Construction of Bypass Road Along Marikina River from Riverpark to

Riverbank

Central Colleges of the Philippines

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................3

LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................4

CHAPTER 1..............................................................................................................5

THE PROBLEM AND A REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE .................5

Introduction ................................................................................................. 5

Review of Related Literature ..................................................................... 7

Related Readings ....................................................................................... 17

Related Studies................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

Synthesis and Justification.......................................................................... 7

Theoretical Framework ............................................................................ 24

Conceptual Framework ............................................................................ 27

Statement of the Problem ......................................................................... 28

Hypothesis .................................................................................................. 29

Significance of the Study ........................................................................... 30

Scope and Limitations ............................................................................... 30

Definition of Terms.................................................................................... 31

CHAPTER 2................................................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

METHODOLOGY ..................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Introduction .................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Research Design .............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

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Research Setting ............................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

Respondents of the Study............................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Data Gathering Procedures ........................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Data Gthering Instruments ........................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Statistical Treatment ...................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

REFERENCES ........................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

APPENDICES............................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

APPENDIX A.................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.1. Caption for Table 1.................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

Table 2.1. Caption for Table 2.................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1. Caption for Figure 1. .............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 2.1. Caption for Figure 2. .............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

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CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND A REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Introduction

Traffic congestion has been a major problem of our country for years, that

causes disturbance in our community and it also have major effect in our environment

as well. Motorists experience traffic every day and it causes too much of the time

motorists, which the time that they are going through the traffic every day, they could

accomplish more in their work and spend more time with their family and love ones.

People tend to endure the traffic and have not thought the importance of the

construction of road ways, that this project can provide convenience to the community

or to the city. Because of the growing of volume of the vehicles in our country, the

traffic is getting much worst and it is being felt in our country. The traffic congestion

in our country can have a solution by creating road ways and bridges that can benefit

the community and the environment.

The lack of discipline of the motorists causes more problems to the traffic in

the current situation today. People just ignoring the fact that their lack of discipline in

the road is causing more problems. Education about the road and the right discipline

of the motorists will help to develop the problem in our traffic, and the adding of a

bypass road will benefit the people and the motorists because it can prevent a traffic

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jam in the said area and by designing this road will be accordance with Republic Act

no. 917 (June 19, 1953), sec. 10(Appointment for improvement, reconstruction and

construction). This study will address the problem in the traffic and will develop a

system that will handle the traffic in the area.

The construction of the bypass road will benefit the community and the environment

through the reduction of the travel time of the motorist and the air pollution that a

vehicle can cause. The research may be also used as a reference to future studies

regarding traffic congestion. It will raise the awareness of people in our government

by adding road ways and bridges to a certain area, which can be a solution for problem

of traffic. This study will benefit the community and the environment by reducing the

traffic congestion in our country.

The research aims to develop a bypass road from River Park to River Banks,

Marikina City, which can be an alternative route for the motorist that passing through

Barangka going to River Banks. This research will inspect an area for suitability of the

construction that shall follow the given criteria for siting an area for road construction.

Also the research will analyze the soil profile, water level of the river and blank, and

create a work flow system for road, blank batas and present a scale model. Lastly,

provide a blank.

The scope of this study is to design a bypass road that shall be solution to the existing

traffic in Barangka, Marikina City. The said design shall follow the criteria which will

serve as a basis for the siting and the establishment of the bypass road. The said criteria

shall encompass the standards that would make an effective and efficient process in

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handling the design of the bypass road in Marikina City. The applicability of the

research shall only be limited to the municipality of Marikina City. The researcher will

use AutoCAD, Tekla Structures in designing the site development plan and blank for

the designing the access road.

Review of Related Literature

This chapter represents of the related articles, literature and studies being

considered to understand further this study.

Foreign

Bypass Road

This research analyzes the effect of bypass construction on the road safety,

specifically crash rates on bypass segments, and in bypassed communities. It

additionally investigates the effect of bypass construction on those communities’

economic development through changes in the number, and wider distribution of

businesses and residential development, and examines even if these changes affect the

road safety level. It evaluates the effect on the road safety of implemented traffic

arrangements in communities. On an extensive data collection, this research focuses

on Arab cities in the Galilee region of Israel by using cross-sectional and longitudinal

analysis.

