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STUDY BIBLE
Today’s King James Version
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FOREWORD
The producers and publishers of this Study Bible believe in the full divine inspiration of the Bible.
That is, we believe that God Himself inspired the original writers of each of the 66 books so that they
wrote down, word for word, in the languages they used (Hebrew, Greek, and a little Aramaic), exactly
what God wanted them to write. Therefore we have no hesitation in calling the Bible the Word of God.
Our highest authority for believing this is the Lord Jesus Christ Himself. In Matthew 4:4 He taught
us that words found in the Old Testament had come “from the mouth of God”. He said that not the
smallest part of a single letter of the law of Moses would pass away until all of it was fulfilled (Matt 5:18).
He stated that words written by David were “by the Holy Spirit” of God (Mark 12:36). He said that what
was spoken to the leaders of Israel was “the word of God”, and that “the Scripture cannot be broken”
(John 10:35). He taught that His own teachings had come directly from God the Father in heaven
(John 12:49; 14:24). He stated that the Holy Spirit of God would lead His apostles “into all truth” (John
16:13), and His apostles taught that all the Old Testament Scriptures were given “by inspiration of God”
(2 Timothy 3:16), and that Old Testament prophecy came though holy men of God who “spoke as they
were moved by the Holy Spirit” (2 Peter 1:21).
The English text of the Bible and the notes we have produced and present to the reader reflect this
high view of inspiration.
THE BIBLE TEXT : The text used for this Study Bible is not a new translation, but a revision of the
Authorized Version, known popularly as The King James Version (hereafter called KJV), first published in
1611. We have done this revision with constant reference to the same Hebrew and Greek manuscripts
that the translators of the KJV used.
We are aware that some Christians who are lovers of the KJV will not welcome any changes made
in it. They may argue that there is no point in changing a version that God has so greatly blessed and
that so many English speaking Christians have used for centuries. Many who think like this may not be
aware that the original translators of the KJV made much use of previous translations, and that the KJV
has already been revised a number of times. The version generally available to Christians for many
years now has not been the original version completed in 1611, but the revision made in 1769. The
producers of the 1967 edition of the Scofield Reference Bible did some revising of the KJV, as they
inform us in their Introduction. Others also have produced their own revision – for example, the New
King James Bible.
The revision we have made should not be confused with any of those. However, our purpose
has been the same as that of the original translators of the KJV, and of those who have made helpful
revisions of the KJV since then. We have wanted to provide a very accurate version with language
clear and understandable to all those who read the Bible. When God originally gave His Word to those
who wrote it down, He gave it in the forms of speech and language that people commonly used at the
time, because He wanted His revelation to be easily intelligible to the people. We have tried to follow
His example.
It should be clear to all those who study the KJV that some of its words and expressions are no
longer understood, and that some have changed their meaning altogether.
Consider these words: “amerce”, “asswaged”, “astonied”, “avouched”, “besom”, “bestead”,
“bewray”, “brigandine”, “broided”, ”bruit”, ”caul”, “chapiters”, “chode”, “churl”, “cieled”, “clouts”,
“cockatrice”, ”collops”, “concision”, “descry”, “emerods”, “felloes”, “flotes”, “froward”, “glede”, “graff”,
“greaves”, “habergeons”, “hoised”, “holpen”, “husbandmen”, “husbandry”, “implead”, “justle”, “knop”,
“lien”, “meteyard”, “minished”, “neesings”, “noisome”, “ouches”, “plenish”, “publican”, “ringstraked”,
“sackbut”, “scall”, “scrabbled”, “scrip”, “silverlings”, “sod pottage”, “sottish”, “stomacher”, “strake”,
“suretiship”, “tabret”, “timbrel”, “trow”, “unicorns”, “vaunteth”, “wimples”, “wot”, “wotteth”, etc.
This is by no means a full list of words in the original KJV that present_day readers may not know
the meaning of. A number of these words are not even in some modern dictionaries. Perhaps the
ordinary reader may guess the meaning of some of them by the context in which they appear, but
surely not all of them, and he may actually make wrong guesses. In any case, should our understand-
ing of any part of the Word of God have to be a matter of guesswork?
And consider the following phrases in the KJV – phrases which no doubt were clear enough to
people 400 years ago, but which are not clear to a reader today not familiar with that kind of English.
Some of these phrases sound very strange to our ears, and some actually convey the wrong meaning
today:
“He entreated Abram” (Gen 12:16) – changed to “he treated Abram well”. The word “entreated”
no longer conveys the proper meaning of the Hebrew here.
“Tables of stone” (Ex 24:12; etc) – changed to “tablets of stone”. It was not stone tables that
Moses had in his hands when he came down from Mount Sinai.
“Environ us round” (Josh 7:9) – changed to “surround us”, for obvious reasons.
“The great and terrible God” (Nehemiah 1:5) – this has been changed in this revision to “the great
and awesome God.” To many people today “terrible” does not mean “awe_inspiring” or “awesome”, but
has a very negative meaning, such as “extremely bad”, “horrible”, “dreadful”.
“Seek after leasing” (Psalm 4:2) – changed to “seek after a lie”. In old English the word “leasing”
could mean “lying”, but we no longer use the word with this meaning.
“Recount his worthies” (Nahum 2:5) – changed to “remember his nobles”, which better conveys
the meaning of the Hebrew to readers today.
“Suffer little children. . .to come unto me” (Matt 19:14) – changed to “permit little children. . .to
come to me”. In the days when the KJV was translated “suffer” could also mean “permit” or “let”, and
here did have that meaning, but we no longer use the word in this way.
“Whom ye slew and hanged on a tree” (Acts 5:30) – changed to “whom you killed by hanging him
on a tree”. The KJV sounds as though they first killed Jesus and afterwards hung him on the cross. The
word “and” is not in the Greek.
“We wot not” (Acts 7:40) – changed to “we do not know”, for obvious reasons.
“From there we fetched a compass” (Acts 28:13) – changed to “from there we circled about”, which
gives the meaning of the Greek. No doubt the KJV conveyed this meaning to readers in their day, but
for modern readers that English phrase no longer has this meaning, but another one altogether.
“Quit you like men” (1 Cor 16:13) – changed to “be courageous”. In Greek there is only one word
here, meaning “manly” or “brave”. It has nothing to do with quitting anything.
“We do you to wit of the grace of God” (2 Cor 8:1) – changed to “we inform you of the grace of
God”, for obvious reasons.
“Shall not prevent them who are asleep” (1 Thess 4:15) _ changed to “will not precede those who
have fallen asleep”. The Greek word does not mean what we now think of as preventing.
“He who now letteth will let “ (2 Thess 2:7) – changed to “he who is now restraining will continue
to restrain “. “Letteth” and “let” actually convey the wrong meaning of the Greek to readers now.
“The word of God is quick and powerful” (Heb 4:12) – changed to “the word of God is living and
powerful”. The Greek word does not indicate something that acts quickly but something that is living.
Four hundred years ago “quick” could mean “alive”, but it does not do so in modern usage.
“A peculiar people” (1 Pet 2:9) – changed to “a people belonging to God “. To people today
“peculiar” usually means “strange”, “queer”, or “odd”, which is not the meaning of the Greek word here.
“Seek peace and ensue it” (1 Peter 3:11) – changed to “seek peace and follow after it”. The word
“ensue” no longer conveys the meaning of the Greek.
This is by no means all the changes that we thought needed to be made. The reader will discover
others in the text we are providing, and often a note about the change made. The reader should not
think that changing these words or phrases is actually changing the Word of God which was written
down in the original Hebrew and Greek manuscripts. It is only making the Word of God more clear and
meaningful and accurate in English for readers today. Can anyone really think it is changing the Word
of God to translate “we do not know” in place of “we wot not”? or “tablets of stone” to replace “tables
of stone”? or “surround us” for “environ us round”?
We have also changed the forms of verbs and some pronouns which needed to be changed to
bring them up_to_date. These English verb forms and pronouns make the KJV sound archaic and
strange today to those who are not used to it. When the KJV was translated “thou” and “thee” were
commonly used for any person, and not a special way of speaking to God. It was not then, and is not
now, a more pious or reverent way of addressing Him, so we have changed these obsolete forms to
“you.” Along with that we have also changed all the forms of verbs which are not used now, such as
“hath”, “hast”, ”wilt”, ”saith”, “sheweth”, “believeth”, “believest”, etc.
We have retained the use of italics. The KJV translators added words not in the Hebrew and Greek
text but which they thought were necessary to make a complete sentence or to make a phrase or
sentence clear. When they did so they placed these added words in italics. We have done the same.
In Hebrew and Greek (as in all languages) some words have more than one meaning, and
because of this, words and whole sentences, may be translated differently from this version we have
produced. We have sometimes placed in the notes these possible alternate translations.
THE NOTES: Our sole purpose in writing and publishing these notes has been to provide the
reader with a help in better understanding the Word of God, and so put it into practice more fully. They
represent many years of hard work. Great care has been taken to try to expound what is in the text
of the Bible, and not to present any preconceptions or prejudices we may have. It is, of course, quite
possible that we have not always succeeded in this, and the reader may sometimes find mistakes in
matters of fact or errors in the interpretation of a verse or a passage. If these things are pointed out
to us, and we are convinced of our error, we will be most happy to correct any such thing in future
editions. Truth is what we constantly aim at, and anything less than the truth in our thinking and
speaking and writing is unacceptable and painful to us, as it should be to everyone who reads this.
May God alone be praised if those who use our Study Bible come to a better understanding of the
truth through it. We are in hearty agreement with the psalmist who wrote, “Not to us, O LORD, not to
us, but to your name give glory, because of your mercy and because of your truth” (Ps 115:1). In this
we will have our joy and satisfaction.
We have provided a great many references throughout the notes and in a brief concordance at
the end. We hope all these references are accurate, but are aware that mistakes in proof reading are
always possible and may be found here and there. If the reader discovers any such mistakes we would
appreciate having them pointed out to us.
The Staff of Grace Ministries
Bangalore, India
STUDY BIBLE
Today’s King James Version
The Books of
THE OLD TESTAMENT
Book Name Page No Book Name Page No
Genesis 1 Ecclesiastes 850
Exodus 76 Song of Songs 863
Leviticus 134 Isaiah 875
Numbers 173 Jeremiah 976
Deuteronomy 222 Lamentations 1058
Joshua 263 Ezekiel 1068
Judges 294 Daniel 1133
Ruth 328 Hosea 1160
1 Samuel 334 Joel 1177
2 Samuel 378 Amos 1184
1 Kings 412 Obadiah 1197
2 Kings 453 Jonah 1200
1 Chronicles 492 Micah 1205
2 Chronicles 522 Nahum 1214
Ezra 560 Habakkuk 1219
Nehemiah 573 Zephaniah 1225
Esther 591 Haggai 1230
Job 601 Zechariah 1234
Psalms 651 Malachi 1250
Proverbs 811
The Books of
THE NEW TESTAMENT
Book Name Page No Book Name Page No
Matthew 1 1 Timothy 473
Mark 87 2 Timothy 488
Luke 112 Titus 497
John 166 Philemon 502
Acts 239 Hebrews 505
Romans 298 James 541
1 Corinthians 341 1 Peter 552
2 Corinthians 377 2 Peter 566
Galatians 401 1 John 574
Ephesians 418 2 John 588
Philippians 437 3 John 591
Colossians 448 Jude 592
1 Thessalonians 459 Revelation 597
2 Thessalonians 467 CONCORDANCE 643
THE
OLD TESTAMENT
GENESIS
Title:
In the original Hebrew manuscripts of the Old Testament there were no names or titles to the various
books. The Jews, to whom God gave His Word, usually called each book by the first one or two
words of the opening sentence. In Genesis the first word in Hebrew, the original language of the Old
Testament, was the word translated In the beginning, and so that is what the Jews called it. Many
centuries later Jewish scholars translated the Old Testament into the Greek language and gave
names to each of the books. This translation is called the Septuagint. Much later these names were
used in the Latin translation of the Bible, and many centuries after that in the English translation of
the Bible. In this way the names came into what is now called the King James Version and other
English versions.
Author:
The people of Israel from the time of Moses onward were sure that Moses wrote the first five books
of the Bible, and there is strong evidence in the Bible itself to support this belief. See Ex 17:14;
24:4; 34:27; Num 33:2; Deut 31:19,24-26; Josh 1:8; 8:31; 1 Kings 2:3; Luke 24:44; 1 Cor
9:9. Most importantly, Jesus Christ Himself said that Moses wrote about Him. See Matt 19:8;
John 5:46,47; 7:19.
Date:
Probably sometime between 1446 and 1406 before Christ.
Theme:
Beginnings. Here we have the beginning of Gods written revelation of Himself, the beginning of the
world, of mankind, of sin, of Gods plan of redemption, of the various races of men, and the
beginning of the people of Israel through whom God gave His Word.
Contents:
Creation of the heavens and earth ................................................................ 1:1-31
More information about creation .................................................................... 2:1-25
The fall of man into sin and the result ............................................................. 3:1-24
Cain and Abel .............................................................................................. 4:1-18
The character of Cains descendants .............................................................. 4:19-24
Genealogy of early people ............................................................................ 5:1-32
Noah, the ark, and the great flood ................................................................. 6:1 - 8:22
Gods covenant with Noah ............................................................................. 9:1-17
The beginning of nations ............................................................................... 9:18 - 10:32
The tower of Babel ....................................................................................... 11:1-9
More genealogies ......................................................................................... 11:10-32
Abraham obeys Gods call .............................................................................. 12:1-9
Abraham in Egypt ........................................................................................ 12:10-20
Abraham and Lot separate ............................................................................ 13:1-18
Abraham saves Lot ...................................................................................... 14:1-17
Abraham and Melchizedek ............................................................................. 14:18-20
Gods promises to Abraham ........................................................................... 15:1-19
The birth of Ishmael ..................................................................................... 16:1-15
Circumcision commanded ............................................................................... 17:1-14
Isaac promised ............................................................................................ 17:15-19
Abrahams three visitors from heaven ............................................................ 18:1-15
Abraham prays for Sodom ............................................................................. 18:16-33
GENESIS 2
The destruction of Sodom ............................................................................. 19:1-29
Lot and his daughters ................................................................................... 19:30-38
Abraham and Abimelech ................................................................................ 20:1-18
The birth of Isaac, departure of Ishmael ......................................................... 21:1-21
God tests Abraham about Isaac ..................................................................... 22:1-19
Sarahs death and burial ............................................................................... 23:1-20
A bride for Isaac .......................................................................................... 24:1-67
Abrahams death .......................................................................................... 25:1-11
Ishmaels descendants .................................................................................. 25:12-18
Birth of Jacob and Esau ................................................................................ 25:19-26
Esau sells his birthright to Jacob .................................................................... 25:27-34
Isaac and Abimelech ..................................................................................... 26:1-33
Jacob deceives Isaac, gets his blessing .......................................................... 27:1-29
Esaus loss and anger ................................................................................... 27:30-45
Jacob flees to Laban .................................................................................... 28:1-22
Jacobs dream of a ladder ......................................................................... 28:10-22
Jacobs wives and children ............................................................................ 29:1 - 30:24
Jacob and Laban two deceivers .................................................................. 30:25-43
Jacob flees, Laban pursues ........................................................................... 31:1-55
Jacob prepares to meet Esau ........................................................................ 32:1-21
Jacob wrestles with the angel ........................................................................ 32:22-32
Jacob meets Esau ........................................................................................ 33:1-17
Jacob at Shechem ........................................................................................ 34:1-31
Jacob at Bethel ............................................................................................ 35:1-15
Death of Rachel and Isaac ............................................................................ 35:16-29
Genealogy of Esau ....................................................................................... 36:1-43
Josephs dreams .......................................................................................... 37:1-11
Josephs brothers sell him .............................................................................. 37:12-36
Judah and Tamar ......................................................................................... 38:1-30
Joseph in Egypt ........................................................................................... 39:1 - 50:26
Potiphars wife ........................................................................................ 39:1-19
Joseph in prison, interprets dreams ........................................................... 39:20 - 40:23
Joseph appointed prime minister ................................................................ 41:39-57
Joseph and his brothers ........................................................................... 42:1 - 44:34
Joseph reveals his identity ........................................................................ 45:1-15
The brothers bring Jacob to Egypt ............................................................. 45:16 - 46:34
Jacob meets Pharaoh ............................................................................... 47:1-12
Josephs acts as prime minister .................................................................. 47:13-31
Jacob blesses Josephs sons ..................................................................... 48:1-22
Jacob blesses his own sons ....................................................................... 49:1-28
Death of Jacob ........................................................................................ 49:29-33
Josephs remaining days in Egypt ............................................................... 50:1-26
3 GENESIS 1:7
1 In the beginning God created the heaven and
the earth. 2 And the earth was desolate and
void; and darkness was up the surface of the
5 And God called the light day, and the darkness he
called night. And the evening and the morning
were the first day.
deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the surface 6 And God said, Let there be an expanse
of the waters. between the waters, and let it separate the
3 And God said, Let there be light; and there waters from the waters. 7 And God made the
was light. 4 And God saw the light, that it was expanse, and separated the waters which were
good, and God divided the light from the darkness. under the expanse from the waters which were
1:1 Beginning Ps 33:6,9; 102:25; Isa and darkness. But God did not create the
42:5; 45:18; John 1:2,3; 1:16; Heb earth to remain in that condition, but even-
1:2; Rev 4:11. We do not know for certain tually to become the habitation of mankind
whether this refers to the beginning of the Isaiah 45:18.
whole universe, or only the beginning of Darkness see how God Himself de-
Gods plan for the earth. And we do not scribes this in Job 38:9.
know when this beginning took place. Some Deep it seems that the whole earth
seem sure that it was some billions of years was covered with ocean. Dry land did not
ago. Others think that it was only some appear until later verse 9.
thousands of years ago. See the additional Spirit of God moved this suggests that
note on all this at the end of Genesis. Gods Spirit was present to prepare the earth
Here the time of beginning is not the for mans habitation. Compare Ps 104:30.
important thing, but the fact of it. Nothing Gods Spirit is seen at work throughout the
in creaton is eternal, only God is (Ps 90:2). Bible. Here are some of the verses which
Before creation there was God, and God refer to Him: 6:3; 41:38; Ex 31:3; Num
made the world out of nothing by His Word 24:2; 1 Sam 16:13; 2 Sam 23:2; Ps
and almighty power. 51:11; 143:10; Isa 11:2; 61:1; Matt
The great Creator appears in the first 1:18; 3:16; 12:28; Luke 11:13; John
verse of the Bible and He is referred to some 3:5,6; 14:17; 15:26; 16:7-15; Acts
30 times in this first chapter alone. The 2:4; Rom 8:9; 1 Cor 2:10; 6:19; Gal
whole Bible is His narrative. It gives us some 3:2; 6:19; Gal 3:2; Eph 1:13; 2:22;
of His mighty acts and wonderful words. 2 Pet 1:19; Rev 22:17. See notes at John
Especially it gives us the story of His 14:16,17; etc.
dealings with mankind, and what He has 1:3 And God said we are not told when
done to teach them the truth about Himself. God spoke the words that follow. Some schol-
He teaches us also how we can come to Him, ars believe that there was a long gap be-
and how to worship Him. tween verses 2 and 3, and that the earth
The Bible does not begin with proofs of remained for a long time in darkness. See
Gods existence. It simply presents Him in the note at the end of Genesis. It is not
action. His works speak of His existence and necessary to believe that the original work
we learn something of what He is like by of creation revealed in verse 1 must be in-
the things He has made. See Ps 19:1,2; cluded in the work of the first day. Verse 1
Isa 40:25,26; Rom 1:20. gives us the original creation. Verse 3 be-
Heaven this could also be translated gins the revelation of what God did after that
heavens or sky or skies. It does not to prepare the earth for life and human habi-
necessarily indicate outer space, though it tation. We are not told when God sent light
may possibly do so. to the dark earth. Only the bare fact is stated.
1:2 Earth this could also be translated Said by the mere power of His word
land the Hebrew word means both earth God created vs 6, 9, 11, 14, 20, 24; Ps
and land, and throughout the Old 33:6-9; Heb 11:3.
Testament the land of Israel is indicated by Light 2 Cor 4:6. The context points
this word (eretz). Some scholars believe that to light on earth, which had been lying in
here in Genesis the verses describing Gods darkness. We are not told what the source
creation from verse 2 onwards refer only to of this light was. Compare v 14.
the land later promised to the children of 1:4 Isa 45:7.
Israel. The usual view is that this chapter 1:5 Ps 74:16.
deals with Gods work in the whole earth. Day see notes on 2:4; 5:2.
Was not became. This indicates a Evening. . .morning were the first day
prevailing condition, not a change in the if the light in v 3 did not come from the sun,
condition (this makes the gap theory then this evening and morning could
the theory that there was a long period of possibly have a very different meaning from
time between verses one and two seem what those words mean now, but see the
very unlikely). note below on vs 14-18.
Desolate and void Ps 104:30; Jer 1:6 Ps 104:1,2; Jer 10:12.
4:23. Desolate is an accurate translation Expanse to the present-day reader
of the Hebrew word here. There cannot be this word better expresses the meaning of
an object completely without form. In the the Hebrew than the word firmament in
beginning the earth was void of life and not the KJV.
yet ready for human habitation. There was 1:7 Ps 148:4.
only a spherical shape covered with water Made the Hebrew word also means
GENESIS 1:8 4
above the expanse. And it was so. 8 And God made two great lights: the greater light to govern
called the expanse heaven. And the evening the day, and the lesser light to govern the night.
and the morning were the second day. He made the stars also. 17 And God set them in
9 And God said, Let the waters under the the expanse of the heaven to give light upon the
heaven be gathered together to one place, and let earth, 18 and to govern the day and the night,
the dry land appear. And it was so. 10 And God and to separate the light from the darkness. And
called the dry land earth, and the gathering to- God saw that it was good. 19 And the evening and
gether of the waters he called seas. And God saw the morning were the fourth day.
that it was good. 20 And God said, Let the waters teem with
11 And God said, Let the earth bring forth living, moving creatures, and let birds fly above
vegetation, the plant bearing seed and the fruit the earth in the open expanse of heaven. 21 And
tree on the earth bearing fruit according to its kind, God created great sea monsters, and every living
with its seed in it. And it was so. 12 And the earth moving creature, according to its kind, with which
brought forth vegetation, the plant bearing seed the waters teem, and every winged bird according
according to its kind, and the tree bearing fruit, to its kind. And God saw that it was good. 22 And
with its seed in it, according to its kind. And God God blessed them, saying, Be fruitful, and increase
saw that it was good. 13 And the evening and the in number, and fill the waters in the seas, and let
morning were the third day. birds increase in number on the earth. 23 And the
14 And God said, Let there be lights in the evening and the morning were the fifth day.
expanse of the heaven to separate the day from 24 And God said, Let the earth bring forth the
the night, and let them be for signs, and for living creature according to its kind, cattle, and
seasons, and for days, and years, 15 and let them creeping thing, and beast of the earth according to
be for lights in the expanse of the heaven to give its kind. And it was so. 25 And God made the
light upon the earth. And it was so. 16 And God beast of the earth according to its kind, and cattle
brought forth, prepared, made ready, worship the Creator who made them, Him
etc. See verse 16. only (Ex 20:3; Matt 4:10). The sun and moon
1:8 Heaven the Hebrew word could also have no spiritual influence at all in the
be translated sky or skies or even air. affairs of men. They do not govern men.
This expanse is where the birds fly (verse They govern day and night by physically
20), so it refers to something close to the affecting activities on earth by their pres-
earth. ence or absence. Seeing the sun, moon and
1:9 Job 38:8-11; Ps 95:5. stars we should realize something of Gods
1:10 Ps 33:7. greatness, of how superior He is to man and
1:11-13 Ps 104:14. Vegetation came to all other things He has made (Ps 8:3,4;
before animal life. 102:25-27; Isa 40:12-17,25,26; 44:24.
1:14-18 Ps 74:16; Ps 136:7-9; Isa 40:26. He made the stars also perhaps this
There are other sources of light than the means that He made them appear from
sun, and the light in v 3 may have been earths point of view. But see the note at
from another source (clouds of ionized gas the end of Genesis.
is one possibility). Or it might have been, Set them (v 17) or appointed them.
as some think, that the earth was at first 1:19-25 Animal life was first created in the
obscured by dense clouds of vapor. Some water, then on land.
light from the sun was able to penetrate to 1:24-26 There is a theory devised by men
the earth, but the sun itself could not have that tries to explain the development of life
been seen. Here perhaps the meaning is on earth from lifeless matter to man,
that for the first time the sun and moon leaving God out altogether. This theory is
were made visible from the earths point of atheistic evolution. It is an unproved theory
view. Or it may possibly mean that God and there are still many unsolved scientific
put them in their present positions, or that problems in connection with it not to
He did something to them that resulted in mention other kinds of problems.
their present condition. There is, perhaps, For example, how did life originally arise
another possibility see note at the end of spontaneously out of lifeless matter? How
Genesis. did lifeless matter itself originate? How can
In v 16 the word created is not used consciousness and intelligence, mind and
(as it is in v 1 in Hebrew bara). The personality, morality and ethics, religion and
Hebrew word here (asah) has various spirituality be explained if the development
meanings, such as to work on, to pro- of man began originally from lifeless
duce, to make, to prepare (see Psalm matter alone which have none of these? The
74:16), or even to appoint. teaching that these came about without God,
Observe that the sun and moon were from inanimate matter, is a mere theory,
given as signs to mark seasons and to not scientific fact; and it is a theory greatly
govern day and night. They were not made lacking in real evidence. And it is neither
that men might worship them (see Deut wise nor scientific to believe something
4:19; 17:3-5; Ezek 8:16-18. We are to without proper evidence. The Bible declares
5 GENESIS 1:30
according to their kind, and everything that creeps Be fruitful, and increase in number, and fill the
on the earth according to its kind. And God saw earth, and subdue it, and rule over the fish of the
that it was good. sea, and over the birds of the air, and over every
26 And God said, Let us make man in our living thing that moves on the earth.
image, according to our likeness, and let them rule 29 And God said, Look, I have given you every
over the fish of the sea, and over the birds of the seed-bearing plant on the face of the whole earth,
air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and and every tree on which is the fruit of a
over every creeping thing that creeps on the earth. seed-bearing tree. It will be food for you. 30 And
27 So God created man in his own image, in the to every beast of the earth, and to every bird of
image of God he created him. He created them the air, and to everything that creeps on the earth
male and female. that has life, I have given every green plant for food.
28 And God blessed them and God said to them, And it was so.
that atheism, that all denial of God, comes joined with God in His work of making man.
from a heart that is foolish and perverse Then to whom was God speaking? To some
(see Psalm 14:1 and note). gods or other? There is only one God and
Others, who believe in God, have thought not many. This is a truth stated everywhere
that God used the process of evolution to in the Bible Deut 4:35,39; Isa 43:10-
bring all present forms of life into exist- 12; 44:6-8; Rom 3:29,30; 1 Cor 8:4;
ence. From the evidence we have in the Bible, 1 Tim 1:17; 6:15,16; Jude 25. So God
and the knowledge of the many defects in was not speaking to another God or god.
the theory of evolution, we can say that this But according to the Bible, in the one
seems very unlikely. Godhead there are three persons, named
Let us always remember that any theory the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit
or hypothesis is based on partial knowledge. one God, three persons perfectly united with
It is an attempt to explain matters without one will, one mind, one nature. All three
having all the facts. Often when more is were active in creation. The Father appears
known, theories must be either greatly in v 1, the Spirit in v 2, and the Son was with
modified or completely abandoned. This the Father in the whole process of creation
has happened again and again in the his- (John 1:1-3; Col 1:16,17; Heb 1:10-12).
tory of scientific investigation. As for us, let See notes on the Trinity at Matt 3:16; etc.
us be very careful in our statements so that Here in Genesis in this verse it seems that
we do not either oppose a teaching of the God the Father is speaking to the other
Bible, or unnecessarily add to what it says, members of the Trinity.
or show that we are ignoring real evidence 1:27 Matt 19:4-6. So in the KJV every
of any kind, scientific or otherwise. verse in this chapter except this one and
1:26 The language of this verse reveals, verse 1 begins with the word and. In
not a product of evolution, but a new cre- Hebrew there is no separate word for this,
ation, different from all that was created but one single letter joined with the word
before. According to the Bible man is not that follows. Apparently in Hebrew this was
a mere animal. And he is not God or a a device that aided the flow of the language
part of God. He is far above the animals. and often added nothing to the meaning of
No one should think of calling animals the the sentence containing it. The KJV some-
children of God. And the Bible does not times translates this by other English words.
say that animals were made in Gods im- In this verse the same Hebrew letter is
age. But man, though far above animals, translated so. In other places in the Old
is far below God. He is a creature, God is Testament it is translated in the KJV as
the Creator. However, in certain ways he thus (Gen 2:1), but (Gen 2:6,17), now
resembles God. He was made with person- (Gen 3:1), so (Gen 3:24), etc, and some-
ality. This indicates a very important truth times it is omitted altogether (Gen 8:2).
mans Creator also has personality. God 1:28 Ps 8:6-8; Jer 27:5. Notes on bless
is not an impersonal power. and blessed at 12:1-3; Num 6:22-27;
Man was given a mind to think about Deut 28:1; Ps 1:1; Matt 5:3-12; etc.
Gods revelation, a will to choose between 1:29 Look or behold (KJV). Behold
good and evil, an ability to love and wor- was in common use when the KJV was trans-
ship God. He was made in Gods image lated (early 17th century), but is rarely used
(Gen 5:1; 9:6; 1 Cor 11:7; Eph 4:24). now, except in the phrase lo and behold.
This does not mean that God has a body In Hebrew (and in Greek) the word here
like mans. God is Spirit. See John 4:24. translated look is very often used merely
Notice in this verse the words us and to call attention to the words which follow.
our. See also Gen 3:22. It seems that It is sometimes difficult to translate mean-
here is a hint of the mysterious and ingfully into good English. Occasionally we
wonderful doctrine of the Trinity, which is have put it in the past tense, as in verse 31
gradually revealed in the Bible. To whom (saw).
was God speaking in this verse? To angels? 1:29,30 God gave new directions after the
The Bible nowhere says that man was made great flood described in chapters 7 and 8.
in the image of angels or that angels See 9:3,4.
GENESIS 1:31 6
31 And God looked at everything that he had and he ceased on the seventh day from all his work
made, and saw that it was very good. And the which he had done. 3 And God blessed the seventh
evening and the morning were the sixth day. day, and sanctified it, because in it he had ceased
from all his work which God created and did.
2 Thus the heavens and the earth were finished,
and all the host of them. 2 And on the seventh
day God completed his work which he had done;
4 These are the accounts of the heavens and
of the earth when they were created. In the day
that the LORD God made the earth and the
1:31 Everything God made, including man, 2:1 Host of them this phrase is not de-
was very good. Man was sinless and able fined, but may mean the sun, moon, and
to have fellowship with God, and love Him stars that appear from earths viewpoint.
and worship Him in spirit and in truth. Some think it means the whole universe with
its many galaxies, but other explanations
Note on creation and science have been offered. See the note at the
Is there any conflict between the account end of Genesis.
of creation in this chapter and the truths 2:2 Ceased this could also be trans-
discovered by modern science? No. This first lated rested, but we should not think that
chapter of Genesis, as all the rest of the God gets weary (Isa 40:28). He finished
Bible, is a revelation from God Himself and His work and so ceased His activities. He
so is absolutely true to the facts (see here establishes a principle for man to
2 Tim 3:16; 2 Pet 1:21; etc). Scientific follow one rest day after six days of work
evidence is not lacking that the order of (Ex 20:8-11).
creation given here is correct the heavens, Day 1:5; 5:2. This word is used in at
and a desolate, empty earth, then light least four different ways in the Bible: day-
reaching earth, after that vegetation and light hours 1:5,14; John 11:9; a period
animal life in water, and later on land, and of 24 hours Matt 17:1; Luke 24:21; a
finally man. Science is in agreement with this longer period of time Isa 34:8; John 9:4
chapter that creation is real. It is not a mere (compare also 2 Peter 3:8); metaphorically
dream in the mind of God. 1 Thess 5:5,8.
However, this chapter is at odds with cer- Here in v 3 the seventh day seems to
tain speculations and theories of science that indicate a day as we know it now. It is plain
some put forth to try to explain the origin from Ex 20:8-11 that the day God
of the universe apart from God. But the sanctified for man was a day of 24 hours.
speculations and theories of science are not And so it may be that we should think that
the facts of science, and we should not the six previous days, the days of creation
confuse these things. It is not scientific to were also days of 24 hours each.
say that the universe originated by itself However, verses 4-6 speak of the day
out of nothing. No scientist was there to that the LORD God made the earth and
observe what happened then, and there is the heavens, and goes on to indicate
no evidence now that such things ever hap- ground separate from the sea, and the way
pen. When it comes to the origin of the the ground was watered. So the word day
universe scientists can only speculate, just there can hardly mean a day of 24 hours,
as those who are not scientists. Or else for it includes at least Gods acts in days 2
believe the record God has given here in and 3 of chapter one. It is not always easy
His Word. to interpret how the word day is used in
Concerning the origin of things, Genesis the Bible, and perhaps to be too dogmatic
chapter one gives the most logical and in this matter is to be unwise. Some have
sensible and reasonable explanation in argued like this: God ceased His work after
existence. It certainly has not been the six days of creation, the days were
disproved by science, and many fine and possibly long periods of time, and He sanc-
brilliant scientists have believed this account tified His seventh day. Mans days are a
and accepted it as Gods revelation. small picture of that and so later on God
And regarding the theories of some ordered men to labor six days and rest on
scientists which are contrary to the plain the seventh, and sanctified mans seventh
teachings of the Bible we should keep in day. The reader may decide for himself what
mind the following: Scientists who have not to make of this argument. Others have
believed in God and received the Lord Jesus taught that the days of creation were days
Christ as Lord and Saviour are fallen, sinful of 24 hours, but that they refer only to Gods
people just as the rest of mankind, and this activity in the land later promised to Israel,
will be revealed in their thoughts and not to the whole earth
theories as well as in their actions see 2:3 Sanctified this is the first use of this
8:21; Ps 14:1-3; Jer 17:9; Matt 15:19; word in the Old Testament. It means to
Rom 1:18-23; 3:17-19; Eph 2:1-3; etc. make holy or to declare holy or to set apart.
So it is a dangerous and foolish thing to See notes at Lev 20:7; John 17:17; etc.
accept a theory of any unbelieving scientist 2:4 LORD the word the has been added
(no matter how skilled and knowledgeable here by the KJV (and everywhere the word
he is in his own field) when what he puts LORD appears). LORD (all capital letters)
forth relates in any way to God or religion or translates the Hebrew word for Jehovah
the Bible or to ethics and morality. (or Yahweh which is how it is sometimes
7 GENESIS 2:18
heavens, 5 no plant of the field was yet in the head streams. 11 The name of the first is Pison.
earth, and no shrub of the field had yet sprouted. That is the one that goes around the whole land of
For the LORD God had not caused it to rain on the Havilah, where there is gold. 12 And the gold of
earth, and there was no man to till the ground. that land is good. There also are bdellium and the
6 But a mist went up from the earth and watered onyx stone. 13 And the name of the second river is
the whole face of the ground. 7 And the LORD God Gihon. This is the one that goes around the whole
formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed land of Cush. 14 And the name of the third river is
into his nostrils the breath of life, and man became Hiddekel. This is the one that goes toward the east
a living soul. of Assyria. And the fourth river is Euphrates.
8 And the LORD God planted a garden toward 15 And the LORD God took the man and put him
the east in Eden, and there he put the man whom into the garden of Eden to cultivate it and to keep
he had formed. 9 And out of the ground the LORD it. 16 And the LORD God commanded the man,
God caused to grow every tree that is pleasant to saying, You may freely eat of every tree of the
the sight, and good for food; also the tree of life in garden, 17 but you shall not eat of the tree of the
the middle of the garden, and the tree of knowledge of good and evil; for in the day that you
knowledge of good and evil. eat of it you will surely die.
10 And a river went out of Eden to water the 18 And the LORD God said, It is not good
garden, and from there it divided and became four for the man to be alone. I will make a helper
written, being closer to the sound of the would come from experience. The trees
Hebrew). This is the first appearance of the themselves were both good (1:31). God
most common name for God in the Old never made anything evil.
Testament, used more than 6000 times (in 2:13 Cush in ancient times it appears
Hebrew 6519 times). For the meaning of that there were two regions called by this
this name see note at Ex 3:14. In the KJV name. One was in Africa and included a part
Lord (not having all capital letters) is a of present-day Ethiopia, the other was in
translation of a different Hebrew word. See western Asia.
the note at 15:2. 2:14 Hiddekel the river in western Asia
2:4-6 It is obvious that conditions in the now called the Tigris.
early earth were very different from what they 2:15 God did not create man for idleness.
are now. 2:15-20 The picture here is beautiful God
2:6 The Hebrew of this verse is very difficult and man at peace, in fellowship and
and might be translated in other ways. communication. Man knew God and walked
2:7 This is the second account of Gods cre- with God. Gods plan had man in a garden,
ation of man. It does not contradict the first surrounded by beauty, in the midst of plenty,
account but gives added information. Mans with pleasant work to do. And man was
body is composed of elements found in the created for a very high purpose and
earth (Gen 3:19). In the Hebrew language destiny. He was the ruler of Gods earth
even the word for man (adam see v 20) is (1:28; Ps 8:5,6).
very close to the word for ground (adamah). 2:17 God is the Creator, the Lord of the
But man is not mere body. See Eccl 12:7; universe. He has a perfect right to give
Ps 31:5; Luke 16:22,23; Acts 7:59; 2 Cor commands to His creatures, and to test their
5:6-8; 1 Thess 5:23; Heb 12:22,23; Rev love and obedience. He gave the first man
6:9-11. In the creation of mans body God only one command that they must not
used previously existing material. But we eat the fruit of a certain tree. The command
cannot say that He used previously existing might have been about something else
materials when He brought plant and the meaning would have been the same.
animal life into existence. He does not tell The meaning can be expressed in these
us either that He did or that He did not. words: I am God; you are man. It is your
2:8 To some extent we can identify the privilege and duty to love me supremely,
location of Eden from the information given trust me completely and obey me gladly. If
in verses 10-14. The Tigris and Euphrates you do not do so you shall die.
rivers flow through present-day Iraq into the Die the first reference to death in the
Persian Gulf. Nothing is known about the Bible. It resulted from mans disobedience
rivers called here Pishon and Gihon. They and sin as we shall see in chapter 3. Death
may no longer exist. The Cush mentioned means separationthe spiritual separation
in verse 13 is not the land we call Ethiopia of man from God (Eph 2:1,5) and the physi-
today, but another region of the same name cal separation of body and spirit (Eccl 12:7).
located in the neighborhood of Iraq. See also Rom 5:12; 6:23; Jam 1:15.
2:9 We do not know what the tree of life 2:18 This refers to a specific man, Adam.
and the tree of knowledge of good and evil The definite article is used. It is a general
were like. We know only what resulted from principle that a man needs a wife but it does
eating their fruit. The fruit of one gave life. not always apply (Jer 16:1,2; 1 Cor
Eating the fruit of the other gave a specific 7:26,27). In the case of the first man it
kind of knowledge. This was not wisdom was necessary for him to have a wife if there
itself but a knowledge of good and evil that was to be a human race. But it is not
GENESIS 2:19 8
suitable for him. become one flesh.
19 And the LORD God formed every beast of 25 And they were both naked, the man and his
the field from the ground, and every bird of the air, wife, and were not ashamed.
and brought them to Adam to see what he would
call them. And whatever Adam called each living
creature, that became its name. 20 And Adam
gave names to all cattle, and to the birds of the air,
3 Now the serpent was more subtle than any
beast of the field which the LORD God had
made. And he said to the woman, Really, did God
and to every beast of the field. But as for Adam say, You shall not eat of every tree of the
there was not found a suitable helper for him. garden?
21 And the LORD God caused a deep sleep to fall 2 And the woman said to the serpent, We may
on Adam, and he slept. And he took one of his ribs eat of the fruit of the trees of the garden, 3 but of
and in its place closed up the flesh. 22 And with the fruit of the tree which is in the middle of the
the rib which the LORD God took from man, he garden, God said, You shall not eat of it, nor shall
made a woman, and brought her to the man. you touch it, lest you die.
23 And Adam said, This is now bone of my 4 And the serpent said to the woman, You will
bones, and flesh of my flesh. She shall be called not surely die. 5 For God knows that in the day you
woman, because she was taken out of man. eat of it your eyes will be opened, and you will be
24 Therefore a man shall leave his father and like gods, knowing good and evil.
his mother, and be united to his wife, and they will 6 And when the woman saw that the tree was
necessary for any specific individual now to Really the KJV has yea, but this is
marry in order to perpetuate the human race. not a literal translation of the Hebrew word
2:19 From the ground all animal life did which has a variety of possible meanings
not originate in the water. also, though, so much the more,
He brought God appeared to Adam indeed, etc.
in some form, probably either angelic or 3:2 See 2:16,17.
human, to have fellowship and talk with him. 3:3 S h e a d d e d t o G o d s w o r d s . See
John 1:18 says that no man has seen God Prov 30:6.
at any time. This means no man has seen 3:4,5 John 8:44; Rev 12:9. Satan
God in His spiritual essence as He is de- contradicted the word God gave in 2:17.
scribed in 1 Tim 6:16. But He sometimes Satan tempts men and destroys them by
appeared in human or angelic form in Old telling them lies about God, about
Testament times and He came as Jesus themselves and about reality. He also
Christ, as described in the New Testament. tempts by putting some illusion of good or
Note on angels at Gen 16:7. greatness before men. He tried to persuade
2:20 Man from the be ginning had the gift the woman that God was withholding some
of language and the ability to use words good they might gain by listening to himself.
rightly. God gave him this gift when He So we learn the method Satan uses to ruin
created him. human beings he denies Gods Word, tells
Adam this could be translated man lies, and promises some pleasure or false
also. In Hebrew the words are the same. good. See v 22 also.
2:21,22 Woman, too, is not a product of God (v 5) the KJV has gods. The
evolution but a unique creation of God Hebrew word here (elohim) can mean
(1 Cor 11:8-12). either God or gods, but God is surely a
Took one of his ribs possibly this could better translation in this place. The word
be translated took part of his side. gods is used in the Bible to indicate the
2:23,24 From the beginning God ordained false gods worshiped by some people in the
marriage as one man, one woman (Mark world, but when the serpent said this to Eve,
10:7,8; Eph 5:28-33). there were no other people in the world and
Woman in Hebrew the word for woman no gods. So when she heard the word
sounds very much like one of the words for elohim she could only think of the one
man (man ish or eesh; woman isha true God. Even if there had been other gods,
or (ishsha). Eve, before the fall, would not have been
2:25 See 3:7,10,11. tempted to become like them. But the
3:1 This serpent was unlike present-day suggestion she could become like God could
snakes. It was the most clever of all have been very appealing to her.
animals and apparently, until Gods curse 3:6 See 1 Tim 2:14; Jam 1:14,15; 1 John
came on it (v 14), did not crawl on its belly 2:16; Rom 5:12-19. This one sin changed
as snakes do now. Here it seems clear that the whole character of man, the whole course
Satan, the chief of demons, was using the of the world. See 6:5; 8:21. Sin is disobe-
serpent and speaking through it. In the dience to Gods Word, rebellion against al-
Bible the serpent is a symbolic name of mighty God, a lack of conformity to His prin-
Satan himself (2 Cor 11:3; Rev 12:9; ciples. It is acting from self according to
20:2). Satan, not literal snakes, tempts ones own desires contrary to Gods word and
people to sin and disobey God (Matt 4:3; will. See 1 John 3:4; 5:17; Jam 4:17;
1 Thess 3:5). Note on Satan at 1 Chron 21:1. Rom 14:23; Prov 24:9. The man was drawn
9 GENESIS 3:18
good for food, and that it was pleasant to the is this that you have done?
eyes, and a tree to be desired to make one wise, And the woman said, The serpent deceived
she took of its fruit and ate it, and also gave some me, and I ate.
to her husband with her. And he ate it. 7 And the 14 And the LORD God said to the serpent,
eyes of both of them were opened, and they knew Because you have done this, you are cursed above
that they were naked, and they sewed fig leaves all cattle and above every beast of the field. You
together, and made themselves aprons. will go about on your belly and eat dust all the days
8 And they heard the sound of the LORD God of your life. 15 And I will put enmity between you
walking in the garden in the cool of the day, and and the woman, and between your offspring and
Adam and his wife hid themselves from the her offspring. He will bruise your head, and you
presence of the LORD God among the trees of the will bruise his heel.
garden. 9 And the LORD God called to Adam and 16 To the woman he said, I will greatly in-
said to him, Where are you? crease your suffering in childbirth. In pain you will
10 And he said, I heard the sound you made in bear children. And your desire will be for your
the garden, and I was afraid, because I was husband, and he will rule over you.
naked, and I hid myself. 17 And to Adam he said, Because you listened
11 And he said, Who told you that you were to the voice of your wife, and ate of the tree con-
naked? Have you eaten of the tree, of which I cerning which I commanded you, saying, You shall
commanded you not to eat? not eat of it, the ground is cursed on your account;
12 And the man said, The woman whom you gave in painful toil you will eat its produce all the days of
to be with me, she gave me of the tree, and I ate. your life. 18 It will also bring forth thorns and thistles
13 And the LORD God said to the woman, What for you, and you will eat the plants of the field.
into sin by his wife. Temptations that come 3:13 The woman speaks as her husband
through the marriage relationship can be did. She means Its not my fault. The
very strong. Adam was not deceived (1 Tim serpent deceived me. And after all who
2:14) but knowingly disobeyed God and fol- made the serpent? Trying to escape
lowed his wifes suggestion. responsibility for ones sins by putting the
3:7 In 2:17 God said they would die on the blame for them on someone else has been
day they ate of that fruit. That day they did mans way from that day to this. But God
not die physically, but they did die does not accept such excuses.
spiritually. This appears in the following 3:14 Sin brought a curse on all the world.
verses. Also the process of degeneration The earth is not the same as it was before
which results in physical death began that Adams fall (v 17; Rom 8:19-22).
day (see Rom 5:12). Here in v 7 we see 3:15 Here is the first promise of a Saviour
the death of innocence. Mans reaction to for fallen man. He would be born of the
his sin and guilt was shame which he tried woman (the man is not mentioned here.
to cover and hide. The outward act spoke of Many scholars think this signifies the virgin
an inner spiritual experience. birth of Christ. See Isa 7:14; Matt 1:22,23;
3:8 LORD God. . .walking compare 12:7; Gal 4:5). The Saviour will be the bruiser of
16:7; 18:1,2; etc. Now man tried to hide Satans head that is, He will destroy
from God. But God came to seek and save Satan and his works (Rom 16:20; Heb 2:14;
him. The almighty Creator of chapter 1 is 1 John 3:8). The final overthrow of Satan is
here seen as a God of love and mercy seen in the last book of the Bible (Rev
(1 John 4:8). The story of Gods gracious 20:10). The serpent was to bruise the heel
pursuit of lost men begins here and contin- of the Saviour. He could hurt and wound
ues throughout the Bible. See notes on Him but not destroy Him. And the wounding
Ex 25:8; etc. It was not man who sought of the Saviour was for mans benefit (Isa
God then, and people do not do so now (Rom 53:5; 1 Pet 2:24).
3:11). It is God who sought man, and who Offspring the Hebrew word means
seeks him still. Compare Luke 19:10. seed, offspring, descendant.
3:9 Of course God knew where Adam was 3:16 Since the fall of human beings into
and what he had done, but He wanted Adam sin, woman is to be in subjection to the man
to speak out and confess his sin. (Eph 5:22; Col 3:18; 1 Tim 2:11-15;
3:10 Here is the first mention of fear in the 1 Pet 3:1-5).
Bible. Sin brings fear of discovery and of Suffering in childbirth this seems to
Gods presence (John 3:20). It is also true be the meaning rather than suffering and
that all the many fears which afflict childbirth (KJV). On the word and see
mankind have their origin in mans first sin. the note at 1:27.
3:12 Guilty man at once tried to shift the 3:17 In painful toil in Hebrew this is the
responsibility for his action onto someone same word translated suffering in v 16. It
else. Actually Adam was trying to blame God has a variety of meanings suffering, sor-
for his sin. It is as though he was saying row, pain, hard labour, etc.
God, its your fault. You gave this woman 3:17-19 Job 5:7; 14:1; Ps 90:3,9,10;
to me. Eccl 12:7.
GENESIS 3:19 10
19 In the sweat of your face you will eat bread, direction, to keep the way of the tree of life.
until you return to the ground; for you were taken
from it; for you are dust and you will return to dust.
20 And Adam called his wifes name Eve,
because she was the mother of all living.
4 And Adam knew Eve his wife, and she con-
ceived, and gave birth to Cain, and said, I
have gotten a man by the help of the LORD.
21 The LORD God also made garments of skins 2 And again, she gave birth to his brother Abel.
for Adam and for his wife, and clothed them. And Abel was a keeper of sheep, but Cain was a
22 And the LORD God said, See, the man has cultivator of the ground.
become like one of us, to know good and evil. And 3 And in process of time it came about that Cain
now, he must not put out his hand, and take also brought an offering to the LORD from the fruit of
of the tree of life, and eat, and live for ever. the ground. 4 And Abel also brought an offering,
23 Therefore the LORD God sent him out of the of the firstborn of his flock and of their fat. And
garden of Eden, to till the ground from which he the LORD had regard for Abel and for his offering,
was taken. 24 So he drove the man out, and at 5 but did not have regard for Cain and for his offer-
the east of the of the garden of Eden he placed ing. And Cain was very angry, and his face was
cherubim and a flaming sword which turned every downcast.
3:21 It seems very probable that there is a the way to the garden.
picture here of Gods way of salvation by In this chapter the results of mans sin
sacrifice and grace. Mans attempts to hide are very clear. They are still visible in the
his guilt and shame cannot succeed. He is world today shame, useless attempts to
not fit to stand before God in his own works. cover guilt, fear, trying to hide from God,
God Himself slew an innocent animal and vain excuses, a curse on creation, pain,
clothed Adam and Eve. Much later in history bondage, and drudgery to mankind, death,
God came in the person of Christ and died and exclusion from Paradise. Man was made
for sinners. He clothes those who come to in Gods image (1:26). By sinning that
Him in His own righteousness. What man image became terribly marred. In the New
is by nature is described in Isa 64:6. By Testament Gods revealed purpose is to
Gods grace he can have a perfect covering restore to fallen man the image of God in
(Isa 61:10; 1 Cor 1:30). See notes on true righteousness and holiness (Eph 4:24),
justification at Gen 15:6; Rom 1:17; to have His people become like Christ (Rom
3:21-26; 4:5,23-25. 8:29; 1 John 3:2).
3:22 This verse shows that there was some 4:1 Knew this is one way the Hebrews
truth in the serpents words in v 5. This is expressed sexual intimacy.
Satans method to mix lies with truth to 4:3-5 Offering here is the first mention
make it seem more attractive and of offerings in the Bible. Who taught Cain
believable. By sinning man did not become and Abel to bring offerings to God? Evi-
like God in Gods holy character in fact, dently their parents, Adam and Eve. Who
just the opposite of that happened. But in taught Adam and Eve? God Himself is the
the one matter of knowing good and evil only one who could have. Why did God ac-
man became like his Creator. cept Abels offering and reject Cains? Heb
Us see 1:26. 11:4 gives at least part of the answer. Abel
Live forever God will not let man live offered a better sacrifice. How was it bet-
forever in this world in a sinful condition. If ter? Judging from the rest of the Bible the
He did so it would be a terrible disaster. In answer seems to be that he brought a blood
the last book of the Bible the tree of life sacrifice. Throughout the Bible this is re-
appears again (Rev 2:7; 22:14), and the garded as an offering for sin. See notes at
way to it. Ex 12:1,7; Lev 1:5; 4:3; Heb 9:22. Abel
3:23,24 Man has lost paradise because sin came to God acknowledging that he was a
and Paradise are mutually exclusive. Men sinner and that only a blood sacrifice could
must choose one or the other; they cannot make atonement for his sin. On the other
have both (Rev 22:14). Man has not risen hand Cain, it seems, came in his pride and
from lower forms of life. In Adam he has self-righteousness and with no sin offering.
fallen from a higher state of life. Adam is Hebrews 11:4 tells us that Abel brought
the representative and progenitor of all his offering by faith. This means he believed
mankind (Rom 5:12-19). He lost paradise God and did what God had revealed should
for us all. The Bible is the story of Gods be done. True faith is always a response to
way of preparing man for Paradise again. some word or some revelation God has
Cherubim see Ex 25:18-22; Ezek given. Cain is an illustration of Prov 14:12;
1:5-14; 10:1-10. In Hebrew cherubim is 15:8. Cain and Abel represent the two divi-
the plural of cherub (im indicating the plu- sions of humanity. Abel took Gods way. Cain
ral form). In English adding an s to the took his own way. Abel is the first example
word is unnecessary and obscures this fact. of faith mentioned in the Bible (which does
The cherubim are, it seems, heavenly be- not necessarily mean that Adam and Eve
ings always associated with Gods glory and did not have faith). Faith is exceedingly
holiness, or symbols related to Gods glory important in Gods sight (15:6; 1 John
and holiness. Here they are guardians of 5:10; Hab 2:14; Matt 17:20; 21:21,22;
11 GENESIS 4:26
6 And the LORD said to Cain, Why are you 17 And Cain knew his wife, and she conceived,
angry? and why is your face downcast? 7 If you and gave birth to Enoch. And he built a city and
do well, will you not be accepted? And if you do not called the name of the city Enoch, after the name
do well, sin lies at the door. And its desire is for of his son. 18 And Irad was born to Enoch, and
you, and you should rule over it. Irad begot Mehujael, and Mehujael begot Methusael,
8 And Cain talked with his brother Abel, and it and Methusael begot Lamech.
came about when they were in the field, that Cain 19 And Lamech took for himself two wives: the
rose up against Abel his brother, and killed him. name of the one was Adah, and the name of the
9 And the LORD said to Cain, Where is your other Zillah. 20 And Adah gave birth to Jabal. He
brother Abel? And he said, I dont know. Am I was the father of those who live in tents, and of
my brothers keeper? those who have cattle. 21 And his brothers name
10 And he said, What have you done? The was Jubal. He was the father of all those who play
voice of your brothers blood cries out to me from the harp and flute. 22 As for Zillah, she also gave
the ground. 11 And now your are cursed from the birth to Tubal-cain, a forger of every kind of tool in
ground which opened its mouth to receive your bronze and iron. And the sister of Tubal-cain was
brothers blood from your hand. 12 When you Naamah.
cultivate the ground, from now on it will not yield its 23 And Lamech said to his wives,
strength to you. You will be a fugitive and a Adah and Zillah, hear my voice,
vagabond in the earth. You wives of Lamech, listen to my
13 And Cain said to the LORD, My punishment speech,
is greater than I can bear. 14 Look, today you For I have killed a man for wounding me,
have driven me out from the face of the ground, And a young man for hurting me.
and I will be hidden from your face, and I will be a 24 If Cain will be avenged sevenfold,
fugitive and a vagabond in the earth. And it will then Lamech seventy times sevenfold.
come about that anyone who finds me will kill me.
15 And the LORD said to him, Therefore who- 25 And Adam knew his wife again, and she gave
ever kills Cain will have sevenfold vengeance taken birth to a son, and called his name Seth, For God,
on him. And the LORD set a mark on Cain, so that she said, has appointed me another offspring in
no one finding him would kill him. 16 And Cain went place of Abel, whom Cain killed. 26 And also a son
out from the presence of the LORD, and lived in was born to Seth, and he called his name Enos.
the land of Nod, to the east of Eden. Then men began to call on the name of the LORD.
Mark 9:23; 11:24; John 3:36; Heb 11:6). Nod this Hebrew word means
4:6 Prov 19:3; 14:29. wandering.
4:7 Num 32:23. Sin this is the first 4:17 Where did Cain get his wife? When
mention of the word, though sin had already Seth was born to Adam and Eve, Adam was
come into the world by the disobedience of 130 (5:3), and could have had a great many
Adam. From that time on it spread like sons and daughters, grandsons and grand-
poison in the bloodstream of humanity and daughters and their offspring (1:28). These
affected (and still affects) every individual are not all named in the Bible because God
born into the world except Christ. In this had no purpose in doing so. Cain married
verse sin is pictured as a wild beast looking one of Adams descendants.
for a victim. Sin desires to devour every 4:18-24 These verses give the line of
one of us. It must be overcome or it will ungodly Cain. We see its character in the
destroy all. boast of Lamech who gloried in revenge and
4:8 How quickly sin showed its violent and murder. How different must be the behavior
deadly character! Compare 1 John 3:12-15; of Gods people. Notes at Ex 21:23-25;
Ps 38:20; Prov 29:10; Matt 23:35. Num 31:2. Observe also that the evil of
4:9 Cain shows his lying, loveless and polygamy first appears in this godless line.
arrogant nature. Note at Gen 30:1.
4:10 Num 35:33; Heb 12:24; Rev 6:9,10. 4:22 Forger of every kind of tool in this
4:11-16 Cursed here are some of the could also be translated an instructor of
results of sin: Separation from Gods every craftsman in, though the translation
presence, loneliness, fear, depression and above is probably closer to the meaning of
a curse on ones whole life. Compare Deut the Hebrew.
28:15-19. These results we see everywhere 4:25 Seth in Hebrew means granted or given.
in the world today. Cain was not put to death, 4:26 Call on the name of the LORD 12:8;
but after the great flood God gave a new 26:25; 1 Kings 18:24; Ps 116:17; Joel
command concerning murder (9:5,6). 2:32; Zeph 3:9; 1 Cor 1:2. With the de-
4:16 Out from the presence of the LORD parture of Cain from Gods presence (v 16)
this is something that unbelievers often mankind was divided into two lines. This
have little or no concern about, but that verse indicates that the line of Seth was the
believers consider the worst kind of punish- godly line through which God would make
ment. Compare Ps 51:11; 2 Thess 2:9. further revelation of His word and will. Seths
GENESIS 5:1 12
5 This is the book of the generations of Adam.
In the day that God created man, he made
him in the likeness of God. 2 He created them male
and daughters. 11 And all the days of Enos were
nine hundred and five years, and he died.
12 And Cainan lived seventy years, and begot
and female and blessed them, and called their name Mahalaleel. 13 And after he begot Mahalaleel,
man, on the day when they were created. Cainan lived eight hundred and forty years, and
3 And Adam lived a hundred and thirty years, begot sons and daughters. 14 And all the days of
and begot a son in his own likeness, according to Cainan were nine hundred and ten years, and he
his image, and called his name Seth. 4 And after he died.
had begotten Seth the days of Adam were eight 15 And Mahalaleel lived sixty and five years,
hundred years, and he begot sons and daughters. and begot Jared. 16 And after he begot Jared,
5 And all the days that Adam lived were nine Mahalaleel lived eight hundred and thirty years,
hundred and thirty years, and he died. and begot sons and daughters. 17 And all the days
6 And Seth lived a hundred and five years, and of Mahalaleel were eight hundred ninety-five years,
begot Enos. 7 And after he begot Enos, Seth lived and he died.
eight hundred and seven years, and begot sons 18 And Jared lived a hundred and sixty-two
and daughters. 8 And all the days of Seth were years, and he begot Enoch. 19 And after he begot
nine hundred and twelve years, and he died. Enoch, Jared lived eight hundred years, and begot
9 And Enos lived ninety years, and begot sons and daughters. 20 And all the days of Jared
Cainan. 10 And after he begot Cainan, Enos lived were nine hundred sixty and two years, and he
eight hundred and fifteen years, and begot sons died. 21 And Enoch lived sixty-five years, and
descendants prayed to the one true God, generation after or several generations
Jehovah. Note on Jehovah at Ex 3:14. after). To become the ancestor of those who
5:1,2 Gen 1:26-28. Man in Hebrew Adam followed, the process had to begin at some
and man are the same word. age or other of the individual mentioned.
In the day see note on day at 1:5; This would mean too that only the names
2:2-4. Here day may mean a longer period of the most outstanding men between Seth
of time than 24 hours. Adam and Eve were and Noah are given in this genealogy. Ad-
created at different times, and it is possible mittedly this is not the way we use language
that these times were separated by more today in the English-speaking world, but that
than 24 hours (2:7,15-22). does not mean that the ancient Hebrews
5:3 Adam was now a fallen, sinful man and did not. For what may seem a strange use
his nature was passed on to his offspring, of language to us, see Exodus 1:5. There
and so to succeeding generations and even- the 70 persons who went into Egypt are all
tually to us (Job 14:4; Ps 51:5). We are all said to have come from the loins of Jacob,
sinners by birth. See, for example, but that number included his sons wives
Rom 3:23. and their children.
In agreement with this is a well-known In Hebrew usage the word son (or
prayer used by Hindus for many centuries daughter) sometimes means a descen-
I am a sinner by birth and by deeds. My dant that came many generations later. For
soul is depraved by sin; I am conceived in example, 1 Chron 26:24 in the Hebrew has
sin. Lord, save me, be merciful to me a sin- Shubael the son of Gershom the son of
ner (Papoham, papakarmanam, papathma, Moses. It is true that Gershom was the son
papasambhava, pahi mam kripaya Deva, of Moses, but Shubael was born about 400
sharanagata vatsala). The godly line of years later. Matt 1:1 has a record of the
Seth also was sinful. genealogy of Jesus Christ the son of David,
5:4 Men lived to a great age before the flood the son of Abraham. Christ was born about
of Noahs day. After that mans life span on 1000 years after David, and Abraham lived
earth became gradually shorter note at many centuries before David. According to
50:26. Hebrew usage, we could say also that
5:6-32 This list gives us the godly line of Abraham was the father of David, the
Seth until Noah who was the last righteous father of Jesus Christ. And would it be off
man on earth before the flood. There is no the mark to say that Abraham lived 100 years
certainty that this list is complete and gives and became the father of David, the father
every person in the line between Adam and of Jesus Christ? For Abraham became their
Noah. There are reasons for this lack of ancestor through Isaac, who born to him
certainty. when he was 100 years of age. This may
In Biblical Hebrew begot or became the seem to strain the use of the English
father of sometimes could mean became language, but we cant assume that it would
the ancestor of, with many generations necessarily strain the use of Hebrew.
missing. If the meaning here is became We should also note that genealogies
the ancestor of then, for example, And sometimes omitted names. Ezra 7:3 omits
Seth lived a hundred and five years and names given in 1 Chron 6:7-11, and Ezra is
begot Enosh would mean this: At age 105 giving his own genealogy. Ruth 4:18-22 is
Seth had his first son who was in the direct another example of a genealogy with gaps
line to Enosh (who may have been the next in it. Matt 1:1-17 omits the names of three
13 GENESIS 6:7
begot Methuselah. 22 And after he begot Noah begot Shem, Ham, and Japheth.
Methuselah, Enoch walked with God three hundred
years, and begot sons and daughters. 23 And all
the days of Enoch were three hundred sixty and
five years, 24 and Enoch walked with God, then he
6 And it came about when men began to increase
in number on the face of the earth, and daugh-
ters were born to them, 2 that the sons of God saw
was not seen again, for God took him. the daughters of men that they were beautiful,
25 And Methuselah lived a hundred and eighty- and they took wives for themselves of all whom
seven years, and begot Lamech. 26 And after he they chose. 3 And the LORD said, My spirit will not
begot Lamech, Methuselah lived seven hundred always strive with man, for he also is flesh. Yet his
and eighty-two years, and begot sons and daugh- days will be a hundred and twenty years.
ters. 27 And all the days of Methuselah were nine 4 There were giants on the earth in those days,
hundred and sixty-nine years, and he died. and also afterwards, when the sons of God came in
28 And Lamech lived a hundred and eighty-two to the daughters of men, and they gave birth to
years, and begot a son. 29 And he called his name children by them. They became the mighty men
Noah, saying, This one will comfort us concerning who were of old, men of renown.
our work and the toil of our hands, arising from the 5 And God saw that the wickedness of man in
ground which the LORD has cursed. 30 And after the earth was great, and that every imagination
he begot Noah, Lamech lived five hundred and of the thoughts of his heart was only evil continu-
ninety-five years, and begot sons and daughters. ally. 6 And the LORD regretted that he had made
31 And all the days of Lamech were seven hundred man on the earth, and it grieved him in his heart.
and seventy-seven years, and he died. 7 And the LORD said, I will destroy man whom I
32 And Noah was five hundred years old, and have created from the surface of the earth, both
kings from the genealogy of Christ. See probably means that God was giving man-
notes there on vs 1, 8. kind 120 years more before the judgment
The Bible does not tell us how long of the flood. There is some doubt about
mankind has been on earth and we would this because we cannot be certain whether
derive no spiritual benefit from knowing. these words were spoken before Noah
And the author of these notes thinks that reached the age of 500 (5:32), or after-
we can hardly estimate that time accurately wards. If they were spoken afterwards, then
by these genealogies, given the above the period of time left before the flood was
uncertainties. The Bible was not given to only 100 years or less. Compare 5:32 with
satisfy our curiosity, but to point us to God 9:28,29. So it is possible that God here
the Creator and Saviour. speaks of a time after the flood when men
5:22-24 Walked with God Gen 6:9; would live much shorter lives than they did
17:1; 24:40; 48:15; Micah 6:8; Mal 2:6; before the flood. After the flood mans life
1 Thess 2:12; Amos 3:3; Lev 26:23,24. span gradually diminished until the time of
Evidently Enoch was a prophet (Jude 14). Jacob and his sons. Then, at least for them,
God must have promised him that he would it reached approximately 120 years (Gen
not die, for we read in Heb 11:5 that it was 47:9; 50:26). And possibly this was the
by faith that he was caught up without life span until roughly the time of Moses
seeing death. Faith is mans response to a (Moses died at the age of 120 Deut 34:7),
revelation from God. Only three people in at which time the life span of man was again
the Bible were taken away from this world in reduced (Ps 90:10).
the body Enoch, Elijah (2 Kings 2:11), and 6:5 See 5:3; 8:21; Mark 7:21-23; Jer
the Lord Jesus (Luke 24:51). Enoch and Elijah 17:9. Here we see the terrible results of
did not die. Jesus did. the one sin of Adam. Observe that sin be-
6:2 The sons of God there are two inter- gins as an inward thing, a depravity of the
pretations of this phrase. Some think they heart. Observe also that a person aban-
were fallen angels (2 Pet 2:4; Jude 6,7). doned to his sinful nature will not have a
Others think they were men from the godly single thought that God counts good. Let
line of Seth who married women of the un- us not vainly imagine that we are better by
godly line of Cain. The normal meaning of nature than those who lived before the flood.
the phrase sons of God in the Old Testa- See Rom 3:9,19,23; 7:18. If we do not be-
ment (but not in the NT) is angels (Job lieve the Bibles statements regarding the
1:6; 2:1; 38:7; Dan 3:25; etc). depravity and sinfulness of the human race
6:3 Strive God fights against mens sins. we will not understand Gods actions in judg-
He is utterly opposed to them and will even- ing and punishing individuals and peoples
tually punish all of them (except those for- and nations.
given by the grace of the Lord Jesus Christ). 6:6 God feels great grief at the fallen, sin-
God is long-suffering and patient, but He will ful, unrepentant condition of men (Ps 78:40;
not go on forever without punishing the guilty Ezek 18:31,32; 33:11; Hos 11:8; Matt
Ex 34:6,7; Gal 5:16,17; 1 Pet 3:20; Ps 23:37; Luke 9:41,42; Eph 4:30).
103:14; Prov 29:1. Compare Prov 1:22-32. 6:7 God is love (1 John 4:8). But this does
Hundred and twenty years this not mean that He can forget holiness and
GENESIS 6:8 14
man, and beast, and creeping things, and the birds cubit from the top. And you shall put the door of
of the air, for I regret having made them. 8 But the ark in its side. You shall make the ark with lower,
Noah found grace in the eyes of the LORD. second, and third decks. 17 And, look, I, even I,
9 These are the generations of Noah: Noah was am going to bring a flood of waters upon the earth,
a righteous man and blameless in his time, and Noah to destroy from under heaven all flesh which has
walked with God. 10 And Noah became the father the breath of life. Everything that is on the earth
of three sons: Shem, Ham, and Japheth. will die. 18 But I will establish my covenant with
11 The earth also was corrupt in the eyes of you. And you shall come into the ark, you, and with
God and the earth was filled with violence. 12 And you, your sons and your wife and your sons wives.
God looked at the earth, and saw that it was 9 And you shall bring into the ark two of each kind
corrupt, for all flesh had corrupted their way on of every living thing of all flesh, to keep them alive
the earth. 13 And God said to Noah, The end of all with you. They shall be male and female. 20 Two of
flesh has come in my presence, for the earth is each kind shall come to you, of birds according to
filled with violence through them, and, look, I will their kind, and of cattle according to their kind, of
destroy them with the earth. 14 Make yourself an every creeping thing of the earth according to its
ark of gopher wood. You shall make rooms in the kind, two of every kind shall come to you, to keep
ark, and shall cover it inside and outside with pitch. them alive. 21 And you shall gather for yourself
15 And this is the way you shall make it: the length some of every food that is eaten, and take it with
of the ark shall be three hundred cubits, its width you, and it will be for food for you and for them.
fifty cubits, and its height thirty cubits. 16 You shall 22 Noah did this. He did according to all that
make a window in the ark, and shall finish it to a God commanded him.
justice, and spare the guilty and unrepen- Compare Ps 53:2,3.
tant (Ex 34:6,7; Deut 7:9,10; Rom 2:4,5). 6:13 Isa 24:1-6; 34:1-4; 1 Pet 4:7.
God is also the holy and just Judge and 6:14 Gopher it is unclear what kind of
Ruler of the universe 18:25; 1 Sam 2:10; tree is meant by the Hebrew word here.
Ps 47:2 (see the note there); 75:7; 94:2; Pitch we do not know exactly what
96:13; Ezek 7:3; Acts 17:31; 2 Tim 4:1; substance this was.
Rev 19:11. In Noahs time only one godly 6:15 One cubit equals 18 inches.
man was left on the whole earth. Sin had 6:16 A cubit from the top it seems there
reached such proportions that, for the good were a series of openings all around the
of the world, the God of justice had to pun- ark near the roof to let in light and air.
ish it and destroy a perverted, rebellious, 6:17 2 Pet 2:5.
unbelieving and unrepentant generation of 6:18 In this verse the first use in the Bible
men. of the word covenant occurs. It is a very
After this time also God handed nations important word, used nearly 300 times. The
and whole civilizations over to destruction Hebrew word means an agreement between
because of their sins. See notes on 15:16; two or more parties (21:27; 26:28;
Lev 18:24; Deut 13:12-18; 28:18-19. 2 Sam 3:12,13), or a promise given by one
But when He did so He felt pain and grief. party to another (Gen 9:8-11). Sometimes
See Luke 19:41 and the notes at Jer 48:30- there were conditions laid down, sometimes
39. When God acts in judgment it is always not. There was often some sign given and
for the good of those people who remain, a sacrifice offered in connection with the
the eventual good of humanity as a whole. establishment of a covenant.
And even in times of judgment any indi- God made very important covenants with
vidual who looks to God for mercy will find it men on several occasions
(Isa 55:6,7). See notes at 15:16 and Psalm with Noah and all mankind (9:8-17);
47:2. with Abraham and his descendants
The Lord Jesus said that the condition of (15:18-21);
mankind at the end of this age will be as it with the nation Israel (Ex 19:5);
was in Noahs day (Matt 24:37,38). with David and his offspring (2 Sam 7:16);
6:8 1 Pet 3:20. and the New Covenant (Matt 26:27-29).
6:9 See 5:24; Ps 37:37-40. Noah was both See notes at the above places. The first
a righteous man and a preacher of righ- part of the Bible is called the Old Testament
teousness (2 Pet 2:5). He preached Gods (or Covenant) because it has to do for the
truth to that generation. most part with Gods covenant made with
Blameless see the notes at 17:1; Job Israel at Sinai (Ex 19:5). The second part of
1:1. the Bible is called the New Testament (or
6:11 Luke 17:26; Deut 31:29; Rom 3:15-18. Covenant) because it has to do with the
In the eyes of the literal meaning of covenant Christ made with His disciples just
the Hebrew is to (or in) the face, and before His crucifixion.
means in the presence of or before God 6:22 Noah did what God told him because
or in front of. In the eyes of seems best he believed God Heb 11:7. True faith
to express the meaning here. always produces obedience and action (Jam
6:12 Even the godly line of Seth (4:26) was 2:14,20,26). By this Noah was able to save
now completely corrupted except for Noah. his family too.
15 GENESIS 8:1
7 And the LORD said to Noah, You, and all your
household, come into the ark. For I have seen
you as righteous in my eyes in this generation.
into the ark, 14 they, and every beast according to
its kind, and all the cattle according to their kind,
and every creeping thing that creeps on the earth
2 You shall take for yourself seven of every clean according to its kind, and every bird according to
beast, the male and its female, and two of beasts its kind, every bird of every sort. 15 And they went
that are unclean, the male and its female, 3 also into the ark to Noah, two by two of all flesh which
seven each of the birds of the air, the male and the had the breath of life. 16 And those that went in,
female, to keep offspring alive on the surface of went in male and female of all flesh, as God had
the whole earth. 4 For in seven more days I will commanded him. And the LORD shut him in.
cause it to rain on the earth forty days and forty 17 And the flood keep coming on the earth for
nights, and I will destroy from the surface of the forty days, and the waters increased, and lifted up
earth every living substance that I have made. the ark, and it rose up above the earth. 18 And the
5 And Noah did according to all that the LORD waters were powerful and greatly increased on
commanded him. the earth, and the ark went on the surface of the
6 And Noah was six hundred years old when waters. 19 And the waters grew exceedingly
the flood of waters was on the earth. 7 And Noah powerful on the earth, and all the high mountains
went into the ark, and with him, his sons and his that were under the whole heaven, were covered.
wife and his sons wives, because of the waters of 20 The waters powerfully rose fifteen cubits higher,
the flood. 8 Of clean beasts and of unclean beasts and the mountains were covered.
and of birds and of every creeping thing on the 21 And all flesh that moved on the earth, both
earth, 9 two by two, the male and the female, of fowl and of cattle and of beast and of every
went in to Noah into the ark, as God had com- creeping thing that creeps on the earth, and every
manded Noah. 10 And it came about after seven man, died. 22 All in whose nostrils was the breath
days that the waters of the flood were on the of life, of all that was on the dry land, died. 23 And
earth. every living thing which was on the face of the
11 In the six hundredth year of Noahs life, in earth was destroyed, both man and cattle and
the second month, the seventeenth day of the creeping things and the birds of the sky. They were
month, that very day, all the fountains of the great destroyed from the earth, and only Noah, and those
deep were broken up, and the windows of heaven who were with him in the ark, remained alive.
were opened. 12 And the rain was on the earth 24 And the waters remained powerful on the
forty days and forty nights. earth for a hundred and fifty days.
13 On that very day Noah and Shem and Ham
and Japheth, the sons of Noah, and Noahs wife,
and the three wives of his sons with them, went 8 And God remembered Noah, and every living
thing, and all the cattle that was with him in
7:2 On unclean animals see Lev 11:1-31; rose and covered the mountains to a depth
Deut 14:3-20; Acts 10:9-16; 1 Tim 4:3,4. of fifteen cubits (nearly 7 meters).
7:11 The waters of the flood came from two 7:24 From the language of verses 19-24 it
sources water underneath the ocean bed seems clear that the flood was worldwide.
which was released, and torrential rains from This is indicated by the height of the waters
above. Before the flood there may have been (see 8:4), the extent of the destruction (see
huge quantities of water trapped under pres- 9:15), and the length of time the flood
sure beneath the ocean floor. Whatever was waters remained on earth (8:13,14). These
there now burst out and, together with the things could be said of no local flood. See
large amount of rain falling from the sky, also 2 Pet 3:3-7. We cannot set a date for
greatly raised the level of the water in the the flood, nor is it necessary that we do so
oceans, and covered the hills and mountains. (see note on 5:5-32). The date is not im-
7:16 God shut the door, not to keep Noah portant. The important thing is the spiritual
from getting out, but to keep anyone else lessons we can learn from that event. These
from getting in. Gods judgment was to be are: Sin will bring Gods judgment; God is
complete on a very wicked generation. The grieved when He must judge and condemn
day of opportunity to be saved was over. men to destruction, but will do so for the
Justice now triumphed over wickedness. sake of His justice, and for the good of
Compare Prov 1:24-33; 29:1; Isa 55:6,7; those who remain. He will save those who
2 Cor 6:2. trust in Him. The ark is a picture of the
7:19 Mountains not hills (as in the KJV). Lord Jesus Christ who saves His believing
In Hebrew the word is the same as the word people from Gods wrath against sin.
translated mountains in the next verse. 8:1 God remembered compare 19:29;
The word means mountains and hills, 30:22; Ex 2:24; 1 Sam 1:19; Ps 105:42;
but in the context mountains seems the Isa 49:15,16; Heb 6:10. The Hebrew word
better translation. translated remember includes the idea of
7:20 Cubits or The waters powerfully showing loving concern for someone.
GENESIS 8:2 16
the ark, and God made a wind to pass over the 13 And it came about in the six hundred and
earth, and the waters subsided. 2 Also the first year, in the first month, on the first day of the
fountains of the deep and the windows of heaven month, that the waters were dried up from the
were closed, and the rain from heaven was stopped, earth. And Noah removed the covering of the ark
3 and the waters steadily receded from the earth. and looked out, and now the surface of the earth
And at the end of a hundred and fifty days the was dry. 14 And in the second month, on the twenty-
waters decreased. 4 And in the seventh month, on seventh day of the month, the earth was dry.
the seventeenth day of the month, the ark came 15 And God spoke to Noah, saying, Go out of
to rest on the mountains of Ararat. 5 And the waters the ark, you and your wife and your sons and your
decreased continually until the tenth month. In the sons wives with you. 17 Bring out with you every
tenth month, on the first day of the month, the living thing that is with you, all flesh, both of birds,
tops of the mountains appeared. and of cattle, and of every creeping thing that
6 And it came about at the end of forty days, creeps on the earth, so that they may breed abun-
that Noah opened the window of the ark which he dantly on the earth, and be fruitful, and increase
had made. 7 And he sent out a raven, which flew in number on the earth.
here and there until the waters were dried up from 18 And Noah and his sons and his wife and his
the earth. 8 He also sent out a dove from him, to sons wives with him went out. 19 Every beast,
see if the waters had receded from the surface of every creeping thing, and every bird, and whatever
the earth; 9 but the dove found no rest for the crawls on the earth, according to their kinds, went
sole of her foot, and so she returned to him in the out of the ark.
ark, for the waters still covered the surface of the 20 And Noah built an altar to the LORD, and
whole earth. Then he put out his hand, and took took of every clean beast, and of every clean bird,
her, and brought her in to him in the ark. 10 And he and offered burnt offerings on the altar. 21 And
waited still another seven days, and then again the LORD smelled the soothing aroma, and the
he sent out the dove from the ark. 11 And the LORD said in his heart, Never again will I curse the
dove came to him in the evening, and there in her ground on mans account. For the imagination of
mouth was a plucked olive leaf. So Noah knew that mans heart is evil from his youth. And never again
the waters had receded from the earth. 12 And will I destroy every living thing, as I have done.
he waited still another seven days, and sent 22 While the earth remains, seed time and
out the dove. She did not return again to him any harvest, and cold and heat, and summer and
more. winter, and day and night will not cease.
8:2 Ararat is a group of mountain peaks in that the flood was worldwide and not merely
northeastern Turkey. The highest peak is over the area where Noah was. No local flood
nearly 4,300 meters high. would be at its height for so long, or rise so
8:3 Waters steadily receded an high, or take so long to recede.
immense amount of water was required to 8:20 Altar 12:7,8; 13:18; 22:9. This
produce the kind of flood described in chap- is the first mention of an altar (the word is
ter 7. As the water receded where did it go? used more than 400 times in the Bible), or
Verse 2 says that the fountains of the deep of a burnt offering. Note on burnt offering
were closed. This means that they no at Lev 1:1-7. Worship of the true God springs
longer gave out water. It would seem that up in the hearts of those to whom He re-
great quantities of water had been stored veals Himself.
in huge caverns under the ocean beds of 8:21 Soothing aroma the worship of
the earth. This was released at the time of believing, obedient hearts is pleasing to
the flood, greatly increasing the amount of God. In the Old Testament their sacrifices
water in the oceans. Then God closed the were like a pleasing aroma also because
fountains so that they no longer gave out they spoke of Christ. Note at Lev 1:9. The
water. But the caverns were still there and it word translated soothing is from a Hebrew
seems likely that the flood waters slowly word meaning (among other things) to give
drained back into them. rest to, to quieten. Possibly the word indi-
8:13,14 The flood began in Noahs 600th cates that the soothing aroma of burnt
year, 2nd month, 17th day (7:11). The wa- offerings quietened Gods wrath against
ters were completely dried up in his 601st mans sin (because it spoke of the then
year, 2nd month, 27th day. The total time future sacrifice of Christ).
was one year and eleven days, according to Evil from his youth every child is born
the method they used for determining a year. into the world with a sinful nature. So every
(The Hebrews determined their days and inclination of his heart will be away from
years by the movement of the moon. The Gods holy standards. His thoughts and de-
total time according to the system we use sires will be self-centered, not God-centered.
now, based on the movements of earth and It will be necessary to teach him to do right
sun, was exactly a year). The flood was at the wrong he will do by nature (4:7; 5:3;
its full power for 150 days (7:24). This shows Ps 51:5; 58:3; Rom 3:9-23; 7:18).
17 GENESIS 9:26
9 And God blessed Noah and his sons, and
said to them, Be fruitful and increase in
number and fill the earth. 2 And the fear of you
and it will be for a sign of the covenant between me
and the earth. 14 And it will come about when I
bring a cloud over the earth, that the bow will ap-
and the dread of you will be on every beast of the pear in the cloud, 15 and I will remember my cov-
earth, and on every bird of the air, on all that enant, which is between me and you and every
moves on the earth, and on all the fish of the living creature of every kind of flesh. And the
sea. They are given into your hands. 3 Every waters will not again become a flood to destroy all
moving thing that lives will be food for you. I have flesh. 16 And the bow will be in the cloud, and I will
given you everything, just as I gave the green look at it, so that I may remember the everlasting
plants. covenant between God and every living creature
4 But flesh with its life, which is its blood, you of every kind of flesh on the earth.
shall not eat. 5 And I will certainly require 17 And God said to Noah, This is the sign of
punishment for your lifeblood. I will require it at the covenant which I have established between
the hand of every beast, and at the hand of man. me and all flesh on the earth.
I will require punishment for the life of a man at the 18 And the sons of Noah who went out of the
hand of every mans brother. 6 Whoever sheds ark were Shem, Ham, and Japheth. And Ham was
mans blood, by man will his blood be shed; for in the father of Canaan. 19 These were the three
the image of God he made man. 7 And you, be sons of Noah. And from them people spread over
fruitful and increase in number. Bring forth the whole earth.
abundantly on the earth and increase in it. 20 And Noah was a man who tilled the soil, and
8 And God spoke to Noah and to his sons with he planted a vineyard, 21and drank of the wine
him, saying, 9 And, see, I am establishing my and became drunk. And he was uncovered inside
covenant with you, and with your offspring after his tent. 22 And Ham, the father of Canaan, saw
you, 10 and with every living creature that is with the nakedness of his father, and told his two
you, the birds, the cattle, and every beast of the brothers outside. 23 And Shem and Japheth took a
earth with you, from all that go out of the ark, to garment and put it on both their shoulders and
every beast of the earth. 11 And I establish my walked backwards and covered the nakedness of
covenant with you; never again will all flesh be cut their father. And their faces were turned away
down by the waters of a flood, and never again will and they did not see their fathers nakedness.
there be a flood to destroy the earth. 24 And Noah awoke from his wine, and came to
12 And God said, This is the sign of the know what his younger son had done to him.
covenant which I make between me and you and 25 And he said, Cursed be Canaan. He will be a
every living creature that is with you, for all suc- servant of servants to his brothers.
ceeding generations: 13 I set my bow in the cloud, 26 And he said, Blessed be the LORD, the God
9:1 All peoples and nations on earth today 9:19 See 10:32.
are Noahs descendants. 9:21 The Bible does not conceal the faults
9:2-7 There are two changes now introduced and sins of Gods people. It tells things as
which indicate a new order of things on earth. they are. In this case it is uncertain whether
God now gives man permission to eat meat Noah had ever drunk wine before or knew
(compare 1:29), and commands capital what it could do to him. When he realized it
punishment for murder (compare 4:15). was affecting him he should have stopped
Observe that at this time there was no dis- drinking but this would probably have been
tinction made between clean and unclean very difficult (compare Prov 20:1; 23:29-
animals for food. Man could eat any that he 35). Drunkenness is condemned in the Bible
chose. Compare Leviticus chapter 11. and its results are shown to be disastrous
9:4 Lev 7:26:27; 17:10-16; 19:26; Deut (19:30; Isa 5:11,22; Rom 13:13; 1 Cor
12:16,23; 15:23; Acts 15:20,29. 5:11; 6:10; Gal 5:21; Eph 5:18).
9:5 Ex 21:12,28,29. 9:22 Ham, instead of covering his fathers
9:6 Lev 24:17; Num 35:33. Man, though shame, told others about it. He did not show
terribly fallen, is still in some respects in the proper love and respect for his father
the image of God (Jam 3:9). (Ex 20:12; 1 Pet 4:8). It seems that he
9:9-11 Judging from v 10, this covenant with had a perverted mind.
Noah is more like a simple promise, not an 9:25-27 Three prophecies are here (com-
agreement. Certainly animals could not enter pare 49:1; Deut 33:1). Concerning Ham
into an agreement with God. (v 25) as a son he had not shown the
9:12-17 This bow, called by many in India proper behavior, so judgment would come
Indras bow, has nothing whatever to do on one of his sons. Perhaps Canaan was
with Indra. The rainbow is a sign of the true with his father when the above event occurred.
Gods faithfulness to His covenant. The rain- We do not know. But we do know that God
bow is associated with Gods presence in always acts in perfect justice. This prediction
Ezek 1:28 and Rev 4:3. was at least partially fulfilled when Israel
GENESIS 9:27 18
of Shem, and Canaan shall be his servant. 27 God begot Sidon his firstborn, Heth, 16 and the Jebusite,
will enlarge Japheth and he will live in the tents of the Amorite, the Girgasite, 17 the Hivite, the Arkite,
Shem. And Canaan will be his servant. 28 And the Sinite, 18 the Arvadite, the Zemarite, and the
Noah lived after the flood for three hundred and Hamathite. And afterwards the families of the
fifty years. 29 And all the days of Noah were nine Canaanites were scattered.
hundred and fifty years, and he died. 19 And the border of the Canaanites was from
Sidon, as you come to Gerar, to Gaza; as you go to
10 Now these are the generations of the sons
of Noah, Shem, Ham, and Japheth. After
the flood sons were born to them.
Sodom, Gomorrah, Admah, and Zeboim, as far as
Lasha.
20 These were the sons of Ham, according to
2 The sons of Japheth: Gomer, Magog, Madai, their families, according to their languages, in their
Javan, Tubal, Meshech, and Tiras. 3 And the sons countries, and in their nations.
of Gomer: Ashkenaz, Riphath, and Togarmah. 21 As for Shem, the father of all the children of
4 And the sons of Javan: Elishah, Tarshish, Kittim, Eber and the brother of Japheth the elder, to him
and Dodanim. 5 From these the coast lands of the also children were born.
Gentiles were divided in their lands, each one ac- 22 The children of Shem: Elam, Asshur,
cording to his language, according to their fami- Arphaxad, Lud, and Aram. 23 And the children of
lies, in their nations. Aram: Uz, Hul, Gether, and Mash. 24 And Arphaxad
6 And the sons of Ham: Cush, Mizraim, Phut, begot Salah, and Salah begot Eber. 25 And two
and Canaan. 7 And the sons of Cush: Seba, Havilah, sons were born to Eber. The name of one was
Sabtah, Raamah, and Sabtechah. And the sons of Peleg, for in his days the earth was divided. His
Raamah: Sheba and Dedan. brothers name was Joktan. 26 And Joktan begot
8 And Cush begot Nimrod. Nimrod became a Almodad, Sheleph, Hazarmaveth, Jerah,
mighty one in the earth. 9 He was a mighty hunter 27 Hadoram, Uzal, Diklah, 28 Obal, Abimael, Sheba,
in the eyes of the LORD. Therefore it is said, Just 29 Ophir, Havilah, and Jobab. All these were the
like Nimrod the mighty hunter in the eyes of the sons of Joktan.
LORD. 10 And the beginning of his kingdom was 30 And their location was from Mesha, as you
Babel, Erech, Accad, and Calneh, in the land of go to Sephar, a hill in the east.
Shinar. 11 From that land he went to Assyria and 31 These are the sons of Shem, according to
built Nineveh and the city Rehoboth, and Calah, their families, according to their languages, accord-
12 and Resen between Nineveh and Calah. This is ing to their nations.
a great city. 32 These are the families of the sons of Noah,
13 And Mizraim begot Ludim, Anamim, Lehabim, according to their generations, in their nations. And
Naphtuhim, 14 Pathrusim, Casluhim (from whom from among them, after the flood, the nations of
came the Philistines), and Caphtorim. 15 And Canaan the earth were divided.
subdued the Canaanites in the land of seems there were two regions named Cush.
Canaan many centuries later (Josh 9:23; One included a part of present-day Ethio-
1 Kings 9:20,21). pia, the other was in the neighborhood of
Concerning Shem (v 26) Jehovah was present-day Iraq. Mizraim is another name
already the God of Shem. This suggests for Egypt.
Shems faith. The God of Shem would bring 10:8 Begot in Hebrew usage this word is
His blessings into the world through sometimes used to mean became the an-
Abraham, the nation Israel, and Jesus Christ cestor of or predecessor of. Note on 5:6-32.
all of whom were descendants of Shem. 10:8-12 Nimrod had to do with some cities
Concerning Japheth (v 27) this may that became prominent in Bible times. Both
possibly speak of the coming of vast num- Nineveh and Babylon were destroyed long
bers of Gentiles into the Christian fold (Eph ago.
3:6). Live in the tents of suggests enter- 10:14 The Philistines lived along the coast
ing into the blessings of Shem, and God of the Mediterranean Sea and come to
brought salvation to the world through the prominence in the Biblical story during the
descendants of Shem (11:10; John 4:22). times of the judges and early kings of
10:2-5 These are ancestors of peoples which Israel.
settled in regions generally north, northwest, 10:15-19 Some of these peoples occupied
and northeast of Israel. Javan is present- the land of Canaan before the nation of
day Greece. Israel dispossessed them (Ex 3:8,17; Josh
Sons (verses 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 20-23, 29, 24:11).
31) in Hebrew usage the word sons some- 10:21-31 Shem was the ancestor of
times means descendants or successors Abraham, and of the nation of Israel.
or peoples. See note on 5:6-32. 10:21 Note on Eber at 11:15.
10:6-7 Ancestors of peoples which settled 10:23 Mash or Meshech.
east, south, and southwest of Israel. It 10:25 Peleg means divided.
19 GENESIS 11:26
11 And the whole earth had one language,
and one speech. 2 And it came about that
as they journeyed from the east, they found a
begot sons and daughters.
12 And Arphaxad lived thirty-five years, and
begot Salah. 13 And after he begot Salah,
plain in the land of Shinar, and they lived there. Arphaxad lived four hundred and three years, and
3 And they said to one another, Come on, let begot sons and daughters.
us make bricks and bake them thoroughly. And 14 And Salah lived thirty years, and begot Eber.
they had brick instead of stone, and they had tar 15 And after he begot Eber, Salah lived four
instead of mortar. 4 And they said, Come on, let hundred and three years, and begot sons and
us build for ourselves a city and a tower, the top of daughters.
which will reach to heaven, and let us make a name 16 And Eber lived four and thirty years, and
for ourselves, so we wont be scattered over the begot Peleg. 17 And after he begot Peleg, Eber
surface of the whole earth. lived four hundred and thirty years, and begot sons
5 And the LORD came down to see the city and and daughters.
the tower, which the children of men built. 6 And 18 And Peleg lived thirty years, and begot
the LORD said, See, the people are one and they Reu.19 And after he begot Reu, Peleg lived two
all have one language, and they have started to hundred and nine years, and begot sons and
do this, and so now nothing that they have planned daughters.
to do will be kept from them. 7 Come, let us go 20 And Reu lived two and thirty years, and
down and there confuse their language so that begot Serug. 21 And after he begot Serug Reu
they cannot understand one anothers speech. lived two hundred and seven years, and begot
8 So the LORD scattered them from there over sons and daughters.
the whole surface of the earth. And they stopped 22 And Serug lived thirty years, and begot
building the city. 9 Therefore its name is called Nahor. 23 And after he begot Nahor Serug lived
Babel, because there the LORD confused the two hundred years, and begot sons and
language of the whole earth, and the LORD daughters.
scattered them from there over the surface of 24 And Nahor lived nine and twenty years, and
the whole earth. begot Terah. 25 And after he begot Terah, Nahor
10 These are the generations of Shem: Shem lived a hundred and nineteen years, and begot
was a hundred years old, and begot Arphaxad sons and daughters.
two years after the flood. 11 And after he begot 26 And Terah lived seventy years, and begot
Arphaxad, Shem lived five hundred years, and Abram, Nahor, and Haran.
11:1 We do not know what this one lan- all such proud achievements of men and
guage was. bring their pride into the dust (Lev 26:18,19;
11:2 Shinar this was the name of the Prov 15:25; 16:18; Isa 2:17-22; 25:11;
region where the city of Babylon was built. Jer 13:9; 49:16; Dan 4:37; Zeph 2:8-10;
It was located in what is now called Iraq. Jam 4:6; 1 Pet 5:5; Rev 18:7,8).
11:3 Come on this is closer to the 11:5 Came down compare 18:21 (note).
Hebrew than go to (KJV), an expression 11:6 In other words they would exalt them-
common in England 400 years ago, but no selves very highly against God and His
longer in use. The Hebrew word usually purposes in the earth.
means come. 11:8 This was the very thing they did not
11:4-9 The building of Babel was contrary want, but which God saw was good (v 4;
to Gods instructions in 9:1. The language 9:1). God will accomplish His purposes in
in v 4 indicates pride and self-glorification spite of rebellious men.
as the motive for the building of the city. 11:9 Ps 92:9; Luke 1:51. Babel sounds
Later in history Nebuchadnezzar built a very like the Hebrew word for confused. Diver-
great and mighty city there which caused sity of language came about because of
him to boast in his power (Dan 4:30). The mans pride and disobedience. What a
name Babylon in Scripture is usually asso- trouble the language problem has been
ciated with mans pride and defiance of God through the centuries, and still is!
