse electromagnetic waves imping-
ing onthe Faraday box
"7 The apparatis of claim 1, wherein
the frst conductor extends from a core ofa coaxial cable
‘and
the second conductor extends fom an outer conductor of
the coaxial cable,
8. The apparatus of claim 1, furter comprising a wbalae
electri coaxially disposed between the frst conductor and
the second conductor, the tubular dielectric extending out in
the frst direction from within the second conductor at least
part way up te fist conductor
9. An apparatus configured to transmit or receive scalar
longitudinal waves, the apparatus comprising:
1 bifilar col formed in an alternating fashion of a first,
ccnaductor anda second conductor such that a given tim
‘ofthe coil that is made ofthe ist conductor i adjacent
fn either side to tims of the coil made ofthe second
ceanductor, the first conductor and the second conductor
being conduetvely coupled sueh that an electrical eur-
‘eat inthe coil will propagate in opposite directions in
adjacent turns of the coil thereby cancelling say mag
‘ate field go that dating operation the eol transmits oF
receives scala-longtudial waves;
‘wherein seala-longitidnal waves transmitted bythe coil
propagate through a conductive medium with substan-
filly lower atennation relative toa elassicalskin-depth
attensaton,
0
o
20
10, The apparatus of claim 9, wherein:
the first conductor and the second conductor are conduc
tively coupled proximate to the center of the coil or
the first conductor and the second eonductor are conduc
tivity coupled proximate to an outer edge a the eo
11, The appamtus of claim 9, wherein the irs conductor
and te second conductor are tightly wound together to form
thecal
12. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein:
the col is substantially planar; or
the col s formed in a volumetic shape.
13, The apparatus of claim 9, wherein there is zero oF
approximately zero inductance associated with the coil as a
‘etl of magnetic-ield cancellation by counter going elec-
{rial curens in adjacent tums ofthe col
14. The apparatus of clsim 9, wherein there is zero or
approximately zero capacitance associated with the coi a a
result of adjacent tims of te coil having the sume or appoxi-
‘mately the same electrical charge density
18. The appuratusof claim 9, wherein te col is confgured
to oreate a gradient driven current
16, The apparatus of claim 9, wherein an electrical resis
tance of the coil approximately matches a source impedance
or maximal transmission of scaar-longitudinal waves,
17. Theapparatus of claim9, wherein atienation of scalr-
Jongitudinal waves transmitted by the coil i inversely pro-
portional to the square ofa distance from the center ofthe coil
in fee space.
18, The apparatus of claim 9, whersin the conductive
medium includes a stid-copper Faraday box,
19. The apparatus of claim 9, further comprising a solid
copper Faraday box enclosing the coil the Faraday box being
‘configured to block most of all transverse electromagnetic
‘waves impinging on the Faraday box.
20. A method lor uilizing sealar-longitudinal waves, the
method comprising:
‘transmitting or receiving sealar-longtatnel waves using
first apparatus or a second apparatus in axle to achieve
‘technical result,
‘wherein scalar-longiadinal waves transmitted by the frst
‘paras of the second apparatus propagate tirowgh a
‘conductive medium with substantially Tower attenuation
‘elatve to a classical skin-depth attenuation;
‘wherein the first apparatus comprises
‘linea fist conductor configured to operate as linear
monopole antenna ata first operating frequency:
‘tubular second conductor coaxially aligned with the
first conductor such thatthe first conductor extends
‘out ina first dreeton fom within the second condne-
tor, and
‘an annular sket balun disposed at an end of the second
‘conductor om which thefts conductor extends, the
bala having larger diameter than the second con-
‘ductor and extending in a second direction opposite
the frst dieeton, the balun being configured 0 can-
‘cel most orall return eurrenton an outer surface ofthe
second conductor during operation sueh thatthe first
‘conductor transmits or receives sealarlongitxinal
waves: and
‘wherein the second apparatus comprises:
‘bifilar coil formed in an altematng Tashion ofa fist
‘conductor and second conductor sch tht a given
tur ofthe eol that is made of the frst conductor is
adjacent on ether side to tims ofthe cil made ofthe
‘second conductor, the first condvctor aad the second
‘conductor being conclictively coupled stich that an
‘leccial current inthe coil will propagate in opposite US 9,306,527 BI
2