The procedure shows that bypass construction does not automatically reduce

overall crash rates. It is hard to transfer the road crashes from the bypass roads to inner

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roads (bypassed) and from there to local traffic, with no significant reduction. These

findings illustrate the large argument in the effects of bypass constructions on safety.

Retaining wall

Retaining walls are broadly classified as gravity, semi-gravity, and cantilever,

counterfort and buttressed retaining walls. To produce the needed stability, a gravity

retaining wall make used entirely its weight. Cantilever and counterfort retaining walls

utilize the weight of the soil itself to produce stability. Semi-gravity retaining walls are

intermediate between the cantilever and gravity type walls. Among the concrete

retaining walls, the cantilever wall is most widely used as it is economical. To produce

stability, the walls make use of the weight of the soil. Cantilever retaining walls are

used in the basement of buildings, as abutments for bridges, as flood walls in irrigation

works as well as for retaining ores, minerals, and other granular materials. Therefore,

considering the importance of cantilever retaining structures, the estimation of earth

pressure is found to be essential for the safe design of retaining wall under both static

and seismic conditions. Several investigations have been performed by several

researchers to determine the seismic active and passive earth pressures on a rigid

retaining wall due to earthquake loading.

Dr. Ray Chaudhari (1974), in the design of retaining wall earth pressure, is a

predominant actuating force. Substantial reduction in this force could be made by

providing relief shelf to the retaining wall. Accordingly, Jumiski had proposed a

certain method to assess the effect of a shelf on earth pressure. Dr.Ray Chaudhari also

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independently evaluated the effect of relief shelves on earth pressure by assuming that

soil mass above the relief shelf, which is contained in the failure wedge, does not

contribute to the weight of failure wedge & that relief shelf supports this mass. This

method has been further developed by considering the shift of the center of gravity of

the failure wedge that occurs because of reduction in weight of failure wedge, due to

relief shelf. Steedman and Zeng (1990), it predicts the seismic active earth pressure

behind a vertical cantilever retaining wall taking into account a finite shear wave

velocity in the backfill. It was found that the phase change has a marked effect on the

distribution of the dynamic increment of pressure. Choudhary et al (2006) compared

the Pseudo-Static and Pseudo-Dynamic Methods for Seismic Earth Pressure on

Retaining Wall. The analysis and comparison between these two methods show that

the time-dependent non-linear behavior of the pressure distribution obtained in the

pseudo-dynamic method results in more realistic design values of earth pressures

under earthquake condition. Tafrehi and Nouri (2008) studied the pseudo-static

methods for evaluating the thrust of soil on retaining wall under seismic condition.

They established a new approach which concludes that the main difference concerning

the traditional solutions is that the presence of the wall is considered in the equilibrium

equations.

Traffic noise

Highway traffic noise is caused by tire-pavement interaction, aerodynamic

sources (turbulent airflow around and partly through the vehicle), and the vehicle itself

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(the power-unit noise created by the engine, exhaust, or transmission). At highway

speeds, tire-pavement interaction generally is the most dominant source (Sandberg and

Ejsmont, 2002).

Douglas et al., (2010) studied noise from Community awareness and the

perception of the traffic noise-related health impacts. He found that related cases have

increased significantly over the last decade resulting in a large volume of public

inquiries flowing to Road Authorities for planning advice. People’s health becomes a

“social obligation” due to traffic noise in an urban environment. Talukdar (2001)

studied the noise exposure from the textile industries and showed that a large number

of textile workers, especially weavers suffer from industrial hearing loss. He

suggested, there should be substantial efforts by machinery manufacturers, in keeping

the noise emission as low as possible while improving the speed of their machines.

Tripathi et al., (2012) is said the Noise is considered variable and any time for the

traffic in the road may depend on the speed of vehicles, the volume of traffic and road

conditions so it becomes necessary to identify the noise levels by using certain

mechanism. Traffic composition is often a determining factor, as heavy vehicles

produce more noise and vibration, leading to higher annoyance levels (Paunović et al.

2009). The time of day is also relevant as high traffic levels create problems for

pedestrians during the day time, but high traffic speeds produce loud noises at night-

time when it is most disruptive for residents ( Pirrera et al. 2010).