(Isa 47:8; Jer 50:24,29,32; Dan 4:30; 11:10 Begot (also vs 11-25) see note
5:1-4; Rev 17:4-6; 18:7). Babylon was a at 10:8. Israel was descended from Shem.
center of idolatry and false religion and per- With the following genealogy the story of
secution of Gods people. the people of Israel really begins. It contin-
The name Babel may have two mean- ues through much of the rest of the Bible.
ings. It probably means (as many have Once again humanity is divided into two
suggested) the gate of God. This is what lines, and God chose the line of Shem as
the people who built it might have thought. the one through whom He would teach the
Babel may also be derived from a Hebrew world great things. His purpose in this was
word meaning to confuse. What men boast to bring great blessing to all nations.
of as a gateway to God is in Gods sight 11:16 The word Hebrew may have come from
mere confusion. God will eventually destroy the word Eber.
GENESIS 11:27 20
27 Now these are the generations of Terah: and I will bless you and make your name great,
Terah begot Abram, Nahor, and Haran; and Haran and you will be a blessing. 3 And I will bless those
begot Lot. 28 And Haran died before his father who bless you, and curse him who curses you. And
Terah in the land of his birth, in Ur of the Chaldees. in you all families of the earth will be blessed.
29 And Abram and Nahor took wives for 4 So Abram left, just as the LORD had spoken
themselves. The name of Abrams wife was Sarai, to him, and Lot went with him. Abram was
and the name of Nahors wife, Milcah, the daugh- seventy-five years old when he went out of Haran.
ter of Haran who was the father of Milcah, and 5 And Abram took Sarai his wife, and Lot his
the father of Iscah. 30 But Sarai was barren; she brothers son, and all their possessions that they
had no child. had accumulated, and the persons whom they had
31 And Terah took Abram his son and Lot the gotten in Haran, and they went away to go to the
son of Haran his grandson, and Sarai his daughter- land of Canaan. And into the land of Canaan they
in-law, his son Abrams wife, and they left Ur of the came.
Chaldees with them to go to the land of Canaan. 6 And Abram passed through the land as far as
And they came to Haran and lived there. the place called Shechem, to the plain of Moreh.
32 And the days of Terah were two hundred And the Canaanites were then in the land.
and five years, and Terah died in Haran. 7 And the LORD appeared to Abram and said,
To your offspring I will give this land. And he built
12 Now the LORD had said to Abram,Go out
of your country and from your relatives
and from your fathers house to a land that I will
an altar there to the LORD, who appeared to him.
8 And he moved from there to a mountain to
the east of Bethel, and pitched his tent, having
show you, 2 and I will make of you a great nation, Bethel on the west, and Ai on the east; and there
11:28 Ur a large city in the land of blessing of salvation and eternal life. These
Babylon. It was a center of moon worship blessings come through Abraham because
and other idolatry (Josh 24:2). Jesus Christ, according to His human
11:31 Haran a city in what is now called nature, was a descendant of Abraham.
Syria. Through Christ salvation has become avail-
12:1 The call of Abraham was a great new able to all the peoples on earth, including
beginning in the Bible. It took place about all the various language groups of India.
1900 years before Christ. From now until See Gal 3:8,9; John 4:22; Isa 2:3; Rom
the book of Acts in the New Testament for 9:4,5. The promised blessing of God was
the most part we have the story of Abraham not just for one little nation, but for the whole
and his descendants. He was the father of world. Other notes on blessing or blessed
the Jewish people, and because of his great at Num 6:22-27; Deut 28:3-14; Ps 1:1-3;
faith in God he is called the father of all who 119:1; Matt 5:3-12; Luke 11:28; Acts
trust in God (Rom 4:11). He is called also 3:26; Eph 1:3. See in Gal 3:9,14 how Gods
the servant of God (26:24), a prophet blessing can come on anyone.
(20:7), and the father of the nation Israel Curse to oppose and speak evil of
(Isa 51:2; Rom 4:1). But probably his great- the one chosen by God is the same as op-
est name is the friend of God (Is 41:8; posing and speaking evil of God who chose
Jam 2:23). It all began by simple faith and him. And it is to reject Gods purpose
obedience to Gods call (Heb 11:8-10). through him. Cursing such a person will
12:2 Great nationsee 17:4-8; 18:17,18; bring a curse on those who do it. In some
22:17; 46:3; Ex 1:7; Deut 26:5. important respects God in perfect justice
Bless blessing may mean either deals with people as they deal with others
material or spiritual blessing. Spiritual bless- (Ps 18:25,26).
ings, of course, are far more important than 12:5 Canaan, or at least part of what was
material (Matt 5:3-12; Luke 6:20-26). called Canaan, is present-day Israel.
Material blessings are temporary, spiritual 12:6 Canaanites see 10:15-19.
blessings are related to eternity (compare 12:7 Appeared God sometimes appeared
Eph 1:3; Matt 6:19-21). On blessing see on earth in the form of a man or an angel
notes at v 3; 24:35; Num 6:22-27; Deut to speak with men and to work His will
28:3-14; Ps 1:1,2; Matt 5:3; etc. Ob- 3:18; 16:7; 18:1-3; 26:2. God as Spirit
serve that Abraham not only received Gods is everywhere unseen and unheard by men.
blessing, he became a blessing to others. In dealing with men He thought it good at
12:3 Bless 22:18,19-21; 26:4; 28:14; times to assume visible form.
Acts 3:25,26; Gal 3:8,9. Faith in God and Land 13:15; 15:18; 17:8; Josh
obedience to Him bring great blessing, not 1:2-4; 23:4,5; Ps 105:8-12. The land of
only to the individual who practices them Israel belongs to the Jews by Gods promise.
but to many others. Altar 8:20.
All families of the earth the God of 12:8 Bethel the first mention of this im-
the Bible is the God who created the portant place in Old Testament history. It is
universe, the God who made all nations. He mentioned more than any other town
is love (1 John 4:8), and delights to bring except Jerusalem. It was a few kilometers
blessing to all peoples, especially the north of Jerusalem.
21 GENESIS 13:10
he built an altar to the LORD and called on the concerning him, and they sent him away, and his
name of the LORD. 9 And Abram traveled on, wife, and all that he had.
still going toward the south.
10 And there was a famine in the land, and
Abram went down to Egypt to stay there for a
time, for the famine was severe in the land. 11 And
13 And Abram went up from Egypt, he and his
wife and all that he had, and Lot went with
him, into the south of Canaan. 2 And Abram was
it came about when he was approaching Egypt he very rich in cattle, in silver and in gold. 3 And he
said to Sarai his wife, Look, I know that you are a went on his journeys from the south as far as Bethel,
beautiful woman to see. 12 Therefore it will hap- to the place where his tent had been at the begin-
pen that when the Egyptians see you, they will ning, between Bethel and Ai, 4 to the place of the
say, This is his wife, and they will kill me, but will altar which he had first made there. And there
keep you alive. 13 So please say that you are my Abram called on the name of the LORD.
sister, so that it may go well with me on your 5 And Lot also, who went with Abram, had
account, and my soul will live because of you. flocks, and herds, and tents. 6 And the land was
14 And it came about that when Abram came not able to support them while they were living
into Egypt, the Egyptians saw that the woman was together, for their possessions were great, so that
very beautiful. 15 The princes of Pharaoh also saw they could not live together. 7 And there was strife
her, and praised her to Pharaoh, and so the woman between the herdsmen of Abrams cattle and the
was taken into Pharaohs house. 16 And he treated herdsmen of Lots cattle, and the Canaanite and
Abram well on her account, and he got sheep, and the Perizzite were then living in the land.
oxen, and donkeys, and male and female servants, 8 And Abram said to Lot, Please, let there be
and female donkeys, and camels. no strife between me and you and between my
17 And the LORD struck Pharaoh and his house- herdsmen and your herdsmen, for we are broth-
hold with great plagues because of Abrams wife ers. 9 Is not the whole land before you? Please
Sarai. 18 And Pharaoh called Abram and said, What separate yourself from me. If you take the left,
is this you have done to me? Why did you not tell then I will go to the right; or if you take the right,
me that she is your wife? 19 Why did you say She then I will go to the left.
is my sister? I was going to take her as a wife for 10 And Lot raised his eyes, and saw all the plain
myself. Now then, see your wife. Take her and of Jordan, that it was well watered everywhere,
go. 20 And Pharaoh gave a command to his men (this was before the LORD destroyed Sodom and
Name of the LORD 2:4; 4:26; 13:4. ways (for example now in Gen 18:27).
12:9 The south Hebrew has Negev, the Some versions omit it altogether, without
name for the desert-like region in the south changing the basic meaning.
of Canaan. 12:15 Pharaoh this was not a personal
12:10 It is not written that God told Abraham name but the title of successive rulers of
to leave Canaan. Perhaps the famine was Egypt.
meant as a test to strengthen his faith and 12:17 Though the fault was Abrahams, God
build his character (Ps 66:10-12; Jam 1:2- did this to preserve the integrity of
4,12; 1 Pet 1:6,7). By going down to Egypt Abrahams marriage and to fulfill later His
to escape the trial he got into difficulties purposes in Abraham and Sarai. Observe
and brought difficulties to others. that God Himself may send diseases in judg-
12:13 Abrahams statement was a half-truth. ment. See also Ex 15:26; 2 Kings 5:27;
Sarai was his half-sister (20:12). This mar- 15:5. This does not mean that all diseases
riage took place in Ur of Chaldea before God are sent by God. Compare Job 2:7; etc.
called Abraham. God later forbade marriage 12:18 See how one mans sin can affect oth-
between such close relatives. Abraham ers.
meant to deceive the king of Egypt and this 13:1 South literally, Negev 12:9.
was sin. The Bible does not try to hide the 13:4 Called on the name of the LORD
sins and failures of Gods people. All have a 4:26; 12:8.
sinful nature and all have sinned (Rom 3:23; 13:5 Lot 12:5.
1 John 1:8,10). God could have protected 13:7 Canaanite and Perizzite10:18;
Abraham without Abrahams resorting to 15:20; 34:30.
deception. See notes at 27:18-26; Josh 13:8 Strife Prov 15:8; 20:3; Matt 5:40;
2:5; 1 Sam 27:10; 2 Sam 15:34. Rom 12:18; 1 Cor 6:7. Quarreling over
Please though the KJV has I pray land and property is senseless Ps 49:10-
thee, that is hardly a literal translation of 12; Luke 12:13-21.
the Hebrew, which here is only two letters 13:9 The whole land was given to Abram,
joined to the end of the verb say. In but he was willing to give the best portion to
Hebrew these letters are often joined to a Lot in order to avoid strife. He is an ex-
verb. This was probably only a polite way of ample to us of unselfishness. See also
speaking, so we have translated it please. 26:19-22.
The KJV translated the same letters in other 13:10,11 Lot was greedy and selfish in this
GENESIS 13:11 22
Gomorrah), like the garden of the LORD, like the the Horites in their mount Seir as far as El Paran,
land of Egypt, as you come to Zoar. 11 Then Lot which is near the wilderness. 7 And they returned
chose for himself all the plain of Jordan, and Lot and came to En Mishpat, which is Kadesh, and
traveled east. And so they separated themselves attacked the whole country of the Amalekites, and
from one another. 12 Abram lived in the land of also the Amorites who lived in Hazezon Tamar.
Canaan, and Lot lived in the cities of the plain, and 8 And the king of Sodom, and the king of
pitched his tent toward Sodom. 13 But the men of Gomorrah, and the king of Admah, and the king of
Sodom were wicked and sinners against the LORD, Zeboiim, and the king of Bela (this is Zoar) went
exceedingly so. out and met them in battle in the vale of Siddim,
14 And after Lot had separated from him, the that is, they met 9 Chedorlaomer the king of Elam,
LORD said to Abram, Raise your eyes and from Tidal king of nations, Amraphel king of Shinar, and
the place where you are look northward and Arioch king of Ellasar, four kings fighting with five.
southward and eastward and westward, 15 for I 10 And the vale of Siddim was full of tar pits, and
will give all the land which you see to you and to the kings of Sodom and Gomorrah fled, and fell
your offspring forever. 16 And I will make your there. And those who remained fled to the moun-
offspring like the dust of the earth, so that if a man tain. 11 And they took all the goods of Sodom and
can number the dust of the earth, then your Gomorrah, and all their food, and went their way.
offspring also will be numbered. 17 Get up, walk 12 And they took Abrams brothers son Lot, who
over the land, through its length and breadth; for lived in Sodom, and his goods, and left.
I will give it to you. 13 And one who had escaped came and told
18 Then Abram moved his tent and came and Abram the Hebrew, for he lived among the oak
lived by the oak trees of Mamre, which are in trees of Mamre the Amorite, the brother of Eshcol,
Hebron, and there built an altar to the LORD. and brother of Aner. These men were allies of
Abram. 14 And when Abram heard that his brother
14 And this happened in the days of Amraphel
king of Shinar, Arioch king of Ellasar,
Chedorlaomer king of Elam, and Tidal king of
had been taken captive, he armed his trained ser-
vants, born in his own house, three hundred and
eighteen in number, and pursued them as far as
nations: 2 these men made war on Bera king of Dan. 15 And he divided his forces against them, he
Sodom, and on Birsha king of Gomorrah, Shinab and his servants, at night, and attacked them, and
king of Admah, and Shemeber king of Zeboiim, and pursued them as far as Hobah, which is to the
the king of Bela, which is Zoar. 3 All these made an north of Damascus. 16 And he brought back all the
alliance together in the vale of Siddim, which is the goods, and brought back also his brother Lot and
salt sea. 4 For twelve years they served his goods, and also the women and the people.
Chedorlaomer, and in the thirteenth year they 17 And after his return from the slaughter of
rebelled. Chedorlaomer and of the kings who had been with
5 And in the fourteenth year Chedorlaomer, and him, the king of Sodom went out to meet him at the
the kings who were with him, came and attacked valley of Shaveh, which is the kings dale.
the Rephaim in Ashteroth Karnaim, and the Zuzim 18 And Melchizedek king of Salem brought out
in Ham, and the Emim in Shaveh Kiriathaim, 6 and bread and wine. He was the priest of the Most
decision. He got what he wanted but it cost 14:7 Kadesh Kadesh Barnea on the
him dearly in the end, as can be seen in southern border of Canaan.
chapter 19. This choice brought Lot close to Amalekitesnote at Ex 17:8.
the wicked cities that God would later de- Amorites10:16; 15:16.
stroy (vs 12,13). God will surely punish greed 14:12 At first Lot was only near Sodom
and selfishness (Col 3:5,6; 1 Tim 6:6-10; (13:12). Now he was in it and so in great
Heb 13:5). See the way of happiness and danger.
blessing in the words of Jesus in Matt 14:13 This is the first use of the word
10:38,39; Luke 14:33; etc. Hebrew in the Bible. See 11:16.
13:13 Against compare Ps 51:4. All sin 14:14 Brother Lot was Abrahams
is against God. nephew, not his literal brother. The Hebrew
13:14-17 God repeated this promise of word here translated brother has a wider
Canaan many times (12:7; 15:18; 17:8). range of meaning than the English word. It
Notice that the gift of Canaan was forever may indicate a variety of relationships.
(v 15). 14:14-16 In all this Abraham revealed great
13:18 Hebrona town about 35 kilome- courage, faith in God and skill in military
ters south of Jerusalem. matters. He led 318 men against four kings
14:1 Shinar Babylonia (11:2). and their combined armies and was able to
Elam10:22. Elam was an area in what rescue Lot and the plunder. Compare
is now called Iran. Gideons victory with 300 men in Judges
14:3 Salt Seathe Dead Sea. Sodom and chapter 7, and see 1 Sam 14:6.
Gomorrah were on the plain near it. 14:18,19 Melchizedek we know very little
23 GENESIS 15:6
High God. 19 And he blessed him, saying, Blessed
be Abram by the Most High God, possessor of
heaven and earth, 20 and blessed be the Most
15 After these things the word of the LORD
came to Abram in a vision, saying, Do not
be afraid, Abram. I am your shield, and
High God who has delivered your enemies into your exceedingly great reward.
your hand. And Abram gave him a tenth of every- 2 And Abram said, Lord God, what will you give
thing. me, while I go childless? And while the manager of
21 And the king of Sodom said to Abram, my household is this Eliezer of Damascus? 3 And
Give me the people, and take the goods for your- Abram said, See, you have not given me any off-
self. spring, and, see, someone born in my house is my
22 And Abram said to the king of Sodom, heir.
I have raised my hand to the LORD, the Most High 4 And now the word of the LORD came to him,
God, the possessor of heaven and earth, saying, This one will not be your heir, but the one
23 swearing that I will not take anything that is who will come forth from your own body will be
yours, from a thread to a shoelace, so that you your heir. 5 And he brought him outside and said,
would not say, I have made Abram rich, 24 except Look now toward the heavens and count the stars,
for that which the young men have eaten, and the if you are able to count them. And he said to him,
share of the men who went with me, Aner, Eshcol, So will your offspring be.
and Mamre. Let them take their share. 6 And he believed in the LORD, and He counted
of this person. He is mentioned only once and heard God speaking to them revealing
more in the Old Testament (Ps 110:4). But His word and will.
he has great importance as a type and Do not be afraid compare 21:17;
forerunner of Christ as High Priest, and he 26:24; Ex 14:13; Isa 35:4; 41:10; 43:5;
is discussed at some length in the letter to Matt 14:27; Heb 13:6.
the Hebrews. See notes on Hebrews Shield Ps 3:3; 28:7; etc. God
chapter 7. To Abraham he gave bread and Himself was Abrahams shield. Anyone who
wine. Compare Matt 26:26-29. tried to injure Abraham had first to get
Salem this almost certainly refers to through God. This is true of all Gods people.
Jerusalem (Ps 76:2). The word means Compare Deut 33:29; Job 1:10,11; 2:6;
peace and well-being. Ps 115:9-11.
Priest note at Ex 28:1. Reward God Himself was also
Most High God in Hebrew El Elyon. Abrahams reward his great treasure. If
The name is used 35 times in the Hebrew our treasure is in God, is God, there is no
Bible, mostly in Psalms (21 times). El Elyon danger of anyone breaking in and stealing
is far above all others called God or Lord it (Matt 6:19-21). And what a treasure this
(Ps 97:9), transcendent over the universe. is! See Num 18:20; Deut 10:9; Ps 73:26;
Heaven and earth are His possessions; that Eph 1:3; 2:7; 3:8; 1 Pet 1:4.
is, He is the eternal Creator. The first 15:2 Lord God the Hebrew words are
mention of this name is associated with a Adonai Jehovah, and if both words were
priest, thus suggesting that El Elyon can be translated as in the rest of the KJV, would
approached only through sacrifice. be Lord LORD (the word for God is not in
14:20 Blessed be the Hebrew may also the Hebrew here). The expression means
be translated Praise be to. Lord Jehovah. This name is used more than
Abram literally, he. 400 times in the Hebrew Old Testament.
Tenth or a tithe. This is the first men- Adonai means lord, master, ruler. Adonai is
tion of a tithe in the Bible. Abraham gave to Lord of the whole earth (Josh 3:11). He is
Melchizedek a tenth, thus showing how great the Lord of lords (Deut 10:17). In Greek
Melchizedek was (Heb 7:4-7). That is, as the word is Kurios, the title given to the Lord
Gods appointed priest he was in a higher Jesus Christ in the New Testament. See note
position than Abraham. On tithe see 28:22; at Luke 2:11. Abraham is acknowledging
Lev 27:30; Num 18:21; Deut 12:6; 14:22; Jehovah as his master, and the Lord of
2 Chron 31:5; Mal 3:8-12, 21-24. everything one well able to give him a son.
14:22-24 Abraham solemnly refused to 15:3 If Abraham had no child all he could
accept anything from the ungodly the do was leave his property to someone else.
opposite of Balaam (2 Pet 2:15), and many Evidently he had been considering Eleazer
in our own day who love money and pos- for this.
sessions regardless of where they come from 15:4,5 God made this promise of an heir
or how they might get them. when Abrahams wife Sarai was barren
15:1 Vision the first appearance of this (11:30), and in any case past the age of
word which is used in the Bible about 100 childbearing (Heb 11:11). It was not
times. In Hebrew the word comes from a humanly possible for them to have children.
verb which means to see or to gaze at. But God is able to make anything happen
God often revealed things to His prophets and human impossibilities are as nothing to
by means of visions. Sometimes they came Him (18:14; Jer 32:17,27; Luke 1:37).
in dreams, sometimes when the prophet 15:6 This is one of the key verses of the
was awake or in a trance-like state. They Bible. It is repeated in three books of the
sometimes saw symbolic forms and shapes New Testament (Rom 4:3,9,22; Gal 3:6;
GENESIS 15:7 24
it to him for righteousness. away.
7 And he said to him, I am the LORD who 12 And when the sun was going down, a deep
brought you from Ur of the Chaldees, to give you sleep fell on Abram, and suddenly a horror of great
this land to inherit it. darkness fell on him. 13 And he said to Abram,
8 And he said, Lord God, how can I know that Know for certain that your offspring will be strang-
I will inherit it? ers in a land that is not theirs, and will serve those
9 And he said to him, Bring to me a heifer three people. And they will afflict them for four hundred
years old, a female goat three years old, a ram years. 14 And also I will judge that nation whom
three years old, a dove, and a young pigeon. they will serve. And afterward they will come out
10 And he took all these to him, and cut them in half with great possessions. 15 And you will go to your
and laid each piece opposite the other, but he did fathers in peace. You will be buried in a good old
not cut the birds in half. 11 And when birds of prey age. 16 But in the fourth generation they will come
came down on the carcasses, Abram drove them here again, for the wickedness of the Amorites is
Jam 2:23). God did not count Abraham the world there are only a small number of
righteous because of his piety or obedience possible views which people can hold:
to Gods call, but because of his faith. In 1. There is no God and all such things
himself Abraham was a sinner, as we all are. are a result of natural catastrophes or mans
Men cannot change themselves into holy inhumanity to man. This would be a com-
people, cannot create for themselves a mon view of those who do not believe that
righteous nature, cannot stand before God the Bible is the Word of God.
by their good works (Isa 64:6; Jer 13:23; 2. There is a God but He has little or
Rom 3:10-12). But if we trust God and be- nothing to do with such events, but stands
lieve Gods promises, God counts our faith aside and does not hinder the forces of na-
as righteousness (Rom 3:22; 5:1; 10:10; ture and lets men behave as they will.
Phil 3:9; Heb 11:7). He puts on us His own 3. There is a God who is the active sover-
perfect righteousness Isa 61:10; 1 Cor eign ruler of the world, and He is the one
1:30; 2 Cor 5:21. See also Gen 3:21. In who is responsible for the above things, and
this way God makes us fit for His presence, He is unjust in permitting these things to
even as He did Abraham. happen or causing them to happen. More
15:7 See 11:31; 12:1. people than we may estimate privately (and
15:8 Abraham believed God would give him perhaps subconsciously) hold this view,
a son, but he longed for a sign from God to though many of them would not want to
encourage his faith concerning Canaan. God state openly that God is unjust.
did not rebuke him for that (see also Judges 4. God is the ruler of the world but for
6:17,36-40; 2 Kings 20:8-11; Isa 7:11,14; reasons known only to Himself justly per-
37:30; Luke 1:18). mits such things to happen without actively
15:9 Lev 1:2,10,14-17; Num 19:2. causing them; He allows men to do to one
15:12 What follows came to Abraham in a another more or less as they will.
dream. This is one way God revealed truth 5. God, as the sovereign ruler of the
to people in Bible times. See 20:3; 28:12; world, uses men and nations and nature to
31:24; 37:5; 40:5. Notes at Num 12:6; bring such things about and always works in
Deut 13:1. absolute justice to accomplish His plan for
15:13 Ex 1:11,14; 2:23; Deut 5:15. the world.
15:14 Ex 3:19-22; 6:6; 7:4; 9:13-16; Those of us who believe that God exists
12:32-28. and know that such things have occurred in
15:15 See 25:7,8. Go. . .in peace a way the world, and do occur, must reach our own
of indicating his death. conclusions about Gods relationship to
15:16 Fourth generation v 13 says 400 them. But we should try to learn what He
years. People in Abrahams day lived longer wants to teach us, and beware of charging
than they do now, so a generation then God with any kind of indifference, weakness
comprised more years than a generation or injustice. Does not the Creator of men
now. Abraham lived to the age of 175, Isaac care what happens to them? Does not the
to 180, Jacob to 147, Joseph to 110. One who made the universe have sufficient
Amorites 10:15,16; 14:7. They were wisdom to know how to rule in the affairs of
inhabitants of Canaan before Abraham men? Is He not strong enough to prevent
arrived there. what He wants to prevent and bring about
Not yet full compare 6:3,5-7; Lev what He wishes to bring about? We would
18:24,25. God punishes evil people only be foolish indeed to ignore what the Bible
when the time is ripe, and He waits patiently says about all this the more so if we real-
for them to repent and turn to Him if they ize that both Jesus Christ and His apostles
will. If they do not, according to the Bible, all upheld the divine inspiration and authority
He may send another people to destroy of the Bible.
them. In Gods Word, the Bible, we see that
God Himself sent the flood which destroyed
Note on God and human calamities almost the entire human race. We see that
Concerning destructive wars, genocides, He Himself sent the angel of death into
or natural disasters which have occurred in Egypt in Moses day to destroy all the
25 GENESIS 16:10
not yet full. husband Abram to be his wife. 4 And he went in to
17 And it came about that when the sun went Hagar, and she conceived. And when she saw that
down and it was dark, there appeared a smoking she had conceived, her mistress was despised in
furnace and a flaming torch that passed between her eyes.
those pieces. 18 In the same day the LORD made a 5 And Sarai said to Abram, The wrong I suffer
covenant with Abram, saying, To your offspring I be on you. I gave my maidservant into your arms,
have given this land, from the river of Egypt to the and when she saw that she had conceived, I was
great river, the river Euphrates, the land of 19 the despised in her eyes. The LORD judge between me
Kenites, the Kenizzites, the Kadmonites, 20 the and you.
Hittites, the Perizzites, the Rephaim, 21 the 6 But Abram said to Sarai, Look, your maid-
Amorites, the Canaanites, the Girgashites, and the servant is in your hand. Do whatever you please to
Jebusites. her. And when Sarai dealt harshly with her, she ran
away from her presence.
16 Now Sarai, Abrams wife, had borne him no
children, and she had a maidservant, an
Egyptian, whose name was Hagar. 2 And Sarai
7 And the angel of the LORD found her by a
spring of water in the desert, by the spring on the
way to Shur.
said to Abram, Now look, the LORD has kept me 8 And he said, Hagar, Sarais maidservant, from
from bearing children. Please, go in to my maidser- where have you come? And where are you going?
vant. It may be that I can obtain children through And she said, Im running away from the presence
her. And Abram listened to Sarais voice. of my mistress Sarai.
3 And Sarai, Abrams wife, took Hagar, her 9 And the angel of the LORD said to her, Re-
Egyptian maidservant, after Abram had lived ten turn to your mistress, and submit yourself to her
years in the land of Canaan, and gave her to her authority. 10 And the angel of the LORD said to
firstborn of the Egyptians. Later we see for God to do so in His way. He listens to the
that He Himself sent Israel into the land of voice of his wife instead of waiting for Gods
Canaan to exterminate its wicked inhabit- voice. The results were sad indeed for Abram
ants. We see that He gave orders to King and Sarai, and deeply affected the whole
Saul to completely obliterate the Amalekites. history of Western Asia. The offspring of
We see that in the Gospels Jesus Himself Abram and Hagar was Ishmael, the progeni-
spoke of the destruction of Jerusalem by its tor of twelve Arab tribes (16:11; 17:20;
enemies as a result of their sin. Other ex- 25:12-18). The descendants of Ishmael and
amples can be given. And if God caused Isaac (21:1-3) have often been opposed
such things to happen, surely it is wisdom to each other even to this day.
on our part to attribute to Him a good rea- 16:7 Angels are mentioned about 300 times
son for His actions, though we may not un- in the Bible. They are spirit beings usually
derstand what the reason is. It is madness unseen by men. But they may appear in the
to accuse Him of injustice or of acting con- form of men from time to time. Both the
trary to goodness and wisdom. Are we su- Hebrew and Greek words for angel means
perior to God that we can judge Him and call messenger. Angels were created by God
His actions into question? Are we more just for His service. Some important references
than He? Do we see more clearly than He to them are: 28:12; Job 1:6; 38:7; Ps
what should be done among the peoples of 78:49; 91:11; 103:20; Dan 6:22; Matt
the world? See also the note on Psalm 47:2. 1:20; 13:39,41; 16:27; 22:30; 25:41;
15:17 In ancient times when making a 26:53; John 1:51; Acts 7:53; 8:26; 12:7-
solemn covenant sometimes an animal was 11; 2 Cor 11:14; Col 2:18; Heb 1:6,7;
killed and divided into two parts. Then the 1 Pet 1:12; 2 Pet 2:4; Rev 1:1; 22:8,9.
covenant makers passed between the parts. There are innumerable angels (Rev 5:11),
See Jer 34:18,19. Here God Himself, sym- but the angel in this verse is a very special
bolized by fire, walked between the parts of one. His name is the angel of the LORD
the slain animals. On fire as a symbol of (Jehovah). He appears many times in the
God see Ex 3:2. Old Testament and speaks as if He were
Furnace or fire pot. Flaming torch God Himself (31:11-13; Ex 3:2-6), and He
is closer to the Hebrew than burning lamp. has divine attributes (16:10; 48:16). He
15:18-21 God now makes a solemn cov- is identified as the LORD (Jehovah Judges
enant to give the land of Canaan to Abrams 2:1-3; 6:12,14,16,23). His name is won-
descendants (13:14-17; 17:1-8; 22:17; derful (Jud 13:18; compare Isa 9:6). He
26:4; 28:13-15). The land was occupied appeared several times in the form of a man
by numerous and strong peoples, but God (Jud 13:3,6,10,11,13). For these reasons it
fulfilled His promise as He always does. See seems certain that this angel is none other
Josh 21:43-45; 1 Kings 4:20,21. than the Son of God, Jesus Christ, coming
16:1-4 God had promised Abram that an to help and bless men before His birth of a
heir would be born to him (15:4). Now Abram virgin many centuries later.
makes the mistake of trying to fulfill Gods 16:10 This is language only God can use
promise in his own way, instead of waiting 17:1,2,19,20.
GENESIS 16:11 26
her, I will increase the number of your offspring nations. 5 And your name will no longer be called
exceedingly, so that they will be too many to count. Abram, but your name will be Abraham, for I have
11 And the angel of the LORD said to her, See, made you a father of many nations. 6 And I will
you are with child. You will give birth to a son, and make you exceedingly fruitful, and I will make
shall call his name Ishmael, because the Lord has nations of you, and kings will come from you. 7 And
heard of your misery. 12 And he will be a wild man. I will establish my covenant between me and you
His hand will be against every man, and every and your offspring after you in their generations
mans hand will be against him. And he will live in as an everlasting covenant, to be your God and
the presence of all his brothers. the God of your descendants after you. 8 And I
13 And she called the name of the LORD who will give to you, and to your descendants after
spoke to her, You are the God who sees me, for you, the land where you are a stranger, all the land
she said, Here have I also seen him who sees me? of Canaan, for an everlasting possession. And I
14 Therefore the well was called Beer Lahai Roi. To will be their God.
this day, it is between Kadesh and Bered. 9 And God said to Abraham, Therefore you
15 And Hagar bore Abram a son. And Abram shall keep my covenant, you and your descendants
called his sons name, whom Hagar bore, Ishmael. after you in their generations. 10 This is my
16 And Abram was eighty-six years old when Hagar covenant, which you shall keep, between me and
bore Ishmael to Abram. you and your descendants after you: Every male
among you must be circumcised. 11 And you shall
17 And when Abram was ninety-nine years
old, the LORD appeared to Abram, and said
to him, I am God Almighty. Walk in my presence
circumcise the flesh of your foreskin. And it will be
a sign of the covenant between me and you.
12 And among you he who is eight days old shall
and be blameless. 2 And I will make my covenant be circumcised, every male in your generations, he
between me and you, and will increase your who is born in the house, or bought with money
numbers exceedingly. from any foreigner, who is not of your offspring.
3 And Abram prostrated himself, and God talked 13 He who is born in your house, and he who is
with him, saying, 4 As for me, now this is my bought with your money, must be circumcised. And
covenant with you: you will be a father of many my covenant will be in your flesh for an everlasting
16:11 Ishmael means God hears. of Ishmael, Isaac, and Abrahams sons by
Misery see how concerned the great Keturah (Gen 16:10; 17:19; 25:1-4).
God of the universe was with the sorrows of 17:5 Abram means exalted father.
a servant girl. Compare Ex 1:23- 25; Abraham means father of a multitude.
22:26,27; Ps 103:13,14; Matt 8:2,3; 9:36; 17:6 Kings a great many kings came
Luke 22:50,51. This should give us confi- from Abraham rulers of the nation of
dence that He cares for us too and will hear Israel and other peoples. Also the King of
us when we call. See Ps 65:2. kings, the Lord Jesus, in His human nature,
16:13 Sees me Job 24:23; 31:4; is descended from Abraham.
34:21; Ps 139:1-6; Prov 5:21; 15:3; 17:7,8 To be your God this was the most
2 Chron 16:9; Heb 4:13. important of the promises of this covenant
16:14 This name means The well of the far greater than the promise of the land
Living One who sees me. of Canaan. This promise is repeated under
17:1 Appeared 12:7. the new covenant Jer 31:31-33; 2 Cor
God Almighty the Hebrew words for 6:16. It is also one of the last and best
this are El Shaddai. The name is used 48 things seen in the Bible Rev 21:3. If the
times in the Old Testament, mostly in Gen- true and living God is our God then we have
esis (6) and Job (31). El Shaddai is the all- the highest possible good and all we can
sufficient one who can keep His prom- ever need for time or eternity.
ises and do anything for His people He de- 17:9-14 Circumcision was to signify some-
cides to do (18:14; Jer 32:17,27; Matt thing spiritual Deut 10:16; 30:6; Jer 4:4;
19:26; Rom 4:21). 9:25,26; Col 2:11. It spoke of faith in Gods
Blameless the Hebrew word here word, and a righteousness that comes by
(translated perfect in the KJV) means com- faith (Rom 4:11). It was an agreement to
plete, whole, sound, wholesome, in- be the people of God and listen to His voice.
nocent, having integrity, blameless, or The mere outward ceremony meant noth-
perfect. this is what God wants all His ing if there was not faith and a desire to
believers to be 6:9; Deut 18:13; Job please and serve God (Rom 2:28,29). But
1:1; Ps 15:1,2; 19:13; Prov 2:7; 1 Cor if the rite was not practiced, if a person had
1:8; Phil 2:15; 1 Thess 3:13; 5:23; no faith, no obedience to Gods covenant,
2 Pet 3:14. A blameless life must be a walk he was to be cut off from the people. Men
in Gods presence and with His strength, and had responsibility under the covenant God
always looking to Him and for Him. made with Abraham. It was to believe God
17:2 See 12:2,3; 13:14-16; 15:4,5,18. and act accordingly.
17:4 Many nations all the descendants 17:10 17:15 Sarah means princess.
27 GENESIS 18:14
covenant. 14 As for the uncircumcised male, the
flesh of whose foreskin is not circumcised, that soul
shall becut off from his people. He has broken my
18 And the LORD appeared to him at the oak
trees of Mamre as he was sitting in the
tent door in the heat of the day. 2 And he raised
covenant. his eyes and looked and three men appeared,
15 And God said to Abraham, As for your wife standing near him. And when he saw them, he ran
Sarai, you shall not call her name Sarai, but her from the ten t door to meet them, and bowed
name will be Sarah. 16 And I will bless her, and give himself toward the ground, 3 and said, My Lord,
you a son by her also. Yes, I will bless her, and she if now I have found favour in your sight, please do
will be a mother of nations. Kings of people will not pass your servant by. 4 Please let a little water
come from her. be brought, and wash your feet and rest your-
17 Then Abraham prostrated himself and selves under the tree. 5 And I will bring a piece of
laughed and said in his heart, Will a child be born bread. Refresh yourselves. After that you can go
to him who is a hundred years old? And will Sarah, on. That is why you have come to your servant.
who is ninety years old, bear a child ? 18 And And they said, Do as you have said.
Abraham said to God, O that Ishmael might live in 6 And Abraham hurried into the tent to Sarah
your presence! and said, Quick! Get ready three measures of fine
19 And God said, Your wife Sarah will certainly flour, knead it, and make bread on the hearth.
bear you a son, and you shall call his name Isaac. 7 And Abraham ran to the herd and brought a
And I will establish my covenant with him as an choice tender calf and gave it to a young man who
everlasting covenant, and with his offspring after hurried to prepare it. 8 And he took butter and
him. 20 And as for Ishmael, I have heard you. Now milk, and the calf which he had prepared, and set
I have blessed him and will make him fruitful, and them before them. And he stood by them under
will increase his numbers exceedingly. He will be- the tree, and they ate.
come the father of twelve princes, and I will make 9 And they said to him, Where is your wife
him a great nation. 21 But my covenant I will estab- Sarah? And he said, There, in the tent.
lish with Isaac, whom Sarah will bear to you by this 10 And he said, I will certainly return to you,
same time next year. 22 And he finished talking according to the time of life, and then your wife
with him, and God went up from Abraham. Sarah will have a son. And Sarah heard it standing
23 And Abraham took his son Ishmael, and all in the tent door, which was behind him.
who had been born in his house, and all who had 11 Now Abraham and Sarah were old and well
been bought with his money, every male among advanced in age, and it had ceased to be with
the persons of Abrahams household, and that very Sarah according to the way of women.
day circumcised the flesh of their foreskin, as God 12 Therefore Sarah laughed to herself, saying,
had told him. 24 And Abraham was ninety-nine After I have become old will I have pleasure, my
years old when he was circumcised in the flesh of lord also being old?
his foreskin. 25 And his son Ishmael was thirteen 13 And the LORD said to Abraham, Why did
years old when he was circumcised in the flesh of Sarah laugh, saying, Will I, who am old, indeed
his foreskin. 26 Abraham and his son Ishmael were bear a child ? 14 Is anything too hard for the
circumcised on the same day. 27 And all the men of LORD? At the time appointed I will return to you,
his household, born in the house and bought with according to the time of life, and Sarah will have a
money from foreigners, were circumcised with him. son.
17:16 For the first time God promises that Word off to another time, and then never
Sarah shall bear a son. get around to it (Acts 24:25; 2 Cor 6:2;
17:17,18 The faith of Abraham, the man of Heb 3:15; John 2:5).
faith, and the father of all who believe, 18:1,2 Here is an instance of God ap-
temporarily stumbles. Perhaps he believed pearing in the form of man. See 12:7; 16:7.
not for joy (Luke 24:40,41). In all of Gods The other two that appeared to Abraham
believers there is a mixture of faith and were angels (vs 16,22; 19:1).
unbelief, and we all have reason enough to 18:6 Bread the KJV has cakes, which is
cry out as the man in Mark 9:24 did. misleading to readers now. The meaning of
17:19-21 God repeats the promise. Isaac the Hebrew is flat round bread like chapathis
means he laughs. God says He will estab- or parathas.
lish the covenant with him, not with Ishmael 18:8 Abrahams preparation of the meal
(but Ishmael also was to receive Gods took some time. The Lord and His angels
blessing because he was a son of Abraham.) waited patiently. See Jud 6:18.
Now Abraham fully believed the promise 18:12 See 17:17. Though Sarah laughed
concerning Isaac. See Rom 4:17-24. here, later she may also have believed the
17:23 Abraham immediately obeyed. See promise Heb 11:11,12.
also 22:1-3. This is a mark of a man of Lord the Hebrew also means husband.
God. Many people put obedience to Gods 18:14 Is anything too hard for the LORD
GENESIS 18:15 28
15 Then Sarah denied it, saying, I did not righteous in the city, then I will spare the whole
laugh, for she was afraid. And he said, No, but place for their sakes.
you did laugh. 27 And Abraham answered and said, Please,
16 And the men got up from there and looked here am I, who am only dust and ashes, undertaking
toward Sodom. And Abraham went with them to to speak to the Lord, 28 perhaps the fifty righteous
take them on the way. 17 And the LORD said, will lack five. Will you destroy the whole city for
Shall I hide from Abraham what I am going to do, lack of five?
18 seeing that Abraham will certainly become a great And he said, If I find there forty-five, I will not
and mighty nation, and all the nations of the earth destroy it.
will be blessed in him? 19 For I know him, that he will 29 And he spoke to him once again and said,
command his children and his household after him, Perhaps there will be forty found there.
and so they will keep the way of the LORD, practic- And he said, For the sake of forty, I will not do
ing righteousness and justice, so that the LORD it.
may bring to Abraham that which he has told him. 30 And he said to him, Oh, may the Lord not be
20 And the LORD said, Because the outcry of angry, and I will speak: perhaps thirty will be found
Sodom and Gomorrah is great, and because their there.
sin is very grievous, 21 I will now go down and see And he said, I will not do it, if I find thirty
whether they have done altogether according to there.
its outcry, which has reached me; and if not, I will 31 And he said, Please, here am I undertaking
know. 22 And the men turned their faces from to speak to the Lord: Perhaps twenty will be found
there, and went toward Sodom, but Abraham was there.
still standing before the LORD. 23 And Abraham And he said, For the sake of twenty, I will not
drew near and said, Will you destroy the righteous destroy it.
also with the wicked? 24 Perhaps there are fifty 32 And he said, Oh, may the Lord not be angry,
righteous people in the city. Will you really destroy and I will speak just once more: perhaps ten will be
it and not spare the place for the fifty righteous found there.
who are there? 25 Far be it from you to act in this And he said, For the sake of ten, I will not
way, to kill the righteous with the wicked. That the destroy it.
righteous should be as the wicked be it far from 33 And the LORD went his way when he had
you! Will not the Judge of all the earth do right? finished conversing with Abraham, and Abraham
26 And the LORD said, If I find at Sodom fifty went back to his place.
Jer 32:17,27; Matt 19:25,26; Luke 1:37. anyone know enough about the nature of
18:15 Sarah shows her sinful nature by God to be able to say dogmatically what He
lying to God. See 12:13. Very often the wrong can and cannot do in such matters as this?
kind of fear causes even good people to On the sin of Sodom see Ezek 16:49,50.
sin. The healthy fear of God keeps them 18:22,23 Abraham understood Gods inten-
from it (20:11; Ex 20:20). So God tells His tion to destroy Sodom. His nephew Lot was
people not to fear what men in general fear living there and Abraham was afraid that
(15:1), but to fear Him Deut 10:20; Matt Lot would be destroyed in the destruction of
10:28; Heb 12:28. Sodom. And he probably felt compassion
18:16 Sodom 13:12,13. for the people of Sodom, wicked though they
18:17 Ps 25:14; Prov 3:32; Amos 3:7; were. So he begins to intercede for the city.
John 7:17; Isa 41:8. 18:24 Spare the Hebrew word here may
18:18 See 12:3; 22:18; Acts 3:25; Gal 3:8. also mean forgive (also v 26).
18:19 Children Deut 4:9; 6:6,7; 11:9; 18:25 Judge Ps 9:7,8; 58:11; 94:2;
Ps 78:4; Prov 22:6; Eph 6:4; 2 Tim 3:15. See 96:13; Eccl 12:14; Acts 17:30,31; Rom
here Abrahams responsibility to behave in 2:16; 2 Cor 5:10; Rev 20:11-15.
such a way that God could fulfill His promises Do right Deut 32:4; 2 Chron 19:7;
to him. God chose him for this very reason. Job 34:10,12; 37:23; Ps 89:14; 97:2;
18:20,21 I will know didnt the Lord, who Jer 9:24.
is omniscient, know what the exact state of 18:27 Dust and ashes 3:19. Abraham
Sodom was? Why did He need to go down takes his rightful place as a frail, mortal
and see? He did not need to. He can know creature before the great Creator and Lord
everything without going anywhere John of the universe. There is no other proper
21:17; Heb 4:13 (so no one should ever way for men to pray to the one true God.
think he can hide anything from God). But 18:30 Angry God will not be angry when
can He not also in His perfect liberty, if He men humbly pray and intercede for others.
wishes, choose not to know something For the things which really make God angry
such as all the details of the vileness of the see Num 25:3.
people of Sodom? And can He not choose 18:32 Abraham stopped at ten, perhaps
to forget what He wants to forget (compare thinking that Lot would have been able to
Isa 43:5; Jer 31:34; Heb 10:17)? Does lead his family and a few others at least into
29 GENESIS 19:17
19 And two angels came to Sodom in the
evening, and Lot was sitting at the gate of
Sodom. Seeing them Lot got up to meet them, and
10 But the men inside put out their hand and
pulled Lot into the house to them and shut the door.
11 And they struck the men who were at the door
he bowed with his face toward the ground, 2 and of the house, both small and great, with blindness,
he said, Please now, my lords, turn aside into your so that they wearied themselves to find the door.
servants house, and spend the night, and wash 12 And the men said to Lot, Have you here
your feet. Then you may rise up early and go on anyone else? Sons-in-law and your sons and your
your way. And they said, No, but we will spend daughters, and whoever you have in the city, bring
the night in the street. them out of this place, 13 for we are going
3 And he urged them so strongly that they to destroy this place, because their outcry has
turned aside to him and went into his house. And become great in the presence of the LORD, and
he made a feast for them, and baked unleavened the LORD has sent us to destroy it.
bread, and they ate. 4 But before they lay down, 14 And Lot went out and spoke to his
the men of the city, the men of Sodom, both old sons-in-law, who had married his daughters, and
and young, all the people from every quarter, said, Up! get out of this place, for the Lord is
surrounded the house, 5 and they called out to Lot going to destroy this city. But to his sons-in-law
and said to him, Where are the men who came in he seemed like someone who was joking.
to you tonight? Bring them out to us, so that we 15 And when the morning dawned the angels
may know them. hurried Lot, saying, Up! Take your wife and your
6 And Lot went out the door to them and shut two daughters who are here so that you will not be
the door after him, 7 and said, Please, brethren, destroyed in the punishment for the wickedness of
do not act so wickedly. 8 Now look, I have two the city.
daughters who have not known a man. Please let 16 And when he hesitated, the men took hold
me bring them out to you, and you do to them as of his hand, of the hand of his wife, and of the
you see fit. But do nothing to these men, because hand of his two daughters, for the LORD was
they have come under the shadow of my roof. merciful to him. And they brought him out and set
9 And they said, Stand back. And they said him outside the city. 17 And this took place when
again, This one came in to town to stay a while, they had brought them out: one of them said,
and he has to be a judge! Now we will we treat you Escape for your life! Do not look behind you, and
worse than them. And they crowded in on the man do not stay anywhere on the plain. Escape to the
Lot, and came near to break in the door. mountain, so you will not be destroyed!
the paths of righteousness. Actually in the of Sodom wished to use force to satisfy their
whole city of Sodom there was only one lust, piling sin on sin.
righteous person. That was Lot (2 Pet 2:6- 19:8 According to the rules of hospitality in
8). And even he needed the prayers of those times guests in a home had to be
Abraham for his rescue (19:29). Prayer is a protected by their host. Still it was surely an
very positive and mysterious and powerful act of desperation for Lot to basely offer his
force in Gods dealings with men (20:17,18; defenseless daughters to these vile men.
Ex 17:11; 32:11-14; Num 14:19,20; 19:9 Lot, though he was a righteous man,
16:46-48; Josh 10:12-14; Job 42:10; had no influence whatever over the people
Ps 18:6-10; 65:2; Prov 15:8,29; Isa 38:1- of Sodom.
6; Jer 33:3; Dan 2:17-19; 9:3,21-23; 19:11 God has His own ways of protecting
10:2,12-14; Matt 6:9-13; Mark 11:24; Luke His people, and it does not involve any acts
11:9,10; 18:1-8; Acts 1:14; 2:1-4; 4:24,31; of desperation such as appear in v 8.
12:5-10; Jam 5:16-18; Rev 8:3-5). 19:13 Justice and the good of the world de-
19:1 Angels these angels also appeared manded Sodoms destruction.
as men 18:1,2,22. Sodom was notorious 19:14 Lot had no influence over his sons-
as the most wicked city of the ancient world in-law either.
and was about to be destroyed as an Joking sometimes those who bring
example of Gods wrath and judgment on the most solemn and true messages are
sin (2 Pet 2:6; Jude 7; Deut 29:23; 32:32; regarded as fools or madmen compare
Ezek 16:49,50). Notes at 6:7; Lev 18:24. Acts 2:13; 17:18; 26:24.
Gate 34:20. 19:16 It seems Lot still had not understood
19:2 Their preference to spend the night the seriousness of the situation and was
outdoors does not speak well of Lots home. reluctant to leave Sodom. His home and his
19:4,5 Know them see note at Gen 4:1. wealth were there. In spite of his reluctance
In the Bible lying with a man as with a to leave, God was merciful to him. It was
woman is seen as a terrible sin. In the law Gods mercy and not Lots goodness that
He gave God says it is worthy of death (Lev was the reason for his deliverance.
18:22; 20:13). The New Testament also Compare Eph 2:4,8; 2 Pet 3:9; etc.
speaks strongly against it (Rom 1:26,27; 19:17 Escape Gods judgment was on
1 Cor 6:9; 1 Tim 1:10; Jude 7). The men the way. It called for immediate action.
GENESIS 19:18 30
18 And Lot said to them, No, please, my Lord! cave, he and his two daughters. 31 And the
19 Now look, your servant has found favour in firstborn said to the younger, Our father is old,
your sight, and you have magnified your mercy, and there is not a man on earth to come in to us
which you have shown me in saving my life, but I according to the way of the whole earth. 32 Come,
cannot escape to the mountain, or some evil may let us make our father drink wine, and we will lie
overtake me and I will die. 20 Now see, that town down with him, so that we may bring to life
is near to flee to, and it is a little one. Please let me offspring of our father.
escape there (is it not a little one?), and my soul 33 And they made their father drink wine that
will live. night, and the first born went in and lay with her
21 And he said to him, See, I have accepted father. And he did not know when she lay down, or
you for this thing also, so that I will not overthrow when she got up.
this town of which you have spoken. 22 Hurry! 34 And it came about on the next day that the
Escape there, for I cannot do any thing until you firstborn said to the younger, Look, last night I lay
have gone there. Therefore the name of the town with my father. Let us make him drink wine tonight
was called Zoar. also, and you go in and lie with him, so that we may
23 The sun had risen over the earth when Lot bring to life offspring of our father. 35 And they
went into Zoar. 24 Then the LORD rained sulfur made their father drink wine that night also. Then
and fire on Sodom and on Gomorrah out of the sky the younger got up and lay with him. And he did
from the LORD. 25 And he overthrew those cities not know when she lay down, or when she got up.
and the whole plain and all the inhabitants of the 36 In this way both the daughters of Lot were
cities, and that which grew in the ground. 26 But pregnant by their father. 37 And the firstborn gave
his wife, from behind him, looked back and she birth to a son, and called his name Moab. He is the
became a pillar of salt. father of the Moabites of today. 38 As to the
27 And Abraham got up early in the morning younger, she also gave birth to a son, and called
and went to the place where he had stood before his name Ben Ammi. He is the father of the
the LORD, 28 and he looked toward Sodom and children of Ammon of today.
Gomorrah, and toward all the land of the plain,
and looking saw that the smoke of the country was
going up like the smoke of a furnace.
29 And when God destroyed the cities of the
20 And Abraham journeyed from there to-
ward the south country, and lived between
Kadesh and Shur, and stayed for a while in Gerar.
plain, it came about that God remembered Abraham 2 And Abraham said of Sarah his wife, She is my
and so sent Lot out of the center of the overthrow, sister, and Abimelech king of Gerar sent and took
when he overthrew the cities in which Lot lived. Sarah.
30 And Lot went up out of Zoar and lived in a 3 But God came to Abimelech in a dream at night
mountain, and his two daughters went with him, and said to him, Now you are the same as dead,
for he was afraid to live in Zoar. And he lived in a because of the woman whom you have taken, for
Compare Matt 3:7; Heb 6:18. Sodom was like and felt bad about the
19:18-20 Lot would not leave the choice of behavior of its people. But he chose to live
the place for him in Gods hands. Still he there. And obviously he did not bring up his
wanted to make his own self-centered daughters in the instruction and fear of God.
choice. Compare 13:10,11. He is a picture of carnal believers who,
19:22 God was going to rescue Lot in though saved, will experience great loss
answer to Abrahams prayer (v 29) and could 1 Cor 3:1-15. Let us learn from Gods Word
not destroy Sodom until Lot was out of it. what the world is really like and how to live
So with Noah (chapters 6,7); so with Gods in it (1 John 2:16,17; 2 Cor 6:14-18), and
people at the end of this age (Rev 14:14- what great loss we can suffer by selfishness
16; 15:1). Zoar means small. and compromise.
19:26 Lot had little or no influence over his 19:36-38 The Moabites and Ammonites
wife. All she wanted was in Sodom. See Luke later became enemies of Israel. Such sin
17:32. as the daughters of Lot committed with him,
19:27 See 18:22. indeed all sin, can have far-reaching con-
19:29 Lot was rescued for Abrahams sake sequences.
and in answer to Abrahams prayer. 19:38 Ben-Ammi means son of my
19:30-38 Lot had no godly influence over people.
his daughters either. And he was respon- 20:1 Gerar was in the land of the Philistines
sible for what happened there. This story of toward the coast of the Mediterranean Sea.
Lot is very sad, but very instructive. He was 20:2 Abraham repeats his former sin
a man who believed God and was counted 12:13). An event like this shows that when
righteous (2 Pet 2:6-8). But he made a bad Satan knows our weakness he will bring the
choice because of greed, and did not keep same temptations again and again.
his distance from Sodom. He knew what 20:3 Once again God had to intervene to
31 GENESIS 21:2
she is a mans wife. will kill me on account of my wife. 12 And yet she
4 But Abimelech had not come near her, and he really is my sister. She is the daughter of my
said, Lord, will you destroy righteous people? father, but not the daughter of my mother, and
5 Did he not say to me, She is my sister? And she she became my wife. 13 And when God caused
also, she herself, said, He is my brother. I have me to wander from my fathers house, it came about
done this in the integrity of my heart and the that I said to her, You shall show me this kindness:
innocence of my hands. wherever we go, say of me, He is my brother.
6 And God said to him in the dream, Yes, I know 14 And Abimelech took sheep, and oxen, and
that you did this in the integrity of your heart, for male servants, and female servants, and gave them
I also kept you from sinning against me. For this to Abraham, and returned his wife Sarah to him.
reason I did not permit you to touch her. 7 So now 15 And Abimelech said, Look, my land is before
return the mans wife to him, for he is a prophet, you. Live where it pleases you.
and he will pray for you, and you will live. But if you 16 And he said to Sarah, See, I have given
do not return her, know for a certainty that you will your brother a thousand pieces of silver. See, it is
die, you, and all who are yours. to cover the offense against you in the eyes of all
8 Therefore Abimelech rose early in the who are with you; to everyone this is your
morning, and called all his servants, and told all vindication.
these things in their hearing. And the men were 17 So Abraham prayed to God, and God healed
very afraid. 9 Then Abimelech called Abraham and Abimelech, his wife, and his female servants, and
said to him, What have you done to us? In what they gave birth to children. 18 For the LORD had
have I offended you, that you have brought on me closed up all the wombs of the house of Abimelech,
and on my kingdom a great sin? You have done because of Abrahams wife Sarah.
things to me that ought not to be done.
10 And Abimelech said to Abraham, What did
you see that you have done this thing?
11 And Abraham said, Because I thought,
21 And the LORD looked after Sarah as he
had said, and the Lord did for Sarah as he
had spoken. 2 For Sarah conceived and bore a son
Surely the fear of God is not in this place, and they to Abraham in his old age, at the very time which
protect Sarah. This is the first use of the of fear a criminal may have for jails and
word dream in the Bible. But see police. It is a healthy awe and respect for
15:12. God, a fear of offending Him by sinning. It
20:6 From sinning 1 Sam 25:26; is exceedingly important for people to have
Jude 24. the fear of God.
Against me Ps 51:4. It restrains from evil doing (Ex 20:20;
20:7 Prophet the word prophet in Prov 16:6).
Hebrew does not mean an eloquent speaker It is a motive for obeying God (Deut
or a learned man, though some of the 5:29; 6:2).
prophets of the Bible were both. The It is the beginning of wisdom (Ps 111:10;
Hebrew verb from which the word prophet Prov 1:7; 9:10; 15:33). It results in Gods
comes means to announce, to proclaim, or great blessings (Deut 6:24; Ps 25:14;
to speak by some sort of inspiration. 33:18,19; 34:7-9; 85:9; 103:11,13,17;
Certainly in general a prophet in the Bible 115:13; Prov 14:27; 19:23; Isa 33:6).
was a person who spoke by inspiration, It is the duty of all mankind (Ps 33:8),
under the influence of some spirit. A true and without it men fall into great evil (Rom
prophet was inspired by Gods Spirit and 3:18 with preceding verses). We should all
spoke Gods messages. A false prophet pray for it (Ps 86:11).
spoke by inspiration from some source other It is something we may choose to have
than God, and spoke lying messages. See or not have (Prov 1:29).
also Num 11:25. For true prophets see Deut See other notes at Job 28:28; Ps 34:11-
18:18; 1 Sam 3:19-21; 1 Kings 17:1,2,8; 14; 111:10; Prov 1:7; etc.
Jer 1:4-10; Micah 1:1; 3:8; etc. For false 20:16 Thousand pieces of silver in
prophets see Deut 18:20-22; 1 Kings Hebrew a thousand shekels. One shekel
18:19-29; Jer 14:14; 23:32; Ezekiel equals 11.5 grams. So the total amount was
chapter 13; Matt 24:11,24; Luke 6:26; about 11:5 kilograms or 25 pounds a very
2 Pet 2:1; 1 John 4:1; Rev 16:13; 19:20. large amount showing how seriously
The whole Bible was given by God through Abimelech regarded the matter.
His true prophets. Much of it has been ful- To everyone this is your vindication
filled, some still awaits fulfillment. this is the probable meaning of the Hebrew
20:9 It is a sad day when outsiders must phrase, which is difficult. The translation of
rebuke the prophets and servants of God the KJV here is unlikely.
for their wrongdoing. 20:17 Prayed to God note and references
20:11 The first reference in the Bible to the to prayer at 18:32.
fear of God. This fear is not a fear to come 20:18 Closed up 1 Sam 1:5.
to God, or to pray to God. It is not the kind 21:1,2 Spoken 17:16; Titus 1:2.
GENESIS 21:3 32
God had told him. 3 And Abraham called the name opposite him, raised her voice, and wept.
of his son who was born to him, whom Sarah bore 17 And God heard the voice of the boy, and the
to him, Isaac. 4 And when his son Isaac was eight angel of God called to Hagar from heaven and said
days old Abraham circumcised him, as God had to her, What is bothering you, Hagar? Do not be
commanded him. 5 And Abraham was a hundred afraid, for God has heard the voice of the lad where
years old when his son Isaac was born to him. he is. 18 Get up, pick up the lad, and hold him up
6 And Sarah said, God has made me laugh; all with your hand, for I will make him a great nation.
who hear it will laugh with me. 7 And she said, 19 And God opened her eyes, and she saw a
Who would have told Abraham that Sarah would well of water and she went, filled the bottle with
nurse children? Yet I have borne him a son in his water, and gave the boy a drink.
old age. 20 And God was with the boy, and he grew,
8 And the child grew and was weaned, and lived in the desert, and became an archer. 21 And
Abraham made a great feast the same day that he lived in the desert of Paran, and his mother took
Isaac was weaned. 9 And Sarah saw the son of a wife for him from the land of Egypt.
Hagar the Egyptian, whom she bore to Abraham, 22 And at that time it came about that Abimelech
mocking. 10 Therefore she said to Abraham, Drive and Phichol, the chief captain of his forces, spoke
out this slave woman and her son, for the son of to Abraham, saying, God is with you in all that you
this slave woman will not be heir with my son, with do. 23 So here and now swear to me by God that
Isaac. you will not deal falsely with me or with my son or
11 And the thing was very grievous in Abrahams with my sons son, but that the same kindness that
sight because of his son. 12 And God said to I have shown to you, you will show to me, and to
Abraham, Let it not be grievous in your sight the land where you have been staying for a time.
because of the lad and because of your slave 24 And Abraham said, I will swear it.
woman. Listen to Sarahs voice in everything she 25 And Abraham rebuked Abimelech because
has said to you, for in Isaac shall your offspring be of a well of water which Abimelechs servants had
called. 13 And I will also make a nation of the son taken by force. 26 And Abimelech said, I do not
of the slave woman, because he is your offspring. know who has done this thing, and you did not tell
14 And Abraham got up early in the morning, me, and I did not hear it, until today.
took bread and a bottle of water and gave it to 27 And Abraham took sheep and oxen and gave
Hagar, putting it on her shoulder, gave her the them to Abimelech, and the two of them made a
boy and sent her away. And she left and covenant. 28 And Abraham put seven ewe lambs
wandered around in the desert of Beersheba. from the flock by themselves. 29 And Abimelech
15 And the water in the bottle was finished, and said to Abraham, What is the meaning of these
she thrust the boy under one of the bushes. seven ewe lambs which you have put by
16 And she went and seated herself opposite him themselves?
at a distance of about a bow shot. For she said, 30 And he said, Take these seven ewe lambs
Let me not see the boys death. And she sat from my hand, so that they will be a witness for
21:3 Isaac 17:19. was not confirmed to Ishmael. There was
21:4 See 17:10,12. only the promise that he too would become
21:5 Rom 4:19-21. a great nation vs 13,18.
21:6 See 18:13. 21:14 Morning again we see Abrahams
21:9 This was Ishmael. 16:1,4,15; Gal immediate obedience 17:23; 22:2,3.
4:22,23. At this time he was about sixteen Boy the KJV here has child, which
years old, Isaac only two or three. could be misleading. Ishmael was a teen-
21:10 Gal 4:29-31. ager. The Hebrew means youth or young
21:11 The error Abraham made in the mat- man or boy, as well as child.
ter of Hagar (16:1,2) now brings much sor- 21:17 Heard Ex 2:24; 3:7; Deut 26:7;
row to him. Going our own way in anything Ps 6:8; 10:17; 34:6,15,17; 66:19; 116:11.
usually results in grief. Only the will of God 21:19 Eyes Num 22:31; 2 Kings 6:17.
is good, pleasing and perfect Rom 12:2. Sometimes God creates new things or new
21:12 Rom 9:7; Heb 11:18. Isaac, the ways to provide for His people; sometimes
child God promised, was chosen by God to He merely opens their eyes to what is al-
be the heir of Abraham and the one through ready there.
whom the Saviour of the world would come. 21:21 Paran was located south of Canaan
The covenant of blessing to the world which in the Sinai peninsula.
God had made with Abraham (12:1-3) was 21:22 Abimelech 20:2. With you
confirmed to him. The rest of the Old 26:28; 28:15; 39:2,3,21; Acts 7:9,10;
Testament for the most part, and part of Heb 13:5,6; Rev 21:3; Ex 33:14-16;
the New Testament is the story of Isaacs 34:8,9; Josh 1:5; Isa 7:14. Note at Ex
descendants through Jacob. This covenant 25:8.
33 GENESIS 22:6
me, that I have dug this well. 2 And he said, Take now your son, your only
31Therefore he called that place Beersheba, son Isaac, whom you love, and go to the land of
because there the two of them took an oath. Moriah, and offer him there as a burnt offering on
32 In this way they made a covenant at one of the mountains which I will tell you about.
Beersheba. Then Abimelech and Phichol, the chief 3 And Abraham got up early in the morning,
captain of his forces, got up and returned to the saddled his donkey, took two of his young men with
land of the Philistines. 33 And Abraham planted a him and Isaac his son, cut up the wood for the
grove in Beersheba, and called there on the name burnt offering, and arose and went to the place
of the LORD, the everlasting God. 34 And Abraham which God had told him about. 4 Then on the third
stayed for many days in the land of the Philistines. day Abraham raised his eyes and saw the place at
a distance. 5 And Abraham said to his young men,
22 And after these things it came about that
God tested Abraham, and said to him,
Abraham. And he said, See, here I am.
Stay here with the donkey. I and the boy will go
over there and worship and come back to you.
6 And Abraham took the wood of the burnt
21:31 Beersheba can have two meanings He would never ask Abraham to do some-
well of the oath or well of the seven. thing that was wrong (Jam 1:13). Actually
21:32 Philistines 10:14. this is the only case in the entire Bible when
21:33 Everlasting God Hebrew El Olam. God asked a person to offer another as a
Olam comes from a word that has more sacrifice. It seems God had a two-fold
than one meaning hidden or secret, purpose in this. He wished to test Abrahams
a long time or everlasting, or world. devotion and faith and He wished to give a
Deut 29:29; 32:39,40; 33:27; Ps 90:2; picture of what He Himself planned to do
Isa 40:28; Jer 10:10; Heb 13:8,20,21; through His son Jesus Christ in offering
Rev 1:18. Him for the sins of the world. The test for
22:1 Tested Abraham God often asked Abraham was like this: God had said that
Abraham to give up things and persons. At Isaac was Abrahams only son, his heir, the
first He asked him to give up country and one with whom God would establish His
relatives (12:1). Then He asked him to give covenant (15:4; 17:16,19; 21:12; 22:2).
up his plans for Ishmael (17:17,18). Finally Would Abraham believe Gods promises
He asked him to give up his son. Just so even when faced with a command that
does the Lord Jesus ask those who would seemed contrary to them? Would he be-
be His disciples to give up everything for lieve that God could do no wrong and could
Him (Matt 10:37-39; Mark 10:21,29-31; not break His word? Abraham was equal to
Luke 9:57-62; 14:33). God will test His this test. He reasoned that if God asked
peoples love for Him, their faith in Him, him to do something God had a good rea-
their obedience to Him. These tests, though son for it, and that somehow or other God
they may be difficult and painful, will work would fulfill His promises (Rom 4:21). He
for the good of those who endure them. believed that even if he had to put Isaac to
They will increase their faith and teach them death God would raise him to life again to
many important lessons (Deut 8:2,16; fulfill His word (Heb 11:17-19).
13:3; Ps 66:10-12; Jam 1:2-4,12; All this is a picture of what God has done
1 Pet 1:6-7; 4:12,13). God tests us to in Jesus Christ. Like Isaac Jesus is the only
bring out the good he has put in us. Satan Son of the Father (John 3:16). He is the
tempts us to bring out the evil in our fallen heir of the world (Heb 1:2), the one through
nature. whom God made His new covenant (Heb
Here I am v 11. 9:15), the one through whom the blessings
22:2 Only son though Ishmael was a promised to Abraham would come to the
son by the servant girl, Isaac was the only world (Acts 3:26; Gal 3:14; Eph 1:3). God
son of Abraham and his wife, the only son in love to mankind offered Him up as a
related to Gods covenant and promises. sacrifice for sinners (Rom 5:8; Heb 9:28;
In the Bible the one true God forbids 1 Pet 3:18; 1 John 4:9). Then He raised
human sacrifice to other gods (Lev 18:21; Him from the dead to fulfill all His promises
Deut 18:9,10; 2 Kings 17:17). This is (Acts 2:24,32-36; 1 Cor 15:3,4). God told
because other gods are not God at all and Abraham to take Isaac to the land of
no one has any right to offer anything to Moriah. Jerusalem was located in this
them, let alone fellow human beings. All region (2 Chron 3:1). Jerusalem, of course,
things and all persons belong to God the is the place where the Lord Jesus Christ was
Creator, and in a double sense His redeemed crucified and resurrected.
people belong to Him (1:27; Ps 50:10; Isa 22:3 Morning Abraham practiced instant
42:5; Ezek 18:4; Ex 13:1,2; 19:5; Lev obedience 17:23; 21:14.
20:26; 1 Cor 6:19,20). Since all men are Wood Abraham fully intended to do
Gods property He has a perfect right to do what God told him and made preparations
with them as He sees fit. He may, if He wants, for obedience.
even demand that they be offered as burnt 22:5 The words come back seem to
offerings, as He told Abraham to offer Isaac. indicate Abrahams faith.
Remember God is a just and holy God. 22:6 On his son Isaac compare John
GENESIS 22:7 34
offering, and put it on his son Isaac. And he took on the seashore. And your offspring will possess
the fire in his hand and a knife, and the two of them the gate of his enemies. 18 And in your offspring
went on together. 7 And Isaac spoke to his father all the nations of the earth will be blessed, because
Abraham and said, My father. And he said, Here you have obeyed my voice.
I am, my son. And he said, See, the fire and the 19 So Abraham returned to his young men, and
wood, but where is the lamb for a burnt offering? they got up and went together to Beersheba, and
8 And Abraham said, My son, God himself will Abraham stayed at Beersheba.
provide a lamb for a burnt offering. So the two of 20 After these things it came about that some-
them went on together. one told Abraham, saying, Now Milcah, she also
9 And they came to the place which God had has borne children to your brother Nahor: 21 Huz
told him about, and Abraham built an altar there, his firstborn, Buz his brother, Kemuel the father of
arranged the wood on it, bound his son Isaac, and Aram, 22 Chesed, Hazo, Pildash, Jidlaph, and
placed him on top of the wood on the altar. 10 And Bethuel. 23 And Bethuel became the father of
Abraham stretched out his hand and took the knife Rebekah. Milcah bore these eight to Nahor,
to kill his son. 11 And the angel of the LORD called Abrahams brother. 24 And his concubine also,
to him out of heaven and said, Abraham, Abraham. whose name was Reumah, bore Tebah, Gaham,
And he said, Here I am. Thahash, and Maachah.
12 And he said, Do not lay your hand on the
boy, and do not do anything to him, for now I know
that you fear God, seeing you have not withheld
your son, your only son from me.
23 And Sarahs lifespan was a hundred and
twenty-seven years. These were the years
of Sarahs life. 2 And Sarah died in Kirjath Arba.
13 And Abraham raised his eyes and looked, This is Hebron in the land of Canaan. And Abraham
and behind him a ram appeared, caught in a thicket came to mourn for Sarah and to weep for her.
by its horns. And Abraham went and took the ram 3 And Abraham got up from the presence of his
and offered it up as a burnt offering instead of his dead wife and spoke to the sons of Heth, saying,
son. 14 And Abraham called the name of that place 4 I am a foreigner and a settler among you. Per-
Jehovah Jireh, just as it is said to this day, In the mit me the possession of a burial site among you,
mountain of the LORD it will be provided. so that I may bury my dead out of my sight.
15 And the angel of the LORD called to Abraham 5 And the children of Heth answered Abraham,
out of heaven a second time, 16 and said, I have saying to him, 6 My lord, listen to us. You are a
sworn by myself, says the LORD, because you have mighty prince among us. Bury your dead in the
done this thing and have not withheld your son, your choicest of our tombs. None of us will refuse you
only son, 17 that I will certainly bless you, and I will his tomb for burying your dead.
certainly increase the number of your offspring 7 And Abraham stood up, and bowed down
like the stars of heaven and like the sand which is before the people of the land, to the children of
19:17. Evidently Isaac was no small child. Hebrew word which usually means seen.
He was able to carry a load, and knew what The Lord will see to it means that he will
was going on (v 7). provide it.
22:8 Provide verse 13. Compare John 22:16-18 I will certainly bless obedience
1:29,36; Acts 8:32-35; 1 Pet 1:18,19; to God always brings blessings. Notes at
Rev 5:6-14. 12:2,3; Num 6:22-27; Deut 28:1-14; Ps
22:9 Altar there is nothing here to 1:1,2; 119:1. The Hebrew has blessing I
suggest Isaac resisted Abraham. It seems will bless. Writers in Hebrew sometimes
he willingly cooperated with his father in all repeated the verb in this way for the sake of
this. So did Jesus when He faced the cross emphasis, so certainly bless is also correct.
(John 10:18; Matt 26:39). Offspring Acts 3:25,26; Gal 3:16.
22:10 The moment of final obedience came 22:20 Nahor 11:29.
and Abraham did not shrink back. 22:23 Rebekah 24:67.
22:11 The angel of the LORD note at 23:3 The sons of Heth Heth was a son
16:7. The Son of God stopped Abraham. of Canaan and the progenitor of the Hittite
Much later in history He did not stop people. See 10:15. Note on Hittites at
Himself but willingly gave Himself to death 26:34,35.
for us all (John 10:11,17,18; Gal 1:4; 23:4 Foreigner and a settler 20:13; Lev
Phil 2:8). 25:23; 1 Chron 29:15; Ps 39:12; Heb
22:14 Jehovah Jireh a name meaning 11:8-10,13.
The LORD will provide see note at Ex Permit a secondary meaning of the
3:14,15. In Christ Jehovah did provide an Hebrew word which also means give, but
offering and a sacrifice for the sins of the probably the better translation here because
world. And that event took place at the Abraham was not asking for the gift of a
mountain of the LORD in Jerusalem. burial site.
Provided a secondary meaning of the 23:6 Mighty prince perhaps they were
35 GENESIS 24:11
Heth. 8 And he talked with them, saying, If it is the land of Canaan. 20 And the field, and the
your wish that I should bury my dead out of my cave that is in it were deeded to Abraham by the
sight, listen to me and on my behalf ask Ephron the sons of Heth as a possession for a burial site.
son of Zohar, 9 to permit me to have the cave of
Machpelah, which he owns, which is at the end of
his field. For its full price let him give it me as a
possession for a burial site among you.
24 And Abraham was old, well advanced in
age, and the LORD had blessed Abraham
in all things. 2 And Abraham said to his servant,
10 And Ephron lived among the children of Heth, the oldest of his household, who was in charge of
and Ephron the Hittite answered Abraham in the all that he had, Please, place your hand under my
hearing of the children of Heth, of all those who thigh, 3 and I will make you swear by the LORD,
went in at the gate of his city, saying, 11 No, my the God of heaven, and the God of the earth, that
lord, listen to me. I will give the field to you, and I you will not take a wife for my son from the
give you the cave that is it. In the presence of the daughters of the Canaanites, among whom I live.
sons of my people I give it to you. Bury your dead. 4 But you shall go to my country, and to my relatives,
12 And Abraham bowed down himself before and take a wife for my son Isaac.
the people of the land. 13 And he spoke to Ephron 5 And the servant said to him, Perhaps the
in the hearing of the people of the land, saying, woman will not be willing to follow me to this land.
But if you will give it, please, listen to me. I will Should I take your son back to the land that you
give you money for the field. Take it from me, and came from?
I will bury my dead there. 6 And Abraham said to him, You be careful that
14 And Ephron answered Abraham, saying to you do not take my son back there. 7 The LORD
him, 15 My lord, listen to me. The land is worth God of heaven, who took me from my fathers
four hundred shekels of silver. What is that be- house and from the land of my relatives, and who
tween me and you? So bury your dead. spoke to me, and who swore to me, saying, To
16 And Abraham listened to Ephron, and your offspring I will give this land, he will send his
Abraham weighed the silver for Ephron, the price angel before you, and you shall take a wife for my
he had named in the hearing of the sons of Heth, son from there. 8 And if the woman is not willing to
four hundred shekels of silver, current money with follow you, then you will be free from this oath of
the merchant. mine. Only do not take my son back there. 9 And
17 And the field of Ephron, which was in the servant placed his hand under the thigh of
Machpelah, which faced Mamre, the field and the Abraham his master, and swore to him about that
cave that was in it and all the trees that were in matter.
the field, that were in all the area of its borders, 10 And the servant took ten camels of his
were deeded 18 to Abraham as a possession in the masters camels, and left, for all the goods of his
presence of the children of Heth, before all who master were in his charge. And he arose and went
went in at the gate of his city. 19 And after this, to Mesopotamia, to the city of Nahor. 11 And he
Abraham buried his wife Sarah in the cave of the made his camels kneel down outside the city by a
field of Machpelah facing Mamre. This is Hebron in well of water, at evening time, the time when women
aware of some of Abrahams activities, such 24:1 Blessed 12:2; 13:2; 24:35.
as those in 14:14-16 and 20:17. 24:2 Thigh a custom then when making
23:9 Though God had given Abraham and a very solemn promise (47:29).
his descendants the whole land, he actually 24:3 Deut 7:3; Ezra 9:1-4; 1 Cor 7:39;
possessed none of it and had to buy a 2 Cor 6:14-17. Abraham worshiped the one
portion for a burial ground. In the same true God in spirit and in truth (John 4:24).
way, by promise the whole world belongs to The Canaanites worshiped many gods and
believers in Christ (Rom 4:13; 8:17; idols. Abraham wanted to keep his son
1 Cor 3:21,22; Gal 4:7). However, at separate from such things. And he knew
present most of them possess very little or that a Canaanite wife might turn his son to
none of it. The fulfillment of these prom- idolatry. Compare Deut 7:3,4; 1 Kings
ises of God await the time when God rises 11:1-6; Ezra 9:1-4; 1 Cor 7:39; 2 Cor
in judgment on the world and the kingdoms 6:14-18.
of the world becomes the kingdom of God 24:4 My country not Ur of Chaldea, but
and Christ (Rev 2:26,27; 11:15; 19:15). where Abraham lived later for a while
23:10 Gate v 18; 19:1; Deut 25:7; v 10; 11:31.
Josh 20:4; Ruth 4:11. 24:6-8 Land 12:7; 13:5; 15:18.
23:15 Shekels the total amount was His angel note at 16:7. This
about 4.5 kilograms probably a very high marriage was arranged in heaven.
price for a field in Abrahams day (compare 24:9 Verse 2.
Jer 32:9). Sometimes those people who at 24:10 The servant in this chapter is a model
first seem most generous will take the for all who would serve God. He was obedi-
greatest advantage of others. ent, prayerful, tactful, faithful, waited on God
GENESIS 24:12 36
go out to draw water. his mercy and his truth toward my master. I being
12 And he said, O LORD God of my master on the way, the LORD has led me to the house of
Abraham, please send me good success today, and my masters brothers.
show kindness to my master Abraham. 13 See, I 28 And the girl ran and told these things to
am standing here by the well of water, and the those in her mothers house. 29 And Rebekah had
daughters of the men of the city are coming out to a brother. His name was Laban. And Laban ran out
draw water. 14 Let it come about that the girl to to the man at the well. 30 And it came about when
whom I say, Please let down your water pot so I he saw the earring, and bracelets on his sisters
can drink, and she says, Drink, and I will water arms, and when he heard the words of his sister
your camels also, let her be the one that you have Rebekah saying, This is what the man said to me,
decided on for your servant Isaac. And by that I that he came to the man. And there he stood by
will know that you have shown kindness to my the camels at the well. 31 And he said, Come in,
master. you blessed of the Lord. Why are you standing
15 And it came about before he had finished outside? For I have got the house ready, and a
speaking, that here came Rebekah, who had been place for the camels.
born to Bethuel, son of Milcah, the wife of 32 And the man came into the house. And
Nahor, Abrahams brother. She had her water pot Laban unloaded his camels, and gave straw and
on her shoulder. 16 And the girl was very beautiful fodder for the camels, and water to wash his feet
to look at, a virgin, no man had known her. And and the feet of the men who were with him.
she went down to the well, filled her water pot, 33 And food was set before him to eat, but he
and came up. said, I will not eat until I have told my business.
17 And the servant ran to meet her and said, And he said, Tell it.
Please let me drink a little water from your water 34 And he said, I am Abrahams servant.
pot. 35 And the LORD has greatly blessed my master so
18 And she said, Drink, my lord, and she that he has become rich; and he has given him
hurried and lowered her water pot onto her hand flocks and herds, and silver and gold, and male
and gave him a drink. servants and female servants, and camels and
19 And when she had finished giving him a drink, donkeys. 36 And my masters wife Sarah bore a
she said, I will draw water for your camels also, son to my master when she was old. And to him he
until they have finished drinking. 20 And she has given all that he has. 37 And my master made
hurried and emptied her water pot into the trough, me swear, saying, You shall not take a wife for my
and ran again to the well to draw water, and drew son from the daughters of the Canaanites in whose
for all his camels. 21 And the man, keeping silent, land I am living, 38 but you shall go to my fathers
watched her to find out whether the LORD had house and to my relatives, and take a wife for my
made his journey successful or not. son. 39 And I said to my master, Perhaps the
22 And this happened when the camels had woman will not follow me.
finished drinking: the man took a gold earring of 40 And he said to me, The LORD, before whom
half a shekel weight and two bracelets of ten shek- I walk, will send his angel with you and make your
els weight of gold for her arms, 23 and said, Whose journey a success, and you will take a wife for my
daughter are you? Please tell me. Is there room in son from my relatives, from my fathers house-
your fathers house for us to spend the night? hold. 41 When you go to my relatives, then you will
24 And she said to him, I am the daughter of be free from this my oath. If they do not give her
Bethuel, the son of Milcah, whom she bore to to you, you will be free from my oath.
Nahor. 25 She also said to him, We have both 42 And today I came to the well and said, O
straw and fodder enough, and room to spend the LORD God of my master Abraham, if now you will
night. give success to the journey I have come on, 43 see,
26 And the man bowed his head, and worshipped I am standing by the well of water, and it will
the LORD. 27 And he said, Blessed be the LORD happen that when the virgin comes out to draw
God of my master Abraham, who has not forsaken water, and I say to her, Please give me a little
for guidance, and honored and praised his 24:27 Led compare Ps 25:9; 32:8;
master. 48:14; 73:24; Prov 3:5,6.
Mesopotamia an area northeast of 24:35 Material prosperity was often a sign
Canaan in what is now called Syria. of Gods blessing then, but not necessarily
24:14 On asking God for signs see note now. Many godly people are poor, many
and references at 15:8. godless people are rich (Luke 6:20-26;
24:15 Speaking Isa 65:24. 16:19-31; James 2:57).
24:22 Ten shekels about 110 grams. 24:40 Walk see 17:1.
37 GENESIS 25:7
water from your water pot to drink, 44 and she Send me away so I can go to my master.
says to me, You drink, and I will also draw water 57 And they said, We will call the girl, and ask
for your camels, let her be the woman whom the her what she has to say.
LORD has decided on for my masters son. 58 And they called Rebekah and said to her,
45 And before I had finished speaking in my Will you go with this man? And she said, I will
heart, suddenly Rebekah came out with her water go.
pot on her shoulder, and she went down to the 59 And they sent away their sister Rebekah,
well and drew water. And I said to her, Please let and her nurse, and Abrahams servant and his men.
me drink. 60 And they blessed Rebekah and said to her, You
46 And she hurried and lowered her water pot are our sister. May you become the mother of
from her shoulder, and said, Drink, and I will water thousands of millions, and may your offspring
your camels also. So I drank, and she watered the possess the gate of those who hate them.
camels also. 61 And Rebekah and her maids got up, and
47 And I asked her and said, Whose daughter rode on the camels, and followed the man. So the
are you? And she said, The daughter of Bethuel, servant took Rebekah, and went his way. 62 And
Nahors son, whom Milcah bore to him. And I put Isaac had come from the way of the well Lahai Roi,
the ring on her face, and the bracelets on her arms. for he lived in the south of the country. 63 And
48 And I bowed my head and worshipped the LORD, Isaac went out to meditate in the field in the
and praised the LORD God of my master Abraham, evening, and he raised his eyes and looked, and
who had led me in the right way to take my masters there were the camels coming. 64 And Rebekah
brothers daughter for his son. 49 And now if you raised her eyes, and when she saw Isaac, she got
will deal kindly and faithfully with my master, tell down from the camel, 65 for she had said to the
me, and if not, tell me, so that I may turn to the servant, What man is this walking in the field to
right or to the left. meet us? And the servant had said, It is my
50 Then Laban and Bethuel answered and said, master. So she took a veil and covered herself.
The matter comes from the LORD. We cannot 66 And the servant told Isaac everything that
speak to you anything either bad or good. 51 See, he had done. 67 And Isaac brought her into the
Rebekah is before you. Take her and go, and let tent of his mother Sarah, and took Rebekah, and
her be your masters sons wife, as the Lord has she became his wife. And he loved her. So Isaac
said. was comforted after his mothers death.
52 And it came about that, when Abrahams
servant heard their words, he worshipped the
LORD, bowing himself to the ground. 53 And the
servant took out silver jewels, gold jewels, and
25 Then again Abraham took a wife. Her name
was Keturah. 2 And she bore him Zimran,
Jokshan, Medan, Midian, Ishbak, and Shuah. 3 And
clothing, and gave them to Rebekah. Also he Jokshan begat Sheba and Dedan. And the sons of
gave to her brother and to her mother valuable Dedan were Asshurim, Letushim, and Leummim.
things. 54 And they ate and drank, he and the 4 And the sons of Midian: Ephah, Epher, Hanoch,
men who were with him, and spent the night there. Abidah, and Eldaah. All these were the children of
In the morning they got up and he said, Send me Keturah.
away to my master. 5 But Abraham gave all that he had to Isaac.
55 And her brother and her mother said, Let 6 But to the sons of the concubines whom Abraham
the girl stay with us for a few days, at least ten. had, Abraham gave gifts while he was still living,
After that she will go. and sent them away from Isaac his son, eastward,
56 And he said to them, Do not delay me, to the east country.
since the LORD has made my journey successful. 7 And these are the days of the years of
24:60 See 22:17. people (John 16:13,14). Rebekah would
24:67 In the events of the Old Testament represent the bride of Christ, His Church
there are often pictures of spiritual truth later (2 Cor 11:2; Eph 5:25-32; Rev 19:7,8).
revealed in the New Testament. Some think Isaac would represent the Lord Jesus Christ
we have a picture in this chapter of the same who goes out to meet her (John 14:3;
truth Jesus presented in the parable of the 1Thess 4:16,17).
king who made a marriage for his son (Matt 25:1 Keturah means incense.
22:2). If this is so (and it is possible, though 25:5 See 15:4; 24:36.
not at all certain) Abraham would represent 25:6 Concubines the practice of polygamy
God the Father who would make a marriage was common in the ancient world, but it was
for His Son. The servant would represent not Gods instruction to men. See 2:24;
the Holy Spirit who has come into the world 30:1.
to win the bride and who presents Christ to 25:7 Abraham lived 38 years after the death
GENESIS 25:8 38
Abrahams life: he lived a hundred and seventy- Abrahams son: Abraham begot Isaac. 20 And
five years. 8 Then Abraham expired, dying in a Isaac was forty years old when he married Rebekah,
good old age, an old man and full of years, and was the daughter of Bethuel the Syrian of Padan-Aram,
gathered to his people. 9 And his sons Isaac and the sister of Laban the Syrian.
Ishmael buried him in the cave of Machpelah, in the 21 And Isaac prayed to the LORD for his wife,
field of Ephron the son of Zohar the Hittite, which because she was barren. And his prayer was
faces Mamre, 10 the field which Abraham purchased accepted by the LORD, and his wife Rebekah
from the sons of Heth. Abraham and his wife Sarah conceived. 22 And the children struggled together
were buried there. 11 And it came about after the in her, and she said, If it is so, why am I like this?
death of Abraham, that God blessed his son Isaac. And she went to ask the LORD.
Isaac lived by the well Lahai Roi. 23 And the LORD said to her, Two nations are
12 Now these are the generations of Ishmael, in your womb, and two kinds of people will be
Abrahams son, whom Hagar the Egyptian, Sarahs separated from your body; and the one people
handmaid, bore to Abraham; 13 these are the will be stronger than the other people, and
names of the sons of Ishmael, by their names, the older will serve the younger.
according to their generations: the firstborn of 24 And when her days to give birth were
Ishmael, Nebajoth, and Kedar, Adbeel, Mibsam, fulfilled, indeed there were twins in her womb.
14 Mishma, Dumah, Massa, 15 Hadar, Tema, Jetur, 25 And the first came out red, like a hairy garment
Naphish, and Kedemah. 16 These were the sons of all over. And they called his name Esau. 26 And
Ishmael, and these are their names, by their towns, after that his brother came out, his hand holding
and by their camps, twelve princes according to on to Esaus heel. And his name was called Jacob.
their nations. 17 And these were the years of the Isaac was sixty years old when she bore them.
life of Ishmael: a hundred and thirty-seven years, 27 And the boys grew. Esau was a skillful hunter,
and he expired. He died and was gathered to his a man of the open field, but Jacob was a quiet
people. 18 And they lived from Havilah to Shur, man, staying in tents. 28 And Isaac loved Esau
that is east of Egypt, as you go toward Assyria. because he ate of his venison, but Rebekah loved
He died in the presence of all his brothers. Jacob.
19 And these are the generations of Isaac, 29 And Jacob was boiling some soup, and Esau
of his first wife. rejected and hated by God see Mal 1:2,3.
25:8 Gathered to his people this phrase, Their futures were not in the stars but in
meaning death, is used often in the Old their response to God and in Gods deci-
Testament (25:17; 35:29; 49:29,33; sions about them. This is always true. The
etc). There may be in the phrase, as some position of planets and stars when we are
think, a suggestion of survival after born has absolutely nothing to do with what
death. we will become.
25:9-10 See 23:17-18. Astrology cannot explain why the lives of
Sons of Heth the Hittites. twins should be so different, or anything else
25:11 See 12:2,3; 26:3. that can stand examination. It is a sense-
25:16 See 17:20,21. less superstition. Those who teach it have
25:18 Many present-day Arabs claim descent found it is a way to make money and to
from Ishmael. hold people in their power. In the case of
25:20 Padam-Aram a region in what is Jacob and Esau (and this is true of us all),
present-day Syria. the important thing was the way they
25:21 Barren 20:17,18; 1 Sam 1:2- responded to the true and living God, and
17; 2:5; Ps 113:9; 127:3; Isa 54:1. their attitude toward His promises. Jacob,
Prayer Ps 65:2; 66:18,19. though he had many faults, had faith in
25:23 Nations Edom and Israel 32:3; God and put great value on those
Deut 2:4,8; 2 Sam 8:14; Jer 49:7,8; Amos promises. Esau did not care about either
1:11; Obad 1; Mal 1:2. God or His promises. On astrology see Daniel
Younger 27:40; Rom 9:10-15. This was chapter 2 and the note at 2:2.
the exact reverse of the usual custom and 25:25 Esau means hairy.
order. But Gods choice is according to His 25:26 Jacob means he grasps the heel.
foreknowledge and sovereign will, and does This signified a person who is a supplanter
not depend on the natural order of things. or deceiver.
25:24 Twins see how close together in 25:27 Open field the word field does
time Jacob and Esau were born Jacob was not mean he was a farmer. The Hebrew
holding the heel of his brother. According to word can also mean an area where wild
those who follow astrology they were born animals are. Esau was not one for plowing
under the same sign of the zodiac. The posi- the fields, but for hunting or playing in them.
tion of the stars and planets were the same 25:29 Was boiling some soup the
for both of them. Yet how vastly different Hebrew word here translated soup means
were their whole futures! One became loved literally something boiled, such as soup,
and blessed by God, and the other became stew, or such like.
39 GENESIS 26:15
came from the field, and he was weary. 30 And 6 And Isaac stayed in Gerar, 7 and the men of
Esau said to Jacob, Please let me eat some of that the place asked him about his wife, and he said,
red soup, for Im worn out. Therefore his name She is my sister, for he was afraid to say, She is
was called Edom. my wife, thinking The men of the place will kill me
31 And Jacob said, Sell me this day your birthright. for Rebekah, because she is beautiful to look at.
32 And Esau said, Look, I am about to die, and so 8 And when he had been there a long time, it so
what good will this birthright do me? happened that Abimelech, king of the Philistines,
33 And Jacob said, Swear to me this day, and looked out a window and now saw Isaac caressing
he swore to him, and sold his birthright to Jacob. his wife Rebekah. 9 And Abimelech called Isaac
34 Then Jacob gave Esau bread and lentil soup, and said, Look, surely she is your wife, and how is
and he ate and drank, and got up and went his it that you said, She is my sister? And Isaac said
way. Thus Esau despised his birthright. to him, Because I said that I may die on her ac-
count.
26 And there was a famine in the land,
besides the first famine that was in the
days of Abraham. And Isaac went to Gerar to
10 And Abimelech said, What is this you have
done to us? One of the people might easily have
lain with your wife, and you would have brought
Abimelech king of the Philistines. 2 And the LORD guilt on us.
appeared to him and said, Do not go down to 11 And Abimelech ordered all his people, say-
Egypt. Stay in the land which I will tell you about. ing, He who touches this man or his wife will surely
3 Stay in this land for a time, and I will be with you, be put to death.
and will bless you. For to you and to your offspring 12 Then Isaac sowed seed in that land and
I will give all these lands, and I will confirm the oath obtained in the same year a hundredfold, and the
which I swore to Abraham your father, 4 and I will LORD blessed him, 13 and the man became rich
make your offspring to increase in number like the and went on increasing until he became very rich.
stars of heaven, and will give all these lands to 14 He had possessions of flocks, possessions of
your offspring, and in your offspring all the nations herds, and great number of servants, and the
of the earth will be blessed, 5 because Abraham Philistines envied him. 15 So all the wells which his
obeyed my voice, and kept my charge, my com- fathers servants had dug in the days of his father
mandments, my statutes, and my laws. Abraham the Philistines stopped up and filled them
25:30 Edom means red. 2:4; Matt 17:20; 21:21,22; Mark 9:23;
25:31 Sell me Jacob began to show his 11:24; John 3:36.
scheming nature. But God would have Despised the Hebrew word does not
fulfilled His will for him without his tricks (note mean hated but regarded with contempt
at 27:18-26). or disdained. The birthright meant
Birthright the one who had the nothing to Esau.
birthright or right of the firstborn was to be 26:1 Famine 12:10.
the head of the family. In this case, he was Abimelech 20:1,2; title to psalm 34.
the one who would be in line to have the It is probable that Abimelech was a title of
promise of the land and the blessings God successive Philistine kings, as Pharaoh was
had promised and through whom the of Egyptian kings.