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Traffic congestion

Unlike several different problems of American social issues, poverty, hunger,

low-quality, education, homelessness, drug addiction, and traffic congestion is directly

experienced daily by innumerable American commuters of all financial gain levels

they need to become more and more incensed over the waste of their precious time

and cash caused by recurrent traffic delays. The most causes of peak hour traffic

congestion are deeply unmoving in American needs and behavior patterns. Some are

even designed into the essential physical and scheme of U. S metropolitan areas

Policymakers hoping to scale back congestion thus should persuade various American

to change a number of their most cherished social goals and comfy personal conduct.

The causes of rising congestion are divided into 2 basic categories: immediate and

future. a minimum of four immediate causes is known each of that tends to strengthen

the impact of the others and thereby heighten congestion. Drivers are solely

accountable for vehicle operating expense and also the time spent traveling. Since

they'll most likely be caught in serious congestion during peak periods, they

acknowledge that their traveling time is going to be higher than during different

periods. Meaning any factors that increase peak-hour congestion on restricted access

roads tend to cause additional motorcar driving commuters to shift far from the roads

within the peak periods to identical roads in nonpeak periods and transportation during

peak periods. However, by traveling during peak hours every worker will work

identical hours as most others do. It is widely assumed that top levels of peak hour

road congestion can stimulate transportation patronage. That's why several

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metropolitan areas have distended, or are considering increasing, their transportation

systems artificial language relieve road congestion. This analysis implies that tie-up is

sort of bound to continue worsening in quick-growing metropolitan areas unless

effective remedies are found and planted. (Anthony Downs 2013)

Water Level

This research paper shows the state of the art in flood calculation and

simulation applied to a river flood analysis, and risk prediction. Different water flows

calculation and creating river models and systems are analyzed. An advanced river

flood monitoring, modeling, and calculating approach are introduced. It enlarges the

traditional approach based on modeling river physical processes by integration of

different types of models and technologies such as an input data clustering, digital

maps of a relief and surface of the river, data crowdsourcing, heterogeneous data

processing, horological models for time scale modeling water flows and Geo-

simulation, inundation visualization and suitably warning on flooding. The study on

river flow anticipate and simulation for river flood risk analysis and management is

given.

Retaining Wall

A retaining wall is any geotechnical structure which is used to retain a mass

of soil that would otherwise tend to move down slope due to gravity and stresses

acting within the soil (Terzaghi et al, 1996). Dr. Ray Chaudhari (1974), in the design

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of retaining wall earth pressure is a predominant actuating force.Substantial

reduction in this force could be made by providing relief shelf to the retaining wall.

Basha and Babu (2008), adopted seismic analysis to compute the passive earth

pressure coefficients of bridgeabutment gravity retaining wall by using composite

failure mechanism in the frame work of limit equilibriummethod when subjected to

seismic loads. The heavy soil mass is supported by retaining walls in various fields

of civil engineering such as hydraulics, irrigation structures, highways, railways,

tunnels, mining etc. In earthquake prone area, earthquake can induce large

destabilizing force in retaining wall and backfill soil, seismically induced force has

greater influence on lateral earth pressure. Earthquakes have caused permanent

deformations in retaining wall in many historical earthquake. In some cases, retaining

walls have collapsed during earthquake with disastrous physical and economic

consequences.

Local

Bypass Road

The scope of the road in the Philippines, when measured in terms of road km

per square km, road km per capita, and road km per dollar of GDP per capita, is

comparable with or better than many neighboring developing member countries .As

of 2011, the country’s road system comprised about 215,000 km, of which about 15%

were classified of the national roads, thereby falling under the jurisdiction of the

Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH). The residual 85% of the

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network is defined as local roads and falls under the jurisdiction of a variety of local

government units. Asphalt concrete were paved at 79% of national roads and only

18% of local roads on November 2011. The government has developed a network of

tolled expressways in central Luzon to address transport constraints on economic

development by linking the major economic and transport centers in Metro Manila

and adjacent provinces, from Tarlac in the north to Batangas in the south; and

facilitating multimodal transport. The Plaridel Bypass road is an autoroute road of

24.61 km that will link the NLEX in Balagtas, Bulacan with the Philippine Japan

Friendship Highway, also called Maharlika Highway, in San Rafael, Bulacan. It will

bypass the town proper of Plaridel and urban areas of Pulilan, Baliuag, and San

Rafael along the existing Maharlika Highway, thus alleviate the perennial traffic

congestion at a large urban area along Maharlika Highway road section from Plaridel

to San Rafael, Bulacan. The bypass alignment traversed five (5) municipalities in the

province of Bulacan, namely, Balagtas, Guiguinto, Plaridel, Bustos and San Rafael.