Saviour of the world would come. Later, at Philistines note at 10:14.
least, the firstborn received a double 26:2 Appeared note at 12:7.
portion of the inheritance (Deut 21:17). 26:3,4 See 15:18; 17:8; 22:15-18;
25:32-34 Esau was not about to die. It was 26:24; 28:15; 31:3; Gal 3:8.
simply that he cared nothing for the prom- 26:5 Obeyed 12:4; 17:9,23; 18:19;
ises of God, and for his birthright which 22:18. Here again is the teaching that obe-
made him the heir of those promises. He dience brings Gods blessing.
was a mere worldly man without faith and 26:7 Like father, like son (Gen 12:13;
saw no reason to sacrifice a present 20:2,12).
pleasure for a future good. Like many 26:9 I may die it is better to lose ones
today his god was his belly (Phil 3:19). He life than to be a liar. For God hates lying,
is described in Heb 12:16,17. Jacob in many but loves those who are willing to die rather
ways was an unspiritual man and was willing than sin. Here once more we see that fear
to take advantage of his brother. He should may cause men to sin. Note at 18:15.
of course simply have fed him without 26:10 Again an outsider has to rebuke one
asking anything for it. Later, in chapter 27, of Gods people (20:9).
he was willing to deceive his father to get 26:12-22 God forgave Isaac and gave him
what he wanted. But with all his faults he blessing. However, though Isaac was pros-
had a true faith in God which made him value pering materially his days in Gerar were a
Gods promised blessings. Faith is exceed- time of continual strife and difficulties. He
ingly important in Gods sight 15:6; Heb is an example to us of a man of peace who
11:6; 1 John 5:10; Ps 78:21,22; Hab would rather move on than fight with his
GENESIS 26:16 40
with earth. done to you nothing but good, and have sent you
16 And Abimelech said to Isaac, Go away from away in peace. You are now blessed by the LORD.
us. For you are much more powerful than we are. 30 And he made a feast for them, and they ate
17 And Isaac left there and pitched his tent in and drank. 31 And they got up early in the
the valley of Gerar, and stayed there. 18 And Isaac morning, and gave their oath to one another. Then
dug out the wells of water again, which they had Isaac sent them away, and they departed from him
dug in the days of Abraham his father, for the in peace.
Philistines had stopped them up after the death of 32 And it so happened that the same day Isaacs
Abraham. And he called their names according to servants came and told him about the well which
the names which his father had given them. they had dug, and said to him, We have found
19 And Isaacs servants dug in the valley, and water. 33 And he called it Shebah. Therefore the
found there a well of springing water. 20 And the name of the city is Beersheba to this day.
herdsmen of Gerar quarreled with Isaacs 34 And Esau was forty years old when he mar-
herdsmen, saying, The water is ours, and so he ried Judith the daughter of Beeri the Hittite, and
called the name of the well Esek, because they Bashemath the daughter of Elon the Hittite. 35 They
quarreled with him. 21 And they dug another well, were a grief of mind to Isaac and to Rebekah.
and quarreled about that one also, and so he
called its name Sitnah. 22 And he moved from there
and dug another well, and they did not quarrel
about that one, and he gave it the name Rehoboth,
27 And it came about that when Isaac was
old, and his eyes were so dim that he could
not see, he called his older son Esau and said to
saying, For now the LORD has made room for us, him, My son, and he said to him, See, here I am.
and we will be fruitful in the land. 2 And he said, Look now, I am old, and I do not
23 And he went up from there to know the day of my death. 3 Please take your
Beersheba. 24 And the Lord appeared to him the weapons now, your quiver and your bow, and go
same night and said, I am the God of your father out to the field, and get me some venison, 4 and
Abraham. Do not be afraid, for I am with you, and prepare for me the kind of tasty food I love, and
will bless you, and increase the number of your bring it to me, so that I can eat, that my soul may
offspring, for the sake of my servant Abraham. bless you before I die.
25 And he built an altar there, and called on the 5 And Rebekah was listening when Isaac spoke
name of the LORD, and pitched his tent there. And to his son Esau. And Esau went to the field to hunt
Isaacs servants dug a well there. for venison and bring it. 6 And Rebekah spoke to
26 Then Abimelech went to him from Gerar, and Jacob her son, saying, Look, I heard your father
Ahuzzath, one of his friends, and Phichol, the com- speaking to your brother Esau, saying, 7 Bring me
mander of his army, came with him. 27 And Isaac venison and prepare for me tasty food, so that I
said to them, Why have you come to me, seeing may eat, and bless you in the LORDs presence
that you hated me and sent me away from you? before my death. 8 Therefore, my son, now obey
28 And they said, We saw that the LORD was my voice in what I command you. 9 Go now to the
really with you, and we said, Now let there be an flock, and bring me from there two choice young
oath between us, between us and you, and let us goats, and with them I will prepare for your father
make a covenant with you, so 29 that you will not the kind of tasty food he loves, 10 and you shall
harm us, just as we have not touched you, and have take it to your father, so that he may eat, and so
neighbors. And he did not take revenge on whose center of power was in what is now
them (Rom 12:17-19; Heb 12:14). called Turkey. Many of them had settled in
26:20-22 Esek means dispute. Sitnah Canaan and the country was once controlled
means opposition. Rehoboth means by them (23:3; Num 13:29; 2 Sam 11:3).
wide space. 27:1-4 Did Isaac understand that God had
26:24 Abraham v 5. rejected Esau and chosen Jacob? Or, even
26:25 Altar 8:20; 12:7. having understood, did he decide to put his
26:28 With you 21:22. When it was clear own will above Gods and give the chief bless-
that God was with Isaac it made a profound ing, the blessing of the firstborn, to Esau
impression on his enemies and resulted in anyway? We are not told what was in his
peace (Prov 16:7). mind and heart, but it seems he had no
26:33 Shebah means both oath and intention of blessing Jacob at all. This
seven. favoritism had its roots in an unspiritual
Beersheba 21:31. motive see 25:28. Isaac had a sinful
26:34,35 Esau married women of the land nature, as all men have. Compare 9:21;
who worshiped idols and gods other than 12:13; Rom 3:9-20.
Jehovah the one true God. Isaac did not do 27:5-17 Rebekah determined to get the
for Esau what Abraham had done for him blessing of Isaac for Jacob (and through
(24:3,4). The Hittites were a powerful people Isaac the blessing of God), even though it
41 GENESIS 27:33
that he may bless you before his death. son Esau? And he said, I am.
11 And Jacob said to his mother Rebekah, Look, 25 And he said, Bring it near me and I will eat
my brother Esau is a hairy man, and I am a man of my sons venison, so that my soul may bless
with smooth skin. 12 Perhaps my father will touch you. And he brought it near him, and he ate, and
me, and then I will seem like a deceiver to him, and he brought him wine and he drank.
I will bring a curse on myself, and not a blessing. 26 And his father Isaac said to him, Come near
13 And his mother said to him, Your curse be on now, and kiss me, my son.
me, my son. Just obey my voice and go get them 27 And he came near and kissed him. And he
for me. smelled the odor of his clothes, and blessed him,
14 And he went and got them and brought and said,
them to his mother. And his mother prepared the See, the smell of my son
kind of tasty food that his father loved. 15 And is like the smell of a field
Rebekah took the best clothes of her older son which the Lord has blessed.
Esau, which were with her in the house, and put 28 Therefore may God give you
them on Jacob her younger son. 16 And she put of the dew of heaven,
the skins of the young goats on his hands and on and of the fatness of the earth,
the smooth skin of his neck, 17 and she placed the and an abundance of grain and wine.
tasty food and the bread, which she had prepared, 29 Let people serve you,
in the hand of her son Jacob. and nations bow down to you.
18 And he came to his father and said, My Be lord over your brothers,
father, and he said, Here I am. Who are you, and let your mothers sons
my son? bow down to you.
19 And Jacob said to his father, I am Esau your Cursed be every one who curses you,
firstborn. I have done as you told me. Please get and blessed be he who blesses you.
up, sit and eat some of my venison, so that your
soul may bless me. 30 And it came about that, as soon as Isaac had
20 And Isaac said to his son, How is it that you finished blessing Jacob and Jacob had hardly gone
have found it so quickly, my son? And he said, away from the presence of his father Isaac, Esau
Because the LORD your God brought it to me. his brother came in from his hunting. 31 And he too
21 And Isaac said to Jacob, Please come near, had prepared tasty food, and now he brought it to
so that I can touch you, my son, to see whether his father, and said to his father, Let my father
you are really my son Esau or not. get up and eat of his sons venison, so that your
22 And Jacob went near to Isaac his father. soul may bless me.
And he touched him and said, The voice is Jacobs 32 And his father Isaac said to him, Who are
voice, but the hands are the hands of Esau. you? And he said, I am your son, your firstborn
23 And he did not recognize him, because his hands Esau.
were hairy like his brother Esaus hands. So he 33 And Isaac trembled violently and said, Who?
blessed him. 24 And he said, Are you really my Where is the one who got venison and brought it
meant deceiving her husband. Evidently she deceive his father, it was also quite unnec-
regarded Gods promises as something of essary. Before Esau and Jacob were born
great value. But she also was guilty of God had already chosen Jacob and said that
favoritism (25:28). the elder (Esau) would serve the younger
27:18-26 Jacob too was willing to lie and de- (Jacob). See 25:23; Rom 9:10-13. God
ceive in order to get Gods blessing. In all would have fulfilled His word without the
this, though both Jacob and his mother scheming and lying of Jacob and his mother.
sinned, they showed their faith in Gods It is never necessary for men to use tricks,
promises. And faith, even weak faith, is very lies and deception to get God to fulfill His
important in Gods dealings with men (refer- will toward them. God will do it in His time
ences at 25:34). God rewarded their faith and way if men will trust Him and leave
but He punished their deception. Jacob in- matters in His hands. Notes at 12:13; Josh
deed got the blessing but later he himself 2:5; 1 Sam 27:10; 2 Sam 15:34.
was deceived and suffered much at the hands 27:20 Your God Jacob does not say, my
of his father-in-law (29:25; 31:7,40,41). God (see 28:21; 31:54; 35:3). And he was
And Rebekah no doubt suffered because she willing to lie in Gods name, which shows how
was separated from Jacob and may never far he had to go to become a spiritual man.
have seen him again (28:5. After chapter 27:27-29 This was the blessing God gave to
27 Rebecca no longer appears in Genesis). Abraham in different words (12:1-3), and what
God hates lying and deception and will cer- the Lord had already told Rebekah in 25:23.
tainly punish it (Prov 6:16-19; 12:22; 27:31 Verse 4. Was Isaac unable to give a
19:5,9; Gal 6:7; Eph 4:15,25; Col 3:9). blessing without eating a tasty meal?
It was not only sinful for Jacob to 27:33 He will be blessed Isaac believed
GENESIS 27:34 42
to me? And I ate all of it before you came, and obey my voice. Get up and flee to Haran to Laban
blessed him. Yes, and he will be blessed. my brother, 44 and stay with him a few days, until
34 And when Esau heard the words of his your brothers fury subsides; 45 just until your
father, he cried out with a very great and bitter cry brothers anger against you subsides, and he
and said to his father, Bless me, me too, O my forgets what you have done to him. Then I will
father. send and get you from there. Why should I be
35 And he said, Your brother came deceitfully deprived of you both in one day?
and took away your blessing. 46 And Rebekah said to Isaac, I am weary of
36 And he said, Is he not rightly named Jacob? my life because of the daughters of Heth. If Jacob
For he has supplanted me these two times. He takes a wife of the daughters of Heth, such as
took away my birthright, and, see, now he has these who are of the daughters of the land, what
taken away my blessing. And he said, Havent good will my life be to me?
you reserved a blessing for me?
37 And Isaac answered and said to Esau, Look,
I have made him your lord, and I have given all his
brothers to him for servants, and I have sustained
28 And Isaac called Jacob and blessed him,
and spoke to him giving him this command:
You shall not take a wife from among the daugh-
him with corn and wine. And now what will I do for ters of Canaan. 2 Arise, go to Padan-Aram, to the
you, my son? house of Bethuel your mothers father, and take a
38 And Esau said to his father, Have you only wife for yourself from there from among the daugh-
one blessing, my father? Bless me, me too, O my ters of Laban your mothers brother. 3 And God
father. And Esau raised his voice and wept. Almighty bless you, make you fruitful, and increase
39 And his father Isaac answered and said to your number so that you may become a multitude
him, of people, 4 and give you the blessing of Abraham,
See, your dwelling will be to you and to your offspring with you, so that you
away from the fatness of the earth, may inherit the land in which you are a foreigner,
and from the dew of heaven from above. which God gave to Abraham. 5 And Isaac sent
40 And you will live by your sword, Jacob away. And he went to Padan-Aram to Laban,
and will serve your brother. son of Bethuel the Syrian, the brother of Rebekah,
And it will come about the mother of Jacob and Esau.
when you grow restless, 6 And Esau saw that Isaac had blessed Jacob
that you will break his yoke and sent him away to Padan-Aram to take a wife
from off your neck. for himself from there, and that when he blessed
him he gave him a command saying, You shall not
41 And Esau hated Jacob because of the bless- take a wife from among the daughters of Canaan,
ing with which his father had blessed him, and Esau 7 and that Jacob obeyed his father and his mother,
said in his heart, The days of mourning for my and went to Padan-Aram. 8 When Esau saw that
father are at hand. Then I will kill my brother Jacob. the daughters of Canaan did not please Isaac his
42 And these words of her elder son Esau were father, 9 then Esau went to Ishmael, and in addi-
told to Rebekah, and she sent word and called her tion to the wives he already had, took Mahalath
younger son Jacob and said to him, Look, your the daughter of Ishmael son of Abraham, the sis-
brother Esau is consoling himself about you, by ter of Nebajoth, to be his wife.
planning to kill you. 43 Now therefore, my son, 10 And Jacob left Beersheba and went toward
that he had given Gods blessing to Jacob we have changed it.
and that nothing could change it (Heb Neck 2 Kings 8:20-22.
11:20; Num 23:19,20). And indeed 27:41 Kill this was a further corruption
nothing could. Compare 9:25-27; 49:1. of a nature already seen to be corrupt
27:34 Too late Esau thought of what he had (25:34. Compare 4:8). But how great the
lost (25:33,34). Now he could not change trouble usually caused by deceit!
his fathers mind. See Heb 12:15-17. 27:46 See 26:34,35. This was Rebekahs
27:36 Jacob 25:26. Esau here angrily way of getting Isaac to send Jacob away out
describes what the name Jacob means. of danger.
Jacob both deceived Esau and took his place 28:1 Blessed him Isaac accepted the
to get the blessing. fact that God had chosen Jacob (28:33).
27:39 The land of the Edomites, which was Of Canaan 10:15-19 the Canaanites
south of the Dead Sea, was rocky and barren. were the inhabitants of the land before
From the fatness the Hebrew may also Abraham came there.
mean of the fatness. 28:3 God Almighty in Hebrew El-Shaddai
27:40 Grow restless the KJV has shalt note at 17:1.
have the dominion, but this is so unlikely 28:4 See 12:2,3; 15:18-21.
to be the meaning of the Hebrew here that 28:10 Now the story of the Bible narrows
43 GENESIS 29:8
Haran. 11 And he came to a certain place and spent 20 And Jacob make a vow, saying, If God will
all night there, because the sun had set. And he be with me, and will keep me in this way that I am
took one of the stones of that place, and put it for going, and will give me bread to eat, and clothes to
his pillow and lay down in that place to sleep. wear, 21 so that I return to my fathers house in
12 And he dreamed, and a ladder appeared, set peace, then the LORD will be my God, 22 and this
up on the earth and its top reached to heaven, and stone, which I have set up as a pillar, will become
the angels of God appeared, ascending and Gods house. And I will surely give you a tenth of
descending on it. 13 And the LORD appeared, all that you give me.
standing above it and saying, I am the LORD God
of Abraham your father, and the God of Isaac. I
will give the land where you are lying to you and to
your offspring, 14 and your offspring will be like
29 Then Jacob went on his journey, and came
to the land of the people of the east. 2 And
he looked, and saw a well in the field, and there
the dust of the earth in number, and you will spread were three flocks of sheep lying by it, for they
out to the west, to the east, to the north, and to watered the flocks from that well. And a large
the south, and in you and in your offspring all the stone was on the wells mouth. 3 All the flocks would
families of the earth will be blessed. 15 And, see, be gathered there, and then they would roll the
I am with you and will keep you in every place you stone from the wells mouth, water the sheep, and
go, and will bring you again into this land. For I will put the stone again in its place on the wells mouth.
not leave you until I have done what I have spoken 4 And Jacob said to them, My brothers, where
to you about. are you from? And they said, We are from Haran.
16 And Jacob awoke from his sleep, and he 5 And he said to them, Do you know Laban the son
said, Surely the LORD is in this place, and I did not of Nahor? And they said, We know him.
know it. 17 And he was afraid, and said, How 6 And he said to them, Is he well? And they
awe-inspiring is this place! This is nothing else than said, He is well. And, look, his daughter Rachel is
the house of God, and this is the gate of heaven. coming with the sheep.
18 And Jacob got up early in the morning, took 7 And he said, Look, it is still broad day, and
the stone that he had put for his pillow, set it up as not time for the cattle to be gathered together.
a pillar, and poured oil on the top of it. 19 And he Water the sheep, and go and feed them.
called the name of that place Beth-El, but at first 8 And they said, We cannot until all the flocks
the name of that city was called Luz. are gathered together, and until they roll the stone
down to Jacob and his descendants, because Old Testament (12:8; 35:1; Jud 1:22;
the covenant God made with Abraham has 1 Kings 12:28; 2 Kings 2:2,3; 17:28;
been confirmed to Jacob, and it is through 23:15), mentioned about 70 times.
his descendants that God had determined 28:20 Jacobs faith, though real, was not
to bring His blessings to the world. strong. He puts an if when God had not
Haran 11:31. put one. Gods promise was not based on
28:12 Dreamed notes at 15:12; Num conditions. But Jacob seems to be trying to
12:6; Deut 13:1. bargain with God in vs 21,22. In v 15 God
Ladder see John 1:51. The Lord Jesus said I am with you, I will watch over you, I
Himself is the way God has appointed be- will bring you back. He did not say, If you
tween earth and heaven John 14:6; Heb are good, and if you give me a tenth, and if
10:19-22. And He is the one and only Me- you make Bethel a special place, I will be
diator between God and men 1 Tim 2:5. with you. When faced with Gods promises
28:13 Jacob is fearful and fleeing for his let us be careful not to think as Jacob did
life to another country. God in mercy here. But we see in Jacobs life that God
confirms to him the covenant and promises deals lovingly and tenderly with weak
made to Abraham. believers. Compare Ps 103:13,14; Matt
28:14 Blessed 12:23; John 4:22; 6:30; 8:26; etc.
Isa 2:3; Rom 9:4,5. 28:21 My God he would take Jehovah
28:15 With you references at 21:22. as his personal God and worship and serve
Keep you Num 6:24; 1 Sam 2:9; Him if. But we should all believe, wor-
Ps 121:4,5,7; John 10:28; 17:12,15; ship and serve Jehovah without any ifs
2 Tim 1:12; 1 Pet 1:5; Jude 24. whatever, simply because He is the one and
28:16,17 Jacob was right. The true God is only true God.
awe-inspiring, and wherever He appears is 28:22 Tenth 14:20; Lev 27:30; Num
a holy place. And all men should learn to 18:21; Deut 14:22; Mal 3:8. A tenth of
fear Him. Compare Ex 3:4-6; 19:20,21; ones income was the bare minimum God
Deut 28:58; Josh 5:13-15; Ps 33:8; 68:35. wanted from His people. But God did not
28:18 Pillar this was a memorial pillar, mention it to Jacob as a condition of the
not a thing to worship. He poured oil on it to fulfillment of His promises.
dedicate the place to the true God. 29:1 People of the east northeast of
28:19 Bethel means house of God. It Canaan.
became one of the important places in the 29:5 Nahor 11:27-29.
GENESIS 29:9 44
from the wells mouth. Then we will water the sheep. brought her to him, and he went in with her.
9 And while he was still speaking with them, 24 And Laban gave his maid Zilpah to his daughter
Rachel came with her fathers sheep, for she tended Leah as a maid servant.
them. 10 And it came about when Jacob saw Rachel 25 And it came about that in the morning, lo
the daughter of Laban his mothers brother, and and behold, it was Leah. And he said to Laban,
the sheep of Laban his mothers brother, that Jacob What is this you have done to me? Did I not serve
went near and rolled the stone from the wells mouth with you for Rachel? Why then have you deceived
and watered the flock of Laban his mothers brother. me?
11 And Jacob kissed Rachel, and raised his voice 26 And Laban said, Giving the younger before
and wept. 12 And Jacob told Rachel that he was the firstborn is not done in our country. 27 Fulfil her
her fathers relative, and that he was Rebekahs bridal week, and we will give you this one also for
son. And she ran and told her father. the service which you will give me for still another
13 And it came about when Laban heard the seven years.
news about Jacob his sisters son, that he ran to 28 And Jacob did so. He fulfilled her week, and
meet him, and embraced him, and kissed him, and Laban gave him Rachel his daughter also as his
brought him to his house. And he told Laban all wife. 29 And Laban gave his maid servant Bilhah
these things. 14 And Laban said to him, You really to his daughter Rachel to be her maid. 30 And
are my bone and my flesh. And he stayed with him Jacob went in also to Rachel, and he also loved
for a month. Rachel more than Leah, and served with him still
15 And Laban said to Jacob, Because you are another seven years.
my relative should you then serve me for nothing? 31 And when the LORD saw that Leah was
Tell me what your wages will be. hated, he opened her womb. But Rachel was
16 And Laban had two daughters; the name of barren. 32 And Leah conceived, and gave birth to
the older was Leah, and the name of the younger a son, and she called his name Reuben. For she
was Rachel. 17 Leah was tender eyed, but Rachel said, Surely the LORD has looked on my misery.
was beautiful and pleasing in appearance. 18 And So now my husband will love me.
Jacob loved Rachel, and said, I will serve you 33 And she conceived again, and gave birth to
seven years for Rachel your younger daughter. a son, and said, Because the LORD heard that I
19 And Laban said, It is better that I give her was hated, he has given me this son also. And
to you, than to give her to another man. Stay with she called his name Simeon.
me. 20 And Jacob served seven years for Rachel 34 And she conceived again, and gave birth to
and they seemed to him but a few days, because a son and said, Now this time my husband will
of the love he had for her. become united to me, because I have borne him
21 And Jacob said to Laban, My time is fulfilled. three sons. Therefore his name was called Levi.
Give me my wife so that I may go to her. 35 And she conceived again, and gave birth to
22 And Laban gathered together all the men of a son, and she said, Now I will praise the LORD.
the place, and made a feast. 23 And it came about Therefore she called his name Judah. And she
that in the evening he took Leah his daughter, and stopped bearing children.
29:12 Fathers relative the KJV has principle of Matt 7:12 will find many thorns
brother, but Jacob was Labans nephew. in their paths.
This is an illustration that a too literal 29:27 See 31:41.
translation of a Hebrew word or phrase 29:28 Polygamy was not ordained by God
sometimes can be misleading. In Hebrew 2:23,24.
the words brother, father, son, etc. have a 29:31,32 God loves the unloved and
wide range of meaning. unlovable. He sees their loneliness and
29:15 Laban seemed to be loving and sorrow and He cares. Leah became the
generous, but his true character was some- mother of two of the greatest tribes in
thing else, as is later revealed. How often Israel Levi and Judah and one of the
men seem to be one thing and later prove ancestors of king David and the Lord Jesus.
to be the opposite. Reuben means see, a son!
29:18 It was the custom in those days, in 29:33 Simeon means heard or hearing.
that part of the world, for the men to pay a 29:34 Now evidently, up until this time,
dowry for brides the opposite of Indias Jacob had not shown her the affection she
custom (24:53; Ex 22:16,17; Deut craved. Levi means joined.
22:28,29). 29:35 Leah does not mention her husband
29:25 Deceived 25:26; 27:35,36; Gal this time. Perhaps she was beginning to ac-
6:7; Prov 22:8; Ps 18:25,26. They who cept the fact that he would never really love
deceive others should not be surprised if her, and sought to find her joy in her chil-
others deceive them. It is no strange thing dren, and (who knows?) in God. Judah sounds
for men to be paid back in their own coin. like the Hebrew word for praise and may
Those who will not live according to the mean praise or let Him (God) be praised.
45 GENESIS 30:27
30 And when Rachel saw that she bore Jacob
no children, Rachel envied her sister, and
said to Jacob, Give me children, or else Ill die.
you have taken my husband? And would you take
away my sons mandrakes also? And Rachel said,
Therefore he will lie with you tonight for your sons
2 And Jacobs anger was aroused against Rachel mandrakes.
and he said, Am I in the place of God, who has 16 And Jacob came from the field in the evening,
withheld from you the fruit of the womb? and Leah went out to meet him and said, You must
3 And she said, See my maid Bilhah, go to her. come to me, for I have certainly hired you with my
She will bear a child on my knees, so that I may sons mandrakes. And he lay with her that night.
also have children through her. 17 And God listened to Leah and she conceived
4 And she gave him Bilhah her maid servant as and bore Jacob a fifth son. 18 And Leah said,
a wife, and Jacob went to her. 5 And Bilhah con- God has given me my wages because I have given
ceived and bore Jacob a son. 6 And Rachel said, my maid servant to my husband. And she called
God has given judgement for me, and has also his name Issachar.
heard my voice and given me a son. Therefore she 19 And Leah conceived again and bore Jacob a
called his name Dan. sixth son. 20 And Leah said, God has granted me
7 And Rachels maid Bilhah conceived again and a good gift. Now my husband will stay with me,
bore Jacob a second son. 8 And Rachel said, I because I have borne him six sons. And she called
have struggled with my sister with great struggles, his name Zebulun.
and I have won. And she called his name Naphtali. 21 And afterwards she bore a daughter, and
9 When Leah saw that she had stopped bearing called her name Dinah.
children, she took her maid Zilpah and gave her to 22 And God remembered Rachel, and God lis-
Jacob as a wife. 10 And Leahs maid Zilpah bore tened to her, and opened her womb. 23 And she
Jacob a son. 11 And Leah said, A troop is com- conceived and bore a son and said, God has taken
ing. And she called his name Gad. away my reproach. 24 And she called his name
12 And Leahs maid Zilpah bore Jacob a second Joseph, saying, The LORD will add to me another
son. 13 And Leah said, I am happy, for the daugh- son.
ters will call me blessed. And she called his name 25 And it came about, when Rachel had given
Asher. birth to Joseph, that Jacob said to Laban, Send
14 At the time of the wheat harvest, Reuben me away, so that I may go to my own place and to
went and found mandrakes in the field and brought my country. 26 Give me my wives and my children,
them to his mother Leah. Then Rachel said to Leah, for whom I have served you, and let me go. For
Please give me some of your sons mandrakes. you know my service which I have rendered you.
15 And she said to her, Is it a small matter that 27 And Laban said to him, Please, if I have
30:1 Though some Old Testament people happiness. God delights to do this. Compare
of God had more than one wife at a time Isa 61:3. Asher means happy or blessed.
this was not Gods instruction to them or to 30:14-16 Mandrakes a plant which they
anyone. Gods appointed way was one man, mistakenly thought produced fertility in
one wife (2:21-24; Matt 19:1-9). In this women, if eaten.
chapter we will see that multiple wives meant 30:17 It was Gods grace, not eating
multiple troubles. In verse 1 there is envy, mandrakes, that gave another son to Leah.
in verse 2 anger, in verses 3,4 carnal 30:18 Maid servant Leah was altogether
thinking, in verse 8 strife, in verses 14-16 mistaken about the reason God gave her
ignorant quarreling. Jacobs example is not another son. Issachar sounds like the
good but bad. And the Bible records bad Hebrew word for reward. It may mean man
example, not that we might follow it, but of hire, or there is a reward.
that we might avoid it. In the following 30:20 Leah no longer speaks of her hus-
verses we see again the sad condition of band loving her (29:32,34). But she did
the human heart. All are sinners, all fail in not give up hope that he would at least show
many ways to live up to Gods standards. her some respect. Zebulun may mean
The Bible tells things as they are, not as we dwelling or honor or exalted.
might vainly imagine them to be. People 30:21 Dinah means judgment.
who obtain salvation do so by the grace of 30:22 See 8:1.
God, not by their own supposed goodness. 30:23 Reproach she considered it a
30:2 See 20:18; Ps 113:9; 127:3. disgrace not to have children compare
30:3 Verse 9; 16:2. Again we see the 1 Sam 1:2,7; Luke 1:25. But of course it
desperation women felt in ancient times to was not. It was simply Gods will for her
have children and a family. until God later decided to give her children.
30:6 Dan means He judged, or He vindi- Gods will for us is never a reproach if we
cated. believe Him and serve Him (Rom 12:1,2).
30:8 Naphtali means my struggle. 30:24 Joseph means increase, or may
30:13 I am happy compare 29:32. God He add. Compare Prov 30:15,16.
enabled her to come from misery to 30:27 On your account 21:22; 26:24;
GENESIS 30:28 46
found favour in your eyes, stay here. I have in the flock of Laban. And he put his own flocks by
learned by experience that the LORD has blessed themselves and did not put them among the flocks
me on your account. 28 And he said, Tell me your belonging to Laban. 41 And it came about that
wages, and I will pay them. whenever the stronger ones of the flock mated,
29 And he said to him, You know how I have Jacob placed the rods in front of the eyes of the
served you, and how your cattle was with me. flock in the water channels, so that they might
30 For you had little before I came, and it is now mate near the rods. 42 But he did not place the
increased enormously. And the LORD has blessed rods there if the animals in the flock were weak.
you since my coming. But now when shall I provide So the weaker ones were Labans, and the stronger
for my own house also? Jacobs. 43 And the man greatly increased in
31 And he said, What shall I give you? And wealth, and had many flocks, female servants, male
Jacob said, You shall not give me anything. If you servants, camels and donkeys.
will do this thing for me, I will again feed and keep
your flock: 32 I will go through your whole flock
today, removing from it all the speckled and spot-
ted sheep, and all the dark-coloured ones among
31 And he heard the words of Labans sons,
saying, Jacob has taken away all that be-
longed to our father, and he has gained all this
the lambs, and the spotted and speckled among wealth from that which was our fathers. 2 And
the goats, and these will be my wages. 33 So my Jacob looked at the face of Laban, and now it was
righteousness will testify for me in the coming days, not friendly toward him as before.
when you come concerning my wages: among the 3 And the LORD said to Jacob, Return to the
goats every one with me that is not speckled and land of your fathers, and to your relatives, and I
spotted, and dark-coloured among the lambs, that will be with you.
will be counted as stolen. 4 And Jacob sent and called Rachel and Leah to
34 And Laban said, Right. Let it be according to the field to his flock, 5 and he said to them, I see
your word. 35 And that very day he removed the from your fathers face that he is not friendly
male goats that were streaked and spotted, and all toward me as before, but the God of my father has
the female goats that were speckled and spotted, been with me. 6 And you know that I have served
and every one that had some white in it, and all your father with all my strength. 7 And your father
the dark-coloured ones among the lambs, and gave has deceived me, and changed my wages ten times.
them into the hand of his sons. 36 And he put a But God did not permit him to harm me. 8 If he said:
three-days journey between himself and Jacob. The speckled ones will be your wages, then all the
And Jacob tended the rest of Labans flocks. flocks bore speckled ones; and if he said: The
37 Then Jacob took fresh rods of poplar, streaked ones will be your wages, then all the
almond and plane trees, and peeled them in white animals in the flock bore streaked ones. 9 So God
strips, making the white in the rods appear. has taken away the flocks of your father and given
38 And he set the rods which he had peeled in them to me.
front of the flocks in the channels in the watering 10 And it so happened at the mating season of
troughs, when the flocks came to drink. And they the flock that in a dream I raised my eyes and saw
mated when they came to drink. 39 So the that the rams which were mating were streaked,
flocks mated in front of the rods and they bore speckled, and spotted. 11 And the angel of God
streaked, speckled and spotted young. 40 And said to me in the dream, Jacob, and I said, Here
Jacob separated the lambs, and made the flocks I am. 12 And he said, Raise your eyes and look.
face toward all the streaked and dark-coloured ones All the rams which mate with the flock are streaked,
39:3,4; Isa 61:9. 31:3 With you 28:15.
30:35,36 Jacob deceived his brother and 31:5 Verse 42; 30:30. Jacob acknowledges
his father; his father-in-law deceived him. that God has been with him, but still does
If he could have managed it he would not not say my God (27:20).
have left Jacob a single sheep or goat as 31:7 Ten times it seems that Laban had
his own. deceived and cheated Jacob more times
30:37-43 Jacob thought he knew a few than the two recorded instances.
tricks himself. Actually the rods placed Harm me compare 50:20; Num 23:8;
before the mating sheep and goats had Job 1:10; Ps 105:15; 115:9; Heb 13:6;
absolutely nothing to do with the kind of 1 Pet 3:13. No one can harm the child of
offspring they produced. The reason why God unless God permits it. And if God
more striped, speckled and spotted off- permits it, it will be for his good. Read and
spring were produced is given in 31:11,12. believe Rom 8:28.
It was Gods grace working through natural 31:9 Jacob acknowledges that it was God
processes and not Jacobs tricks that made who did this and not his tricks 30:37-43.
the difference. 31:10,11 Dream v 24. Notes on dreams
47 GENESIS 31:37
speckled, and spotted, for I have seen all that daughters like captives taken by the sword?
Laban is doing to you. 13 I am the God of Bethel, 27 Why did you run away secretly and deceive me?
where you anointed the pillar and where you made You did not tell me so that I could send you away
a vow to me. Now get up and go away from this with joy and with songs, with tambourines and with
land, and return to the land of your relatives. harp. 28 And you have not allowed me to kiss my
14 And Rachel and Leah answered and said to sons and my daughters. You have now acted fool-
him, Is there still any share or inheritance for us in ishly in doing so. 29 It is in the power of my hand to
our fathers house? 15 Are we not counted by him harm you, but the God of your father spoke to me
as foreigners? For he has sold us and also has yesterday night, saying, Watch out that you do
entirely eaten up our money. 16 For all the riches not say anything to Jacob, either good or bad.
which God has taken from our father is ours, and 30 And now you have certainly gone away,
our childrens. Now then, do whatever God has because you were longing for your fathers house.
told you. Still, why have you stolen my gods?
17 Then Jacob rose up, and put his sons and his 31 And Jacob answered and said to Laban, I
wives on camels, 18 and took away all his livestock, was afraid, because I said, Perhaps you would
and all his goods which he had accumulated, his take your daughters from me by force.
acquired livestock which he had accumulated in 32 Whoever you find your gods with, let him not
Padan-Aram, to go to Isaac his father in the land of live. In the presence of our relatives see anything
Canaan. that is yours with me, and take it. For Jacob did
19 And Laban went to shear his sheep. And not know that Rachel had stolen them.
Rachel stole her fathers household gods. 20 And 33 And Laban went into Jacobs tent, and into
Jacob deceived Laban the Syrian, by not telling him Leahs tent, and into the tents of the two maid
that he was running away. 21 So he fled with all servants, but he did not find them. Then he went
that he had. And he got up and crossed over the out of Leahs tent, and entered Rachels tent.
river, and set his face toward Mount Gilead. 34 Now Rachel had taken the idols and put them in
22 And on the third day Laban was told that the camels saddle, and had sat down on them.
Jacob had run away. 23 And he took his brothers And Laban searched the whole tent but did not find
with him, and pursued him a seven-days journey, them.
and they caught up to him in Mount Gilead. 24 And 35 And she said to her father, Do not be angry,
God came to Laban the Syrian in a dream at night, my lord, because I cannot rise in your presence,
and said to him, Watch out that you do not say for the way it gets with women is now with me.
anything to Jacob, either good or bad. And he searched, but did not find the idols.
25 Then Laban caught up to Jacob. Now Jacob 36 And Jacob became angry and contended
had pitched his tent on the mountain. And Laban, with Laban. And Jacob answered and said to Laban,
with his brothers, also pitched on the mountain of What is my crime, what is my sin, that you have
Gilead. 26 And Laban said to Jacob, What have so hotly pursued me? 37 Now that you have
you done by deceiving me, and carrying away my searched all my things, what have you found of all
at 15:12; Num 12:6; Deut 13:1. Gilead territory bordering on Canaan
31:13 I am the God here the angel of to the east.
God (v 11) says He is God. 31:24 Dream v 11.
Angel of God note at 16:7. 31:26,27 Why should people who deceive
Bethel 28:19. others be surprised when others deceive
31:15 See 29:20,23,27. them? Note at 29:25.
31:19 Though Laban knew of the one true 31:29 Harm in this Laban was mistaken.
God (v 53), and knew that it was He who Note at v 7. Compare John 19:10,11.
had blessed them (30:27), he still 31:30 Verse 19; Josh 24:2. Of what value
foolishly kept idols in his house and called are gods which can be stolen? Jud 6:30,31;
them his gods (v 30). Sadder still is the Ps 115:3-8; Isa 42:17; 44:12-20.
fact that Rachel wanted them so badly she 31:31 Afraid Jacob had learned enough
was willing to steal them. Had Jacob been of Labans deceitful nature to be afraid of
so busy gaining wealth that he had not what he might do. He should have been
taken time to instruct his beloved wife in afraid of his own nature also. We should be
the truth of God? Would he have even de- more afraid of the defects in our own
sired to do so (compare 35:2)? We cannot characters than those in other people.
be sure. Sometimes people reject instruc- 31:35 Rachel also did not mind practicing
tion even when it is given. Perhaps Jacob deceit. It seemed that none of them real-
told Rachel the truth about God and idols ized that families and peoples who practice
and she did not believe it. lying and deceiving will experience all kinds
31:20 Deceived 25:26; 27:35,36; of troubles and difficulties.
Jer 13:23; 17:9. 31:37 Family members KJV has brothers,
31:21 River Euphrates river. but here the Hebrew word obviously means
GENESIS 31:38 48
your household things? Put it here before my fam- 47 And Laban called it Jegar Sahadutha, but Jacob
ily members and your family members, so that they called it Galeed.
may judge between the two of us. 48 And Laban said, Today this heap is a
38 These twenty years I have been with you. witness between me and you. Therefore its name
Your ewes and your female goats have not miscar- was called Galeed, 49 and Mizpah. For he said,
ried, and I have not eaten the rams of your flock. The LORD watch between me and you, while we
39 I did not bring to you those which were torn by are absent from one another. 50 If you mistreat
beasts; I bore the loss of it. You demanded from my daughters, or if you take other wives besides
me what was stolen either by day or by night. my daughters, even though no man is with us,
40 This is how I was: in the day the heat con- see, God is a witness between me and you.
sumed me, and the frost at night, and my sleep 51 And Laban said to Jacob, Look at this heap
fled from my eyes. 41 Now I have been in your and look at this pillar, which I have set up between
house for twenty years. I served you fourteen me and you. 52 May this heap be a witness, and
years for your two daughters, and six years for this pillar be a witness, that I will not cross over
your livestock, and you changed my wages ten this heap to you, and that you will not cross over
times. 42 Unless the God of my father, the God of this heap and this pillar to me, for harm. 53 The
Abraham, and the Fear of Isaac, had been with God of Abraham, the God of Nahor, the God of
me, surely you would now have sent me away their father, judge between us. And Jacob gave
empty-handed. God saw my misery and the labour an oath by the Fear of his father Isaac. 54 Then
of my hands, and rebuked you yesterday night. Jacob offered a sacrifice on the mountain, and called
43 And Laban answered and said to Jacob, his relatives to eat a meal. And they ate the meal,
These daughters are my daughters, and these and spent all night on the mountain.
children are my children, and these flocks are my 55 And early in the morning Laban got up, and
flocks, and all that you see is mine. But what can I kissed his grandsons and his daughters, and blessed
do today about these daughters of mine, or about them. Then Laban left and returned to his place.
their children whom they have borne? 44 So now
come on, let us make a covenant, I and you, and
let it be as a witness between me and you.
45 And Jacob took a stone and set it up as a
32 And Jacob went on his way, and the
angels of God met him. 2 And when Jacob
saw them, he said, This is Gods host, and he
pillar. 46 And Jacob said to his relatives, Gather called the name of that place Mahanaim.
some stones, and they took stones and made a 3 And Jacob sent messengers before him to
heap. And they ate there by the heap of stones. Esau his brother to the land of Seir, the country of
relatives or family members. See note together. This is one of the ways the
at 29:12. Hebrews expressed that. Here we have
31:41 Ten times v 7. another illustration of the truth that a too
31:42 Fear of Isaac this means the God literal translation may be misleading.
whom Isaac feared the true God. 31:55 Kissed his grandsons KJV has
31:44 See 21:27,32; 26:28; Josh 24;27. sons here, but Laban had no sons there.
31:45 Pillar 28:18. He kissed the children of his daughters. In
31:47 Both Jegar Sahadutha and Galeed Hebrew words like son or brother have a
mean witness heap. much wider range of meaning than they do
31:49 Mizpah means watchtower. in English.
31:50 God is a witness Jud 11:10; Ps So Jacob parts from Laban after 20 years.
139:3,7-12; Jer 42:5; Micah 1:2; Mal He has gotten four wives, twelve children
2:14; 3:5; 1 Thess 2:10; Heb 4:13. (Benjamin was born later) and great flocks.
31:53 If Laban had the one true God he In spite of many troubles and afflictions,
had no need for household gods (v 30). failings and faults, he continued to believe
But he, like Jacob, spoke of God as being in God. God did not approve of many of his
someone elses God, not his own. Happy actions but was merciful to him and brought
are those who can truly claim God as their him safely back to his own land, as He had
own (Ps 3:7; 5:2; 7:1; 23:1; Dan 9:19; promised in 28:15. God proved Himself
John 20:28; Phil 4:19). again to be a faithful, loving God. See Ex
31:54 Sacrifice for the first time we read 34:6,7; Ps 86:15; 103:8-14; 108:4;
of Jacob offering a sacrifice to God. It 145:8; Joel 2:12,13; Micah 7:18-20;
seems it took Jacob a long time to under- Rom 2:4.
stand and practice certain basic matters re- 32:1 Angels 16:7; 2 Kings 6:15-17;
lated to a walk with God. His sacrifice here Ps 34:7; 91:11; Heb 1:13,14.
may be in fulfillment of his vow to take Je- 32:2 Mahanaim means two camps or
hovah as his God, if Jehovah did as He said companies. Jacob received assurance that
He would do (28:21). Gods hosts were camped with his camp.
Eat a meal literally, eat bread, 32:3 Esau Jacob feared that Esau would
but the meaning is that they ate a meal seek revenge for stealing his blessing and
49 GENESIS 32:27
Edom. 4 And he commanded them, saying, Speak their young, forty cows, ten bulls, twenty female
to my master Esau like this: Your servant Jacob donkeys, and ten foals. 16 And he put them in the
says this, I have been staying with Laban, and hands of his servants, each drove by itself, and
remained there until now. 5 And I have oxen and said to his servants, Go on ahead of me and put a
donkeys, flocks, and male servants, and female space between drove and drove.
servants. Now I have sent men to tell my master 17 And he commanded the one in the front,
this, so that I may find favour in your sight. saying, When my brother Esau meets you, and
6 And the messengers returned to Jacob, speaks and asks, To whom do you belong?, and,
saying, We went to your brother Esau, and he is Where are you going? and, Who owns these herds
also coming to meet you, and four hundred men in front of you? 18 Then you shall say, They
with him. belong to your servant Jacob. It is a present sent
7 Then Jacob was greatly afraid and distressed. to my master Esau. And look, he is also behind us.
And he divided the people with him, and the flocks, 19 And he gave the same command to the sec-
herds and camels, into two groups, 8 and said, If ond, and to the third, and to all who followed the
Esau comes to the one group and attacks it, then droves, saying, This is the way you must speak to
the group which is left will escape. Esau when you meet him. 20 And say also, Look,
9 And Jacob said, O God of my father Abraham, your servant Jacob is behind us. For he said, I
God of my father Isaac, the LORD who said to me, will appease him with the present that goes before
Return to your country, and to your relatives, and me, and when I see his face, perhaps he will re-
I will prosper you, 10 I am not worthy of the least ceive me. 21 So the present went on before him,
of all the mercies and all the faithfulness which you and he himself stayed that night in the camp.
have showed to your servant. For with my staff I 22 And he got up that night, and took his two
passed over this Jordan, and now I have become wives, and his two female servants, and his eleven
two groups. 11 Rescue me, I pray, from the hand sons, and crossed over the ford Jabbok. 23 After
of my brother, the hand of Esau, for I am afraid he took them and brought them over the brook, he
that he will come and attack me, and the mother sent over his possessions. 24 And Jacob was left
with the children. 12 And you said, I will surely alone. And a man wrestled with him until day-
make you prosper, and make your offspring like the break. 25 And when he saw that he was not over-
sand of the sea, which is so much that it cannot be powering Jacob, he touched the hollow of his thigh,
numbered. and the hollow of Jacobs thigh became out of joint,
13 And he stayed there that night, and from as he wrestled with him. 26 And he said, Let me
what he had with him he took a present for his go, for it is daybreak. And Jacob said, I will not
brother Esau: 14 two hundred female goats, let you go unless you bless me.
twenty male goats, two hundred ewes, twenty 27 And he said to him, What is your name?
rams, 15 thirty camels giving milk, together with And he said, Jacob.
birthright vs 7,8; 27:36,41,42. 32:24 Man an angel in the form of a
Edom 25:30. The country of Edom man the Messenger of the Lord, the Son
was south of the Dead Sea, far from where of God Himself (vs 28,30; Hos 12:3-5).
Jacob then was. Note at 16:7.
32:4 Notice how he calls Esau master and Daybreak this wrestling was surely
himself servant, showing his willingness to more than physical. Jacob could not have
submit to Esau (at least in word) for the wrestled physically for a whole night. Any-
sake of peace. way the angel had more important matters
32:9 Return 31:3. in mind matters of the spirit, mind, and
32:10-12 Jacob is conscious of his sins and will of Jacob.
errors and realizes to some extent that his 32:25 Was not overpowering was this
safety and prosperity depend on the grace mighty angel unable to overcome a man?
of God. He does not plead his own good- See Isa 37:36. The body he could easily
ness but the promises and faithfulness of overcome. It was Jacobs will and nature
God who had promised him good things that would not be overpowered. With his
28:13-15. Now Jacob does not try to thigh out of joint Jacob could wrestle no
bargain with God as he did then. Surely this more, but only cling to the Messenger with
was a spiritual step upward. profound determination. Then he prevailed.
32:13-21 Even after looking to God for Compare Luke 11:5-10; 18:1.
safety he made his own plans to pacify Esau. 32:26 Let me go could not God leave a
Did he think God might fail him? Compare man if He wished? But the Omnipotent One
him with a man of more faith in Gods was willingly held fast by determined faith.
protection Ezra 8:21-23. Compare Ex 32:10; Luke 24:28,29.
32:22 Jabbok a stream that flows from Bless me did Jacob fully realize who
the east into the Jordan some 30 kilome- it was he held in his arms?
ters north of the Dead Sea. 32:27 For blessing to come to Jacob now he
GENESIS 32:28 50
28 And he said, Your name will no longer be they and their children, and they bowed down.
called Jacob, but Israel; for as a prince you have 7 And Leah also, with her children came near,
power with God and with men, and have prevailed. and bowed down. And after them Joseph and
29 And Jacob asked him, saying, Please tell me Rachel came near and they bowed down.
your name. And he said, Why is it that you are 8 And he said, What do you mean by this
asking about my name? And he blessed him there. whole drove that I met? And he said, Those are
30 And Jacob called the name of the place to find favour in the sight of my master.
Peniel, saying, For I saw God face to face, and my 9 And Esau said, I have enough, my brother.
life was preserved. Keep what you have for yourself.
31 And as he passed by Peniel the sun rose on 10 And Jacob said, Please, no. If I have now
him, and he limped on his thigh. 32 Therefore, to found favour in your sight, then receive my present
this day, the children of Israel do not eat the sinew from my hand. For I see your face, as though
which shrank, which is on the hollow of the thigh; seeing the face of God, and you were pleased with
because he touched the hollow of Jacobs thigh on the me. 11 Please accept my gift that is brought to
sinew that shrank. you, because God has dealt graciously with me and
so I have enough. And he urged him, and he
33 And Jacob raised his eyes, and looked, and,
there came Esau, and with him four
hundred men. And Jacob divided the children be-
accepted it.
12 And Esau said, Let us set out on our jour-
ney, and move on, and I will go ahead of you.
tween Leah and Rachel and the two maid servants. 13 And he said to him, My master knows that
2 And he put the maid servants and their children in the children are tender, and the flocks and herds
the front, and Leah and her children after them, with young are with me. If they drive them too
and Rachel and Joseph last. 3 And he went on hard one day, the whole flock will die. 14 Please let
ahead of them, and bowed down to the ground my master go on ahead of his servant, and I will
seven times, until he came near to his brother. lead on slowly, as much as the livestock going in
4 And Esau ran to meet him, embraced him, fell front of me and the children are able to bear, until
on his neck, and kissed him. And they wept. 5 And I come to my master in Seir.
Esau raised his eyes and saw the women and the 15 And Esau said, Then let me leave with you
children, and said, Who are these with you? And some of the people who are with me. And he
he said, The children whom God has graciously said, What is the need? Let me find favour in the
given your servant. sight of my master.
6 Then the maid servants approached Esau, 16 So Esau went back that day on his way to
had to face himself and acknowledge what John 1:18; 1 Tim 6:15,16.
he was (25:26; 27:36). Name meant his 32:31 The limp was a constant reminder of
nature and character. his own weakness and Gods grace. Some-
32:28 Jacob that night God was able to thing similar is seen in 2 Cor 12:7-10.
make a deep change in him. Jacob was not Really meeting God can never leave men
free of his sinful nature until death, but his the same as they were.
dependence on deceitful tricks, his confi- 33:2 Last to keep those he loved the
dence in himself were shattered. It is true best in the safest position (29:30; 37:3).
that Jacob overcame that night, but so did 33:3 Seven times a picture of humility
the angel. In that wrestling match both and total submission to Esau.
parties won. 33:4 Kissed him compare Prov 16:7.
Israel means literally he strives with While God had been working with and in
God, or possibly, a prince with God. Jacob He had also been at work in Esau.
Have prevailed compare Matt 11:12. God was answering Jacobs prayer of 32:11.
God wants us to deeply desire Him, and God can turn even the hearts of kings the
earnestly seek Him and His blessings and way He wishes Prov 21:1.
His kingdom (2 Chron 15:4,15; Ps 42:1,2; 33:9 Esau showed more kindness and
Jer 29:12,13; Matt 6:33; Rom 2:6,7; Heb generosity to Jacob than Jacob had to him
4:11). We will have them when we have the (25:29-33; 27:36) This does not neces-
same faith in God and determination Jacob sarily mean that Esau had by faith taken
had, and when we face ourselves and our the one true God as his God.
sinfulness as he did. 33:14-18 Jacob had no intention of going
32:29 Name Jud 13:17,18; Isa 9:6. to Seir (Edom) where Esau lived. This whole
Blessed him Jacob received exactly passage shows that he was still uneasy about
what he wanted (v 26). Compare Esau. It shows too that Israel had not com-
Matt 7:9-12. pletely lost his Jacob nature overnight.
32:30 Peniel means Gods face. See also Succoth was a long way from Seir and in a
16:13; Jud 6:22,23; 13:22. They saw God different direction. And Shechem was straight
in angelic or human form, not in His glori- west in Canaan and not south toward Seir.
ous spirit nature 2:19; Ex 33:18-23; Succoth this means shelters.
51 GENESIS 34:28
Seir. 17 And Jacob journeyed to Succoth and built and Hamor his father deceitfully, and spoke this
a house for himself, and made booths for his cattle. way because he had defiled Dinah their sister,
Therefore the name of the place is called Succoth. 14 saying to them, Giving our sister to someone
18 And after coming from Padan-Aram, Jacob came who is not circumcised is a thing we cannot do; for
to Shalem, a city of Shechem, which is in the land that would be a disgrace to us. 15 But on this
of Canaan, and pitched his tent before the city. condition we will give consent to you: if you will
19 And he bought a part of the field where he had become like us and every male of you becomes
spread his tent, from the hand of the children of circumcised, 16 then we will give our daughters to
Hamor, Shechems father, for a hundred pieces of you, and we will take your daughters for us, and
money. 20 And he erected an altar there, and we will live with you, and we will become one people.
called it El Elohe Israel. 17 But if you will not listen to us to become circum-
cised, then we will take our daughter and we will be
34 And Dinah the daughter of Leah, which
she bore to Jacob, went out to see the
daughters of the land. 2 And when Shechem the
gone.
18 And their words pleased Hamor, and Hamors
son Shechem. 19 And the young man did not delay
son of Hamor the Hivite, prince of that region, saw to do the thing, because he delighted in Jacobs
her, he took her, lay with her and defiled her. 3 And daughter. And he was the most honoured of all the
his soul was united to Dinah the daughter of Jacob, house of his father. 20 And Hamor and his son
and he loved the girl and spoke kindly to the girl. Shechem came to the gate of their city, and talked
4 And Shechem spoke to his father Hamor, saying, with the men of their city, saying, 21 These men
Get me this girl for my wife. are friendly with us. Therefore let them live in the
5 And Jacob heard that he had defiled his daugh- land, and trade in it. For, see, the land is large
ter Dinah. Now his sons were with his livestock in enough for them. Let us take their daughters for
the field, and Jacob kept silent until they had come. ourselves as wives, and let us give them our daugh-
6 And Hamor the father of Shechem went out ters. 22 But only on this condition will the men
to Jacob to talk with him. 7 And when they heard consent to live with us, to be one people: if every
this, the sons of Jacob came from the field, and the male among us becomes circumcised, just as they
men were sad and very angry, because in lying are circumcised. 23 But will not their cattle and
with Jacobs daughter he had done a disgraceful their goods and every animal of theirs become ours?
thing in Israel, a thing which ought not to be done. Only let us give consent to them, and they will live
8 And Hamor talked with them, saying, The with us.
soul of my son Shechem longs for your daughter. 24 And everyone who went out of the gate of
Please give her to him as his wife. 9 And intermarry his city listened to Hamor and to his son Shechem,
with us; give your daughters to us, and take our and every male was circumcised, all who went out
daughters for yourselves. 10 And you will live with of the gate of his city.
us, and the land will be before you. Live and do 25 And it came about on the third day, when
business in it, and get possessions for yourselves they were in pain, that two of the sons of Jacob,
in it. Simeon and Levi, Dinahs brothers, each took his
11 And Shechem said to her father and her sword, and came on the city boldly, and killed all
brothers, Let me find favour in your eyes, and the males. 26 And they killed Hamor and Shechem
whatever you say to me I will give. 12 Ask me any his son with the edge of the sword, and took Dinah
amount of dowry and gift, and I will give according out of Shechems house and left. 27 Then the
to what you say to me. But give me the girl as my sons of Jacob came on the slain and looted the city,
wife. because they had defiled their sister. 28 They took
13 And the sons of Jacob answered Shechem their sheep, their oxen, and their donkeys, and
33:20 Altar 8:20; 12:7,8; 13:18; 34:10 Do business in it or move about
22:9. El Elohe Israel means God, the God freely in it.
of Israel or, possibly, Mighty is the God 34:13 Did they learn how to use deceit by
of Israel. Previously Jacob had spoken of watching their father? We do not know, but
the God of my father and the God of we do know that bad example has great
Abraham (31:5,42; 32:9). Now Jacob power for evil. And deceitfulness is easily
speaks of Him as his own God and so ful- learned because of the deceitful nature of
fills the vow he made in 28:1. mens hearts Jer 17:9; Ps 58:3.
34:1 See 30:21. 34:14 Circumcised 17:9-14.
34:2 The Hivites were a people who were in 34:20 The main gate of towns and cities is
the land of Canaan before Abraham arrived the place where the elders and leaders came
there. Besides Shechem they lived in together to discuss and decide issues (19:1;
Gibeon (Joshua chapter 9), and near mount Ruth 4:1).
Hermon (Josh 11:3). 34:25-29 See 49:5-7.
GENESIS 34:29 52
whatever was in the city, and whatever was in the was buried below Bethel under an oak. Its name
field, 29 and they carried off all their wealth, and was called Allon Bachuth. 9 And God appeared to
all their little ones, and their wives, and looted ev- Jacob again after he came out of Padan Aram, and
erything that was in the houses. blessed him. 10 And God said to him, Your name is
30 And Jacob said to Simeon and Levi, You Jacob. Your name will not be called Jacob any
have brought trouble on me, making me stink among longer, but Israel will be your name. And he called
the inhabitants of the land, among the Canaanites his name Israel.
and the Perizzites. And since I have few in num- 11 And God said to him, I am God Almighty. Be
ber, they will gather themselves together against fruitful and increase in number. A people and a
me, and kill me, and I will be destroyed, I and my group of peoples will come from you, and kings will
household. come from your body. 12 And the land which I gave
31 And they said, Should he deal with our Abraham and Isaac, I will give to you. And I will
sister as with a prostitute? give the land to your descendants after you.
13 And God went up from him in the place where he
35 And God said to Jacob, Arise, go up to
Bethel and live there, and make there an
altar to God, who appeared to you when you fled
had talked with him.
14 And Jacob set up a pillar in the place where
he had talked with him, a pillar of stone. And he
from the face of your brother Esau. poured a drink offering on it, and he poured oil on
2 Then Jacob said to his household, and to all it. 15 And Jacob called the name of the place where
who were with him, Put away the foreign gods God spoke with him, Bethel.
that are among you, and be clean, and change 16 And they journeyed from Bethel, and, with
your clothes, 3 and let us arise and go up to Bethel. still a short distance to go to Ephrath, Rachel began
And there I will make an altar to God, who an- to give birth and had severe labour pains. 17 And
swered me in the day of my distress, and was with it came about, when she was having severe labour
me in the way that I went. 4 And they gave to pains, that the midwife said to her, Do not be
Jacob all the foreign gods which they had, and all afraid. You will have this son also. 18 And it
the earrings which were in their ears, and Jacob happened that as her soul was leaving her body
hid them under the oak which was near Shechem. (for she died) that she called his name Ben-oni, but
5 And they journeyed, and the terror of God was his father called him Benjamin.
on the cities that were around them, and they did 19 And Rachel died and was buried on the way
not pursue the sons of Jacob. to Ephrath, which is Bethlehem. 20 And Jacob set
6 So Jacob came to Luz, which is in the land of up a pillar on her grave. To this day that is the
Canaan, that is, Bethel, he and all the people with pillar of Rachels grave.
him. 7 And there he built an altar, and called the 21 And Israel journeyed on, and pitched his
place El Bethel, because there God had appeared tent beyond the tower of Edar. 22 And when Is-
to him when he fled from the face of his brother. rael was living in that region, it so happened that
8 But Deborah, Rebekahs nurse, died, and she Reuben went and lay with his fathers concubine
35:1 See 27:43; 28:13,19. 35:7 See 28:11-22. Jacob fulfills his vow.
35:2 See 31:19,30,34. Is it only now that And he had taken another step forward in
Jacob tells them to put those gods away? spiritual understanding and devotion to God.
Long before he should have insisted that In chapter 28 it seems he was more occu-
his family forsake false gods and idols and pied in his thoughts with the place Bethel.
serve the only true God. Compare Josh Here he is more occupied with the God who
24:15,23; Ps 16:4. had come to him at Bethel. El-Bethel means
35:3 Altar to God more and more Jacob the God of Bethel.
was thinking of God as his God. He had 35:8 A l l o n - B a c u t h m e a n s o a k o f
found that God is a faithful and loving God weeping.
who answers prayer. Compare Ps 34:4,6,17; 35:9,10 See 25:26; 32:28.
107:6; 116:1,2; etc. 35:11,12 God Almighty in Hebrew El-
35:4 Earrings possibly these had been Shaddai (see 17:1). Concerning the prom-
worn as magic amulets. Otherwise, why bury ise here see 17:3-8. The covenant God
them under the oak? Did they not under- made with Abraham was confirmed to Jacob.
stand that such things have no power what- 35:14 Oil on it see note at 28:18.
ever to protect from evil? Later the Bible 35:15 Bethel means house of God.
makes it abundantly clear that anyone who 35:16-18 Ben-oni means Son of my sor-
wants to serve the one true God must part row or Son of my trouble. Benjamin
with all gods, idols, and magic. means Son of the right hand.
35:5 Terror of God God protected them 35:22 See 49:3,4. Because of this sin,
by creating fear in the hearts of the though he was the firstborn, he was passed
Canaanites. Compare Ex 15:16; 23:27; over and his birthright was given to the sons
Deut 2:25. of Joseph (9:3,4; 1 Chron 5:1; Num 32:23).
53 GENESIS 36:31
Bilhah, and Israel heard about it. Now there were These were the sons of Esaus wife Adah.
twelve sons of Jacob. 13 And these were the sons of Reuel: Nahath,
23 The sons of Leah were Jacobs firstborn Zerah, Shammah, and Mizzah: these were the sons
Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah, Issachar, and of Esaus wife Bashemath.
Zebulun. 14 And these were the sons of Aholibamah, the
24 The sons of Rachel were Joseph and daughter of Anah the daughter of Zibeon, Esaus
Benjamin. wife: she bore to Esau Jeush, Jaalam, and Korah.
25 And the sons of Bilhah, Rachels maidser- 15 These were the chiefs among the offspring
vant, were Dan and Naphtali. of Esau. The sons of Eliphaz, the firstborn of Esau:
26 And the sons of Zilpah, Leahs maidservant, chief Teman, chief Omar, chief Zepho, chief Kenaz,
were Gad and Asher. 16 chief Korah, chief Gatam, and chief Amalek.
These are the sons of Jacob who were born to These were the chiefs who came from Eliphaz in
him in Padan-Aram. the land of Edom, these were the sons of Adah.
27 And Jacob came to Mamre to his father Isaac, 17 And these were the sons of Reuel Esaus
to the city of Arbah, which is Hebron, where son: chief Nahath, chief Zerah, chief Shammah,
Abraham and Isaac stayed for a time. 28 And chief Mizzah. These are the chiefs that came from
Isaacs time on earth was a hundred and eighty Reuel in the land of Edom, these were the sons of
years. 29 And Isaac expired. He died and was Esaus wife Bashemath.
gathered to his people, old and full of days. And 18 And these were the sons of Esaus wife
his sons Esau and Jacob buried him. Aholibamah: chief Jeush, chief Jaalam, chief Korah.
These were the chiefs descended from Aholibamah
36 Now these are the generations of Esau,
who is Edom. 2 Esau took his wives from
the daughters of Canaan: Adah the daughter of
the daughter of Anah, Esaus wife.
19 These were the sons of Esau, who is Edom,
and these were their chiefs.
Elon the Hittite, and Aholibamah the daughter of 20 These were the sons of Seir the Horite, who
Anah the daughter of Zibeon the Hivite, 3 and lived in the land: Lotan, Shobal, Zibeon, Anah,
Bashemath, Ishmaels daughter, the sister of 21 Dishon, Ezer, and Dishan. These were the
Nebajoth. chiefs of the Horites, the children of Seir in the land
4 And Adah bore Eliphaz to Esau, and of Edom.
Bashemath bore Reuel, 5 and Aholibamah bore 22 And the children of Lotan were Hori and
Jeush, Jaalam, and Korah. These were the sons of Hemam. And Lotans sister was Timna.
Esau, who were born to him in the land of Canaan. 23 And the children of Shobal were these:
6 And Esau took his wives, and his sons, and his Alvan, Manahath, Ebal, Shepho, and Onam.
daughters, and all the people of his house, and his 24 And these were the children of Zibeon: both
cattle, and all his animals, and all his goods which Ajah and Anah. This was that Anah who found the
he had acquired in the land of Canaan, and went mules in the wilderness, as he tended the donkeys
into a land away from the presence of his brother of his father Zibeon.
Jacob. 7 For their possessions were too many for 25 And the children of Anah were these: Dishon
them to live together, and the land where they and Aholibamah the daughter of Anah.
were foreigners could not sustain them because of 26 And these were the children of Dishon:
their livestock. 8 So Esau lived in mount Seir. Esau Hemdan, Eshban, Ithran, and Cheran.
is Edom. 27 The children of Ezer were these: Bilhan,
9 And these are the generations of Esau the Zaavan, and Akan.
father of the Edomites in mount Seir; 28 The children of Dishan were these: Uz and
10 These are the names of Esaus sons: Eliphaz Aran.
the son of Adah the wife of Esau, Reuel the son of 29 These were the chiefs that came from the
Bashemath the wife of Esau. Horites: chief Lotan, chief Shobal, chief Zibeon,
11 And the sons of Eliphaz were Teman, Omar, chief Anah, 30 chief Dishon, chief Ezer, chief
Zepho, and Gatam, and Kenaz. Dishan. These were the chiefs who came from
12 And Timna was Esaus son Eliphaz had a con- Hori, among their chiefs in the land of Seir.
cubine, Timna, and she bore Amalek to Eliphaz. 31 And these were the kings that reigned in the
35:29 This was 43 years after the event of Deut 25:17-19; 1 Sam 15:2,3.
27:4. 36:15 Teman Job 2:11.
36:1 See 25:25,30. 36:20 See 14:6. The Horites were a people
36:2,3 Note on polygamy at 30:1. living in the area before Abraham came from
36:8 Seir an area south of the Dead Ur of Chaldea.
Sea. 36:28 Uz Job 1:1.
36:12 Amalek Ex 17:8-16; Num 24:20; 36:31 King 1 Sam 8:4,5. This verse could
GENESIS 36:32 54
land of Edom, before any king reigned over the fathers wives, and Joseph brought to his father a
children of Israel. 32 And Bela the son of Beor bad report about them.
reigned in Edom, and the name of his city was 3 Now Israel loved Joseph more than any of his
Dinhabah. children, because he was the son of his old age.
33 And Bela died, and Jobab, the son of Zerah And he made a coat of many colours for him. 4 And
of Bozrah, reigned in his place. when his brothers saw that their father loved him
34 And Jobab died, and Husham of the land of more than any of his brothers, they hated him, and
Temani reigned in his place. could not speak peaceably to him.
35 And Husham died, and Hadad, the son of 5 And Joseph had a dream and told it his
Bedad, who attacked Midian in the field of Moab, brothers, and they hated him still more. 6 And he
reigned in his place. And the name of his city was said to them, Please listen to this dream which I
Avith. had. 7 For, see, we were binding sheaves in the
36 And Hadad died, and Samlah of Masrekah field, and, lo and behold, my sheaf rose and also
reigned in his place. stood upright, and, see, your sheaves stood around
37 And Samlah died, and Saul of Rehoboth by and bowed down to my sheaf.
the river reigned in his place. 8 And his brothers said to him, Will you really
38 And Saul died, and Baalhanan the son of rule us! Will you lord it over us! And they hated
Achbor reigned in his place. him still more because of his dreams, and because
39 And Baalhanan the son of Achbor died, and of his words.
Hadar reigned in his place. And the name of his 9 And he had still another dream, and told it his
city was Pau, and his wifes name was Mehetabel, brothers, and said, See, I have had another
the daughter of Matred, the daughter of dream. And, lo and behold, the sun and the moon
Mezahab. and the eleven stars bowed down to me.
40 And these are the names of the chiefs 10 And he told it to his father and to his broth-
descended from Esau, according to their families, ers. And his father rebuked him and said to him,
according to their places, by their names: chief What is this dream you have had! Will I and your
Timnah, chief Alvah, chief Jetheth, 41 chief mother and your brothers really come to bow down
Aholibamah, chief Elah, chief Pinon, 42 chief Kenaz, to the earth before you? 11 And his brothers were
chief Teman, chief Mibzar, 43 chief Magdiel, chief jealous of him, but his father kept the thing in mind.
Iram. These were the chiefs of Edom, according to 12 And his brothers went to pasture their fathers
their settlements in the land of their possession. flock in Shechem. 13 And Israel said to Joseph,
This was Esau, the father of the Edomites. Your brothers are pasturing the flock in Shechem,
arent they? Come, I will send you to them. And
37
Canaan.
And Jacob lived in the land where his
father had been a stranger, in the land of
he said to him, Here I am.
14 And he said to him, Please go and see
whether it is going well with your brothers, and well
2 These are the generations of Jacob. with the flocks, and bring me word again. So he
Joseph, seventeen years old, was pasturing sent him out of the valley of Hebron, and he came
the flock with his brothers. The boy was with the to Shechem. 15 And a man found him, when he
sons of Bilhah, and with the sons of Zilpah, his appeared wandering in the field, and the man asked
possibly be translated These were the kings 27:4; Matt 27:18. Envy comes out of mans
who reigned in Edom before an Israelite king sinful nature and often leads to further sin.
reigned over them. 37:5 Dream notes at 15:12; Num 12:6;
37:2 Joseph he is the center of the rest Deut 13:1.
of the book of Genesis (except for chapters Told it Joseph may not have shown
38 and 49). Through him blessing came to much wisdom in this, but, then, he was only
the people of Israel and to other nations. seventeen.
In this respect he is a type or picture of 37:7,8 See the fulfillment in 42:6,9; 43:26;
Christ. 44:14; 49:26; Deut 33:16. Through Josephs
Bad report judging from what we know dreams God was revealing the truth.
of both Joseph and his brothers as seen in 37:10 As far as we know Jacob never bowed
the rest of their history, this bad report would down to Joseph, but Joseph became the
surely have been true and accurate. prime minister of Egypt and so the ruler over
37:3 Of many colours the meaning of Jacob and his family after they came there.
the Hebrew word here is uncertain (also vs 37:11 Acts 7:9. Mind Luke 2:19,51.
23,32). 37:12 Shechem Jacob owned land there
For him showing such favoritism was 33:18,19.
surely not wise (it never is), and it brought 37:14 Hebron the straight distance
great trouble to Joseph. from Hebron to Shechem was about 80
37:4 To him see v 11; Prov 14:30; kilometers.
55 GENESIS 37:36
him, saying, What are you looking for? gain by killing our brother, and concealing his blood?
16 And he said, Im looking for my brothers. 27 Come, lets sell him to the Ishmaelites, and let
Please tell me where they are pasturing their our hand not be on him; for he is our brother and
flocks. our flesh. And his brothers listened to him.
17 And the man said, They left here; for I 28 Then some Midianites, merchants, were
heard them say, Lets go to Dothan. And Joseph passing by. And they pulled Joseph up and lifted
went after his brothers, and found them in Dothan. him out of the pit, and sold Joseph to the Ishmaelites
18 And when they saw him at a distance, and for twenty pieces of silver. And they took Joseph
before he came near them, they plotted against to Egypt.
him to kill him. 29 And Reuben returned to the pit, and, lo and
19 And they said to one another, Look, this behold, Joseph was not in the pit. And he tore his
dreamer is coming. 20 So come on now, lets kill clothes. 30 And he returned to his brothers and
him, and throw him into some pit, and we will say, said, The boy is not there. And I, where am I to
Some savage beast has eaten him. And we shall go!
see what becomes of his dreams. 31 And they took Josephs coat, and killed one
21 And Reuben heard it, and he saved him of the young goats, and dipped the coat in the
from their hands by saying, Let us not kill him. blood, 32 and they sent the coat of many colours,
22 And Reuben said to them, Do not shed blood. and had it brought to their father, saying, We
Throw him into this pit here in the wilderness, but have found this. Examine it now and see whether
lay no hand on him. He said this so that he might it is your sons coat or not. 33 And he examined it
rescue him from their hands, and take him back to and said, It is my sons coat! A savage beast has
his father again. devoured him! Without doubt Joseph has been
23 And it came about when Joseph came to his torn in pieces!
brothers that they stripped Joseph of his coat, his 34 And Jacob tore his clothes, and put on a
coat of many colours that he had on. 24 And they loincloth of sackcloth, and mourned for his son many
took him and threw him into a pit. The pit was days. 35 And all his sons and all his daughters
empty; there was no water in it. rose up to comfort him, but he refused to be com-
25 And they sat down to eat bread. And they forted. And he said, For I will go down to the
raised their eyes and looked, and, a group of grave to my son still mourning. So his father wept
Ishmaelites appeared, coming from Gilead with for him.
their camels bearing spices and balm and myrrh, 36 And the Midianites sold him in Egypt to
going along carrying them down to Egypt. Potiphar, one of Pharaohs officials, and captain of
26 And Judah said to his brothers, What do we the guard.
37:17 Dothan was about 20 kilometers north amount was a little more than 230 grams
of Shechem. no great sum as payment for the greatest
37:18 Kill him compare Ps 31:13,14; man of his generation. Compare Zech
37:12,32; Mark 14:1; John 11:53. We 11:13; Matt 26:15.
see already what the people of Israel were 37:29 Clothes v 34; 44:13 in those
like. Their later history was similar until at days the tearing of garments was a sign of
last they were responsible for the death of grief or shock.
the Son of God. But we should not think 37:31,32 Jacob began his career by de-
that we, by nature, are any better than they ceiving his father. Now he reaped again what
Rom 3:9,19,23. he sowed (Gal 6:7), being deceived by his
37:19 Dreamer spoken sarcastically in sons. This deception also involved a goat
hatred. compare 27:6-19.
37:21,22 See 42:22. Reuben was the old- 37:35 Grave in Hebrew Sheol. This is
est of the sons of Jacob and felt respon- the first use of the word in the Old Testa-
sible for Joseph vs 29,30. ment. It meant the place to which the dead
37:25 Ishmaelites 16:11,12. go and included both the grave and the
37:27 Flesh did they imagine that unseen world where the souls of men went
selling their brother into slavery instead of after death. Perhaps a better translation
killing him showed brotherly love?! would be the realm of the dead. See also
37:28 These merchants are called note at Luke 16:23. In Old Testament days
Ishmaelites in vs 25,28 and 39:1, and Sheol was usually regarded as a place of
Midianites in vs 28,36. Either there was a sorrow (2 Sam 22:6; Ps 9:17; 18:5;
mixture of these two clans in this group or 116:3; Isa 14:9-17; Ezek 32:21). The
they were all Ishmaelites who lived in the Old Testament does not have much to say
land of Midian and so were both Ishmaelites about the condition of those who have died,
and Midianites. Both of these peoples were whether believers or unbelievers. The New
descended from Abraham, and so closely Testament has far more on the subject. Life
related. and immortality were brought to light through
Twenty pieces of silver this total Jesus Christ (2 Tim 1:10).
GENESIS 38:1 56
38 And it came about at that time that Judah
left his brothers and went down and
visited a certain Adullamite, whose name was Hirah.
she had not been given to him as his wife.
15 When Judah saw her he thought she was a
prostitute, because she had covered her face.
2 And Judah saw there a daughter of a certain 16 And he turned to her at the roadside, and
Canaanite, whose name was Shuah. And he took said, Go on now and let me come in with you; for
her and went in with her. 3 And she conceived and he did not know that she was his daughter-in-law.
bore a son. And he called his name Er. 4 And she And she said, What will you give me to come in
conceived again and bore a son. And she called his with me? 17 And he said, I will send a young goat
name Onan. 5 And she once again conceived and from the flock. And she said, Will you give me some-
bore a son, and called his name Shelah. It was at thing as a pledge until you send it ?
Chezib that she gave birth to him. 18 And he said, What pledge shall I give you?
6 And Judah got a wife for Er his firstborn. Her And she said, Your seal and your cord and your
name was Tamar. 7 And Er, Judahs firstborn, was staff thats in your hand. And he gave them to
wicked in the sight of the LORD, and the LORD put her, and went in with her. And she conceived by
him to death. him. 19 And she got up and went away, and put
8 And Judah said to Onan, Go in to your aside her veil, and put on widows clothes.
brothers wife, and marry her, and raise up off- 20 And Judah sent the young goat by the hand
spring for your brother. 9 And Onan knew that of his friend the Adullamite, to get his pledge from
the offspring would not be his. And it came about the womans hand. But he did not find her. 21 Then
that when he went in to his brothers wife, he spilled he asked the men of that place, saying, Where is
it on the ground, so that he would not produce the prostitute who was by the roadside? And
offspring for his brother. 10 And the thing which they said, There wasnt any prostitute in this place.
he did displeased the LORD, so he killed him also. 22 And he returned to Judah and said, I cant
11 Then said Judah to Tamar his daughter-in- find her. Also the men of the place said that there
law, Remain a widow at your fathers house, until had been no prostitute in that place.
Shelah my son has grown up. For he said, Per- 23 And Judah said, Let her take it with her, so
haps he may die also, like his brothers. And Tamar we wont be put to shame. See, I sent this young
went and lived in her fathers house. goat and you didnt find her.
12 And in process of time the daughter of 24 And about three months after this it came
Shuah, Judahs wife, died. And Judah was com- about that Judah was told, saying, Your
forted and went up to Timnath to those shearing daughter-in-law Tamar has acted like a prostitute,
his sheep, he and his friend Hirah the Adullamite. and look, she is pregnant because of her prostitu-
13 And Tamar was told, saying, Look, your tion. And Judah said, Bring her out, and let her
father-in-law is going up to Timnath to shear his be burned!
sheep. 14 And she took off her widows clothes, 25 When she was brought out, she sent word
covered herself with a veil, wrapped herself up, to her father-in-law, saying, I am pregnant by
and sat in an open place which was by the Timnath the man who owns these. And she said, Please
road. For she saw that Shelah had grown up, and look at them and see who these belong to: the
38:1 Judah there is a great contrast must have been considered binding.
between this chapter and the next. The two 38:9 His any offspring would have had
chapters taken together show the greatness his brothers name, and been counted as
of Josephs character compared with Judahs. his brothers. Compare Ruth 4:5,6.
Judah fell into the sins of the Canaanites. Ground Onan used this means of birth
But in Egypt, alone and friendless, Joseph control from a wrong motive. Within the
remained pure. marriage relationship birth control itself is
Adullam a town in the southern part not sinful. Nowhere in the Bible is there a
of Canaan. command not to practice it or any sugges-
38:7 Death the form of the Hebrew verb tion that it is wrong. It was Onans bad
here does not necessarily mean God killed motive that so displeased God (v 10).
Onan Himself, but suggests that God 38:11 Grown up compare Ruth 1:11-13.
brought about his death using some means 38:14 Wife she saw that Judah was de-
or other. If God purposes that someone ceiving her and she had no hope of another
die He has all sorts of means which He can marriage. So she took the following way to
use to see that it happens. have a child.
38:8 Brother in those days it was the 38:24 Judah did not condemn himself for
duty of the brother of the deceased hus- his own sin (vs 15,16), but was quick to con-
band to marry his widow. At the time of demn Tamar. In other words, he behaved
Moses this became the law for the nation as the general lot of human beings do. See
Israel (Deut 25:5,6; Ruth 4:5; Matt 3:12,13; Rom 2:1,21-23. If she deserved
22:24). But even before Moses this rule death, so did he (see Lev 20:10; 21:9;
57 GENESIS 39:18
seal and cord, and staff. 26 And Judah recog- ate. And Joseph was handsome in form and in
nized them and said, She has been more righteous appearance.
than I; because I did not give her to my son Shelah. 7 And after these things, it came about that his
And he did not have relations with her again. masters wife cast her eyes at Joseph, and said,
27 And at the time she gave birth, it so hap- Lie down with me.
pened that twins were in her womb. 28 And as she 8 But he refused and said to his masters wife,
was giving birth it came about that one put out his Look, with me here, my master doesnt know what
hand, and the midwife took and tied a scarlet thread is in the house, and he has entrusted everything
on his hand, saying, This one came out first. he has into my hands. 9 No one is greater in this
29 And when he drew back his hand it so happened house than I. He has not kept back anything from
that suddenly his brother came out. And she said, me except you, because you are his wife. How
How you have made a breach for yourself! There- then can I do this great evil and sin against God?
fore his name was called Perez. 30 And afterwards 10 And it came about that she spoke to Joseph day
his brother, who had the scarlet thread on his after day, but he did not listen to her to lie down
hand, came out, and his name was called Zerah. with her or to be with her.
11 And about this time it so happened that
39 And Joseph was brought down to Egypt,
and Potiphar, one of Pharaohs officials,
the captain of the guard, an Egyptian, bought him
Joseph went into the house to do his work, and
none of the men of the house was there inside.
12 And she caught him by his cloak, saying, Lie
from the hands of the Ishmaelites, who had brought down with me. But he left his cloak in her hand,
him down there. ran and got out.
2 And the LORD was with Joseph, and he was a 13 And when she saw that he had left his cloak
man who brought prosperity, and he was in the in her hand, and had run away, it came about
house of his master the Egyptian. 3 And his master 14 that she called to the men of her household,
saw that the LORD was with him, and that the and spoke to them, saying, See, he has brought in
LORD caused everything he had in his hands to a Hebrew to us to mock us. He came in to me to lie
prosper. 4 And Joseph found favour in his sight, with me, and I cried out with a loud voice, 15 and
and he served him. And he put Joseph in charge when he heard me raising my voice and crying out,
of his house, and entrusted everything he had into it so happened that he left his cloak with me, ran
his hands. 5 And from the time that he put him in and got out.
charge of his house and of all that he had, it came 16 And she put his cloak beside her until his
about that the LORD blessed the Egyptians house master came home. 17 And she spoke to him with
on account of Joseph, and the blessing of the LORD these words, saying, The Hebrew slave, whom
was on all that he had in the house, and in the field. you brought to us, came in to me to mock me.
6 So he left all that he had in Josephs hand, and he 18 And when I raised my voice and cried out, it so
did not know anything he had, except the food he happened that he left his cloak with me and ran
Deut 22:22). practiced.
38:26 A poor and partial confession. A 39:6 Joseph always proved himself the kind
better one would have been, I am more of person whom others could trust with
sinful than she. everything they had vs 22,23; 41:41. He
38:29 Perez Ruth 4:18-22; Matt 1:1-3. was first faithful in small things and later in
Perez means a breach, or a breaking out. great things (compare Luke 16:10). He is a
38:30 Zerah can mean dawning or scar- shining example of the sort of men the
let or brightness. Chapter 38 gives more church today needs so much. Alas that there
evidence that the Bible shows us what people are so many who are the opposite of
are like and how much they need the grace Joseph and cannot be trusted with anything.
of God if they are ever to be saved. 39:8 Prov 5:3,4; 6:23,24; 7:4,5,25-27.
39:1 37:25,28,36. 39:9 Great evil Ex 20:14; Lev 20:10;
39:2 With Joseph vs 3,21,23; Acts 7:9; Prov 2:16,17; 5:3-23.
Gen 21:20; 26:3; 27:45; 31:3,5; 32:9; 35:3. Against God Gen 20:6; 42:18;
God with us is the greatest blessing of all. 2 Sam 12:13; Ps 51:4. The reason Joseph
Prosperity the Hebrew here does not kept himself from sinning against God is
necessarily mean that Joseph himself found in 42:18.
became prosperous. 39:12 Ran 2 Tim 2:22; Prov 2:16; 5:8.
39:3 Everything he had in his hands 39:14-18 See Ps 11:2; 37:12; 38:20. But
compare Josh 1:8; Ps 1:3. even the slander of a wicked woman worked
39:5 Joseph the person who walks with for Josephs eventual good it took him to
God will be a blessing wherever he goes prison where he came to the kings notice,
(12:2). And to receive Gods blessings and and so to the highest position in Egypt, next
to be a blessing to others Joseph did not to Pharaoh. See and believe Rom 8:28.
need the deceitful tricks his father once 39:14 Hebrew 11:16.
GENESIS 39:19 58
out. its clusters produced ripe grapes. 11 And Pharaohs
19 And when his master heard the words of his cup was in my hand, and I took the grapes, and
wife, which she spoke to him, saying, This is the pressed them into Pharaohs cup, and gave the
way your slave acted toward me, it came about cup into Pharaohs hand.
that his anger was aroused. 20 And Josephs mas- 12 And Joseph said to him, This is its interpre-
ter took him and put him in the prison, a place tation: the three branches are three days.
where the kings prisoners were confined. And 13 Within three days Pharaoh will lift up your head,
there he was in the prison. and restore you to your place, and you will put
21 But the LORD was with Joseph, and showed Pharaohs cup into his hand, just the way you did
him mercy and gave him favour in the sight of the before when you were his butler. 14 But when it
keeper of the prison. 22 And the keeper of the goes well with you, think about me and please show
prison entrusted all the prisoners that were in the kindness to me, and mention me to Pharaoh, and
prison into Josephs hands, and he attended to get me out of this house.15 For in fact I was
whatever they did there. 23 The keeper of the kidnapped from the land of the Hebrews, and here
prison paid no attention to anything that was un- also I have done nothing that they should put me in
der his hand, because the LORD was with him, and the dungeon.
the LORD caused everything he did to prosper. 16 When the chief baker saw that the interpre-
tation was good, he said to Joseph, In my dream,
40 And it came about after these things, that
the butler of the king of Egypt and his
baker offended their master, the king of Egypt.
see, I had three white baskets on my head.
17 And in the topmost basket there were all kinds
of baked goods for Pharaoh, and the birds ate
2 And Pharaoh was angry with these two officials them out of the basket on my head.
of his, with the chief of the butlers and with the 18 And Joseph answered and said, This is its
chief of the bakers. 3 And he put them in custody interpretation: the three baskets are three days.
in the house of the captain of the guard, in the 19 Within three days Pharaoh will lift off your head
prison, the place where Joseph was confined. from you, and hang you on a tree. And the birds
4 And the captain of the guard put them in Josephs will eat your flesh off of you.
charge and he served them. And they continued 20 And the third day, which was Pharaohs
for a time in custody. birthday, it so happened that he made a feast for
5 And both of them had dreams, each one all his servants, and he lifted up the head of the
dreamed in the same night, each man with a mean- chief butler and of the chief baker among his ser-
ing in his dream, the butler and the baker of the vants. 21 And he restored the chief butler to his
king of Egypt, who were confined in the prison. place as butler again, and he gave the cup into
6 And Joseph came in to them in the morning, Pharaohs hand. 22 But he hanged the chief baker,
and looked at them, and saw that they were sad. just as Joseph had interpreted for them.
7 And he asked these officials of Pharaoh who 23 Still the chief butler did not remember
were with him in custody in his masters house, Joseph, but forgot him.
saying, Why are you looking sad today?
8 And they said to him, We have had a dream,
and there is no interpreter for it. And Joseph said
to them, Do not interpretations belong to God?
41 And this happened at the end of two full
years: Pharaoh was dreaming, and it
appeared that he stood by the river. 2 And,
Please tell me the dreams. suddenly, up out of the river came seven cows,
9 And the chief butler told his dream to Joseph sleek and fat, and fed in a meadow. 3 And then
and said to him, In my dream, see, a vine was after them seven other cows came up out of the
before me, 10 and on the vine were three branches. river, ugly and emaciated, and stood beside the
And as it was budding, its blossoms came out, and other cows on the bank of the river. 4 And the ugly
39:19 Prov 6:34. 40:5 Dreams15:12; 20:3,6; 28:12;
39:20 Ps 105:17-19. See note at Jer 31:10,11,24. God, who put these two men
37:15,16. For note on the good that can near Joseph, also gave them their dreams.
come by afflictions see Job 3:20. 40:8 God 41:16; Dan 2:27,28.
39:21 With him v 2. 40:12 Dan 2:36; 4:18,19.
Favour if God is with us and shows us 40:15 37:26-28.
kindness it can little matter where we are. 40:16 Three white baskets or, possibly,
Compare Acts 16:22-25; Phil 4:11-13. three baskets of bread.
39:22 Verse 6. 40:23 Forgot him the cupbearer forgot
39:23 Verse 3. Joseph, but God did not. And in His way,
40:4 Gods hand was in all this, working for and in His perfect time, God brought
Josephs eventual release from prison Joseph out of prison.
41:9-14. 41:1 Dreaming 40:5. Notes and
59 GENESIS 41:35
and emaciated cows ate up the seven sleek and fat came seven other cows after them, poor, very ugly
cows. Then Pharaoh woke up. and emaciated, such as I have never seen for
5 And he slept and dreamed a second time, and ugliness in all the land of Egypt. 20 And the lean
saw seven ears of grain coming up on one stalk, and ugly cows ate up the first seven, the fat cows.
plump and good. 6 And then seven ears, thin and 21 And when they had eaten them up, it could not
scorched by the east wind, sprung up after them. be known that they had eaten them, for they were
7 And the seven thin ears ate up the seven plump still just as ugly as in the beginning. So I woke up.
and full ears. And Pharaoh woke up, and, see, it 22 Again I saw in my dream, and there appeared
was a dream. seven ears coming up on one stalk, full and good,
8 And in the morning it happened that his spirit 23 and then seven ears, withered, thin, and
was troubled, and he sent and called for all the scorched by the east wind, sprung up after them.
magicians of Egypt, and all its wise men. And 24 And the thin ears ate up the seven good ears. I
Pharaoh told them his dreams, but no one could told this to the magicians, but no one could explain
interpret them for Pharaoh. it to me.
9 Then Pharaohs chief butler spoke up and said, 25 And Joseph said to Pharaoh, The dreams of
Today I remember my faults. 10 Pharaoh was Pharaoh are one and the same. God has shown
angry with his servants, and put me in custody in Pharaoh what he is about to do. 26 The seven
the house of the captain of the guard, both me good cows are seven years, and the seven good
and the chief baker. 11 And we dreamed dreams in ears are seven years. The dreams are one and
the same night, I and he. Each of us had a dream the same. 27 And the seven thin and ugly cows
with its own meaning. 12 And a young man was that came up after them are seven years. And the
there with us, a Hebrew, a servant of the captain seven empty ears scorched by the east wind will be
of the guard. And we told him our dreams and he seven years of famine.
interpreted them for us, interpreting for each man 28 This is the thing that I said to Pharaoh: God
according to his dream. 13 And thats what is showing Pharaoh what he is about to do. 29 See,
happened; it came about just as he interpreted for seven years of great plenty throughout all the land
us. He restored me to my place, and hanged him. of Egypt are coming. 30 And after them seven
14 Then Pharaoh sent and called Joseph, and years of famine will come, and all the abundance
they brought him quickly from the dungeon. And will be forgotten in the land of Egypt, and the fam-
he shaved himself, changed his clothes, and came ine will consume the land. 31 And the abundance
in to Pharaoh. will be unknown in the land because of that famine
15 And Pharaoh said to Joseph, I have had a which follows, for it will be very severe. 32 And as
dream, and there is no one who can interpret it. for the dream being twice repeated to Pharaoh,
But I have heard it said about you, that you can this was because the thing has been decided by
understand a dream to interpret it. God, and God will shortly cause it to happen.
16 And Joseph answered Pharaoh, saying, It 33 Therefore now let Pharaoh look for a man
is not in me. God will give Pharaoh an answer for discreet and wise, and set him over the land of
his welfare. Egypt. 34 Let Pharaoh do this, and let him appoint
17 And Pharaoh said to Joseph, In my dream, officials over the land, and take up the fifth part of
see, I stood on the bank of the river, 18 and the produce of the land of Egypt in the seven
suddenly up out of the river came seven cows, fat years of plenty. 35 And let them gather all the
and sleek, and fed in a meadow. 19 And then up food of those coming good years, and store up
references at 15:12; Num 12:6; Deut 13:1. 41:14 Dungeon Gods time had come.
41:5 Grain the KJV has corn, but corn, Compare Rev 2:10; Ps 31:15.
as we know it, was not found in Egypt in 41:15 Dan 5:16.
those days. 41:16 Not in me Joseph had the humil-
41:8 Compare Dan 1:20; 2:2,27; 4:7. ity seen in other great servants of God
Four centuries after Joseph, magicians were Dan 2:22,28,30; Acts 3:12; 2 Cor 3:5.
still practicing their arts in Egypt Ex James 4:6 is a word to write on our hearts
7:11,22; 8:7,18,19; 9:11. People often and read daily.
think magicians can do much more than 41:25 Compare Dan 2:28,29,45.
they can actually do. They sometimes 41:30 Famine God sometimes sends
mistakenly believe that their tricks are a famines in judgment on a peoples sins.
display of divine power. All types of sorcery See Lev 26:18-20; Deut 28:15,23,24; Ruth
are forbidden in Gods Word Deut 18:10- 1:1; 2 Sam 21:1; 2 Kings 4:38; 8:1;
13. 25:3; Ps 105:16. At that time in Egypt God
41:9 Butler 40:14,23. God, after He per- had a much wider purpose, as the following
mitted the butler to forget Joseph, now, at chapters reveal.
the proper time, causes him to remember 41:32 In other words, God was emphasiz-
him. Even things like this are in His hands. ing the truth He was revealing. See 37:5-9;
GENESIS 41:36 60
grain under the control of Pharaoh, and let them sons were born to Joseph, whom Asenath, the
keep the food in the cities. 36 And that food will be daughter of Potipherah, priest of On, bore to him.
as a reserve for the land for the seven years of 51 And Joseph called the name of the firstborn
famine that will occur in the land of Egypt, so that Manasseh, saying For God has made me forget all
the land does not perish because of the famine. my trouble and all my fathers house. 52 And the
37 And this word was good in the eyes of Pha- name of the second he called Ephraim: For God
raoh, and in the eyes of all his servants. 38 And has caused me to be fruitful in the land of my
Pharaoh said to his servants, Can we find one affliction.
such as this, a man in whom the Spirit of God is? 53 And the seven years of plenty that occurred
39 And Pharaoh said to Joseph, Since God has in the land of Egypt ended. 54 And the seven
shown you all this, no one is as discreet and wise as years of famine began to come, just as Joseph had
you are. 40 You shall be over my house, and all my said. And the famine occurred in every land, but in
people will be ruled according to your word. Only in all the land of Egypt there was bread. 55 And
the throne will I be greater than you. when the whole land of Egypt began to experi-
41 And Pharaoh said to Joseph, See, I have ence the famine, the people cried out to Pharaoh
put you over all the land of Egypt. 42 And Pha- for bread. And Pharaoh said to all the Egyptians,
raoh took off his ring from his hand, and put it on Go to Joseph. Do what he tells you.
Josephs hand, and dressed him in fine linen clothes, 56 And the famine was over the whole surface
and put a gold chain around his neck, 43 and he of the earth. And Joseph opened all the store-
caused him to ride in his second chariot, and they houses, and sold grain to the Egyptians. And the
shouted ahead of him, Bow the knee! And he famine grew very severe in the land of Egypt.
made him ruler over all the land of Egypt. 57 And all countries came to Joseph in Egypt to
44 And Pharaoh said to Joseph, I am Pharaoh, buy grain, because the famine was so severe in
and without you no one will lift up his hand or foot every land.
in all the land of Egypt. 45 And Pharaoh called
Josephs name Zaphnath Paaneah; and he gave
him Asenath the daughter of Potipherah, priest of
On as his wife. And Joseph went throughout the
42 Now when Jacob saw that there was grain
in Egypt, Jacob said to his sons, Why are
you looking at one another? 2 And he said, Look,
whole land of Egypt. I have heard that there is grain in Egypt. Get
46 And Joseph was thirty years old when he yourselves down there and buy grain for us from
stood before Pharaoh, king of Egypt. And Joseph there, so that we can live, and not die.
went out from the presence of Pharaoh, and trav- 3 And ten brothers of Joseph went down to buy
elled throughout all the land of Egypt. 47 And in grain in Egypt. 4 But Jacob did not send Josephs
the seven years of plenty the earth produced by brother Benjamin with his brothers, for he said,
handfuls. 48 And he gathered all the food of those Perhaps some harm may come to him. 5 So among
seven years which occurred in the land of Egypt, those who came to Egypt, the sons of Israel also
and stored up the food in the cities. He stored up came to buy grain, for the famine was in the land of
the food from the fields which were around each Canaan.
city in the same city. 49 And Joseph gathered 6 And Joseph was the ruler over the land, and
grain as the sand of the sea, great quantities, until he was the one who sold grain to all the people of
he stopped counting, for it was beyond measure. the land. And Josephs brothers came, and bowed
50 And before the years of famine came, two themselves before him with their faces to the earth.
Amos 7:1-6,7-9; 8:1-3. See also note at 41:47 By handfuls this indicates great
Dan 7:3-7. abundance; wherever one looked handfuls
41:37 Pharaoh had not asked for advice, of grain could be picked up.
but Josephs advice (vs 33-36) was so full 41:51 Manasseh probably means causing
of good sense that Pharaoh immediately to forget.
accepted it. It was God alone who gave 41:52 Ephraim means twice fruitful or
such wisdom to Joseph (Acts 7:10). much fruitfulness. In giving both names
41:38 Compare Dan 4:8,9,18; 5:11,14. Joseph was remembering Gods goodness
41:40 Note at 39:6. Compare 1 Sam 2:7,8; to him in the place of his troubles. If we
Ps 75:6,7; 113:7,8; Jam 4:10. view matters as he did we will have more
41:41 Compare Dan 2:48; 5:29; 6:3. joy in the world, this place of our suffering.
41:42 Ring note at Esther 3:10. 41:55 Verses 41,44.
41:43 Compare Esther 6:6-11. 41:57 All countries this means those civi-
41:44 Ps 105:21,22. lized lands known to the people in that part
41:45 This new name of Joseph means of the world. It included Canaan.
revealer of secrets. 42:4 Benjamin was the only son of Jacobs
41:46 See 37:2. Joseph had been in Egypt beloved wife Rachel left in Canaan.
thirteen years. 42:6 37:7-10.
61 GENESIS 42:33
7 And Joseph saw his brothers and recognized 21 And they said to one another, We are, in
them, but acted like a stranger to them, speaking fact, guilty about our brother, for we saw the pain
roughly to them. And he said to them, Where of his soul when he pled with us, and we would not
have you come from? And they said, From the listen. Therefore this distress has come on us.
land of Canaan to buy food. 22 And Reuben answered them, saying, Did I not
8 And Joseph recognized his brothers, but they tell you, saying Do not sin against the boy? And
did not recognize him. 9 And Joseph remembered you would not listen. So see, his blood is being
the dreams which he had about them, and said to accounted for. 23 And they did not know that
them, You are spies! You have come to see the Joseph understood them, for he spoke to them
unprotected parts of the land. through an interpreter.
10 And they said to him, No, my lord, but your 24 And he turned away from them and wept.
servants have come to buy food. 11 We are all Then he turned back to them and talked with them.
the sons of one man. We, your servants, are And he took Simeon from them, and tied him up him
honest men, not spies. before their eyes.
12 And he said to them, No! You have come to 25 Then Joseph gave a command to fill their
see the unprotected parts of the land. sacks with grain and to return each ones money to
13 And they said, Your servants are twelve his sack, and to give them provision for the road.
brothers, the sons of one man in the land of And this was done for them. 26 And they loaded
Canaan. See, today the youngest is with our their donkeys with the grain and left there.
father, and one is no more. 27 And when one of them opened his sack at
14 And Joseph said to them, It is just as I told the inn to feed his donkey, he saw his money, for
you when I said, You are spies. 15 This is how there it was in his sacks mouth. 28 And he said to
you will be tested: By the life of Pharaoh you will his brothers, My money has been returned, and lo
not go out of here unless your youngest brother and behold, its in my sack! And their heart failed
comes here. 16 Send one of you, and let him bring them, and they were afraid, saying to one an-
your brother. And you will be kept in prison, so other, What is this that God has done to us?
that your words can be tested, to see if there is 29 And they came to Jacob their father in the
any truth in you. Or else by the life of Pharaoh you land of Canaan, and told him all that had happened
are surely spies. 17 And he put them all together to them, saying, 30 The man who is the lord of the
in custody for three days. land spoke roughly to us, and took us for spies in
18 And on the third day Joseph said to them, the country. 31 And we said to him, We are honest
Do this and live, for I fear God: 19 If you are men, we are not spies. 32 We are twelve brothers,
honest men, let one of your brothers be confined sons of our father. One is no more, and today the
in the prison where you are. Then you go and take youngest is with our father in the land of Canaan.
grain for the famine in your houses. 20 But bring 33 And the man, the lord of the country, said to us,
your youngest brother to me. So your words will This is how I will know that you are honest men:
be verified, and you will not die. And they did so. leave one of your brothers with me, and take food
42:7 Joseph was not unforgiving (45:4,5). Joseph was wanting to see. And it was very
Evidently he waited to see if they had re- important to him (and to God) that he see
pented of their sin against him (37:18,28). it. Compare Gods dealing with the people
42:8 Did not recognize him they had of Israel (and, no doubt, with many since)
not seen Joseph for at least twenty years Hos 5:15; Jer 3:12,13. If we desire Gods
(37:2; 41:46,53). Moreover, they thought blessing we must not try to cover up and
he was dead (v 13; 44:20). And they could forget our sins (Prov 28:13). Note on
never have imagined he would be ruler in repentance at Matt 3:2; etc.
Egypt. Also Joseph would have been shaven 42:22 Boy 37:21,22.
and dressed in the manner of Egypt. Blood they thought Joseph had died
42:9 Dreams 37:5-9. He remembered (v 13; 44:20), and they knew the penalty
Gods revealed will as given in his dreams, for what they had done 9:5,6.
and their reaction to him then hatred. And 42:24 Wept 43:30; 45:14,15. Joseph
so he spoke as he did. But the rest of the was deeply moved to see repentance at work
story shows that it was not revenge he had in them (indeed, God Himself always is
in mind. moved when He sees repentance Luke
42:10 Lord 37:8. 15:7,10). But evidently Joseph did not think
42:18 Fear God this was the secret of the work was complete or that the right time
Josephs wise and godly way of life. Notes had come to reveal his identity to them.
on the fear of God at 20:11; Ps 34:11-14; 42:25 For Josephs purpose see v28 and
111:10; Prov 1:7. 43:18 ,22
42:21 Brother they were referring to 42:28 God they realized that God was
Joseph 37:26-28. Repentance was begin- working in a strange way and they feared He
ning to do its work in them. This is what was going to bring about their punishment.
GENESIS 42:34 62
for the famine in your households,and go, 34 and can demand him from my hand. If I do not bring
bring your youngest brother to me. Then I will him to you, and place him before you, then let me
know that you are not spies, but that you are bear the blame forever. 10 For if we had not
honest. Then I will hand over your brother to you, delayed, surely by now we would have returned
and you can trade in the land. this second time.
35 And when they emptied their sacks, it hap- 11 And their father Israel said to them, If now
pened that, there, in his sack, was each mans it has to be so, do this: Take some of the best
bundle of money. And when they and their father fruits in the land in your containers, and take down
saw the bundles of money, they were afraid. a present for the man, a little balm, and a little
36 And their father Jacob said to them, You have honey, spices, and myrrh, nuts, and almonds.
deprived me of my children: Joseph is no more, 12 And in your hand take double the money, and
and Simeon is not here, and you will take Benjamin the money that was brought back in the mouth of
away. All these things are against me. your sacks, take it back in your hand. Perhaps it
37 And Reuben spoke to his father, saying, If was an oversight. 13 Take your brother also, and
I dont bring him to you, then kill my two sons! Give arise, go back to the man. 14 And God Almighty
him into my hand, and I will bring him back to you. give you mercy in the mans presence, so that he
38 And he said, My son shall not go down with may send your other brother and Benjamin away.
you! For his brother is dead, and he is left alone. If I am deprived of my children, I am deprived.
If harm comes to him along the way you are going, 15 And the men took that present, and in their
then you will bring down my gray hairs with sorrow hand they took double the money, and Benjamin,
to the grave. and rose up, and went down to Egypt, and stood
before Joseph. 16 And when Joseph saw Ben-
43 And the famine was severe in the land.
2 And when they had eaten up the grain
they had brought from Egypt, it came about that
jamin with them, he said to the steward of his
house, Take these men home, and slaughter an
animal, and prepare a meal, for these men will eat
their father said to them, Go again, buy us a little with me at noon.
food. 17 And the man did as Joseph ordered, and the
3 And Judah spoke to him, saying, The man man took the men to Josephs house. 18 And the
solemnly warned us, saying, You will not see my men were afraid, because they were taken to
face unless your brother is with you. 4 If you will Josephs house, and they said, We are brought in
send our brother with us, we will go down and buy here because of the money that was returned to
you food. 5 But if you will not send him, we will not our sacks the first time, so that he can find an
go down, for the man said to us, You will not see opportunity to attack us and seize us as slaves
my face unless your brother is with you. along with our donkeys.
6 And Israel said, Why did you treat me so 19 And they approached the steward of
badly, telling the man whether you had another Josephs house and talked with him at the door of
brother? the house, 20 and said, O sir, we certainly did
7 And they said, The man asked us particularly come down the first time to buy food, 21 and after
about our situation, and about our relatives, we arrived at the inn, it so happened that we opened
saying, Is your father still alive? Do you have our sacks, and, there, in the mouth of the sack
another brother? And we informed him in accor- was each mans money, our money in full weight.
dance with his words. Could we possibly know that And we have brought it back in our hand. 22 And
he would say, Bring your brother down? we have brought down other money in our hands
8 And Judah said to his father Israel, Send the to buy food. We dont know who put our money in
boy with me, and we will arise and go, so that we our sacks.
can live, and not die, both we, and you, and our 23 And he said, You be at peace. Dont be
little ones too. 9 I will be the guarantee for him. You afraid. Your God, and the God of your father, has
42:34 Trade or it could possibly mean unwise (25:28; 27:1).
move about freely. 43:3 42:20.
42:36 It seems that Jacob held his sons 43:9 42:37.
responsible for Josephs disappearance. 43:14 God Almighty El-Shaddai. Note
Against me Jacob had not learned what at 17:1.
his son Joseph had learned (45:5-7; 50:20), Mercy compare Ex 3:21; Neh 1:11;
and what Paul later learned (Rom 8:31). Prov 21:1.
42:37 See 37:21,22. Deprived compare Esther 4:16.
42:38 Left alone did Jacob sometimes 43:18-22 Josephs purpose in 42:45 is
count only Joseph and Benjamin his sons being fulfilled. His brothers are being
because they alone were born to Rachel humbled.
(33:2; 44:27)? This favoritism was 43:23 God 42:28. Simeon 42:24.
63 GENESIS 44:17
given you the treasure in your sacks. I had your cup, the silver cup, in the sacks mouth of the
money. And he brought Simeon out to them. youngest, and his grain money. And he did
24 And the man brought the men into Josephs according to Josephs spoken command.
house, and gave them water, and they washed 3 As soon as it was light, the men were sent
their feet. And he gave feed for their donkeys. away, they and their donkeys. 4 When they had
25 And they prepared the present for the coming gone out of the city, but not yet far off, Joseph
of Joseph at noon, for they heard that they would said to his steward, Up, follow the men. And
be eating bread there. when you catch up to them, say to them, Why
26 And when Joseph came home, they brought have you rewarded evil for good? 5 Is not this cup
out to him the present which they had in the house, the one my lord drinks out of, and indeed which he
and bowed down to him to the ground. 27 And he uses for divination? You have done wrong in doing
asked them about their welfare, and said, Is your this.
father well, the old man of whom you spoke? Is he 6 And he caught up to them, and spoke to them
still alive? these same words. 7 And they said to him, Why is
28 And they answered, Your servant our my master saying these words? Far be it from your
father is in good health, he is still alive. And they servants to do such a thing. 8 See, the money
bent their heads, and bowed down. which we found in our sacks mouths, we brought
29 And he raised his eyes, and saw his brother back to you from the land of Canaan. How then
Benjamin, his mothers son, and said, Is this your could we steal silver or gold from your masters
younger brother, of whom you spoke to me? And house? 9 Whoever of your servants it is found
he said, God be gracious to you, my son. 30 And with, let him die, and we also will be my lords slaves.
Joseph hurried out, for his heart was moved for his 10 And he said, Now also let it be according
brother, and he looked for a place to weep. And to your words. The one with whom it is found will be
he went into his room and wept there. my servant, and the rest of you will be blameless.
31 And he washed his face and went out, and 11 Then quickly each one put his sack down on
restrained himself, and said, Put the bread on. the ground, and each one opened his sack. 12 And
32 And they put it on for him by himself, and for he searched, beginning at the eldest, and leaving
them by themselves, and for the Egyptians, who off at the youngest. And the cup was found in
were eating with him, by themselves, because the Benjamins sack. 13 Then they tore their clothes,
Egyptians could not eat bread with the Hebrews, and each one loaded his donkey, and they
for that is an abomination to the Egyptians. returned to the city.
33 And they were seated in his presence, the 14 And Judah and his brothers came to Josephs
firstborn according to his birthright, and the young- house, for he was still there. And in his presence
est according to his youth, and the men looked at they fell on the ground. 15 And Joseph said to
one another in amazement. 34 And Joseph took them, What deed is this that you have done?
and sent portions to them from his own table, but Dont you know that such a man as I can certainly
Benjamins portion was five times as much as any divine?
of theirs. And they drank, and were happy with 16 And Judah said, What shall we say to my
him. lord? What shall we speak? Or how shall we clear
ourselves? God has found out the wickedness of
44 And he commanded the steward of his
house, saying, Fill the mens sacks with
food, as much as they can carry, and put each
your servants. See, we are my lords servants,
both we, and also the one with whom the cup was
found.
mans money in his sacks mouth. 2 And put my 17 And he said, Far be it from me to do so. The
43:26 Ground v 28; 37:7,10. was forbidden to Gods people (Lev 19:26;
43:29 Mothers son - Benjamin was Deut 18:10-12; 2 Kings 17:17). If Joseph
Josephs only full brother. The others, born practiced such a thing surely it was in
of other mothers, were half-brothers. ignorance that God was displeased with it.
43:30 Joseph was obviously a man of But it is possible that he actually had noth-
tender heart. ing to do with divination, and in v 15 was
43:32 Abomination compare Ex 8:26; merely speaking as his brothers would ex-
John 4:9. pect him to speak as an Egyptian.
43:33 Amazement they wondered how 44:7 Far be it from God forbid (KJV) is
Joseph could know their ages. not in the Hebrew here.
44:1,2 See 42:25,28; 43:18-22. Joseph 44:13 Tearing clothes indicated shock or
now hopes for a further work of God in his grief.
brothers producing deeper repentance and 44:14 37:7,10.
humility. See note at 42:21. 44:15 Divine note on v 5.
44:5 Verse 15. Later in history, divination 44:16 Wickedness 42:28. Joseph must
GENESIS 44:18 64
man in whose hand the cup was found, he will be 33 So now, please, instead of the boy, let your
my servant. As for you, go on in peace to your servant stay as a slave to my lord, and let the boy
father. go up with his brothers. 34 For how can I go to my
18 Then Judah approached him and said, Oh father when the boy is not with me? Then I would
my lord, please let your servant speak a word in my have to see the misery that would come on my
lords ears, and let not your anger burn against father.
your servant, for you are just like Pharaoh. 19 My
lord asked his servants, saying, Do you have a
father, or a brother? 20 And we said to my lord,
We have a father, an old man, and there is a son
45 Then Joseph could not restrain himself
before all those who stood near him, and
he cried out, Get everyone away from me. So no
of his old age, who is young. And his brother is one was standing near him when Joseph made
dead, and he alone is left of his mothers children, himself known to his brothers. 2 And he wept aloud,
and his father loves him. and the Egyptians and the household of Pharaoh
21 And you said to your servants, Bring him heard it.
down to me, so that I can see him. 22 And we said 3 And Joseph said to his brothers, I am
to my lord, The boy cannot leave his father, for if Joseph. Is my father still living? And his brothers
he leaves his father, his father would die. 23 And could not answer him, for they were alarmed in his
you said to your servants, Unless your youngest presence.
brother comes down with you, you will see my face 4 And Joseph said to his brothers, Please come
no more. 24 And when we went to your servant near me. And they came near. And he said, I am
my father, it came about that we told him the words your brother Joseph, whom you sold into Egypt.
of my lord. 5 So do not be grieved now, or angry with your-
25 And our father said, Go back, and buy us selves because you sold me here, for God sent me
a little food. 26 And we said, We cannot go down. before you to preserve life. 6 For these two years
If our youngest brother is with us, then we will go the famine has been in the land, and there are still
down, for we cannot see the mans face unless our five years in which there will be neither plowing nor
youngest brother is with us. reaping. 7 And God sent me before you to pre-
27 And your servant my father said to us, You serve descendants on the earth for you, and to
know that my wife bore me two sons. 28 And the save your lives by a great deliverance.
one went away from me, and I said, Surely he is 8 So now it was not you who sent me here,
torn in pieces, and I havent seen him since. but God. And he has made me like a father to
29 And if you also take this one from me, and harm Pharaoh, and lord of all his house, and a ruler
comes to him, you will bring down my gray hairs throughout all the land of Egypt. 9 Hurry, and go
with sorrow to the grave. up to my father, and say to him, This is what your
30 So now when I go to your servant my son Joseph says, God has made me lord of all Egypt.
father, and the boy is not with us, since his life is Come down to me. Do not delay. 10 And you will
bound up in the boys life, 31 this is what will hap- live in the land of Goshen, and you will be near me,
pen: When he sees that the boy is not with us, he you, and your children, and your grandchildren,
will die, your servants will bring down the gray hairs and your flocks, and your herds, and all that you
of your servant our father with sorrow to the grave. have. 11 And I will provide for you there, so that
32 For your servant became the guarantee for the you and your household do not come to destitu-
boy to my father, saying, If I do not bring him to tion, for there will be five more years of famine.
you, then I will bear the blame before my father 12 And, look, your eyes, and the eyes of my
forever. brother Benjamin, can see that it is my mouth that
have been delighted to hear them speak so. willingness to suffer for another, was like
44:20 Father loves him Judah shows a music in Josephs ears. See how God works
concern for his fathers feelings which he to change peoples hearts and attitudes.
did not show before (37:31-35). In fact, 45:2 42:24; 43:30.
the brothers as a whole seem chastened, 45:3 They remembered their sin (37:4,5,28;
softened men. 42:21,22).
44:27 My wife he meant Rachel. Did he 45:5-8 Joseph looked beyond his afflictions
count only her as his wife and not the three and the sin of his brothers, and saw the
others? (She was the one he loved, and hand of God working good. He had a
the only one he really wanted to marry wonderfully clear and true view of Gods
29:18,20,30,31.) complete sovereignty in the affairs of men,
44:29 Grave Sheol note at 37:35. and believed the truth of Rom 8:28 before
44:33,34 What has happened to the hard Paul ever wrote it. Note at 50:20.
man of former years? Surely this speech of 45:10 Goshen was a choice part of Egypt
Judahs, showing his compassion and and very fertile v 20.
65 GENESIS 46:14
is speaking to you. 13 And you must tell my father words which he had said to them. And when he
of all my glory in Egypt, and of all that you have saw the wagons which Joseph had sent to carry
seen. And you must hurry and bring my father him, the spirit of their father Jacob revived, 28 and
down here. Israel said, It is enough. My son Joseph is still
14 And he fell on his brother Benjamins neck, alive! I will go and see him before I die.
and wept; and Benjamin wept on his neck. 15 And
he kissed all his brothers, and wept over them.
After that his brothers talked with him.
16 And someone took the news of this to
46 And Israel set out with all that he had and
came to Beersheba, and offered sacrifices
to the God of his father Isaac.
Pharaohs house, saying, Josephs brothers have 2 And God spoke to Israel in visions by night,
come. And it pleased Pharaoh and his servants. and said, Jacob, Jacob.
17 And Pharaoh said to Joseph, Say to your And he said, Here I am.
brothers, Do like this: load up your animals and go 3 And he said, I am God, the God of your
to the land of Canaan. 18 And bring your father father. Do not be afraid to go down to Egypt, for
and your households and come to me, and I will I will there make of you a great nation. 4 I will go
give you the best of the land of Egypt, and you will down with you to Egypt, and I will also surely bring
eat the fat of the land. 19 Now you are commanded. you up again. And Joseph will put his hand on
Do like this: Take wagons from the land of Egypt yours eyes.
for your little ones, and for your wives, and bring 5 And Jacob arose from Beersheba, and the
your father, and come. 20 Also do not be con- sons of Israel conveyed Jacob their father, and
cerned about your possessions, for the best of all their little ones, and their wives, in the wagons
the land of Egypt is yours. which Pharaoh had sent to convey him. 6 And they
21 And the children of Israel did so. Joseph took their livestock, and their goods, which they
gave them wagons, according to the command of had gotten in the land of Canaan, and came into
Pharaoh, and gave them provisions for the road. Egypt, Jacob, and all his offspring with him. 7 He
22 To each and every one of them he gave changes brought with him to Egypt his sons, and his grand-
of clothing, but to Benjamin he gave three hundred sons, his daughters, and his sons daughters, and
pieces of silver, and five changes of clothing. all his descendants.
23 And he sent these things for his father: 8 And these are the names of the children of
ten donkeys loaded with the good things of Egypt, Israel, who came to Egypt, Jacob and his sons.
and ten female donkeys loaded with grain and Reuben was Jacobs firstborn; 9 and the sons of
bread and food for his father on the road. 24 So he Reuben were Hanoch, Phallu, Hezron, and Carmi.
sent his brothers away, and as they were leaving he 10 And the sons of Simeon: Jemuel, Jamin, Ohad,
said to them, See that you do not quarrel on the Jachin, Zohar, and Shaul the son of a Canaanite
way. woman. 11 And the sons of Levi: Gershon, Kohath,
25 And they went up out of Egypt, and came and Merari. 12 And the sons of Judah: Er, Onan,
into the land of Canaan to their father Jacob, Shelah, Perez, and Zerah (but Er and Onan died in
26 and told him the news, saying, Joseph is still the land of Canaan); and the sons of Perez
alive, and he is the ruler over all the land of Egypt. were Hezron and Hamul. 13 And the sons of
And Jacobs heart became numb, because he did Issachar: Tola, Phuvah, Job, and Shimron. 14 And
not believe them. 27 And they told him all of Josephs the sons of Zebulun: Sered, Elon, and Jahleel.
45:14 Wept though a very powerful man 45:26 Got numb this is a literal transla-
in a great kingdom, Joseph was not tion of the Hebrew.
ashamed of tears. Eight times in chapters 46:1 Beersheba is in the southern part of
42-50 his weeping is spoken of. Compare Canaan. His father Isaac had also offered
Isa 53:3; Luke 19:41; John 11:35. sacrifices there (26:23-25).
45:15 Talked with him tears can 46:2 Visions note at 15:1.
convince others of loving concern when Jacob! Jacob! see 32:28; 35:10.
nothing else can. But Israel did not lose his Jacob nature un-
45:18 The land they had hated him and til he died and perhaps here needed to be
plotted against him slavery and death. In reminded of it.
return he gave them the best the land could 46:3 Great nation 12:2.
offer. In this he is an example of how men 46:4 With you see 28:15. All is well if
should behave. Compare Matt 5:44,45; God goes with us where we go (Ps 23:4).
7:12. See 1Pet 2:19-24. 46:5 Notice the mixture of Jacobs two
45:22 Three hundred pieces of silver names. This is seen also in v 8; 47:28,29;
about 3.5 kilograms. 48:2; 49:33 and 50:2.
45:24 Quarrel on the way Joseph knew 46:12 Er and Onan these two died in
their nature. And he now wanted them to Canaan (38:7,10).
forget the past and make a new beginning. 46:13 Job or Iob or Jashub.
GENESIS 46:15 66
15 These were the sons of Leah, whom she alive.
bore to Jacob in Padan Aram, besides his daughter 31 And Joseph said to his brothers and to his
Dinah. All these sons and daughters of his num- fathers household, I will go up and tell Pharaoh
bered thirty-three. and say to him, My brothers and my fathers house-
16 And these were the sons of Gad: Ziphion, hold, who were in the land of Canaan, have come
Haggi, Shuni, Ezbon, Eri, Arodi, and Areli. to me. 32 And the men are shepherds, for they
17 And the sons of Asher were Imnah, Ishuah, have been keepers of livestock, and they have
Isui, Beriah, and Serah their sister; and the sons of brought their flocks, and their herds, and all that
Beriah were Heber, and Malchiel. they have. 33 And it will come about that Pharaoh
18 These were the sons of Zilpah, whom Laban will call you and will say, What is your occupation?
gave to Leah his daughter, whom she bore to Jacob. 34 Then you must say, Your servants have been
The total was sixteen persons. keepers of livestock from our youth up to now,
19 The sons of Jacobs wife Rachel were both we and our fathers. Do this so that you can
Joseph and Benjamin. 20 And Manasseh and live in the land of Goshen, because every shep-
Ephraim were born to Joseph in the land of Egypt. herd is an abomination to the Egyptians.
Asenath, the daughter of Potipherah priest of On,
bore them to him.
21 And the sons of Benjamin were Belah, Becher,
Ashbel, Gera, Naaman, Ehi, Rosh, Muppim, Huppim,
47 Then Joseph came and told Pharaoh,
saying, My father and my brothers, and
their flocks, and their herds, and all that they have,
and Ard. have come from the land of Canaan, and now are
22 These were the sons of Rachel, who were in the land of Goshen.
born to Jacob. The total of these persons was 2 And he took five men from among his
fourteen. brothers, and presented them to Pharaoh.
23 And the son of Dan was Hushim. 3 And Pharaoh said to his brothers, What is
24 And the sons of Naphtali were Jahzeel, Guni, your occupation?
Jezer, and Shillem. And they said to Pharaoh, Your servants are
25 These were the sons of Bilhah, whom Laban shepherds, both we and our fathers.
gave to his daughter Rachel, and she bore them to 4 They also said to Pharaoh, We have come to
Jacob. The total of these persons was seven. stay in the land for a time, for your servants had
26 All the people who came with Jacob to Egypt, no pasture for their flocks, because the famine is
who came from his body, besides the wives of severe in the land of Canaan. Therefore, please
Jacobs sons, the total number of persons was let your servants stay now in the land of Goshen.
sixty-six. 27 And the sons of Joseph, who were 5 And Pharaoh spoke to Joseph, saying, Your
born to him in Egypt, were two persons. So all the father and your brothers have come to you. 6 The
people of the household of Jacob, who came to land of Egypt is before you. Have your father and
Egypt, were seventy. brothers live in the best of the land. Have them live
28 And he sent Judah before him to Joseph, in the land of Goshen, and if you know any men of
so he could appear before him in Goshen. And they ability among them, then put them in charge of my
went on to the land of Goshen. 29 And Joseph livestock.
prepared his chariot, and went out to Goshen to 7 And Joseph brought in his father Jacob, and
meet his father Israel, and presented himself to placed him before Pharaoh. And Jacob blessed
him. And he fell on his neck, and wept on his neck Pharaoh. 8 And Pharaoh said to Jacob, How old
a long time. are you?
30 And Israel said to Joseph, Now let me die, 9 And Jacob said to Pharaoh, The days of the
since I have seen your face, because you are still years of my pilgrimage are a hundred and thirty
46:15 Padan-Aram 25:20. Egyptians.
46:26,27 Sixty-six persons came with 47:4 Goshen this area was very fertile
Jacob; Joseph and his two sons were al- and the land good for grazing flocks and
ready in Egypt. This total comes to 69. herds.
Counting Jacob the total is 70. 47:6 Capable men knowing Joseph he
46:29 Wept 45:14. could believe that some of his brothers might
46:31-34 It would seem from this that Jo- have some good sense and skill.
seph wanted all the people of Israel to be 47:7 Blessed the Hebrew word may also
kept separate in the region of Goshen. Pos- be translated greeted.
sibly he did not want them to be put in a city 47:9 Pilgrimage Heb 11:9,13.
or to mingle too closely with the Egyptians Difficult 31:40-42; 42:36,38; Job
and learn their ways. So he advised his broth- 5:7; 14:1.
ers to speak out frankly and tell Pharaoh that Fathers Abraham lived to be 175;
they were shepherds, an abomination to the Isaac to 180. At this time Jacob was only
67 GENESIS 48:1
years. The days of the years of my life have been field, because the famine had overcome them. So
few and difficult, and they have not attained to the land became Pharaohs. 21 And as for the
the days of the years of the life of my fathers in people, he moved them to cities from one end of
the days of their pilgrimage. 10 And Jacob blessed the borders of Egypt to its other end. 22 But he
Pharaoh, and went out from the presence of did not buy the land of the priests, because the
Pharaoh. priests had an allotment assigned to them by
11 And Joseph settled his father and his broth- Pharaoh, and ate their allotment which Pharaoh
ers, and gave them a possession in the land of gave them. Therefore they did not sell their lands.
Egypt, in the best of the land, in the land of 23 Then Joseph said to the people, Look,
Rameses, as Pharaoh had commanded. 12 And today I have bought you and your land for
Joseph provided bread for his father and his Pharaoh. See, here is seed for you, and you must
brothers, and all his fathers household, according sow the land. 24 And it must be that you give a
to their families. fifth part of the crop to Pharaoh, and four parts
13 And there was no bread in all the land, for will be your own as seed for the field, and for your
the famine was very severe, so that the land of food, and for those of your households, and for
Egypt and the whole land of Canaan fainted by food for your little ones.
reason of the famine. 14 And Joseph gathered all 25 And they said, You have saved our lives.
the money that was found in the land of Egypt, Let us find favour in the sight of my lord, and we
and in the land of Canaan, for the grain which they will be Pharaohs servants.
bought. And Joseph brought the money to 26 And Joseph made it a law in the land of
Pharaohs house. 15 And when there was no more Egypt, in force to this day, that Pharaoh would
money in the land of Egypt and in the land of Canaan, have the fifth part of all crops, except for the land
all the Egyptians came to Joseph and said, Give us of the priests, which did not become Pharaohs.
bread, for why should we die in your presence? 27 And Israel lived in the land of Egypt, in the
For the money is gone. region of Goshen, and they had possessions there,
16 And Joseph said, Give your livestock, and I and grew, and greatly increased in number.
will give you grain for your cattle, since your money 28 And Jacob lived in the land of Egypt seven-
is gone. 17 And they brought their livestock to teen years, so the total age of Jacob was a
Joseph, and Joseph gave them bread in exchange hundred and forty-seven years. 29 And the time
for horses and for the flocks and for the herds of drew near for Israel to die, and he called his son
livestock, and for the donkeys. And that year he Joseph and said to him, If now I have found favour
fed them with bread for all their livestock. in your sight, please place your hand under my
18 When that year was over, they came to him thigh, and deal kindly and faithfully with me. Please
the second year, and said to him, We will not hide do not bury me in Egypt, 30 but when I rest with
it from my lord, that our money is spent. My lord my fathers, you must carry me out of Egypt, and
also has our herds of livestock. There is nothing bury me in their burial site.
left in the sight of my lord, but our bodies and our And he said, I will do as you say.
lands. 19 So shall we perish before your eyes, both 31 And he said, Swear to me. And he swore
we and our land? Buy us and our land for bread, to him. And Israel bowed down at the head of the
and we and our land will be servants to Pharaoh. bed.
And give us seed grain so that we can live and not
die, so that the land will not be desolate.
20 And Joseph bought all the land of Egypt for
Pharaoh. For each one of the Egyptians sold his
48 And after these things, it came about that
some one told Joseph, Look, your father
is sick. And he took with him his two sons, Manasseh
130 (v 28). picture of certain important spiritual truth
47:10 Blessed the Hebrew word may also later made clear to the people of Israel.
mean said farewell to. God told them that all the land of Israel
47:11 45:18. Joseph did more than make and all the people belonged to Him, and
promises. He did what many do not do he He was responsible for their welfare as long
fulfilled them. as they kept His covenant Ex 7:4; 19:5;
47:13-26 Under Joseph the power of the Lev 25:23; Deut 7:6. In the same way now
state increased enormously. All the land believers together with all they have be-
and then all the people became Pharaohs long to God, being purchased by the blood
property. Perhaps this was best to meet of the Lord Jesus Christ 1 Cor 6:19,20;
the crisis of that time of terrible famine. etc.
But it is very doubtful if it worked for the 47:27 46:3.
future prosperity of Egypt. When the state 47:29 Thigh note 24:2.
owns everything, personal liberties and ini- 47:31 Bowed down referred to in Heb
tiative are stifled and the people as a whole 11:21 as an example of Jacobs faith.
will suffer. But what happened in Egypt is a 48:1 Ephraim 41:51,52.
GENESIS 48:2 68
and Ephraim. 2 And someone told Jacob, and said, on the head of Manasseh, crossing his hands. For
Look, your son Joseph is coming to you. And Is- Manasseh was the firstborn.
rael summoned his strength and sat up on the bed. 15 And he blessed Joseph, and said,
3 And Jacob said to Joseph, God Almighty God, in whose presence my fathers
appeared to me at Luz in the land of Canaan, and Abraham and Isaac walked,
blessed me, 4 and said to me, Look, I will make the God who has been my shepherd all my
you fruitful, and increase you in number, and I will life to this day,
make of you a multitude of people, and will give 16 The Angel who delivered me from all evil,
this land to your offspring after you as an bless the lads.
everlasting possession. And let them be called by my name,
5 And now your two sons, Ephraim and and the name of my fathers Abraham and
Manasseh, who were born to you in the land of Isaac.
Egypt before I came to you in Egypt, are mine. And let them grow into a multitude among
Just like Reuben and Simeon, they will be mine. the peoples of the earth.
6 And your children who will be born to you after
them will be yours, and will be called by the name 17 And when Joseph saw that his father laid his
of their brothers in their inheritance. 7 And as for right hand on the head of Ephraim, it displeased
me, when I came from Padan, Rachel died by my him, and he took hold of his fathers hand, to
side on the way in the land of Canaan, when there remove it from Ephraims head to Manassehs head.
still just a little way before coming to Ephrath. And 18 And Joseph said to his father, Not like that, my
I buried her there by the Ephrath road. That is father, for this is the firstborn. Put your right hand
Bethlehem. on his head.
8 And Israel saw Josephs sons, and said, Who 19 And his father refused, and said, I know it,
are these? my son, I know it. He too will become a people, and
9 And Joseph said to his father, They are my he too will be great, but in fact his younger brother
sons, whom God has given me in this place. will be greater than he, and his offspring will
And he said, Please bring them to me, and I will become a multitude of nations. 20 And he blessed
bless them. them that day, saying, Israel will pronounce a
10 Now Israels eyes were dim because of age, blessing in your name, saying, God make you like
so that he could not see. And he brought them Ephraim and Manasseh. And he put Ephraim be-
near to him, and he kissed them, and embraced fore Manasseh.
them. 21 And Israel said to Joseph, Look, I am dying,
11 And Israel said to Joseph, I had not thought but God will be with you, and bring you again to the
to see your face, and lo and behold, God has land of your fathers. 22 And I have given to you
showed me your offspring too. one portion more than your brothers, which I took
12 And Joseph brought them out from between from the hand of the Amorite with my sword and
his knees, and bowed down with his face to the with my bow.
ground. 13 And Joseph took them both, Ephraim in
his right hand toward Israels left hand, and
Manasseh in his left hand toward Israels right hand,
and brought them near him. 14 And Israel stretched
49 And Jacob called to his sons, and said,
Assemble yourselves, so that I can tell you
what will happen to you in the last days.
out his right hand, and laid it on the head of 2 Assemble yourselves and hear,
Ephraim, who was the younger, and his left hand you sons of Jacob,
48:3 God Almighty El-Shaddai note at see Ps 23:1; 78:52; 80:1; 95:7; 100:3;
17:1. John 10:11-16.
Luz Bethel (28:19). 48:16 Angel note at 16:7.
48:4 Said 28:13,14. 48:20 Manasseh v 14. The blessings
48:5 1 Chron 5:1,2. Josephs sons became spoken of these founders of the nation of
the fathers of two of the twelve tribes of Is- Israel were given by direction of the Spirit
rael who divided and possessed the land of of God and foretold the future. See 9:25-
Canaan. Levi received no inheritance in the 27; 27:33; 49:1.
land. 48:22 I took from the Amorites with my
48:9 Bless 27:4. sword and my bow the event he speaks
48:14 Verses 17-20; Heb 11:21. The tribe of is not recorded in the Bible, unless Jacob
of Ephraim became the most powerful in is referring to the events of 34:25-29.
the northern kingdom of Israel after the 49:1 In this chapter Jacob is speaking as a
kingdom divided in the time of Rehoboam. prophet. In v 28 these predictions are called
48:15 Shepherd this was true even when blessings. Blessings (or curses) spoken by
Jacob was least aware of it. On shepherd inspiration of God were actually prophecies
69 GENESIS 49:19
and listen to your father Israel. Who will rouse him up?
10 The sceptre will not depart from Judah,
3 Reuben, you are my firstborn, my might,
nor a lawgiver from between his feet,
and the beginning of my strength,
until Shiloh comes.
excelling in dignity, and excelling in power.
And the gathering of the people will be
4 Unstable as water, you will not excel,
to him.
because you went up to your fathers bed;
11 He ties his foal to the vine,
then you defiled it.
and his donkeys colt to the choice vine.
He went up to my couch.
He washes his garments in wine,
5 Simeon and Levi are brothers. and his clothes in the blood of grapes.
Instruments of violence are in their 12 His eyes will be red with wine,
habitations. and his teeth white with milk.
6 O my soul, do not come into their secret.
13 Zebulun will live at the haven of the sea.
Do not be united with their assembly,
And he will be a haven for ships.
my honour, do not be united.
And his border will be as far as Sidon.
For in their anger they slew a man,
and in their self-will they dug down
14 Issachar is a strong donkey crouching
a wall.
down between two burdens.
7 Cursed be their anger, for it was fierce;
15 And he saw that restful place was good,
and their wrath, for it was cruel.
and that the land was pleasant,
I will divide them in Jacob,
and bowed his shoulder to bear loads,
and scatter them in Israel.
and became a servant to tribute.
8 Judah, you are the one whom your
brothers will praise. 16 Dan will judge his people,
Your hand will be on the neck of your as one of the tribes of Israel.
enemies. 17 Dan will be a serpent by the road,
Your fathers children will bow down an adder in the path, that bites the
horses heels,
to you.
so that his rider falls backwards.
9 Judah is a lions cub.
18 I wait for your salvation, O LORD.
From the prey, my son, you have gone up.
He stooped down, he crouched like a lion, 19 Gad, a troop will overcome him,
and like an old lion. but he will overcome at last.
of the future. Compare 9:25-27; chapter 27. which may mean He to whom it belongs,
49:3,4 35:22; Deut 27:20; 1 Chron 5:1. but it may possibly mean quietness or
Afterwards the tribe of Reuben was never rest. Almost this exact phrase is found in
noted for leadership or greatness. No judge, Ezek 21:26,27. The one to whom the rulers
no prophet, no great leader of the people sceptre belongs is the Lord Jesus. He is the
named in the Bible came from Reuben. king of the Jews (Matt 27:37), and the King
49:5 34:25-29. of kings and Lord of lords (Rev 17:14;
49:7 Josh 19:1,9; 22:1-42. Simeon was 19:11-16). He shall rule all nations in the
later scattered partly in Judahs territory future. The obedience of the people will be
(Josh 19:2-9 with 15:26-32 and Neh 11:25- to Him (Ps 2:6-9; 72:1-11; Rev 2:26,27;
28), and partly among the tribes in the north 3:21).
of Israel (2 Chron 34:6). Levi had its towns 49:11,12 These verses suggest prosperity
throughout the other tribes of Israel and in a settled environment. Verse 12 may also
had no region of its own (Ex 32:26,29; Num be translated His eyes will be dull from wine,
18:20,23; 35:2-8; Josh 21:1-42). his teeth white from milk.
49:8 Judah probably means praise. 49:13 Zebulun later settled in the north of
Bow down to you a prediction that Israel not very far from the sea coast and
Judah would later become the ruling tribe in from Sidon close enough to be enriched
Israel (1 Chron 5:2). by the abundance of the seas (Deut
49:9 Lions cub compare Ezek 19:6; 33:18,19).
Micah 5:8; Num 24:9. The Lord Jesus, de- 49:14,15 Jacob could predict no glorious
scended from Judah, is called The lion of future for this tribe. For the sake of life in a
the tribe of Judah (Rev 5:5). pleasant part of Canaan it would be willing
49:10 Sceptre Ps 60:7; 108:8. Out of to give up its freedom.
Judah came David and Solomon who reigned 49:16-18 The name Dan means to judge
over the twelve tribes, and all the kings who or provide justice. However, this tribe failed
ruled over the kingdom of Judah. In regard miserably in this. At times it was more
to His human nature Jesus Christ came like a snake than a just judge. See Judges
from Judah (Luke 1:27; Heb 7:14). 18:1-31.
Shiloh this comes from a Hebrew word 49:19 The tribe of Gad settled east of the
GENESIS 49:20 70
20 Asher, rich food will come from him, and at night he will divide the spoil.
and he will yield royal dainties. 28 All these are the twelve tribes of Israel, and
21 Naphtali is a deer set free. this is what their father spoke to them, while
He gives beautiful words. blessing them. He blessed each one according to
22 Joseph is a fruitful bough, his appropriate blessing. 29 And he gave them a
a fruitful bough by a well, command, saying to them, I am going to be
whose branches run over the wall. gathered to my people. Bury me with my fathers in
23 The archers bitterly attacked him, the cave that is in the field of Ephron the Hittite,
and shot at him, and hated him. 30 in the cave in the field of Machpelah, which
24 But his bow remained firm, faces Mamre, in the land of Canaan, which Abraham
and the arms of his hands were made bought with the field from Ephron the Hittite
strong by the hands of the mighty as a possession for a burial site. 31 There they
God of Jacob buried Abraham and his wife Sarah. There they
(from there is the Shepherd, the stone buried Isaac and his wife Rebekah. And there
of Israel), I buried Leah. 32 The purchase of the field and
25 by the God of your father, who will of the cave that is in it was from the children of
help you, Heth.
and by the Almighty,
33 And when Jacob had finished commanding
who will bless you with blessings of
his sons, he drew his feet up onto the bed, and
heaven above,
expired, and was gathered to his people.
blessings of the deep that lies below,
blessings of the breasts, and of the
womb.
26 The blessings of your father have
50 And Joseph fell on his fathers face, and
wept on him, and kissed him. 2 And
Joseph commanded the physicians who were his
surpassed the blessings of my
servants to embalm his father. And the physicians
ancestors to the utmost bounds of
embalmed Israel. 3 And it took a full forty days for
the everlasting hills.
him, for it fully takes this many days for those who
They will be on the head of Joseph,
are being embalmed. And the Egyptians mourned
and on the crown of the head of him who
for him seventy days.
was separate from his brothers.
4 And when the days of his mourning were past,
27 Benjamin will be as ravenous as a wolf. Joseph spoke to the household of Pharaoh,
In the morning he will devour the prey, saying, If now I have found favour in your eyes,
Jordan river, away from the main land of God of Jacob (v 24) see note on
Israel, and was exposed to the raids of en- Ps 146:5.
emy peoples on its borders (Num 32:1-5). Gad From there from the hands of the
can also mean attack or band of raiders. God of Jacob or from the place of the God
49:20 This tribe settled along the sea coast of Jacob.
in Israel in a fertile part of the land. Shepherd John 10:11.
49:21 The last phrase of this verse is ob- Stone or Rock. See note at Deut 32:4.
scure. It may also be translated it bears 49:25 Almighty in Hebrew Shaddai
beautiful fawns. This tribe settled around 17:1.
the sea of Galilee and in the hill country 49:27 Benjamin was later a fierce and active
north of it. This verse suggests a life free tribe, as can be seen from Judges chapters
and fair. The words set free suggest a time 19-21; Ps 68:27. Ehud (Judges 3:12-30),
of bondage from which they recover. See and Saul, Israels first king who was some-
Jud 4:1-7; 5:18. thing like a wolf, came from Benjamin. This
49:22-26 Jacobs favorite son comes in for is true also of Saul of Tarsus another wolf
the longest and greatest blessing. But Jo- before he became a sheep (Acts 9:1,2;
seph was the most worthy of all the sons of Phil 3:5).
Jacob, and God was directing Jacobs 49:28 These blessings fitted the sons of
thoughts and words. The tribes that came Jacob in their character and history, and in
from Josephs two sons, Ephraim and Gods knowledge of the future.
Manasseh, later received some of the choic- 49:29-32 23:3-20. Sons of Heth Heth
est parts of the land of Canaan as their was the progenitor of the Hittite nation.
portion. Ephraim was the leading tribe of 49:33 Gathered to his people note at 25:8.
Israel for at least three centuries and later 50:1 Wept 45:14.
was at the center of the northern kingdom 50:2 Jacob died (49:33), Israel was em-
of Israel. The prosperity of this tribe is re- balmed. After death he was no more Jacob
ferred to in Hos 12:8. Verse 23 refers to all but Israel forever.
Josephs sufferings at the hands of his 50:3 The ancient Egyptians were very skilled
brothers, and in Egypt. in preparing bodies for burial. Some of these
71 GENESIS 50:20
please speak in the ears of Pharaoh and say, commanded them. 13 For his sons carried him into
5 My father made me swear, saying, Look, I am the land of Canaan, and buried him in the cave of
dying. You must bury me in my grave which I dug the field of Machpelah, facing Mamre, which
for myself in the land of Canaan. Therefore, now Abraham bought with the field as a possession for
please let me go up and bury my father, and I will a burial site from Ephron the Hittite. 14 And after
come again. burying his father, Joseph returned to Egypt, he
6 And Pharaoh said, Go up and bury your and his brothers, and all who had gone up with him
father, just as he made you swear. to bury his father.
7 And Joseph went up to bury his father, and all 15 And when Josephs brothers saw that
the servants of Pharaoh, the elders of his house- their father was dead, they said, Maybe
hold, and all the elders of the land of Egypt, 8 and Joseph will hate us and pay us back for all the
all the household of Joseph, and his brothers, and evil which we did to him. 16 And they sent a
his fathers household, went up with him. They left messenger to Joseph, saying, Your father
behind in the land of Goshen only their little ones, gave a command before he died, saying,
and their flocks, and their herds. 9 And both chari- 17 Tell Joseph this: now please forgive the
ots and horsemen went up with him, and it was a transgression of your brothers, and their sin,
very great company. for they did evil to you. So now please
10 And they came to the threshing floor of forgive the transgression of the servants of
Atad, which is beyond the Jordan, and there they the God of your father. And Joseph wept
mourned with a very great and bitter lamentation. when they spoke to him.
And he observed seven days mourning for his 18 And his brothers also went and prostrated
father. 11 And when the inhabitants of the land, themselves in his presence. And they said, See,
the Canaanites, saw the mourning in the floor of we are your servants.
Atad, they said, This is a bitter mourning to the 19 And Joseph said to them, Dont be afraid,
Egyptians. So its name was called Abel-Mizraim. It for am I in the place of God? 20 But as for you, you
is beyond the Jordan. meant it for evil against me, but God meant it for
12 And his sons did for him just as he had good, so as to bring about this result, keeping
bodies are still in a state of preservation defeat of Balak (Numbers chapters 22-24).
after 3,500 years. Saul tried to murder David and chased
50:5 47:29-31. him in the wilderness, but God was testing
50:11 Abel-Mizraim this name means and preparing David for the throne of
mourning of the Egyptians. Israel and raised him to that position in
50:13 23:16-20. the proper time. Satan tried to ruin Job,
50:15-17 37:28;42:21,22.In spite of all the but the result was more blessing and pros-
kindness Joseph had shown them their perity, both spiritual and material for Job
conscience was still uneasy and made them (Job 1:9-11; 2:7; 42:10).
afraid. There is no record of Jacob giving Evil men tried to destroy Daniel, but
the instructions they said he gave, but he through that attempt God brought more
may have done so glory to Himself and a higher position for
50:17 Wept 45:14. Joseph was grieved Daniel (Dan 6:1-28).
at their lack of trust in him. And does not How often Paul was mistreated by evil
our unbelief make the Lord Jesus sad? men, beaten, stoned, imprisoned. Yet he
50:18 Prostrated themselves in his said, and fully believed, that it was all for
presence 37:8-10. good (Rom 8:28; 2 Cor 4:17,18; 12:10;
50:19 Joseph is saying that God alone is Phil 1:12-14).
the judge of men, and the one who should The supreme example of this principle
take vengeance if necessary (Rom was the crucifixion of Jesus Christ the Son
12:17,19). See note at Num 31:2. of God. Satan and wicked men meant it for
50:20 In this one verse Joseph shows his evil. God meant it for good (Acts 2:23;
great trust in God, his clear grasp of 4:27,28), and through the acts of men at
spiritual truth, and his total acceptance of their worst He brought the greatest good to
the will of God (compare 45:5-7; Deut 23:5; mankind, the eternal salvation of His
Ps 76:10; Rom 8:28). In the whole of hu- people.
man history God has been the great king What a God! For His people He turns
over the world (see Ps 47:2 and note there). curses into blessings, evil into good, loss
He has been working out His good purposes into gain, weakness into strength! God is
and bringing the greatest good to those who the sovereign ruler of the universe. He is
trusted and loved Him, even when men and not a victim of circumstances and events.
devils (and sometimes they themselves) He controls circumstances and events, in-
meant the greatest evil. There are many cluding the sinful acts of men, for His peoples
examples of this in the Bible. good, and to fulfill His purposes. Let us
Balak tried to destroy Israel and called learn, as Joseph did, to apply this great truth
Balaam to curse the nation, but God turned to our own lives. It can give us joy in troubles
the event into blessing for Israel and the and peace in sorrows of every kind.
GENESIS 50:21 72
many people alive, as it is today. 21 Now, there- 24 And Joseph said to his brothers, I am dying,
fore, do not be afraid. I will provide for you and but God will surely come to you, and bring you out
your little ones. And he comforted them and spoke of this land to the land which he swore to Abraham,
kindly to them. to Isaac, and to Jacob. 25 And Joseph took an
22 And Joseph lived in Egypt, he and his oath from the children of Israel, saying, God will
fathers household. And Joseph lived a hundred surely come to you, and you shall carry up my
and ten years. 23 And Joseph saw Ephraims bones from here.
children of the third generation. Also the 26 So Joseph died, aged a hundred and ten
children of Machir, the son of Manasseh, were years. And they embalmed him, and he was put in
brought up on Josephs knees. a coffin in Egypt.
50:21 Kindly to them some of the events the one word In Hebrew used to express
in the life of Joseph are strikingly similar to everything from the air, the sky just above
some events in the life of Christ. They were the earth, to the heavens of stars (and pos-
both especially loved by their fathers (37:3; sibly galaxies - though galaxies are nowhere
Matt 3:17; John 3:35; 5:20). Both were mentioned in the Bible). It is also the word
hated by their own people (37:4; John used for Heaven, Gods dwelling place. In
15:24,25). The words of both were rejected verse 26 this same Hebrew word is trans-
by their people (37:8; John 8:37,43,45). lated air (and in about 20 other places In
There was a conspiracy to kill each of them the Old Testament). In Hebrew the word is
(37:18; Matt 26:3,4). Each was sold into always in the plural. The singular Is never
the hands of enemies (37:28; Matt 26:14- used, even when the meaning is obviously
16). Each was falsely accused and punished singular, and so from the word itself we can-
(39:11-20; Matt 26:59-68; Luke 23:4, not always be sure whether singular or plu-
23,24). Each became a blessing to the Gen- ral is meant. This is why some versions have
tiles (41:48,49, 54-57; Luke 24:45-47; heaven in verse 1, and others have heav-
Rom 1:16). Each rose to the highest place ens.
possible to him (41:38-44; Acts 2:36; Eph Also the word translated earth is the
1:20-22; Phil 2:9-11). Each was a means same word for land and is used very often
of saving his people (45:5-7; 47:11,12; for the land of Israel.
Rom 1:16; 11:25-27). As Joseph made And the Hebrew word usually translated
himself known at last to his brothers so will made in verses 7 and 16 also has more
Jesus make himself known to the nation than one meaning -made ready, pre-
Israel (45:1-4; Zech 12:10; Rev 1:7). And pared, brought forth, worked on, did,
as Joseph spoke kindly and showed as well as made or created from existing
kindness to his brothers as long as he lived, material. The word translated set (ap-
so will the Lord Jesus (Eph 2:7). pointed in some versions) in verse 17 is a
50:24,25 13:15; 26:3; 35:12. form of the Hebrew word for gave which
50:26 A hundred and ten see Heb 11:22. has quite a variety of meanings.
Throughout Genesis we see the life span of The word beginning in verse 1 also gives
men getting less and less (5:27; 9:29; scope for questions. Does it refer to the
11:10-32; 25:7; 37:28; 47:28. Later it beginning of the whole universe? or only to
was reduced further (Ps 90:10). the beginning of our galaxy, the Milky Way,
Coffin in Egypt in the opening chap- with its stars that appear in our sky at night?
ter of Genesis man is full of life, a living or, for that matter, only to the earth and
being made in Gods image (1:27; 2:7). that part of the sky closest to earth? It is
Genesis closes with death coming to one of generally assumed that it refers to the be-
the best of men. The reason for death is ginning of the whole universe, and it may
given in 2:17; 3:6; Rom 5:12. do so. But can this be proved beyond doubt
from the Hebrew words used? Of course, God
Additional Notes on Genesis chapter 1 did create the whole universe (Eph 3:9; Col
Genesis chapter one is a marvelous rev- 1:16; Rev 4:11), but can we be absolutely
elation from God, fully inspired and com- certain that this is what He is saying here?
pletely accurate, giving us certain facts Is It not possible that God is giving a rev-
about the origin of our world, of mankind elation of what is of most concern to man
and of all we see about us. We should all on earth, that is, mans immediate envi-
be very glad indeed to have this record of ronment, the earth and sky just above the
Gods creative activity. earth, and that outer space was already in
However, having the record and fully un- existence long before the event spoken of
derstanding it are two different matters. Ac- in Genesis 1:1? (One recognized expert on
tually, there are some major difficulties in the Hebrew language whom I contacted be-
our path when we try to understand all that lieves this is the way we should look at it.)
God has revealed. Perhaps the principal dif- Perhaps the galaxies in far distant space
ficulty is this: Some Hebrew words used there were created long before the Milky Way. Can
have more than one possible meaning and it be proved that they were not? According
can be translated in various ways. to evidence put forth by astronomers the
For example, the word translated formation of new galaxies in space still goes
heaven or heavens (NKJV) in verse 1 is on.
73 GENESIS 1 notes
It certainly seems possible to me that that verse 1, the creation of the heaven and
the phrase In the beginning means the the earth, is to be included in the work of
beginning of our corner of the universe, that the first day. Verse one was the original cre-
part which relates most directly to mankind. ation. Verse 3 begins the revelation of what
The earth is very special to God. This is where God did to prepare the earth for life and
He created man made in His image, and human habitation. We are not told when God
this is where He planned for His Son to come sent light to the dark and empty earth. Only
and live among men and die for them. So the bare fact is stated. Some scholars be-
the beginning may well mean the begin- lieve that this time period could have been
ning of this spot that is special in the eyes millions or even billions of years. If the be-
of God. ginning in 1:1 was the beginning of the
We may also have difficulties in under- whole universe. Including earth, then the
standing all that is in Genesis chapter 1 earth is very old, and it could have remained
because of assumptions that have been dark and empty for an immense period of
generally made about what is taught here. time before God sent light and began to
But assumptions are just that, and may not change things.
be the truth God has revealed. Someone may ask, Why would God wait
There are also disputes among those who such a long period of time before going to
accept the Bible as the infallible Word of work on the earth to make it fit for mans
God (which it is) about the time periods in- habitation? But we might just as well ask,
volved in this chapter, and the manner in why not? Why have a universe billions of
which God brought about all that is seen years old (if that is what it is)? God does
there. not regard time as we do (see Psalm 90:4,
This chapter, as the rest of the Bible, is where a thousand years to God is like a
Gods Word, and we should all be very care- watch in the night - 4 hours). And He does
ful about making pronouncements concern- not think as we do (Isaiah 55:8,9), and His
ing the events revealed in It, and AVOID judgments are unsearchable and His ways
DOGMATISM ABOUT DOUBTFUL THINGS (this are past finding out (Romans 11:33). Of
should apply also about other revelations course, the appearance of man (homo sa-
in the Bible which seem to us to have two or piens) on earth was of recent origin, mea-
more possible interpretations). And we sured in thousands of years, not millions or
should not fail to love our brothers in the billions.
faith who disagree with our views on certain We should look more carefully at 1:14-
details of Gods revelation. 18. The Hebrew word translated made in
As for the word translated heaven, since verse 16 is asah. This is not the same
the Hebrew word has various meanings, we word used in verse 1, translated created
should be careful not to immediately rule (bara). Here asah may not mean cre-
out any of them as we look at the opening ated, but to work on or to produce, to
verse of the Bible. Is God really speaking make ready, to prepare (see Ps 74:16).
here of the whole universe? Or only of that The word asah is used over 2600 times in
part of it which Is close to the earth? Should the Hebrew Old Testament (bara is used
the word be translated sky or skies? Are only 49 times), and has a wide band of
we to take the information given in verses meanings. In a few cases it is used with
7 and 8 as the definition of the heaven in more or less the same meaning as bara
verse 1? The same Hebrew word is used in (create), though it usually (perhaps always)
both verses. The language of verses 7 and seems to mean to make out of already
8, speaking of waters above the expanse existing material. In verse 26 God said Let
(or firmament) and below the expanse, us make (asah) man in our image, and in
seems to indicate that the heaven spoken the next verse we have the words, So God
of in this chapter is related to the skies just created (bara) man in His own image. God
above the earth, not to the far reaches of made or created man out of previously
space. existing material - the dust of the earth. In
Many scientists, at present, with the evi- Gen 2:4 we have both verbs used again -
dence they think they have gleaned, say This is the history of the heaven and the
that the universe is many billions of years earth when they were created (bara), in
old. This has not been proved to everyones the day that the LORD God made (asah)
satisfaction, but assuming, for the moment, the earth and the heaven. So we cannot be
that it is true, it is not necessary to think absolutely sure that Gen 1:14-16 indicates
that the earth is anywhere near that old. Its that God actually created the sun and moon
beginning might conceivably have been at that time, using pre-existing material, or
long after the creation of what we call outer whether He merely worked on them and
space with its myriads of galaxies. If so, caused them at that time to shine on earth,
light from those far distant galaxies could perhaps by more fully removing a cloud and
have been streaming through this corner of water canopy surrounding the earth.
space where the earth now is, before the Another possibility that perhaps should
earth was created. I am only suggesting not be ruled out is this: Let us suppose that
possibilities, not making assertions. Genesis 1:1 is speaking only of the earth
There seems to be a good possibility that and its local heaven (that which surrounded
there was a gap between verses two and the earth close in), and that the earth was
three of Genesis chapter 1, and perhaps a actually created before the sun, the moon
very long gap. It is not necessary to think and the stars which appear to us on earth.
GENESIS 1 notes 74
Could not earth have been a special cre- that. To me there seems to be scientific
ation held in the hand of God on which He evidence against this view that makes it very
lovingly began His special work, giving it light doubtful indeed. If in the future this scien-
from some source other than the sun (v 3), tific evidence proves to be invalid, then this
and afterwards actually creating the sun, interpretation could seem much more likely
moon and stars we read about in verses than it does at present. But it is not neces-
14-16. But, someone will object, the earth sary to accept this interpretation as the best
needed to turn on its axis and needed to explanation of the language of Genesis
revolve around a heavenly body as it now chapter 1, as I have tried to show in these
does the sun. This is true if the only forces notes. And since the language of the Bible
that exist are the physical forces of nature. itself does not demand such an interpreta-
But God the Creator is not limited to physi- tion, what is the value of trying to establish
cal forces, and in creation may do as He it?
pleases. To the author of these notes, in his
And there is another force operating in present state of knowledge, these seem to
the universe, one which scientists cannot ex- be the possibilities. When I say possibili-
amine. See Hebrews 1:3 and Colossians ties I mean things that seem possible from
1:17, where we are told that all things are the use of Hebrew words and phrases, and
upheld by the powerful word of the Lord not necessarily scientifically possible, or pos-
Jesus Christ, and that by Him all things hold sible from Gods point of view. Actually, from
together. Gods point of view there is only one possi-
If, in fact, the sun and moon and visible bility - that which He actually did back there
stars came into existence after the earth in the beginning and during the time fol-
was already here, then asah could mean lowing that.
that they were created out of already exist- In any case, trying to determine the age
ing material (such as clouds of gas). If this of the universe or of the present earth (or
is the way things came about, then the age the earth as it was originally) is not my chief
of our solar system, and indeed our whole concern. Of what spiritual benefit would the
galaxy (but not the whole universe, and not knowledge of that be to anyone? We should
necessarily the earth), would be measured be much more concerned with the God who
in thousands of years, not billions. Light created and made them and us, and with
from the center of this galaxy, traveling at His later revelation of Himself, and with what
the rate of 186,000 miles per second, could He has done for us and what He wants us to
reach the earth in about 28,000 years. But be and do.
perhaps the words the stars means only In the above notes I have set forth these
the stars that appear in our night sky. In theories, suggestions and possibilities which
this case, the sun, moon, and these close give some idea of the diversity of opinions
stars could be younger than that. held by believers about Gods activities in
If, on the other hand, it can be proved regard to the heavens and the earth. What
that this galaxy is many millions or billions do I myself believe? I believe, as I said
of years old (and some scientists think they above, that we should be very cautious in
have proved this), that should not trouble our interpretation of the details of Gods
us. It should not affect the conviction that revelation here, and not express our opin-
the present earth, prepared for mankinds ions as if they were the absolute truth of
habitation, is much, much younger than that, God.
however old the original earth and this gal- Further, I believe that what we call outer
axy might be. space with its myriads of galaxies, etc is
We should look at the sentence He made probably some billions of years old; that
the stars also. Perhaps this means that He the condition of the earth from Genesis 1:3
made them appear from the earths point onward is quite young in comparison, its age
of view - that is, made conditions ready so to be measured in thousands, not billions,
that their light would reach earth. However, of years; that it is possible that the earth
it would not be contrary to the Hebrew here before God prepared it for mans habitation
to translate this He had made the stars also is older than that, and perhaps much older
- referring to a work done long before. No- than that. If the beginning stated in 1:1
tice that the words He made or He had was the beginning only of our Milky Way
made are in Italics, indicating that they are galaxy then that might have taken place
not in the original Hebrew. Or the expres- long after the creation of outer space with
sion might be a simple statement which its galaxies. In this case, our galaxy and
means this: He who did all these other things our earth need not be very ancient com-
is the One who also made the stars. Or it pared to the rest of the universe. We would
could even mean that at that time He actu- have not merely a young earth, but a com-
ally took preexisting material and made the paratively young galaxy as well. If, on the
stars which now appear to us on earth. other hand, 1:1 refers to the beginning of
One last theory should be put in the list the whole universe and the earth along with
of possibilities - some Christian scholars in- it then the original earth could be very an-
sist that the entire universe, all the heav- cient indeed. If this is the way we should
ens with their myriads of galaxies, together understand that verse, then we might well
with the original earth, was made only some consider that there was a huge gap in time
thousands of years ago, and that six literal between verses 2 and 3, God waiting a very
days of creation followed immediately after long time before He sent light onto the earth
75 GENESIS 1 notes
and went to work on it again. In this case, to be unduly dogmatic. God knows what He
the physical earth, desolate and void, was did and when He did it, and He knows also
very old, but the earth made ready for life that His revelation of what He did, when
and man is a great deal younger. And since properly understood, will be in complete
this prepared earth is comparatively young, harmony with any real truth science can ever
then the days mentioned in this chapter could discover. Let us indeed be dogmatic in
well be days of 24 hours. If Genesis 1:1 is teaching that God is the great Creator, and
speaking only of the earth and its local earth is a special creation made for a
heaven, the air, then the earth and the special purpose and that man too is a
sun, moon, and stars spoken of in verses special creation of God. But the various
14-16 could be young, and the days of this interpretations of some of the details of His
chapter would be days of 24 hours. creation, at present, surely should not be
Faced with all these possibilities, I would put forward with the same certainty as these
state again my conviction that it is not wise great truths.
EXODUS
Title:
The Jews called this book by the opening words “Now these are the names,” and later
shortened it to “names.” The name “Exodus” was given later (see the introduction to Gen-
esis). It means “departure” or “going out,” and refers to the departure of the people of Israel
from Egypt.
Author and date:
See Genesis author and date.
Theme:
The deliverance of Israel from slavery is the major theme of the first part of this book, and
how God’s people were to live and worship is the major theme of the second part. The whole
book is full of symbolic meanings and contains much instruction for believers now. See 2 Tim
3:16,17.
Contents:
Israel’s enslavement in Egypt .................................................................. 1:1-22
Birth of Moses and his first years ............................................................ 2:1-10
Moses flees to Midian and remains 40 years ........................................... 2:11-24
God calls Moses at the burning bush and sends
him to Egypt .................................................................................. 3:1 - 4:17
Moses objects .................................................................................... 3:11-13
God reveals His name ........................................................................ 3:14,15
Moses objects again and God gives him
power to do miracles ..................................................................... 4:1-9
Moses objects again and asks God to
send someone else ........................................................................ 4:10-12
Moses returns to Egypt .......................................................................... 4:18-31
Moses and Aaron go to Pharaoh ............................................................. 5:1-21
God’s promise of deliverance .................................................................. 5:22 - 6:12
Aaron’s staff becomes a snake ............................................................... 7:9-13
God sends plagues on Egypt ................................................................... 7:14 - 12:30
Water turns to blood .......................................................................... 7:14-24
Frogs ................................................................................................. 7:25 - 8:15
Lice ................................................................................................... 8:16-19
Flies .................................................................................................. 8:20-32
Death of livestock .............................................................................. 9:1-7
Boils .................................................................................................. 9:8-12
Hail ................................................................................................... 9:13-35
Locusts .............................................................................................. 10:1-20
Darkness ........................................................................................... 10:21-24
Death of firstborn sons ...................................................................... 11:1 - 12:30
The Passover ..................................................................................... 12:1-28
Israel leaves Egypt ................................................................................. 12:31-42
Passover instructions .............................................................................. 12:43-50
Instructions about the firstborn ............................................................... 13:1-16
Pillars of cloud and fire ........................................................................... 13:20-22
Israel crosses Red Sea, Pharaoh’s army drowns ...................................... 14:1-31
Song of deliverance ................................................................................ 15:1-21
77 EXODUS
The waters of Marah and Elim .................................................................... 15:22-27
God provides manna and quail ................................................................... 16:1-36
God gives water from the rock ............................................................... 17:1-7
War with Amalek ...................................................................................... 17:8-15
Father-in-law of Moses ............................................................................. 18:1-27
God and Israel at Mt Sinai ...................................................................... 19:1-25
The covenant of law ............................................................................... 19:5-8
The ten commandments ......................................................................... 20:1-17
Further laws and instructions .................................................................. 20:22 - 23:13
Three annual festivals ............................................................................ 23:14-17
God’s angel to lead Israel ....................................................................... 23:20-23
The covenant confirmed ......................................................................... 24:1-18
God gives instructions for the tabernacle ................................................ 25:1 - 31:18
The ark ............................................................................................. 25:10-22
The table ........................................................................................... 25:23-30
The lampstand ................................................................................... 25:31-40
The tent ............................................................................................ 26:1-37
The altar for burnt offerings ............................................................... 27:1-8
The courtyard .................................................................................... 27:9-19
The oil ............................................................................................... 27:20,21
The garments for the priests .............................................................. 28:1-43
The consecration of the priests .......................................................... 29:1-45
The altar for incense .......................................................................... 30:1-10
The atonement money ....................................................................... 30:11-16
The basin for washing ........................................................................ 30:17-21
The anointing oil ................................................................................ 30:22-33
The incense ....................................................................................... 30:34-38
The builders ....................................................................................... 31:1-11
The Sabbath ...................................................................................... 31:12-18
The golden calf ...................................................................................... 32:1-29
Moses pleads with God ........................................................................... 32:30-34
The tent of meeting ............................................................................... 33:7-11
Moses asks to see God’s glory ................................................................ 33:12-23
Moses sees God’s glory, God proclaims His name .................................... 34:1-7
God gives further instructions ................................................................. 34:10-28
Moses’ face shines ................................................................................. 34:29-35
Offerings for the building of the tabernacle ............................................. 35:4 - 36:7
The building of the tabernacle ................................................................ 36:8 - 40:33
God’s glory fills the tabernacle ................................................................ 40:34-38
EXODUS 1:1 78
delivery stools, if it is a son, then you must kill
1 Now these are the names of the children
of Israel who came into Egypt, each man
and his household coming with Jacob: 2 Reuben,
him; but if it is a daughter, then let her live.”
17 But the midwives feared God, and did not do
Simeon, Levi, Judah, 3 Issachar, Zebulun, Ben- as the king of Egypt commanded them, but
jamin, 4 Dan, Naphtali, Gad, and Asher. 5 All saved the boys alive. 18 And the king of Egypt
the persons who came from the loins of Jacob called for the midwives, and said to them, “Why
totaled seventy persons. But Joseph was already have you done this thing, saving the boys alive?”
in Egypt. 19 And the midwives said to Pharaoh,
6 And Joseph died, and all his brothers, and “Because the Hebrew women are not like the
all that generation. 7 And the children of Israel Egyptian women; for they are vigorous and give
were fruitful, and increased abundantly, and birth before the midwives go in to them.”
grew in number, and became exceedingly 20 Therefore God was good to the midwives,
powerful, and the land was filled with them. and the people increased in number and
8 Now there arose a new king over Egypt became very strong. 21 And it came about,
who had not known Joseph. 9 And he said to because the midwives feared God, that he
his people, “Look, the people of the children of enabled them to have families of their own.
Israel are more than we, and more powerful. 22 And Pharaoh commanded all his people,
10 Come on, let us deal shrewdly with them, or saying, “Every Hebrew son that is born you
they may increase in number , and it may must throw into the river, and every daughter
happen, if any war breaks out, that they too you must save alive.”
will join our enemies and fight against us, and
so get themselves out of the country.”
11 Therefore they put slave drivers over them
to oppress them with their hard labour. And for
2 And a man from the house of Levi went
and married a daughter of Levi. 2 And the
woman conceived and bore a son, and when
Pharaoh they built treasure cities, Pithom and she saw that he was a fine child, she hid him
Rameses. 12 But the more they oppressed for three months. 3 And when she could no
them, the more they increased in number and longer hide him, she got a basket made of reeds
grew. And they were in dread because of the for him, coated it with tar and pitch, put the
children of Israel. 13 And the Egyptians forced child in it and placed it among the water plants
the children of Israel to serve rigorously, 14 and at the river’s edge. 4 And his sister stood at a
made their lives bitter with hard bondage, in distance to find out what would happen to him.
mortar, in brick, and in all kinds of labour in the 5 And the daughter of Pharaoh came down
field. All their service which they forced them to bathe in the river, and her maids were walk-
to do was harsh. ing along by the river’s side. And when she saw
15 And the king of Egypt spoke to the He- the basket among the water plants, she sent
brew midwives (the name of the one was her maid to get it. 6 And when she had opened
Shiphrah, and the name of the other Puah), it, she saw the child, and just then the baby
16 and he said, “When you assist the Hebrew cried. And she had compassion on him, and said,
women to give birth, and see them on the “This is one of the Hebrews’ children.”
1:1-5 Gen 46:8-27. 34:11-14; 111:10; Prov 16:6; Acts 4:19;
1:6 Gen 50:26. 5:29.
1:7 Gen 12:2; 28:3; 35:11; 46:3; 47:27; 1:20,21 Prov 11:18; Eccl 8:12; Isa 3:10,11;
48:4; Ps 105:24. Matt 10:42; Heb 6:10.
“Children of Israel” – in Hebrew literally “sons 2:1 6:16,18,20.
of Israel”; but in Hebrew the word for son or 2:2 “A fine child” – Acts 7:20; Heb 11:23. Here
sons has a wide range of meaning, and here begins the story of one of the greatest persons
obviously means the descendants of Israel, or of ancient times. His name, Moses, appears
the people of Israel, both male and female. more than 800 times in the Bible. The Jews be-
1:11-14 Long before, God told Abraham that lieved that he wrote the first five books of the
this would happen – Gen 15:13. Sometimes the Bible and there is very good reason for this be-
people of God are much mistreated, hated, lief given in the Bible itself (see Deut 31:9,22;
afflicted, and persecuted in this world (Matt Mark 12:19,26; Luke 24:27; John 1:45; 5:45-
10:21-23,34-39; John 16:33; Acts 14:22; Rom 47; 2 Cor 3:15). These first five books were
8:17; Heb 11:35-38; 1 Pet 4:1,12-19; 1 John sometimes called the Book of the Law of Moses.
5:19). But see notes at Gen 50:20; Ps 66:10- The law given at Sinai came through Moses and
12; Rom 8:28; etc. he is the representative of God’s law through-
1:15 “Hebrew” – Gen 14:13. This was another out the Bible (Luke 2:22; 16:29; John 1:17;
name for a person of Israel. Acts 28:23).
1:17 “Feared God” – notes at Gen 20:11; Ps 2:4 “Sister” – her name was Miriam (15:20).
79 EXODUS 3:1
7 Then his sister said to Pharaoh’s daughter, Midian. And he sat down by a well. 16 Now the
“Shall I go and call a nurse for you from the priest of Midian had seven daughters, and they
Hebrew women, so that she may nurse the child came and were drawing water and filling the
for you?” troughs to water their father’s flock, 17 and
8 And Pharaoh’s daughter said to her, “Go.” the shepherds came and drove them away. But
And the girl went and called the child’s mother. Moses stood up and helped them, and watered
9 And Pharaoh’s daughter said to her, “Take their flock.
this child away, and nurse it for me, and I will 18 And when they came to their father Reuel,
give you your wages.” And the woman took he said, “How is it that you have come so soon
the child, and nursed it. 10 And the child grew, today?”
and she brought him to Pharaoh’s daughter, and 19 And they said, “An Egyptian rescued us
he became her son. And she called his name from the hand of the shepherds, and also drew
Moses, for she said, “Because I drew him out enough water for us, and watered the flock.”
of the water.” 20 And he said to his daughters, “And where
11 And it came about in those days, when is he then? Why have you left the man? Call
Moses had grown up, that he went out to his him, so that he can eat bread.”
brothers and saw their hard labours. And he 21 And Moses was content to stay with the
saw an Egyptian hitting a Hebrew, one of his man. And he gave Moses his daughter Zipporah
brothers. 12 And he looked this way and that, in marriage. 22 And she bore him a son, and
and when he saw that there was no one around, he called his name Gershom, for he said, “I
he killed the Egyptian and hid him in the sand. have been a foreigner in a foreign land.”
13 And when he went out the second day, just 23 And in the process of time it came about
then two Hebrew men were fighting with each that the king of Egypt died. And the children of
other. And he said to the one who was in the Israel were groaning because of their bondage,
wrong, “Why are you hitting your fellow and crying out, and their cry, resulting from their
Hebrew ?” bondage, rose up to God. 24 And God heard
14 And he said, “Who made you a prince their groaning, and God remembered his
and a judge over us? Do you intend to kill me, covenant with Abraham, with Isaac, and with
like you killed the Egyptian?” And Moses was Jacob. 25 And God looked on the children of
afraid, and said, “This thing must have become Israel, and God had concern for them.
known.”
15 Now when Pharaoh heard about this
matter, he tried to kill Moses. But Moses fled
from the face of Pharaoh to stay in the land of
3 Now Moses was pasturing the flock of his
father-in-law Jethro, the priest of Midian,
and he led the flock to the far side of the desert,
2:10 Moses sounds like the Hebrew word for “Had concern for them” – God always hears
“draw out” and probably means that. the groans of His people and has compassion
2:11 Acts 7:23-25; Heb 11:24-26. This was (Ex 6:5; 34:6,7; Jud 2:18; Ps 6:6-9; 38:9;
the time of Moses’s choice for God and God’s 102:19,20; Isa 38:5; Rom 8:23,26).
people rather than for the pleasures and 3:1 Egypt was one of the most advanced civili-
treasures of the world. In this he was a great zations of ancient times, and Moses was a man
example to us all – Matt 6:19-21; Luke 14:33; educated in all the learning of the Egyptians,
1 John 2:15-17. powerful in words and deeds (Acts 7:22). He
“Brothers” – in Hebrew the word has a wide was in the prime of life, strong and manly, with
range of meaning. Here it means relatives, or a love for his people and a zeal for God. We
people. might think he was fully equipped to lead Israel
2:12-14 Acts 7:24-28. out of Egypt immediately. Evidently God thought
2:15 “Fled” – he fled in faith, not in fear (Heb otherwise. Moses spent 40 years in the desert
11:27). The land of Midian was in the Sinai (7:7 with Acts 7:23,30), and became a
Peninsula. shepherd of his father-in-law’s sheep. It seems
2:17 Gen 29:3,10. that what he needed to know to become the
2:18 The priest of Midian had two names – Reuel deliverer, lawgiver, and leader of Israel could
and Jethro (or perhaps Jethro was a title). Reuel be learned only in loneliness, lowliness, and
means “friend of God”; Jethro means “excel- difficulties. While he was faithfully performing
lent.” The Midianites were descended from the lowly task of shepherding sheep God
Abraham (Gen 25:2). It is possible that Jethro appeared to him to call him to a higher ministry.
was a worshiper of the one true God, the God of Here are some other examples of this same
Abraham. truth: Gideon (Jud 6:11); David (1 Sam 16:11-
2:22 Gershom sounds like the Hebrew for “a 13); Elisha (1 Kings 19:19); Amos (Amos
stranger there”, and probably means that. 7:14,15); Peter (Matt 4:18,19). At last God’s
2:23-25 “Covenant” – Gen 12:1-3; 22:16-18; time came to deliver His people from bondage
26:2-5; 28:13-15; 33:18,19; Ps 105:8,42. and He leads Moses to mount Horeb (another
EXODUS 3:2 80
and came to the mountain of God, to Horeb. and the Perizzites and the Hivites and the
2 And the angel of the LORD appeared to him Jebusites. 9 And now, look, the cry of the chil-
in a flame of fire from the middle of a bush. dren of Israel has reached me, and I have also
And he looked and saw that the bush was burn- seen the oppression with which the Egyptians
ing with fire, but the bush was not consumed. are crushing them. 10 So now, come and I will
3 And Moses said, “I will now turn aside and send you to Pharaoh, so that you can bring my
see this great sight. Why isn’t the bush being people the children of Israel out of Egypt.”
burnt up?” 11 And Moses said to God, “Who am I, that
4 And when the LORD saw that he turned I should go to Pharaoh, and that I should bring
aside to look, God called to him from the middle the children of Israel out of Egypt?”
of the bush, and said, “Moses, Moses.” And he 12 And he said, “Certainly I will be with you,
said, “Here I am.” and this will be a sign to you that I have sent
5 And he said, “Do not come near here. you: When you have brought the people out of
Take your shoes off your feet, for the place Egypt, you will serve God on this mountain.”
where you are standing is holy ground.” 6 He 13 And Moses said to God, “Look, when I
also said, “I am the God of your father, the God go to the children of Israel and say to them,
of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of ‘The God of your fathers has sent me to you’,
Jacob.” And Moses hid his face, because he and they say to me, ‘What is his name’? what
was afraid to look at God. shall I say to them?”
7 And the Lord said, “I have indeed seen the 14 And God said to Moses, “I AM WHO I
misery of my people who are in Egypt, and AM.” And he said, “You shall say this to the
have heard their cry because of their slave children of Israel: ‘I AM has sent me to you.’”
drivers. For I know their sorrows, 8 and have 15 And God also said to Moses, “You shall
come down to deliver them from the hand of say this to the children of Israel: ‘The LORD
the Egyptians, and to bring them up from that God of your fathers, the God of Abraham, the
land to a good and spacious land, to a land God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob, has sent
flowing with milk and honey, to the place of the me to you.’ This is my name forever, and this is
Canaanites and the Hittites and the Amorites the name for remembrance to all generations.
name for Sinai). It is called “the mountain of LORD in v 15 (all capital letters) indicates the
God” because God would later reveal Himself name “Jehovah” or (as some prefer to write it
there to His people in a wonderful way and give because it is closer to the Hebrew) “Yahveh”,
them His law. Exodus chapters 19-40; the whole or “Yahweh”. This name comes from the
of Leviticus, and chapters 1-10 of Numbers were Hebrew word “to be”, and means “I am” or “I
given there. will be.” And “I am who I am” could also be
“Jethro” – note at 2:18. translated “I will be what I will be.” Jehovah is
3:2 “Angel” – note at Gen 16:7. the eternally self-existing one. In the Hebrew
“Bush” – Mark 12:26; Acts 7:30. Old Testament the name Jehovah is used more
“Fire” – in the Bible fire is sometimes a sym- that 6,000 times. It is God’s “memorial” name
bol of God’s presence – 13:21; 19:18; Gen to be remembered by the Jews throughout all
15:17; Lev 9:24; Num 11:1-3; 16:35; Deut generations (Ps 135:13). The nature of Jeho-
4:11,12; 5:4; 9:3; 1 Kings 18:24,38; vah is revealed in Ex 34:6,7.
1 Chron 21:26; 2 Chron 7:1; Ps 18:8; Isa 4:5; Some learned Jews translated the Hebrew
33:14; Ezek 1:4; Mal 3:2,3; Heb 12:29. Fire Old Testament into Greek some two or three
speaks especially of God’s complete holiness. centuries before Christ. They translated Jeho-
But God never instructed men to worship fire, vah by the Greek word Kurios, which means
which is a symbol of God, but to worship only Lord. “Lord” is used more than 700 times in the
God who created fire and everything else. New Testament. In many places it is a transla-
3:4 Gen 22:11; 1 Sam 3:4. tion of the name Jehovah (Matt 3:3 and Isa 40:3;
3:5 Josh 5:15. Matt 4:7,10 and Deut 6:13,16; Acts 2:20,21
3:6 Acts 7:32; Jud 13:22; Rev 1:17. and Joel 2:31,32; Rom 4:8 and Ps 32:2; etc).
3:7 2:25; Neh 9:9; Ps 106:44; Isa 63:9; Acts Lord (Kurios) is the title given to Jesus Christ
7:34. hundreds of times in the New Testament, and
3:8 Gen 15:13,14; 50:24; Ex 6:6-8; 12:51. Christ used the words “I am” about Himself (John
3:11 Forty years previously Moses was sure God 8:24,28,58). The Jesus who appears in the New
would use him to deliver Israel and tried to do Testament is the incarnation of Jehovah of the
so in his own way – Acts 7:25. Now he has Old Testament.
learned humility (Ex 4:10,13; 6:12). There are several compound names of
3:12 Gen 28:15; 31:3; Ex 4:12; 33:14-16; Jehovah in the Old Testament.
Josh 1:15; Isa 43:2; 57:15.
3:14,15 Here is one of God’s important names: Jehovah Jireh – “Jehovah will provide” (Gen
“I AM.” Compare the phrase found in Rev 1:8 – 22:13,14)
“who is, and was, and is to come.” The word Jehovah Rapha – “Jehovah who heals”
81 EXODUS 4:7
16 Go, and gather the elders of Israel together, clothing. And you shall put them on your sons and
and say to them, ‘The LORD God of your fathers, on your daughters, and so you will plunder the
the God of Abraham, of Isaac, and of Jacob, Egyptians.”
appeared to me, saying, I have certainly visited
you and seen what is being done to you in Egypt,
17 and I have said, I will bring you up out of the
misery of Egypt to the land of the Canaanites and
4 And Moses answered and said, “But, look,
they will not believe me, or obey my voice. For
they will say, ‘The LORD has not appeared to you.’”
the Hittites and the Amorites and the Perizzites 2 And the LORD said to him, “What is that in
and the Hivites and the Jebusites, to a land flowing your hand?” And he said, ”A rod.”
with milk and honey.’ 3 And he said, “Throw it on the ground.” And he
18 “And they will obey your voice, and you shall threw it on the ground, and it became a snake, and
come to the king of Egypt, you and the elders of Moses ran away from it. 4 And the LORD said to
Israel, and you shall say to him, ‘The LORD God of Moses, “Put out your hand, and take it by the tail.”
the Hebrews has met with us. Now please let us go And he put out his hand and caught it, and it be-
a three days’ journey into the desert to offer came a rod in his hand. 5 The LORD said “This is so
sacrifices to the LORD our God.’ 19 And I am sure that they may believe that the LORD God of their
that the king of Egypt will not let you go, except by fathers, the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac,
a mighty hand. 20 And I will stretch out my hand and the God of Jacob, has appeared to you.”
and strike Egypt with all my wonders which I will do 6 And again the LORD spoke to him, “Now put
in its midst. And after that he will let you go. your hand inside your cloak.” So he put his hand
21 “And I will give this people favour in the sight inside his cloak, and when he took it out he saw
of the Egyptians, and it will come about that, when that his hand was leprous like snow.
you go, you will not go empty-handed. 22 But 7 And he said, “Put your hand inside your cloak
every woman shall borrow from her neighbour, and again.” And he put his hand inside his cloak again,
from her who is staying a while in her house, and he drew it out from inside his cloak, and saw
ornaments of silver and ornaments of gold, and that it had been restored like his other flesh.
(Ex 15:26) Jehovah, the God of Israel, was the true
Jehovah Nissi – “Jehovah my banner” (Ex and only God (8:18,19). The miracles He
17:8-15) did there were a judgment on the gods of
Jehovah Shalom – “Jehovah is peace” Egypt (Ex 12:12). In the New Testament,
(Jud 6:24) at the beginning of this era, God performed
Jehovah Tsidkenu – “Jehovah our righ- many wonderful miracles to show that
teousness” (Jer 23:6) Christ’s Gospel was true and that He was
Jehovah Shammah – “Jehovah is the Saviour of the world (Heb 2:4). Notes
present” (Ezek 48:35) on miracles at Matt 8:1; Luke 16:31; John
For notes on these names see the refer- 2:11.
ences given. In the New Testament Jesus is 3:21,22 This would be in payment for
revealed completely fulfilling the meanings the slavery and afflictions they had under-
of all these names: Jireh (John 10:11, gone at the hands of the Egyptians. It was
17,18); Rapha (Matt 9:35); Nissi (Rom divine justice at work as in Ezek 39:10; Hab
8:37; 1 Cor 15:57); Shalom (Eph 2:14; 2:8.
Col 1:20); Tsidkenu (1 Cor 1:30; 2 Cor 4:1 God had said that they would listen
5:21); Shammah (Matt 1:23; 28:20). (3:18), so Moses had no business making
Jesus showed Himself to be the great “I am” this excuse.
– the same yesterday, today, and forever 4:3-9 This is the first time in recorded Old
(Heb 13:8). Comparison of other verses also Testament history that any man had been
reveals the identification of Jesus with Je- given the power to do miracles.
hovah (for example, Ps 23:1 with John 4:3,4 The serpent was the well-known em-
10:11; etc). For other references see note blem of the kings of Egypt (Pharaohs) who
at Luke 2:11. wore them on their crown. The Pharaohs
3:16 Gen 28:13; 48:13. themselves were regarded as divine. Now
3:17 Gen 50:24. Moses is given power over Pharaoh.
3:19 5:2. 4:5 This was the purpose of these signs. It
3:20 “Hand” – 7:4,5; 9:15; 13:3,9,14. was exceedingly important that the people
“Wonders” – 7:3; 10:2; 15:11; Deut of Israel believe Moses, the deliverer God
6:22; Neh 9:10; Ps 105:27; 135:9; Jer was sending them. If they did not believe
32:20; Acts 7:36. Through miracles God there would be no deliverance for them.
showed His reality and power. Men’s hearts Compare Josh 3:7; John 4:48; 5:36;
are hard and unbelieving, and in this world 6:29; 8:24; 10:27,38.
there are so-called gods and lords innumer- 4:6 The power to inflict and remove plagues
able. In Egypt God displayed such signs and was also given to Moses.
miracles that it was plain to all that He, “Leprous” – see note at Lev 13:1.
EXODUS 4:8 82
8 And the LORD said “It will come about that if Levite your brother? I know that he can speak
they do not believe you, or pay attention to the well. And also now he is coming to meet you. And
evidence of the first sign, they may believe the when he sees you, he will be glad in his heart.
evidence of the latter sign. 9 And it will be that if 15 And you shall speak to him, and put words in his
they do not believe even these two signs, or obey mouth. And I will be with your mouth, and with his
your voice, then you shall take some water from mouth, and will teach you what you shall do.
the river, and pour it on the dry ground. And the 16 And he will be your spokesman to the people.
water which you take from the river will become And he himself will be as a mouth for you, and you
blood on the dry ground.” will be as God for him. 17 And you shall take this
10 And Moses said to the LORD, “O my Lord, I rod in your hand. You shall do signs with it.”
am not eloquent, not before this and not since you 18 And Moses left and returned to his father-
have spoken to your servant, but I am slow of in-law Jethro, and said to him, “Please let me go
speech and slow of tongue.” and return to my brothers who are in Egypt, and
11 And the LORD said to him, “Who has see whether they are still alive.” And Jethro said to
made man’s mouth? Or who make the dumb, Moses, “Go in peace.”
or deaf, or the seeing, or the blind? Have not 19 And the LORD said to Moses in Midian,
I, the LORD? 12 So now go, and I will be “Go, return to Egypt, for all the men who tried
with your mouth, and teach you what you to take your life are dead.” 20 And Moses took
shall say.” his wife and his sons, put them on a donkey,
13 And he said, “O my Lord, please send the and returned to the land of Egypt. And Moses
word by the hand of anyone else you want to took the rod of God in his hand.
send.” 21 And the Lord said to Moses, “When you
14 And the anger of the LORD burned go back to Egypt, see that you do all those
against Moses, and he said, “Is not Aaron the wonders before Pharaoh, which I have put in your
4:9 The Nile was (and is) the great river of for doing what He does. He is not an arbi-
Egypt. Most of Egypt’s civilization and agri- trary, capricious deity who merely wants to
culture was along its banks. It was w o r - show His sovereignty. Several reasons may
shiped as divine. be suggested as to why He hardened Pharaoh’s
4:10 Another unacceptable excuse. God does heart.
not need men’s eloquence, but their obedience. First, Pharaoh was a godless, arrogant man
4:11 Ps 94:9; 146:8; Matt 11:5. who kept God’s people in bondage and treated
4:12 Deut 18:18; Isa 50:4; Jer 1:9; Matt them cruelly. When faced with God’s demands
10:19,20; Mark 13:11; Luke 12:11,12; he hardened his own heart (8:15,32; 9:17,34).
21:14,15; John 14:26; 16:13. This is the way Hardening him further was God’s way of judging
the whole Bible was inspired. God taught His and punishing him (compare Ps 18:25-27).
prophets what to say, and breathed His thoughts Pharaoh was not a good man whom God made
into their minds. And He carried them along in bad by hardening. He was a bad man whose
their writing in the inspiration of the Holy Spirit badness was further revealed by hardening. It
(2 Tim 3:16; 2 Pet 1:21). is not written anywhere in the Bible that God
4:13,14 Now Moses makes almost a flat refusal ever hardened a humble man, or a man who
to go and God’s anger burns against him wanted to know God and serve Him.
because of it (compare Ps 90:7-11). Let us un- A second reason why God hardened Pharaoh
derstand that Moses, great man that he was, was that God sought an occasion to work His
had a sinful nature like all the rest of mankind wonders in Egypt so that His people would be-
(Rom 3:23), and needed God’s grace to over- lieve and know Him (4:5,9; 6:7). It is very
come it. If we refuse to do the will of God in unlikely that they would have tried to leave Egypt
spite of repeated urgings and commands and if God had not revealed His power and love to
promises we too will be the objects of His them in a very striking way.
anger. A third reason why God hardened Pharaoh
4:15,16 7:1,2. was that He wanted His name (that is, His
4:17 4:2. nature) to be known throughout the whole earth
4:18 3:1. (9:16). This was not for His own good but for
4:19 2:15,23. the good of humanity. The knowledge of God is
4:20 18:2-4. the supreme knowledge men can gain. Indeed,
4:21 “Wonders” – 3:20; 11:9,10. eternal life consists in it (John 17:3). At differ-
“Harden” – in the next seven chapters twenty ent occasions God revealed different ones of His
times the hardening of Pharaoh’s heart is attributes – sometimes love, sometimes ho-
mentioned. Sometimes Pharaoh hardened liness, sometimes wisdom, etc. Here in
his own heart, at other times God hardened Egypt He revealed His power, His severity
Pharaoh’s heart. God is the sovereign ruler toward the ungodly, and His mercy toward
of the universe and can do all things ac- His people.
cording to His own will (Rom 9:17,18; Eph A fourth reason why God hardened Pharaoh
1:11). But God always has good reasons was that He had decided to execute judgment
83 EXODUS 5:16
hand. But I will harden his heart so that he will not met with us. Please let us go a three days’ journey
let the people go. 22 And you shall say to Pha- into the desert and sacrifice to the LORD our God,
raoh, ‘Thus says the LORD: Israel is my son, my so that he will not attack us with plague or with the
firstborn. 23 And I say to you, Let my son go so sword.”
that he may serve me. And if you refuse to let him 4 And the king of Egypt said to them, “Why do
go, then I will kill your son, your firstborn.’” you, Moses and Aaron, take the people away from
24 And it happened at the inn along the way, their work? Get back to your labours.” 5 And
that the LORD met him, and sought to kill him, Pharaoh said, “Look, the people of the land now
25 but Zipporah took a sharp stone and cut off her are many, and you are making them rest from their
son’s foreskin and threw it at his feet, and said, labours.”
“You are a bridegroom of blood to me.” 26 So the 6 And that same day Pharaoh commanded the
LORD let him alone. Then she said, “You are a people’s slave drivers, and their overseers, say-
bridegroom of blood,” because of the circumci- ing, 7 “You must not give the people straw to make
sion. brick any more, as before. Let them go and gather
27 And the LORD said to Aaron, “Go into the straw for themselves. 8 And you must put on them
desert to meet Moses.” And he went and met him the same quota of bricks which they made before.
in the mountain of God, and kissed him. 28 And You must not make it any less, for they are idle.