The Plaridel Bypass Road (the violet, dotted line left of the center) is seen to directly

connect the urban expansion corridor with NLEX. It will also serve as an alternate

road to the Plaridel-Baliuag Growth Corridor. The Provincial Government of

Bulacan has in fact echoed the Plaridel Bypass Road as one of the priority program

for transportation and access for the Province of Bulacan.

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Traffic Noise

The primary contributor to roadside noise is transportation. The noise

produced by vehicles may be termed as road traffic noise. In the vehicle, the principal

noise source is the power unit and its auxiliaries, transmission system, tires and

braking system. This type of noise can be augmented by narrow streets and tall

buildings, which produce a”canyon” in which traffic noise reverberates (Suter, [17]).

In the Philippines, the institutions that set the standards include the Department of

Health (DOH) and the Occupational Safety and Health Center (OSHC) under the

Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE). Awareness on pollution brought

about by noise has always been limited due to its unnoticeable effects but recently,

noise is becoming a more prominent social, environmental and health problem due

to the increasing urbanization. Road traffic, one of the dominant sources of noise in

urban and rural environment, continuously rises with the increasing number of people

and vehicles, as well as congestion of traffic. Trafficc enforcers, who spend most of

their time in roads directing traffic, are at the forefront of exposure to road traffic

noise

Water Level

Marikina River is the major waterway in the city. The city has an estimated

population of 490,612 for 2008, and its major industry is shoemaking with a shift in

emphasis from agriculture to shoemaking and heavy industries. With industrialization

came population increases and the conversion of rich agricultural land into residential

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areas. The river became heavily polluted with domestic sewage and industrial waste.

The quarrying on the riverbanks led to scouring and erosion. The end result was poor

water quality and flooding that claimed lives and destroyed property. Informal

settlements along the riverbanks added to the pressures of pollution and flooding.

Whether in its traditional or flooded state, the watercourse was a hazard to those

communities. Throughout continuous significant downpours or typhoons, the

watercourse level rose most that informal settlers had to vacate their homes and keep

in evacuation centers till the floodwaters receded. Even though the river had harmful

flooding events in fashionable times, the riverbanks were still thought-about as

potential settlement sites by those that couldn't afford to buy land or property in safer

parts of town. Urban riverine flooding will be worsened by local urban processes and

activities that cause river flow obstruction and pollution.(Gabrielle 2008)

Traffic congestion

Traffic congestion has always been a problem especially on roads that are

located in populated areas. Varied solutions have been suggested and implemented

to address the challenge.

The Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA) implemented

traffic schemes which were opposed prior starting it. The schemes are prohibition of

the driver-only operated vehicles along EDSA and prohibition of provincial buses

(from North to South) traversing EDSA. The first scheme encourages carpooling

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while the second is there are only buses points where passengers will be picked-up

by other land-based transportation as the buses will be terminating their trips.

A scheme was also developed in mid-90’s, the Unified Vehicular Volume

Reduction Program (UVVRP), more popularly known as the “number coding”. It

was developed as a short-term travel demand management measure for Metro Manila

but still implemented along major roads with some modifications like the mid-day

window.

Related Readings

The government agency announced that the first phase of the Marikina City

Bypass Road Project has been completed. The finished portion is a two-lane side,

470m stretch situated beside the Marikina River and SM Marikina.

“This 470-meter Phase 1 is part of the proposed Marcos Highway-JP Rizal

Bypass Road Project from Marcos Highway up to M. Roxas Road near Kalumpang

Barangay Hall and JP Rizal Street,” DPWH NCR director Ador Canlas said in a

statement. “Marikina River’s side will serve as the alignment of the bypass road.

“We came up with this project to address the growing volume of vehicles plying both

Marcos Highway and JP Rizal Street. With a bypass road, motorists won’t have to

endure nearby congested roads just to cross each side, cutting travel time by as much

as 25 minutes.”

The remaining 1.14km section will take an estimated P428 million in funding

to build, the DPWH said. Once the project is completed, the agency claims the 1.6km

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stretch of road will cut travel time between Marcos Highway and JP Rizal Street in

Marikina City.