Moses told Aaron all the words of the LORD who So they cry out, saying, ‘Let us go and sacrifice to
had sent him, and all the signs which he had com- our God.’ 9 Let more work be put on the men, so
manded him to do. that they will keep working and not pay attention
29 And Moses and Aaron went and gathered to empty words.”
together all the elders of the children of Israel, 30 10 And the people’s slave drivers and their over-
and Aaron spoke all the words which the LORD had seers went out and spoke to the people, saying,
spoken to Moses, and did the signs in the sight of “Thus says Pharaoh: ‘I will not give you straw.
the people. 31 And the people believed. And 11 You go and get your straw where you can find
when they heard that the LORD had visited the it. But none of your work will be reduced.’” 12 So
children of Israel, and that he had looked on their the people were scattered throughout the whole
misery, then they bowed their heads and wor- land of Egypt to gather stubble instead of straw.
shipped. 13 And the slave drivers hurried them, saying,
“Complete your work, your daily tasks, just as when
5 And afterwards Moses and Aaron went in
and told Pharaoh, “Thus says the LORD God
of Israel: Let my people go so that they may hold
there was straw.” 14 And the overseers of the
children of Israel, whom Pharaoh’s slave drivers
had put over them, were beaten and were asked,
a feast to me in the desert.” ”Why have you not completed your task in making
2 And Pharaoh said, “Who is the LORD, that I bricks both yesterday and today, as before?”
should obey his voice to let Israel go? I do not 15 Then the overseers of the children of Israel
know the LORD, nor will I let Israel go.” came and cried out to Pharaoh, saying, “Why are
3 And they said, “The God of the Hebrews has you treating your servants like this? 16 There is no
on the gods of Egypt (12:12). He showed to wake him up to an important duty. To
the utter powerlessness of those false gods, get men to wake up and obey Him God may
and the vanity and uselessness of worship- sometimes use very drastic measures.
ping them. And this also was a very signifi- 4:27 4:15; 3:1.
cant and important thing for God to do. 4:29 3:16; 4:2-8.
4:22 Isa 63:16; 64:8; Jer 31:9; Hos 4:30 4:15,16.
11:1; Rom 9:4. 4:31 3:18; 4:8.
4:23 5:1; 11:5; 12:29. 5:1,2 At first Moses did not demand that
4:24-26 Why would God think to kill the very Pharaoh release Israel from bondage and
person He planned to use to deliver His let them leave Egypt. He asked only a
people from bondage? The answer is to be simple thing. Pharaoh, in the hardness of
found in the covenant God made with his heart, would not grant even that. He
Abraham and his descendants (Gen 17:9- did not know the true and only God and he
14). At that time God gave circumcision as did not want to know Him (compare 2 Kings
the sign of the covenant. Moses was dis- 18:35; Job 21:14,15). Pharaoh is a picture
obedient to this command of God, and he of Satan, the god of this world (2 Cor 4:4),
was in danger until he obeyed – or made who will not willingly or easily let his slaves
his wife obey. It seems that his wife may (sinful men) go free.
have been the stumbling-block to obedi- 5:4-9 Pharaoh wanted only to get as much
ence. Of course, if God had really made work out of his slaves as possible. He
much of an effort to kill Moses He could thought all the words of Moses were false.
easily have done so. What He wanted was He was determined to crush Israel
EXODUS 5:17 84
straw given to your servants, and they say to us, strong hand he will let them go, and with a strong
‘Make brick!’ And, see, your servants are beaten. hand he will drive them out of his land.”
But the fault is with your own people.” 2 And God spoke to Moses and said to him, “I
17 But he said, “You are idle! You are idle! am the LORD, 3 and I appeared to Abraham, to
Therefore you say, ‘Let us go and offer sacri- Isaac, and to Jacob, by the name of God Almighty,
fices to the LORD.’ 18 So go now and work. but I did not make myself known to them by my
For no straw is going to be given to you; yet name Jehovah. 4 And I have also established my
you must deliver the quota of bricks.” covenant with them, to give them the land of
19 And the overseers of the children of Canaan, the land of their pilgrimage, where they
Israel saw that they were in trouble when they were foreigners. 5 And I have also heard the groan-
were told, “You must not make any reduction ing of the children of Israel, whom the Egyptians
from the bricks of your daily quota.” 20 And keep in bondage, and I have remembered my cov-
they met Moses and Aaron, who were waiting enant.
for them when they came from Pharaoh, 6 ”Therefore say to the children of Israel, ‘I
21 and they said to them, “The LORD look on am the LORD, and I will bring you out from
you, and judge. Because you have made us odious under the burdens of the Egyptians, and I will
in the eyes of Pharaoh, and in the eyes of his deliver you from their bondage, and I will re-
servants, to put a sword in their hands to kill us.” deem you with a stretched out arm, and with
22 And Moses returned to the LORD and said, great judgments. 7 And I will take you for my-
“Lord, why have you treated this people so badly? self as a people, and I will be God to you, and
Why is it that you have sent me? 23 For since I you will know that I am the LORD your God,
came to Pharaoh to speak in your name, he has who brings you out from under the burdens of
done evil to this people, and you have not rescued the Egyptians. 8 And I will bring you into the
your people at all.” land which I swore to give to Abraham, to Isaac,
and to Jacob; and I will give it to you for an
6 Then the LORD said to Moses, “Now you
will see what I will do to Pharaoh. For with a
inheritance. I am the LORD.’”
9 And Moses told this to the children of Israel,
completely – vs 17,18. Jehovah then He did not reveal its meaning, and
5:19-21 The people of Israel were weak and His people did not know what the name would
unstable – sometimes believing God, eventually mean to them. Here in Exodus God
sometimes not, sometimes praising and began to reveal all that is meant by the great
worshipping Him, sometimes complaining name of Jehovah (notes at 3:14,15; 33:19;
and murmuring against Him and Moses His 34:5-7). He reveals especially the relationship
servant. In other words, they were typical between the name Jehovah and the redemption
human beings, like us. Even Moses was of His people (vs 6-8). He reveals that Jehovah
affected by their discouragement – vs is the one who is faithful to fulfill His promises.
22,23. God does not answer Moses’s ques- “God Almighty” – in Hebrew El-Shaddai – note
tion “why”? He seldom does give an an- at Gen 17:1.
swer to it (Deut 29:29; Isa 55:9; John 6:4 Gen 15:18; 17:3-8; 26:3; 28:13.
13:7; the whole book of Job). 6:5 2:24.
6:1 God announced victory for His people be- 6:6 15:13; Deut 7:8; 1 Chron 17:21; John
fore the struggle began. Compare John 16:33; 8:31-36; Gal 1:3,4.
Rom 8:37; 1 Cor 15:57. 6:7 “People” – 19:5; Deut 4:20; 7:6; 2 Sam
6:3 Some scholars have suggested that the last 7:24; 1 Pet 2:9,10.
sentence in this verse could possibly be trans- “God” – Gen 17:7; Ex 29:45; Lev 11:45;
lated as a question: “Did I not reveal myself to Deut 29:13; 2 Cor 6:17,18; Rev 21:3.
them by my name Jehovah”? The name Jeho- “You will know” – 16:12; Isa 41:20;
vah comes very early in Genesis (2:5) and is 49:23,26; 60:16; John 7:17; Eph 1:17-19;
used many times throughout that book. Phil 3:7-11. This is one great purpose God has
Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob certainly knew that in the revelation of Himself in His acts and in His
name. If we leave the translation in v 3 as it is, Word.
without putting a question mark (in the original 6:8 Gen 15:18; 26:3. Five reasons are given in
Hebrew Old Testament there were no question verses 6-8 and similar verses in Exodus for God’s
marks anywhere even when questions were display of mighty power in Egypt.
asked), the meaning would be this: God First, to free His people from cruel bond-
progressively gave revelation of Himself in the age.
Bible, here some, there some, and little by little Second, to judge the ungodly of Egypt
the full picture of who He is builds up. In the and their false gods.
New Testament we have the full blaze of His Third, to show He was the God who keeps
revelation of Himself in Christ. His promises and covenant.
In Genesis the emphasis is on His almighti- Fourth, to show once and for all that He
ness, His all-sufficiency for His people (Gen 17:1; was the supreme and only God, far above
35:11; 48:3). Though God used His name of all gods, lords and men (7:5; 10:1,2;
85 EXODUS 7:10
but because of anguish of spirit and cruel bondage Korahites.
they did not listen to Moses. 25 And Aaron’s son Eleazar took as his wife one
10 And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying, of the daughters of Putiel, and she bore him
11 “Go in, tell Pharaoh king of Egypt to let the Phinehas. These were the heads of the fathers of
children of Israel go out of his land.” the Levites according to their families.
12 And Moses spoke in the LORD’s presence, 26 It was this Aaron and Moses to whom the
saying, “Look, the children of Israel have not LORD said, “Bring the children of Israel out from
listened to me. How then will Pharaoh, who is of the land of Egypt according to their armies.
uncircumcised lips, listen to me?” 27 These were the ones who spoke to Pharaoh
13 And the LORD spoke to Moses and to Aaron, king of Egypt, to bring the children of Israel out
and gave them an order for the children of Israel, from Egypt. These are the same Moses and
and for Pharaoh king of Egypt, to bring the children Aaron.
of Israel out of the land of Egypt. 28 And it came about on the day that the
14 These are the heads of their fathers’ houses. LORD spoke to Moses in the land of Egypt, 29 that
The sons of Reuben the firstborn of Israel were the LORD spoke to Moses, saying, I am the
Hanoch, Pallu, Hezron, and Carmi. These are the LORD. Tell Pharaoh king of Egypt all that I say to
families of Reuben. you.”
15 And the sons of Simeon were Jemuel, Jamin, 30 And Moses said in the presence of the LORD,
Ohad, Jachin, Zohar, and Shaul the son of a “Look, I am of uncircumcised lips, and how will
Canaanite woman. These are the families of Pharaoh listen to me?”
Simeon.
16 And these are the names of the sons of Levi And the LORD said to Moses, “See, I have
according to their generations: Gershon, Kohath,
and Merari. And the years of the life of Levi were
7 made you like God to Pharaoh, and your
brother Aaron will be your prophet. 2 You shall
an hundred and thirty-seven years. speak all that I command you, and your brother
17 The sons of Gershon were Libni, and Shimi, Aaron shall tell Pharaoh to send the children of
according to their families. Israel out of his land. 3 And I will harden Pharaoh’s
18 And the sons of Kohath were Amram, Izhar, heart, and multiply my signs and my wonders in the
Hebron, Uzziel. And the years of the life of Kohath land of Egypt. 4 But Pharaoh will not listen to you,
were a hundred and thirty-three years. so that I may lay my hand on Egypt and bring out
19 And the sons of Merari were Mahali and my armies, my people the children of Israel from
Mushi. These are the families of Levi according to the land of Egypt by great judgments. 5 And the
their generations. Egyptians will know that I am the LORD, when I
20 And Amram took as his wife Jochebed, his stretch out my hand on Egypt and bring out the
father’s sister, and she bore him Aaron and Moses. children of Israel from among them.”
And the years of the life of Amram were a hundred 6 And Moses and Aaron did so. They did just as
and thirty-seven years. the LORD commanded them. 7 And Moses was
21 And the sons of Izhar were Korah, Nepheg, eighty years old, and Aaron eighty-three years
and Zichri. old, when they spoke to Pharaoh.
22 And the sons of Uzziel were Mishael, 8 And the LORD spoke to Moses and to Aaron,
Elzaphan, and Zithri. saying, 9 “When Pharaoh speaks to you, saying,
23 And Aaron took as his wife Elisheba, daugh- ‘Perform a miracle for yourselves’, then you shall
ter of Amminadab, sister of Naashon, and she bore say to Aaron, ’Take your rod and throw it down
him Nadab, Abihu, Eleazar, and Ithamar. before Pharaoh and it will become a snake.’”
24 And the sons of Korah were Assir, Elkanah, 10 And Moses and Aaron went in to Pharaoh,
and Abiasaph. These were the families of the and they did just as the LORD had commanded.
12:12). 2 Cor 5:18-20.
Fifth, to show that God was actively in- “God” – the Hebrew could also be trans-
volved in the affairs of the world acting in lated “a god”, but it is very unlikely indeed
behalf of His people (8:22,23). He was not that this is the meaning here.
a God afar off who had no concern for the 7:3-5 Note at 4:21. It is of the greatest
affairs of men. God rules over the world possible importance that men learn of the
(note at Ps 47:2). one true God. If they refuse to learn in a
“Uncircumcised lips” – he probably means gentle, humble, obedient way, He may teach
his inability to speak clearly and fluently. them in harsher ways.
6:12 4:10; 6:30; Jer 1:6. 7:9 Why would Pharaoh say such a thing?
7:1 4:16. Moses was to be God’s re- See note at v 11.
presentative, acting for Him. Compare 7:10 4:2-4.
EXODUS 7:11 86
And Aaron threw his rod down before Pharaoh, 19 And the LORD spoke to Moses, “Say to Aaron,
and before his servants, and it became a snake. Take your rod and stretch out your hand over the
11 Then Pharaoh also called the wise men and the waters of Egypt, over their streams, over their
sorcerers, and the magicians of Egypt also did rivers, over their ponds, and over all their pools of
the same thing with their magic spells. 12 For they water, so that they may become blood, and so
all threw down their rods and they became that there may be blood throughout the whole land
snakes, but Aaron’s rod swallowed up their rods. of Egypt, both in wooden containers, and in stone
13 And the LORD hardened Pharaoh’s heart, so containers.”
that he did not listen to them, just as the LORD had 20 And Moses and Aaron did so, just as the
said. LORD commanded. And he lifted up the rod and
14 And the LORD said to Moses, “Pharaoh’s struck the water that was in the river, in the sight
heart has become hardened. He refuses to let the of Pharaoh and in the sight of his servants, and all
people go. 15 Go to Pharaoh in the morning. Then the water that was in the river turned to blood.
he goes down to the water, and you shall stand on 21 And the fish that were in the river died, and the
the river’s bank waiting for his coming, and you river stank, and the Egyptians could not drink of
shall take in your hand the rod that was turned into the water of the river. And there was blood
a snake. 16 And you shall say to him, ‘The LORD throughout the whole land of Egypt.
God of the Hebrews has sent me to you, saying, 22 And the magicians of Egypt did the same
Let my people go, so that they may serve me in the thing with their magic spells, and so Pharaoh’s
desert. Up until now you would not listen. 17 Thus heart was hardened; he did not listen to them, just
says the LORD, You will know that I am the LORD as the LORD had said. 23 And Pharaoh turned and
by this: See, I will strike the water that is in the went into his house; he did not let his heart dwell
river with the rod that is in my hand, and it will be on this either. 24 And all the Egyptians dug around
turned into blood. 18 And the fish that are in the the river for water to drink, for they could not drink
river will die, and the river will stink, and the Egyp- of the water of the river.
tians will loathe drinking of the water of the river.’” 25 And seven days passed after the LORD had
7:11 Pharaoh, if he had so desired, could such words to Moses about the Egyptians,
have at least tried to put Moses and Aaron but this is the first time directly to Pharaoh
to death when they first came in behalf of himself. God accepted Pharaoh’s challenge.
Israel. Instead, it appears that he wanted He will show His power. God is not a bully
a contest. No doubt he thought that the who has a vain desire to show Himself stron-
gods of Egypt were more powerful than the ger than everyone else. He does what He
God of Israel and that his magicians could does that the truth might be understood and
show tricks as impressive as anything Moses that men may come to know Him. Here He
could do. Two of Egypt’s magicians are was giving a revelation of Himself for all time
named in 2 Tim 3:8,9. Some sorcerers and and for all people.
so-called “godmen” can display seeming 7:19-21 The Egyptians considered the Nile
wonders and show some sort of power, but River divine and worshiped it. Also every
it is not the power of the one true God. The morning they bathed their idols in clean
Lord Jesus warned of false Christs and false water. Now God begins His judgments
prophets, followers of Satan, who would against the gods of Egypt (12:12).
come and show great signs and wonders 7:22 Is it possible for magicians to do such
(see Matt 24:24,25; 2 Thess 2:8-10; Rev a thing? And was there any clear water
13:13-15). Signs and wonders alone do not left in the river for them to do so? The Nile
prove that the ones doing them are of God is a flowing stream and its water was
and speak the truth. They may be tricks of constantly being renewed from its source
the magician’s art or displays of Satanic upstream. The magicians were either able
power. to turn some of it into blood, or made it
7:12 Here is the first indication to Pharaoh seem that they did so. In either case the
that Moses and Aaron were in touch with a result was the same – Pharaoh’s heart was
greater power than Egypt’s magicians. Their hardened.
snakes were symbols of Pharaoh himself Observe that the magicians could not
(note at 4:3,4). Actually, the magicians’ reverse the judgment of God on the waters
“rods” may have been rigid snakes which of Egypt (or any of the judgments which fol-
started to move when released. Perhaps low); they could only try to imitate what
this was not an uncommon trick. If those Moses and Aaron did. If they had possessed
magicians actually performed miracles, the great power, and had desired the good of
power by which they did them was the power the people, surely they would have tried to
of Satan (compare 2 Thess 2:9). turn the blood back into clean water, and to
7:13 Pharaoh refused to admit defeat so deliver the land from the other plagues which
quickly. followed. But they did not, and they could
7:17 “You will know” – the Lord had used not.
87 EXODUS 8:23
struck the river. Pharaoh, and Moses called out to the LORD,
because of the frogs which he had brought against
8 And the LORD spoke to Moses, “Go to Pha-
raoh and say to him, ’Thus says the LORD:
Let my people go so that they may serve me.
Pharaoh. 13 And the LORD did according to the
word of Moses, and the frogs died out of the houses,
out of the villages, and out of the fields. 14 And
2 And if you refuse to let them go, now I will plague they gathered them together in heaps, and the
all the land within your borders with frogs. 3 And land stank. 15 But when Pharaoh saw that there
the river will swarm with frogs, which will come up was relief, he hardened his heart and did not listen
and go into your house and into your bedroom and to them, just as the LORD had said.
onto your bed, and into the house of your ser- 16 And the LORD said to Moses, “Say to Aaron,
vants, and onto your people, and into your ovens, ‘Stretch out your rod, and strike the dust of the
and into your kneading bowls. 4 And the frogs will ground, so that it may become lice throughout the
come up on both you and on your people and on all whole land of Egypt.’” 17 And they did so. Aaron
your servants.’” stretched out his hand with his rod, and struck the
5 And the LORD spoke to Moses, “Say to Aaron, dust of the ground, and it became lice on man, and
‘Stretch out your hand with your rod over the on beast. All the dust of the land became lice
streams, over the rivers, and over the ponds, and throughout the whole land of Egypt. 18 And the
cause frogs to come up on the land of Egypt.’” magicians tried to bring out lice with their magic
6 And Aaron stretched out his hand over the arts, but they could not. So there were lice on man
waters of Egypt, and the frogs came up and and on beast.
covered the land of Egypt. 7 And the magicians did 19 Then the magicians said to Pharaoh, “This is
so with their magic arts and brought frogs up on the finger of God!” But Pharaoh’s heart was hard-
the land of Egypt. ened and he did not listen to them, just as the
8 Then Pharaoh called for Moses and Aaron and LORD had said.
said, “Pray to the LORD so he will take away the 20 And the LORD said to Moses, “Get up early
frogs from me, and from my people, and I will let in the morning, and stand before Pharaoh when he
the people go, so that they may offer sacrifices to comes out to the water, and say to him, ‘Thus says
the LORD.” the LORD: Let my people go, so that they may
9 And Moses said to Pharaoh, “Get the honour serve me. 21 Otherwise, if you will not let my
instead of me. When will I pray for you and for people go, look, I will send swarms of flies on you
your servants and for your people, to destroy the and on your servants and on your people, and into
frogs from you and your houses, so that they may your houses, and the houses of the Egyptians will
remain only in the river?” be full of swarms of flies, and also the ground where
10 And he said, “Tomorrow.” And he said, “Let they are.
it be according to your word, so that you may 22 ”’And on that day I will set apart the land of
know that there is no one like the LORD our God. Goshen, where my people are living, so that no
11 And the frogs will go away from you and from swarms of flies will be there, to the end that you
your houses and from your servants and from your may know that I am the LORD in the midst of the
people. They will remain only in the river.” earth. 23 And I will put a division between my people
12 And Moses and Aaron went out from and your people. This sign will occur tomorrow.’”
8:1 The Hebrew word for “serve” also means 8:15 The wicked always want relief from their
“worship.” In all ages God brings His people difficulties, but they do not want to love and
out of the bondage of sin that they might serve the true God.
both serve and worship Him (John 4:23; 8:16 “Lice” – the Hebrew word is obscure in
Rom 12:1; Rev 22:3,4). meaning and may possibly mean “gnats”
8:2 The frog was also connected with the or “mosquitoes.” The Egyptians worshiped
most ancient forms of idolatry in Egypt. not only a Nile River god but a god of the
8:6 Ps 105:30. land as well. Here the plague arises out of
8:7 The magicians seemed equal to the the land itself. God showed His power over
challenge. the earth by creating living things from dust.
8:8 Evidently the magicians could not re- 8:18,19 The magicians could not create any-
move the frogs with their secret arts. They thing and so failed here. They were con-
could add to the severity of the plagues but vinced that God was at work through Moses.
could not offer any cure. Pharaoh now shows This was a very significant admission, but
his first sign of weakness. Pharaoh would not listen.
8:9,10 “There is no one like the LORD our 8:22,23 The true God would give further
God” – this word of Moses was a plain chal- evidence that He was the God of Israel and
lenge to the Egyptians. God would show that He was there with them. He will always
himself far superior to their gods. make a distinction between those who serve
EXODUS 8:24 88
24 And the LORD did so. A great swarm of flies sheep. 4 And the LORD will make a distinction
came into the house of Pharaoh and into his between the livestock of Israel and the livestock of
servants’ houses and into all the land of Egypt. The Egypt, and nothing will die of all that belongs to the
land was ruined because of the swarm of flies. children of Israel.’”
25 And Pharaoh called for Moses and Aaron 5 And the LORD appointed a definite time,
and said, “Go, sacrifice to your God inside the saying, “Tomorrow the LORD will do this thing in
country.” the land.” 6 And the LORD did that very thing the
26 And Moses said, “It is not right to do so, for next day, and all the livestock of Egypt died. But
we will sacrifice to the LORD our God what the not one of the livestock of the children of Israel
Egyptians regard as an abomination, and, see, died. 7 And Pharaoh sent and saw that there was
when we sacrifice what the Egyptians regard as not one of the livestock of the Israelites dead. And
an abomination will they not stone us? 27 We will the heart of Pharaoh was hardened, and he did
go a three days’ journey into the desert and sacri- not let the people go.
fice to the LORD our God, just as he commands us.” 8 And the LORD said to Moses and to Aaron,
28 And Pharaoh said, “I will let you go, so that “Take for yourselves handfuls of ashes from the
you may sacrifice to the LORD your God in the furnace, and let Moses sprinkle them toward the
desert. But you must not go very far away. Pray sky in the sight of Pharaoh. 9 And they will become
for me.” fine dust in all the land of Egypt which will become
29 And Moses said, “See, I am going out from boils breaking out in sores on man and on animal,
you, and I will pray to the LORD that tomorrow the throughout the whole land of Egypt.”
swarms of flies may depart from Pharaoh, from his 10 And they took ashes from the furnace and
servants, and from his people. But let not Pharaoh stood before Pharaoh, and Moses sprinkled them
deal deceitfully any more in not letting the people up toward the sky, and they became boils breaking
go to sacrifice to the LORD.” out in sores on man and on animal. 11 And the
30 And Moses went out from Pharaoh and magicians could not stand in the presence of Moses
prayed to the LORD. 31 And the LORD did accord- because of the boils, for the boils were on the
ing to the word of Moses, and he removed the magicians and on all the Egyptians. 12 And the
swarms of flies from Pharaoh, from his servants, LORD hardened the heart of Pharaoh, and he did
and from his people. Not one remained. 32 And not listen to them, just as the LORD had told Moses.
Pharaoh hardened his heart at this time also; he 13 And the LORD said to Moses, “Get up early in
would not let the people go. the morning and stand before Pharaoh and say to
him: ‘Thus says the LORD God of the Hebrews: Let
9 Then the LORD said to Moses, “Go in to
Pharaoh and tell him, ‘Thus says the LORD
God of the Hebrews: Let my people go, so that
my people go, so that they may serve me. 14 For
this time I will send all my plagues on your heart
and on your servants and on your people, so that
they may serve me. 2 For if you refuse to let them you may know that there is no one like me in all the
go, and still hold them, 3 then the hand of the earth. 15 For if by now I had stretched out my
LORD will bring a very severe plague on your live- hand to strike you and your people with plague,
stock that is in the field, on the horses, on the you would have been destroyed from the earth.
donkeys, on the camels, on the oxen, and on the 16 But I have raised you up for this very purpose,
and worship Him and those who worship 9:4 8:22,23.
other gods, but not in just the way He then 9:6 The gods of the Egyptians were power-
distinguished between them in Egypt. less in the face of God’s judgments and were
“Put a division” – the KJV here follows unable to prevent such a calamity to some
the Septuagint (the Greek translation of the of the peoples’ prized and essential pos-
Hebrew Old Testament). The Hebrew has sessions.
“I will put a deliverance.” 9:7 Pharaoh knew it was God at work but he
8:25-28 Pharaoh wanted Israel to remain would not submit to Him (compare Dan
in the land, or at least in reach of his armies. 5:22,23).
But, of course, he wanted also to be relieved 9:8 The Egyptians worshiped a god of the
of his difficulties. air also. Jehovah now shows He is the
“Pray for me” – he began to see some- master over the regions of the air.
thing of the truth. 9:11 7:11; 8:18,19. This is the last men-
8:32 Verse 15. Now Pharaoh reveals the tion of the magicians in Exodus. This is an
incredible stubbornness of fallen, sinful indication of their crushing defeat.
human nature (Rom 1:21; 8:6,7,8). Know- 9:12 Note at 4:21.
ing the truth is not enough. There must be 9:14 8:10.
a heart to obey it. 9:16 4:21; 6:7; 7:5; Rom 9:17. The report
9:1 8:1. of God’s deliverance of His people from
89 EXODUS 10:6
to show you my power, and to have my name the LORD, and the thunder shall cease, and there
declared throughout the whole earth. 17 Still you will not be any more hail, so that you may know
are exalting yourself over my people and will not that the earth is the LORD’s. 30 But as for you and
let them go. 18 Now tomorrow about this time, I your servants, I know that you will not yet fear the
will send a very heavy hail, such as has not been in LORD God.”
Egypt from its establishment until now. 19 There- 31 And the flax and the barley were struck, for
fore send now and gather your livestock, and all the barley was in the ear, and the flax was in bud.
that you have in the field. For the hail will fall on 32 But the wheat and the rye were not struck, for
every man and animal that is found in the field that they had not grown.
is not brought home, and they will die.’” 33 And Moses went out of the city from
20 Among the servants of Pharaoh, those who Pharaoh, and spread out his hands to the LORD,
feared the word of the LORD got his servants and and the thunder and hail stopped, and rain no longer
his livestock to run into the houses. 21 But those poured on the earth. 34 And when Pharaoh saw
who did not pay attention to the word of the LORD that the rain and the hail and the thunder had
left his servants and his livestock in the field. stopped, he continued to sin, and hardened his
22 And the LORD said to Moses, “Stretch out heart, he and his servants. 35 And the heart of
your hand toward heaven, so that there may be Pharaoh was hardened, and he would not let the
hail in all the land of Egypt, on man and on animal, children of Israel go, just as the LORD had spoken
and on every plant in the field, throughout the land by Moses.
of Egypt.” 23 And Moses stretched out his rod
toward heaven, and the LORD sent thunder and
hail, and the fire ran along on the ground, and the
LORD rained hail on the land of Egypt. 24 So there
10 And the LORD said to Moses, “Go in to
Pharaoh, for I have hardened his heart,
and the heart of his servants, so that I might show
was hail and fire mixed with the hail, very heavy. these signs of mine among them, 2 and so that
There had not been anything like it in all the land of you may tell in the hearing of your son, and of your
Egypt since it had become a nation. 25 And in the grandson, what things I have accomplished in
whole land of Egypt the hail struck all that was in Egypt, and my signs which I have done among
the field, both man and animal. The hail also struck them so that you may know that I am the LORD.”
every plant in the field, and shattered every tree 3 And Moses and Aaron went in to Pharaoh
in the field. 26 Only in the land of Goshen, where and said to him, “Thus says the LORD God of the
the children of Israel were, there was no hail. Hebrews, ‘How long will you refuse to humble your-
27 And Pharaoh sent and called for Moses and self before me? Let my people go, so that they
Aaron, and said to them, ”I have sinned this time. may serve me. 4 For if you refuse to let my people
The LORD is righteous, and I and my people are go, then tomorrow I will bring the locusts into your
wicked. 28 Pray to the LORD, for there has been territory, 5 and they will cover the face of the
enough of this mighty thundering and hail, and I land, so that one will not be able to see the land.
will let you go, and you will stay no longer.” They will eat the rest of what escaped, which is left
29 And Moses said to him, “As soon as I have to you from the hail, and will eat every plant which
gone out of the city, I will spread out my hands to grows for you out of the field, 6 and they will fill
Egypt spread to many places (15:14-16). turning to God; otherwise it is worthless.
Jethro in Midian heard (18:4). Balaam, who Pharaoh’s was worthless. See real confes-
lived far away at the Euphrates river, also sion and repentance in Psalm 51.
knew of it (Num 23:22,23; 24:8). Rahab 9:28 8:8,28.
in the land of Canaan knew of it (Josh 2:9- 9:29 The earth belongs to the LORD, the
11). Today people know of it wherever the God of Israel, and not to some god or other
Bible is read. (19:5; 20:11; Ps 24:1; 50:10-12; 89:11;
9:17 Pharaoh’s pride and arrogance were his 1 Cor 10:26).
undoing (10:3). Compare Ps 101:5; 119:21; 9:30 Moses saw Pharaoh’s self-deception
Prov 16:18; 21:4; Luke 1:51; Jam 4:6. and insincerity.
9:20,21 Prov 13:13. 9:34,35 8:15,31,32. The fact is Pharaoh
9:23,24 Jehovah showed himself as the mas- never wanted to know the truth or the true
ter of the powers of nature. The storm god God. In the heart of man there is deadly
of the Egyptians was seen to be powerless. enmity toward God (John 3:19,20;
9:26 Verse 4; 8:22,23; 9:4. 15:24,25; Rom 1:30; 8:7; James 4:4).
9:27 Even Pharaoh says he has sinned Pharaoh displayed this hatred to the full.
(10:16). In the Bible this is a common 10:1 4:21; 7:5.
admission (Num 14:40; 22:34; Josh 7:20; 10:2 God did what He did so that future
1 Sam 15:24; 2 Sam 12:13; 24:10; Matt generations also might come to know the
27:4). But the confession must be sincere Lord.
and accompanied with repentance and a 10:3 9:17.
EXODUS 10:7 90
your houses, and the houses of all your servants, the trees which the hail had left. And in all the land
and the houses of all the Egyptians. This neither of Egypt, among the trees, or among the plants in
your fathers, nor your grandfathers have the field, nothing green remained.
seen, since the day that they came on the earth 16 Then Pharaoh quickly called for Moses and
to this day.’” And he turned around and left Aaron and he said, ”I have sinned against the LORD
Pharaoh. your God, and against you. 17 So now please
7 And Pharaoh’s servants said to him, “How forgive my sin only this once, and pray to the
long will this man be a snare to us? Let the men go, LORD your God to only take away this death from
so that they may serve the LORD their God. Do me.”
you still not know that Egypt is destroyed?” 18 And he went out from Pharaoh, and prayed
8 And Moses and Aaron were brought again to to the LORD. 19 And the LORD changed the wind
Pharaoh, and he said to them, “Go, serve the LORD to a very strong west wind, which took away the
your God. But who are those who will go?” locusts, and drove them into the Red sea. Not one
9 And Moses said, “We will go with our young locust remained in all the territory of Egypt. 20 But
and with our old, with our sons and with our daugh- the LORD hardened Pharaoh’s heart, so that he
ters. We will go with our flocks and with our herds, would not let the children of Israel go.
for we must hold a feast to the LORD.” 21 And the LORD said to Moses, “Stretch out
10 And he said to them, “Let the LORD be with your hand toward heaven, so that there may be
you, if I ever let you and your little ones go! Watch darkness over the land of Egypt, darkness which
out, for trouble is before you! 11 Not like that; may be felt.” 22 And Moses stretched out his hand
you who are men go and serve the LORD, for toward heaven, and there was a thick darkness in
that’s what you wanted.” And they were driven all the land of Egypt for three days. 23 For three
away from Pharaoh’s presence. days they did not see each other; nor did anyone
12 And the LORD said to Moses, “Stretch out get away from his place. But all the children of
your hand over the land of Egypt for the locusts, Israel had light in their homes.
so that they may come up on the land of Egypt, 24 And Pharaoh called for Moses and said, “Go,
and eat every plant in the land, all that the hail has serve the LORD; only leave your flocks and your
left.” herds behind. Let your little ones also go with
13 And Moses stretched out his rod over the you.”
land of Egypt, and the LORD brought an east wind 25 And Moses said, “You must allow us also
on the land all that day and all that night, and sacrifices and burnt offerings, so that we may
when morning came the east wind brought the sacrifice to the LORD our God. 26 Our livestock
locusts. 14 And the locusts went up over all the also will go with us. Not a hoof will be left behind.
land of Egypt, and settled on all the territory of For we must take from them to serve the LORD our
Egypt, a very great many. There were never such God, and we will not know what we are to use to
locusts before, nor will there be such after them. worship the Lord.”
15 For they covered the surface of the ground 27 But the LORD hardened Pharaoh’s heart,
everywhere, so that the land was darkened, and and he would not let them go. 28 And Pharaoh said
they ate every plant in the land, and all the fruit of to him, “Get away from me! Watch out for
10:7 Even now when his officials give him this Now, too, God wants His people to be spiri-
advice Pharaoh refused to submit to God. tually delivered completely from this evil
10:8-11 Pharaoh wanted to keep his hold world (John 17:14-16; Rom 12:2; 2 Cor 6:17;
on them through their children. Gal 1:4; 1 Pet 2:9-12; 1 John 2:15-17). Egypt
10:16,17 Another insincere confession. He is a type of this world, the kingdom of
wanted relief from the plague but he did Satan, a picture of sin’s bondage from which
not want to submit to God. God would redeem us. Pharaoh, a god in
10:21,22 The chief god of the Egyptians Egypt, is a picture of Satan. Now, as than,
then was Ra (or Re), the sun god. Now this forces hostile to God would try to keep His
god too was shown to be helpless. people tied to the world. Believers must learn
10:23 8:22,23; 9:4,26. to say with Moses “not the tiniest part of
10:24-26 Pharaoh wanted to retain his hold who we are or what we have shall be left be-
on them through their property. Pharaoh hind. Nothing shall remain in Satan’s con-
made four attempts to get Moses to com- trol. With our wives, our children and all our
promise. He said first “stay in the land and possessions we will serve the Lord.”
sacrifice” (8:25); then “don’t go far from 10:28 Pharaoh here ends the contest with
the land” (8:28); then “only men may go” Moses and has to admit defeat. His magi-
(10:10,11); finally he said they had to cians have failed, his attempts at compro-
“leave flocks and herds behind” (10:24). mise have failed, and Egypt’s gods have
Moses’ answer was clear – “not a hoof is to failed. All that is left for him is to make
be left behind.” threats (compare Acts 4:15-22; 7:54-58).
91 EXODUS 12:7
yourself! See my face no more, for on the day you the people who follow you.’ And after that I will
see my face you will die.” go.”
29 And Moses said, “You have well spoken. I And, burning with anger, he had gone out from
will not see your face again.” Pharaoh.
9 And the LORD said to Moses, “Pharaoh will
11 And the LORD had said to Moses, “I will
bring one more plague on Pharaoh and on
Egypt. After that he will let you go from here. And
not listen to you, so that my wonders may be
multiplied in the land of Egypt.” 10 And Moses and
Aaron did all these wonders before Pharaoh, and
when he lets you go, he will in fact drive you out of the LORD hardened Pharaoh’s heart, so that he
here altogether. 2 Now speak in the hearing of the would not let the children of Israel go out of his
people, and have each man ask his neighbour, and land.
each woman her neighbour, for silver ornaments
and gold ornaments.” 3 And the LORD gave the
people favour in the sight of the Egyptians.
Moreover the man Moses was very great in the
12 And the LORD spoke to Moses and Aaron
in the land of Egypt, saying, 2 “This month
is to be for you the beginning of months; it is to be
land of Egypt, in the sight of Pharaoh’s servants, the first month of the year for you. 3 Speak to the
and in the sight of the people. whole congregation of Israel, saying, In the tenth
4 And Moses had said to Pharaoh, “Thus says day of this month each man among them is to take
the LORD: ‘About midnight I will go out among for himself a lamb for a father’s house, a lamb for
Egypt’s people, 5 and all the firstborn in the land each household. 4 And if the household is too
of Egypt will die, from the firstborn of Pharaoh who small for a lamb, let him and his neighbour nearest
sits on his throne, to the firstborn of the servant to his house take it according to the number of
girl who is behind the millstones, and all the persons there are. Make your estimate for the
firstborn of animals. 6 And there will be a great cry lamb in accordance with what each person eats.
throughout the whole land of Egypt. Never 5 Your lamb is to be without blemish, a male of the
was there one like it, and never again will there first year. You are to take it from the sheep, or
be. 7 But not a dog will move its tongue against from the goats, 6 and you are to keep it until the
any of the children of Israel, against man or beast, fourteenth day of the same month. And the whole
so that you may know that the LORD makes a assembly of the congregation of Israel is to kill them
distinction between the Egyptians and Israel.’ in the evening. 7 And they are to take some of the
8 And all these servants of yours will come to me, blood, and put it on both side posts and on the
and bow down before me, saying, ‘Go, you and all upper beam of the door of the houses where they
But threats do not change the truth. And people is inevitable.
the truth is this: Jehovah, the God of Is- 12:1-3 This is one of the key chapters of
rael, the God of the Bible is the true and the Old Testament. In it God shows His
only God, and the gods of Egypt and other people that their redemption comes only
nations were not and are not. by blood sacrifice. So important was this
10:29 11:8. time in Israel that they started dating their
11:2 3:22. year from this month. This Hebrew month
11:3 3:21; Deut 34:10-12. (based on the movement of the moon) had
11:4,5 The Egyptians worshiped gods who two names – Abib and Nisan – and fell some-
were supposed to give life and to destroy time during our months of March and April.
life. But now Jehovah reveals that it is He It was an entirely new beginning for the
and not those gods who has the power of people of Israel. This whole chapter is highly
life and death in His hands. See 1 Sam 2:6; symbolic. See also Lev 23:5. The sacrificial
Gen 38:7; Ps 33:18,19; Matt 10:28; Rev lamb signifies Christ who shed His blood to
1:18. redeem men (John 1:29,36; Matt 26:28;
11:7 8:22,23; 9:4,26; 10:23. Eph 1:7; Heb 9:22; Rev 5:9,12).
11:9 7:4. 12:5 This speaks of Christ’s sinless perfec-
11:10 This record of God’s judgment on Pha- tion (Lev 1:10; 22:18-21; Heb 9:14; 1 Pet
raoh and the Egyptians shows that seeing 1:18-20).
even the greatest miracles in itself cannot 12:6 The lamb was kept four days to make
change the heart of man. Outward miracles sure there was no defect in it. Before Christ
cannot break his stubborn will. Human pride died on the cross, during His period of temp-
and hardness of heart are amazing, auda- tation and trial His life proved to be sinless
cious and unreasonable in the extreme. (Heb 4:15; 7:26).
Compare Ps 78:17,32-42. This is seen also 12:7 Verses 22,23. The blood had to be
in the time of the Lord Jesus. Many who applied to each house. Otherwise it accom-
saw His mighty miracles failed to repent and plished nothing. Christ’s blood shed for sin-
believe and obey Him. See what He said in ners does not save any person until he or
Luke 16:31. The judgment of God on such she personally trusts Him for salvation.
EXODUS 12:8 92
are going to eat it. 8 And that very night they are yeast. On the very first day you are to put
to eat the meat roasted with fire, and they are to away yeast from your houses, for whoever eats
eat it with bread made without yeast and with bread made with yeast from the first day until
bitter herbs. 9 Do not eat any of it raw, or even the seventh day, that person is to be cut off
boiled in water, but roasted with fire, its head with from Israel. 16 And on the first day you are to
its legs, and with its inner parts. 10 And you are to have a holy convocation, and on the seventh
let none of it remain until morning, and you are to day you are to have another holy convocation.
burn in the fire what does remain of it until morn- On those days no kind of work is to be done,
ing. 11 And this is how you are to eat it: with your except what must be eaten by everyone; that
waist bound, your sandals on your feet, and your alone may be prepared by you.
staff in your hand. And you are to eat it in haste. 17 “And you are to observe the Feast of
It is the LORD’s Passover. Unleavened Bread, for on this very day I
12 ”For I will pass through the land of Egypt on brought your armies out of the land of Egypt.
that night, and will strike all the firstborn in the land Therefore you are to observe this day through-
of Egypt, both man and animal. And I will execute out your generations by an ordinance forever.
judgment against all the gods of Egypt. I am the 18 On the first month, on the fourteenth day of
LORD. 13 And the blood will be a sign for you on the month at evening, you are to eat bread
the houses where you are, and when I see the made without yeast, until the evening of the
blood, I will pass over you, and the plague will not twenty-first day of the month. 19 For seven
be on you to destroy you, when I strike the land of days there is to be no yeast found in your
Egypt. houses, for whoever eat anything that is made
14 “So this day shall be to you a memorial, with yeast, that person will be cut off from the
and you are to keep it as a feast to the LORD congregation of Israel, whether he is a foreigner,
throughout your generations. You are to keep or someone born in the land. 20 You must not
it as a feast by ordinance for all time. 15 For eat anything made with yeast. You are to eat
seven days you are to eat bread made without bread made without yeast in all your dwelling
12:8 Matt 26:26; John 6:51-58,63; 1 Cor 12:12 God was judging not only the
5:7. Eating here signifies a spiritual reality. Egyptians but their gods as well. God is
The people of Israel literally ate the lamb. against the gods. Egypt had gods represent-
Believers in Christ spiritually partake of ing the air, the land, various animals, the
Christ. That is, they believe His flesh and Nile river, the sun, etc. God had already
blood were sacrificed for them on the showed He was the absolute master of the
cross, they receive Him into their hearts by Nile (7:20,21), the land (8:16,17), the
faith, they meditate on His person and work animal kingdom (9:2,6), the air (9:8,9,22-
for them. In this way He becomes their 24), and the sun (10:21,22). Now He shows
food. that life and death are in His hands, and
“Bread made without yeast” - This signi- that no “god” has anything to do with it.
fies Christ in His sinlessness as the food of Practically every Egyptian god was repre-
His people (see notes at John 6:35,48-51). sented by some beast or other. The true
In the Bible yeast often signifies evil (Matt God shows their powerlessness by slaying
16:6,11; 1 Cor 5:6-8; Gal 5:9). “Bitter the firstborn of every beast as well as that
herbs” may possibly signify the bitterness of every man. Vain and foolish had been
of the experiences that Christ endured for the worship of those gods, gods so power-
us (Isa 53:3,4). less to help. Compare Ps 115:3-8.
12:9 The lamb was not to be divided (v 46; 12:13 The blood was their one and only
John 19:33,36). Fire signifies the holiness protection from God’s wrath and judgment.
of God which consumes the offering. The So now the blood of Christ cleanses the
offering was accepted in the place of sin- believer from all sin and thus protects him
ners. Water could not be used, for, it would from God’s coming judgment on sinners
have lessened the power of the fire. At (Rom 3:23-26; Heb 9:14,28; 1 Pet 1:19;
Calvary the Lord Jesus experienced the full 1 John 1:7; Rev 1:5). And this is the only
power of God’s fiery wrath against sin. way of protection. Note on the Passover at
12:10 34:25. The symbolic meaning may Lev 23:5.
be this: the sacrifice of Christ was once 12:14 Lev 23:4,5; 2 Kings 23:21.
forever. Those who by faith partake of it are 12:15 Ex 12:8; 13:6,7; 23:15; 34:18; Lev
saved forever (Heb 10:12,14). 23:6; Num 28:17; Deut 16:3,8. Seven is a
12:11 They were to be ready for travel to very significant number in the Bible. It is
the land of Canaan. The believer now, the number of fullness or completeness.
having partaken of the Lamb of God, should Here it signifies a complete period of time
always be ready for his pilgrim journey here, – our whole life on earth.
and ready to move on to the next world 12:16 Lev 23:7,8; Num 28:18,25.
(Luke 12:35-40). 12:17 Verse 41.
93 EXODUS 12:48
places.” 33 And the Egyptians urged the people, to get
21 Then Moses called for all the elders of Israel them out of the land in a hurry, for they said, “We
and said to them, “Go out and take a lamb for are all dead men.” 34 And the people took their
yourselves on behalf of your families, and kill the dough before yeast was put in it, and carried their
Passover. 22 And you are to take a bunch of kneading bowls on their shoulders, wrapped up in
hyssop, and dip it in the blood that is in the basin, their clothes. 35 And the children of Israel did
and put the blood that is in the basin on the upper what Moses had said; they asked the Egyptians
beam of the door and the two side posts. And for silver ornaments and gold ornaments and cloth-
none of you is to go out the door of his house until ing. 36 And the LORD gave the people favour in
morning. 23 For the LORD will go through the land the sight of the Egyptians, so that they let them
to strike the Egyptians, and when he sees the have what they requested. And in this way they
blood on the upper beam and on the two side plundered the Egyptians.
posts, the LORD will pass over the door, and will 37 And the children of Israel journeyed from
not allow the destroyer to come in to your houses Rameses to Succoth. There were about six hun-
to strike you. dred thousand men on foot, besides children.
24 “And you shall observe this thing as an 38 And a mixed multitude also went up with them,
ordinance for yourselves and for your sons and flocks, and herds, a great amount of livestock.
forever. 25 And it is to come about that when you 39 And they baked flat bread without yeast with the
have come to the land which the LORD will give you dough which they brought out of Egypt. Yeast was
as he has promised, you must keep this ceremony. not put in it because they were driven out of Egypt,
26 And when your children say to you, ‘What do and could not delay. And they had not prepared
you mean by this ceremony’? 27 then you must any food for themselves.
say, ‘It is the sacrifice of the Passover of the 40 Now the length of time the children of Israel
LORD, who passed over the houses of the children stayed in Egypt was four hundred and thirty years.
of Israel in Egypt, when he struck the Egyptians, 41 And it came about at the end of the four hun-
and spared our houses.’” And the people bowed dred and thirty years, on the very day it came
their heads and worshipped. 28 And the children about, that all the armies of the LORD went out
of Israel went and did so; they did just as the LORD from the land of Egypt. 42 It is a night to be much
had commanded Moses and Aaron. observed for the LORD for bringing them out of the
29 And it came about at midnight that the LORD land of Egypt. This is the LORD’s night, to be
struck all the firstborn in the land of Egypt, from observed by all the children of Israel throughout
the firstborn of Pharaoh who sat on his throne to their generations.
the firstborn of the captive who was in the dun- 43 And the LORD said to Moses and Aaron,
geon, and all the firstborn of the livestock. 30 And “This is the ordinance of the Passover: No
Pharaoh got up in the night, he and all his servants foreigner is to eat of it, 44 but every man’s slave
and all the Egyptians, and there was a great cry in who is bought with money is to eat of it, after you
Egypt, for there was not a house where there was have circumcised him. 45 A foreigner or a hired
not one dead. servant is not to eat of it.
31 And during the night he called for Moses and 46 ”It must be eaten in the same house; you
Aaron and said, ”Up! Get out from the midst of my are not to carry any of the meat out of the house.
people, both you and the children of Israel, and And you must not break a bone of it. 47 All the
go, serve the LORD, as you have said. 32 Take congregation of Israel shall celebrate it.
your flocks and your herds also, as you have said, 48 ”And when a foreigner stays among you,
and be gone! And bless me also.” and wants to keep the LORD’s Passover, all the
12:23 The destroyer was the angel God sent 12:31,32 11:1. This was the closest Pha-
to execute judgment (v 12). raoh ever came to humbling himself and
12:26 It is very important that parents in- repenting, but it was short-lived and utterly
struct their children concerning what God has self-centered.
done for them (10:2; 13:8,14,15; 12:33 10:7.
Deut 6:6,7,20,21; 32:7; Josh 4:6; Ps 12:35,36 3:21,22; 11:2,3; Ps 105:37.
78:5,6). 12:37,38 A total probably not less than 20
12:27 Verses 11,12,23. lakhs (2,000,000). Compare Gen 46:27.
12:28 Their faith in God’s word caused them 12:43 No foreigner, that is, no one who was
to apply the blood to the doorposts (Heb not in covenant relationship with the Lord,
11:28). So now faith will cause us to apply no one who had not received the covenant
the truth of Christ’s sacrifice to ourselves. sign of circumcision, was to partake (v 48).
12:29 Num 8:17; 33:4; Ps 135:8; 136:10. 12:46 Num 9:12; Ps 34:20; John 19:33,36.
12:30 11:6. 12:47 Luke 22:19; 1 Cor 11:23-26.
EXODUS 12:49 94
males in his household must be circumcised, and you and to your fathers, and gives it to you,
then let him come near and celebrate it. Then he 12 you are to set apart for the LORD the all of the
will be like one who is born in the land, but no first offspring of the womb, and every firstborn
uncircumcised person is to eat of it. 49 There is to that comes of any animal you have. The males are
be one law for him who is native born and for the to belong to the LORD. 13 And every firstborn of
foreigner who is staying among you.” a donkey you are to redeem with a lamb; and if
50 All the children of Israel did this; they did you do not redeem it, then you are to break its
just as the LORD had commanded Moses and neck. And every firstborn of man among your chil-
Aaron. 51 And it came about on that very day that dren you are to redeem.
the LORD brought the children of Israel out of the 14 ”And in time to come, it will be like this: when
land of Egypt by their armies. your son asks you, saying, ’What is this?’ you are
to say to him, ‘The LORD by the strength of his
13 And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying,
2 “Sanctify for me all the firstborn, what-
ever opens the womb among the children of Israel,
hand brought us out of Egypt, from the house of
bondage. 15 And it happened that when Pharaoh
stubbornly refused to let us go, the LORD killed all
both man and animal. It is mine.” the firstborn in the land of Egypt, from the first-
3 And Moses said to the people, “Remember born of man to the firstborn of animal. Therefore I
this day in which you came out of Egypt, out of the sacrifice to the LORD all the firstborn of the womb
house of bondage, for the LORD brought you out that are males, but I redeem the firstborn of all my
from this place by the strength of his hand. No children. 16 And it is to be like a sign on your hand,
bread made without yeast is to be eaten. 4 You and as a symbol between your eyes. For the LORD
came out this day in the month of Abib. 5 And it brought us out of Egypt by the strength of his
shall be, when the LORD brings you into the land of hand.’”
the Canaanites and the Hittites and the Amorites 17 And it came about that when Pharaoh let the
and the Hivites and the Jebusites, which he swore people go, God did not lead them by the way of
to your fathers to give to you, a land flowing with the land of the Philistines, although that was near;
milk and honey, that you are to observe this cer- for God said, “The people should not change their
emony in this month. 6 For seven days you are to minds by seeing war, and return to Egypt.” 18 But
eat bread made without yeast, and on the seventh God led the people around by the way of the
day there is to be a feast to the LORD. 7 Bread desert of the Red Sea. And the children of Israel
made without yeast is to be eaten for seven days, went up from the land of Egypt, armed for battle.
and no bread with yeast is be seen with you, nor is 19 And Moses took the bones of Joseph with
yeast to be seen among you within all your him, because Joseph had made the children of
borders. Israel swear a solemn oath, saying, “God will surely
8 And on that day you are to tell your son, visit you, and you must carry my bones away from
saying, ‘This is done because of what the LORD did here with you.”
for me when I came out of Egypt.’ 9 And it will be 20 And they set out from Succoth, and camped
for you like a sign on your hand, and like a reminder in Etham, at the edge of the desert. 21 And by day
between your eyes, so that the LORD’s law may be the LORD went before them in a pillar of a cloud, to
in your mouth. For the LORD brought you out of lead them on the way, and by night in a pillar of
Egypt with a strong hand. 10 So you are to keep fire, to give them light, so that they could travel by
this ordinance in its time from year to year. day and night. 22 The pillar of cloud by day, and
11 “And it will be like this : when the LORD brings the pillar of fire by night, were not taken away
you into the land of the Canaanites, as he swore to from their place in front of the people.
12:49 Lev 24:22; Num 15:15,16,29. Rev 5:9).
13:2 22:19; Lev 27:26; Num 3:13; 18:15; 13:17,18 God knew how weak, unbelieving,
Deut 15:19; Luke 2:23. and unstable the people of Israel were and
13:3 12:42; Deut 16:3. led them in His wisdom by the best pos-
13:5 Gen 15:18; 26:3. sible way. Compare Deut 32:9-12; Ps 23:2;
13:8 12:26; Ps 44:1. John 10:2-4,14.
13:9 12:14; 13:16; Num 15:39; Deut 6:8; 13:19 Gen 50:24,25; Josh 24:32; Heb
11:18. 11:22.
13:13 Redeem here means to release by 13:21 14:19,24; 33:9,10; Num 9:15;
offering a sacrifice to the Lord. The Lord 14:14; Deut 1:33; Neh 9:12; Ps 78:14;
Jesus redeemed His people, released them 99:7; 105:39; Isa 4:5. Note on fire at
from their sins, by the sacrifice of Himself 3:2.
(Eph 1:7; Col 1:14; Heb 9:12; 1 Pet 1:18; 13:22 Neh 9:19; Ps 48:14; Isa 58:11.
95 EXODUS 14:24
14 And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying,
2 “Tell the children of Israel to turn and
camp before Pi Hahiroth, between Migdol and the
us to serve the Egyptians, than to die in the desert.”
13 And Moses said to the people, “Do not be
afraid. Stand still and see the salvation of the LORD,
sea, opposite Baal Zephon. You are to which he will show you today. As for the Egyptians
camp facing it, by the sea. 3 For Pharaoh will whom you see today, you will never see them again.
say about the children of Israel, ‘They are 14 The LORD will fight for you, and you will keep
confused in the terrain, the desert has hemmed silent.”
them in.’ 4 And I will harden Pharaoh’s heart, so 15 And the LORD said to Moses, “Why are you
that he follows them, and I get glory through crying out to me? Tell the children of Israel to go
Pharaoh, and through all his army, and the forward, 16 and raise your rod and stretch out
Egyptians will know that I am the LORD.” And they your hand over the sea, and divide it. And the
did so. children of Israel will go on dry ground through the
5 And it was told the king of Egypt that the middle of the sea. 17 And I, I myself, will harden
people had fled, and the heart of Pharaoh and his the hearts of the Egyptians, and they will follow
servants was turned against the people, and they them, and I will get honour for myself through Pha-
said, “Why have we done this, letting Israel go raoh and through his whole army and through his
from our service?” 6 And he prepared his chariot, chariots and through his horsemen. 18 And the
and took his people with him. 7 He took six hundred Egyptians will know that I am the LORD, when I
choice chariots, and all the other chariots in Egypt, have gotten honour for myself through Pharaoh,
with officers over every one of them. 8 And the through his chariots, and through his horsemen.”
LORD hardened the heart of Pharaoh king of Egypt, 19 And the angel of God, who had been going
and he pursued the children of Israel. And the before the camp of Israel, moved and went behind
children of Israel were going out with hand raised them. And the pillar of cloud went from in front of
high. 9 But the Egyptians pursued them, all the them and stood behind them, 20 and it came be-
horses and chariots of Pharaoh, and his horsemen, tween the camp of the Egyptians and the camp of
and his army; and they overtook them camping by Israel. It was a cloud and darkness to them, but at
the sea, near Pi Hahiroth, opposite Baal night it gave light to these, so that the whole night
Zephon. the one did not come near the other.
10 And when Pharaoh drew near, the children 21 And Moses stretched out his hand over the
of Israel raised their eyes, and there were the sea, and the LORD caused the sea to move back
Egyptians marching after them, and they were very by a strong east wind all that night, and made the
frightened. And the children of Israel cried out to sea dry land, and the waters were divided. 22 And
the LORD. 11 And they said to Moses, “Was it the children of Israel went into the middle of the
because there were no graves in Egypt that you sea on dry ground, and the waters were like a wall
have you taken us away to die in the desert? Why to them on their right hand, and on their left.
have you treated us like this, bringing us out of 23 And the Egyptians pursued them, and went
Egypt? 12 Didn’t we tell you this very thing in into the middle of the sea after them, all of Pharaoh’s
Egypt, saying, ‘Let us alone, so that we may serve horses, his chariots, and his horsemen. 24 And it
the Egyptians’? For it would have been better for came about that in the morning watch the LORD
14:4 Note at 4:21. 41:10,13,14.
14:5 12:30-32. 14:14 Verse 25; 15:3.
14:8 Num 33:3. 14:15 There are times when mere prayer
14:9 “Horsemen” (also vs 17,18,23,26,28) without action is out of place and God’s
– the Hebrew for this word may mean “chari- people must simply go forward in obedience
oteers” also. to His command.
14:10 Josh 24:7; Neh 9:9; Ps 34:17; 14:16 4:17,20; 7:19.
106:7. 14:17,18 4:21.
14:11,12 “Said” – 5:21; 15:24; 16:2; Num 14:19 13:21. Note on angel at Gen 16:7.
14:1-4; Ps 106:7. 14:20 We can see from this that the pillars
“Better” – 32:9; 34:9; Deut 9:7; 31:27. of cloud and fire were no small things but
The people of Israel believed and worshipped very massive indeed.
God when things seemed to be going well, 14:21,22 This marvelous event was
but murmured and complained when things remembered ever after in Israel – 15:8; Neh
seemed to be going badly. They did not 9:11; Ps 66:5,6; 74:13; 78:13; 106:8,9;
realize that difficulties were to test and 136:13-15. All things are under God’s con-
strengthen their faith and give God further trol and He uses means – wind, sea, rain
opportunities to display His power and grace. and sun, etc – to accomplish His purposes.
14:13 20:20; 2 Chron 20:15,17; Isa 14:23-25 Verse 14.
EXODUS 14:25 96
looked at the army of the Egyptians through the my father’s God, and I will
pillar of fire and of the cloud, and threw the exalt him.
army of the Egyptians into confusion, 25 and he 3 The LORD is a warrior.
caused their chariot wheels to come off, so that The LORD is his name.
they drove them with difficulty. So the Egyptians 4 Pharaoh’s chariots and his army
said, “Let’s get away from the face of Israel, for he has thrown into the sea.
the LORD is fighting for them against the Egyp- His chosen officers also are drowned
tians.” in the Red sea.
26 And the LORD said to Moses, “Stretch out 5 The depths covered them.
your hand over the sea, so that the waters may They sank to the bottom
come back on the Egyptians on their chariots like a stone.
and on their horsemen.” 27 And Moses stretched 6 Your right hand, O LORD, was glorious
out his hand over the sea, and when morning in power.
came the sea returned to its place, and the Your right hand, O LORD, dashed the
Egyptians were fleeing against it, and the LORD enemy in pieces.
overthrew the Egyptians in the middle of the 7 And in the greatness of your excellence
sea. 28 And the waters returned and covered you overthrew those who rose up
the chariots and the horsemen and all the army against you.
of Pharaoh that came into the sea after them. You sent out your wrath,
Not one of them remained. and it consumed them like
29 But the children of Israel walked on dry stubble.
ground in the middle of the sea, and the 8 And with the blast of your nostrils
waters were like a wall to them on their right the waters gathered together,
hand, and on their left. 30 In this way the the floods stood upright like a heap,
LORD saved Israel that day from the hand of and the depths congealed in the
the Egyptians, and Israel saw the Egyptians dead heart of the sea.
on the seashore. 31 And Israel saw the great
power that the LORD used on the Egyptians, 9 “The enemy said,
and the people feared the LORD, and believed ‘I will pursue,
the LORD and his servant Moses. I will overtake,
I will divide the spoil,
my desire will be satisfied on them.
15
saying:
Then Moses and the children of Israel
sang this song to the LORD, and spoke, I will draw my sword,
my hand will destroy them.’
“I will sing to the LORD, 10 “You blew with your wind,
for he has triumphed gloriously. the sea covered them.
The horse and his rider he has thrown They sank like lead in the mighty
into the sea. waters.
2 The LORD is my strength and song,
and he has become my salvation. 11 “Who is like you, O LORD, among
He is my God, and I will glorify him, the gods?
14:27,28 15:1,7; Deut 11:4; Neh 9:11; Ps ungodly.
78:53. God knew how to deal with a proud, “Warrior” – here the KJV has “man of war”,
ungodly ruler and his ungodly armies which thus having the Israelites speak as though
persecuted His people, and it was just and Jehovah God were a man. The expression “man
right for God to do as He did. Note at Num of” in Hebrew was a common way of speaking
31:2. See also Prov 1:24-31; 29:1; 2 Thess to indicate anyone (human or not) who had the
1:5-10. quality revealed in the word that followed.
14:29 Heb 11:29. 15:4 14:6,7,17,18.
14:31 4:31; Ps 106:12. But even then their 15:5 Neh 9:11.
faith was weak and wavering. 15:6 “Hand” – 3:20; 6:1; Ps 16:11;
15:1 Ps 106:12; Rev 15:3; Isa 12:5; 102:25; 118:15,16; 119:73; Isa 59:1.
42:10. 15:7 Ps 78:49,50; Isa 5:24; Heb 12:29.
15:2 Ps 18:1; Isa 12:2; Hab 3:18,19; 2 15:9 14:5,8,9.
Sam 22:47; Ps 99:5; Isa 25:1. 15:10 14:21.
15:3 14:14; Deut 1:30; 3:22; 20:4; Josh 15:11 “Who is like you” – 8:10; 9:14. There
23:10; Rev 19:11. The Lord fights for truth were many who are called gods and lords in
and justice and overthrows the arrogant and the world of that day, as in our day, but
97 EXODUS 15:26
Who is like you, glorious in holiness, 19 For the horse of Pharaoh along with his
awe-inspiring in praises, chariots and his horsemen went into the sea,
doing wonders? and the LORD brought the waters of the sea back
12 You stretched out your right hand; on them; but the children of Israel went on dry
the earth swallowed them. ground in the middle of the sea. 20 And Miriam the
13 In your mercy you led out the people prophetess, the sister of Aaron, took a tambourine
whom you redeemed. in her hand, and all the women went out after her
You will guide them in your strength with tambourines and with dancing.
to your holy dwelling place. 21 And Miriam answered them,
14 The peoples will hear and be afraid.
“Sing to the LORD,
Sorrow will take hold of the
for he has triumphed gloriously.
inhabitants of Philistia.
The horse and his rider he has thrown
15 Then the chiefs of Edom will be
into the sea.”
amazed.
The mighty men of Moab will be seized 22 So Moses brought Israel from the Red sea,
with trembling. and they went out into the desert of Shur, and
All the inhabitants of Canaan will went three days in the desert and found no water.
melt away. 23 And when they came to Marah, they could not
16 Fear and dread will fall on them. drink the waters of Marah, for they were bitter.
By the greatness of your arm they will Therefore the name of it was called Marah.
be as still as a stone, 24 And the people grumbled against Moses,
until your people pass over, O LORD, saying, “What will we drink?”
until the people whom you have bought 25 And he cried out to the LORD, and the
pass over. LORD showed him a tree. When he threw it
17 You will bring them in, into the water, the water became sweet. There
and plant them in the mountain of your the LORD made a decree and an ordinance for
inheritance; them, and there he tested them,
in the place, O LORD, which you have 26 And said, “If you carefully listen to the
made for you to live in, voice of the LORD your God, and do what is
in the Sanctuary, O Lord, right in his sight, and give ear to his command-
which your hands have established. ments and keep all his decrees, I will put none of
18 The LORD will reign for ever and ever.” these diseases on you, which I brought on the
Jehovah showed His vast superiority to them 15:19 14:27-29. “Horsemen” – or “chari-
all. The gods of Egypt are no longer wor- oteers.”
shiped; the gods of ancient Babylon, of 15:20,21 2:4; Num 26:59; Mic 6:4. Miriam
Greece, of Rome have long since been dis- is the first prophetess mentioned in the
carded. Jehovah, the God of the Bible, the Bible. Note at Gen 20:7.
Creator of the universe, lives and continues 15:22-24 Ps 77:20; 78:52,53. Evidently
to perform His wonderful works. Deut 3:24; there was a spring at Marah. The Hebrew
2 Sam 7:22; 1 Kings 8:23; Ps 71:19; 86:8; word “marah” means bitter. This was the first
Mic 7:18. test of Israel after the mighty display of
“Holiness” – Lev 19:2; Isa 6:3; Rev God’s power and love at the Red Sea.
4:8; 1 Pet 1:14-16 (note at Lev 20:7). Through Moses He Himself led them to
“Wonders” – Job 5:9; Ps 72:18; 77:14; Marah. They pathetically failed the test and
86:10; 136:4. These are some of the les- began to grumble – not for the first or last
sons God was teaching Israel (and would time (14:11; 16:2; Num 14:2; 16:41; Ps
teach us) by His dealings in Egypt. 106:13; 1 Cor 10:10,11). They were always
15:13 “Mercy” – in the midst of judgments speaking to Moses instead of to God. When
on the ungodly God shows His love to those our supplies fail to whom do we speak? Does
who believe and serve Him. our faith in God fail with our failing
“Holy dwelling” – Jerusalem (Zion) – Ps supplies?
9:11; 76:2; 78:54; 132:13; 135:21. 15:25 The tree which healed the waters can
15:14-16 “Peoples” – 9:16; Deut 2:25; remind believers now that the cross of Christ
Josh 2:9-11. can take the bitterness out of life’s trials
“Bought” – Ps 74:2; Isa 43:1; Jer 31:11; and difficulties and turn them into satisfy-
Titus 2:14; 2 Pet 2:1. ing experiences (Gal 3:13; Rom 15:4;
15:17 Ps 2:6. 1 Pet 1:6,7; 4:1,12,13).
15:18 Ps 10:16; 29:10; 146:10; Jer 10:10; “He tested them” – compare 16:4; Deut
Rev 11:15. Jehovah is the great king of the 8:2,16; Jud 2:22; 3:1,4; Ps 66:10-12.
universe. 15:26 “If” – a promise with conditions. Some
EXODUS 15:27 98
Egyptians. For I am the LORD who heals you.” sixth day they are to prepare what they bring in;
27 And they came to Elim, where there were and it will be twice as much as they gather daily.”
twelve springs of water, and seventy palm trees; 6 And Moses and Aaron said to all the children
and they camped there by the waters. of Israel, “In the evening you will know that the
LORD has brought you out from the land of Egypt,
16 And they set out from Elim, and the
whole congregation of the children of
Israel came to the wilderness of Sin, which is
7 and in the morning you will see the glory of the
LORD; for he hears your grumbling against the
LORD. But what are we, that you grumble against
between Elim and Sinai, on the fifteenth day of the us?” 8 And Moses said, “This will take place when
second month after their departure from the land the LORD gives you meat to eat in the evening,
of Egypt. 2 And the whole congregation of the and bread to the full in the morning. For the LORD
children of Israel grumbled against Moses and Aaron hears your grumbling which you grumble against
in the desert. 3 The children of Israel said to them, him. But what are we? Your grumbling is not
“Oh, that we had died by the hand of the LORD in against us, but against the LORD.”
the land of Egypt, when we sat by pots of meat 9 And Moses spoke to Aaron, “Say to the whole
and when we ate bread to the full! For you have congregation of the children of Israel, ’Come near
brought us out into this desert to kill this whole to the LORD’s presence, for he has heard your
assembly with hunger.” grumbling.’”
4 Then the LORD said to Moses, “Look, I will 10 And it came about while Aaron was speaking
rain bread from heaven for you, and the people to the whole congregation of the children of Israel,
are to go out and gather at a certain rate every that they looked toward the desert, and, suddenly,
day, so that I may test them, whether they will the glory of the LORD appeared in the cloud.
walk in my law, or not. 5 And it shall be that on the 11 And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying,
are unconditional (Gen 9:12-16 for ex- Egypt were exhausted. They were in a desert.
ample). When God promises something The Sinai peninsula where they were is nearly
without conditions it means He will fulfill it 12,000 square miles, mostly desolate sand,
regardless of what men may do. The prom- rock and barren mountains. The wadis had
ise here was not like that. It was based on water usually only when it rained, which was
their obedience. If they did not obey, the seldom. There were springs here and there
promise would not be fulfilled. “The LORD and an occasional oasis and enough water
who heals you” – the Hebrew is “Jehovah and vegetation for flocks and herds. But
Rophekah” and He is perfectly able to heal there was certainly not enough food or wa-
His believing people (23:35; Deut 32:39; ter for two million people on the march. Parts
Ps 41:3,4; 103:3; 147:3; Matt 9:35; Jam of that area are described in Deut 1:19 as a
5:14,15). “great and terrible desert” or a “waste howl-
15:27 God gives rest and refreshment after ing wilderness” (KJV).
difficulties (Ps 23:2; 66:10-12; Mark 6:31; The people saw this dreary waste with no
Rev 7:17). The journey of Israel from Egypt cultivated fields, no rivers or flowing streams,
to Canaan is full of instruction and warning and it appeared that only death by thirst or
for us today (Rom 15:4; 1 Cor 10:1-13). In starvation awaited them. They forgot God’s
some respects it is similar to the journey love and the fact that He had led them to
of Christ’s believers through life from this the place where they were and had prom-
evil world, from which they have been res- ised to take them all the way to Canaan.
cued, to heaven (note at Num 14:45; 20:12; Unbelief can blind people’s eyes to every-
Deut 1:19; Gal 1:4). In these chapters de- thing except their difficulties.
scribing Israel’s journey we can see the “Oh, that” – the KJV has “Would to God”,
weakness, depravity and instability of those but in Hebrew the word for God does not
people (and of ourselves, for by nature we appear.
are no better than they. If God has 16:4 “From heaven” – Neh 9:15; Ps 78:23-
enlightened us and shown us what we truly 25; 105:40; John 6:31; 1 Cor 10:3.
are by nature, we can see our own portrait “Test” – 15:25; Deut 8:2,16.
in these chapters). We also can see God’s 16:6 6:7.
goodness, love and power displayed on their 16:7 “Glory of the LORD” – 16:10;
behalf and also God’s holiness and anger 33:18,21,22; 40:34; Num 14:21; Ps 72:19;
against sin. We can assume by all this that Isa 6:3; John 11:40; 2 Cor 4:6; Heb 1:3.
great difficulties and testings are inevitable 16:8 “Against the LORD” – our grumbling
for God’s people in every age. against the leaders God has given us and
16:2 14:11; 15:24; Deut 9:24; Ps 106:25; the circumstances into which He has brought
1 Cor 10:10. us is against God Himself. This is why it is
16:3 106:13-15. They forgot the afflictions so serious (1 Sam 8:7,8; Luke 10:16;
and bondage of Egypt and thought only of Rom 13:2; 1 Thess 4:8). Notes at Num
food. The provisions they had brought from 16:1,2,3.
99 EXODUS 17:1
12 “I have heard the grumbling of the children of and what is left over put aside to be kept until the
Israel. Speak to them, saying, ‘In the evening you morning.’”
will eat meat, and in the morning you will be filled 24 And so they put it aside until morning, as
with bread; and you will know that I am the LORD Moses commanded. And it did not stink, nor
your God.’” was there any worm in it. 25 And Moses said,
13 And it came about that in the evening quails “Eat that today, for today is a Sabbath to the
came up and covered the camp, and in the morning LORD. Today you will not find it in the field.
the dew lay around the camp. 14 And when the 26 You are to gather it for six days, but on the
dew that lay there was gone, there, on the sur- seventh day, which is the Sabbath, there will not
face of the desert appeared a tiny flake-like be any.”
thing, as small as hoar frost on the ground. 15 And 27 And it happened that some of the people
when the children of Israel saw it, they said to went out on the seventh day to gather it, and did
one another, “It is manna”, for they did not know not find any. 28 And the LORD said to Moses,
what it was. And Moses said to them, “This is “How long do you refuse to keep my command-
the bread which the LORD has given you to ments and my laws? 29 See, the LORD has given
eat. you the Sabbath, so on the sixth day he gives you
16 ”This is what the LORD has commanded: bread for two days. Each one of you is to stay in his
‘Each person is to gather it according to his place. Let no one go out of his place on the seventh
eating, an omer for each person, according to day.” 30 So the people rested on the seventh
the number of people you have. Each one is to day.
take for those who are in his tent.’” 31 And the house of Israel called the name of it
17 And the children of Israel did so. They Manna. It was like coriander seed, white, and it
gathered it, some more, some less. 18 And tasted like wafers made with honey. 32 And
when they measured it with an omer, the one Moses said, “This is what the LORD commands: ‘Fill
who gathered much had nothing over, and the an omer with it to be kept for your future genera-
one who gathered little had no lack. Each one tions, so that they may see the bread I have fed
of them gathered it according to his eating. you with in the desert, when I brought you from
19 And Moses said, “Let no one leave any the land of Egypt.’”
of it until the morning.” 33 And Moses said to Aaron, “Take a pot
20 But they did not listen to Moses. Some and put an omer full of manna in it, and place
of them left some of it until the morning, and it it before the LORD, to be kept for your future
bred worms, and stank; and Moses was angry generations.”
with them. 34 So Aaron placed it before the Testimony,
21 And they gathered it every morning, each to be kept, just as the LORD commanded Moses.
one according to his eating. And when the sun 35 And the children of Israel ate manna for
grew hot, it melted. 22 And it came about on forty years, until they came to an inhabited land.
the sixth day that they gathered twice as much They ate manna until they came to the borders
bread, two omers for one person. And all the of the land of Canaan.
leaders of the congregation came and told 36 Now an omer is a tenth of an ephah.
Moses, 23 and he said to them, “This is what
the LORD has said: ‘Tomorrow is the rest day, a
holy Sabbath to the LORD. Bake what you want 17 And all the congregation of the children
of Israel set out from the Wilderness of
to bake today, and boil what you want to boil, Sin for the next stage of their journeys,
16:12 Num 14:26,27; Ps 94:8,9. sure equaling about two liters.
16:15 In Hebrew “what is it” is “Man hu”? 16:18 2 Cor 8:15.
The word manna comes from this (v 31). 16:19,20 They could not or would not obey
16:16 Verse 4; Neh 9:15; Ps 78:24; an instruction as simple as this. The truth
105;40; John 6:31; 1 Cor 10:3; Rev 2:17. here is that God did not want them to store
The manna signifies the Lord Jesus Christ up for the future, but day by day to recog-
come down from heaven to be the spiritual nize their dependence on Him alone for their
food of His people – John 6:31-35. We feed needs. Compare Matt 6:11.
on Him by faith. That is, by faith we receive 16:22-26 Again they could not obey a simple
Him as our Saviour, meditate on His wonder- instruction until repeated. We see how hu-
ful deeds and attributes and His work for us man, how ordinary were these Israelites.
on the cross, draw near to Him in prayer, 16:32-34 Heb 9:4. “Testimony” – 25:16.
and receive strength from Him for our daily 16:35 Deut 8:2,3; Josh 5:12; Neh 9:20,21.
life. 17:1 15:22-24. They were there at God’s
“Omer” (also vs 18,32,33,36) – a mea- command and should have been sure He
EXODUS 17:2 100
according to the commandment of the LORD, and Tomorrow I will stand on the top of the hill with the
camped in Rephidim. And there was no water for rod of God in my hand.”
the people to drink. 2 Therefore the people quar- 10 So Joshua did as Moses said to him, and
reled with Moses, and said, “Give us water to drink.” fought with Amalek, and Moses, Aaron, and Hur
And Moses said to them, “Why quarrel with me? went up to the top of the hill. 11 And it was like
Why do you test the LORD?” this: When Moses held up his hand, Israel pre-
3 But the people were thirsty for water there, vailed, and when he let his hand down, Amalek
and so the people grumbled against Moses, and prevailed. 12 But Moses’ hands were heavy, and
said, “Why is it that you have brought us up out of so they took a stone and put it under him, and he
Egypt to kill us and our children and our cattle with sat on it, and Aaron and Hur held up his hands, one
thirst?” on one side, and one on the other side, and his
4 And Moses cried out to the LORD, saying, hands remained steady until sundown. 13 And
“What shall I do with this people? They are almost Joshua defeated Amalek and his people with the
ready to stone me.” edge of the sword.
5 And the LORD said to Moses, “Go on ahead of 14 And the LORD said to Moses, “Write this in a
the people, and take with you some of the elders book as something to be remembered, and tell it in
of Israel. And take your rod in your hand, with the hearing of Joshua, because I will completely
which you struck the river, and go. 6 See, I will blot out the remembrance of Amalek from under
stand before you there on the rock in Horeb, and heaven.”
you are to strike the rock. And water will come out 15 And Moses built an altar, and called the name
of it, so that the people may drink.” And Moses did of it Jehovah Nissi, 16 for he said, “Because the
so in the sight of the elders of Israel. 7 And he LORD has sworn that the LORD will have war with
called the name of the place Massah, and Meribah, Amalek from generation to generation.”
because of the quarreling of the children of Israel,
and because they tested the LORD, saying, “Is
the LORD among us, or not?”
8 Then Amalek came, and fought with Israel
18 And Jethro, the priest of Midian, Moses’
father-in-law, heard of all that God had
done for Moses, and for his people Israel, and that
in Rephidim. 9 And Moses said to Joshua, “Choose the LORD had brought Israel out of Egypt.
some men for us, go out, and fight with Amalek. 2 After Moses had sent his wife Zipporah back,
would give them all they needed (Ps 23:1). 19; 1 Sam 15:2,3). They were a semi-no-
17:2,3 “Quarreled” – 14:11; 16:2,3,8; Num madic people usually occupying desert ar-
21:5,6. eas south of Canaan. From this time on they
“Test” – Deut 6:16; Ps 78:18,41; Matt were enemies of Israel. Notes at 1 Sam
4:7; 1 Cor 10:9. 15:2; Esther 3:1.
17:4 Num 14:10. 17:9 “Joshua” – 24:13; Josh 1:1.
17:5 4:2; 7:20. “Rod” – 4:20.
17:6 “Horeb” – 3:1. 17:10 “Hur” – 24:14; 31:2.
“Strike” – Num 20:10,11; Deut 8:15; Neh 17:11 This signified dependence on God’s
9:15; Ps 78:15; 105:41; 114:8. This rock power alone. Perhaps the lifted arm is a pic-
signifies Christ (1 Cor 10:4). He was struck ture of intercession for the people of God.
for His people (Isa 53:4-6) so that they Observe that when Moses’ arm came down
might have eternal spiritual water to drink God’s enemies gained ground and defeated
(John 4:10,13,14; q7:37; Rev 7:17; God’s people.
22:1,17). To give water for 20,00,000 17:14 “Write” – 24:4; 34:27; Num 33:2;
people great streams had to gush from the Deut 31:9.
rock. From Christ the smitten Rock flows “Blot out” – Deut 25:19; 1 Sam 15:3.
such quantities of living water that there is 17:15 “Jehovah Nissi” – this means “The
enough for every one of earth’s billions to LORD is my banner.” He is the God who gives
drink. The water here signifies the Holy Spirit victory to His people against their enemies
(John 7:38,39) (Ps 20:5; 60:4; Isa 11:12; John 16:33;
17:7 The Hebrew word “massah” means test Rom 8:37; 1 Cor 15:57; 2 Cor 2:14). The
or testing. “Meribah” means quarrel or quar- Christian life is a warfare against spiritual
reling. See Num 14:22; 20:13; Deut 6:16; enemies (Eph 6:10-18). Victory is gained
9:22; Ps 95:8-11. They tested God by their by dependence on God’s power alone (v 11).
unbelief – “Is the LORD among us or not?” We must fight if we would win, but victory is
Their duty and privilege was to trust God to God’s gift and does not come by our strength
meet their every need and not grumble and or skill. Note at Josh 1:17.
complain at His leading. Had not God re- 17:16 The first part of this verse may also
peatedly shown His love and power toward be translated “Because a hand was against
them? the throne of the LORD.”
17:8 Amalek was a people descended from 18:1-4 “Jethro” – 2:16,18; 3:1. Gershom
Esau, Jacob’s brother (Gen 36:12; Deut 25:17- means “an exile” or “a stranger there.”
101 EXODUS 19:2
Jethro, Moses’ father-in-law, received her 3 and “Because the people come to me to seek God’s
her two sons. The name of one was Gershom; for guidance. 16 Whenever they have a matter, they
he said, “I have been a foreigner in a foreign land”. come to me, and I judge between one and
4 And the name of the other was Eliezer; for he another, and I cause them to know God’s decrees
said “the God of my father was my help, and deliv- and his laws.”
ered me from the sword of Pharaoh.” 17 And Moses’ father-in-law said to him, “The
5 Now Jethro, Moses’ father-in-law, came with thing that you are doing is not good. 18 You will
his sons and his wife to Moses in the desert, where surely wear out, both you and this people who are
he was camping at the mountain of God, 6 and he with you, for this work is too heavy for you. You
said to Moses, “I, your father-in-law Jethro, and are not able to do it alone. 19 Now listen to my
your wife and her two sons with her, have come to voice. I will give you counsel and God will be with
you.” you. You be the representative of the people to
7 And Moses went out to meet his father- God, so that you may bring the cases to God.
in-law, and bowed down, and kissed him; and they 20 And you will teach them ordinances and laws
asked each other of their welfare, and came into and show them the way in which they are to walk,
the tent. 8 And Moses told his father-in-law all and the work they are to do. 21 But you must
that the LORD had done to Pharaoh and to the select able men from all the people who fear God,
Egyptians for Israel’s sake, and all the hardship men of truth, hating dishonest gain. And place
that had come on them in the way, and how the such men over them, to be leaders of thousands,
LORD had delivered them. leaders of hundreds, leaders of fifties, and leaders
9 And Jethro rejoiced because of all the good- of tens. 22 And let them judge the people at all
ness which the LORD had done for Israel, whom he times. And it shall be that they will bring every
had delivered from the hand of the Egyptians. great matter to you, but will judge every small
10 And Jethro said, “Blessed be the LORD, who matter themselves. So it will be easier for you,
has delivered you from the hand of the Egyptians when they bear the burden with you. 23 If you do
and from the hand of Pharaoh, who has delivered this thing, and if God so commands you, then you
the people from under the hand of the Egyptians. will be able to endure, and all this people will also go
11 Now I know that the LORD is greater than all to their places contented.”
gods, because he was above them in the matter in 24 So Moses listened to the voice of his father-
which they behaved so arrogantly.” 12 And Jethro, in-law, and did all that he had said. 25 And Moses
Moses’ father-in-law, took a burnt offering and chose able men from all Israel, and made them
sacrifices for God. And Aaron and all the elders of heads over the people, leaders of thousands, lead-
Israel came to eat bread with Moses’ father- in-law ers of hundreds, leaders of fifties, and leaders of
in God’s presence. tens. 26 And they judged the people at all times.
13 And it came about the next day that Moses The hard cases they brought to Moses, but every
sat to judge the people, and the people were small matter they judged themselves.
standing around Moses from morning to evening. 27 And Moses let his father-in-law leave, and
14 And when Moses’ father-in-law saw all that he he went his way to his own land.
did for the people, he said, ”What is this thing that
you are doing for the people? Why are you sitting
alone, with all the people standing around you from
morning to evening?”
19 In the third month after the children of
Israel had come out of the land of Egypt,
the same day, they came into the desert of Sinai.
15 And Moses said to his father-in-law, 2 When they set out from Rephidim they came to
Eliezer means “God of help” or “my God is justice for people, and refuse bribes and
helper.” dishonest gain.
18:5 “Mountain of God” – 3:1,12; 4:27; 18:24 Even so great and wise a man as
24:13. Moses was willing to take the advice of
18:9 Ps 25:6; 86:5; Isa 63:7-9. others (Num 12:3).
18:11 12:12; 15:11; 1 Kings 18:39; 2 Chron 19:1,2 The location of this mountain called
2:5; Ps 95:3; 97:9; 135:5. Sinai or Horeb (3:1,12) is not known for
18:15,16 Num 9:6,8; 27:5; Deut 17:8-13. certain, but the one usually regarded by
18:18 Num 11:14,17; Deut 1:12. scholars as the Sinai of the Bible is a series
18:21,22 Deut 1:13-18; 16:19,20; 2 Sam of peaks two miles long and a mile wide.
23:3; 2 Chron 19:5-10; Ps 15:1-5; Prov The highest point is over 7,000 feet (about
24:23-25; Acts 6:3. The God of the Bible is 2,160 meters). In front of it there is an
a God of absolute justice Himself and extensive plain where as many as
demands that judges and rulers seek only (20,00,000 people could camp.
EXODUS 19:3 102
the desert of Sinai and camped in the desert. There and have them wash their clothes, 11 and be ready
Israel camped in front of the mountain. by the third day, for on the third day the LORD will
3 And Moses went up to God. And the LORD come down on Mount Sinai in the sight of all the
called to him from the mountain, saying, ”This is people. 12 And you are to set limits to the people
what you are to say to the house of Jacob, and tell all around, saying, Watch out for yourselves, so
to the children of Israel: 4 You have seen what I that you do not go up to the mountain, or touch
did to the Egyptians, and how I carried you on the edge of it. Whoever touches the mountain
eagles’ wings, and brought you to myself. 5 Now, shall surely be put to death. 13 No hand is to touch
therefore, if you will indeed obey my voice and him, but he shall surely be stoned, or shot with
keep my covenant, then you will be my special trea- arrows; neither animal or man is to live. When the
sure out of all the peoples, for all the earth is mine. trumpet sounds a long blast, they are to come up
6 And you will be for me a kingdom of priests, and to the mountain.”
a holy nation. These are the words which you shall 14 And Moses went down from the mountain to
speak to the children of Israel.” the people, and sanctified the people. And they
7 And Moses came and called for the elders of washed their clothes. 15 And he said to the people,
the people, and set before them all these words “Be ready by the third day; do not go near your
which the LORD commanded him. 8 And all the wives.”
people answered together, and said, “All that the 16 And it came about on the morning of the
LORD has spoken we will do.” And Moses took the third day that there were flashes of lightning and
words of the people back to the LORD. thunder, and a thick cloud on the mountain, and
9 And the LORD said to Moses, “See, I come to the sound of a trumpet exceedingly loud, so that
you in a thick cloud, so that the people may hear all the people who were in the camp trembled.
when I speak with you, and believe you forever.” 17 And Moses brought the people out of the camp
And Moses told the words of the people to the to meet with God; and they stood at the bottom of
LORD. the mountain. 18 And the whole of Mount Sinai
10 And the LORD said to Moses, “Go to the was in smoke, because the LORD came down on it
people, and sanctify them today and tomorrow, in fire, and its smoke went up like the smoke of a
19:3 The God of love who has redeemed Second, they would be a kingdom of
Israel from bondage now gives them a fur- priests. This was never completely fulfilled
ther revelation of truth. in Israel under the old covenant because
19:4 Deut 29:2; 32:11. they were not obedient. (Note on priests at
19:5,6 God now makes another covenant 28:1).
with Israel. See 24:8. This covenant is called Third, they would be a holy nation (Deut
the Mosaic Covenant because it was given 7:6; 14:21; 26:19; Isa 62:12).
through Moses. It is also called by some 19:8 24:3,7; 26:17. Their intention to keep
the covenant of works because its prom- God’s laws was good (Deut 5:27), but they
ised blessings were based on the obedience were self-deceived and all too ignorant of
of the people. In other words, it was a con- their weak and sinful hearts (Jer 17:9). Their
ditional covenant, not like the one God gave later history revealed this – 32:7-9; Num
in Noah’s day (Gen 9:12-16). God now says 14:11; Deut 5:29; 9:24; Ps 95:10,11;
to Israel that they would enjoy certain privi- 106:13,14. Because of the depravity of hu-
leges ‘if you obey me’. The first part of the man nature, self-effort will never enable
Bible is named after this covenant. The rest anyone to completely keep the law of God.
of the Old Testament from here to Malachi To do that men must be spiritually changed,
deals with Israel under this covenant. receive God’s Holy Spirit and live in the power
This covenant has three parts, relating of the Spirit (Rom 8:3,4). So the law could
to the ethical, social, and religious life of not bring salvation to the people. The basis
Israel. This covenant did not change God’s of salvation is grace and mercy, not the
covenant with Abraham (Gen 12:1-3; deeds of the law (John 1:17; Acts 13:39;
15:18-21; 17:9-14). It was added to that Rom 3:22-26; Gal 2:16; Eph 2:1-5; Titus
covenant and was to be in force only until 3:3-7). Still our desire should always be to
Christ came (Gal 3:17-19; Heb 8:7-13). obey God and do what He tells us (John
When this old covenant had fully served the 15:10; 1 John 2:3-6).
purpose God had for it, He laid it aside and 19:9 24:15,16; Deut 4:11.
brought in the new covenant which is far su- 19:10-13 The holy God is ready to reveal
perior to it (Heb 8:6). Under the old cove- His holy law to the people. They must be
nant God promised Israel three things upon clean and ready to stand before Him. Even
their obedience. the mountain where God appeared was holy
First, they would be His own special pos- and must not be touched.
session (Deut 4:20; 7:6; 14:2; 26:18; Ps “Sanctify” – see note at Lev 20:7.
135:4. Concerning believers in Christ now 19:16-18 Deut 4:11; Jud 5:5; Ps 68:7,8;
see Titus 2:14; 1 Pet 2:9). Heb 12:18-21.
103 EXODUS 20:4
furnace, and the whole mountain shook violently. 24 And the LORD said to him, “Away, go down.
19 And when the sound of the trumpet made a Then you are to come up, you, and Aaron with
long blast, and got louder and louder, Moses spoke, you. But do not let the priests and the people
and God answered him with a voice. break through to come up to the LORD, so that he
20 And the LORD came down on Mount Sinai, does not break out against them.”
on the top of the mountain; and the LORD called 25 So Moses went down to the people, and
Moses up to the top of the mountain and Moses spoke to them.
went up. 21 And the LORD said to Moses, “Go
down, warn the people so they will not break through
to the LORD to gaze, and many of them perish.
22 And have the priests also, who come near the
20 And God spoke all these words, saying,
2 ”I am the LORD your God, who has
brought you out of the land of Egypt, out of the
LORD, sanctify themselves, so that the LORD does house of bondage.
not break out against them.”
3 “You shall have no other gods besides me.
23 And Moses said to the LORD, “The people
cannot come up to Mount Sinai, for you warned us, 4 “You shall not make for yourself any graven
saying, ‘Set limits around the mountain and image, or any likeness of anything that is in heaven
sanctify it.’” above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in
“Fire” – note at 3:2. the most important of His laws. If people
19:20 Neh 9:13. follow other gods they will reject Him, ne-
19:21-25 The picture in this chapter is one glect other laws of His, ignore His way of
of gloom and fire and quaking and fear and salvation, and thus bring ruin upon them-
distance between God and man. All these selves. The meaning of this verse is not
indicate God’s hatred of all sin and man’s that there are many gods all struggling for
unworthiness in himself to approach God. supremacy. There is only one true God and
They show also that the revelation of God’s He hates everything that is false, everything
commandments was a fearful thing, that the that man makes into a god or falsely imag-
way of a peaceful, joyous entrance into God’s ines to be God. He loves human beings and
presence was not then being revealed. God wants their love in return (Deut 6:5). Even
in His love gave the law to teach the people if a person follows all the other laws of God
many important things. The law brought the and breaks only this one, that person is
knowledge of sin (Rom 3:19,20); when guilty of a great sin against God, and is
broken it brought God’s wrath (Rom 4:15); worthy of terrible punishment (Deut 13:6-
to the disobedient it brought a curse (Deut 18; 17:2-7; etc).
27:26; Gal 3:10), and death and condem- “Besides” – this may also be translated
nation (2 Cor 3:7,9). “before”. In either case, what the true God
The law itself was holy, just, and good is forbidding is to have any other god at all,
(Rom 7:12), but mankind is unholy, unjust, ever.
and bad, and far too weak and sinful to fully 20:4-6 God, the Creator of the universe and
keep the law (Rom 7:14,18; 8:3). The law of man, forbids all idolatry. This command-
was a just and righteous code to govern ment too is repeated many times in the Bible
society, but it was not a way for personal (for example Lev 19:4; 26:1; Deut 4:15-
salvation. The principal work of the law is to 19; 5:8,9; 27:15; 1 John 5:21). God does
teach us certain truth we need to know about not have to give any reasons for this; He is
God and ourselves and so point us to Christ God and knows what is right and good. But
(Gal 3:24,25). Learning God’s high and holy excellent reasons why He gave this com-
standards, our own sinful, weak natures, our mand are later revealed in the Bible.
need of Christ and His grace is a very great First, idols give a false view of what God
good. Happy those who so learn! is like. They dishonor and slander God (Isa
20:1 This is one of the key chapters of the 40:18-26; Acts 17:29; Rom 1:20-23).
Bible, of the whole literature of the world. Nothing that men can make can in any way
The laws recorded here are not man’s but represent God’s eternal being, His holiness,
God’s. They give His standard of holiness His grandeur, His supremely excellent
and justice. They were given for the good of nature. Man-made images will be ugly and
Israel and for the good of people everywhere. abominable by comparison with God’s glory.
20:2 God first identifies Himself so there can Even if there could be images which truly
be no mistake. He is Jehovah (“LORD”), the represented God’s nature (and this is
eternally self-existing one, the Creator of impossible), they would not be good for
man (Gen 2:7), the one who displayed His people to have and worship. By them we
marvelous power in bringing Israel out of could only know the images of God and not
Egypt (note on Jehovah at 3:14,15). God Himself. God can be known only through
20:3 The first law of God is often repeated spirit, only by direct experience with Him.
in the Bible (Deut 6:14; 2 Kings 17:35; Jer The Lord Jesus taught that God is spirit and
25:6; 35:15; Matt 4:10). The Bible teaches that they who worship Him must worship in
the centrality of God the Creator, and this is spirit and in truth (John 4:24).
EXODUS 20:5 104
the water under the earth; 5 You shall not bow 8 “Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy.
down to them, or serve them; for I, the LORD your 9 Six days you are to labour, and do all your work;
God, am a jealous God, visiting the wrongdoing of 10 but the seventh day is the Sabbath of the
the fathers on the children to the third and fourth LORD your God. You shall not do any work in it,
generation of those who hate me, 6 and showing neither you, nor your son, nor your daughter,
mercy to thousands, to those who love me and your male servant, nor your female servant, nor
keep my commandments. your cattle, nor your foreigner who is inside your
gates; 11 for in six days the LORD made the heaven
7 ”You shall not take the name of the LORD and the earth, the sea, and all that is them, and
your God in vain; for the LORD will not hold him ceased on the seventh day. Therefore the LORD
guiltless that takes his name in vain. blessed the Sabbath day, and made it holy.
Second, the Bible says that idols are vain work. The law had Saturday for their rest day.
and worthless (Ps 115:2-8; 135:13-18; Isa Christians now, no longer under the law (Rom
44:9-20; Jer 10:5; Hab 2:18,19; 1 Cor 12:2; 6:14), generally have Sunday as their rest day
Rev 9:20). (Acts 20:7; 1 Cor 16:2). The particular day is
Third, idolatry corrupts individuals and not the important thing but the fact of having
nations. It leads people astray from the one some day for rest and worship. In the whole of
true God (Ps 106:36-39; Ezek 6:9; 44:10; the New Testament there is no command to
Hos 4:12). So God in His love for people Christians to take Saturday (or any other day)
emphatically forbids all idolatry. as their day of rest.
20:5,6 “Jealous God” – jealousy is a word 20:11 “Made” – the Hebrew verb (“asah”) which
associated with love. God loves His people has many meanings – “made”, “did”, “prepared”,
with an everlasting love (Jer 31:3). He loved “made ready”, “appointed”, “worked on”, etc. It
the world so much He gave His only Son as a is unlikely that this verse refers to Genesis 1:1
sacrifice (John 3:16). A God of love He is and the “beginning” when God “created”
(1 John 4:8), and He wants love in return. When (“bara”) the heaven and the earth out of noth-
His people’s love is given to false gods and idols ing. The Hebrew verb here usually means made
His anger is aroused. He loves so much that He or made ready, working on existing materials.
can tolerate no rival for His people’s affections See the notes on Genesis chapter 1. It seems
(34:14; Deut 4:24; 5:9; 6:5,15; Josh that here in Exodus the six days here were the
24:19). days that God “worked on” an already existing
“Visiting” – God does not punish children for earth (from Gen 1:3 onward). If this is the
their parent’s sin (Deut 24:16; notes on Ezekiel correct interpretation, then since the sev-
chapter 18). However, the consequences of enth day here is a literal day of 24 hours
parent’s sins come upon children. And God has there is strong reason for thinking that the
so arranged things in life that it will be so. six previous days were also literal days of
Children are influenced by their parents very 24 hours. But see notes at Gen 1:5; 2:4;
strongly and learn their ways. If parents hate 5:2.
God it will be no surprising thing if their children “Six days” – the word “in” before “six”
also come to hate God. The consequences and appears in most versions, but it has added
resulting punishment of such sin will be only to by the translators. It is not in the Hebrew
the 3rd and 4th generation, but God will show here. So this sentence could also be trans-
His love to a thousand generations. God would lated like this: “For six days the LORD
much rather show love than punish (Ps 30:5; worked on the sky and the land, the sea,
Ezek 18:23,30-32; Hos 14:1-4. The whole book and all that is in them, and ceased the sev-
of Hosea shows this truth. The cross of the Lord enth day.” It seems He is speaking of mak-
Jesus reveals that God took the punishment of ing this special area of the universe ready
sin Himself to keep from punishing others). In for man’s habitation. After all, He is speak-
this revelation of His holy law the God of love ing to human being on the earth He cre-
speaks, and throughout the whole Bible God ated for them and about which they have
showed love, mercy, and grace to anyone who more interest than any other spot in the
heartily turned to Him. And He still continues to universe. And the original hearers and read-
do so. ers knew nothing about outer space with its
“Wrongdoing” – the Hebrew word here has a billions of galaxies. Of course, God did cre-
variety of meanings including the consequences ate the whole universe, but it is unlikely that
of sin. this is what He is speaking about here.
20:7 Lev 19:12; Deut 6:13; 10:20. God is holy “Heaven” – this could be translated “sky”
and His name is holy (note at Lev 20:7). People also. The Hebrew word is in the plural, but it is
must regard it as holy and use His name only always in the plural whether the meaning is
sincerely, truly, lovingly. The penalty for break- “heavens” (plural), or “heaven” (singular) or
ing this law was severe (Deut 28:58,59). “sky” or “skies”. The singular is never used.
20:8-11 Gen 2:2,3; Ex 23:12; 31:13-17; “Earth” – the Hebrew word here also
34:21; 35:2,3; Deut 5:12-15; Isa 58:12,13. The means “land”, and may be better, in the
Sabbath was a day of quietness, relaxation, and context, to translate it “land”. If we say earth,
rest. It was also the day when Israel met the sea is a part of the earth and should
together to worship God (Lev 23:3). God knew not be singled out as something different
that man needed such a day after six days of from the earth. But the expression “land
105 EXODUS 21:2
12 “Honour your father and your mother, so sin.”
that your time may be long in the land which the 21 And the people stood at a distance, and
LORD your God is giving you. Moses drew near the thick darkness where God
13 “You shall not commit murder. was.
22 And the LORD said to Moses, “This is what
14 “You shall not commit adultery.
you are to say to the children of Israel: You have
15 “You shall not steal. seen that I have talked with you from heaven.
16 “You shall not bear false witness against your 23 To be with me you shall not make for yourself
neighbour. gods of silver, and you shall not make for yourself
gods of gold.
17 “You shall not covet your neighbour’s house; 24 “You shall make an altar of earth for me, and
you shall not covet your neighbour’s wife, or his on it you shall sacrifice your burnt offerings, and
male servant, or his female servant, or his ox, or your peace offerings, your sheep, and your oxen.
his donkey, or anything that belongs to your In every place that I cause my name to be remem-
neighbour.” bered I will come to you, and I will bless you.
18 And all the people saw the thunder and the 25 And if you make an altar of stone for me, you
lightning flashes, and the sound of the trumpet, shall not build it with cut stones, for if you use your
and the mountain smoking. And when the people chisel on it, you have polluted it. 26 Neither shall
saw it, they trembled and stood at a distance. you go up by steps to my altar, so that your naked-
19 And they said to Moses, “You speak with us, and ness is not exposed on it.’
we will listen; but do not have God speak with us,
or we will die.”
20 And Moses said to the people, “Do not be
afraid; for God has come to test you so that his
21 “Now these are the laws which you are
to set before them.
2 “If you buy a Hebrew slave, he is to serve you
fear may be before your faces, so that you do not for six years, and in the seventh he is to go out
and sea” indicates that these two things are him of sin (Rom 7:7,8). More than any other
different. And, in fact, what God did in those commandment perhaps this one shows that
six days of Genesis was to prepare the land all have sinned and come short of the glory
and the sea and the atmosphere around of God (Rom 3:23). The Lord Jesus revealed
the earth. that sin is in the inner desire as well as in
20:12 Lev 19:3; Deut 27:16; Matt 15:4; the outward act of a person (Matt 5:27,28;
19:19; Eph 6:2,3. 15:19,20).
20:13 Gen 9:6; Ex 21:12; Lev 24:17; Deut 20:18 19:16,18; Heb 12:18,19. Law keeps
5:17. This is not a command against man at a distance from God, grace brings
killing, but against murder. God Himself him near.
commanded men to put other men to death 20:19 Deut 5:5,23-27; Heb 12:19.
for various offenses (see note at 21:36), 20:20 Deut 4:10; 6:24; Prov 3:7; 16:6; Isa
and sent the nation Israel into Canaan to 8:13. The law should produce a fear of of-
kill its inhabitants. So to translate this com- fending God and bringing His punishment.
mand as “You shall not kill” is misleading. Such fear will restrain from evil (notes at
The Hebrew word means murder. Gen 20:11; Ps 34:11-14; 111:10; Prov
20:14 Lev 20:10; Deut 5:18; Matt 5:27; 1:7).
19:18; Rom 13:9; 1 Cor 6:9,18; Eph 5:3; 20:21 19:16; Deut 5:22.
Col 3:5; Heb 13:4. 20:22 Deut 4:36; 5:24,26; Neh 9:13; Heb
20:15 21:16; Lev 19:11,13; Matt 19:18; 12:25.
Rom 13:9; Eph 4:28. 20:23 The one law God repeats in this chap-
20:16 See 23:1; Ps 5:6; 15:2; Prov 6:16- ter is the prohibition of other gods. This law
19; 12:22; Matt 19:18; Eph 4:15,25; Col was of the utmost importance. In fact all
3:9. God is a God of truth and so hates all the other laws are based on this one.
kinds of lying and deception. Three times 2O:24 Burnt and peace offerings signify
in the closing book of the Bible God reveals Christ sacrificed for sinners to deliver them
what the terrible consequences of lying will from the curse of the very law now revealed
be (Rev 21:8,27; 22:15). (Gal 3:13,14). See notes on these offer-
“Neighbour” – this means fellow human ings at Leviticus chapters 1 and 3.
beings, not just the person living next door. “Bless you” – notes on blessing at Gen
20:17 Deut 5:21; Rom 7:7; 13:9; Eph 5:3,5. 12:2,3; Num 6:22-27; Deut 28:1,2; Ps
All the other commandments in this chap- 1:1,2; 119:1; Matt 5:3-12; Luke 11:28; Acts
ter concern outward actions. This one 3:26; Gal 3:9,15; Eph 1:3.
concerns the secret desires of the heart. The 21:1 Here are various laws for Israel as a
apostle Paul once thought he could keep nation, as a community of people living
all of the law, but this one command together.
revealed to him the uncontrollable desires 21:2 Lev 25:39-43; Deut 15:12-18; Jer
that were in his fallen nature and convicted 34:14. Slavery was an accepted custom in
EXODUS 21:3 106
free, paying nothing. 3 If he came in by himself, hands, then I will appoint you a place where he is
he shall go out by himself; if he was married, then to flee. 14 But if a man deals arrogantly with his
his wife shall go out with him. 4 If his master has neighbour so as to murder him treacherously, you
given him a wife, and she has borne him sons or shall take him from my altar to be put to death.
daughters, the wife and her children shall belong 15 “And whoever strikes his father, or his
to her master, and he shall go out by himself. mother, shall surely be put to death.
5 “But if the slave plainly says, ‘I love my mas- 16 ”And whoever kidnaps a man and sells him,
ter, my wife, and my children; I will not go out or if he is found in his hands, he shall surely be put
free’, 6 then his master shall bring him to the to death.
judges, then he shall also bring him to the door, or 17 ”And whoever curses his father, or his mother,
to the door post, and his master shall bore his ear shall surely be put to death.
through with an awl; and he shall serve him perma- 18 ”And if men fight together, and one strikes
nently. the other with a stone or with his fist, and he does
7 “And if a man sells his daughter as a female not die, but is confined to his bed, 19 if he gets up
slave, she shall not go out as the male slaves do. again and walks around with his staff, then the one
8 If she does not please her master, who has who struck him will be in the clear. But he shall pay
assigned her to himself, then he is to let her be for the loss of his time, and shall see that he is
redeemed. He shall have no authority to sell her to completely healed.
a foreign people, since he has dealt unfairly with 20 “And if a man strikes his male or female slave
her. 9 And if he has assigned her to his son, he with a rod, and the slave dies at his hand, he shall
shall deal with her according to the custom with surely be punished. 21 However, if the slave sur-
daughters. 10 If he takes another woman, he shall vives a day or two, he shall not be punished, for he
not diminish her food, her clothing, and her conju- is his property.
gal rights. 11 And if he does not do these three 22 “If men fight, and one of them harms a
things for her, then she shall go out free without pregnant woman so that she has a miscarriage,
payment. yet there is no further injury, he shall surely be
12 ”Whoever strikes a man, so that he dies, fined, just as the woman’s husband may demand,
shall surely be put to death. 13 However if a man and he must pay as the judges determine. 23 And
did not lie in wait, but God delivered him into his if there is any further injury, then you shall give life
the ancient world. Under the law God per- on slavery at Eph 6:5.
mitted it for His people. It is possible He 21:5 Deut 15:16,17.
did so to signify certain spiritual truths – 21:6 Some slaves were treated so well by
that man is in bondage to sin and that the their masters that they wanted to serve per-
law cannot free him; and that God’s people manently. This is the true believer’s atti-
belong to Him. He is their owner and mas- tude toward God who is his Lord and Master
ter, and they are His servants or slaves. God and he rejoices in this relationship. Christ is
may have permitted slavery also to teach the believer’s perfect example in this as in
that all men, because they are sinners and everything (Heb 10:7; Ps 40:6-8; John
rebels against God, have no rights before 8:29; Rom 15:8). In the New Testament be-
God. Because of their nature and actions lievers are called slaves or servants of God
they deserve punishment, grief, death, and (Rom 6:17-22).
eternal separation from God. If any people “Judges” – the Hebrew word means
enjoy life, liberty, happiness and prosper- “gods” or “God”. See note at Ps 82:1,2. The
ity, this is God’s grace and mercy to them judges were supposed to be God’s repre-
and not their inalienable right. sentatives to dispense justice.
In Israel slaves were to be treated far 21:7 Neh 5:5.
better than in any other country on earth. 21:12 Gen 9:6; Lev 24:17; Num 35:30; Matt
Their owners were to show them fairness and 26:52.
kindness. As a rule they were to be consid- 21:13 Num 35:10-15; Deut 19:1-13; Josh
ered practically as members of the family 20:1-9.
where they were. They rested on the Sab- 21:14 Deut 19:11,12; 1 Kings 2:28-34.
bath and ate the meat of the sacrifices (Deut 21:15 20:12.
5:14; 12:12; 16:11), even the consecrated 21:16 Deut 24:7.
food of the priests (Lev 22:11). They took 21:17 20:12; Lev 20:9; Prov 20:20; Matt
circumcision if they wanted to and then had 15:4.
all the privileges of the covenant (Ex 12:44). 21:21 Lev 25:44-46. God’s people are God’s
When set free they were given provisions property – Deut 4:20; 7:6; 14:2; Ps 135:4;
(Deut 15:14). A higher code for slaves did Rom 14:8; 1 Cor 6:19,20; Titus 2:14.
not exist among any people. One other fact 21:22 Deut 22:18,19.
– the seed of the eventual overthrow of sla- 21:23-25 This is the essence of the law –
very is found in Old Testament teachings exact retribution for offenses (Lev 24:19,20;
like Lev 19:18. See also Matt 7:12 and note Deut 19:21). This was to govern the rela-
107 EXODUS 22:13
for life, 24 eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for and dies, no blood is to be shed for him in punish-
hand, foot for foot, 25 burning for burning, wound ment. 3 If the sun has risen on him when he breaks
for wound, stripe for stripe. in, blood is to be shed for him. A thief must make
26 “And if a man strikes the eye of his male full restitution. If he does not have anything, then
slave, or the eye of his female slave so that it is he must be sold for his theft.
lost, he shall let him go free for his eye’s sake. 4 “If the stolen animal is found in his hands
27 And if he knocks out his male slave’s tooth, or alive, whether it is an ox, or donkey, or sheep, he
his female slave’s tooth, he shall let him go free for must repay double.
his tooth’s sake. 5 ”If a man lets out a field or vineyard to be
28 “If an ox gores a man or a woman and they grazed, and puts his own animal so that it feeds in
die, then the ox shall surely be stoned, and its another man’s field, he must make restitution from
meat shall not be eaten; but the owner of the ox the best in his own field, and from the best of his
shall be in the clear. 29 But if the ox was previ- own vineyard.
ously in the habit of goring, and its owner has been 6 ”If fire breaks out, and catches in thorns, so
warned, and he has not confined it, and it has killed that the stacks of grain or the standing grain, or
a man or a woman, the ox shall be stoned, and its the field, are burnt up by it, the one who started
owner also shall be put to death. 30 If payment is the fire must surely make restitution.
demanded of him, then he shall give whatever is 7 “If a man gives his neighbour money or goods
demanded for the ransom of his life. 31 Whether it for safekeeping, and it is stolen out of the man’s
has gored a son, or has gored a daughter, it is to house, if the thief is caught, he must pay double.
be done to him according to this law. 32 If the ox 8 If the thief is not caught, then the owner of the
gores a male slave or a female slave, he shall give house shall be brought to the judges, to see whether
to their master thirty shekels of silver, and the ox he laid his hands on his neighbour’s possessions.
shall be stoned. 9 For every case of transgression, whether it is
33 “And if a man uncovers a pit, or if a man digs about an ox, or donkey, or sheep, or garment, or
a pit, and does not cover it, and an ox or a donkey any kind of lost thing which another claims to be
falls in it, 34 the owner of the pit shall make it his, the case of the two parties shall come before
good, and give money to their owner; and the the judges, and the one the judges declare guilty
dead animal shall be his. must pay double to his neighbour.
35 “And if one man’s ox hurts another’s, and it 10 “If a man gives a donkey, or an ox, or a
dies, then they shall sell the live ox, and divide the sheep, or any animal, to his neighbour for safe-
money from it, and also divide the dead ox. 36 Or keeping, and it dies, or is hurt, or driven away
if it is known that the ox was previously in the habit without anyone seeing it, 11 then an oath before
of goring, and his owner has not confined it, he the LORD is to be made between the two of them
shall surely pay ox for ox, and the dead one will be that he has not laid his hands on his neighbour’s
his. possessions, and their owner must accept it, and
the neighbor is not to make restitution. 12 But if it
22 “If a man steals an ox, or a sheep, and
kills it, or sells it, he shall repay five oxen
for an ox, and four sheep for a sheep.
has been stolen from him, he must make restitution
to the owner of it. 13 If it has been torn in pieces,
then let him bring it as evidence, and he shall not
2 “If a thief is found breaking in, and is struck make restitution for that which was torn.
tionship of the people of Israel in society. 35:2), offering a child to a false god (Lev
Their judges were to decide what retribution 20:2), adultery and other sexual sins (Lev
was required. In Matt 5:38-41 Jesus gave a 20:10-16), consulting mediums and other
higher law for individual relationships. See such people (Lev 20:6), blasphemy (Lev
also Rom 12:19-21. Even if justice is not 24:15), promoting or practicing idolatry and
obtained in the courts, believers are not to false worship (Deut 13:1-8), prophesying
take vengeance, but are to commit their case falsely (Deut 18:20), disobedience and re-
to God. Note at Num 31:2. bellion (Deut 21:18-21), sorcery (22:18),
21:32 “Thirty shekels” – about 0.3 kilogram. and worship of other gods (22:20). In the
The price of a slave was 30 pieces of silver. eyes of the one true God all these were (and
See Zech 11:12; Matt 26:15; 27:3,9. are) sins worthy of death.
21:36 Under the law, as we see in this chapter, 22:1 20:15; 2 Sam 12:6; Luke 19:8.
death was the penalty for murder, striking or 22:2,3 A person in a house at night would
cursing a parent, kidnaping, and causing feel more danger from a thief and would be
death through negligence. Other sins for justified in striking in self-defense.
which the death penalty was ordered in God’s 22:7 Lev 16:1-7.
law were these: breaking the Sabbath (31:14; 22:11 Heb 6:16.
EXODUS 22:14 108
14 “And if a man borrows any animal from his 28 “You shall not revile God, or curse a ruler of
neighbour, and it is hurt, or dies, the owner of it your people.
not being with it, he shall surely make restitution. 29 “You shall not hold back the first of your
15 But if the owner of it is with it, he shall not make harvest and of your vintage. You shall give me the
restitution. If it is hired, it came for its hire. 16 And firstborn of your sons.
if a man seduces a girl who is not engaged to be 30 “You shall do the same with your oxen, and
married, and lies with her, he shall surely pay a with your sheep. It is to be seven days with its
dowry for her to be his wife. 17 If her father mother; on the eighth day you shall give it to me.
utterly refuses to give her to him, he shall pay 31 “And you shall be holy men to me. You shall
money according to the dowry of virgins. not eat any flesh that is torn by beasts in the field;
18 “You shall not permit a witch to live. you must throw it to the dogs.
19 “Whoever lies with an animal shall surely be
put to death.
20 “He who sacrifices to any god, except to the
LORD alone, shall be utterly destroyed.
23 “You shall not spread a false report. Do
not join hands with the wicked to be an
unrighteous witness. 2 You shall not follow a crowd
21 “You shall not wrong a foreigner or oppress to do evil; neither shall you testify in a lawsuit to
him, for you were foreigners in the land of pervert justice, following the majority. 3 And you
Egypt. shall not show partiality to a poor man in his law-
22 “You shall not mistreat any widow, or suit.
fatherless child. 23 If you mistreat them in any 4 “If you meet your enemy’s ox or his donkey
way, and they cry out to me at all, I will surely hear going astray, you must surely bring it back to him.
their cry, 24 and my wrath will be aroused, and I 5 If you see the donkey of someone who hates you
will kill you with the sword, and your wives will be lying under its burden, you must not leave it to him,
widows, and your children fatherless. you shall surely help him with it.
25 “If you lend money to any of the poor among 6 “You shall not pervert justice with your poor in
my people, you shall not be like a moneylender; his lawsuit. 7 Keep far from a false matter; and do
you must not charge him interest. 26 If you ever not put the innocent and righteous to death; for I
take your neighbour’s cloak as a pledge, you shall will not acquit the guilty.
deliver it to him by sundown; 27 for that is his only 8 “And you must not take a bribe; for a bribe
covering; it is his garment for his body. What else blinds the discerning, and perverts the words of
will he sleep in? And when it comes about that he the righteous.
cries out to me, I will hear; for I am gracious. 9 “Also you shall not oppress a foreigner, for
22:16,17 Deut 22:28,29. In Israel a bride- 23:19,20; Neh 5:7; Ps 15:5.
groom paid a dowry to the girl’s father – the 22:26,27 God sees such small things and
opposite of the custom in India. He cares.
22:18 Lev 19:31; 20:6,27; Deut 18:10,11; 22:28 Lev 24:15,16; Acts 23:5.
Jer 27:9,10. Sorcerers and sorceresses are “God” – 21:6. In Hebrew the word may
not servants of God, and not in contact with also indicate the judges, God’s represen-
God. The result of their activity is to turn tative. It seems unlikely that we should
people away from the truth and away from translate this as “the gods” (KJV). For one
the true God. That danger had to be dealt thing, in Hebrew the word “the” is not here.
with drastically. See also Acts 13:6-11; Rev 22:29 God had to come first in their think-
9:21; 18:23; 21:8; 22:15. ing. It is God who gives the land, the rain
22:19 Lev 18:23; 20:15,16; Deut 27:21. and the harvest, and He must be remem-
22:20 32:8; 34:15; Lev 17:7; Num 25:2; bered and honored (23:16,19; Deut 26:2-
Deut 17:2,3,5; 1 Kings 18:40; 2 Kings 11; Prov 3:9; Mal 3:10).
10:25; 1 Cor 10:20. The penalty for this sin 22:31 19:6; Lev 11:44; 19:2.
was great because it was breaking the first 23:1 “Report” – 20:16; Lev 19:11,12; Deut
and most important of the ten command- 5:20; Ps 101:5; Prov 10:18.
ments (20:3). The Creator demands that “Witness” – Deut 19:16-21; Ps 35:11;
worship be given to Him alone and not to Prov 19:5; Acts 6:11.
anything or anyone else called a god. 23:2 Deut 16:19; 24:17.
22:21 23:9; Lev 19:33,34; 25:35; Deut 23:3 Lev 19:15; Deut 1:17; 6:19.
1:16; 10:19; 27:19. 23:4,5 Deut 22:1-4.
22:22-24 Deut 24:17,18; Ps 68:5; 82:1-4; 23:6 Lev 19:15; Deut 1:17; 10:17; 16:19.
Prov 23:10,11; Jer 9:24. The God of the 23:7 “Guilty” – 34:7; Deut 25:1; Rom 1:18.
Bible (the only God there is) loves justice 23:8 Deut 10:17; 16:19; Prov 15:27;
and will punish those who trouble the weak 17:8,23; Isa 5:22,23. See notes at Ps
and helpless. Injustice makes God angry. 26:10; Amos 5:12.
Notes on His anger at Num 25:3; etc. 23:9 22:21; Lev 19:33,34; Deut 24:17,18;
22:25 Lev 25:35-37; Deut 15:7-11; 27:19.
109 EXODUS 23:33
you know the heart of a foreigner, seeing you were place which I have prepared. 21 Pay attention to
foreigners in the land of Egypt. him, and obey his voice. Do not rebel against him,
10 “You shall sow your land for six years and for he will not pardon your transgressions; for my
gather in its harvests. 11 But the seventh year name is in him. 22 But if you shall indeed obey his
you shall let it rest and lie still, so that the poor voice, and do all that I say, then I will be an enemy
among your people may eat; and what they leave, to your enemies, and an adversary to your adver-
the beasts of the field may eat. You shall do the saries. 23 For my angel will go before you, and
same way with your vineyard, and with your olive bring you to the Amorites, and the Hittites, and the
garden. Perizzites, and the Canaanites, the Hivites, and
12 “You shall do your work in six days, and on the Jebusites; and I will destroy them. 24 You
the seventh day you shall rest, so that your ox and must not bow down to their gods, or serve them,
your donkey may rest, and the son of your maid or do according to their works; but you must
servant, and the foreigner, may be refreshed. utterly demolish them, and smash their images.
13 “And pay attention to everything I have said 25 And you shall serve the LORD your God, and he
to you, and do not mention the name of another will bless your bread, and your water. And I will
god; do not let it be heard from your mouth. take away sickness from among you. 26 None
14 “Three times in the year you shall keep a will have a miscarriage or be barren in your land. I
feast to me. will enable you to complete the number of your
15 “You shall keep the Feast of Unleavened days.
Bread. You shall eat bread made without yeast for 27 “I will send my fear before you, and will
seven days, as I commanded you, in the time destroy all the people to whom you will be go-
appointed in the month Abib; for in that month ing, and I will make all your enemies turn their
you came out from Egypt. And no one is to appear backs to you. 28 And I will send hornets before
before me empty-handed. you, which will drive out the Hivite, the
16 “And you must keep the Feast of Canaanite, and the Hittite, from before you.
Harvest with the firstfruits of your labours which 29 I will not drive them out before you in one
you have sown in the field, and the Feast of year, so that the land will not become desolate,
Ingathering at the end of the year, when you have and the beasts of the field increase in number
gathered in your labours from the field. against you. 30 I will drive them out before
17 “Three times in the year all your males you little by little, until you are increased in num-
shall appear before the Lord God. ber, and inherit the land.
18 “You shall not offer the blood of my 31 ”And I will set your boundaries from the
sacrifices with bread made with yeast, and the Red Sea to the sea of the Philistines, and from
fat of my sacrifices must not remain until the desert to the River; for I will deliver the
morning. inhabitants of the land into your hands, and you
19 “You shall bring the first of the firstfruits of will drive them out before you. 32 You must not
your land into the house of the LORD your God. make any covenant with them, or with their
You shall not boil a young goat in its mother’s gods. 33 They shall not dwell in your land, so
milk. that they may not cause you to sin against me. For
20 “See, I am sending an angel before you, to if you serve their gods, it will surely be a snare to
keep you in the way, and to bring you into the you.”
23:10 Lev 25:1-7. 23:18 34:25; Lev 2:11.
23:11 Lev 19:10; 23:22. Observe God’s 23:19 22:29; 34:26; Deut 26:2,10; Neh
concern for the poor. 10:35; Prov 3:6.
23:12 20:8-11; 31:15; 35:2,3. 23:20 3:2; 14:19; 32:34; 33:2.
23:13 “Pay attention” – Deut 4:9,23; 1 Tim 23:21 “Rebel” – Deut 9:7; Ps 78:40,56.
4:16. “Name” – 3:14; 6:3; 34:5-7. Note on
“Another god” – Josh 23:7; Ps 16:4; Hos angel at Gen 16:7.
2:17. 23:22 Gen 12:3; Num 24:9; Deut 30:7.
23:14 34:22-24; Deut 16:16. 23:23 Josh 24:8,11. Notes at Gen 6:7; Lev
23:15 12:14-20; Lev 23:6-8; Num 18:24.
28:16-25. 23:24 “Must not bow down” – 20:5; Deut
23:16 “Harvest” – 34:22; Lev 23:10; Num 12:30,31.
28:26. “Smash” – Num 33:52; Deut 7:5; 12:3;
“Firstfruits” – Lev 23:39. 2 Kings 18:4.
23:17 34:23; Deut 16:16. This does not 23:25 “Bless” – Lev 26:3-13; Deut 28:1-14.
mean women and children were to stay at “Sickness” – 15:26; Deut 7:15.
home. But because of the length and diffi- 23:31 “Philistines” – the Mediterranean Sea.
culty of the way they were not commanded “River” – the Euphrates.
to come as the men were. 23:32 “Covenant” – 34:12; Deut 7:2.
EXODUS 24:1 110
24 And he said to Moses, “Come up to the
LORD, you, and Aaron, Nadab, and Abihu,
and seventy of the elders of Israel, and worship at
12 And the LORD said to Moses, “Come up to
me on the mountain, and stay here, and I will give
you tablets of stone, and a law, and command-
a distance. 2 And Moses alone shall come near the ments which I have written, so that you may teach
LORD. They shall not come near. And the people them.”
shall not come up with him.” 13 And Moses and his assistant Joshua got up,
3 And Moses came and told the people all the and Moses went up on to the mountain of God.
words and all the laws of the LORD, and all the 14 And he said to the elders, “Wait here for us,
people answered with one voice, and said, “We until we come back to you. For, see, Aaron and
will do according to every word that the LORD has Hur are with you. Whoever has matters to
spoken.” resolve, let him come to them.”
4 And Moses wrote down all the words of the 15 And Moses went up on the mountain, and a
LORD, and rose up early in the morning, and cloud covered the mountain. 16 And for six days
erected an altar at the foot of the mountain, and the glory of the LORD remained on Mount Sinai,
twelve pillars, according to the twelve tribes of and the cloud covered it. And on the seventh day
Israel. 5 And he sent young men from the chil- he called to Moses from inside the cloud. 17 And in
dren of Israel, who offered burnt offerings, and the eyes of the children of Israel the sight of the
sacrificed peace offerings of oxen to the LORD. glory of the LORD was like consuming fire on the
6 And Moses took half of the blood and put it in top of the mountain. 18 And Moses went inside
basins, and half of the blood he sprinkled on the the cloud when he went up on the mountain. And
altar. 7 And he took the book of the covenant, Moses was on the mountain for forty days and
and read it in the hearing of the people. And they forty nights.
said, “We will do everything that the LORD has
said, and be obedient.”
8 And Moses took the blood, and sprinkled it on
the people, and said, “See, the blood of the cov-
25 And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying,
2 “Tell the children of Israel to bring me an
offering. You shall take my offering from everyone
enant which the LORD has made with you about all who gives it willingly from his heart. 3 And this is
these words.” the offering which you shall take from them: gold,
9 Then Moses, Aaron, Nadab, and Abihu, and and silver, and brass, 4 and blue, purple and scar-
seventy of the elders of Israel went up, 10 and let, and fine linen, and goats’ hair, 5 and rams’
they saw the God of Israel. Under his feet there skins dyed red, and badgers’ skins, and acacia
was something like a pavement of sapphire, and it wood, 6 oil for the light, spices for anointing oil and
was as clear blue as the heavens. 11 And he did for sweet incense, 7 onyx stones, and stones to
not lay a hand on the nobles of the children of be set in the ephod, and in the breastplate.
Israel. They also saw God, and ate and drank. 8 “And let them make me a sanctuary, so that I
24:1 6:23; 28:1. 12:18.
24:3 19:8; 24:7; Deut 5:27. 24:18 34:28; Deut 9:9; 10:10.
24:4 17:14; 34:27; Num 33:2; Deut 31:9. 25:2 Note at 35:4-9; 1 Chron 29:3,5,9; Ezra
This is a plain statement that Moses wrote 2:68; 2 Cor 8:11,12; 9:7.
down the law at God’s command. We should 25:7 “Ephod” – 28:4,6-14.
not doubt it. Compare John 5:46. Anyone “Breastplate” – 28:4,15-30.
who denies this (and some people do so) is 25:8 “Sanctuary” – the Hebrew means “a
denying a fact of holy Scripture. place that is holy”.
24:5 18:12. “Dwell among them” – here we have a
24:6 Heb 9:18. wonderful thing – God’s great desire to be
24:7 “Book” – v 4. with men. The Bible reveals God coming to
“Obedient – note at 19:8. man, desiring man’s fellowship, providing
24:8 “Blood” – Heb 9:19,20. Note on the a way for man to approach God and live in
old covenant at Ex 19:5. His presence forever. This is really the story
24:10,11 “Saw” – they saw a manifestation of the Bible – see Gen 2:8,19; 3:8; 16:7;
of God in some form, human or angelic (Isa 18:1; 32:24; Ex 3:8; 13:21; 19:20;
6:5; John 1:18; 6:46; 12:41; 1 Tim 6:16; 29:45,46; 33:14; 40:34,35; Lev 9:3-6;
notes at Gen 2:19; 12:7). 26:11,12; Num 5:3; Deut 12:11; 1 Kings
“Pavement” – Ezek 1:26; 10:1. 6:13; Ps 132:13,14; Isa 7:14; 57:15;
24:12 31:18; 32:15; Deut 5:22. Ezek 37:27; 48:35; Zech 2:10; Matt 1:21-
24:13 “Joshua” – 17:9-14. 23; John 1:1,14; 14:16-18,23; Acts 2:1-
24:14 17:10,12. 4; 2 Cor 6:16; Eph 2:21,22; Rev 21:3. But
24:15 19:19. if the holy Creator is to live with man an
24:16 16:10. obstacle must be removed. This obstacle
24:17 3:2; 19:18; Deut 5:4; Heb is man’s sin (Isa 59:1,2; see note at
111 EXODUS 25:21
may dwell among them. 9 You shall make it accord- must not be taken away from it. 16 And in the ark
ing to all that I show you, the pattern of the taber- you shall put the testimony which I will give you.
nacle, and the pattern of all of its articles. 17 “And you shall make a mercy seat of pure
10 ”And they shall make an ark of acacia wood, gold, its length two and a half cubits, and its width
its length two and a half cubits, its width a cubit a cubit and a half. 18 And you shall make two
and a half, and its height a cubit and a half. 11 And cherubim of gold. Make them out of hammered
you shall overlay it with pure gold; overlay it on gold at the two ends of the mercy seat. 19 Make
the outside and on the inside, and make a gold one cherub at one end, and the other cherub at
molding on it all around. 12 And you shall cast four the other end. You must make the cherubim of one
gold rings for it, and put them on the four corners piece with the mercy seat, at its two ends. 20 And
of it, two rings on one side of it, and two rings on its the cherubim are to have their wings stretched out
other side. 13 And you shall make poles of acacia above, covering the mercy seat with their wings,
wood, and overlay them with gold. 14 And you and their faces are to look toward one another.
shall put the poles into the rings on the sides of the The faces of the cherubim are to be toward the
ark, so that the ark can be carried with them. mercy seat. 21 And you shall put the mercy seat on
15 The poles are to be in the rings of the ark; they top of the ark, and in the ark you shall put the
Gen 3:24). Here at the giving of His holy half a meter.
law God knew that people would break it. 25:10-16 “Ark” – 37:1-9; Num 3:31; 10:33;
In love He provided a way to cover their Deut 10:3; Josh 3:3-17; 6:4; Jud 20:27;
sin, to make atonement for them that He 1 Sam 3:3; 4:1-11; 5:1-11; 6:1-21; 7:1,2;
might live among them. It is a way of holi- 2 Sam 6:2-17; 7:2; 15:24-29; 1 Kings 8:1-
ness and sacrifice. 21; Heb 9:4; Rev 11:19. The ark was called
25:9 “Tabernacle” – two different Hebrew by the name of the LORD (Jehovah) –
words were used for the tabernacle. One was 2 Sam 6:2. It is also called “the ark of the
the common word for “tent”, the other was covenant” (Num 10:33). Therefore it seems
one of the common words for “dwelling”. It safe to say that the ark symbolizes the
was sometimes called the tent of meeting presence of Jehovah God, the Lord of the
(because God’s presence was there for the universe, and His covenant with His people
people to approach – 25:22; 29:42; Israel. The two stone tablets containing the
30:36). It was also called the tent of the ten commandments, called “the testimony”
testimony (because there the stone tablets in this verse, were a principal part of the law
of the law were kept). on which the old covenant was based, and
“Pattern” – God showed Moses the ex- were kept in the ark (Deut 10:2-5).
act pattern because the tabernacle was to It would be no mistake to think the ark
teach spiritual truth through material ob- signifies Christ, who is Jehovah’s presence
jects (25:40; 26:30; Acts 7:44; Heb 8:2,5; with His people. It is He who has the law of
9:1-24; Rev 11:19). The whole tabernacle God in His heart (Ps 40:7,8 with Heb
is a picture of Christ and His work on man’s 10:5-7). Two other things were kept in the
behalf. The tabernacle was the means ark – a jar of manna and Aaron’s rod which
whereby God dwelt with His people. So was budded (Heb 9:4). The manna signifies
Christ. John 1:14 in the Greek actually has Christ the spiritual food of His people (see
He “tented” or “tabernacled” among us. The 16:16). The rod of Aaron signifies Christ as
tabernacle was filled with God’s glory High Priest (Num 17:1-11). For the pos-
(40:34,35). Christ is the radiance of God’s sible meanings of acacia wood and gold see
glory (Heb 1:3; John 1:14; Matt 17:2). The note at Ex 26:15-30.
tabernacle revealed that the way of ap- 25:17 “Mercy seat” – the Hebrew word
proach to God’s presence was by the blood used here comes from a verb which meant
of a sacrifice brought into the holy of ho- to cover over. A form of this word is used
lies by the high priest (Lev 16:15-17). This throughout the Old Testament to express
signified the work of Christ for us (Heb the idea of atonement. See note on
9:11,12,24). atonement at 29:33. Atonement was
In the New Testament we do not have an made on the cover of the ark. That was
explanation of each detail of the tabernacle, the place where God in mercy covered the
but the meanings of the main elements are sins of Israel and forgave them (Lev
clear enough. Let us study with reverence 16:15-17,30).
this pattern given by God. We should avoid 25:18-20 The cherubim were not images of
unnecessary speculation and dogmatism God. At the time when the pattern was given
about obscure elements of the tabernacle, for this tabernacle, God strictly forbade the
and emphasize the main teachings God had making of any image of God (20:4). He
given us here. Our object must not be to certainly would not give here a command
show our cleverness in discovering and contrary to that. The cherubim were not put
teaching its mysteries, but to learn more of there to be worshiped, and they were never
Christ and love Him more and follow His worshiped in Israel. The cherubim are men-
ways more closely. tioned in other places in the Bible (note at
25:10 “Cubit” – about 18 inches or nearly Gen 3:24). A design of the cherubim was
EXODUS 25:22 112
testimony that I will give you. 22 And there, from with a bud and a flower, and so in all the six branches
above the mercy seat, from between the two that come out from the lampstand. 34 And on the
cherubim that are on the ark of the testimony, I will lampstand shall be four bowls made like almond
meet with you and I will speak with you about all blossoms, with their buds and their flowers.
the things which I will give you as commandments 35 And there shall be a bud under two branches
for the children of Israel. of it, and a bud under another two branches of it,
23 “You shall also make a table of acacia wood, and a bud under another two branches of it, to all
its length two cubits, its width a cubit, and its height the six branches that go out from the lampstand.
a cubit and a half. 24 And you shall overlay it with 36 Their buds and their branches shall be of one
pure gold, and make for it a gold molding around it. piece with it. The whole of it is to be one ham-
25 And you shall make for it a rim around it, a mered work of pure gold.
handbreadth wide, and shall make a gold molding 37 “And you shall make its seven lamps. And
around it for its rim. 26 And you shall make for it they shall set up its lamps to give light in front of it.
four rings of gold, and put the rings on the four 38 And its snuffers and its trays are to be of pure
corners by its four legs. 27 The rings are to be gold. 39 He shall make it and all these articles out
near the rim as holders for the poles to carry the of a talent of pure gold.
table. 28 And you shall make the poles of acacia 40 And see that you make them according to
wood, and overlay them with gold. The table will their pattern, which was shown to you on the
be carried with them. 29 And you shall make its mountain.
dishes and its ladles and its pitchers and its sacrifi-
cial bowls, for pouring drink offerings. You shall ”And you shall make the tabernacle with
make them of pure gold. 30 And you shall set the
Showbread on the table before me at all times.
26 ten curtains of fine woven linen, and blue,
and purple, and scarlet. You shall make them with
31 ”And you shall make a lampstand of pure cherubim, the work of a skillful craftsman. 2 The
gold. It is to be made of hammered work. Its base length of each curtain shall be twenty-eight cubits,
and its shaft, its bowls, its buds, and its flowers and the width of each curtain four cubits. Each of
shall be of one piece with it. 32 And six branches the curtains shall have the same size. 3 The five
shall come out from its sides, three branches of the curtains shall be joined to one another, and an-
lampstand out from one side, and three branches other five curtains shall be joined to one another.
of the lampstand out from the other side. 33 Three 4 And you shall make loops of blue on the edge of
bowls made like almond blossoms with a bud and a the outer curtain in one set, and also you shall
flower are to be on one branch, and three bowls make them on the edge of the outer curtain in the
made like almond blossoms on the other branch, second set. 5 You shall make fifty loops on the one
woven into the veil that was placed before light (John 1:4,9; 8:12; 9:5). He is the one
the holy of holies in the tabernacle (26: 31- who lights the way to God’s presence. The
33). They may symbolize the glory and ho- lampstand had seven branches with their
liness of God, or indicate that there was a seven lamps. Seven is the Bible number of
barrier for sinful men to come into God’s completeness and perfection (compare Rev
presence, that only the high priest (who was 1:4,12,16; 5:6; etc). Christ is the perfect
a symbol of Christ) could do so. light. No other is needed to light the way to
25:22 30:6,36; Lev 16:2; Num 17:4; God God, to give light for worship and service,
met with the representative of His people and indeed there is no other. In the taber-
at the place where the blood of the atoning nacle there was no other light at all – not of
sacrifice was offered (Lev 16:15,16). This sun, or moon, or of any other source. The
signifies that the meeting place for God and priests did not need to bring their own light
man is the Lord Jesus Christ, and the way is into the tabernacle. The seven-branched
by the blood He shed for sinners (Heb lampstand was enough and its lamps were
10:19-23). never to go out. In the future city of God
25:23-30 “Table” – Lev 24:5-7. The table we see something similar (Rev 21:23).
signifies Christ, bearing the bread of life “Talent” (v 39) – about 34 kilograms.
(John 6:35). Note at Ex 16:16. 25:40 God repeated this instruction given
“Showbread” – literally, in Hebrew, “bread in v 9. God is showing in symbolic form the
of the faces”. In such a context in Hebrew way of approach to Himself. He is setting
faces indicate the presence of someone. A forth the person and work of Christ. So
good translation here would be “The bread everything had to be made exactly as He
of the Presence”, meaning the bread set in says.
the presence of God. 26:1-6 “Tabernacle” – 36:8-19. Fine linen
25:31-39 “Lampstand” – 37:17-24. This signifies righteous deeds (Rev 19:8). Here
seems a better translation of the Hebrew it no doubt speaks of the righteous deeds
than “candlestick”. It held lamps, not of Christ, His sinless life among men. The
candles. The lampstand signifies Christ the colors of blue, purple and scarlet signify,
113 EXODUS 26:35
curtain, and you shall make fifty loops on the edge under another board for its two tenons. 20 And
of the curtain that is in the second set, so that the for the second side of the tabernacle, the north
loops are opposite one another. 6 And you shall side, there shall be twenty boards, 21 and their
make fifty clasps of gold, and join the curtains forty sockets of silver, two sockets under one
together with the clasps, so that the tabernacle board, and two sockets under each other board.
will be a unit. 22 And for the rear of the tabernacle facing west
7 “And you shall make curtains of goats’ hair you shall make six boards. 23 And shall you make
for a covering on the tabernacle. You shall make two boards for the corners of the tabernacle at the
eleven such curtains. 8 The length of a curtain is rear. 24 And they shall be joined together at the
to be thirty cubits, and the breadth of a curtain bottom, and they shall be joined together at the
four cubits, and the eleven curtains are to be of top of it into one ring. Both of them shall be made
the same size. 9 And you shall join five curtains by this way and they will be for the two corners.
themselves, and six curtains by themselves, and 25 So there will be eight boards, and their sockets
shall double the sixth curtain at the front of the of silver, sixteen sockets; two sockets under one
tabernacle. 10 And you shall make fifty loops on board, and two sockets under every other board.
the edge of the outer curtain in the first set, and 26 “And you shall make bars of acacia wood;
fifty loops on the edge of the curtain in the second. five for the boards of the one side of the taber-
11 And you shall make fifty clasps of bronze, and nacle, 27 and five bars for the boards of the
put the clasps into the loops and join the tent to- other side of the tabernacle, and five bars for the
gether, so that it may be a unit. 12 And the part boards of the side of the tabernacle, at the rear,
that is left over of the curtains of the tent, the half facing west. 28 And the middle bar in the center of
curtain that is left over, shall hang over the back of the boards shall reach from end to end. 29 And
the tabernacle. 13 And a cubit on the one side, you shall overlay the boards with gold, and make
and a cubit on the other side of what is left over of their rings of gold as places for the bars, and you
the length of the curtains of the tent, shall hang shall overlay the bars with gold.
over the sides of the tabernacle on this side and on 30 “And you shall set up the tabernacle
that side, to cover it. 14 And you shall make a according to its pattern which was shown you on
covering for the tent of rams’ skins dyed red, and the mountain.
over it a covering of badgers’ skins. 31 “And you shall make a veil of blue, and
15 “And you shall make boards for the taber- purple, and scarlet, and fine woven linen, the work
nacle out of acacia wood, to stand upright. 16 A of a skillful craftsman. It shall be made with woven
board is to be ten cubits in length. A cubit and a cherubim. 32 And you shall hang it on four pillars of
half is to be the width of a board. 17 Each board acacia wood overlaid with gold. Their hooks shall
will have two tenons, fitted to one another. You be of gold. The pillars will rest on four sockets of
shall make all the boards of the tabernacle like this. silver. 33 And you shall hang up the veil from the
18 And so you shall make the boards for the taber- clasps, and you shall bring the ark of the Testimony
nacle, twenty boards for the south side, facing in there behind the veil. And the veil will divide for
south. 19 And you shall make forty sockets of you the Holy Place from the Most Holy Place.
silver under the twenty boards, two sockets under 34 And you shall put the mercy seat on the ark of
one board for its two tenons, and two sockets the Testimony in the Most Holy Place. 35 And you
perhaps, Christ’s heavenly origin, His roy- the exact meaning of the Hebrew word used
alty and His sacrifice. The curtains covered here.
over the articles in the tabernacle and made 26:15-30 “Boards” – some commentators
the tabernacle one. Inside the curtains were have suggested that acacia wood (from trees
the light, the table with its bread, the altar that grow in the desert) speak of Christ’s
of incense (30:1), the ark and the mercy humanity (Isa 53:2) and that gold speaks
seat, the tablets of the law, and the glory of of His divine origin and glory (gold is asso-
God’s presence. All this was inside the ciated with the divine glory in Rev 21:18,21.
curtains – that is, they all signify spiritual See also Ex 25:10,11). Silver perhaps
realities which are in Christ. speaks of redemption (Ex 30:11-16; Lev
26:7-14 “Curtains. . .for a covering” – 5:15; Num 3:47-51). The Lord Jesus is
36:14,19. This was for practical reasons. the God-man (John 1:1,14; 1 Tim 2:5;
It made the tabernacle waterproof. This Titus 2:13). His work was redemption (Eph
outer covering, rough and lacking in beauty 1:7; Titus 2:14).
may speak of Christ’s outer circumstances 26:31-35 “Veil” – a similar curtain was made
which veiled His glory (see Isa 53:2,3; Matt for the temple (2 Chron 3:14). This veil sepa-
13:55-57; Phil 2:6-8). rated the Holy Place with its lampstand and table
“Badgers’ skins” – or, possibly, the skins of bread from the Most Holy Place where the
of dolphins or sea cows. We do not know presence of God dwelt over the ark. At the death
EXODUS 26:36 114
shall put the table outside the veil, and the 10 And its twenty pillars and their twenty sockets
lampstand opposite the table on the side of the are to be of bronze. The hooks on the pillars and
tabernacle toward the south, and you shall put the their bands are to be of silver. 11 And also for the
table on the north side. north side there are to be hangings a hundred
36 ”And for the door of the tent you shall make cubits in length, and its twenty pillars and their
a hanging of blue, and purple, and scarlet, and fine twenty sockets of bronze, the hooks on the pillars,
woven linen, made by a worker in embroidery. and their bands, of silver.
37 And for the hanging you shall make five pillars of 12 “And for the width of the courtyard on the
acacia wood and overlay them with gold. Their west side are to be hangings of fifty cubits, their
hooks also are to be of gold. And you shall cast ten pillars and their ten sockets. 13 And the width
five bronze sockets for them. of the courtyard on the east side, facing east, is to
be fifty cubits. 14 The hangings on one side of
27 “And you shall make an altar of acacia
wood, five cubits long, and five cubits wide.
The altar is to be square, and its height is to be
the gate are to be fifteen cubits, with their three
pillars and their three sockets. 15 And on the other
side the hangings are to be fifteen cubits, with
three cubits. 2 And you shall make horns for it on their three pillars and their three sockets.
its four corners. Its horns are to be of one piece 16 “And for the gate of the courtyard there is to
with it. And you shall overlay it with bronze. 3 And be a hanging of twenty cubits, of blue, and purple,
you shall make pans for it to receive its ashes. And and scarlet, and fine woven linen, made by a worker
make its shovels, its basins, its meat forks, and its in embroidery. There are to be four pillars and
firepans. You shall make all of its utensils out of their four sockets. 17 All the pillars around the
bronze. 4 And you shall make a grating for it, courtyard are to be banded with silver. Their hooks
a bronze network, and make four bronze rings on are to be of silver, and their sockets of bronze.
the network, in its four corners. 5 And you shall put 18 The length of the courtyard is to be a hundred
it under the ledge of the altar underneath, so that cubits, and the width fifty everywhere, and the
the network will be halfway up the altar. 6 And height five cubits of fine woven linen, and their
you shall make poles for the altar, poles of sockets of bronze. 19 All the articles of the
acacia wood, and overlay them with bronze. tabernacle for all of its service, and all its tent pegs,
7 And the poles shall be put into the rings, and the and all the pegs for the courtyard, are to be of
staves are to be at the two sides of the altar, to bronze.
carry it. 8 You shall make it hollow, out of boards. 20 “And you shall command the children of
You must make it just as it was shown to you on the Israel to bring you pure oil of pounded olives for
mountain. the light, to make a lamp burn continuously. 21 In
9 “And you shall make the courtyard of the the tabernacle of the congregation outside the veil
tabernacle. For the south side of the courtyard, that is in front of the testimony, Aaron and his
facing south, there are to be hangings of fine sons shall keep the light in order from evening to
woven linen a hundred cubits long on one side. morning before the LORD. This is to be a perma-
of the Lord Jesus on the cross the veil in place and the holy of holies was from the
the temple was torn in two (Matt 27:51). altar. The only way now is by the cross of
Until the death of Christ the way into the Christ.
presence of God was not fully revealed and 27:9-19 “Hangings” – these curtains, signi-
opened. Now we have this new and living fying a perfect righteousness (note at 26:1-
way through which anyone, by faith in the 6), kept out everyone from entering the
Lord Jesus, can come into the Most Holy tabernacle except the priests. The ordinary
Place into God’s presence (Heb 9:8; 10:19- Israelite never got inside. In fact, he could
22). Note on holy at Lev 20:7. not even see in. The height of the curtains
26:36,37 “Door” – this veil was to screen was over seven feet. Perfect holiness and
the holy place from the outer court where righteousness ban the sinner from God’s
the altar stood. presence. The way into God’s presence then
27:1-8 “Altar” – this was the place where was not yet clearly revealed (Heb 9:8). The
the blood of the daily sacrifices was only way into the court of the tabernacle was
sprinkled, where the offerings and sacrifices through the gate. This, too, speaks of Christ.
were consumed by fire. It was the first ob- (John 10:9; 14:6).
ject met with coming from outside into the 27:20 “Oil” – 35:8,28; Lev 24:1-4. Oil signi-
compound of the tabernacle. It signifies the fies God’s Holy Spirit (Zech 4:2-6) and
cross of Christ where His blood was shed anointing speaks of the anointing of the
and where He offered Himself as a sacrifice Holy Spirit (Isa 61:1; Luke 4:17-20). The
to God for the sins of the world (John 1:29; lamp, which signifies Christ, was to burn
19:17,18; Eph 5:2; Heb 9:14; 10:10). This continually. See John 3:34; Heb 1:9. The
was the first step in opening the way into light which Christ is will never go out.
God’s presence. The only way into the holy 27:21 “Congregation” – note at 25:9.
115 EXODUS 28:22
nent statute throughout their generations for the to their time of birth. 11 Like an engraver in stones,
children of Israel. like the engravings of a signet, you shall engrave
the two stones with the names of the children of
28 “And bring near to yourself your brother
Aaron and his sons with him, from among
the children of Israel, so that he may serve me as
Israel. You shall set them in gold filigree settings.
12 And you shall put the two stones upon the
shoulders of the ephod as memorial stones for the
priests. I mean Aaron and Aaron’s sons, Nadab children of Israel. And Aaron shall bear their names
and Abihu, Eleazar and Ithamar. 2 And you shall before the LORD on his two shoulders as a
make holy garments for Aaron your brother for memorial. 13 And you shall make gold filigree set-
glory and for beauty. 3 And you shall speak to all tings, 14 and two chains of pure gold at the
who are wise in heart, whom I have filled with the ends. You shall make them of braided work,
spirit of wisdom, that they may make Aaron’s gar- and fasten the braided chains to the filigree
ments to consecrate him, so that he may serve me settings.
as priest. 4 And these are the garments which they 15 “And you shall make the breastplate of judg-
are to make: a breastplate, and an ephod, and a ment, the work of a skilled craftsman. You shall
robe, and an embroidered tunic, a turban, and a make it like the work of the ephod. You shall make
sash. And they shall make holy garments for Aaron it of gold, of blue, and of purple, and of scarlet;
your brother, and his sons, that he may minister to and you shall make it of fine woven linen. 16 It is to
me in the priest’s office. 5 And they shall take gold, be square, folded double. Its length is to be a
and blue, and purple, and scarlet, and fine linen, span, and its width is to be a span. 17 And you
6 and they shall make the ephod of gold, of blue, shall set in it settings of stones, four rows of stones.
and of purple, of scarlet, and fine woven linen, The first row is to have a sardius, a topaz, and a
the work of a skillful craftsman. 7 It is to have its carbuncle; this shall be the first row. 18 And the
two shoulder pieces joined at its two ends. And so second row is to have an emerald, a sapphire, and
it is to be joined together. 8 And the skillfully a diamond; 19 and the third row a jacinth, an
woven waist band of the ephod, which is on it, is to agate, and an amethyst; 20 and the fourth row a
be of the same workmanship and material, of gold, beryl, and an onyx, and a jasper. They shall be set
of blue and purple and scarlet, and fine woven in gold filigree. 21 And the stones shall be accord-
linen. ing to the names of the children of Israel, twelve,
9 “And you shall take two onyx stones and according to their names, like the engravings of a
engrave on them the names of the children of signet. They shall be according to the twelve tribes,
Israel, 10 six of their names on one stone, and the each one according to his name.
remaining six names on the other stone, according 22 ”And you shall make braided chains of pure
Perhaps “Tabernacle of meeting” would be to God (Heb 13:15), their possessions (Rom
a better translation. The meaning is that 12:13; Gal 6:6,10; Titus 3:14; Heb 13:2,16;
this was the place where God met the people, 3 John 5-8), and their service (Heb 13:16).
not the place where people met together They all have direct access into God’s pres-
for worship. ence and their work as intercessors goes on
28:1 Before the time of the Exodus from much as that of Old Testament priests (Eph
Egypt the heads of families acted as priests 6:18-20; 1 Tim 2:1,2).
and offered sacrifices (Gen 8:20; 26:25; 28:2 29:29; 31:10; 39:1-31; Lev 8:7-9,30.
31:54). In Exodus God chose a particular 28:3 31:3,6; 35:25,31-35; 36:1; Isa 11:2;
family to act as priests for the whole nation 1 Cor 12:7-11; Eph 1:17.
(29:9). Aaron was the High Priest. The 28:6-8 “Ephod” – 39:2-7; Lev 8:7. This
priests were to offer sacrifices for the was a garment something like a vest and
people, manage the work of the tabernacle, was worn over the other clothing of the
and represent the people before God. In priests.
the New Testament Church there is no spe- 28:9-14 “Before the LORD” (v 12) –
cial group among believers whom God 28:29,30; 39:6,7. The bearing of the
chooses to be priests. All believers in Christ names on Aaron’s shoulders signifies Christ
are priests (1 Pet 2:5,9; Rev 1:6), and Christ our great High Priest bearing the names of
is the only High Priest (Heb 4:14-16; 9:24; His people before God. Shoulders speak of
10:19-22). Christ as High Priest offered him- the place of strength (Isa 9:6; Luke 15:4,5).
self as a sacrifice to God. This one sacrifice He bears and sustains His people by His
was perfect and complete and took away all strength and presents them to God continu-
the sins of God’s people forever. ally (Heb 7:24,25).
Believers now as priests have no animal 28:15-29 “Breastplate. . .stones” – it is
sacrifice to make and none is needed. But difficult to find out what particular gem is
they still have something to offer – their meant by each Hebrew name. In each gem
bodies to live or die for God (Rom 12:1,2; there was a name of one of the tribes of
Phil 2:17; 2 Tim 4:6; 1 John 3:16), praise Israel. The breastplate was worn over the
EXODUS 28:23 116
gold for the breastplate, like a cord. 23 And you woven work around its opening, like the opening of
shall make two rings of gold for the breastplate, a coat of mail, so that it will not tear. 33 And you
and shall put the two rings on the two ends of the shall make on its hem pomegranates of blue, and
breastplate. 24 And you shall put the two braided purple, and scarlet, all around its hem. And make
chains of gold in the two rings which are on the golden bells between them all around, 34 a golden
ends of the breastplate. 25 And you shall fasten bell then a pomegranate, a golden bell then a pome-
the other two ends of the two braided chains to granate, all around on the hem of the robe. 35 And
the two filigree settings, and put them on the Aaron is to wear it when he ministers, and its sound
shoulder pieces of the ephod, in the front. 26 And shall be heard when he goes into the Holy Place in
you shall make two rings of gold, and shall put them the LORD’s presence, and when he comes out, so
on the two ends of the breastplate at its inside that he does not die.
edge that is next to the ephod. 27 And you shall 36 “And you shall make a plate of pure gold,
make two more rings of gold and shall put them on and engrave it, like the engravings of a signet,
the two sides of the ephod at the bottom, toward HOLINESS TO THE LORD. 37 And you shall put it
its front part, close to the place where it is joined, on a blue cord so that it may be on the turban. It
above the waistband of the ephod. 28 And they is to be at the front of the turban. 38 And it is to be
shall tie the breastplate by its rings to the rings of on Aaron’s forehead, so that Aaron may bear the
the ephod with a blue cord, so that it may guilt relating to the holy things that the children of
be above the waistband of the ephod, and that Israel will consecrate, with regard to all their holy
the breastplate may not come loose from the gifts. And it shall always be on his forehead, so
ephod. that they may be accepted in the LORD’s pres-
29 “And Aaron shall bear the names of the ence.
children of Israel in the breastplate of judgment on 39 “And you shall make the embroidered tunic
his heart when he goes into the Holy Place, as a of fine linen, and shall make the turban of fine
memorial before the LORD continually. 30 And you linen, and shall make the sash, the work of a
shall put the Urim and Thummim in the breastplate weaver. 40 And you shall make tunics for Aaron’s
of judgment, and they shall be on Aaron’s heart sons, and you shall make for them sashes and caps,
when he goes into the presence of the LORD, and for glory and for beauty. 41 And you shall put
Aaron shall bear the judgment of the children of them on Aaron your brother, and his sons with him,
Israel on his heart before the LORD continually. and shall anoint them, and consecrate them, and
31 “And you shall make the robe of the ephod all sanctify them, so that they may serve me as priests.
of blue. 32 And there shall be an opening at the 42 “And you shall make linen shorts for them to
top of it, in its center. It shall have a binding of cover their nakedness. They are to reach from the
high priest’s heart – the place of the affec- being unclean and eating offerings (Lev
tions. Christ our great High Priest now bears 7:20,21)
the names of His believers on His heart in eating fat or blood of sacrifices (Lev
heaven. He not only sustains them by His 7:25-27)
strength (vs 9-14), continually before God entering the holy of holies except once a
his heart is filled with love for them. year (Lev 16:2)
28:30 “Thummim” – Lev 8:8; Num 27:21; failing to burn incense in the holy of ho-
Deut 33:8; 1 Sam 28:6; Ezra 2:63; the lies (Lev 16:13)
probably meaning of the words “urim” and offering sacrifices somewhere else (Lev
“thummim” is “lights and perfections”. By 17:4-14)
their means God gave light on doubtful eating sacrifices on the third day after
matters. Perhaps one gem lighted up for a they were offered (Lev 19:7,8)
positive answer, the other for a negative unauthorized persons working on the tab-
answer, but we cannot be sure. Now God’s ernacle (Num 1:51) or approaching the sanc-
Spirit reveals God’s will to believers. tuary (Num 3:10) or touching the holy ar-
28:31-35 “That he does not die” – so that ticles (Num 4:15).
he might not die in the course of his duties All this was meant to show how holy are
even the high priest had to be very careful the things of God and how careful men
to perform them just as God directed. There should be in His worship and work.
was danger of death for several offenses 28:36-38 “Plate. . .always on his forehead”
connected with the tabernacle – – this was a continual reminder to Aaron
ministering in or entering the tabernacle that he was separated for this special work
without priestly garments (28:43) and that he was the representative of the
failing to wash before entering people before God.
(30:20,21) 28:40 Verse 4; 39:27,28,41; Lev 8:13.
misuse of anointing oil (30:33) 28:41 29:1-29; 30:30; 40:15; Lev 8:1-36;
making for oneself the incense 10:7; Heb 5:1-4.
(30:37,38) 28:42 Lev 6:10; 16:4.
117 EXODUS 29:21
waist to the thighs. 43 And they must be worn by bull. 11 And you shall kill the bull in the LORD’s
Aaron, and by his sons, when they come into the presence, by the door of the tabernacle of the
tabernacle of the congregation, or when they come congregation. 12 And you shall take some of the
near the altar to serve in the Holy Place, so that blood of the bull, and put it on the horns of the
they do not incur guilt and die. This shall be a altar with your finger, and pour all the blood beside
permanent ordinance for him and his offspring the bottom of the altar. 13 And you shall take all
after him. the fat that covers the inner parts, and the upper
lobe of the liver, and the two kidneys, and the fat
29 “And this is what you shall do to them
to set them apart to serve me as priests:
that is on them, and burn them on the altar.
14 But you shall burn with fire the flesh of the bull,
Take one young bull and two rams without blemish, and its skin, and its dung, outside the camp. It is a
2 and bread made without yeast, and cakes with- sin offering.
out yeast, mixed with oil, and wafers without yeast, 15 ”You shall also take one ram, and Aaron and
spread with oil. You shall make them with wheat his sons shall put their hands on the head of the
flour. 3 And you shall put them in one basket, and ram. 16 And you shall slaughter the ram, and shall
bring them in the basket, with the bull and the two take its blood, and sprinkle it all around on the
rams. 4 And you shall bring Aaron and his sons to altar. 17 And you shall cut the ram in pieces, and
the door of the tabernacle of the congregation, wash its inner parts, and its legs, and put them
and shall wash them with water. 5 And you shall with its other pieces, and with its head. 18 And
take the garments, and put on Aaron the tunic, you shall burn the whole ram on the altar. It is a
and the robe of the ephod, and the ephod, and the burnt offering to the LORD. It is a soothing aroma,
breastplate, and fasten them to him with the waist- an offering made by fire to the LORD.
band of the ephod. 6 And you shall put the turban 19 “And you shall take the other ram, and Aaron
on his head, and put the holy crown on the turban. and his sons shall put their hands on the head of
7 Then shall you take the anointing oil and pour it the ram. 20 Then you shall slaughter the ram, and
on his head and anoint him. 8 And you shall bring take some of its blood, and put it on the tip of
his sons and put tunics on them. 9 And you shall Aaron’s right ear, and on the tip of the right ear of
fasten them to them with sashes, to Aaron and his his sons, and on the thumb of their right hand, and
sons, and put the caps on them. And the on the large toe of their right foot, and sprinkle the
priesthood shall be theirs by a permanent blood all around on the altar. 21 And you shall take
ordinance. And so you shall ordain Aaron and his some of the blood that is on the altar, and some of
sons. the anointing oil, and sprinkle it on Aaron, and on
10 “And you shall have a bull brought before his garments, and on his sons, and on the
the tabernacle of the congregation, and Aaron and garments of his sons with him. And he and his
his sons shall put their hands on the head of the garments, and his sons and his sons’ garments with
28:43 20:26. The garments of the high baptism fulfilled the picture of Aaron the High
priest were for glory and beauty (vs 2,40). priest and identified Him with His people.
These garments signify the glory and Note on Christ’s baptism at Matt 3:13.
beauty of Christ’s activities in heaven as 29:7 30:25; Lev 8:12; 21:10; Num 35:25;
High Priest now. Believers on earth now, the Ps 133:2,3. The Lord Jesus was anointed
priests of the new covenant, have no spe- with the Holy Spirit immediately after His
cial garments. Their holy lives are to be baptism (Matt 3:13-17; Acts 10:38).
their distinguishing mark, their glory and 29:9 28;40,41; 40:15; Lev 8:1-36; Num
beauty. 3:10; 18:7; 25:13; Deut 18:5.
29:1 Lev 8:1-34. 29:10 Lev 1:4; 8:14. Laying hands on the
29:2 12:15; Lev 2:4; 6:19-23. sacrifice signified that the offerer accepted
29:4 40:12; Lev 8:6. This washing was the sacrifice in his place, on his behalf.
different from the daily washing the priests 29:11,12 Lev 8:15; Ex 27:2; 30:2.
were to do in the laver (30:18-21). Christ 29:13 Lev 3:3,4.
fulfilled this type at His baptism (Matt 3:13- 29:14 “Sin offering” – note at Lev 4:3.
17). It was then that He entered into His 29:15 Lev 8:18.
ministry. As regards believers, the priests 29:18 “Burnt offering” – notes at Leviticus
of the New Testament, this washing speaks chapter 1.
of the washing of regeneration (1 Cor 6:11; “Soothing aroma” – Gen 8:21; Ex 29:25;
Eph 5:26; Titus 3:5). The daily washing in Eph 5:2.
the laver signifies the cleansing of the 29:19 Lev 8:22-29.
believer when he sins (Ps 51:2,7; John 13:5- 29:20 This signified that they were cleansed
10; Heb 10:22; 1 John 1:9). Christ, the and sanctified completely from head to
sinless Son of God, needed neither regen- foot.
eration nor daily washing from sin. His 29:21 30:25,31; Lev 8:30.
EXODUS 29:22 118
him, will be consecrated. their ordination in them. 30 And that son who
22 ”You shall also take the fat and the rump of becomes priest in his stead shall put them on for
the ram, and the fat that covers the inner parts, seven days, when he comes into the tabernacle of
and the upper lobe of the liver, and the two kid- the congregation to minister in the Holy Place.
neys, and the fat that is on them, and the right 31 “And you shall take the ordination ram and
shoulder (for it is a ram for ordination), 23 and boil its flesh in a holy place. 32 And Aaron and his
from the basket of bread made without yeast, that sons shall eat the meat of the ram, and the bread
is in the LORD’s presence, take one loaf of bread, that is in the basket, by the door of the tabernacle
and one cake made with oil, and one wafer, of the congregation. 33 And they shall eat those
24 and put all of this in Aaron’s hands, and in the things with which atonement was made at their
hands of his sons, and wave them as a wave ordination and consecration. But a stranger shall
offering before the Lord. 25 Then you shall take not eat of them, because they are holy. 34 And if
them from their hands, and burn them on the altar any of the meat of the consecration ram, or any of
as a burnt offering, as a soothing aroma before the bread, remains until morning, you shall burn
the LORD. It is an offering made by fire to the that remainder with fire. It must not be eaten,
LORD. 26 And you shall take the breast of the ram because it is holy.
of Aaron’s consecration, and wave it as a wave 35 “And so you shall do to Aaron and to his
offering before the LORD, and it will be your sons, according to all that I have commanded you.
part. You shall take seven days to ordain them. 36 And
27 “And you shall consecrate the breast of the each day you shall offer a bull as a sin offering for
wave offering, and the shoulder of the lifted up atonement. And after you have made atonement
offering, what was waved and which was pre- for the altar, you shall cleanse it, and you shall
sented from the ram for the consecration, that is, anoint it to consecrate it. 37 For seven days you
from what is for Aaron, and from what is for his shall make atonement for the altar and consecrate
sons, 28 and it shall belong to Aaron and his sons, it. And it will be a most holy altar. Whatever
an offering from the children of Israel by a perma- touches the altar shall be holy.
nent ordinance. For it is an offering lifted up. It 38 “Now this is what you shall offer on the
shall be an offering lifted up from the children of altar: two lambs of the first year day by day reg-
Israel from the sacrifice of their peace offerings, ularly. 39 One lamb you shall offer in the morning,
their lifted up offering to the LORD. and the other lamb you shall offer at twilight. 40 And
29 “And Aaron’s holy garments shall belong to with the one lamb offer a tenth of an ephah of fine
his sons after him, for their anointing in them, and flour mixed with a fourth of a hin of pounded olive
29:23 Lev 8:26. 29:35 We can learn something from the
29:24 Lev 8:27. order of the ritual in the ordination of the
29:25 Lev 8:28. priests. Remember that the priests of the
29:26 Lev 7:31,34; 8:29. Old Testament signify all of Christ’s believ-
29:29 Num 20:26,28. ers now. The order was washing (v 4), dress-
29:31 Lev 8:31. ing in holy garments, which speak of Christ’s
29:33 “Atonement” – Lev 4:20,26,31; righteousness (v 8), application of blood
16:6,16,30,34. Atonement in Old Testament to ear, hand and foot, signifying the whole
days did not completely take away sin. It person (v 20), sprinkling of the anointing
was impossible that the blood of animals oil, which speaks of the Holy Spirit (v 21),
could do so (Heb 10:4). Through these sac- offering of the burnt offering, which speaks
rifices God covered their sins, or passed over of full dedication to God (vs 22-25), appoint-
their sins, until such time as Christ should ing the food of the priest – sacrifices which
come and remove their sins completely and speak of Christ (vs 26-34). Now believers
forever by the sacrifice of Himself. See are regenerated (Titus 3:5), dressed in
Romans 3:24,25. Atonement in the Old Christ’s righteousness (1 Cor 1:30; 2 Cor
Testament removed God’s wrath from the 5:21), sanctified by Christ’s blood (Heb
people (Num 16:46-48). It made forgive- 13:12), anointed by the Holy Spirit (2 Cor
ness possible (Lev 4:20; 5:10; Num 15:25). 1:21,22; 1 John 2:20) and find their spiri-
It made it possible for God to dwell among tual food in Christ (John 6:53-63). And they
His people (Ex 25:8; 29:44,45). But it could are to offer themselves to God (Rom
not, and did not, really deal with the prob- 12:1,2).
lem of sin or make the people fit for God’s 29:36 40:10; Heb 10:11.
presence or prepare them to enter heaven 29:38 Num 28:3-31; 29:6-38.
after death. These things were accomplished 29:40 “Tenth of an ephah” – about 2 liters.
only by the sacrifice of Christ on the cross – “Fourth of a hin” – probably about one liter.
Heb 10:1-22. “Drink offering” – Lev 23:23,18,37; Num
29:34 12:10; 23:18; 34:25; Lev 8:32. 4:7; 15:5; 28:7.
119 EXODUS 30:20
oil, and a fourth of a hin of wine as a drink offering. when he trims the lamps. 8 And when Aaron lights
41 And the other lamb you shall offer at twilight, the lamps at twilight, he shall burn incense on it.
and shall do to it as to the meat offering in the There is to be a perpetual incense before the LORD
morning, and as its drink offering, for a soothing throughout your generations. 9 You shall offer no
aroma, an offering made by fire to the LORD. strange incense on it, or a burnt sacrifice, or a food
42 “This shall be a regular burnt offering offering. And you shall not pour a drink offering on
throughout your generations at the door of the it. 10 And Aaron shall make atonement on its horns
tabernacle of the congregation before the LORD. once a year with the blood of the sin offering of
There I will meet you and speak with you. atonement. Once a year atonement shall be made
43 And there I will meet with the children of on it throughout your generations. It is most holy
Israel, and the tabernacle will be sanctified by to the LORD.”
my glory. 11 “And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying,
44 “And I will sanctify the tabernacle of the 12 “When you take a census of the children of
congregation, and the altar. I will also sanctify Israel to number them, then each one of them must
both Aaron and his sons to serve me as priests. pay a ransom for his soul to the LORD, when you
45 And I will dwell among the children of Israel, number them, so that there will be no plague among
and will be their God. 46 And they will know them when you number them. 13 This is what
that I am the LORD their God who brought them each one who comes to be numbered shall give:
up out of the land of Egypt, so that I may dwell half a shekel according to the sanctuary shekel (a
among them. I am the LORD their God. shekel is twenty gerahs). A half shekel shall be
the offering for the LORD. 14 Every one who comes
30 “And you shall make an altar to burn
incense on. You shall make it of aca-
cia wood. 2 Its length is to be a cubit, and its
for numbering, twenty years old and over, shall
give an offering to the LORD. 15 The rich shall not
give more, and the poor shall not give less than
width a cubit. It is to be square. And its height half a shekel, when they give an offering to the
is to be two cubits. Its horns are to be of one LORD to make atonement for your souls. 16 And
piece with it. 3 And you shall overlay it with you shall take the atonement money of the chil-
pure gold, its top, its sides all around, and its dren of Israel, and shall designate it for the service
horns. And you shall make a gold molding for it of the tabernacle of the congregation, so that it
all around. 4 And you shall make two gold rings may be a memorial for the children of Israel before
for it under its molding. You shall make them the LORD, to make atonement for your souls.”
on its two sides, on its two opposite sides, and 17 And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying,
they shall be holders for poles to carry it with. 18 “You shall also make a bronze laver, and its
5 And you shall make the poles out of acacia bronze base, for washing. And you shall put it
wood, and overlay them with gold. 6 And you between the tabernacle of the congregation and
shall put the altar before the veil that is near the altar, and you shall put water in it. 19 For
the ark of the testimony, before the mercy seat Aaron and his sons shall wash their hands and their
that is over the testimony, where I will meet feet there. 20 When they go into the tabernacle
with you. of the congregation, they shall wash with water, or
7 “And Aaron shall burn fragrant incense on when they come near to the altar to minister, to
it every morning. He shall burn incense on it burn offering made by fire to the LORD, so that
29:42 25:22; Num 17:4. intercessor, the one who prays for His
29:45 Note at Ex 25:8. people. There is no one else in heaven to
29:46 20:2. mediate between God and God’s people (1
30:1-5 “Altar” – 37:25-29. Tim 2:5). So all other incense was forbid-
30:6 26:31-33. Sometimes the altar of in- den. Burnt offerings etc, were not to be
cense was outside the veil that hung before offered here but on the altar in the court-
the Most Holy Place. Sometimes it was in- yard. Every symbol in the tabernacle was to
side the veil (Heb 9:3,4). The altar with its be in its own place and unmixed with any
incense signifies Christ as intercessor (Rom other symbol. Note at Lev 10:1,2.
8:34; Heb 7:25; 9:24; John 17:1-26). 30:10 Lev 16:18.
Christ as High Priest is the Mediator through 30:12 38:25,26; Num 1:2; 26:2.
whom the praises and prayers of God’s 30:13 “Half a shekel” (also v 15) – about 6
people ascend to God (Heb 13:15; Rev grams.
8:3,4). 30:18-21 “Laver” – 38:8; 40:30-32. The
30:7 The incense signifies Christ’s own priests in their uncleanness must not try to
prayers. approach the God whose whole nature is fi-
30:8 Heb 7:25. ery holiness. In the Bible water is a symbol
30:9 The altar and incense signify Christ as of the Word of God (Eph 5:26). Believers
EXODUS 30:21 120
they do not die. 21 And they shall wash their 30 “And you shall anoint Aaron and his sons,
hands and their feet, so that they do not die. This and consecrate them, so that they may serve me
shall be an ordinance for them forever, for him and as priests. 31 And you shall speak to the children
for his offspring throughout their generations.” of Israel, saying, This shall be a holy anointing oil
22 Moreover the LORD spoke to Moses, say- for me throughout your generations. 32 It shall not
ing, 23 “Take also for yourself the finest spices: be poured on man’s flesh, neither shall you make
five hundred shekels of pure myrrh, half as much, any other like it, with its mixture. It is holy, and it
two hundred and fifty shekels, of sweet cinnamon, shall be holy to you. 33 Whoever mixes any like it,
two hundred and fifty shekels of sweet calamus, or whoever puts any of it on a foreigner, shall be
24 and five hundred shekels of cassia, according to cut off from his people.”
the sanctuary shekel, and a hin of olive oil. 25 And 34 And the LORD said to Moses, “Take for
you shall make it into a holy anointing oil, a perfume yourself sweet spices: stacte, and onycha, and
mixture of the perfumer’s art. It is to be a holy galbanum, these sweet spices with pure frankin-
anointing oil. 26 And with it you shall anoint the cense. There is to be the same weight of each.
tabernacle of the congregation, and the ark of the 35 And you shall make an incense with it, a per-
testimony, 27 and the table and all its utensils, and fume, the work of a perfumer, salted, pure and
the candlestick and its utensils, and the altar of holy. 36 And you shall beat some of it very fine,
incense, 28 and the altar of burnt offering with all and put some of it before the testimony in the
its utensils, and the laver and its base. 29 And you tabernacle of the congregation, where I will meet
shall consecrate them, so that they will be most with you. It shall be most holy to you. 37 And as
holy. Whatever touches them will be holy. for the incense which you shall make, you shall not
are cleansed by hearing God’s word (John that is not given in God’s way will not be
15:3), by meditating on it and obeying it acceptable to God. See notes on psalm 50,
(Ps 119:9). This laver, or basin, signifies Isa 1:10-17, John 4:23,24, Col 2:18,23,
Christ as the incarnate Word of God (John Prov 14:12.
1:1,14; Rev 19:13). Through him the Word
of God came, and the Word of God is con- Special note: A Spiritual Exercise
tained in Him as water in the basin. Now This ends the description of the taber-
believers in Christ (the New Testament nacle, the pattern God gave to His people
priests) through Christ may cleanse them- to reveal heavenly truths. It all speaks of
selves from the defilement of sin (2 Cor Christ. It all symbolizes Him and His work
7:1; Heb 10:19-22). for us and our privileges and responsibili-
30:22-25 “Holy anointing oil”– 37:29; 40;9; ties in Him. Believers in Christ now can
Lev 8:10. Anointing oil signifies the anoint- use thoughts and meditations about the
ing of the Holy Spirit of God for service tabernacle to see clearly how they should
(27:20). approach and worship God. In spirit we come
“Five hundred shekels” (v 23) – about 6 with our offerings to the entrance of the
kilograms. tabernacle compound which speaks of
“A hin” (v 24) – about 4 liters. Christ “the gate” (John 10:7). The ordinary
30:26-29 “Consecrate” (v 29) – 40:9; Lev Israelite could not enter the tabernacle or
8:10; Num 7:1. the compound, but we as New Testament
30:30 29:7; Lev 8:12. Now all believers are believers are also priests (1 Peter 2:5,9),
anointed by Christ and consecrated by Christ so we enter and the glories of the new cov-
to minister as priests to God (2 Cor 1:21,22; enant begin to open to our view.
1 John 2:20,27; John 14:16,17; First we approach the altar of burnt of-
20:21,22). fering. There we look on the fire and the
30:31-33 “Cut off” – God gave this severe poured out blood and the animal sacrifices
warning because the oil signifies His Holy burned to ashes, and remember again the
Spirit. No man can duplicate His power and Lamb of God, the one great sacrifice for the
influence, and no one should try. He can- sins of the whole world, the blood and life
not be bestowed on anyone except priests of the Lord Jesus poured out for us on Cal-
(all believers now). It is wicked presump- vary (John 1:29; Rom 3:25; 2 Cor 5:21).
tion to try to use Him for our own purposes He was both sacrifice and High Priest who
(see Acts 8:18-23). For other offenses offered the sacrifice (Heb 8:1-3; 9:11,12).
against the tabernacle and its articles which Sacrifices were to be offered daily on the
brought danger of death see note at 28:35. tabernacle’s literal altar, but on Calvary
30:34-38 “Incense” – the incense speaks Jesus was offered once and for all for our
of Christ’s intercessions, holy and fragrant sins (Heb 10:10-14). That one sacrifice
to God. The warning in v 38 is to signify cannot be repeated, it is not necessary that
perhaps that prayer and worship are not to it be repeated, and no one should even
be for selfish reasons, not self-manufac- dream of trying to repeat it. But daily we
tured. The person who is not a believer should keep it in memory and bow in adora-
must not intrude into holy things. Worship tion at His feet.
121 EXODUS 31:6
make its composition for yourself; it shall be to you and in all kinds of crafts, 4 to make artistic designs,
holy for the LORD. 38 Whoever makes any like it to work in gold, and in silver, and in bronze, 5 and
to smell it, shall be cut off from his people.” in cutting of stones, for setting them, and in
carving of timber, to work in all kinds of crafts.
31 And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying,
2 “See, I have called Bezaleel by name; he
is the son of Uri, the son of Hur, of the tribe of
6 And I, I myself, have given Aholiab, the son
of Ahisamach, of the tribe of Dan to work with
him.
Judah, 3 and I have filled him with the Spirit of God, “And I have put wisdom in the hearts of all who
in wisdom, and in understanding, and in knowledge, are wise in heart, so that they may make all that I
At this altar we remember too our death Heb 9:3,4, perhaps signifying that Christ can
in Him (Rom 6:3,4,8; 2 Cor 5:15; Col be in more than one place at the same time,
3:3), and as New Testament priests we here in God’s presence in heaven and with us
offer our sacrifices – our praises, and all here on earth).
that we are and all we have and all that is And there is the Ark with its atonement
within us (Rom 12:1,2; Heb 13:15,16; Luke cover, speaking of its heavenly counterpart
14:33). We take our proper place of death that is sprinkled with the blood of Christ
to self and lay ourselves, as it were, on the which enables us to approach infinite holi-
altar to be a burnt offering for God alone, ness (Heb 9:12; 10:19; 12:24). And there
and as those risen from the dead in Christ above the cover are the cherubim. And there
(Eph 2:5,6) move forward to live for Him between the cherubim is the cloud of glory,
(Lev 1:3-17; Luke 9:23; 2 Cor 5:15). the presence of the eternal God, the Cre-
From the altar Christ our great High Priest ator of the universe. And here we bow in
leads us to the basin or laver filled with His holy presence, with Christ our great High
water, and there by using the Word of God Priest at our side, being united to Him, and
and by the Spirit of God we wash away present ourselves to God our Father. And in the
any defilement, any uncleanness there Spirit we worship Him and pray for our needs
may be in our thoughts, motives or be- and intercede for others. And He hears us
havior (2 Cor 7:1; Heb 10:22). because we have come in the way He has
Still as priests we continue on with Him provided and appointed. And He wants us
to the tabernacle building itself, the Holy to come and welcomes us with love and com-
Place, and enter. There we stand in the passion and mercy and grace (Heb 4:16).
only light in that place, the light of the seven- The Old Testament priests were active
branched lampstand which speaks of Christ every day in the tabernacle. A daily spiri-
(John 8:12). And there we resolve again to tual exercise such as the one suggested
walk in His light and behave as children of above would not be without value to us who
the light (Eph 5:8,9; 1 John 1:7). And there are New Testament priests. For the taber-
we view the bread on the table and partake nacle reveals something of the glory and
of the Bread of life which it symbolizes (John love and power of Christ, and reminds us
6:35). We feed on Him by meditating on that each day of our lives we need to be
His excellent qualities and deeds and how aware of His sacrifice for us, that we need
they relate to us, and by opening our hearts to bring Him the offering of ourselves, that
afresh to His presence. In this way of faith we need to be clean, and can be clean, in
we receive strength from Him for our daily all that we do, that we need His light on
walk as pilgrims in a fallen world. And there our daily path, that we need to get our
in the Holy Place we see Christ as our inter- strength each day by feeding on the Bread
cessor and mediator (Rom 8:34; 1 Tim of life, that we need His constant interces-
2:5), symbolized by the altar of incense, sions for us, and that we need to pray our-
and offer our prayers to mingle with His. selves and worship lowly and gratefully at
And then we face the curtain that separated His throne.
the Holy Place from the Most Holy Place, Certainly we should all remember these
the holy of holies. truths daily and apply them in our lives. Of
In Old Testament days no ordinary priest course, a mere ritual, going through the
dared go through that curtain, but only the forms of worship without proper understand-
high priest, and that but once a year (Lev ing or without heart, is an empty and use-
16:2,34; Heb 9:7). But we, the New Testa- less thing (John 4:24). But making use of
ment priests, can enter there, can enter the tabernacle to remember all the won-
every day, and any time of day or night. derful truth God revealed through it, and
Christ the great High Priest has opened up heartily entering into that truth, can be of
a new and living way through the veil, that great benefit.
is, His flesh (Heb 10:19-22). He takes us 31:1 35:30 - 36:1.
by the hand and leads us in. We are united 31:2 1 Chron 2:20.
to Him, are members of His Body, and so 31:3-6 “All kinds of crafts” – 35:31,34;
enter with Him (1 Cor 12:12,13). And there 1 Kings 7:14. Now believers are engaged
again we see the altar of incense, Christ in the spiritual work of cooperating with God
our intercessor and mediator (the altar of in the construction of His holy temple, the
incense was sometimes in the Holy Place Church, which is Christ’s body (Eph 1:22,23;
and sometimes in the Most Holy Place – 2:19-22; 4:11-13). For this work great wis-
EXODUS 31:7 122
have commanded you: 7 the tabernacle of the observe the Sabbath, to celebrate the Sabbath
congregation, and the ark of the testimony, and throughout their generations, as a perpetual
the mercy seat that is on it, and all the furniture of covenant. 17 It is a sign between me and the
the tabernacle, 8 and the table and its articles, children of Israel forever. For in six days the LORD
and the pure candlestick with all its articles, and made heaven and earth, and on the seventh day
the altar of incense, 9 and the altar of burnt offer- he ceased working, and was refreshed.”
ing with all its articles, and the laver and its base, 18 And when he had finished speaking with
10 and the woven garments, and the holy gar- Moses on Mount Sinai, he gave him two tablets of
ments for Aaron the priest, and the garments for testimony, tablets of stone, written with the finger
his sons, to serve as priests, 11 and the anointing of God.
oil, and fragrant incense for the Holy Place.
They will do everything just as I have commanded
you.”
12 And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying,
32 And when the people saw that Moses
was so long in coming down out of the moun-
tain, the people gathered together around Aaron,
13 “Speak also to the children of Israel, saying, and said to him, “Up, make us gods who will go
“You shall surely observe my Sabbaths, for this is a before us; for as for this Moses, the man who
sign between me and you throughout your gen- brought us up out of the land of Egypt, we don’t
erations, so that you may know that I am the know what has become of him.”
LORD who sanctifies you. 2 And Aaron said to them, “Break off the gold
14 “Therefore you shall observe the Sabbath, earrings which are in the ears of your wives, your
for it is holy to you. Everyone who profanes it shall sons, and your daughters, and bring them to me.”
surely be put to death. For whoever does any 3 And all the people broke off the gold earrings
work on it, that person shall be cut off from among which were in their ears, and brought them to
his people. 15 Six days work may be done, but the Aaron. 4 And he took them from their hand, and
seventh is the Sabbath of rest, holy to the LORD. after he had made a calf in a mold, he fashioned it
Whoever does any work on the Sabbath day shall with a carving tool.
surely be put to death. And they said, “These are your gods, O Israel,
16 ”Therefore the children of Israel shall who brought you up out of the land of Egypt.”
dom and skill are required. These God gives God”. The Hebrew word for God is Elohim
to His chosen ones through the Holy Spirit (see note at Gen 1:26). It is also the word
(John 14:16; 1 Cor 3:10,11; 12:4-11; Col for gods. When used for God, if a verb is
2:2,3,10). The name Bezalel means “in the used in connection with the word, it is al-
shadow of God”. Oholiab means “the Father’s ways a singular form of the verb, but when
Tent”. Believers should rest in the shadow used for gods, it is a plural form of the verb.
of the Almighty (Ps 91:1), be filled with Here there is no verb in Hebrew.
God’s Spirit for God’s work (Eph 5:18), and 32:2-4 Here is a very terrible thing! A hor-
participate in the raising of their heavenly rible sin by God’s high priest and the people!
Father’s tent on earth. A sin ever after condemned in the Bible
31:13 20:8; Ezek 20:12,20. The Sabbath (32:21,30; Deut 9:16,20; Neh 9:18; Ps
was to be a constant weekly reminder to 106:19-21; Acts 7:39-41). Learn by this what
Israel that God had chosen them and made man’s heart is like. God had repeatedly,
a covenant with them. miraculously, marvelously revealed Himself
“Who sanctifies you” – this may also be to them in great power and glory. But they
translated “who makes you holy” or “who simply did not care. They wanted only to act
sets you apart”, the meaning of “sanctified”. according to their sinful nature. They wanted
31:14-16 “Put to death” – a very severe warn- to do things in their own way, not God’s way
ing indeed. The reason for it was this: dis- (and let us not vainly imagine that by na-
obeying God’s commandments about the ture we are better than they – Rom 3:9-
Sabbath was presumptuously, arrogantly 12). The Israelites had seen calf worship in
defying God who had chosen them and Egypt no doubt, and contrary to God’s word,
covenanted with them. and to reason itself, they wanted to follow
31:17 Gen 1:31; 2:2,3; Ex 20:11. the custom of a people whose gods had been
31:18 24:12; 34:29; Deut 4:13; 5:22; proved powerless and empty.
9:10,11. “These are your gods” (v 4) – or, possi-
32:1 Moses spent 40 days and nights on bly, “This is your God”. There is no verb here
the mountain (24:18). The people, in spite in Hebrew. But whether it is translated gods
of their assurance and solemn promise or God, the truth of the matter is this: They
(19:8; 24:3), could not keep the first and exchanged the glory of the immortal God
most important of God’s commands (20:3) for an image of an ignorant four-footed
even as long as six weeks (v 8)! beast, and this is among the very worst sins
“Make us gods” – this could also be it is possible to commit. See Romans
translated “make us a god”, or “make us a 1:21-23.
123 EXODUS 32:21
5 And when Aaron saw it, he built an altar rael, your servants, to whom you swore by your-
before it. And Aaron made a proclamation, and self, and said to them, ‘I will make the number of
said, “Tomorrow is a feast to the LORD.” 6 And your offspring like the stars of heaven, and all this
they rose up early the next day, and offered burnt land that I have spoken of I will give to your off-
offerings and brought peace offerings. And the spring, and they will inherit it for ever.’” 14 And
people sat down to eat and drink, and rose up to the LORD relented concerning the disaster which
play. he had said he would do to his people. 15 And
7 And the LORD said to Moses, “Go down at Moses turned and went down from the mountain,
once, for your people, whom you brought out of and the two tablets of the testimony were in his
the land of Egypt, have corrupted themselves. hand. The tablets were written on both sides;
8 They have quickly turned aside from the way they were written on the one side and on the other.
which I commanded them. They have molded a 16 And the tablets were the work of God, and the
calf for themselves, and have worshipped it, and writing was the writing of God, engraved on the
have sacrificed to it, and said, ‘These are your tablets.
gods, O Israel, who have brought you up out of 17 And when Joshua heard the sound of the
the land of Egypt.’” people as they shouted, he said to Moses, “There
9 And the LORD said to Moses, “I have seen is a sound of war in the camp.” 18 And he said, “It
this people, and, look, it is a stiffnecked people. is not the sound of a victory shout, nor is it the
10 So now let me alone, so that my wrath may burn sound of a cry of defeat; it is the sound of singing
against them, and so that I may consume them. I hear.”
And I will make of you a great nation.” 19 And it came about, as soon as he came near
11 And Moses pleaded with the LORD his God, the camp, that he saw the calf, and the dancing.
and said, “LORD, why does your wrath burn against And Moses’ anger burned, and he hurled the tab-
your people, whom you have brought up out of the lets out of his hands, and broke them at the foot of
land of Egypt with great power and with a mighty the mountain. 20 And he took the calf which they
hand? 12 Why should the Egyptians speak and had made and burned it in the fire, and ground it to
say, ‘He brought them out for disaster, to kill them powder, and scattered it on the water, and made
in the mountains, and to consume them from the the children of Israel drink it.
face of the earth?’ Turn from your fierce wrath, 21 And Moses said to Aaron, “What did this
and relent concerning this disaster against your people do to you, that you have brought so great
people. 13 Remember Abraham, Isaac, and Is- a sin on them?”
32:5,6 “Feast” – a feast to the LORD be- etc. Often in the Bible, as here, we see God’s
fore an idol was a horrible violation of God’s anger aroused because of idolatry.
second commandment (20:4). Idolatry is 32:11-13 “Forever” – Deut 9:18,26. So
deeply ingrained in man’s fallen nature. The Christ intercedes for His people now (Rom
people wanted their idols so much that they 8:34; Heb 7:25; 1 John 2:1). Moses had
tried to mix this forbidden thing with a wor- no selfish ambition. He was thinking of God’s
ship of the true God (Acts 7:41). But God glory, not his own. He refused God’s offer
will never accept this nauseous mixture of and gave three reasons why God should not
truth and error. See 1 Kings 18:21; etc. destroy the people – they were God’s
This feast turned into a sinful revel (verses people, not Moses’ people (v 11 compare
19,25; 1 Cor 10:7). v 7); He should not give cause to the
32:7 God says to Moses “your” people – Egyptians to misunderstand God’s dealings
perhaps an indication that Moses must and purposes; and He must remember
identify himself with them in the interces- His promises to Abraham, Isaac, and
sion to follow. Jacob (Gen 15:5; 22:16-18; 26:4;
32:8 “Quickly” – within 40 days. 28:13,14).
32:9 33:3,5; 34:9; Isa 48:4; Acts 7:51; Rom 32:14 See how the prayers of a righteous
10:21. man work together with the purposes and
32:10 “Let me alone” – God was testing promises of God to accomplish God’s plan
Moses. He had not determined to destroy (compare Jam 5:16). God indicated He
the tribes of Israel. He had given prophesies would destroy them only if Moses “let Him
regarding them which had to be fulfilled (Gen alone”. But Moses would not let Him alone.
48:15-19; 49:1-28; 50:24). Notice God’s And of course, God knew he would not.
words “let me alone” – as if the all-powerful Compare Heb 7:25.