According to him, the Marcos Highway-J.P. Rizal Bypass Road Project

received an initial allocation of PHP135 million for two contract packages

implemented by DPWH-NCR and DPWH Metro Manila First District Engineering

Office.

The project’s scope of works also covers the removal of existing trees,

construction of embankment, drainage system, sidewalk, concrete curb, guardrail and

retaining wall, grouted painting of curb, and application of reflectorized thermoplastic

pavement.

The entire bypass road will be a multi-year project and will require an

estimated funding amount of PHP428 million for its remaining 1.14-kilometer section.

Related Studies

Foreign

Bypass Road

In most cases, the various researchers examined the impact of the bypass road

upon economic development along with changes in safety levels in the bypassed

communities. The spatial distribution of businesses, the enlargement of industrial and

residential space, differences in population size, travel behavior (Collins, 2000;

Mackie, 1983) and changes in the car accident rate (Rune, 2001; Newland, 1962).

Various studies that have investigated the effect of bypass roads on road accidents

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(Newland, 1962; Andersson, 2001; Kipnis, 1976) showed that the construction of

such roads caused a decrease in the number of road accidents with casualties. In 1969

Professor Robley Winfrey of lowa University in his book, Economic Analysis for

Highways stated “effects of Highway bypasses on traffic and safety are easily

observed and measured. But the economic and social consequences of bypasses on

urban communities are difficult to observe and more difficult to measure”.

Retaining Wall

The University of Western Australia has presented the classification of

flexible retaining walls and has mentioned that the Relieving Platform Wall is one of

the types of flexible retaining wall. Jumikis suggested that the stability of counterfort

wall can be considerably increased by providing one or more relief platforms or

shelves in the cross section of such a wall and by extending them up to the rupture

surface. The relief shelves have the advantage of decreasing lateral earth pressure on

the wall and increasing stability of the structure. This results in an economical design

because less material goes into the wall as compared to massive structure or

cantilever and even counterfort walls without the shelves.

Narain suggested the need for further study of retaining wall with pressure

relieving shelves for a soil having both cohesion and internal friction. He also

suggested developing the fresh state of curves to enhance the utility. Phatak and Patil

developed the Graviloft technology, which is essentially a combination of gravity

wall and R.C.C. wall, affected by the provision of a loft. This type is found to be the

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special type of retaining wall with pressure relief shelves. The overall provision

minimizes the design load, as the stability of the wall is then governed by its self-

weight, retention/stacking on the loft and the friction developed at the interface of

the loft.

The Mononobe (1924) and Okabe (1924) approach for retaining wall design,

is the most well-known pseudo-static procedures. It is considered an earth pressure

approach where the solution is obtained by extending Coulomb’s analysis.

Traffic Congestion

In Traffic congestion occurs when a volume of traffic or modal split generates

demand for space greater than the available road capacity. There are a number of

specific circumstances which cause or aggravate congestion; most of 8 them reduce

the effective capacity of a road at a given point or over a certain length, or increase

the number of vehicles required for a given volume of people or goods.

Quantification of congestion can be done by incorporating the volume and

operational characteristics of traffic movement. Bhargab Maitra, P.K.Sikdar and

S.L.Dhingra, 1999 conducted a study on quantification of congestion. Quantified

congestion level can be used as a logical and improved measure of effectiveness to

account for the conceptual definition of level of service in a quantitative manner.

Modeling congestion has provided a quantitative basis for understanding the

contribution of different vehicle types in overall congestion, and it is useful for

evolving the policy for congestion mitigation. The principles of duration modeling

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can be used to find the extent of congestion. An approach is found for estimating the

duration of congestion on a given road section and the probability that, given its

onset, congestion will end during the indentified time period. It was studied by

Anthony Stathopoulos and Mattew G.Karlaftis, 2001. Bin Yuan and Wen-Hua Song,

2007 conducted a study on exploring and accomplishing road traffic safety and

rescue system based on 3S technology, which will provide effective instruction

platform for traffic instruction department.

Traffic Congestion is widely distributed in the network and it is dynamic in

nature (Pei, 2003). Dynamic traffic assignment (DTA) models are the only choice

that describes the dynamic characteristics of the traffic and transportation network

and captures time varying changes of traffic flow on the basis of time-dependent

travel demand (Minngqiao et al. 2013).