God could not do as He pleased unless Moses 32:15,16 31:18; Deut 9:15.
let Him! Actually this was an invitation to 32:19 Deut 9:17. They had broken the law.
Moses to intercede. The people deserved His breaking of the tablets symbolizes this.
to be destroyed (22:20; Lev 26:30). But in Moses shared God’s anger against the
answer to Moses’ prayer God would spare people’s sin. Compare Mark 3:5.
them. 32:20 Deut 9:21.
“Wrath” – notes at Num 25:3; Ps 90:7-11; 32:21 Deut 9:20; Neh 9:18; Acts 7:39.
EXODUS 32:22 124
22 And Aaron said, “Let not the anger of my which you have written.”
lord burn. You know the people, that they are set 33 And the LORD said to Moses, “Whoever
on evil. 23 For they said to me, ‘Make gods for us has sinned against me, him will I blot out of my
who will go before us; for as for this Moses, the book. 34 Therefore go now, lead the people to the
man who brought us up out of the land of Egypt, place I have spoken to you about. Look, my angel
we don’t know what has become of him.’ 24 And I will go before you. Nevertheless in the day when I
said to them, ‘Whoever has any gold, let them break visit I will visit their sin on them.”
it off.’ So they gave it to me. Then I threw it into 35 And the LORD plagued the people, because
the fire, and out came this calf.” they made the calf, which Aaron made.
25 And when Moses saw that the people were
out of control (for Aaron had let them get out of
control to their shame among their enemies),
26 then Moses stood in the gate of the camp, and
33 And the LORD said to Moses, “Depart,
and go up from here, you and the people
whom you brought up out of the land of Egypt, to
said, “Who is on the LORD’s side? Let him come to the land which I swore to Abraham, to Isaac, and
me.” And all the sons of Levi gathered together to Jacob, saying, I will give it to your offspring.
near him. 2 And I will send an angel before you, and I will
27 And he said to them, “Thus says the LORD drive out the Canaanite, the Amorite, the Hittite,
God of Israel, ‘Each man put his sword by his side, the Perizzite, the Hivite, and the Jebusite. 3 Go up
and go in and out from gate to gate throughout to a land flowing with milk and honey. Since you
the camp, and each man kill his brother, and each are a stiffnecked people I will not go up among
man his friend, and each man his neighbour.’” you, so that I may not consume you on the way.”
28 And the children of Levi did according to the 4 And when the people heard this bad news,
word of Moses, and about three thousand men of they mourned, and none of them put on his orna-
the people fell that day. 29 For Moses had said, ments. 5 For the LORD had said to Moses, “Say to
“Consecrate yourselves today to the LORD, each the children of Israel, You are a stiffnecked people.
man against his son, and against his brother, so If I come up among you for a moment, I will con-
that he may grant you a blessing this day.” sume you. Therefore now put your ornaments
30 And it came about on the next day that away from you, so that I may know what to do to
Moses said to the people, “You have committed a you.” 6 And the children of Israel stripped them-
great sin, but now I will go up to the LORD. Per- selves of their ornaments by Mount Horeb.
haps I can make atonement for your sin.” 31 And 7 Now Moses used to take the tent and pitch it
Moses returned to the LORD, and said, “Oh, this outside the camp, at a distance from the camp,
people have committed a great sin, and have made and he called it the tent of meeting. And it came
gods of gold for themselves. about that anyone who sought the LORD went out
32 “Yet now, if you will forgive their sin forgive; to the tent of meeting which was outside the camp.
but if not, I pray you to blot me out of your book 8 And it was like this: when Moses went out to the
32:22,23 Aaron tried to cast the responsi- others might live. This love should be in all
bility of that sin on others (compare Gen Christ’s believers (1 John 3:16).
3:12). Did he not realize he was as prone 32:33 Ps 9:5; Rev 3:5.
to evil as the people? 32:34 “Angel” – 23:20; note at Gen 16:7.
32:24 This was an outright lie (v 4; Acts 7:41). “Visit” – the Hebrew word may also mean
32:25 “Out of control” – the KJV has “na- “punish”. Ps 99:8; Deut 32:35; Rom 2:5,6.
ked” here, which may just be possible; but 32:35 Though God decided not to destroy
it is an unlikely translation of the Hebrew the people completely, He expressed His
word, which means, among other things, to displeasure and anger at their behavior (vs
loosen restraints. 27,28). See Num 12:14; 14;22,23; 25:3.
32:25-28 Deut 33:9. For a similar incident 33:1 Gen 12:7.
see Num 25:7-13. 33:2 “Angel” – not the angel of the LORD
32:29 The Levites were to receive a bless- but an angel. See note at Gen 16:7.
ing because they alone put God first, and “Jebusites” – Josh 24:11. The sins of the
were willing to be obedient instruments in Amorites was now full (Gen 15:16) and God
His hands to punish the people for their sin. would drive them out and plant His own
Before the whole nation they stood up on people in their land. See notes at Gen 6:7;
the side of justice and truth. God rewards Lev 18:24.
such people. 33:4 Num 14:1,39. The people wished to
32:32 Ps 69:28; Dan 12:1; Mal 3:16,17; do as they pleased without regard to God’s
Phil 4:3; Rev 3:5; 20:12,15; 21:27. For a commandments, but they still wanted God
similar expression of deep love for Israel to be with them. This is what mankind in
see Rom 9:1-3. The Lord Jesus Christ in general is like.
the fullest sense was willing to die that 33:7 “Tent” – not the tabernacle (KJV). It
125 EXODUS 34:6
tent, all the people rose up, and each one stood at glory.”
his tent door, and looked after Moses until he had 19 And he said, “I will make all my goodness
gone into the tent. 9 And it came about as Moses pass before you, and I will proclaim the name of
went into the tent, the cloudy pillar descended and the LORD before you. And I will be gracious to
stood at the door of the tent, and the LORD talked whom I will be gracious, and will show mercy on
with Moses. 10 And all the people saw the cloudy whom I will show mercy.” 20 And he said, “You
pillar stand at the tent door, and all the people rose cannot see my face, for there no man will see me,
up and worshipped, each one in his tent door. and live.”
11 And the LORD spoke to Moses face to face, as 21 And the LORD said, “Look, there is a place
a man speaks to his friend. When he returned to by me, and you shall stand on a rock. 22 And it
the camp, his servant Joshua, the son of Nun, a shall come about, when my glory passes by, that I
young man, did not go out of the tent. will put you in a cleft of the rock, and will cover you
12 And Moses said to the LORD, “See, you say with my hand when I pass by, 23 and I will take
to me, ‘Bring up this people’, and you have not let away my hand, and you will see my back. But my
me know whom you will send with me. Yet you face will not be seen.”
have said, ‘I know you by name, and also you have
found grace in my sight.’ 13 So now, I pray you, if
I have found grace in your sight, show me now
your way, so that I may know you, so that I may
34 And the LORD said to Moses, “Cut two
stone tablets like the first, and I will write
on these tablets the words that were on the first
find grace in your sight. And consider that this tablets, which you broke. 2 And be ready in the
nation is your people.” morning, and come up in the morning to Mount
14 And he said, “My presence will go with you, Sinai, and present yourself there to me on the top
and I will give you rest.” of the mountain. 3 And no one is to come up with
15 And he said to him, “If your presence does you, and do not let anyone be seen throughout
not go with me, do not take us up from here. 16 For the whole mountain, and do not let flocks or herds
now how can it be known that I and your people feed in front of the mountain.”
have found grace in your sight? Is it not by your 4 And he cut two stone tablets like the first.
going with us? So we will be separated, I and your And Moses got up early in the morning, and went
people, from all the people on the face of the earth.” up on Mount Sinai, as the LORD had commanded
17 And the LORD said to Moses, “I will also do him, and took in his hand the two stone tablets.
this thing that you have said, for you have found 5 And the LORD descended in the cloud, and stood
grace in my sight, and I know you by name.” with him there, and proclaimed the name of the
18 And he said, “I pray you, show me your LORD. 6 And the LORD passed by before him, and
had not yet been constructed. John 1:14; 17:5,24; Acts 7:2; Rom 1:23;
33:9 13:21. 5:2; 2 Cor 4:6; Col 1:27; Heb 1:3; Jam
33:11 Num 12:8; Deut 34:10. The Lord 2:1; Jude 24:25; Rev 1:6,14-17; 4:11;
probably appeared to Moses in the form of 21:11.
a man or an angel (Gen 18:12). 33:19 “Goodness” – God’s goodness is part
33:12 33:2. Moses was not satisfied with a of His glory.
promise of an angel to accompany them. “Name” – to proclaim His name is to re-
33:13 A great prayer (compare Ps 25:4; veal His nature. This He does in 34:6,7.
27:11; 51:13; 86:11). God answered Moses’ “Mercy” – Rom 9:15.
prayer (Ps 103:7). Moses’ desire to know 33:20 John 1:18; 1 Tim 6:16.
God more fully is an example to all of us 33:21-23 “Rock” – Rock in the Bible is a
(John 17:3; Eph 1:17; 4:13; Phil 3:8,10; symbolic name sometimes given to God,
Col 1:10; 2 Pet 1:3; 3:18; Jer 9:23,24. and Christ. It speaks of a firm foundation
33:14 God’s presence was the one thing for God’s people, a refuge from trouble
Moses wanted above all else. God’s pres- (Deut 32:31; Ps 18:2,31,46; 28:1; 42:9.
ence alone can give rest (Deut 12:10; Notes at Ex 17:6, Deut 32:4 and Ps 118:22).
25:19; Josh 21:44; 22:4; Isa 14:3; 30:15; 34:1 24:12; 31:18; 32:16,19; Deut
Matt 11:28,29; Heb 4:9. 10:2,4.
33:15,16 Lev 20:24,26; Num 23:21-24; 34:3 19:12,13.
Deut 33:29. 34:5 His name means His nature and at-
33:18 Another great request. The whole tributes. See 33:19; John 17:6. He did more
Bible is the story of God’s glory, from the than simply state the name Jehovah (which
old creation in Genesis chapter 1 (Ps 19:1), Moses knew anyway – 3:14,15). He revealed
to the new creation in Revelation chapters His character and ways.
21 and 22 (Rev 21:23). See Ex 40:34,35; 34:6,7 These are key verses in the O.T.,
Num 14:21; Deut 5:24; 1 Kings 8:11; Ps revealing the name of Jehovah, that is, the
8:1; 72:19; Isa 6:3; 40:5; 59:19; Ezek nature of the one true God.
1:28; 43:2; Matt 16:27; 17:2; 24:30; 34:6 “Merciful” – Deut 4:31; Neh 9:17,31;
EXODUS 34:7 126
proclaimed, would be a snare among you. 13 But you shall
“The LORD, the LORD God, merciful and destroy their altars, break their images, and cut
gracious, slow to get angry, and abundant in good- down their sacred groves. 14 For you shall wor-
ness and truth, 7 maintaining mercy for thou- ship no other god; for the LORD, whose name is
sands, forgiving wickedness and transgression and Jealous, is a jealous God.
sin; yet not leaving sin unpunished; visiting the 15 “ Watch that you do not make a
wickedness of the fathers on the children and on covenant with the inhabitants of the land, lest when
the children’s children, to the third and to the fourth they prostitute themselves to their gods, and
generation.” sacrifice to their gods, and someone invites you,
8 And at once Moses bowed his head toward you eat of his sacrifice, 16 and you take of their
the ground and worshipped. 9 And he said, “If daughters for your sons, and their daughters pros-
now I have found grace in your sight, O Lord, I titute themselves to their gods, and make your
pray you let my Lord go among us; for it is a sons prostitute themselves to their gods.
stiffnecked people; and pardon our wickedness and 17 “You shall make no cast metal gods for
our sin, and take us for your inheritance.” yourself.
10 And he said, “See, I will make a covenant. 18 “You shall observe the Feast of Unleavened
In the presence of all your people I will perform Bread. You shall eat bread made without yeast for
miracles such as have not been done in all the seven days, as I commanded you, in the time of
earth, not in any nation. And all the people among the month Abib, for in the month Abib you came
whom you live will see the working of the LORD; out from Egypt.
for it is an awe-inspiring thing that I will do with 19 “All the first offspring of the womb is mine,
you. 11 Observe what I command you this day. and every firstborn male of your livestock, whether
Look, I will drive out before you the Amorite, and ox or sheep. 20 But the firstborn of a donkey you
the Canaanite, and the Hittite, and the Perizzite, shall redeem with a lamb, and if you do not redeem
and the Hivite, and the Jebusite. 12 Watch your- it, then you shall break its neck. You shall redeem
self so that you do not make a covenant with the all the firstborn of your sons. And no one is to
inhabitants of the land where you are going; it appear before me empty-handed.
Ps 78:38; Jer 3:12; Dan 9:9; Luke 6:36. (see also Isa 64:6,7; Jer 3:25; Dan
“Gracious” – Num 6:25; 2 Chron 30:9; 9:5,6,9,20).
Neh 9:17,31; Ps 86:15; 111:4; 112:4; “Inheritance” – Deut 4:20; 9:26,29;
145:8; 2 Cor 8:9; Eph 2:8. 32:9; Ps 33:12; Eph 1:18.
“Slow to get angry” – Num 14:18; Ps 34:10 A promise God now adds to the cov-
86:15; 103:8; Joel 2:13. enant He made with Israel at Ex 19:5;
“Goodness” – Ps 23:6; 31:19; 33:5; 24:7,8. He promises He will do astounding
52:1; 107:8; Zech 9:17; Rom 2:4; 11:22; miracles for them and with them, not seen
Eph 5:9. among any peoples on earth. (See the
“Truth” – the Hebrew word also can be fulfillment in Josh 6:20; 10:11; 10:12-14;
translated “faithfulness” – Ps 31:5; 57:10; 24:12. See also Ps 72:18; 136:4.)
86:15; John 14:6; Titus 1:2. 34:11 Note at 33:2.
34:7 “Forgiving” – Num 14:18; Neh 9:17; 34:12 23:32,33.
Ps 32:1,2; 86:5; Dan 9:9; Matt 6:12; Mark 34:13 See 23:34; Num 33:52; Deut 7:5;
2:5,7,10; Luke 23:34; 24:47; Eph 1:7; 12:3; Jud 2:2. It was exceedingly impor-
4:32; Col 1:14; 2:13; 1 John 1:9. tant that Israel not defile itself with the idol
“Not leaving sin unpunished” – this seems worship of Canaan. So the command to de-
closer to the Hebrew than the KJV. Observe stroy their idols was often emphatically re-
that the KJV has added the words “the peated.
guilty” in italics, words which are not in the “Groves”–this could be translated “Asherah
Hebrew here. Ex 23:7; Num 14:18; Prov poles” – Asherah was a goddess worshiped by
17:15. Even such a God of love cannot for- the Canaanites. Note at Jud 3:7. If the mean-
get holiness and justice. He cannot and will ing is “groves”, it means groves of trees
not spare the unrepentant and unbelieving. where the people engaged in idolatry.
On “children” see notes at 20:5; Deut 34:14 20:3,5; Deut 4:24.
24:16; Ezekiel chapter 18. 34:15 22:20; 32:8; Deut 32:37,38.
“Visiting” – this seems to mean that God “Prostitute” – here means to be unfaith-
has so arranged human life on earth that ful to God and worship other gods – Lev
the sins done by people affect their chil- 20:5; Jer 2:20; etc.
dren for 3 or 4 generations. 34:16 Deut 7:3; Josh 23:12,13; 1 Kings
34:8 Such a revelation of God’s nature calls 11:1-4.
for worship, adoration, awe, love, and a life- 34:17 20:4,23; Lev 19:4; Deut 5:8.
time of faithful service. 34:18 12:17.
34:9 See how Moses includes himself in this 34:19 13:2; 32:29.
confession – “our wickedness”, “our sin” 34:20 13:13,15; 22:19; Deut 16:16.
127 EXODUS 35:21
21 ”Six days you shall work, but on the seventh put the veil on his face again until he went in to
day you shall rest. Even during plowing season speak with him.
and during harvest you shall rest.
22 ”And you shall observe the Feast of Weeks,
of the firstfruits of wheat harvest, and the Feast
of Ingathering at the year’s end. 23 Three times in
35 And Moses gathered all the congrega-
tion of the children of Israel together and
said to them, “These are the things which the
the year all your males shall appear before the LORD has commanded you to do. 2 Work is to be
Lord God, the God of Israel. 24 For I will drive out done for six days, but on the seventh day you shall
nations before you, and enlarge your borders, nor have a holy day, a Sabbath of rest to the LORD.
will anyone covet your land when you go up to Whoever works on it shall be put to death. 3 On
appear before the LORD your God three times in the Sabbath you shall not light a fire in any of your
the year. homes.”
25 “You shall not offer the blood of my sacrifices 4 And Moses spoke to all the congregation of
with yeast, nor is the sacrifice of the Feast of the the children of Israel, saying, “This is the thing
Passover to be left until morning. which the LORD has commanded, saying, 5 ‘Take
26 “The first of the firstfruits of your land you from among yourselves an offering for the LORD.
shall bring to the house of the LORD your God. You Whoever is of a willing heart, let him bring it as an
shall not boil a young goat in its mother’s milk.” offering for the LORD: gold, and silver, and bronze,
27 And the LORD said to Moses, “Write down 6 and blue, and purple, and scarlet, and fine linen,
these words, for in accordance with these words I and goats’ hair, 7 and rams’ skins dyed red, and
have made a covenant with you and with Israel.” badgers’ skins, and acacia wood, 8 and oil for the
28 And he was there with the LORD forty days and light, and spices for the anointing oil and for the
forty nights. He did not eat bread, or drink water. fragrant incense, 9 and onyx stones, and stones
And he wrote on the tablets the words of the cov- to be set in the ephod, and in the breastplate.
enant, the ten commandments. 10 “And let every skillful person among you come
29 And it came about that when Moses came and make all that the LORD has commanded:
down from Mount Sinai (when he descended from 11 the tabernacle, its tent, and its covering, its
the mountain the two tablets of testimony were in clasps, and its boards, its crossbars, its pillars, and
Moses’ hand) Moses did not know that the skin of its sockets, 12 the ark, and its poles, with the
his face shone because he had talked with the mercy seat, and the veil that hides it, 13 the table,
LORD. 30 And when Aaron and all the children of and its poles, and all its utensils, and the
Israel looked at Moses, seeing the skin of his face showbread, 14 also the lampstand for the light,
shining, they were afraid to come near him. and its articles, and its lamps, with the oil for the
31 And Moses called to them, and Aaron and all light, 15 and the incense altar, and its poles, and
the leaders of the congregation returned to him, the anointing oil, and the fragrant incense, and the
and Moses talked with them. 32 And afterwards all hanging for the door at the entrance of the taber-
the children of Israel came near, and he commanded nacle, 16 the altar of burnt offering, with its bronze
them all that the LORD had spoken to him on Mount grate, its poles, and all its utensils, the laver and its
Sinai. base, 17 the hangings of the court, its pillars, and
33 And Moses put a veil on his face until he had their sockets, and the hanging for the door of the
finished speaking with them. 34 But whenever court, 18 the pegs for the tabernacle, and the
Moses went in to the LORD’s presence to speak pegs for the court, and their cords, 19 the woven
with him, he took the veil off until he came out. garments for service in the Holy Place, the holy
And he would come out, and speak to the children garments for Aaron the priest, and the garments
of Israel what he was commanded. 35 And the for his sons to serve as priests.”
children of Israel would see the face of Moses, that 20 And all the congregation of the children of
the skin of Moses’ face shone, and Moses would Israel left Moses’ presence, 21 and everyone
34:21 20:9,10. 34:29-35 In 2 Cor 3:6-18 Paul contrasts
34:22 “The year’s end” – points to the first the glory of the old covenant with the glory
month of the Hebrew year (March-April). See of the new covenant. Though the old had
note on 12:1-3. glory it is as nothing compared with the glory
34:22-26 23:14-19. of the new.
34:27 Observe that Moses himself wrote 35:2,3 20:9,10; Num 15:32-36.
down what God said. See 24:4; Num 33:2; 35:5-9 25:1-9. In offerings made to God
Deut 31:9. there must be a willing mind (vs 21,29;
34:28 This is the second time Moses spent Deut 15:10; 1 Chron 29:3,5,9,14,17; 2 Cor
40 days in the mountain. The ten com- 9:7; 8:12), otherwise the offering is not
mandments are given in 20:3-17. acceptable. God’s people should count it a
EXODUS 35:22 128
whose heart stirred him up, and everyone whose Then Bezaleel and Aholiab, and every
spirit made him willing, came and brought the LORD’s
offering for the work of the tabernacle of the
36 skillful person in whom the LORD had put
skill and understanding to know how to do all kinds
congregation, and for all its service, and for the of work for the service of the sanctuary, worked
holy garments. 22 And all who were willing, both according to all that the LORD had commanded.
men and women, came and brought bracelets, and 2 And Moses called Bezaleel and Aholiab, and
earrings, and rings, and ornaments, all gold jew- every skillful person in whose heart the LORD
elry, and everyone presented an offering of gold had put skill, each one whose heart stirred him
to the LORD. 23 And everyone who had in his up to come to do the work, 3 and they received
possession blue, and purple, and scarlet, and fine from Moses all the offerings which the children of
linen, and goats’ hair, and red skins of rams, and Israel had brought for the work of the service of
badgers’ skins, brought them. 24 Everyone who the sanctuary, for its construction. And they con-
presented an offering of silver and bronze brought tinued to bring him freewill offerings every morn-
the LORD’s offering, and everyone who had acacia ing. 4 And all the skillful men who were doing all the
wood for any work of the service, brought it. work of the sanctuary came, each one from his
25 And all the women who were skillful spun with work which they were doing, 5 and they spoke to
their hands, and brought what they had spun in Moses, saying, “The people are bringing much more
blue, and purple, and scarlet, and fine linen. than enough for the building work which the LORD
26 And all the women whose heart stirred them commanded to be done.”
with a skill spun goats’ hair. 27 And the leaders 6 And Moses gave an order and they proclaimed
brought onyx stones, and stones to be set, for the it throughout the camp, saying, ”Neither man nor
ephod, and for the breastplate, 28 and spices, woman should do anything more for the offering
and oil for the light, and for the anointing oil, and for the sanctuary.” So the people were restrained
for the fragrant incense. 29 The children of Israel from bringing more. 7 For the material they had
brought a willing offering to the LORD, each was enough, and more than enough, for all the
man and woman whose heart made them will- work to be done.
ing to bring something for all the kinds of work 8 And every skillful person among them who
which the LORD had commanded through Moses was doing work on the tabernacle made ten
to be made. curtains of fine woven linen, and blue, and
30 And Moses said to the children of Israel, purple, and scarlet. He made them with cheru-
“See, the LORD has called Bezaleel, the son of bim, the work of a skillful craftsman. 9 The
Uri, the son of Hur, of the tribe of Judah, length of each curtain was twenty-eight cubits,
by name 31 and he has filled him with the and the width of each curtain four cubits. The
Spirit of God, with wisdom, with understanding, curtains were all of one size. 10 And he joined five
and with knowledge, and with all manner of curtains to one another, then joined the other five
craftsmanship, 32 to make designs to work in curtains to one another. 11 And he made loops of
gold, and in silver, and in bronze, 33 and to cut blue on the edge of the end curtain of the first set;
stones for setting them, and in carving wood, he did the same on the end curtain of the second
to make any kind of artistic work. 34 And he set. 12 He made fifty loops on the one curtain, and
has put in his heart, both his and that of Aholiab, made fifty loops on the edge of the curtain that
the son of Ahisamach, of the tribe of Dan, the was in the second set. The loops held one curtain
ability to teach others. 35 He has filled them to another. 13 And he made fifty clasps of gold,
with wisdom of heart to do all kinds of work, of and joined the curtains to one another with the
the engraver, and of the artistic craftsman, and clasps. So the tabernacle became a unit.
of the embroiderer in blue, and in purple, in 14 And he made curtains of goats’ hair for the
scarlet, and in fine linen, and of the weaver, of tent over the tabernacle. He made eleven of these
those who do any work, and of those who make curtains. 15 The length of each curtain was thirty
designs.” cubits, and the width of each curtain was four
joy to give to God and His work. If we do building of God’s spiritual house, the church
not, there is something wrong with our spiri- which is Christ’s body. Note and references
tual condition. God’s command to give of on giving at 2 Cor 9:15.
our substance to Him is a test of our love 36:5-7 See 2 Chron 31:6-10. This will be
for Him and His work. If we love Him we the result in any age, in any country on earth
will want to give something to Him. The when God’s people willingly and lovingly
people then were giving for the construc- give to Him for His work. Then God’s bless-
tion of a sanctuary so God could live among ing will be on His people (Mal 3:10; 2 Cor
them. New Testament believers have the 9:7-9).
privilege of giving toward the work of the 36:8-38 26:1-37.
129 EXODUS 37:21
cubits. The eleven curtains were of one size.
16 And he joined five curtains by themselves, and
the other six curtains by themselves. 17 And he
37 And Bezaleel made the ark of acacia
wood. Its length was two cubits and a
half, its width a cubit and a half, and its height a
made fifty loops on the edge of the end curtain in cubit and a half. 2 And he overlaid it with pure gold
the set, and made fifty loops on the edge of the both inside and outside, and made a gold molding
end curtain in the second set. 18 And he made for it all around. 3 And he cast four gold rings for it,
fifty bronze clasps to join the tent together, so to be set in its four corners, two rings on its one
that it would be a unit. 19 And he made a covering side, and two rings on its other side. 4 And he
for the tent of rams’ skins dyed red, and a cover- made poles of acacia wood, and overlaid them
ing of badgers’ skins above that. with gold. 5 And he put the poles into the rings on
20 And he made boards for the tabernacle of the sides of the ark, to carry the ark.
acacia wood, to stand upright. 21 The length of 6 And he made the mercy seat of pure gold. Its
each board was ten cubits, and the width of each length was two cubits and a half, and its width one
board one cubit and a half. 22 Each board had two cubit and a half. 7 And he made two gold cherubim.
tenons, equally distant from one another. He made He made them hammered out of one piece, at both
these for all the boards of the tabernacle. 23 And ends of the mercy seat; 8 one cherub at the one
he made boards for the tabernacle, twenty boards end, and another cherub at the other end. He
for the south side facing south. 24 And he made made the cherubim of one piece with the mercy
forty silver sockets on the bottom of the twenty seat at both its ends. 9 And the cherubim had
boards, two sockets under each board for its two outspread wings over the ark, and their wings
tenons, and two sockets under every other board covered the mercy seat, with their faces toward
for its two tenons. 25 And he made twenty boards each other. The faces of the cherubim were to-
for the second side of the tabernacle, on the north ward the mercy seat.
side, 26 and their forty sockets of silver, two sock- 10 And he made the table of acacia wood. Its
ets under each board, and two sockets under length was two cubits, its width a cubit, and its
every other board. 27 And he made six boards for height a cubit and a half. 11 And he overlaid it with
the west side of the tabernacle. 28 And he made pure gold, and made for it a molding of gold all
two boards for the corners of the tabernacle at the around. 12 He also made a rim for it the width of a
rear. 29 And they were double from the bottom and hand all around, and made a gold molding for its
so to its top and joined together to one ring. He did border all around. 13 And he cast four gold rings
this for both of them for the two corners. 30 And for it, and put the rings at the four corners of its
there were eight boards; and they had sixteen four legs. 14 The rings, the holders for the poles to
silver sockets, two sockets under each board. carry the table, were close to the rim. 15 And to
31 And he made bars of acacia wood, five for carry the table he made the poles of acacia wood,
the boards on one side of the tabernacle, 32 and and overlaid them with gold. 16 And he made out
five bars for the boards on the other side of the of pure gold the utensils which were on the table,
tabernacle, and five bars for the boards of the its dishes, and its spoons, and its pitchers for pour-
tabernacle for the west side. 33 And he made the ing out the drink offerings.
middle bar to pass through the boards from one 17 And he made the lampstand of pure gold.
end to the other. 34 And he overlaid the boards He made the lampstand of hammered work. Its
with gold, and made their rings out of gold to hold base and its shaft, its cups, its buds and its flow-
the bars, and overlaid the bars with gold. ers, were of one piece with it. 18 And six branches
35 And he made a veil of blue, and purple, and went out from its sides, three branches of the
scarlet, and fine woven linen. He made it with cheru- lampstand from one side of it, and three branches
bim, the work of a skillful craftsman. 36 And he of the lampstand from the other side of it. 19 Three
made four pillars of acacia wood for it, and over- cups like almond blossoms, a bud and a flower were
laid them with gold. Their hooks also were of gold. on one branch, and three cups like almond blos-
And he cast four sockets of silver for them. 37 And soms, a bud and a flower on another branch, and
for the tabernacle doorway he made a hanging of so throughout the six branches going out from the
blue, and purple, and scarlet, and fine woven linen, lampstand. 20 And on the lampstand were four
of needlework. 38 And he made its five pillars with cups like almond blossoms, its buds and its flowers.
their hooks, and he overlaid their tops and their 21 And a bud was under the first pair of branches,
bands with gold; but their five sockets were of and a bud under the second pair of branches, and
bronze. a bud under the third pair of branches, for the six
37:1-9 25:10-20. 37:17-24 25:31-39.
37:10-16 25:23-29.
EXODUS 37:22 130
branches going out from it. 22 Their buds and their fifty cubits, their pillars ten, and their sockets ten.
branches were of one piece with it. The whole of it The hooks on the pillars and their bands were of
was of one hammered work of pure gold. silver. 13 And for the east side, facing east, the
23 And he made its seven lamps, and its snuff- hangings were fifty cubits. 14 The hangings on the
ers, and its trays, of pure gold. 24 He made it and one side of the gate were fifteen cubits, their
all of its utensils with a talent of pure gold. pillars three, and their sockets three, 15 and the
25 And he made the incense altar of acacia same for the other side. On each side of the gate
wood. Its length was a cubit, and its width a cubit. of the courtyard were hangings of fifteen cubits,
It was square, and its height was two cubits. Its with their three pillars, and their three sockets.
horns were of one piece with it. 26 And he overlaid 16 All the hangings of the surrounding court were
it with pure gold, its top and its sides all around and of fine woven linen. 17 And the sockets for the
its horns. He also made a gold molding for it all pillars were of bronze, the hooks of the pillars and
around. 27 And he made two rings of gold for it their bands of silver, and their tops were overlaid
under its molding, on its two sides, on its opposite with silver; and all the pillars of the court had silver
sides, to hold the poles with which to carry it. bands.
28 And he made the poles of acacia wood, and 18 And the hanging for the gate of the court-
overlaid them with gold. yard was needlework, of blue, and purple, and
29 And he made the holy anointing oil, and the scarlet, and fine woven linen. And the length was
pure fragrant incense of spices, the work of a twenty cubits and the width was five cubits, like
perfumer. the hangings of the court. 19 And their four pillars,
and their four sockets were of bronze, the hooks
38 And he made the altar of burnt offering
of acacia wood. Its length was five
cubits, and its width five cubits. It was square,
of silver, and the overlaying of their tops and their
bands of silver. 20 And all the pegs of the taber-
nacle, and of the surrounding courtyard, were of
and its height was three cubits. 2 And he made its bronze.
horns on its four corners. Its horns were of one 21 This is the sum for the tabernacle, the
piece with it. And he overlaid it with bronze. 3 And tabernacle of the testimony, as account was
he made all the utensils of the altar, the pots, and made, according to the commandment of Moses,
the shovels, and the basins, and the meat forks, for the service of the Levites, by the hand of
and the firepans. He made all its utensils out of Ithamar, son of Aaron the priest. 22 And Bezaleel
bronze. 4 And he made for the altar a grating of the son of Uri, the son of Hur, of the tribe of Judah,
bronze below, underneath its ledge, reaching half- made all that the LORD commanded Moses.
way up it. 5 And he cast four rings for the four 23 And with him was Aholiab, son of Ahisamach, of
ends of the bronze grating to hold the poles. 6 And the tribe of Dan, an engraver, and a skillful work-
he made the poles of acacia wood, and overlaid man, and an embroiderer in blue, and in purple,
them with bronze. 7 And he put the poles into the and in scarlet, and fine linen. 24 All the gold that
rings on the sides of the altar to carry it. He made was used in the work of the whole construction of
the altar hollow with boards. the sanctuary, the gold of the special offering,
8 And he made the laver of bronze, and its was twenty-nine talents, and seven hundred and
base of bronze, from the mirrors of the women thirty shekels, according to the sanctuary shekel.
who served at the door of the tabernacle of the 25 And the silver of those in the congregation
congregation. who were numbered was a hundred talents, and a
9 And he made the courtyard. The hangings thousand seven hundred and seventy-five shek-
of the courtyard on the south side, facing south, els, according to the sanctuary shekel, 26 a bekah
were a hundred cubits of fine woven linen. for each person, that is, half a shekel, according
10 Their pillars were twenty, and their bronze sock- to the sanctuary shekel, from everyone who came
ets twenty. The hooks on the pillars and their bands to be numbered, from twenty years old and
were of silver. 11 And for the north side the upward, for six hundred and three thousand, five
hangings were a hundred cubits, their pillars were hundred and fifty men. 27 And the hundred
twenty, and their bronze sockets twenty. The hooks talents of silver were for casting the sockets for
on the pillars and their bands were of silver. the sanctuary and the sockets for the veil, a hun-
12 And for the west side the hangings were dred sockets with the hundred talents, a talent for
37:25-28 30:1-5. 38:24 The weight of the gold was about one
37:29 30:23-25. metric ton (1000 kilograms).
38:1-7 27:1-8. 38:25 The weight of the silver was about
38:8 30:18. 3.4 metric tons.
38:9-20 27:9-19. 38:26 12:37; 30:13,15; Num 1:46.
131 EXODUS 39:31
each socket. 28 And out of the thousand seven in gold filigrees in their settings. 14 And the stones
hundred and seventy-five shekels he made hooks were according to the names of the children of
for the pillars, and overlaid their tops and made Israel, twelve, according to their names. They
bands for them. had engravings like a signet, each one with its
29 And the bronze of the offering was seventy name, according to the twelve tribes.
talents and two thousand four hundred shekels. 15 And on the breastplate they made braided
30 And with it he made the sockets for the door of chains of pure gold, like cords. 16 And they made
the tabernacle of the congregation, and the bronze two gold filigree settings, and two gold rings, and
altar, and the bronze grating for it, and all the put the two rings on two corners of the breast-
utensils of the altar, 31 and the sockets of the plate. 17 And they put the two braided gold chains
surrounding courtyard, and the sockets for the in the two rings on the corners of the breastplate.
courtyard gate, and all the pegs for the taber- 18 And the two ends of the two braided chains
nacle, and all the pegs for the surrounding court- they fastened to the two filigree settings, and put
yard. them on the shoulder pieces of the ephod, in the
front of it. 19 And they made two gold rings, and
39 And with the blue, and purple, and
scarlet, they made woven garments for ser-
vice in the Holy Place, and made the holy garments
put them on the other two corners of the breast-
plate, on its inside edge which was next to the
ephod. 20 And they made two other gold rings,
for Aaron, just as the LORD commanded Moses. and put them at the bottom of the two shoulder
2 And he made the ephod of gold, blue, and pieces of the ephod, toward the front of it, close to
purple, and scarlet, and fine woven linen. 3 And the place where it joined, above the woven
they hammered the gold into thin plates, and waistband of the ephod. 21 And they bound the
cut it into threads, to work it in the blue, and in the breastplate by its rings to the rings of the ephod
purple, and in the scarlet, and in the fine linen, the with a lace of blue, so that it would be above the
work of a skillful craftsman. 4 They made shoulder woven waistband of the ephod, and so that the
pieces for it to join it together. It was joined to- breastplate might not get loose from the ephod,
gether at the two top ends. 5 And its skillfully just as the LORD commanded Moses.
woven waistband that was on it, was of one piece, 22 And he made the robe of the ephod of woven
and like it in workmanship, of gold, blue, and work, all of blue. 23 And there was an opening in
purple, and scarlet, and fine woven linen, just as the center of the robe, as the opening of a coat of
the LORD commanded Moses. mail, with a band all around the opening so that it
6 And they prepared onyx stones set in gold would not tear. 24 And on the hem of the robe
filigree settings, engraved, like signets are they made pomegranates of blue, and purple, and
engraved, with the names of the children of scarlet, and woven linen. 25 And they made bells
Israel. 7 And he put them on the shoulder pieces of pure gold, and put the bells between the pome-
of the ephod, as memorial stones for the granates on the hem of the robe, all around
children of Israel, just as the LORD commanded between the pomegranates; 26 a bell and a pome-
Moses. granate, a bell and a pomegranate, all around the
8 And he made the breastplate, the work of a hem of the robe to be worn for service, just as the
skillful craftsman, like the work of the ephod, of LORD commanded Moses.
gold, blue, and purple, and scarlet, and fine woven 27 And they made tunics of fine linen of woven
linen. 9 It was square. They made the breastplate work for Aaron, and for his sons, 28 and a turban
double. Its length was a span and its width a of fine linen, and the fine linen caps, and linen
span, being doubled. breeches of fine woven linen, 29 and a sash of
10 And they set four rows of stones in it. fine woven linen, and blue, and purple, and
The first row had a sardius, a topaz, and a scarlet, of needlework, just as the LORD
carbuncle; this was the first row. 11 And the commanded Moses.
second row had an emerald, a sapphire, and a 30 And they made the plate of the holy crown
diamond. 12 And the third row had a jacinth, an of pure gold, and inscribed on it a writing, like the
agate, and an amethyst. 13 And the fourth row engravings of a signet, HOLINESS TO THE LORD.
had a beryl, an onyx, and a jasper. They were set 31 And they tied a lace of blue to it to fasten it to
38:28 About 20 kilograms. 39:6,7 28:9-12.
38:29 The weight of the bronze was about 39:8-21 28:15-28.
2.4 metric tons. 39:22-26 28:31-34.
39:1 31:10; 35:19. 39:27-29 28:39-42.
39:2-5 28:6-12. 39:30,31 28:36,37.
EXODUS 39:32 132
the turban near the top, just as the LORD com- altar, and shall put water in it. 8 And you shall set
manded Moses. up the surrounding courtyard, and hang up the
32 Thus all the work of the tabernacle of the hanging at the courtyard gate.
tent of the congregation was finished. And in 9 “And you shall take the anointing oil, and anoint
what they made, the children of Israel did the tabernacle, and all that is in it, and shall conse-
according to all that the LORD commanded crate it, and all its articles, and it shall be holy.
Moses. 33 And they brought the tabernacle to 10 And you shall anoint the altar of burnt offering,
Moses: the tent, and all its furniture, its clasps, its and all its articles, and sanctify the altar, and the
boards, its bars, its pillars, and its sockets, 34 and altar will be most holy. 11 And you shall anoint the
the covering of rams’ skins dyed red, and the cov- laver and its base and sanctify it.
ering of badgers’ skins, and the screening veil, 12 “And you shall bring Aaron and his sons to
35 the ark of the testimony, and its poles, and the the door of the tabernacle of the congregation,
mercy seat, 36 the table, and all its utensils, and and wash them with water. 13 And you shall put
the showbread, 37 the pure lampstand, with its the holy garments on Aaron and anoint him, and
lamps, with the lamps to be set in order, and all its sanctify him, so that he may serve as priest.
utensils, and the oil for light, 38 and the golden 14 And you shall bring his sons and clothe them
altar, and the anointing oil, and the fragrant with tunics. 15 And you shall anoint them, as you
incense, and the hanging for the tabernacle door, anointed their father, so that they may serve me
39 the bronze altar, and its bronze grating, its poles, as priests. And their anointing will be for an ever-
and all its utensils, the laver and its base, 40 the lasting priesthood throughout their generations.”
hangings of the courtyard, its pillars, and its 16 And Moses did so. He did according to all that
sockets, and the hanging for the courtyard gate, the LORD commanded him.
its cords, and its pegs, and all the articles for the 17 And it came about on the first month in the
service of the tabernacle, for the tent of the con- second year, on the first day of the month, that
gregation, 41 the woven garments for service in the tabernacle was erected. 18 And Moses erected
the Holy Place, and the holy garments for Aaron the tabernacle, and fastened its sockets, and set
the priest, and his sons’ garments, for service as up its boards, and put in its bars, and raised up its
priests. pillars. 19 And he spread out the tent over the
42 The children of Israel made all the work tabernacle, and put the covering of the tent on top
according to all that the LORD commanded of it, just as the LORD commanded Moses.
Moses. 43 And Moses looked at all the work, 20 And he took the testimony and put it in the
and saw that in doing it they had done it just ark, and attached the poles to the ark, and put the
as the LORD had commanded. And Moses mercy seat on top of the ark. 21 And he brought
blessed them. the ark into the tabernacle, and set up the screen-
ing veil, and screened the ark of the testimony,
40 And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying,
2 “On the first day of the first month you
shall set up the tabernacle of the tent of the con-
just as the LORD commanded Moses.
22 And he put the table in the tent of the
congregation, on the north side of the tabernacle,
gregation. 3 And you shall put in it the ark of the outside the veil. 23 And he arranged the bread on
testimony, and screen the ark with the veil. 4 And it before the LORD, just as the LORD had
you shall bring in the table, and arrange the things commanded Moses. 24 And he put the lampstand
that belong on it. And you shall bring in the in the tent of the congregation opposite the table,
lampstand, and light its lamps. 5 And you shall set on the south side of the tabernacle. 25 And he
the gold altar of incense in front of the ark of the lighted the lamps before the LORD, just as the
testimony, and put the hanging of the door of the LORD commanded Moses.
tabernacle. 26 And he put the golden altar in the tent of the
6 ”And you shall set the altar of burnt offering in congregation before the veil, 27 and he burned
front of the door of the tabernacle of the tent of fragrant incense on it, just as the LORD commanded
the congregation. 7 And you shall set the laver Moses. 28 And he put up the hanging at the door
between the tent of the congregation and the of the tabernacle.
39:43 A job well done will have God’s bless- 40:3 “Testimony” – called this because the
ing (Lev 9:22,23; Num 6:23-26; John 12:26; tablets with the ten commandments were
Heb 6:10). kept in it.
40:2 It took several months to construct 40:15 Note on priest at 28:1.
the tabernacle and its furnishings. See v 40:16 Heb 2:3,5.
17 and 19:1. 40:17 “Second year” – since leaving Egypt.
133 EXODUS 40:38
29 And he put the altar of burnt offering near work.
the door of the tabernacle of the tent of the con- 34 Then a cloud covered the tent of the con-
gregation, and offered the burnt offering and the gregation, and the glory of the LORD filled the
food offering on it, just as the LORD commanded tabernacle. 35 And Moses was not able to go into
Moses. the tent of the congregation, because the cloud
30 And he set the laver between the tent of the remained on it, and the glory of the LORD filled the
congregation and the altar, and put water there tabernacle.
for washing. 31 And Moses and Aaron and his sons 36 And when the cloud was taken up from over
washed their hands and their feet there. 32 They the tabernacle, the children of Israel went forward
washed whenever they went into the tent of the on all their journeys, 37 but if the cloud was not
congregation, and whenever they came near the taken up, then they did not travel until the day
altar, just as the LORD commanded Moses. that it was taken up. 38 For the cloud of the LORD
33 And he set up the courtyard all around the was on the tabernacle by day, and fire was on it by
tabernacle and the altar, and set up the hanging night, in the sight of all the house of Israel, through-
of the courtyard gate. So Moses finished the out all their journeys.
40:29 29:38-42. 1:16,17; 2 Cor 4:4,6; Col 1:19; Heb 1:3;
40:31,32 30:19,20. Moses was the great Rev 1: 13-18; 21:23).
leader through whom the law was given. He 40:35 1 Kings 8:11; 2 Chron 5:13,14.
spoke with God face to face. But he needed 40:36-38 13:21,22; Num 9:16-23; Neh
to wash in the laver just as the most 9:19; Ps 78:14. God knows just where His
ordinary priests (1 John 1:8-10). people should be, how long they should stay
40:34 1 Kings 8:11; Ezek 43:4,5; Rev there, and where they should go when it
15:8. God came in glory to the tabernacle is time to move, and He will infallibly guide
that He might live among His people. The those who trust and obey Him (Ps 32:8;
glory of God filled Christ the Son of God, 48:14; 73:24; Isa 58:11; John
God’s spiritual tabernacle for the same 10:2-5).
purpose (John 1:14,18; Matt 17:2; 2 Pet “Fire” – note at 3:2.
LEVITICUS
Title:
The Jews called this book by its opening words in Hebrew And he called. The name in English came
from the name the Greek translators of the Hebrew Old Testament gave this book. Leviticus means
that which pertains to Levites.
Author and date:
See the introduction to Genesis.
Themes:
One theme is the need for cleanness and holiness in every part of life. God is holy, so His people
must be holy. See 11:45; 19:2; 20:7. Another theme is this: God can be approached only through
sacrifice. See 16:1-17. Since man is sinful, atonement must be made for his sin. This book is highly
symbolic and its symbols point to Christ and the relationship between Christ and His people. Some
key words in this book are sacrifice and offering (nouns and verbs are used about 300 times),
clean and unclean (used more than 130 times), holy (used 70 times), and priest or priests
(used more than 170 times). The priests were those who represented the people before God,
offered sacrifices and had charge of the worship in the tabernacle.
Contents:
Five most important offerings or sacrifices .................................................... 1:1-6:7
Burnt offering ........................................................................................... 1:1-17
Grain offering ............................................................................................ 2:1-16
Peace offering ........................................................................................... 3:1-17
Sin offering ............................................................................................... 4:1 - 5:13
Trespass offering ....................................................................................... 5:14 - 6:7
Continuous burnt offering ........................................................................... 6:8-13
Further instructions about various offerings .................................................. 6:14 - 7:38
Consecration of the priests ......................................................................... 8:1-38
The priests begin their work ........................................................................ 9:1-24
Death of Nadab and Abihu .......................................................................... 10:1-7
Instructions for priests ............................................................................... 10:8-20
Clean and unclean ..................................................................................... 11:1 - 15:33
Clean and unclean foods ............................................................................ 11:1-47
Purification after childbirth .......................................................................... 12:1-8
Instructions about skin diseases .................................................................. 13:1-46
Instructions about mildew ........................................................................... 13:47-59
Cleansing from skin diseases ....................................................................... 14:1-32
Cleansing from mildew ................................................................................ 14:33-57
Instructions about bodily discharges ............................................................ 15:1-33
The great day of atonement ....................................................................... 16:1-34
The place for sacrifice ................................................................................ 17:1-9
Eating of blood forbidden ............................................................................ 17:10-14
Forbidden sexual relationships ..................................................................... 18:1-30
Various laws and regulations ....................................................................... 19:1 - 20:27
The holiness an duties of priests .................................................................. 21:1 - 22:33
God-appointed special times or festivals ....................................................... 23:1-44
Sabbath ................................................................................................... 23:3
Passover and Unleavened Bread ................................................................. 23:4-8
Firstfruits .................................................................................................. 23:9-14
135 LEVITICUS
Pentecost ................................................................................................. 23:15-22
Atonement ................................................................................................ 23:26-32
Tabernacles .............................................................................................. 23:33-44
Oil and bread to be continually before God ................................................... 24:1-9
Punishment for blasphemy .......................................................................... 24:10-23
A Sabbath year ......................................................................................... 25:1-7
Year of Jubilee ........................................................................................... 25:8 -55
Blessings for obedience .............................................................................. 26:1-12
Curses for disobedience ............................................................................. 26:13-46
Further instructions concerning individuals .................................................... 27:1-34
LEVITICUS 1:1 136
1 And the LORD called to Moses, and spoke to
him out of the tabernacle of the congrega-
tion, saying, 2 Speak to the children of Israel, and
tabernacle of the congregation. 6 And he shall skin
the burnt offering, and cut it into its pieces. 7 And
the sons of Aaron the priest shall put fire on the
say to them, If any man of you brings an offering altar, and arrange the wood on the fire. 8 And the
to the LORD, you shall bring your offering of priests, Aarons sons, shall arrange the parts, the
animals from the herd, and from the flock. head, and the fat, on the wood that is on the fire
3 If his offering is a burnt sacrifice from the which is on the altar, 9 but he shall wash its inner
herd, let him offer a male without blemish. He shall parts and its legs in water. And the priest shall
offer it of his own voluntary will at the door of the burn all of it on the altar as a burnt offering, an
tabernacle of the congregation before the LORD. offering made by fire of a soothing aroma to the
4 And he shall put his hand on the head of the LORD.
burnt offering, and it shall be accepted for him to 10 And if his offering is a burnt offering from
make atonement for him. 5 And he shall kill the the flocks, from the sheep or from the goats, he
young ox before the LORD. And the priests, Aarons shall bring a male without blemish. 11 And he shall
sons, shall bring the blood, and sprinkle the blood kill it on the north side of the altar before the LORD,
all around on the altar that is by the door of the and the priests, Aarons sons, shall sprinkle its blood
1:1 Ex 25:22; Num 7:89. (2 Cor 5:14,15; Gal 2:20). We must, so to
1:2 In the first seven chapters of this book speak, lay our hands on His head, that is,
five different offerings are described burnt, accept Him as our offering. Otherwise His
grain, peace, sin, and guilt. Three of these offering will not save us.
are called soothing aroma (burnt, grain Atonement Lev 4:20,26,31;
and peace), the remaining two are not. None 16:6,16,30,34. Note at Ex 29:33.
of these offerings could take away sin or 1:5 Note on priests at Ex 28:1. Here both
make the worshiper perfectly fit for Gods the priest and the offering signify Christ.
presence (Heb 10:1,4). By bringing them When Christ became a sacrifice He was also
the worshiper showed his faith and his de- the priest who made the offering
sire for forgiveness and acceptance by God. (Matt 26:26-28; John 6:51; Heb 7:26,27;
God, seeing the believers offering, cov- 9:11-14). Blood in all Old Testament sacri-
ered his sins and forgave him. fices signifies Christs blood (Matt 26:28;
All of these offerings signify the Lord Rom 3:25; Heb 9:12,14,22), and the altar
Jesus Christ the Lamb of God who was sac- speaks of the cross where the Lord Jesus
rificed to take away the sins of all His died. Note at Ex 27:1-8.
people, both those who lived before Christ 1:6 Note at 7:8.
and afterwards (John 1:29; Isa 53:7; Eph 1:7 6:8-13. Fire signifies the holiness of God
5:2; Heb 10:12; 1 Pet 1:19; Rev 5:6,8, note at Ex.3:2.
9,12). It is Christs one offering that fits 1:8 Verse 12; 3:3,4; 8:20.
His people perfectly for Gods presence (Heb 1:9 Wash Num 15:8-10; 28:11-14. In
10:14,19-22). Each of these five offerings the Bible water signifies both Gods Holy Spirit
in Leviticus signifies a different element in and Gods Word.
Christs one sacrifice on the cross. In each Soothing see note at Gen 8:21. See
offering there are types and symbols, some Ex 29:18,25; Num 15:3. It was a soothing
clear as to meaning, some perhaps not so smell to God because it spoke of Christ and
clear. We suggest certain meanings. Let His perfect surrender and obedience (Eph
the reader carefully and prayerfully search 5:2). All the offerings signify Gods delight
out the matter himself, comparing scripture in some aspect or the other of Christs
with scripture. offering. Those sacrifices not called sooth-
1:3 The burnt offering signifies Christ in ing aroma are the sin and guilt offerings.
His entire obedience to God, His complete These sacrifices speak of Christ in the guilty
and willing offering of Himself in love to sinners place. It signifies Christ made sin
God (Matt 26:39; John 6:38; for us (2 Cor 5:21), and a curse for us (Gal
10:11,17,18; Heb 10:5-7). This offering 3:13). To God there is nothing soothing
was burned completely on the altar (note about sin and guilt and the curse which had
at v 13). The ox probably signifies to be removed by His Son.
obedient service (Deut 25:4; Isa 1:3; Ezek 1:10 Sheep the sheep signifies Christ
1:10), and here signifies Christ as the in His meekness and gentleness as the
obedient servant of God (Phil 2:5-8). sacrificial lamb of God (Isa 53:7;
Without blemish signifies Christs Matt 27:12-14).
sinless, perfect human nature (Luke 23:4; Goats in the Bible Gods people are
John 8:46; 2 Cor 5:21; Heb 4:15; 7:26; called sheep (Ps 95:7; 100:3; John
1 Pet 1:19; 2:22; 1 John 3:5). 10:7,11,14-16; 21:16; Heb 13:20), and
1:4 3:2,8; Ex 29:10,15,19. Laying on of sinners are compared to goats (Matt 25:31-
hands signified the acceptance of the 33,41). The goat as burnt offering may
offering in the place of the one bringing the signify Christ in the sinners place showing
offering. The person should have died for the surrender and obedience to God the
his sin, the animal died instead. Christ died sinner should show but does not (Isa 53:12;
for us, in our place, as our substitute Luke 23:33).
137 LEVITICUS 2:11
all around on the altar. 12 And he shall cut it into its flour, and of its oil, with all its frankincense. And
pieces, with its head and its fat. And the priest the priest shall burn its memorial on the altar, as an
shall arrange them on the wood that is on the fire offering made by fire, of a soothing aroma to the
which is on the altar, 13 but he shall wash the LORD. 3 And the rest of the grain offering shall
inner parts and the legs with water. And the priest belong to Aaron and his sons. It is a thing most
shall bring it all and burn it on the altar. It is a burnt holy of the offerings of the LORD made by fire.
offering, an offering made by fire, of a soothing 4 And if you bring an offering of a grain
aroma to the LORD. offering baked in the oven, it shall be cakes of fine
14 And if his offering to the LORD is a burnt flour made without yeast, mixed with oil, or wafers
offering of birds, then he shall bring his offering without yeast, anointed with oil. 5 And if your
from doves or from young pigeons. 15 And the offering is a grain offering baked on a griddle, it
priest shall bring it to the altar, and wring off its shall be of fine flour without yeast, mixed with oil.
head and burn it on the altar. And its blood shall be 6 You shall break it in pieces, and pour oil on it. It is
drained out at the side of the altar. 16 And he shall a grain offering. 7 And if your offering is a grain
take away its crop with its feathers, and throw it offering cooked in a pan, it shall be made of fine
beside the altar on the east side, by the place of flour with oil. 8 And you shall bring the grain
the ashes. 17 And he shall tear it by its wings, but offering that is made of these things to the LORD,
shall not divide it completely in two. And the priest and when it is presented to the priest, he shall
shall burn it on the altar, on the wood that is on the bring it to the altar. 9 And the priest shall take from
fire. It is a burnt offering, an offering made by the grain offering its memorial and burn it on the
fire, of a soothing aroma to the LORD. altar. It is an offering made by fire, of a soothing
aroma to the LORD. 10 And what is left of the
2 And when any will offer a grain offering to
the LORD, his offering shall be of fine flour;
and he shall pour oil on it, and put frankincense on
grain offering shall belong to Aaron and his sons.
It is a thing most holy of the offerings of the LORD
made by fire.
it. 2 And he shall bring it to Aarons sons the 11 No grain offering which you bring to the
priests. And he shall take from it his handful of its LORD, shall be made with yeast; for you shall burn
1:13 Unlike some other offerings this one (John 6:35). Bread is made from wheat
was completely consumed by fire on the that has been ground, battered, crushed,
altar. This was the only one of these five and made into flour. Compare Isa 53:10;
offerings which could not be eaten by the Matt 26:67,68; 27:26-30; Luke 12:50;
priests. The particular sin offering the blood Heb 2:10,18).
of which was taken into the Most Holy Place 2:2 Oil oil signifies the Holy Spirit
also could not be eaten (16:27). The other (Ex 27:20). The Lord Jesus was anointed
sin offerings, and all the other offerings the by the Holy Spirit for His ministry (Luke 3:22;
priests were permitted to eat, except some 4:17-20; Acts 10:38).
that were offered by the priests themselves. Frankincense this was the most
The burnt offering was all for God. In other expensive of the perfumes of that day. It
words, one aspect of Christs sacrifice was was used in making the holy incense for
for God alone (John 8:29; 17:4). the tabernacle (Ex 30:34,35). It was one of
1:14-17 Doves and pigeons were the offer- the offerings brought to the Lord Jesus by
ings of the poor who could not afford to bring the wise men (Matt 2:11). Does it not speak
bullocks, sheep, or goats (5:7; 12:8). of the fragrance of His life and prayers?
Doves were the offering of Mary and Joseph Memorial to God. That which was
at the birth of Jesus (Luke 2:22-24). This burned on the altar belonged wholly to God.
shows their poverty. Doves and pigeons are Christ the food offering for His people was
associated in the Bible with mourning and a source of satisfaction to God too.
innocence (Isa 38:14; 59:11). They may 2:3 John 6:33. All that signifies Christ is
possibly signify Christ as the innocent man most holy. For note on holy see Lev 20:7.
of sorrows (Isa 53:3; Matt 23:37; Heb 7:26). Belong to. . .his sons some of the
1:17 Though the burnt offering signifies offerings of Gods people went to the sup-
Christ, it also reveals what the believer port of Gods servants. See v 10; 5:13;
should be and do (Rom 12:1,2). 6:26; 7:6-10.
2:1 Grain offering vs 4,5,7,14. This was 2:4 Baked suggests the fierce and fiery
not an offering of meat (KJV), but of grain trials the Lord Jesus went through (1 Pet
or meal, so it was necessary to change the 4:1,12,13). Note on yeast at Ex 12:8.
KJV here. The Hebrew word does not at all 2:5 Mixed with oil may suggest that Christ
mean meat. This offering signify Christ was born of the Spirit as well as later anointed
offering Himself, and the fruit of His life, as by the Spirit (Matt 1:18,20; Luke 1:35).
food for both God and His people. Believers 2:6 Matt 26:26.
feed on Him in their hearts by faith (John 2:11 Honey is corruptible. It may ferment
6:51-58,63). Christ referred to Himself as and turn sour. There was no such thing in
both wheat (John 12:24) and bread Christ.
LEVITICUS 2:12 138
no yeast, or any honey, in any offering of the sacrifice of the peace offering an offering made by
LORD made by fire. 12 As for the offering of fire to the LORD, the fat that covers the inner
firstfruits, you shall offer them to the LORD, but parts, and all the fat that is on the inner parts,
they shall not be burned on the altar as a soothing 4 and the two kidneys, and the fat that is on them
aroma. 13 And you shall season every offering of which is by the loins, and the lobe on the liver, with
your grain offering with salt; you shall allow the the kidneys which he shall take away. 5 And Aarons
salt of the covenant of your God to be missing from sons shall burn it on the altar on top of the burnt
your grain offering. You shall offer salt with all sacrifice, which is on the wood that is on the fire.
your offerings. It is an offering made by fire, of a soothing aroma
14 And if you offer a grain offering of your to the LORD.
firstfruits to the LORD, you shall offer for the grain 6 And if his offering for a sacrifice of peace
offering of your firstfruits fresh heads of grain dried offering to the LORD is from the flock, male or
by the fire, grain beaten out of full heads. 15 And female, he shall offer one without blemish. 7 If he
you shall put oil on it, and lay frankincense on it. It offers a lamb as his offering, then he shall offer it
is a grain offering. 16 And the priest shall burn its before the LORD. 8 And he shall lay his hand on
memorial, part of its beaten out grain, and part of the head of his offering, and kill it before the
its oil, with all its frankincense. It is an offering tabernacle of the congregation, and Aarons sons
made by fire to the LORD. shall sprinkle its blood all around on the altar.
9 And he shall offer from the sacrifice of the peace
3 And if his offering is a sacrifice of peace
offering, if he offers it from the herd, whether
it is a male or female, he shall offer one without
offering an offering made by fire to the LORD, its
fat, and entire fat tail which he shall take off close
to the backbone, and the fat that covers the in-
blemish before the LORD. 2 And he shall lay his ner parts, and all the fat that is on the inner parts,
hand on the head of his offering, and kill it at the 10 and the two kidneys, and the fat that is on
door of the tabernacle of the congregation, and them which is by the loins, and the lobe on the
Aarons sons the priests shall sprinkle the blood on liver, with the kidneys which he shall take away.
the altar all around. 3 And he shall offer from the 11 And the priest shall burn it on the altar. It is the
2:12 Leaven and honey which signify evil God because of mans sin, and in this way
and corruptibility could be offered with first brought peace. Peace with God brings with
fruits because first fruits sometimes signify it the peace of God (John 14:27; 16:33;
redeemed men who still have sin in them Phil 4:7,9; Col 3:15).
(Rom 16:5; 1 Cor 16:5; Jam 1:18; Male or female the burnt offering had
1 John 1:8-10). to be a male because it signified Christ
2:13 Ezek 43:24; Mark 9:49,50; Luke Himself in His total obedience to God. The
14:33,34; Col 4:6. Salt is the opposite of peace offering signifies what Christ did in
leaven. It preserves from corruption. Num the place of men and women alike to bring
18:19 and 2 Chron 13:5 have the phrase them to God.
covenant of salt in Hebrew. This means a 3:2 1:4. Note on priests at Ex 28:1.
permanent covenant never to be corrupted 3:3,4 Unlike the burnt offering only part of
or changed. this offering was burned on the altar. The
2:14 Christ was crushed and put in the fire breast and shoulder or thigh were food for
for us. the priests (7:31-34). The rest was eaten
Grain what we now call corn (maize) by the one bringing the offering. Eating
was not known in western Asia in those days. speaks not only of that which sustains life,
So it was necessary to change the KJV here, but of fellowship with Christ and God the
and in every other place where the word Father (Matt 26:26; Luke 22:14-19; 1 Cor
corn appears. 10:16,17; 1 John 1:3; Rev 3:20). The
2:15,16 The grain offerings signify Christ offering speaks of having peace with God
but they also reveal what believers should and feasting in joy and fellowship with God
be. They should be fully dedicated to God, and fellow believers and the Lord Jesus.
purged of leaven (1 Cor 5:7,8 every cor- 3:11 Food as food for whom? For God
ruptible thing), seasoned with salt, anointed (21:6,8,17,22; Num 28:2; Mal 1:12). This
with the Holy Spirit, and fragrant in their lives food was not for the priest or anyone else.
of holy service to God. It was completely burned on the altar. God
3:1 7:11-34; 17:5. does not get hungry (Ps 50:7-15). He him-
Peace offering the Hebrew word here self gives food to all and does not need
translated peace also means fellowship or man to give to Him (Acts 17:24,25). The
friendship. This offering signifies the Lord food of God, that which brings satisfaction
Jesus as His peoples peace, making to God, is Christ and His sacrifice (Matt 3:17;
reconciliation between God and man (2 Cor John 10:17; Phil 2:8,9). Also it is like food
5:18-21; Eph 2:13-18; Col 1:20-22). Christ to God to have peace and fellowship with
by His sacrifice destroyed the enmity, the men (note at Ex 25:8). This fellowship takes
alienation that existed between man and place in and through Christ alone. In Him
139 LEVITICUS 4:12
food of the offering made by fire to the LORD. the congregation in the presence of the LORD, and
12 And if his offering is a goat, then he shall shall lay his hand on the oxs head, and kill the ox
offer it before the LORD. 13 And he shall lay his before the LORD. 5 And the anointed priest shall
hand on its head, and kill it before the tabernacle take of the oxs blood, and bring it to the taber-
of the congregation, and the sons of Aaron shall nacle of the congregation, 6 and the priest shall
sprinkle its blood on the altar all around. 14 And he dip his finger in the blood, and sprinkle some of the
shall offer from his offering an offering made by blood seven times before the LORD, before the
fire to the LORD, the fat that covers the inner veil of the sanctuary. 7 And the priest shall put
parts, and all the fat that is on the inner parts, some of the blood on the horns of the altar of
15 and the two kidneys, and the fat that is on them fragrant incense before the LORD, which is in the
which is by the loins, and the lobe on the liver, with tabernacle of the congregation, and shall pour all
the kidneys which he shall take away. 16 And the the blood of the ox at the bottom of the altar of the
priest shall burn them on the altar. It is the food burnt offering, which is near the door of the tab-
of the offering made by fire for a soothing aroma. ernacle of the congregation. 8 And he shall take
All the fat is the LORDs. off all the fat of the ox from it for the sin offering,
17 It shall be a permanent regulation for your the fat that covers the inner parts, and all the fat
generations throughout all your dwellings, that you that is on the inner parts, 9 and the two kidneys,
eat neither fat nor blood. and the fat that is on them which is by the loins,
and the lobe on the liver, with the kidneys which he
4 And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying,
2 Speak to the children of Israel, saying, If a
person sins through ignorance in any of the things
shall remove, 10 as it was removed from the ox of
the sacrifice of peace offerings. And the priest
shall burn them on the altar of burnt offering.
which the LORD has commanded not to be done, 11 And the skin of the ox, and all its flesh, with
and does any of them, 3 if the anointed priest sins, its head, with its legs and its inner parts and its
bringing guilt on the people, then let him bring for dung, 12 the whole ox, he shall carry outside the
his sin which he has committed a young ox without camp to a clean place, where the ashes are poured
blemish to the LORD for a sin offering. 4 And he out, and burn it on wood with fire. It is to be
shall bring the ox to the door of the tabernacle of burned where the ashes are poured out.
God and man may meet and partake with was most holy (6:25,29). It was altogether
one another in what Christ has done in the set apart for God. And though Christ bore
work of reconciliation. God and man both the sins of the world, counted them His own
find this food in Christ only and in Christ and suffered in behalf of sinners and in their
together. place, He lost none of His personal
3:12 1:10. holiness.
3:16,17 7:26,27; 17:10-16. The blood is 4:4 1:3,4.
the life. The fat may signify the general 4:5-7 This is the only one of these five
health and vigor of the animal. It belonged offerings the blood of which was taken
to God. inside the tabernacle and sprinkled in the
4:1,2 In this chapter the sins of four holy place, and applied to the altar of
categories of persons are in view: priests, incense. Perhaps this was to show that the
the congregation as a whole, leaders, and holy place was defiled by the presence of
ordinary individuals. All the sins mentioned the priests who served there daily.
are unintentional ones. Why is this? Was Atonement is needed wherever the steps of
there no sacrifice for intentional sins? There sinful man have fallen.
was (16:30), but it was not stated here (see 4:8-10 3:3,4,14-17.
6:1-7). Perhaps the reason for this was to 4:11,12 Outside the camp 16:27;
emphasize that sin even committed Ex 29:14. This signifies the Lord Jesus
unintentionally is still sin and needs suffering for men outside the gate, despised
atonement. How much more then sins and rejected by His own people Israel (John
committed intentionally. In the sacrifice of 19:17-20; Heb 13:10-13), and enduring
Christ for sin in the New Testament no the punishment that sin deserved. All sin
distinction is made between intentional and and uncleanness must be excluded from
unintentional sins. He died for sinners and Gods camp. Christ was made sin for us (2
all their sin, and all sin (except one) may Cor 5:21), so was to be taken out of the
be forgiven (Matt 12:31,32). camp. In the sinners place He had to be
4:3 The sin offering signifies the Lord Jesus counted unworthy of a place in the city of
Christ in the sinners place, bearing their God. Outside he had to suffer the fiery wrath
sin and their sinfulness and dying for them of God against sin. This is signified by the
(Isa 53:5,6,12; Matt 26:28; John 1:29; sacrificial animal burning in the fire. In these
Rom 3:25; 1 Cor 15:3; 2 Cor 5:21; Gal sacrifices we see not only Christs suffering
1:4; 1 Pet 2:24; 3:18; 1 John 2:2; Rev and death for sinners, we see also
1:5). Christ died for what we are as well as something of what the sinner deserves to
for what we have done. The sin offering suffer, and will suffer, if He rejects Christ
LEVITICUS 4:13 140
13 And if the whole congregation of Israel sins all its fat on the altar, as the fat of the sacrifice of
through ignorance, and the matter is hidden from peace offerings is burned. Thus the priest shall
the eyes of the assembly, and they commit any of make atonement for him for his sin, and it will be
the things which the LORD has commanded not to forgiven him.
be done, and are guilty, 14 when the sin which 27 And if any of the common people sin through
they have committed against Gods command ignorance, doing any of the things which the LORD
becomes known, then the congregation shall offer has commanded not to be done, and is guilty, 28 if
a young ox for the sin, and bring it before the his sin which he has committed becomes known to
tabernacle of the congregation. 15 And the elders him, then he shall bring his offering, a young goat,
of the congregation shall lay their hands on the a female without blemish, for his sin which he has
head of the ox before the LORD, and the ox shall committed. 29 And he shall lay his hand on the
be killed in the presence of the LORD. 16 And the head of the sin offering, and kill the sin offering at
anointed priest shall bring some of the oxs blood the place of the burnt offering. 30 And the priest
to the tabernacle of the congregation, 17 and the shall take some of its blood with his finger, and put
priest shall dip his finger in some of the blood, and it on the horns of the altar of burnt offering, and
sprinkle it seven times before the LORD, before shall pour out all its blood at the bottom of the
the veil. 18 And he shall put some of the blood on altar. 31 And the priest shall take away all its fat,
the horns of the altar which is before the LORD, as the fat is taken away from the sacrifice of peace
that is in the tabernacle of the congregation, and offerings, and burn it on the altar for a soothing
shall pour out all the blood at the bottom of the aroma to the Lord. Thus the priest shall make
altar of burnt offering, which is at the door of the atonement for him, and it shall be forgiven him.
tabernacle of the congregation. 19 And he shall 32 And if he brings a lamb for a sin offering, he
take all its fat from it, and burn it on the altar. shall bring a female without blemish. 33 And he
20 And he shall do with the ox as he did with the ox shall lay his hand on the head of the sin offering,
for a sin offering. And the priest shall do just the and kill it as a sin offering at the place where they
same with this, and make atonement for them, and kill the burnt offering. 34 And the priest shall take
it will be forgiven them. 21 And he shall carry the some of the blood of the sin offering with his finger
ox outside the camp, and burn it as he burned the and put it on the horns of the altar of burnt offering,
first ox. It is a sin offering for the congregation. and shall pour out all its blood at the bottom of the
22 When a leader has sinned, and through altar. 35 And the priest shall take away all its fat,
ignorance has done any of the things the LORD his as the fat of the lamb is removed from the sacrifice
God has commanded not to be done, and is guilty, of the peace offerings, and burn it on the altar,
23 if his sin which he has committed becomes known according to the offerings made by fire to the LORD.
to him, he shall bring his offering, a young goat, a Thus the priest shall make atonement for his sin
male without blemish. 24 And he shall lay his hand that he has committed, and it will be forgiven
on the head of the goat, and kill it in the place him.
where they kill the burnt offering before the LORD.
It is a sin offering. 25 And the priest shall take
some of the blood of the sin offering with his
finger, and put it on the horns of the altar of burnt
5 And if a person who is a witness sins, when
he hears he is sworn in to testify about
something he has either seen or known, by not
offering, and shall pour out its blood at the bottom telling it, then he shall bear his guilt.
of the altar of burnt offering. 26 And he shall burn 2 Or if a person touches any unclean thing,
the sinners substitute (Mark 9:47,48; forgiveness not because the animal sacri-
2 Thess 1:6-9; Rev 20:15; 21:8). fice took away their sin, but because Christ
4:13 Num 15:22-26. would come and take away the sins of His
4:15 Corporate or national sin means people by the sacrifice of Himself.
corporate or national responsibility, and a 4:23 It is interesting that the priest was to
sacrifice had to be made to atone for such offer a bull, the leader to offer a goat. Are
sin. Perhaps there is a suggestion in this leaders more likely to be goats than other
that Christ would die not only for the men? or were the sins of the priests likely
individual sinner, but for the whole Jewish to be greater, more costly than others?
nation (John 11:49-52) and for the Church 4:28 Christ died as a substitutionary
as a unit (Eph 5:25). The sacrifice was the sacrifice for both men and women.
same as for an individual priest who sinned. 4:32 A lamb would be cheaper and more
4:18 Verse 7. The prayers of Christ and His easily obtained by the poor.
peoples prayers through Him, together with 5:1-4 It seems that the sins indicated here
the remembrance of His blood, rise up to could be either intentional or not. Both kinds
the heavenly Father. of sin need atonement (4:1,2).
4:20 Verses 26,31,35. They obtained 5:2 Unclean note at 11:1.
141 LEVITICUS 5:19
whether it is the carcass of an unclean animal, he has committed, and it will be forgiven him.
or the carcass of unclean livestock, or the 11 But if he is not able to bring two doves or
carcass of an unclean creeping thing, even two young pigeons, then the one who sinned shall
though he is unaware of it, he also shall be bring for his offering a tenth of an ephah of fine
unclean, and guilty. flour as a sin offering. He shall put no oil on it, nor
3 Or if he touches the uncleanness of man, shall he put any frankincense on it, for it is a sin
whatever uncleanness it may be that defiles a offering. 12 Then he shall bring it to the priest, and
man, and he is unaware of it, when he knows of it, the priest shall take his handful of it, its memorial,
then he shall be guilty. and burn it on the altar, on the offerings made by
4 Or if a person swears thoughtlessly with his fire to the LORD. It is a sin offering. 13 Thus the
lips to do evil or to do good, if he is unaware of priest shall make atonement for him for his sin that
whatever it is that he has thoughtlessly sworn, he has committed in one of those matters, and it
when he comes to know of it, then he shall be will be forgiven him. And the rest of the offering
guilty in either case. shall belong to the priest, like the grain offering.
5 And it shall be, when he is guilty in one of 14 And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying,
these things, that he shall confess that he has 15 If a person acts unfaithfully and sins, through
sinned in that matter, 6 and he shall bring his ignorance, in regard to the holy things of the LORD,
trespass offering to the LORD for his sin which he then he shall bring his trespass offering to the LORD,
has committed, a female from the flock, a lamb or a a ram without blemish from the flocks, its value set
young goat, for a sin offering; and the priest shall by you in silver shekels according to the sanctuary
make atonement for him for his sin. shekel, for a trespass offering, 16 and he shall
7 And if he is not able to bring a lamb, then he make restitution for what he failed to do in regard
shall bring to the LORD his trespass offering for his to the holy things, and shall add a fifth part to it,
sin which he has committed, two doves or two young and give it to the priest. And the priest shall make
pigeons, one for a sin offering, and the other for a atonement for him with the ram of the trespass
burnt offering. 8 And he shall bring them to the offering, and it will be forgiven him.
priest, who shall first offer what is for the sin 17 And if a person sins by doing any of these
offering, and wring off its head from its neck, but things which the LORD has commanded not to be
shall not sever it completely, 9 and he shall sprinkle done, even though he is unaware of it, he is still
some of the blood of the sin offering on the side of guilty, and shall bear his guilt. 18 And he shall bring
the altar, and the rest of the blood shall be drained to the priest a ram from the flock, one without
out at the bottom of the altar. It is a sin offering. blemish, its value set by you, for a trespass
10 And he shall offer the second one as a burnt offering. And the priest shall make atonement for
offering, according to the regulation. Thus the him for his error done in ignorance while he was
priest shall make atonement for him for his sin which unaware of it, and it will be forgiven him. 19 It is a
5:5 16:21; 26:40; Num 5:7; Ps 32:5; may mean tithes, offerings and first fruits.
Prov 28:13; 1 John 1:9. See 22:14-16. God demands restitution
5:6 Note on atonement at Ex 29:33. when it was possible for it to be made. See
5:7 1:14. also 6:4-6. In these verses we have the first
5:10 1:14-17; 4:20,26. mention of the guilt offering. It could be
5:11-13 Some were perhaps so poor that translated trespass offering. The guilt
they could not buy even two doves. Only in offering and sin offering were very similar
such an extreme case would a sin offering and there was one law for both (7:7). The
without blood be permitted. But the flour difference between them was that the guilt
was to be burned on the altar on top of the offering was for those offenses that required
offerings that had been blood sacrifices. It restitution, the sin offering was for other
mingled with them and so could be regarded types of sin. This suggests that the guilt
as making atonement (see 17:11; Heb offering had to do with the outward results
9:22). Notice that no oil or incense was to of sin and the sin offering had to do with sin
be put on it. This was because it signified itself. Christ fulfilled what both these offer-
Christ in the place of sinners. The sin and ings signify. He died in the place of sinners,
trespass offerings were not offerings with a was made sin for us. He also died for our
pleasing aroma (1:9). The sinner does not sins, and for the results of our sins.
have the Holy Spirit, and to God there is no Shekel (v 15) about 11.5 grams.
fragrance in his life. Remember that in the 5:17-19 Every one of us has sinned against
sin and guilt offerings Christ is the sinners God, at times without knowing it. Sin done
substitute. unknowingly is still sin and we are respon-
Tenth of an ephah (v 11) probably sible for it and it requires atonement. Thank
about 2 liters. God, Christ died for all our sins, known and
5:15,16 Here the holy things of the Lord unknown.
LEVITICUS 6:1 142
trespass offering. He was certainly guilty against 13 The fire shall always be burning on the altar. It
the LORD. must never go out.
14 And this is the law of the grain offering: the
6 And the Lord spoke to Moses, saying, 2 If a
person sins and acts unfaithfully against the
LORD, and lies to his neighbour about something
sons of Aaron shall offer it in the presence of the
LORD, before the altar. 15 And he shall take his
handful from it, from the flour of the grain offering
deposited with him, or left in his care, or about a and from its oil, and all the frankincense which is on
thing he robbed, or if he has deceived his neighbour, the grain offering, and shall burn it on the altar as
3 or has found something that was lost and lies a soothing aroma to the LORD, as its memorial
about it, and swears falsely, doing one of all the offering. 16 And the rest of it Aaron and his sons
things a man does and sins in doing it, 4 then, shall eat. It is to be eaten with bread, made without
because he has sinned and is guilty, it is required yeast, in a holy place. They shall eat it in the
that he restore what he robbed, or the thing he courtyard of the tabernacle of the congregation.
has gotten deceitfully, or what was deposited with 17 It shall not be baked with yeast. I have given it
him, or the lost thing which he found, 5 or anything to them as their portion of my offerings made by
about which he swore falsely. He shall make resto- fire. It is most holy, like the sin offering and like the
ration for it in full, and shall add a fifth part to it, trespass offering. 18 All the males among the
and give it to him to whom it belongs, on the day of children of Aaron shall eat it. It shall be a regulation
his trespass offering. 6 And he shall bring to the forever in your generations concerning the
priest his trespass offering to the LORD, a ram offerings of the LORD made with fire. Everyone
without blemish from the flock, its value set by who touches them shall be holy.
you, as a trespass offering. 7 And the priest shall 19 And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying,
make atonement for him in the presence of the 20 This is the offering of Aaron and of his sons,
LORD, and of all he might have done, he will be which they are to offer to the LORD on the day
forgiven for the one thing in which he was guilty. when he is anointed: a tenth of an ephah of fine
8 And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying, flour as a regular grain offering, half of it in the
9 Command Aaron and his sons, saying, This is the morning, and half of it in the evening. 21 It is to be
law of the burnt offering: it, the burnt offering, is made with oil in a pan. And when it is baked, you
to be burning on the altar all night until morning, shall bring it in and offer the baked pieces of the
and the fire of the altar shall be kept burning on it. grain offering as a soothing aroma to the LORD.
10 And the priest shall put on his linen garment, 22 And the priest among his sons who is anointed in
and put linen shorts next to his flesh, and take up his stead shall offer it. This is a permanent regula-
the ashes of the burnt offering which the fire has tion. It is to be completely burned as an offering to
consumed on the altar, and shall put them beside the LORD. 23 For every grain offering of the priest
the altar. 11 And he shall remove his garments, shall be completely burned; it shall not be eaten.
and put on other garments, and carry the ashes 24 And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying,
outside the camp to a clean place. 12 And the fire 25 Speak to Aaron and to his sons, saying, This is
on the altar shall be kept burning on it. It shall not the law of the sin offering: the sin offering is to be
be put out. And the priest shall burn wood on it killed in the presence of the LORD in the place where
every morning, and arrange the burnt offering on the burnt offering is killed. It is most holy. 26 The
it, and burn the fat of the peace offerings on it. priest who offers it for sin shall eat it. It is to be
6:2 All sin, no matter what human being it 6:16 2:3; 10:12,13.
is against, is also against the Lord (Ps 51:4; 6:17 Fire 2:11.
Gen 20:6; 39:9; 2 Sam 12:13; Ps 41:4). Holy vs 25,26,29,30. They were holy
6:3 Ex 23:4; Deut 22:1-4. because they spoke of the Son of God, and
6:4,5 Ex 22:1; Num 5:5-8; 2 Sam 12:6; consecrated by God.
Luke 19:8. Without restitution confession 6:18 All. . .shall eat it compare 1 Cor
is vain. God demands that we make up for 9:13,14.
the wrong we have done. If we are not 6:20 Ex 29:1-9.
willing to do so we cannot expect Gods Tenth of an ephah probably about 2
forgiveness. dry liters.
6:6,7 The sins mentioned in the above 6:21 2:5.
verses could only be done intentionally, 6:22,23 These offerings which the priests
knowingly. Still there was forgiveness if the offered for themselves, unlike the ones the
offender confessed, repented, and made people offered, could not be eaten. They
restitution. were for God alone.
6:10 Ex 39:27,28; 28:39,42. 6:25 1:11.
6:12 3:5. 6:26 The knowledge that Christ died for
6:15 2:2,9. our sins is satisfying spiritual food
143 LEVITICUS 7:14
eaten in a holy place in the courtyard of the offering. 6 Every male among the priests shall eat
tabernacle of the congregation. 27 Whatever it. It shall be eaten in a holy place; it is most holy.
touches its flesh shall be holy, and when any of its 7 The trespass offering is like the sin offering;
blood is sprinkled on any garment, you shall wash there is one law for them: the priest who makes
what it was sprinkled on in a holy place. 28 And the atonement with it shall have it. 8 And the priest
earthenware vessel in which it was boiled shall be who offers anyones burnt offering, that priest shall
broken. If it has been boiled in a bronze pot, it shall have for himself the skin of the burnt offering which
be both scoured and rinsed in water. 29 All the he offers. 9 And all the grain offering that is baked
males among the priests shall eat it. It is most holy. in the oven, and all that is cooked on the griddle
30 But no sin offering that has any of its blood and in the pan, shall belong to the priest who offers
brought into the tabernacle of the congregation to it. 10 And every grain offering mixed with oil or dry,
make atonement in the Holy Place shall be eaten. shall belong to all the sons of Aaron, to one as
It shall be burned in the fire. much as another.
11 And this is the law of the sacrifice of the
7 And this is the law of the trespass offering; it
is most holy: 2 They shall kill the trespass
offering in the place where they kill the burnt offer-
peace offerings, which he shall offer to the LORD.
12 If he offers it for thanksgiving, then with
the sacrifice of thanksgiving he shall offer cakes
ing; and he shall sprinkle its blood all around on the made without yeast, mixed with oil, and wafers
altar. 3 And he shall offer all of its fat from it, the without yeast, anointed with oil, and cakes of
fat tail, and the fat that covers the inner parts, kneaded fine flour, mixed with oil. 13 Besides the
4 and the two kidneys, and the fat that is on them cakes, with the sacrifice of thanksgiving of his peace
which is by the flanks, and the lobe on the liver, offerings, he shall offer for his offering bread made
which he shall remove with the kidneys. 5 And the without yeast. 14 And of this he shall offer one out
priest shall burn them on the altar as an offering of the whole offering as a lifted up offering to the
made with fire to the LORD. It is a trespass LORD, and it shall belong to the priest who sprinkles
indeed John 6:53-58. Thanksgiving and giving to God and to oth-
6:30 One aspect of the sin offering was to- ers cannot be compelled; it must spring from
ward God alone. the heart that delights in Gods goodness.
7:1 5:14 6:7. Note and references on giving at 2 Cor 9:15.
7:2 1:11. Along with the thanksgiving offering
7:3-5 3:3-5. cakes or wafers had to be brought, and they
7:6 6:26. Note on holy at 20:7. had to be without yeast, because the
7:7 6:25-30. thanksgiving offering spoke of Christ the
7:8 The skin was to be kept by the priest. sinless one. It signifies Christ giving Him-
This signifies Christs righteousness given self for the praise and glory of God. Our
to the believer. See notes at Gen 3:21; thanksgiving to God should be full of Christ
15:6; etc. (not full of self as in Luke 18:11,12. See
7:9,10 2:1-10. the way Paul gave thanks Rom 1:8; 1 Cor
7:11 3:1. 1:4; 2 Cor 2:14; 9:15; Col 1:3,4; 2 Thess
7:12,13 Thanksgiving 22:29; Ps 7:17; 2:13,14; 1 Tim 1:2; Phil 4:5.
50:14,15; 56:12; 69:30; Eph 5:20; Phil 4:6; In v 13 the worshiper is instructed to bring
Col 2:7; 4:2; 1 Thess 5:18; Rev 7:12. This also cakes made with yeast. These signify
is the first reference to thanksgiving in the believers, for believers still have sin in them.
Bible. Of course this does not mean that Those who brought thanksgiving offerings
believers had not been thankful to God be- which speak of Christ were to offer that which
fore this time, only that the word had not spoke of themselves also. True thanksgiv-
been used. Notice that regulations concern- ing will mean that the believer gives him-
ing it are in connection with the peace offer- self to God. The instructions about the
ing. There can be no true thanksgiving apart thanksgiving offerings come at the very end
from reconciliation and fellowship with God. of instructions given about the five great
But reasons for thanksgiving abound every- offerings in Leviticus. It is as though God
where (Ps 106:1) and giving of thanks to were saying see what provision I am mak-
God is an important part of mans duty and ing for you to be forgiven and brought into
privilege toward God. One reason for the my fellowship. Now be thankful and rejoice.
corruption of mankind as a whole was their So it is in Rom 12:1,2. Paul had fully out-
ingratitude (Rom 1:21). Believers are urged lined the merciful acts of God in the first
to give thanks for everything that comes to eleven chapters of Romans. Then he urged
them (Eph 5:20; 1 Thess 5:18). It is one of believers in view of those mercies in thanks-
the offerings we can now bring to God (Heb giving to present themselves as a sacrifice
13:15). Here in Leviticus the regulations to God.
regarding the thanksgiving offering are as 7:14 2:1; 3:3,4. On the ordinary level let
follows: us see that thanksgiving results in food for
It was entirely voluntary if he offers. the priests who did the work of the
LEVITICUS 7:15 144
the blood of the peace offerings. 15 And the meat shall bring the offerings of the LORD made by fire,
of the sacrifice of his peace offerings for thanks- the fat with the breast. He shall bring the breast
giving shall be eaten the same day that it is off- so that it may be waved as a wave offering before
ered; he shall not leave any of it until the morning. the LORD.
16 But if the sacrifice of his offering is a vow, 31 And the priest shall burn the fat on the
or a voluntary offering, it shall be eaten the same altar, but the breast shall belong to Aaron and his
day that he offers his sacrifice, and the rest of it sons. 32 And the right shoulder you shall give to
shall be eaten on the next day. 17 But on the third the priest as a lifted up offering of the sacrifices of
day the rest of the meat of the sacrifice shall be your peace offerings. 33 Among the sons of Aaron,
burned with fire. 18 And if any of the meat of the he who offers the blood of the peace offerings and
sacrifice of his peace offerings is at all eaten on the the fat, shall have the right shoulder as his portion.
third day, it shall not be accepted, or put into the 34 For I have taken the wave breast and the lifted
account of the one who offers it. It shall be an up shoulder from the children of Israel, from the
abomination, and the soul who eats any of it shall sacrifices of their peace offerings, and have given
bear his guilt. them to Aaron the priest and to his sons as their
19 And meat that touches any unclean thing due forever from the children of Israel.
shall not be eaten; it shall be burned with fire. And 35 This is the portion given at the anointing of
as for other meat, everyone who is clean shall eat Aaron, and the anointing of his sons, out of the
it. 20 But the person in his uncleanness who eats offerings of the LORD made with fire, in the day
any of the meat of the sacrifice of peace offerings when he presented them to serve the LORD as
that belong to the LORD, that person shall be cut priests; 36 which the LORD commanded to be given
off from his people. 21 And the person who touches to them by the children of Israel, in the day that he
any unclean thing, such as the uncleanness of man, anointed them, a permanent regulation
or any unclean beast, or any abominable unclean throughout their generations.
thing, and eats any of the flesh of the sacrifice of 37 This is the law of the burnt offering, of the
peace offerings which belong to the LORD, that grain offering, and of the sin offering, and of the
soul shall be cut off from his people. trespass offering, and of the consecrations, and
22 And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying, of the sacrifice of the peace offerings, 38 which
23 Speak to the children of Israel, saying, You the LORD commanded Moses on Mount Sinai, on
shall eat no kind of fat, from ox, or from sheep, or the day that he commanded the children of Israel
from goat. 24 And the fat of an animal that dies of to offer their offerings to the LORD in the Sinai
itself, and the fat of that which is torn by beasts, desert.
may be used for any other purpose, but you shall
not eat it at all. 25 For whoever eats the fat of an
animal which men offer as an offering made by fire
to the LORD, the person who eats it shall be cut off
8 And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying, 2 Take
Aaron and his sons with him, and the
garments, and the anointing oil, and an ox for the
from his people. 26 Moreover you shall eat no kind sin offering, and two rams, and a basket of bread
of blood, whether of bird or of animal, in any of made without yeast, 3 and gather all the
your homes. 27 Any person who eats any kind of congregation together at the door of the tabernacle
blood, that person shall be cut off from his people. of the congregation. 4 And Moses did as the LORD
28 And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying, commanded him; and the assembly was gathered
29 Speak to the children of Israel, saying, He who together to the door of the tabernacle of the
offers the sacrifice of his peace offerings to the congregation.
LORD shall bring to the LORD his offering of the 5 And Moses said to the congregation, This is
sacrifice of his peace offerings. 30 His own hands the thing which the LORD commanded to be done.
tabernacle. This is still the way Gods work This severe warning is similar to that given in
should be accomplished and Christian 1 Cor 11:28-34. For other offenses connected
workers supported. In thanksgiving to God with tabernacle worship that brought danger of
we are to give to Gods work and workers. death see note at Ex 28:35.
7:15 22:29,30. 7:23-25 3:17; 17:15; 22:8.
7:16-18 19:5-8. The third day may signify 7:26,27 Gen 9:4; Lev 17:10-16; 19:26;
the resurrection of Christ (Matt 16:21; Deut 12:23; 1 Sam 14:33; Acts 15:20.
27:64; Luke 24:7,21,46). The offering that 7:30 Ex 29:26,27; Lev 9:21; Num 6:20.
signified the sacrifice of Christ was to be 7:31 Num 18:11; Deut 18:3.
completed in all aspects before that day 7:32 Ex 29:27; Lev 9:21; Num 6:20.
which signified His resurrection. 7:34-36 1 Cor 9:13,14.
7:20,21 22:3-7; 19:13. In Leviticus unclean- 7:38 1:1; 26:46; 27:34; Deut 4:5.
ness is a symbol of sin. Note at 11:1; 15:31. 8:2 Ex 28:1-43; 30:22-25.
145 LEVITICUS 8:33
6 And Moses brought Aaron and his sons, and made by fire to the LORD, just as the LORD
washed them with water. 7 And he put on him the commanded Moses.
tunic, and tied the sash around him, and clothed 22 And he brought the other ram, the ram of
him with the robe, and put the ephod on him, and consecration; and Aaron and his sons laid their
tied on him the skillfully woven waistband of the hands on the head of the ram. 23 And he killed it.
ephod, and fastened the ephod to him with it. And Moses took some of its blood, and put it on
8 And he put the breastplate on him, and he put the tip of Aarons right ear, and on the thumb of his
the Urim and Thummim in the breastplate. 9 And right hand, and on the large toe of his right foot.
he put the turban on his head, and on the front of 24 And he brought Aarons sons, and Moses put
the turban, he put the golden plate, the holy crown, some of the blood on the tip of their right ears, and
just as the LORD commanded Moses. on the thumbs of their right hands, and on the
10 And Moses took the anointing oil, and large toes of their right feet. And Moses sprinkled
anointed the tabernacle and all that was in it, and the blood all around on the altar. 25 And he took
consecrated them. 11 And he sprinkled some of it the fat, and the fat tail, and all the fat that was on
on the altar seven times, and anointed the altar the inner parts, and the lobe of the liver, and the
and all its utensils, and both the laver and its base, two kidneys, and their fat, and the right shoulder,
to consecrate them. 12 And he poured some of 26 and from the basket of bread made without
the anointing oil on Aarons head, and anointed him yeast that was before the LORD, he took one cake
to consecrate him. 13 And Moses brought Aarons made without yeast, and a cake of bread with oil,
sons and put tunics on them, and tied sashes around and one wafer, and put them on the fat, and on
them, and put caps on them, just as the LORD the right shoulder, 27 and he put all of this in
commanded Moses. Aarons hands, and in his sons hands, and waved
14 And he brought the ox for the sin offering, them as a wave offering before the LORD.
and Aaron and his sons laid their hands on the 28 Then Moses took them from their hands, and
head of the ox for the sin offering. 15 And he killed burned them on the altar on the burnt offering.
it. And Moses took the blood and with his finger They were ordination offerings, a soothing aroma.
put it all around on the horns of the altar, and It was an offering made with fire to the LORD.
purified the altar, and poured the blood at the 29 And Moses took the breast and waved it as a
bottom of the altar, and consecrated it, to make wave offering before the LORD; for this was Moses
atonement for it. 16 And he took all the fat that portion from the ordination ram, just as the LORD
was on the inner parts, and the lobe of the liver, commanded Moses.
and the two kidneys, and their fat, and Moses 30 And Moses took some of the anointing oil
burned it on the altar. 17 But the ox and its hide, and of the blood which was on the altar, and
its flesh, and its dung, he burned with fire outside sprinkled it on Aaron, and on his garments, and on
the camp, just as the LORD commanded Moses. his sons with him, and on his sons garments, and
18 And he brought the ram for the burnt offer- sanctified Aaron, and his garments, and his sons
ing; and Aaron and his sons laid their hands on the with him, and his sons garments.
head of the ram. 19 And he killed it. And Moses 31 And Moses said to Aaron and to his sons,
sprinkled the blood on the altar all around. 20 And Boil the meat at the door of the tabernacle of the
he cut the ram into pieces. And Moses burned the congregation, and eat it there with the bread that
head and the pieces and the fat. 21 And he washed is in the basket of ordination offerings, as I
the inner parts and the legs in water. And Moses commanded, saying, Aaron and his sons shall eat
burned the whole ram on the altar. It was a burnt it. 32 And you shall burn with fire what is left of the
sacrifice for a soothing aroma, and an offering meat and of the bread. 33 And you shall not go out
8:6 Note at Ex 29:4. Aaron as high priest signifies the Lord Jesus
8:7 Ex 28:4,6,40. as High Priest. The Lord Jesus needed no
8:8 Ex 28:15,30. sacrifice for Himself and He was anointed
8:9 Ex 28:36. with the Holy Spirit before He gave himself
8:10 Ex 30:26-29. as a sacrifice for others (Luke 3:21,22;
8:11 Ex 30:28. 4:18). Also He had the Holy Spirit without
8:12 Ex 29:7. This oil signifies Gods Holy measure signified by pouring the oil on
Spirit. Observe that the anointing oil was Aaron (John 3:34). The ordinary priests
poured on Aaron the high priest before the signify believers of this New Testament age
sacrifices were slain, but that the ordinary who need to be cleansed through the blood
priests received their anointing after the of Christ before they are anointed by the
blood of the sacrifice was put on them (vs Holy Spirit.