Local

Water Level

Water is commonly used in agriculture, industry and in households. In

practice are known many types of level control that can be done. But the most

common ones are those with overflow control used to prevent exceeding the

maximum level that a storage tank can hold and those with fully drain for preventing

the pomp to work without liquid. Water level control systems using microcontrollers.

This type of system simply starts the pump when the water level is minimum and

allows it to run until it is reached the maximum level in the tank. Water level control

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systems based on fuzzy logic, water level is controlled using SCADA (supervisory

control and data acquisition system). For a nonlinear water-tank level it is necessary

to design a gain scheduling controller for a water level control system

Traffic Noise

A study on the noise exposure among traffic police officers conducted in

Sudan reported that the noise levels measured using a dosimeter were high at all

points which in turn have led to annoyance and tinnitus among the traffic c enforcers.

According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), long-term exposure to high

environmental noise levels such as traffic, above 53 decibels (dB) can result in

adverse health effects such as elevated blood pressure, coronary artery disease,

hearing loss and even heart attacks. Conversely, decreased levels of noise pollution

can bring auxiliary advantages such as fewer road rage instances, increased cognitive

performance and productivity.

Traffic Congestion

Manila is one amongst the Asian mega cities affected by various ills of

excessive street traffic. Within the last three decades, these cities have experienced

an unprecedented increase within the number of vehicles plying their streets, whereas

at a similar time sprawling into adjacent areas forming immense megalopolises, with

their skyline pushed upwards with the development of many high-rises. Finding

congestion on EDSA and within the Manila metropolis as an entire won't be fast or

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easy (Santiago 2012, Alcazar 2013b). The road pattern cannot be altered in one year,

and local congestion will remain. Building more roads might not be economical on

the future. Instead, more effective policies would be to improve the rail system, with

more lines, a lot of frequent spacious trains, higher connected stations. Making

Manila a more city will imply profound changes within the method the transportation

of the metropolitan area is managed.

Retaining Wall

A The residents of Villa Milagrosa Town homes is located in village of San

Vicente, San Pedro, Laguna cited some changes on the structure of their homes

detected crack on the walls and slabs brought by the collapse of the rip rap that

support its foundation and also the broken rip rap was created of large gravity walls

created of mortared stones, masonry and unreinforced concrete. Gravity Wall

depends entirely on its weight for stability this is typically used for wall 10meters

high. The new made retaining wall that supports houses was unsuccessful. The

retaining walls area unit made in concrete hollow blocks (CHB) reinforced concrete

construction. Villa Milagrosa constructed using light-weight material like striper

within the walls to reduce loads to structure many portions of rip-rapping together

with the CHB perimeter fence collapse due to the rousing caused by excessive water

flow brought by typhoon. Debris from collapsed rip-rap was found scattered in

several places at the river whereas debris from collapsed CHB perimeter fence was

seen on top of the roots of a tree. The fence remains unsupported except by its footing

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that is much changing many sections of perimeter fence are presently in danger of

collapsing due to erosion found within the foundation bed. If no mitigating measure

is undertaken, the fence can sure enough collapse and will have an effect on the

structural stability of adjacent residential units. The building walls would like

adequate strength and lateral support to resist buckling from compressive loads, wind

loads and different forces and Cracking will occur in concrete masonry walls due to

tensile stresses related to temperature and moisture modification (expansion and

shrinkage) or differential settlement of foundation soils.

Synthesis and Justification

The development of granular iron PRB technology was reliant on two

advances: that metallic irons breaks down chlorinated organic compounds, and that

reactions can proceed in situ normal groundwater conditions.

Metals have been used as catalysts since the 20th century, with more literature

available concerning the corrosion of metal shipping and storage

containers.[1] Because this literature concerned pure solvents rather

than aqueous solutions and the processes often occurred at high temperatures and

pressures, it was not looked at by the environmental community.

Theoretical Framework

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Phase 1 will cover all the necessary procedures in order to obtain all the

specific data required for designing the bypass road. Phase 2 will be the establishment

of legal boundaries of land and in order to provide and effective layout for the facilities

to be placed together with the bypass road plan including the vehicular access plan for

the whole facility. Lastly, phase 3 will provide an effective workflow system for the

operation of the bypass road and a scale model of the whole structure for a better

representation of the structure.

Table 1.1. Comparison between ______

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Figure 1.1. Comparison between ______

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Conceptual Framework

Phase 1: Data Gathering Phase 2: Designing

Phase 3: Finalization

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Statement of the Problem

General

The main objective of this research study is to design and construct the 2-

kilometer-long Marikina Bypass consist of retaining walls and road structure over

Marikina River connecting Riverbank and Riverpark to reduce traffic congestion

currently experienced on Marikina.

Specific

1. Investigate an area in river park to river banks Marikina and to prove that

the proposed area is suitable for the construction of a bypass road in

accordance with Republic Act No.917 (June 19, 1953), sec.10

(Apportionment for improvement, reconstruction and construction)

2. Analyze the current state of the area by its traffic congestion, traffic noise

and water level of Marikina river.

3. Develop a route option road design to give a minimum design speed and

approach design commensurate with the urban environment and design a

retaining wall that can sustain the water level of Marikina river.

4. Create smooth and safe flow of traffic on barangka road by constructing a

new road over Marikina river, and integrate an existing emergency response

system.

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5. Provide efficiency in maintaining and improving the transportation system

by reducing exhaust emissions and limiting noise form local traffic.

Hypothesis

Null Hypothesis:

The design of the bypass in Barangay blank Marikina City is not ideal due to

the lack of support from the local community and the municipality of Marikina City.

The support from the local residents is not certain because they think that it will cause

much problem and it will not be a solution, also the municipality of Marikina City does

not support the project because of the cost of the project there is no budget.

Alternative Hypothesis:

The new design of the new bypass road is ideal for construction and it will be

situated on Barangay blank Marikina City. It will be the solution of the traffic in

Barangka Marikina City. The new road or bypass road will be a new route for the

motorists and it can less their travel time that they are going thru every day in the

morning. This route can lessen the travel time of the motorists that will pass thru this

road in just less than 15 minutes – 20 minutes. This new bypass road can be benefit to

the community and its city that will create opportunities for the motorists and the

people in the city.

The design regarding that is it just beside the Marikina River will not be a

problem because the elevation of the road will be adjusted to the water level of the

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river when there is tropical depression in the area. The number of motorists that going

thru in Barangka Marikina will be cut in half because of this new road. The standards

of the design will play a big role in designing the bypass road itself.

Significance of the Study

This research aims to help ease the problem regarding traffic congestion in

Barangka, Marikina City. The design of the bypass road will greatly contribute to the

traffic flow in the area that has been a problem all these years. This will help the

environment by causing less air pollution in the area. This research will also help the

community and the motorists that have been enduring the traffic congestion all these

years.

The researchers are also concerned regarding the health of the citizens in the

community that are inhaling the air pollution that is coming out the vehicle of the

motorists, and as time passes by it can serious health problem. This is also beneficial

for the government because it will help them solve the traffic problem that they are

dealing with these past years. This study will also help the future researchers that will

continue to a more detailed plan for the design of the bypass road.

Scope and Limitations

The design of the bypass road must be situated on River Park to River Banks

Marikina City to cater the need of an improved traffic flow in the area. River Park to

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River Banks Marikina City is an ideal site to design a bypass road because it is closely

situated on the solution of the traffic flow in Marikina City. It will also provide jobs

for the citizens of the said area when the project is on full swing. This research is only

applicable on River Park to River Banks Marikina City, to create a bypass road.

Definition of Terms

a. Bypass Road

A road passing around a town or its center to provide an alternative route for

through traffic a connection to allow a flow when the main one is closed or blocked.

b. Retaining Wall

Wall, often battered, also called a revetment, preventing a bank of earth from

slipping and it is found in the form of battered arched piers at the back of which are

segmental concave walls to resist the pressure behind them.

c. Traffic

The number of vehicles, pedestrian, moving along the road and a delay that

involves transportation or movement through a designated location.

d. Barangay

The smallest district within the Philippines and is that the native Filipino

term for a village, district or ward.

e. Water Level

The surface of still water like the amount assumed by the surface of a

selected body or column of water.

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f. Elevation

The action or fact of elevating or being elevated; height above a given sea

level, especially sea level.

g. Transportation

The action of transporting someone or something or the process of being

transported; a system or means of transporting people or goods; the action or practice

of transporting convicts to a penalty court.

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