24, 30). Also the oil was poured on Aaron, 8:13-34 A l l t h i s i s i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h
but only sprinkled on the ordinary priest. t h e i nstructions God ga v e M o s e s i n
LEVITICUS 8:34 146
of the door of the tabernacle of the congregation the calf of the sin offering which was for himself.
for seven days, until the days of your ordination 9 And the sons of Aaron brought the blood to him,
are at an end; for he will take seven days to ordain and he dipped his finger in the blood and put it on
you. 34 What he has done today is just as the the horns of the altar, and poured out the blood at
LORD commanded to be done to make atonement the bottom of the altar. 10 And on the altar he
for you. 35 Therefore you shall stay at the door of burned the fat, and the kidneys, and the lobe on
the tabernacle of the congregation day and night the liver of the sin offering, just as the LORD
for seven days, and keep the charge of the LORD, commanded Moses. 11 And the flesh and the hide
so that you do not die; for so I am commanded. he burned with fire outside the camp.
36 So Aaron and his sons did everything which the 12 And he killed the burnt offering. And Aarons
LORD commanded through Moses. sons presented the blood to him, which he sprinkled
all around on the altar. 13 And they presented the
9 And on the eighth day it came about that Moses
called Aaron and his sons, and the elders of
Israel, 2 and he said to Aaron, Take a young calf
burnt offering to him, with its pieces, and the head,
and he burned them on the altar. 14 And he
washed the inner parts and the legs, and burned
for yourself for a sin offering, and a ram for a burnt them on the burnt offering on the altar.
offering, both without blemish, and offer them in 15 And he brought the peoples offering, and
the presence of the LORD. 3 And you shall speak took the goat, which was the sin offering for the
to the children of Israel, saying, Take a young goat people, and killed it, and offered it for sin, like the
for yourself for a sin offering, and a calf and a first.
lamb, both of the first year, without blemish, for a 16 And he brought the burnt offering, and
burnt offering, 4 also an ox and a ram for peace offered it according to the regulation. 17 And he
offerings, to sacrifice in the presence of the LORD, brought the grain offering, and took a handful of it
and a grain offering mixed with oil; for today the and burned it on the altar, besides the burnt
LORD will appear to you. sacrifice of the morning.
5 And they brought what Moses commanded 18 He also killed the ox and the ram as a sacrifice
before the tabernacle of the congregation, and all of peace offerings, which was for the people. And
the congregation drew near and stood before the Aarons sons presented the blood to him, which he
LORD. 6 And Moses said, This is the thing which sprinkled all around on the altar. 19 And they
the LORD commanded you to do; and the glory of presented the fat of the ox and of the ram, the fat
the LORD will appear to you. tail and that which covers the inner parts, and the
7 And Moses said to Aaron, Go to the altar, kidneys, and the lobe on the liver, 20 and they put
and offer your sin offering, and your burnt offering, the fat on the breasts. And he burned the fat on
and make atonement for yourself, and for the the altar. 21 And Aaron waved the breasts and
people; and offer the offering of the people, and the right shoulder as a wave offering before the
make atonement for them, just as the LORD LORD, just as Moses commanded.
commanded. 22 And Aaron lifted up his hand toward the
8 Therefore Aaron went to the altar, and killed people, and blessed them, and came down from
Exodus 29:8-35. symbolized the Lord Jesus. In other words
8:35 Seven signifies a complete period of Gods glory is manifested at the cross of
time. Jesus where He died for sinners. This
9:2 Sin offering 4:3; 9:7,8; Heb 5:1-3. wonderful event revealed the nature of God
In this respect Aaron is viewed not as a type as no other event in history, and Gods
of Christ but as what he was himself. He nature is the foundation of His glory
was a sinner like every other Israelite, like (Ex 33:18,19; 34:5:7). We see also that
every other human being. His own sin had Gods blessing came to the people after the
to be dealt with before he could minister for sacrifice had been offered. The cross of
the people. Christ is the source of all those blessings
9:4 The LORD will appear vs 23,24; God promised to the world through the seed
Ex 29:43. of Abraham (Gen 12:3; 22:18; for notes
9:6 If we wish to see Gods glory we must on blessing and blessed see also
trust Him and follow His instructions (John Num 6:22-26; Ps 1:1-3; etc).
11:40; 17:24). Here in these verses in Leviticus the
9:11 4:11,12; 8:17; Heb 13:11,12. people were blessed two separate times. In
9:15 4:27-31. v 22 after the sacrifices were offered Aaron
9:17 2:1-3. blessed the people lifting up his hands. This
9:18 3:1-11. picture was fulfilled by the Lord Jesus in Luke
9:22,23 In these two remarkable verses we 24:50. After that, Aaron and Moses went
see that the revelation of Gods glory came inside the tabernacle, out of sight of the
at the offering of the sacrifice which people. This was fulfilled by Christ in Luke
147 LEVITICUS 10:11
offering the sin offering, and the burnt offering, Come near, carry your brothers away from the
and peace offerings. sanctuary, out of the camp. 5 So they went near,
23 And Moses and Aaron went into the and carried them in their tunics out of the camp,
tabernacle of the congregation, and came out, and just as Moses said.
blessed the people; and the glory of the LORD 6 And Moses said to Aaron, and to Eleazar and
appeared to all the people. 24 And a fire came out to Ithamar, his sons, Do not uncover your heads,
from the presence of the LORD and consumed the or tear your clothes, so that you do not die, and so
burnt offering and the fat on the altar. When all that wrath does not come on all the people. But let
the people saw this, they shouted and prostrated your brethren, the whole house of Israel, lament
themselves. the burning which the LORD has kindled. 7 And
you shall not go out from the door of the tabernacle
10 And Nadab and Abihu, the sons of Aaron,
both took their censers, and put fire in them,
and put incense on them, and offered strange fire
of the congregation, so that you do not die; for the
LORDs anointing oil is on you. And they did
according to the word of Moses.
before the LORD, which he had not commanded 8 And the LORD spoke to Aaron, saying, 9 Do
them. 2 And fire came out from the LORD, and not drink wine or strong drink, neither you nor
consumed them, and they died in the presence of your sons with you, when you go into the
the LORD. 3 Then Moses said to Aaron, This is tabernacle of the congregation, so that you do not
what the LORD spoke, saying, I will be sanctified die. This shall be a regulation forever throughout
among those who come near me, and in the your generations, 10 so that you may make a
presence of all the people I will be glorified. And distinction between holy and unholy, and between
Aaron kept silent. unclean and clean, 11 and that you may teach the
4 And Moses called Mishael and Elzaphan, the children of Israel all the regulations which the LORD
sons of Uzziel, Aarons uncle, and said to them, has spoken to them through Moses.
24:51; Acts 1:9. When Moses and Aaron ignored this and offered their own fire.
came back out they blessed the people Also the duty of burning incense ordinarily
again. At present the Lord Jesus is still in belonged to the high priest (Ex 30:7-9), and
the true tabernacle in heaven. But He will not to his sons. The incense spoke of the
come again as the perfect fulfillment of the prayers of Christ (see Ex 30:6-9). Nadab
law of Moses and its high priesthood to bring and Abihu apparently without any instruc-
Gods blessings in full measure to His people tions from anyone, on their own initiative,
(Rom 8:18-25; 1 Cor 15:51-54; Isa 11:1- ignoring their fathers rights, offered incense.
9; Rev 19:11-22:5). Until Gods time comes They paid the penalty for their rashness and
He remains in heaven (Acts 3:19-21). arrogance. All this contains important les-
9:24 Aaron had already slain the sacrifices, sons for all of us. Incense signifies prayer
shed their blood, and put them on the altar and worship (Ps 141:2; Rev 8:3).
before He went inside the tabernacle. There God must be worshiped in the way He
was already fire on the altar consuming the appoints, not according to what man thinks
sacrifices (vs 13, 14, 17). The blessing that good (John 4:24; Heb 10:19-22). God is
came through the sacrifices had been given. showing here how serious a sin false
But it was only after Aaron and Moses came worship is. Gods holy anger is like a
back out from the tabernacle that God pub- consuming fire against sin, including that
licly revealed His full acceptance of the sac- sin (2 Thess 1:4-10; Heb 12:28,29; 2 Pet
rifice. This signifies that at the second 2:1-3; Rev 20:15; Num 25:3).
coming of Christ it will be fully revealed to 10:3 This gives an explanation of the death
all peoples that God has fully accepted the of Nadab and Abihu. They had no regard
sacrifice of His Son. Then Phil 2:10,11 and for the holiness of God, the sacredness of
similar verses will be fulfilled. And great joy His presence. They were not thinking of
will come to the people of God. the proper way of approaching Him, nor of
10:1,2 Judging from other verses in this His honor. Aaron understood this and so
chapter this event took place on the uttered not a word.
solemn day that Aaron and his sons began 10:6,7 All this happened on the day that
their ministry as described in chapter 9. The Aaron and his sons were anointed and con-
sin of Nadab and Abihu is not fully described. secrated. At that time they had received a
It is said only that they offered unautho- command not to leave the entrance of the
rized fire in their censors. According to 16:12 tabernacle for seven days (8:34,35). They
the fire used in censors to burn incense came had their holy turbans on and must not
from off the brazen altar that stood in the remove them; they wore their holy priestly
court of the tabernacle (this signifies that garments and must not put them off
true prayer and worship are to have their (8:6-10).
source in the cross, the sacrifice of Christ). 10:9-11 This instruction coming here sug-
No other fire, such as one a person would gests perhaps that Nadab and Abihu may
start for his own use, was permitted for the have been drinking when they committed
burning of incense. Nadab and Abihu this sin. On drinking see Prov 20:1; 31:5;
LEVITICUS 10:12 148
12 And Moses spoke to Aaron, and to Eleazar blood was not brought inside the Holy Place. You
and to Ithamar, his sons who were left, Take the should in fact have eaten it in a holy place, as I
grain offering that remains from the offerings of commanded.
the LORD made by fire, and eat it without yeast 19 And Aaron said to Moses, Look, today they
beside the altar; for it is most holy. 13 And you have offered their sin offering and their burnt
shall eat it in the holy place, because it is your due, offering before the LORD; and such things have
and your sons due, from the sacrifices of the LORD happened to me. And if I had eaten the sin offer-
made with fire; for so I am commanded. 14 And ing today, would it have been accepted in the sight
you shall eat the wave breast and lifted up of the LORD? 20 And when Moses heard that, he
shoulder in a clean place, you, and your sons, and was content.
your daughters with you; for they are your due,
and your sons due. They are given out of the
sacrifices of peace offerings of the children of
Israel. 15 They shall bring the lifted up shoulder
11 And the LORD spoke to Moses and to
Aaron, saying to them, 2 Speak to the
children of Israel, saying, These are the animals
and the wave breast with the offerings of fat made which you may eat among all the animals that are
by fire, to wave it as a wave offering before the on the earth. 3 You may eat whatever has a
LORD, and it shall be yours, and your sons with divided hoof or a cloven hoof and chews the cud
you, by a permanent regulation, just as the LORD among animals.
has commanded. 4 But you shall not eat of these that chew the
16 And Moses looked carefully for the goat of cud or of these that have a divided hoof: the
the sin offering, and found out that it had been camel, because it chews the cud, but does not
burned. And he was angry with Eleazar and Ithamar, have a divided hoof; it is unclean for you; 5 and
the remaining sons of Aaron, and said, 17 Why the coney, because it chews the cud, but does not
have you not eaten the sin offering in a holy place, have the divided hoof; it is unclean for you; 6 and
since it is most holy, and God has given it you to the rabbit, because it chews the cud, but does not
bear away the guilt of the congregation, to make have the divided hoof; it is unclean for you; 7 and
atonement for them before the LORD? 18 See, its the pig, though it has the divided hoof, the cloven
Isa 28:7; Ezek 44:21; Hos 4:11; Luke Also God was teaching His people by types
1:15; Eph 5:18; 1 Tim 3:3; Titus 1:7. and pictures to distinguish between right and
10:12,13 6:14-18. wrong, good and bad, spiritually healthy and
10:14,15 7:30-34; Num 18:11. unhealthy. They were to be on the lookout
10:16-18 9:3,13; 6:24-30. to avoid uncleanness of every kind. Perhaps
11:1 In Leviticus chapters 11-15 the key word also, as some scholars have suggested, God
is unclean. It occurs more than 100 times. was teaching that mans sins are like un-
To understand these chapters we must clean creatures, like the crafty and secretive
recognize that Leviticus is a book of jackal, the filth-loving pig, the stubborn mule,
symbols. In this book God is teaching spiri- the village dog that eats any unclean thing,
tual truths by means of pictures. Here that the savage tiger and lion, the vulture that
which is called unclean is either sinful in feeds on the dead and decaying, the owl
itself or is a symbol of something that is which loves darkness, the slimy fish that lives
defiling in the spiritual realm. For example, at the bottom of foul streams, the
in the following verses the touch of an dangerous snake with its venom, the
unclean animal cannot be sinful itself, but innumerable creeping and crawling things of
it may be a picture of something that makes earth, the worm that lives in dead and
the mind and spirit of man unclean. rotting things. In this way, perhaps, sin is
11:2-23 Deut 14:3-21. It seems there are pictured in all that is disgusting, cruel,
a number of reasons why God gave this harmful, destructive, filthy and detestable.
prohibition against eating certain animals. And indeed, sin is like that.
For the most part at least the animals listed However, since the instructions in this
as unclean would not be as good for food chapter are concerning what Gods people
as clean animals such as sheep and goats. may or may not eat, the primary symbolic
Also God wanted the Hebrews kept as a meaning seems to be this: For the mental,
distinct people from all other peoples on spiritual food of Gods people there are
earth (Ex 19:5,6; Deut 7:6; 14:2). This things that are good and wholesome and
was because He had chosen this nation as other things that are unclean and unhealthy.
the channel for His revelation and for the The food for priests was the offerings of
Saviour who was to come. One way of keep- Gods people, all of which signified Christ
ing His people distinct was by ordering their (2:3; 6:26; 7:6-10,13,14,31-36). Those
diet. This was added to the Sabbath, same sort of foods were also for Gods
circumcision, festivals and tabernacle people as a whole (11:3). But there were
worship all designed to make and keep many animals they must not eat, must not
Israel a distinct people. even touch their dead bodies. These
149 LEVITICUS 11:39
hoof, yet it does not chew the cud; it is unclean for 26 The carcass of any animal that has the
you. 8 You shall not eat their meat, and shall not divided hoof but not completely split hoof, and does
touch their carcass. They are unclean for you. not chew the cud, are unclean to you. Everyone
9 Of all that live in the waters you may eat who touches them shall be unclean. 27 And among
these: You may eat whatever has fins and scales all kinds of animals that walk on all fours, whatever
in the waters, in the seas, and in the rivers. 10 But walks on its paws are unclean for you. Whoever
all that do not have fins and scales in the seas, and touches their carcass shall be unclean until evening.
in the rivers, of all that move in the waters, and of 28 And he who picks up their carcass shall wash his
any living thing which is in the waters, are to be an clothes, and be unclean until evening. They are
abomination to you. 11 Yes, they are to be an unclean for you.
abomination to you; you shall not eat their meat, 29 And among the creeping things that creep
and you shall regard their carcasses as an on the ground these shall be unclean for you: the
abomination. 12 Whatever has no fins or scales in weasel, and the mouse, and every kind of the great
the waters is to be an abomination to you. lizard, 30 and the ferret, and the chameleon, and
13 And these are the ones among the birds the lizard, and the snail, and the mole. 31 Among
which you shall regard as an abomination; they all the creeping things these are unclean for you.
shall not be eaten, they are an abomination: the Whoever touches them when they are dead shall
eagle, and the ossifrage, and the osprey, 14 and be unclean until evening. 32 And if any of them
the vulture, and any kind of kite, 15 every kind of when they are dead falls on anything, it shall be
raven, 16 and the owl, and the night hawk, and unclean, whether it is any article of wood or
the cuckoo, and every kind of hawk, 17 and the clothing or hide or sack; whatever article it may be
little owl, and the cormorant, and the great owl, with which any work is done, it must be put in
18 and the swan, and the pelican, and the gier water, and it shall be unclean until evening; then it
eagle, 19 and the stork, every kind of heron, and becomes clean. 33 And whatever is in any
the lapwing, and the bat. earthenware pot in which any of them falls shall
20 All flying creatures that walk on all fours, be unclean; and you shall break it. 34 Any food
shall be an abomination to you. 21 But among all which could be eaten on which water comes from
the flying creatures that walk on all fours you may such a pot shall be unclean; and any liquid that
eat those that have legs above their feet with which could be drunk in any such pot shall be unclean.
to leap on the ground. 22 These are the ones 35 And on whatever any part of their carcass falls,
among them that you may eat: every kind of locust, that shall be unclean, whether it is an oven or a
and every kind of bald locust, and every kind of stove. It shall be smashed, for they are unclean,
cricket, and every kind of grasshopper. 23 But all and shall be unclean for you. 36 But a spring or a
other flying creatures which have four feet shall be cistern where water collects shall be clean, though
an abomination to you. the one who touches their carcass shall be un-
24 And by these you will be made unclean; clean. 37 And if any part of their carcass falls on
whoever touches their carcass shall be unclean until any seed for sowing, it shall be clean. 38 But if any
evening, 25 and whoever picks up one of their water has been put on the seed and any part of
carcasses shall wash his clothes, and be unclean their carcass falls on it, it shall be unclean for you.
until evening. 39 And if any animal which you may eat dies,
signify foods for the mind which are regarded as unclean (Acts 10:9-16; 1 Cor
unwholesome and unclean. 10:25,26; 1 Tim 4:3-5). This means they
By food we should understand thoughts, never were unclean in themselves, but that
teachings, ideas, and imaginations which God was using them as symbols to teach
we allow into our minds and hearts. The spiritual lessons. Once the lessons intended
Bible is clear what sort of things these by the symbols are taught, the laws regard-
should be. See Ps 1:1,2; 119:11; ing the symbols can be done away with.
Matt 16:6,12; Phil 4:8; Col 2:8; 3:16; 11:24,25 Washing the clothes was the one
Heb 5:11-14; 1 Pet 2:2,3. The world lies way to get rid of this uncleanness. Water is
in evil and darkness (1 John 5:19). Its a symbol of the Word of God. The use of
ideas, teachings, philosophies, and its own the Word of God is Gods way of making
religious doctrines are unholy and destruc- and keeping us clean (Ps 119:9; John 15:3;
tive. If people do not feed on Gods Word, Eph 5:25-27). It is the only remedy for ideas
what they take into their minds and hearts and imaginations which pollute the mind and
may be as disgusting and ruinous as cock- heart.
roaches, rats, scorpions, toads, maggots 11:26-38 Even the touch of the unclean must
and vipers. For much that we find in the be avoided, and if contact is made cleans-
world is just like those things. ing is needed. Compare 2 Cor 6:17; 7:1;
In the New Testament the unclean etc.
creatures listed in this chapter are no longer 11:39 Even that which is good mental and
LEVITICUS 11:40 150
he who touches its carcass shall be unclean until as in her separation; and she shall remain in the
evening. 40 And he who eats its carcass shall blood of her purification for sixty-six days.
wash his clothes, and be unclean until evening; 6 And when the days of her purification are
and he who picks up its carcass shall wash his completed for a son, or for a daughter, she shall
clothes, and be unclean until evening. bring as a sin offering a lamb of the first year for a
41 And every creeping thing that creeps on burnt offering, and a young pigeon or a dove, to
the ground is to be an abomination; it shall not be the door of the tabernacle of the congregation, to
eaten. 42 You shall not eat anything that moves the priest. 7 He shall offer it in the presence of the
on the belly, or anything that walks on all fours, or LORD and make atonement for her; and she shall
anything that has many feet among all the creeping become clean from the issue of her blood. This is
things that creep on the ground; for they are an the law for her who has given birth to a male or a
abomination. 43 You shall not make yourselves female.
abominable by any creeping thing that creeps, or 8 And if she is not able to bring a lamb, then
make yourselves unclean by them so that you she shall bring two doves, or two young pigeons,
become defiled by them. 44 For I am the LORD the one for the burnt offering, and the other for a
your God. Therefore you shall sanctify yourselves. sin offering. And the priest shall make atonement
And you shall be holy, for I am holy. You shall not for her, and she shall be clean.
defile yourselves with any kind of creeping thing
that creeps on the ground. 45 For I am the LORD
who brings you up out of the land of Egypt to be
your God. So you shall be holy, for I am holy.
13 And the LORD spoke to Moses and Aaron,
saying, 2 When a man has a swelling, a
scab, or a bright spot on the skin of his body, and it
46 This is the law of the animals and the birds seems to be the mark of leprosy in the skin of his
and every living creature that moves in the waters body, then he shall be brought to Aaron the priest,
and every creature that creeps on the ground. or to one of his sons the priests. 3 And the priest
47 It is to make a distinction between the unclean shall look at the mark in the skin of the body, and if
and the clean, and between the animal that may the hair in the mark has turned white and the mark
be eaten and the animal that may not be eaten. appears to be deeper than the skin of his body, it
is a mark of leprosy; and the priest shall look at him
12 And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying,
2 Speak to the children of Israel, saying,
If a woman conceives and gives birth to a male
and pronounce him unclean. 4 If the bright spot is
white in the skin of his body, and does not appear
to be deeper than the skin, and the hair in it has
child, then she shall be unclean for seven days; not turned white, then the priest shall isolate the
she shall be unclean, just as during the days of one who has the mark for seven days. 5 And the
separation for her infirmity. 3 And on the eighth priest shall look at him on the seventh day, and if
day the flesh of his foreskin shall be circumcised. the mark in his sight appears to be unchanged, and
4 And she shall then remain in the blood of her the mark has not spread in the skin, then the priest
purification for thirty-three days; she shall not shall isolate him for seven more days. 6 And the
touch any consecrated thing, or come into the priest shall look at him again on the seventh day,
sanctuary, until the days of her purification are and if the mark is somewhat dark, and the mark
completed. 5 But if she gives birth to a female has not spread in the skin, the priest shall pro-
child, then she shall be unclean for two weeks, just nounce him clean; it is only a scab. And he shall
spiritual food must be fresh and living. a sinful nature is transmitted from parents
11:44,45 19:2; 1 Pet 1:16; note at Lev 20:7. to children. This is the meaning of Davids
11:47 10:10; 1 Kings 3:9; Ezek 22:26; words in Ps 51:5. He did not mean that his
44:23; Heb 5:14. mother was an exceptionally sinful woman.
12:2 15:19; 18:19. Indeed she may have been, for all we know,
Unclean in Hebrew the same word is a very righteous person.
used for unclean animals, unclean 12:8 Mary, the mother of Jesus, also
diseases, etc. See note at 11:1. offered a sin offering at His birth. This was
Infirmity this refers to a womans not for Him but for herself. Jesus had no
monthly period. human father. He was born of a virgin by
12:3 Gen 17:12; Luke 1:59; 2:21. the power of Gods Holy Spirit and was
12:6 A sin offering was required at the birth perfectly sinless (Luke 1:34,35. Luke 2:22-
of a child. Having a child is not sin. The 24 speaks of the offering of Mary and shows
teaching here is by symbol and picture. The the poverty of the family).
teaching is that every woman who brings 13:1-44 Mark (v 2) the Hebrew word here
forth a child, and every child born in the also means spot, stroke or blow.
natural course, is a sinner and needs the Leprosy the Hebrew word comes from
atonement. Since the fall of Adam and Eve a verb which means to strike. The disease
151 LEVITICUS 13:34
wash his clothes and be clean. 7 But if the scab has not spread, it is the scar of the boil; and the
spreads further in the skin after he has been seen priest shall pronounce him clean.
by the priest for his cleansing, he shall be seen by 24 Or if the body has in its skin a burn from fire,
the priest again; 8 and if the priest looks and sees and the raw flesh that was burned has a white
that the scab has spread on the skin, then the bright spot, somewhat reddish or white, 25 then
priest shall pronounce him unclean; it is leprosy. the priest shall look at it, and if it appears that the
9 When the mark of leprosy is on a man, then hair in the bright spot has turned white, and it
he shall be brought to the priest. 10 And the priest appears to be deeper than the skin, it is leprosy,
shall look at him, and if the swelling is white in the broken out in the burn. Therefore the priest shall
skin, and it has turned the hair white, and there is pronounce him unclean; it is the mark of leprosy.
raw flesh in the swelling, 11 it is an old leprosy in 26 But if the priest looks at it, and no white hair
the skin of his flesh, and the priest shall pronounce appears to be in the bright spot, and it is no lower
him unclean, and shall not isolate him; for he is than the other skin, but is somewhat dark, then
unclean. the priest shall isolate him for seven days. 27 And
12 And if leprosy breaks out on the skin, and the priest shall look at him on the seventh day, and
the leprosy covers all the skin of the one who has if it is spread over the skin, then the priest shall
the mark, from his head to his foot, wherever the pronounce him unclean; it is the mark of leprosy.
priest looks, 13 then the priest shall look and if the 28 And if the bright spot is unchanged, and has
leprosy appears to cover his whole body, he shall not spread in the skin, but is somewhat dark, it is a
pronounce the one who has the mark clean; it has swelling from the burn, and the priest shall
all turned white; he is clean. 14 But when raw pronounce him clean, for it is an inflammation from
flesh appears on him, he shall be unclean. 15 And the burn.
the priest shall look at the raw flesh, and pronounce 29 If a man or woman has a mark on the head
him to be unclean, for the raw flesh is unclean. It or the beard, 30 then the priest shall look at the
is leprosy. 16 But if the raw flesh changes and mark, and if he sees that it appears to be deeper
turns white, he shall come to the priest. 17 And the than the skin, and there is yellow thin hair in it,
priest shall look at him, and if the plague appears to then the priest shall pronounce him unclean; it is a
have turned white, then the priest shall pronounce scale, leprosy on the head or beard. 31 And if the
the one who has the mark clean; he is clean. priest looks at the mark of the scale, and sees that
18 And the body which has a boil in its skin that it does not appear to be deeper than the skin, and
has healed, 19 and in the place of the boil there is that there is no black hair in it, then the priest shall
a white swelling or a bright spot, white and isolate the one who has the mark of the scale for
somewhat reddish, it should be shown to the priest. seven days. 32 And on the seventh day the priest
20 And when the priest sees it, if it appears to be shall look at the mark, and, if he sees that the scale
lower than the skin, and the hair in it has turned has not spread, and there is no yellow hair in it,
white, the priest shall pronounce him unclean; it is and the scale does not appear to be deeper than
a mark of leprosy broken out of the boil. 21 But if the skin, 33 he shall shave himself, but he shall not
the priest looks at it, and no white hairs appear in shave the scale. And the priest shall isolate the one
it, and if it is not lower than the skin, but is some- who has the scale for seven more days. 34 And on
what dark, then the priest shall isolate him for seven the seventh day the priest shall look at the scale,
days. 22 And if it spreads over the skin, then the and if it appears that the scale has not spread in
priest shall pronounce him unclean; it is a mark of the skin, and does not appear to be deeper than
leprosy. 23 But if the bright spot is unchanged and the skin, then the priest shall pronounce him clean.
was regarded by the people as a stroke from the skin. The first signs of the disease were
God, a punishment for sin, and sometimes often small and seemingly insignificant.
it was (Num 12:10-15; 2 Kings 5:27). Usually there was a very gradual develop-
Some other versions have translated this ment of the disease, and it eventually
word infectious skin disease or malignant resulted in something very offensive, ugly,
skin disease. If we look at the symptoms and destructive. As far as we know there was
of the disease recorded here in this chap- no earthly cure the Heavenly Physician was
ter, it is evident that it is not the leprosy we needed for that. And because of its defiling
know today. If the disease in these chap- or infectious nature it was necessary to keep
ters was any sort of leprosy it certainly was those who had it outside Gods camp (v 46).
of a different kind than the leprosy now All this is true also of the rise and develop-
known (which does not seem impossible). ment of a sinful life in an individual.
In any case the disease here described is a In 12:19 we see that for the cleansing of
fitting one to signify sin. a person healed from this disease both a
Consider the following. It was a disease trespass offering and sin offering were re-
in the body or in the blood that broke out in quired. But we should not think it was a sin
LEVITICUS 13:35 152
And he shall wash his clothes, and be clean. 35 But linen, or of wool, whether in a hide, or in anything
if the scale spreads further in the skin after his made of hide, 49 and if the mark in the garment, or
cleansing, 36 then the priest shall look at him, and in the hide, either in the warp or in the woof, or in
if it appears that the scale has spread in the skin, anything made of hide, is greenish or reddish, it is
the priest shall not look for yellow hair; he is un- a mark of leprosy, and shall be shown to the priest.
clean. 37 But if the scale appears to be unchanged, 50 And the priest shall look at the mark, and isolate
and black hair has grown in it, the scale is healed; that which has the mark for seven days. 51 And
he is clean, and the priest shall pronounce him clean. he shall look at the mark on the seventh day. If the
38 And if a man or a woman has bright spots, mark has spread in the garment, either in the warp,
white bright spots, in the skin of the body, 39 then or in the woof, or in a hide, or in anything that is
the priest shall look, and if the bright spots made of hide, the mark is a fretting leprosy; it is
appearing in the skin of the body are dull white, it unclean. 52 Therefore he shall burn that garment,
is a rash broken out in the skin; he is clean. whether warp or woof, on wool or on linen, or
40 And the man who has lost his hair, though anything of hide, that has the mark; for it is a
he is bald, he is clean. 41 And the one who has fretting leprosy; it shall be burned in the fire.
lost his hair from the part of his head toward his 53 And if the priest looks, and it appears that
face, though he is bald on the forehead, he is clean. the mark has not spread in the garment, either in
42 But if there is on the bald head, or bald forehead, the warp or in the woof, or in anything of hide,
a white reddish sore, it is leprosy broken out on his 54 then the priest shall command them to wash the
bald head, or his bald forehead. 43 Then the priest thing that has the mark, and he shall isolate it for
shall look at it, and if the swelling of the sore seven more days. 55 Then, after it has been
appears to be reddish white on his bald head, or on washed, the priest shall look at the mark, and if it
his bald forehead, like the leprosy that appears in appears that the mark has not changed its colour,
the skin of the body, 44 he is a leprous man; he is and the mark has not spread, it is unclean. You
unclean. The priest shall pronounce him utterly shall burn it in the fire. It is eaten away on the
unclean; his mark is on his head. inside or on the outside. 56 And if the priest looks,
45 And the leper who has the mark shall wear and the mark appears to be somewhat darker after
his clothes torn, and have his head uncovered, washing it, then he shall tear it out of the garment,
and shall put a covering on his upper lip, and shall or out of the hide, or out of the warp, or out of the
cry out, Unclean, unclean. 46 He shall remain woof. 57 And if it still appears in the garment,
unclean all the days in which the mark is on him; he either in the warp or in the woof, or in anything of
is unclean. He shall live alone. His dwelling shall be hide, it is a spreading mark. You shall burn that
outside the camp. which has the mark in the fire. 58 And the garment,
47 And if a garment has the mark of leprosy in whether warp or woof, or whatever thing made of
it, whether it is a woolen garment, or a linen hide it may be which you wash, if the mark has
garment, 48 whether it is in the warp or woof, of gone from it, then it shall be washed the second
to have this, or any other, disease. And the 13:45,46 Num 5:1-4; 12:10-14; Luke
person afflicted with a dreadful disease is 17:11,12; Heb 13:12,13. The Lord Jesus
not more of a sinner than a person in per- suffered in the place of lepers outside the
fect health. This is one lesson we can learn camp (note at 5:11,12). So great was His
from the book of Job. But we all have the love for sinners. Outside the camp of Gods
nature which is symbolized by the disease people is where sinners are and where they
seen in these two chapters. That is, we are must remain unless they repent and trust
all sinners both by nature and by deeds in the Lord Jesus.
(Rom 3:9,23; Luke 13:1-5). 13:47-59 The same Hebrew word used for
But if the disease described in these chap- the disease that attacks persons is here use
ters was not a direct result of sin why was it for that which attacks cloth and leather
necessary to offer a trespass and a sin of- goods. No known kind of leprosy does this.
fering for it? Remember that those offer- It is not necessary for us to know exactly
ings signify the Lord Jesus Christ dying in what this disease was. If this disease in
the place of sinners, and for their sins (notes the skin symbolizes sin in the nature break-
at 4:3,11,12; 5:15,16). Since the sacri- ing out in sinful acts, then sin in the cloth-
fices offered for the disease are symbolic, ing probably signifies defilement of ones
then the disease for which the sacrifices were outward way of life. Garments signify the
offered is also symbolic. life we live before all (Rev 3:4; 16:15).
Here is a safe rule to follow in all the five The unclean garment was to be burned (v
books of the law of Moses. That which 52) or washed (v 58). Sin that defiles our
required a sin offering was either sinful in outward walk must be judged in the fire of
itself, or else, not being sinful in itself, it Gods holiness, and washed by the Word of
symbolized sin, was a picture of sin in some God (John 13:10; 15:3; Eph 5:26; Isa
way. 1:16,17; Jude 23).
153 LEVITICUS 14:19
time, and shall be clean. male lambs without blemish, and one ewe lamb of
59 This is the law about the mark of leprosy in the first year without blemish, and three tenth of
a garment of wool or linen, either in the warp or an ephah of fine flour as a grain offering, mixed
woof, or anything made of hides, to pronounce it with oil, and one log of oil. 11 And the priest who
clean, or to pronounce it unclean. pronounces him clean shall present the man who is
to be made clean, and those things, before the
14 And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying,
2 This is the law of the leper in the day of
his cleansing: he shall be brought for the priest to
LORD at the door of the tabernacle of the
congregation.
12 And the priest shall take one male lamb and
see ; 3 and the priest shall go out of the camp, and offer it as a trespass offering, along with the log of
the priest shall look, and if he sees that the mark of oil, and wave them as a wave offering before the
leprosy is healed in the leper, 4 then the priest LORD. 13 And he shall kill the lamb in the place
shall command that two live clean birds, and cedar where he kills the sin offering and the burnt offer-
wood, and scarlet and hyssop be brought for the ing, in that holy place; for as the sin offering be-
one who is to be cleansed. 5 And the priest shall longs to the priest, so does the trespass offering;
give a command to kill one of the birds in an it is most holy. 14 And the priest shall take some of
earthenware pot over running water. 6 As for the the blood of the trespass offering, and the priest
live bird, he shall take it, and the cedar wood, the shall put it on the tip of the right ear of the one who
scarlet and the hyssop, and shall dip them and the is being cleansed, and on the thumb of his right
live bird in the blood of the bird that was killed over hand, and on the large toe of his right foot. 15 And
the running water. 7 And seven times he shall the priest shall take some of the log of oil, and pour
sprinkle the one who is to be cleansed from leprosy, it into the palm of his own left hand; 16 and the
and shall pronounce him clean, and shall let the live priest shall dip his right finger in the oil that is in his
bird go free in the open field. left hand, and shall sprinkle some of the oil with his
8 And the one who is to be cleansed shall wash finger seven times before the LORD, 17 and of the
his clothes and shave off all his hair, and wash rest of the oil that is in his hand the priest shall put
himself in water, so that he may be clean. And on the tip of the right ear of the one who is being
after that he shall come into the camp, and shall cleansed, and on the thumb of his right hand, and
stay out of his tent for seven days. 9 But it must on the large toe of his right foot, on the blood of
come about on the seventh day that he shave off the trespass offering. 18 And the rest of the oil
all the hair of his head and his beard and his that is in the priests hand he shall pour on the head
eyebrows; he shall shave off all his hair; and he of the one who is being cleansed; and the priest
shall wash his clothes, and shall wash his body in shall make atonement for him before the LORD.
water; and he shall be clean. 19 And the priest shall offer the sin offering
10 And on the eighth day he shall take two and make atonement for the one who is being
14:2 Matt 8:4; Luke 5:14; 17:14. sanctification (Ex 12:22; Num 19:18; Ps
14:3 13:46. Healing of this disease was 51:7; Heb 9:19). The earthenware vessel
possible. Nowhere in the Bible is it stated and running water may possibly signify
that men could heal it, so we assume that Christs human nature and the Holy Spirit
healing came from God. We know that (human nature is sometimes likened to
mans sinful nature cannot in any way be earthen vessels Rom 9:21-23; 2 Cor
healed by man. Compare Jer 13:23; etc. 4:7. The Holy Spirit is symbolized by water
14:4-7 This ritual was not for healing but in John 7:38,39).
for the cleansing of the person diseased. 14:8 The person to be declared clean had
In the cleansing of the sinner before God his part in the process. So does the
both the death and resurrection of Christ believer now in the process of sanctification
have their part (see Rom 4:25). Both are (Isa 1:16; Rom 6:11-13; 2 Cor 7:1;
at the very heart of the gospel which saves Gal 5:16; Eph 4:22-32; Col 3:1-10;
and sanctifies us (1 Cor 15:3,4,17). Both 1 John 1:9).
the death and resurrection of Christ could 14:10 Three-tenths of an ephah
not be signified by one bird unless God probably about 6:5 liters.
chose to miraculously give it new life each One log probably about 1/3 of a liter.
time it was sacrificed, and He did not. So in 14:12 5:6,16; 6:6; Ex 29:22-24,26.
the cleansing of the diseased person God 14:14 Ex 29:20; Lev 8:23,24. Signifying
appointed this way of two birds one to be the total person.
sacrificed, the other to be released after 14:15-18 The oil signifies Gods Holy Spirit.
being dipped in the blood of the first, thus In Gods work of sanctification both the blood
identifying the second with the first. of Christ and the Spirit of God are neces-
Hyssop used in this ritual (v 6) was a sary 2 Thess 2:13; Heb 9:13,14; 10:10;
small plant that grew in that area and is in 1 Pet 1:2.
the Bible associated with cleansing and 14:19 Note on 13:1-44.
LEVITICUS 14:20 154
cleansed from his uncleanness. And afterwards he Canaan, which I give to you as a possession, and I
shall kill the burnt offering. 20 And the priest shall put the mark of leprosy in a house in the land of
offer the burnt offering and the grain offering on your possession, 35 and he who owns the house
the altar; and the priest shall make an atonement comes and tells the priest, saying, It seems to me
for him, and he shall be clean. there may be a mark in the house, 36 then the
21 And if he is poor, and cannot get so much, priest shall command them to vacate the house,
then he shall take one lamb as a trespass offering before the priest goes into it to see the mark, so
to be waved, to make an atonement for him, and a that everything that is in the house is not made
tenth of an ephah of fine flour mixed with oil for a unclean. And afterwards the priest shall go in to
grain offering, and a log of oil, 22 and two doves, see the house. 37 And he shall look at the mark,
or two young pigeons, such as he is able to get; and, if the mark appearing in the walls of the house
and the one shall be a sin offering, and the other a has greenish or reddish depressions, which appear
burnt offering. lower than the wall, 38 then the priest shall leave
23 And on the eighth day he shall bring them the house by the door of the house, and close up
for his cleansing to the priest, before the LORD, at the house for seven days. 39 And on the seventh
the door of the tabernacle of the congregation. day the priest shall come again and look, and if he
24 And the priest shall take the lamb of the trespass sees that the mark has spread in the walls of the
offering, and the log of oil, and the priest shall house, 40 then the priest shall command them to
wave them as a wave offering before the LORD. take away the stones where the mark is, and they
25 And he shall kill the lamb for the trespass shall throw them in an unclean place outside the
offering, and the priest shall take some of the city. 41 And he shall have the house scraped all
blood of the trespass offering, and put it on the tip around inside, and they shall pour the dust that
of the right ear of the one who is being cleansed, they scrape off outside the city in an unclean place.
and on the thumb of his right hand, and on the 42 And they shall take other stones and put them
large toe of his right foot. 26 And the priest shall in the place of those stones. And he shall take
pour some of the oil into the palm of his own left other mortar, and shall plaster the house.
hand; 27 and with his right finger the priest shall 43 And if the mark comes again and breaks out
sprinkle some of the oil that is in his left hand in the house after he has taken away the stones,
seven times before the LORD. 28 And the priest and after he has scraped the house, and after it is
shall put some of the oil that is in his hand on the plastered, 44 then the priest shall come and look,
tip of the right ear of the one who is being cleansed, and if he sees that the mark has spread in the
and on the thumb of his right hand, and on the house, it is a fretting leprosy in the house; it is
large toe of his right foot, on the place where the unclean. 45 And he shall tear down the house, its
blood of the trespass offering was put. 29 And the stones and its timber, and all the mortar of the
priest shall put the rest of the oil that is in his hand house, and carry them out of the city to an
on the head of the one who is being cleansed, to unclean place.
make atonement for him before the LORD. 30 And 46 Moreover, anyone who goes into the house
he shall offer one of the doves, or of the young all the time that it is closed off shall be unclean until
pigeons, such as he can get, 31 the one as a sin evening. 47 And anyone who lies down in the
offering, and the other as a burnt offering, such as house shall wash his clothes, and anyone who eats
he is able to get, with the grain offering. And the in the house shall wash his clothes.
priest shall make atonement for the one who is 48 But after the house has been plastered, if
being cleansed before the LORD. 32 This is the the priest comes in and looks at it, and sees that
law of the one who has the mark of leprosy, who is the mark has not spread in the house, after the
not able to get what belongs to his cleansing. house was plastered, then the priest shall
33 And the LORD spoke to Moses and to Aaron, pronounce the house clean, because the mark is
saying, 34 When you have come into the land of healed. 49 And for cleansing the house he shall
14:20 Notes on atonement at Ex 25:17 and close surrounding, our relationships. Every-
29:33. thing that was incurably infected had to be
14:21,22 5:11; 12:8; 27:8. destroyed. If it could be washed and saved
Tenth of an ephah probably about 2 it was to be done. The believer must be
liters. careful who he has fellowship with, and alert
14:34 Mark of leprosy in Hebrew the as to how his surroundings and relationship
same words as in 13:2. See note there. can affect him (compare Gen 19:1 note
Here it cannot mean leprosy as we know it on Lot in Sodom; 1 Kings 11:4; 2 Chron
today. This plague in the walls of a house 18:1; Matt 10:34-38; 1 Cor 15:33; 2 Cor
signifies sin and uncleanness, not in our 6:14-18).
nature, or conduct, but in our homes, our 14:49-53 14:4-7.
155 LEVITICUS 15:27
take two birds, and cedar wood, and scarlet, and himself in water, and be unclean until evening.
hyssop, 50 and he shall kill one of the birds in an 12 And the earthenware pot that the one who
earthenware pot over running water, 51 and he has the discharge touches shall be broken, and
shall take the cedar wood, and the hyssop, and every wooden utensil shall be rinsed in water.
the scarlet, and the live bird, and dip them in the 13 And when he who has a discharge is cleansed
blood of the slain bird, and in the running water, from his discharge, then he shall count seven days
and sprinkle the house seven times, 52 and cleanse for himself for his cleansing, and wash his clothes,
the house with the blood of the bird, and with the and bathe his flesh in running water, and shall be
running water, and with the live bird, and with the clean. 14 And on the eighth day he shall take for
cedar wood, and with the hyssop, and with the himself two doves, or two young pigeons, and come
scarlet. 53 But he shall let the live bird go free before the LORD to the door of the tabernacle of
outside the city in the open fields, and make the congregation, and give them to the priest.
atonement for the house; and it shall be clean. 15 And the priest shall offer them, one as a sin
54 This is the law for all kinds of the mark of offering, and the other as a burnt offering, and
leprosy, and scale, 55 and for the leprosy of a the priest shall make atonement for him, for his
garment, and of a house, 56 and for a swelling, discharge, in the presence of the LORD.
and for a scab, and for a bright spot. 57 It is to 16 And if any man has a seminal emission, then
teach when it is unclean, and when it is clean. This he shall wash his whole body in water, and be
is the law of leprosy. unclean until evening. 17 And every garment, and
every hide, that the seminal emission was on shall
15 And the LORD spoke to Moses and to
Aaron, saying,
2 Speak to the children of Israel, and say to
be washed with water, and be unclean until
evening. 18 Also if a woman lies with a man and
there is a seminal emission, both of them shall bathe
them, When any man has a discharge from his body, themselves in water, and be unclean until evening.
he is unclean because of his discharge. 3 And this 19 And if a woman has a discharge, and her
is his uncleanness in his discharge: whether his discharge in her body is blood, she shall be in her
discharge flows from his body or his discharge from impurity for seven days, and whoever touches her
his body has stopped, it is his uncleanness. shall be unclean until evening.
4 Every bed that the one who has the discharge 20 And everything that she lies on in her impu-
lies on is unclean, and everything he sits on is rity shall be unclean, also everything that she sits
unclean. 5 And whoever touches his bed shall wash on shall be unclean. 21 And whoever touches her
his clothes, and bathe himself in water, and be bed shall wash his clothes, and bathe himself in
unclean until evening. 6 And he who sits on water, and be unclean until evening. 22 And
anything that he who has the discharge sat on whoever touches any thing that she sat on shall
shall wash his clothes, and bathe himself in water, wash his clothes, and bathe himself in water, and
and be unclean until evening. be unclean until evening. 23 And if it is on her
7 And he who touches the body of the one who bed, or on anything she sits on when he touches it,
has the discharge shall wash his clothes, and bathe he shall be unclean until evening.
himself in water, and be unclean until evening. 24 And if any man at all lies with her and her
8 And if he who has the discharge spits on menstrual impurity is on him, he shall be unclean for
someone who is clean, then that person shall wash seven days, and the whole bed he lies on shall be
his clothes, and bathe himself in water, and be unclean.
unclean until evening. 25 And if a woman have a discharge of her
9 And any saddle the one who has the blood many days not at the time of her impurity, or
discharge rides on shall be unclean. 10 And if it runs beyond the time of her impurity, all the
whoever touches anything that was under him shall days of the discharge of her uncleanness shall be
be unclean until evening, and he who picks up any like the days of her impurity; she shall be unclean.
of those things shall wash his clothes, and bathe 26 Every bed she lies on during the whole time of
himself in water, and be unclean until evening. her discharge shall be to her like the bed of her
11 And whomever the one who has the impurity, and whatever she sits on shall be unclean,
discharge touches, when he has not rinsed his like the uncleanness of her impurity. 27 And
hands in water, he shall wash his clothes, and bathe whoever touches those things shall be unclean,
15:2 Note at 11:1. recognized, confessed, cleansed and atoned
15:2-13 In these verses sin is depicted as for.
something that flows from within a person, 15:14,15 14:22. Note on 13:1-44.
sometimes unconsciously, secretly (see Matt 15:16-18 22:4-7; Deut 23:10,11.
15:19,20). This kind of sin also must be 15:19-28 Note on vs 2-13.
LEVITICUS 15:28 156
and shall wash his clothes, and bathe himself in 2 and the LORD said to Moses, Tell your brother
water, and be unclean until evening. Aaron that he must not come at all times into the
28 But if she becomes clean from her discharge, Most Holy Place inside the veil that is in front of the
then she shall count for herself seven days, and mercy seat which is on the ark, so that he does not
after that she shall be clean. 29 And on the eighth die; for I will appear in the cloud on the mercy seat.
day she shall take for herself two doves or two 3 Aaron must come into the Most Holy Place
young pigeons, and bring them to the priest, to the like this: with a young ox for a sin offering, and a
door of the tabernacle of the congregation. ram for a burnt offering. 4 He shall put on the holy
30 And the priest shall offer one as a sin offering, linen tunic and have the linen breeches on his body
and the other as a burnt offering, and the priest and fasten on the linen sash, and put on the linen
shall make atonement for her before the LORD for turban. These are holy garments; therefore he
the discharge of her uncleanness. shall wash his body in water, and then put them
31 Thus shall you separate the children of on. 5 And he shall take from the congregation of
Israel from their uncleanness, so that they do not the children of Israel two young goats for a sin
die in their uncleanness, when they defile my offering, and one ram for a burnt offering.
tabernacle that is among them. 32 This is the law 6 And Aaron shall offer his ox for the sin
of the one who has a discharge, and of the one offering, which is for himself, and make atonement
who has a seminal emission and is defiled with it, for himself, and for his household. 7 And he shall
33 and of her who is ill with her menstrual impurity, take the two goats, and present them before the
and of the one who has a discharge, man or woman, LORD at the door of the tabernacle of the
and of the one who lies with her who is unclean. congregation. 8 And Aaron shall cast lots over the
two goats; one lot for the LORD, and the other lot
16 And the LORD spoke to Moses after the
death of the two sons of Aaron, when they
offered strange fire before the LORD, and died;
for the scapegoat. 9 And Aaron shall bring the
goat on which the LORDs lot fell, and offer it as a
sin offering. 10 But the goat on which the lot fell to
15:29,30 Note on 13:1-44. death see the note at Ex 28:35. Now Jesus
15:31 Compare 20:3; Ex 25:8; Num has opened a new and living way through
19:13,20; Ezek 5:11; 36:17. In chapters the sacrifice of Himself so that His people
11-15 sin and sinful acts and thoughts are can come to God at any time (Heb 10:19-
depicted as unclean animals, as being 22; 1 Pet 3:18). Let us draw near into the
related to our birth, as a dangerous and very presence of God in the Most Holy Place
ugly disease, as a defiler and destroyer of was never spoken to ordinary Israelites. This
our behavior, possessions and home, and was because the way was not yet made clear.
as a discharge from the body. The pictures Even the ordinary priests could not enter the
combined reveal the total corruption of Most Holy Place where Gods presence was.
mans nature, the depravity that stains and And the Israelite who was not a priest never
defiles all he is and does (Gen 6:5; Eccl once saw the inside of the tabernacle. He
9:3; Isa 64:6; Jer 17:9; Rom 7:18). could come only to the gate of the courtyard
Now in chapter 16 we turn to a picture of the (see note at Ex 27:9-19). All this has great
eternal remedy for mans sin and deprav- significance. The old covenant, its tabernacle
ity. The Lord Jesus Christ by the sacrifice of and sacrifices were only shadows of good
Himself has put away everything that can things to come and not the good things them-
trouble and ruin believers, and has made selves (Heb 8:5; 10:1).
for them a heaven without any unclean thing, 16:3 Sin offering 4:1-12; Heb 9:7.
or sickness or tears or anything that could Burnt offering 1:10-13.
ever defile them again. Rev 21:2-4,27. 16:4 Ex 28:29,42; 30:20; Heb 10:22.
16:1 This is one of the key chapters in the 16:5 4:13-21.
books of Moses, and it describes one of the 16:6 Heb 5:3.
most important days in the Jewish year. For 16:7-10 Both of these goats signify Christ.
an understanding of the symbolic meanings The one offered as a sin offering signifies
here we should study Hebrews 5:1-5; 7:18- Christ dying for sinners in their place (4:3).
28; 8:1-6; 9:1-10,22. The goat (scapegoat, in Hebrew azazel,
Sons of Aaron Lev 10:1-3. There is the goat of removal) let loose in the wilder-
a reminder at the beginning of this chapter ness signifies Christ in the sinners place
that God must be approached only in Gods bearing sin away to an unknown place (John
way. 1:29). The Lord Jesus Christ is the only
16:2 Not. . .at all times Ex 30:10; Heb sin-bearer God has appointed for men. Two
9:7,25. goats were required to express two aspects
Die Ex 28:43; 30:20,21; Lev 8:35. of His work for sinners (compare 14:4-7).
The fiery holiness of God acted as a barrier All the sins of the people of Israel were con-
to the approach of sinful man into His fessed over the head of the live goat, after
presence. For other offenses connected with which it went to a solitary land (vs 21,22).
tabernacle worship that brought danger and The Lord Jesus bore our sins on the cross
157 LEVITICUS 16:29
be the scapegoat, is to be presented alive before it and sanctify it from the uncleanness of the
the LORD to make atonement by it, and to let it go children of Israel.
as a scapegoat into the wilderness. 20 And when he has finished atoning for the
11 And Aaron shall bring the ox of the sin of- Most Holy Place and the tabernacle of the
fering, which is for himself, and shall make congregation and the altar, he shall bring the live
atonement for himself, and for his household, and goat. 21 And Aaron shall lay both his hands on the
shall kill the ox of the sin offering which is for head of the live goat, and confess over him all the
himself. 12 And he shall take a censer full of burning evil deeds of the children of Israel, and all their
coals of fire from the altar before the LORD, and transgressions in all their sins, putting them on the
two handfuls of fragrant incense beaten small, and head of the goat, and send it away into the
bring it inside the veil, 13 and he shall put the wilderness by the hand of a man who is ready.
incense on the fire before the LORD, so that the 22 And the goat will carry away on it all their sins to
cloud of incense may cover the mercy seat that is a solitary land. And he shall release the goat in the
on the testimony, so that he does not die. 14 And wilderness.
he shall take some of the blood of the ox, and 23 And Aaron shall come into the tabernacle of
sprinkle it with his finger on the eastern side of the the congregation and put off the linen garments
mercy seat, and sprinkle some of the blood seven which he put on when he went into the Most Holy
times with his finger in front of the mercy seat. Place, and shall leave them there. 24 And he shall
15 Then he shall kill the goat for the sin offering wash his flesh with water in a holy place, and put
that is for the people, and bring its blood inside the on his garments and come out and offer his burnt
veil, and do with that blood as he did with the blood offering, and the burnt offering of the people, and
of the ox, and sprinkle it on the mercy seat, and in make atonement for himself, and for the people.
front of the mercy seat, 16 and make atonement 25 And the fat of the sin offering he shall burn on
for the Most Holy Place, because of the the altar.
uncleanness of the children of Israel, and because 26 And the one who released the goat chosen
of their transgressions in all their sins. And he shall as the scapegoat shall wash his clothes and bathe
do the same for the tabernacle of the congregation, his body in water, and afterwards come into the
that remains with them among their uncleanness. camp. 27 And someone shall take outside the
17 And no one is to be in the tabernacle of the camp the ox for the sin offering and the goat for
congregation when he goes in to make atonement the sin offering whose blood was brought into the
in the Most Holy Place, until he comes out, and has Most Holy Place to make atonement. And they
made atonement for himself and for his household shall burn their hides, their flesh, and their dung in
and for all the congregation of Israel. the fire. 28 And the one who burns them shall
18 And he shall go out to the altar that is be- wash his clothes and bathe his body in water, and
fore the LORD and make atonement for it, and afterwards come into the camp.
take some of the blood of the ox, and of the blood 29 And this shall be a permanent regulation for
of the goat, and put it all around on the horns of you: In the seventh month, on the tenth day of
the altar. 19 And he shall sprinkle some of the the month, you shall humble yourselves, and not
blood on it seven times with his finger and cleanse do any work at all, whether native-born or a
(1 Pet 2:24) a wilderness, a solitary place by the presence of the Israelites around it
indeed (Matt 27:45,46)! He departed into and by the priests who served in it, all of
the realm of death. Unlike this live goat whom were sinners. This defilement had to
which appeared no more, the Lord Jesus be removed by sacrifice. Note on atonement
appeared again on the third day, but He at Ex 29:33.
was without those sins He had carried away. 16:17 Aaron, the high priest of Israel, had
He left them in that wilderness where He to perform this work of atonement by him-
went. He has separated the believers sins self all alone. No one could help him, no
from him as far as the east is from the west one was even to be there inside with him.
(Ps 103:12), buried them in the depths of So the Lord Jesus alone made atonement
the sea (Micah 7:19). At His resurrection for all His people.
the Lord Jesus appeared to only a few of 16:21,22 The sins of Gods people are gone,
His disciples. The day is coming when He never to appear again.
will appear to all of them (Heb 9:28). 16:27 Note at 4:11,12.
16:12 Ex 30:34-38. 16:29-31 The Hebrew translated humble
16:13 Ex 25:21. yourselves means to suffer, be afflicted,
16:14 Heb 9:25. depressed, oppressed, humbled. The word
16:15 Heb 7:27; 9:7,12. may have been used to indicate fasting also.
16:16-20 Ex 29:36,37; 30:10; Heb 2:17; It was so important for Israelites to humble
9:23. The tabernacle, even the Most Holy themselves on the day of atonement that
Place, as we can see from this, was defiled an individual who did not was to be cut off
LEVITICUS 16:30 158
foreigner who is staying among you; 30 for on that shall have blood imputed to him; that man has shed
day the priest will make atonement for you to blood shall be cut off from among his people, 5 so
cleanse you, so that you may be clean from all your that the children of Israel will bring their sacrifices
sins in the presence of the LORD. 31 It shall be a which they are sacrificing in the open field; that
Sabbath of rest for you, and by a permanent they may bring them to the LORD to the door of
regulation you shall humble yourselves. 32 And the tabernacle of the congregation, to the priest,
the priest who is anointed and who is consecrated and offer them as peace offerings to the LORD.
to serve as priest in his fathers stead, shall make 6 And the priest shall sprinkle the blood on the altar
the atonement. And he shall put on the linen of the LORD at the door of the tabernacle of the
clothes, the holy garments, 33 and he shall make congregation, and burn the fat as a fragrant aroma
atonement for the holy sanctuary, and make to the LORD. 7 And they shall no more offer their
atonement for the tabernacle of the congregation, sacrifices to demons to whom they have
and for the altar, and make atonement for the prostituted themselves. This shall be a permanent
priests, and for all the people of the congregation. regulation for them throughout their generations.
34 And this shall be an everlasting regulation 8 And you shall say to them, Anyone of the
for you, to make atonement for the children of house of Israel, or of the foreigners who live among
Israel for all their sins once a year. you, who offers a burnt offering or sacrifice, 9 and
And Moses did just as the LORD commanded does not bring it to the door of the tabernacle of
him. the congregation to offer it to the LORD, that man
shall be cut off from among his people.
17 And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying,
2 Speak to Aaron, and to his sons, and to
all the children of Israel, and say to them; this is
10 And as for anyone of the house of Israel,
or of the foreigners who live among you, who eats
any kind of blood, I will set my face against that
what the LORD has commanded, saying, 3 anyone person who eats blood, and will cut him off from
of the house of Israel who kills an ox, or lamb, or among his people. 11 For the life of the flesh is in
goat in the camp, or who kills it out of the camp, the blood, and I have given it to you on the altar to
4 and does not bring it to the door of the tabernacle make atonement for your souls; for it is the blood
of the congregation, to offer as an offering to the that makes atonement for the soul. 12 Therefore
LORD before the tabernacle of the LORD, that man I said to the children of Israel, None of you shall
(see 23:28-30). It was a Sabbath when no at the tabernacle, and later at the temple
work was to be done. A Sabbath of fasting, in Jerusalem. Both tabernacle and temple
mourning, and affliction and humbling one- signify Christ. Now there is one and only one
self. This speaks to us now of ceasing from place where God accepts mans offerings and
our own works for salvation. Also of repen- that is in Christ (Heb 13:15,16; John 14:6).
tance, and trusting in the atonement Christ Verses 8 and 9 below show how serious a
made. When there is no repentance and matter Gods instruction here was. For other
faith there will be no benefit from Christs offenses against tabernacle worship that
atonement. God commands men to repent brought danger of death see note at Ex
(Luke 24:46,47; Acts 2:38; 3:19; 17:30; 28:35.
26:20; Jam 4:8-10; Isa 55:7). Through 17:7 Demons this is the first reference
repentance and faith will come joy, peace, to demons in the Bible. They are referred
and fellowship with God. For further sug- to rarely in the Old Testament, but fre-
gestions as to the meaning of these verses quently in the New Testament. They are
see the note at 23:26-32. called the devils angels (Matt 25:41), and
16:30 Notice the word all. This means sins Satan is called the prince of demons (Matt
done either knowingly or unknowingly. 12:24-28). Demons are invisible fallen,
Compare Acts 13:38,39; Col 2:13; 1 John wicked spirit beings who can enter the bod-
1:9. ies of people and even animals (Mark 5:2,8-
16:34 Heb 9:7; 10:10,14. 13). They can cause sickness or disabili-
17:1 From the beginning of this chapter to ties or madness (Matt 9:32,33; 17:14-18;
the end of chapter 22 instructions are given Mark 5:2-5; Luke 13:10,16). They are be-
concerning the holy life style the people of hind false teaching (1 Tim 4:1). They are
Israel were to adopt. It is significant that probably fallen angels who took Satans part
this comes immediately after chapter 16 with when he sinned and fell. Satan and his de-
its day of atonement. God is saying, first mons want to be worshiped (Matt 4:8,9).
see the grace of God shown in atonement According to the Bible they receive this wor-
and forgiveness, then live a holy life (com- ship through the worship of false gods and
pare Rom 6:1-14; 2 Cor 5:15; Eph 4:20- idols. See Deut 32:17; Ps 106:37; 1 Cor
24; Col 3:1-11; Heb 10:19-23; 1 Pet 10:20.
2:24,25). Prostituted themselves 20:5;
17:3-6 From this point on there was only Ex 34:15; Jer 2:20.
one acceptable place for sacrifice. That was 17:10,11 3:17; 7:26,27; Gen 9:4; Deut
159 LEVITICUS 18:23
eat blood, nor shall any foreigner who lives among 10 You shall not uncover the nakedness of your
you eat blood. sons daughter, or of your daughters daughter; do
13 And anyone of the children of Israel, or of not uncover their nakedness; for their nakedness
the foreigners who live among you, who hunts and is your own nakedness.
catches any animal or bird that may be eaten, he 11 You shall not uncover the nakedness of your
shall pour out its blood and cover it with dirt. 14 For fathers wifes daughter, begotten of your father;
it is the life of all flesh; its blood is as its life; she is your sister; you shall not uncover her
therefore I said to the children of Israel, You shall nakedness.
not eat the blood with any kind of meat; for the life 12 You shall not uncover the nakedness of your
of all flesh is its blood. Whoever eats it shall be cut fathers sister; she is your fathers close relative.
off. 13 You shall not uncover the nakedness of your
15 And every person, whether native-born or mothers sister, for she is your mothers close rela-
a foreigner, who eats that which has died, or which tive.
was torn by beasts, shall both wash his clothes, 14 You shall not uncover the nakedness of your
and bathe himself in water, and be unclean until fathers brother; you shall not approach his wife;
evening; then he shall be clean. 16 But if he does she is your aunt.
not wash them or bathe his body, then he shall 15 You shall not uncover the nakedness of your
bear his guilt. daughter-in-law; she is your sons wife; you shall
not uncover her nakedness.
18 And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying,
2 Speak to the children of Israel, and say
to them, I am the LORD your God. 3 You shall not
16 You shall not uncover the nakedness of your
brothers wife; it is your brothers nakedness.
17 You shall not uncover the nakedness of a
do what is done in the land of Egypt where you woman and her daughter, neither shall you take
lived, and you shall not do what is done in the land her sons daughter, or her daughters daughter, to
of Canaan where I am taking you, and you shall uncover her nakedness; for they are her close
not behave according to their rules. 4 You shall relatives; it is wickedness.
obey my laws and observe my regulations to walk 18 And you shall not marry a woman and her
in them; I am the LORD your God. 5 You shall sister as a rival, while the other woman is still living,
therefore keep my regulations, and my laws; if a to uncover her nakedness.
man obeys them he will live through them; I am the 19 Also you shall not approach a woman to
LORD. uncover her nakedness during her period of
6 None of you shall approach any of his blood impurity.
relatives to uncover nakedness; I am the LORD. 20 And you shall not have intercourse with your
7 You shall not uncover the nakedness of your neighbours wife, to defile yourself with her.
father, or the nakedness of your mother; she is 21 And you shall not let any of your offspring
your mother; you shall not uncover her nakedness. pass through the fire to Molech, nor shall you
8 You shall not uncover the nakedness of your profane the name of your God; I am the LORD.
fathers wife; it is your fathers nakedness. 22 You shall not lie with a man as with a woman;
9 You shall not uncover the nakedness of your it is an abomination.
sister, the daughter of your father, or daughter of 23 And you shall not have intercourse with any
your mother, whether she be born at home, or animal to defile yourself with it; nor shall any woman
born outside; do not uncover their nakedness. stand before an animal to have intercourse with it;
12:16,23-25. Life is in the blood. This is between members of the same family were
why the blood of sacrifice makes atonement forbidden.
it is life poured out by a substitute. 18:20 Ex 20:14; Lev 20:10; Prov 6:29;
17:15,16 11:24,25. Matt 5:27,28; 1 Cor 6:9; Heb 13:4.
18:3 Egypt Ezek 20:7,8. 18:21 Pass through the fire this is
Canaan Lev 18:24-30; 20:23. probably an expression meaning simply be
18:5 Neh 9:29; Ezek 18:9; 20:11; Luke sacrificed in the fire.
10:28; Rom 10:5; Gal 3:12. This was the Molech this was one of the gods of
basis of the law and the old covenant. The the Ammonites, a people who lived near
problem was that because of the sinfulness Canaan to the east. His devotees some-
of mans nature no one ever kept perfectly times actually burned their children in the
the law of God (except the Lord Jesus who fire to him. Any Israelite doing such a thing
had no sinful nature). See Rom 3:9-12,23, must be put to death (20:2-5). In spite of
and the note at Ex 19:8. But it was certainly this warning king Solomon later built a high
possible for the Israelites to avoid the place for Molech (1 Kings 11:6-8).
detestable sins and idolatries of the 18:22 20:13; Deut 23:18; Rom 1:27;
Egyptians and Canaanites. 1 Cor 6:9. Note at Gen 19:4,5.
18:6-18 All sexual contact and marriage 18:23 Ex 22:19; Lev 20:15,16; Deut 27:21.
LEVITICUS 18:24 160
it is perversion. be accepted. 8 Therefore everyone who eats it
24 Do not defile yourselves in any of these shall bear his guilt, because he has profaned a
ways, for the nations which I will drive out before thing consecrated to the LORD, and that soul shall
you were defiled by all these things. 25 And the be cut off from among his people.
land is defiled; therefore I will punish it for its 9 And when you reap the harvest of your land,
wickedness, and the land itself vomits out its you shall not fully reap the corners of your field,
inhabitants. 26 You shall therefore keep my and you shall not gather the gleanings of your
regulations and my laws, and shall not commit any harvest. 10 And you shall not go over your
of these abominations; not any of your own nation, vineyard a second time, nor gather every grape of
or any foreigner who lives among you 27 (for the your vineyard; you shall leave them for the poor
men of the land who were there before you have and foreigner; I am the LORD your God.
done all these abominations, and the land is defiled), 11 You shall not steal, or cheat, or lie to one
28 so that the land does not also vomit you out for another.
defiling it, as it vomited out the nations that were 12 And you shall not swear falsely by my name,
before you. nor profane the name of your God; I am the LORD.
29 For anyone who commits any of these 13 You shall not defraud your neighbour, or
abominations, those persons who commit them shall rob him ; the wages of a hired person are not to
be cut off from among their people. 30 Therefore remain with you all night until the morning.
you shall keep my charge so that you do not follow 14 You shall not curse the deaf, or put a
any of these abominable customs which were stumblingblock before the blind, but shall fear your
followed before you, and so that you do not defile God; I am the LORD.
yourselves with them. I am the LORD your God. 15 You shall not pervert justice. You shall not
be partial to the poor, or honour the person of the
19 And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying,
2 Speak to all the congregation of the
children of Israel, and say to them, You shall be
great; but shall judge your neighbor righteously.
16 You shall not go up and down as a tale-
bearer among your people; and you shall not take
holy; for I the LORD your God am holy. a stand against the life of your neighbour; I am
3 Every one of you shall revere his mother and the LORD.
his father, and keep my Sabbaths. I am the LORD 17 You shall not hate your brother in your heart.
your God. You shall by all means rebuke your neighbour, and
4 Do not turn to idols, or make cast metal gods not share in his guilt.
for yourselves. I am the LORD your God. 18 You shall not take vengeance, or hold any
5 And if you offer a sacrifice of peace offerings grudge against the children of your people; but
to the LORD, you shall offer it for your acceptance. you shall love your neighbour as yourself; I am
6 It must be eaten the same day you offer it and on the LORD.
the next day; if any of it remains until the third day, 19 You shall keep my statutes. You shall not let
it must be burned in the fire. 7 For if any of it is two different kinds of your livestock mate together.
eaten on the third day, it is offensive. It shall not You shall not sow your field with mixed seed, nor
18:24,25 20:23; Deut 9:5; 18:11; Rom 19:9,10 23:22; Deut 24:20-22. See Gods
1:18; Col 3:6. At last the practices of the concern for the poor and needy, and the
nations in Canaan had become so duty of Gods people to help them.
detestable that Gods wrath fell on them. 19:11 Ex 20:15,16; Jer 9:3-5; Eph 4:25.
Note at Gen 6:7. God determined to drive 19:12 Ex 20:7; Deut 5:11; Matt 5:33.
them out and give their land to His people 19:13 Ex 22:7-15,21-27.
Israel. In all this we may be absolutely sure 19:14 Notes on fear of God at Gen 20:11;
of this truth there is no punishment which Ps 34:11-14; 111:10; Prov 1:7.
God sends on any individual or any group 19:15 Ex 23:3,6; Deut 1:17; 10:17; 16:19.
or people or nation which is undeserved. 19:16 Ps 15:3; Jer 6:28; 9:4; Ezek 22:9.
Only when the sins of men reach such a 19:17 1 John 2:9,11; 3:15.
stage that God must judge and punish them 19:18 Vengeance Deut 32:35; Rom
does He do so. 12:19; Heb 10:30. Note at Ex 21:23-25;
18:30 22:9; Deut 11:1. Num 31:2.
19:2 Ex 19:6; Lev 11:44; 20:7,26; Isa Love your neighbour as yourself one
6:3; 1 Pet 1:16. Note at 20:7. of the two greatest commands in the whole
19:3 Ex 20:8,12; 31:13; Deut 5:16. law. It sums up all of a persons duties to-
19:4 Ex 20:4; Lev 20:23; 26:1; Ps 96:5; ward others (Matt 19:19; Mark 12:31; Rom
115:4-7. What need had they of any gods 13:9; Gal 5:14; Jam 2:8). Neighbour
or idols? They had the Lord God, the loving means any fellow human being regardless
creator of the universe. of race, color, caste, social or financial
19:5-8 7:15-18. positon or any other condition which tends
161 LEVITICUS 20:7
wear a garment of two different kinds of material. head, and honour the presence of the aged, and
20 And whoever has intercourse with a woman fear your God; I am the LORD.
who is a slave betrothed to another man, and she 33 And if a foreigner is staying with you in your
is not redeemed or given her freedom, there shall land, you shall not oppress him. 34 The foreigner
be punishment, but they shall not be put to death, who lives with you shall be to you like one born
because she was not free. 21 And he shall bring among you, and you shall love him as yourself; for
his trespass offering to the LORD, to the door of you were foreigners in the land of Egypt; I am the
the tabernacle of the congregation, a ram for a LORD your God.
trespass offering. 22 And the priest shall make 35 You shall not pervert justice in measuring
atonement for him in the presence of the LORD, length, or weight, or quantity. 36 You shall have
with the ram of the trespass offering for his sin just balances, just weights, a just ephah, and a
which he has committed; and the sin which he has just hin. I am the LORD your God who brought you
committed will be forgiven him. out of the land of Egypt.
23 And after you enter the land, and plant all 37 Therefore you shall observe all my regula-
kinds of trees for food, then you shall count their tions and all my laws to do them; I am the LORD.
fruit as uncircumcised; it shall be as uncircumcised
to you for three years; it shall not be eaten. 24 But
in the fourth year all their fruit shall be holy to
praise the LORD with. 25 And in the fifth year you
20 And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying,
2 Again, you shall say to the children of
Israel, Anyone of the children of Israel, or of the
may eat of their fruit, so that it may yield their foreigners who are staying in Israel, who gives any
increase for you; I am the LORD your God. of his offspring to Molech shall surely be put to
26 You shall not eat anything with the blood. death; the people of the land shall stone him with
And you shall not use divination, or sorcery. stones. 3 And I will set my face against that man,
27 You shall not round off the hair at the and will cut him off from among his people; because
sides of your heads, nor trim the corners of your he has given one of his offspring to Molech, to
beard. defile my sanctuary, and to profane my holy name.
28 You shall not make any cuts in your body for 4 And if the people of the land close their eyes
the dead, or make any tattoo marks on yourselves. concerning that man when he gives one of his
I am the LORD. offspring to Molech, and do not kill him, 5 then I will
29 Do not degrade your daughter to make her set my face against that man and against his family,
a prostitute, or the land will fall into prostitution, and will cut him off from among their people, and all
and the land will become full of wickedness. who follow him to prostitute themselves to
30 You shall keep my Sabbaths, and show Molech.
reverence for my sanctuary; I am the LORD. 6 And I will set my face against the person who
31 Do not turn to mediums, or seek out turns to mediums and to spiritists, to prostitute
spiritists, or you will be defiled by them; I am the themselves in following them, and will cut him off
LORD your God. from among his people.
32 You shall rise in the presence of the gray 7 Therefore sanctify yourselves and be holy,
to divide people. See Luke 10:29-37. 19:33,34 Ex 22:21; Lev 19:18; Deut
19:20 Deut 22:23-27. 24:17,18; Matt 7:12.
19:21 6:1-7. 19:35,36 Deut 25:13-16; Prov 20:10; Ezek
19:26 Blood 17:10. 45:10. An ephah was a dry measure, a hin
Divination v 31; 20:6,27; Deut was a liquid measure.
18:10,11; 1 Sam 28:3; 2 Kings 17:17; 20:2-3 Gives or sacrifices.
Isa 8:19. Dealing with sorcerers, mediums Molech note at 18:21.
and fortune tellers brings a person under 20:5 Prostitute themselves the people
the influence of demons and of Satan. Such of God going after idols and false gods or
people do not know God or the future or things of this evil world is frequently
anything else that men need to find out compared in the Bible to prostitution and
(though they may occasionally make pre- adultery (Isa 1:21; Jer 2:20; 3:1,6,8,9;
dictions that later prove to be accurate, those 13:27; Ezek 16:17,28; 23:5,8,19; Hos
predictions will not be helpful to anyone, and 2:5; 4:15; 5:3,4; Jam 4:4; Rev 17:5;
more often than not their predictions are 18:3). Being unfaithful to God in spiritual
not at all fulfilled). God tells us in His word matters is like a womans unfaithfulness to
what we need to know about what we should her husband. By making this comparison
be and do, and also about the future. God shows what an evil thing it is.
19:29 21:9; Deut 22:21; 23:17,18. 20:6 19:31.
19:30 19:3; 26:2. 20:7 The word holy comes from a Hebrew
19:31 Note at Ex 22:18. word which means separated or set apart.
19:32 Prov 23:22; Lam 5:12; 1 Tim 5:1. In the Bible God and certain persons, places,
LEVITICUS 20:8 162
for I am the LORD your God. 8 And you shall keep of their people. He has uncovered his sisters
my statutes, and obey them; I am the LORD who nakedness. He will bear his guilt.
sanctifies you. 18 And if a man lies with a woman in her monthly
9 Anyone who curses his father or his mother period, and uncovers her nakedness, he has laid
shall surely be put to death. He has cursed his bare her flow, and she has laid bare the flow of her
father or his mother; his blood will be on his own blood. Both of them shall be cut off from among
head. their people.
10 And the man who commits adultery with 19 And you shall not uncover the nakedness of
another mans wife, both the adulterer who your mothers sister, or of your fathers sister, for
commits adultery with his neighbours wife and the such a one has uncovered his close relative. They
adulteress shall surely be put to death. will bear their guilt.
11 And the man who lies with his fathers wife 20 And if a man lies with his uncles wife, he has
has uncovered his fathers nakedness. Both of uncovered his uncles nakedness. They will bear
them shall surely be put to death. Their blood will their sin; they will die childless.
be on their own heads. 21 And if a man takes his brothers wife, it is an
12 And if a man lies with his daughter-in-law, unclean thing. He has uncovered his brothers
both of them shall surely be put to death. They nakedness. They will be childless.
have worked perversion. Their blood will be on 22 Therefore you shall keep all my statutes,
their own heads. and all my judgments, and do them, so that the
13 And if a man lies with another man, as he land where I am taking you to live does not vomit
lies with a woman, both of them have committed an you out. 23 And you shall not walk in the ways of
abomination. They shall surely be put to death. the nation which I will drive out before you; for
Their blood will be on their own heads. they committed all these things, and so I abhorred
14 And if a man takes a wife and her mother, it them. 24 But I have said to you, You shall inherit
is wickedness. They shall be burned in the fire, their land, and I will give it to you to possess it, a
both he and they, so that there will be no wicked- land that flows with milk and honey. I am the
ness among you. LORD your God who has separated you from other
15 And if a man lies with an animal, he shall people.
surely be put to death, and you shall kill the animal. 25 Therefore you shall make a distinction
16 And if a woman approaches any animal to between clean animals and unclean, and between
mate with it, you shall kill the woman, and the unclean birds and clean, and you shall not make
animal. They shall surely be put to death. Their yourselves abominable by animal or by bird, or by
blood will be on their own heads. any kind of living thing that creeps on the ground
17 And if a man takes his sister, his fathers which I have separated from you as unclean.
daughter, or his mothers daughter, and sees her 26 And you shall be holy for me, for I the LORD am
nakedness, and she sees his nakedness, it is a holy, and have separated you from other people,
wicked thing, and they shall be cut off in the sight so that you would be mine.
things, and days are said to be holy. When demands that they separate themselves
referring to God the word means separate from all sin and evil. And He begins the
from all evil, all sin, all impurity. Holiness is work of purifying them (Eph 5:25-27; Titus
one of the most striking and awe-inspiring 2:11-14. See also note at John 17:17-19).
attributes of the God of the Bible. No other Places (Ex 3:5; 19:23; 26:33), things
literature in existence emphasizes Gods (Ex 28:2,38; 29:33,34; 30:10; 40:10),
holiness so much or presents it so fully. God and days (Gen 2:3; Ex 20:8; Lev 23:2
is completely, perfectly, utterly holy days for holy meetings) are also called holy.
(Ex 15:11; Lev 11:44; 19:2; 1 Sam 2:2; This is because God set them apart for sa-
Ps 145:17; Isa 6:3; Heb 1:12; 1 Pet cred purposes in His dealings with men.
1:16; Rev 15:4). God has a hatred of all 20:8 Ex 31:13.
that is wicked, unclean, sinful. Who sanctifies you the Hebrew here
The whole Bible is the story of how such could be translated Who makes you holy,
a holy God devised the way whereby sinful or who sets you apart as holy.
men could be forgiven, purged of their sin, 20:9 Ex 21:17; Deut 27:16.
made holy and brought into His gloriously 20:10 Ex 20:14; Lev 18:20; Deut 5:18.
holy presence. Men are holy when God has 20:11-21 18:7-23; Deut 27:20-23.
separated them from others and set them 20:22 18:28. The ground itself finds it hard
apart for Himself (Ex 19:5,6; Lev 11:44,45; to bear the sinners that live on it.
1 Pet 2:8-10). In the New Testament all 20:23 18:3,25.
believers in Christ are called holy ones (Rom 20:24 Ex 13:5; 33:1-3,16.
1:1; Phil 1:1; etc). When God sets apart 20:25 10:10; Deut 14:3-21. Note at
individuals or a people for Himself He Lev 11:2-23.
163 LEVITICUS 22:2
27 And a man or woman who is a medium or a himself even for his father or for his mother, if they
spiritist shall surely be put to death. They shall die, 12 or go out of the sanctuary, or profane the
stone them with stones. Their blood will be on sanctuary of his God; for the consecration of the
their own heads. anointing oil of his God is on him. I am the LORD.
13 And he shall marry a virgin. 14 He shall not
21 And the LORD said to Moses, Speak to the
priests, the sons of Aaron, and say to them,
No one shall defile himself for a dead person among
marry a widow, or a divorced woman, or a profane
one, or a prostitute, but shall marry a virgin of his
own people. 15 And he must not profane his
his people. 2 But he may defile himself for a close offspring among his people; for I the LORD sanctify
relative, that is, for his mother, and for his father, him.
and for his son, and for his daughter, and for his 16 And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying,
brother, 3 and for his virgin sister who is near him, 17 Speak to Aaron, saying, None of your offspring
not having a husband. 4 But a leader among his throughout their generations who has any blemish
people shall not defile himself to make himself is to approach to present the bread of his God.
unclean. 18 For none who has a blemish shall approach: a
5 They shall not make bald spots on their heads, blind man, or a lame man, or one who is disfigured,
and shall not shave off the edges of their beards, or has a deformed limb, 19 or one with a crippled
or make any cuts on their body. 6 They shall be foot, or crippled hand, 20 or a hunchback, or a
holy for their God, and not profane the name of dwarf, or one with a defective eye, or one who has
their God, for they present the offerings of the skin defects or scabs, or crushed testicles. 21 No
LORD made by fire, and they present the bread of one among the offspring of Aaron the priest who
their God; therefore they shall be holy. has a blemish shall approach to present the
7 They shall not marry one who is a prostitute, offerings of the LORD made by fire. He has a
or profane, and they shall not marry a woman blemish; he shall not approach to present the bread
divorced by her husband; for the priest is holy to of his God. 22 He shall eat the bread of his God,
his God. 8 So you shall sanctify him; for he presents both the most holy and the holy, 23 but because
the bread of your God; he shall be holy to you, for he has a blemish he shall not go behind the veil, or
I the LORD, who sanctifies you, am holy. come near the altar, so that he does not profane
9 And the daughter of any priest, if she my sanctuaries; for I the LORD sanctify them.
profanes herself by prostituting herself, she is pro- 24 And Moses told this to Aaron, and to his
faning her father; she shall be burned in the fire. sons, and to all the children of Israel.
10 And the high priest among his brethren, on
whose head the anointing oil was poured, and who
was consecrated to put on the garments, shall not
uncover his head or tear his clothes, 11 and he
22 And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying,
2 Tell Aaron and his sons to separate
themselves from the holy things of the children of
shall not approach any dead body, nor defile Israel, and not to profane my holy name in those
21:1 The following two chapters give translations of sanctifies. Holiness is one
instructions regarding the priests. Priests of the great key words of the Bible.
here symbolize all believers in this New 21:9 19:29.
Testament age (see note at Ex 28:1). The 21:10-15 The high priest signifies Christ the
priests were to be without defect and to High Priest. Higher things were required of
keep themselves holy. The laws in these him than of the ordinary priests. He had a
chapters are symbolic of spiritual realities great work to do and must not let any rela-
that God wants to see in believers now. tionship in life hinder him (compare Matt
21:1-4 Death is the result of sin and even 10:37; 12:46-50; 16:21-23).
the touch of death was to be regarded as 21:13 2 Cor 11:2; Eph 5:25,26; Rev 19:6-8.
defiling (Gen 2:17; Rom 6:16,21,23; Lev 21:15 20:8.
11:40; Num 19:14; Ezek 44:25). So death 21:16-23 The priests without physical
speaks of mans sinfulness and corrupted defects signify the perfection of human
condition, and believers now are to watch nature that was in Christ and that God wants
themselves lest they be corrupted by the to see in all His people (Matt 5:48; 2 Cor
touch of the fallen world (2 Cor 6:14-18; 7:1; 13:11; Eph 4:13; Col 1:28; 4:12;
Gal 1:4; 6:14; Col 3:2,5; Titus 2:14; Jam 1:4). The physical defects mentioned
1 John 2:15,16; 5:19). in vs 18-20 symbolize spiritual defects that
21:5 Deut 14:1; Ezek 44:20. Such prac- make believers unfit for the service of God.
tices were probably common among the Needless to say these physical defects have
peoples around them in that day. nothing to do with spirituality, and some
21:6 Bread of their God note at 3:11. physically handicapped people become
21:7 Ezek 44:22. great servants of God.
21:8 See 20:8 for alternate possible 21:23 20:8.
LEVITICUS 22:3 164
things which they dedicate to me; I am the LORD. children of Israel, and say to them: When any of
3 Say to them, Anyone among all your off- you of the house of Israel, or of the foreigners in
spring throughout your generations who Israel, presents his offering for any vow or for any
approaches the holy things which the children of of his freewill offerings which they offer to the
Israel dedicate to the LORD, if he has any LORD as a burnt offering, 19 for you to be accepted
uncleanness, that person shall be cut off from my you must offer a male without blemish from the
presence; I am the LORD. cattle, of the sheep, or of the goats. 20 But you
4 No one of the offspring of Aaron who is a must not offer anything that has a blemish, for it
leper, or who has a discharge, shall eat the holy will not be accepted for you. 21 And if anyone
things, until he is clean. And anyone who touches offers a sacrifice of peace offerings to the LORD to
anything that is made unclean by a dead body, or fulfil his vow, or as a freewill offering, of cattle or
a man who has a seminal emission, 5 or anyone sheep, it must be perfect to be accepted; there is
who touches any creeping thing which can make to be no blemish in it. 22 You shall not offer these
him unclean or a man by whom he may become to the LORD: that which is blind or injured or
unclean, whatever uncleanness he has, 6 the maimed, or having a sore or skin disease or scabs.
person who touches any such shall be unclean until And do not offer them to the LORD in fire on the
evening, and shall not eat the holy things, unless altar. 23 You may offer either an ox or a lamb that
he has washed his body in water. 7 And when the is deformed or stunted as a freewill offering, but it
sun sets, he shall be clean, and afterwards may will not be accepted for a vow. 24 You shall not
eat of the holy things; because it is his food. 8 He offer to the LORD that which is bruised, or crushed,
shall not eat that which dies, or is torn by beasts, or broken, or cut; you must not sacrifice it in your
and so defile himself with it; I am the LORD. land. 25 Nor shall you accept any of those from
9 Therefore they shall keep my charge, so that the hand of a foreigner to offer as the food of your
they do not become burdened with sin because of God, because they have a deformity in them, and
it, and so die if they profane it. I the LORD sanctify are blemished. They will not be accepted for you.
them. 26 And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying,
10 No foreigner shall eat a holy thing; no one 27 When an ox or a sheep or a goat is born, then
staying with the priest, or a hired servant may eat it is to be with its mother for seven days, but from
a holy thing. 11 But if the priest buys anyone with the eighth day on it will be accepted as an offering
his money, that person may eat it; and those who made by fire to the LORD. 28 And you shall not kill
are born in his house may eat his food. 12 Also if a either a cow or ewe together with its young on the
priests daughter is married to a foreigner, she same day.
may not eat of an offering of the holy things. 29 And when you offer a sacrifice of thanks-
13 But if the priests daughter is a widow, or giving to the LORD, offer it so you will be accepted.
divorced, has no child, and has returned to her 30 It must be eaten on the same day; you shall
fathers house, she may eat of her fathers food, leave none of it until the next day. I am the LORD.
as in her youth; but no foreigner is to eat of it. 31 Therefore you shall keep my command-
14 And if a man eats of a holy thing uninten- ments, and do them. I am the LORD. 32 And you
tionally, then he shall add a fifth part to it and give shall not profane my holy name, for I will be sanc-
it to the priest with the holy thing. 15 And they tified among the children of Israel. I am the LORD
shall not profane the holy things of the children of who sanctifies you, 33 who brought you out of the
Israel which they offer to the LORD, 16 or permit land of Egypt, to be your God. I am the LORD.
them to be guilty of trespassing in eating their holy
things, for I the LORD sanctify them.
17 And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying,
18 Speak to Aaron and to his sons and to all the
23 And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying,
2 Speak to the children of Israel, and say
to them, These are the LORDs feasts, my feasts,
22:3 7:20,21; Num 19:13. therefore they could be deformed or
22:4 Leper note at 13:2. blemished, since people are like that. They
22:7 Num 18:11. did not represent Christ because they were
22:9 Ex 28:43; Num 18:22. not of those five kinds of offerings God
Sanctify 20:8. prescribed as offerings in the place of sinners
22:10 Ex 29:33. (Leviticus chapters 1-5).
22:11 Otherwise what could he eat? 22:24,25 That which is called the food of
22:20-22 Blemish there must be no God must be perfect, for it speaks of Christ.
blemish because the offerings signify Christ, 22:32 Sanctifies 20:8.
the perfect one, the holy one. 23:1,2 In the first few chapters of Leviticus
22:23 Deformed these offerings we saw that one kind of sacrifice alone could
represented the people who gave them, not signify all that the Lord Jesus did for
165 LEVITICUS 23:20
which you shall proclaim as holy convocations. burnt offering to the LORD. 13 And its grain of-
3 Work is to be done on six days, but the fering shall be two-tenths of an ephah of fine flour
seventh day is the Sabbath of rest, a holy mixed with oil, an offering made by fire to the LORD
convocation. You shall do no work in it ; it is the as a soothing aroma; and its drink offering shall be
LORDs Sabbath in all places where you live. a fourth of a hin of wine. 14 And until the day you
4 These are the LORDs feasts, holy bring an offering to your God you shall not eat
convocations, which you shall proclaim in their bread, or roasted grain, or any product of the
seasons: 5 In the evening of the fourteenth day field. This shall be a regulation forever throughout
of the first month is the LORDs Passover. 6 And on your generations in all the places you live.
the fifteenth day of the same month is the Feast 15 And from the day after the Sabbath, from
of Unleavened Bread to the LORD. For seven days the day that you brought the sheaf of the wave
you must eat bread made without yeast. 7 On the offering, you shall count off seven full Sabbaths.
first day you shall have a holy convocation; you 16 You shall count off fifty days up to the day after
shall do no heavy work in it, 8 but you shall offer the seventh Sabbath, and you shall offer a new
an offering made by fire to the LORD for seven grain offering to the LORD.
days. On the seventh day is a holy convocation; 17 You shall bring out of the places where you
you shall do no heavy work in it. live two wave loaves of two-tenths of an ephah.
9 And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying, They shall be of fine flour; they shall be baked with
10 Speak to the children of Israel, and say to yeast; they are the firstfruits to the LORD. 18 And
them, When you have entered the land which I am with the bread you shall offer seven lambs a year
giving to you, and reap its harvest, then you shall old, without blemish, and one young ox, and two
bring a sheaf of the first of your harvest to the rams. They shall be a burnt offering to the LORD,
priest; 11 and he shall wave the sheaf in the LORDs together with their grain offering, and their drink
presence for you to be accepted. The priest shall offerings, an offering made by fire, a soothing
wave it on the day following the Sabbath. 12 And aroma to the LORD. 19 Then you shall sacrifice
on that day when you wave the sheaf you shall one young goat as a sin offering, and two lambs a
offer a year-old male lamb without blemish as a year old as a sacrifice of peace offerings. 20 And
sinners in His one sacrifice (note at 1:2). Christs rest in the tomb after His crucifix-
In this chapter we can see that one feast or ion. See note on unleavened bread at Ex
festival or holy day alone cannot signify all 12:8. Israel was to observe this feast and
that God wants for His people. There were for seven days eat bread made without
seven of these times of observance for the yeast. Seven signifies a complete time.
whole nation. They covered the great events 23:9-14 This festival or holy day took place
of Israels past, present and future. All on the day after the Sabbath. If this Sab-
these times of observance signify great spiri- bath is the one mentioned in v 7, this would
tual realities revealed in the New Testament. mean that the feast of Firstfruits took place
All speak of Christ and His believers. The on the 16th of the month. The Passover
order of these feasts is also significant. was on the 14th. In other words beginning
23:3 The seven feasts or festivals were in with the Passover this was the third day, the
addition to the usual Sabbaths mentioned day on which Christ rose from the dead (Matt
here. 16:21; 17:23; 27:64; 28:1; 1 Cor
23:5 Ex 12:3-13,21-27. This was a yearly 15:3,4). This feast of Firstfruits signifies
reminder of their deliverance from slavery Christ the first of all those who rise from the
and death. The Passover signifies Christ, dead never to die again (1 Cor 15:20-23;
the Passover for believers, slain for them Rev 1:5).
(1 Cor 5:7). The bondage of Israel in Egypt 23:12 Note at 1:3.
speaks of the bondage of sin. Egypt sym- 23:13 Two-tenths of an ephah probably
bolizes this present evil world, the kingdom a little more than 4 liters.
of Satan. Christ shed His blood to redeem Fourth of a hin probably about one
and rescue us from this world system (1 Pet liter.
1:18,19; Matt 20:28; Gal 1:4; Titus 2:14). Drink offering Ex 29:40.
In saving His people this was the first great 23:15-21 This feast was called Pentecost.
work of the incarnate Christ. The Passover Pentecost means fiftieth (day). It took
took place on the 14th day of the first place exactly fifty days after the feast of
month. It was also called the first day of Firstfruits. Israel was to offer new grain to
the feast of Unleavened Bread. Christ was the Lord (v 16). This feast also was in some
crucified at the time of the Passover (Matt way like Firstfruits (v 17). Fifty days after
26:17-20; 27:1,2). the Lord Jesus rose from the dead the Holy
23:6-8 The second festival was that of Un- Spirit came upon His waiting disciples (Acts
leavened Bread (Ex 12:14-20; 23:15; 2:1-4). This was a new beginning. This
34:18; Num 28:16-25; Deut 16:3-8). It was age of the New Covenant, the age of grace,
actually a continuation of the Passover. The began then. The bread was to be taken
first day was a rest day signifying, perhaps, with yeast (v 17) because it represented
LEVITICUS 23:21 166
the priest shall wave them with the bread of the there shall be a Day of Atonement. It shall be a
firstfruits as a wave offering before the LORD, holy convocation for you. And you shall humble
with the two lambs. They shall be holy to the LORD your souls, and present an offering made by fire to
for the priest. 21 And on the same day you shall the LORD. 28 And on that day you shall do no
make a proclamation; it is to be a holy convocation work, for it is the Day of Atonement, for making
for you. In it you shall do no heavy work. It shall atonement for you in the presence of the LORD
be a regulation forever in all the places you live your God. 29 For any person who will not humble
throughout your generations. themselves on that day shall be cut off from among
22 And when you reap the harvest of your his people. 30 And any person who does any work
land, you shall not reap to the very edges of your on that day, that person I will destroy from among
field; and when you reap you shall not gather the his people. 31 You shall do no kind of work. This is
gleanings of your harvest; you shall leave them for to be a statute forever throughout your
the poor, and for the foreigner. I am the LORD generations in every place you live. 32 It shall be
your God. a Sabbath of rest for you, and you shall humble
23 And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying, yourselves. You shall celebrate your Sabbath on
24 Speak to the children of Israel, saying, In the the ninth day of the month beginning in the
seventh month, on the first day of the month, you evening, from evening to evening.
shall have a Sabbath, a reminder by the blowing of 33 And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying,
trumpets, a holy convocation. 25 You shall do no 34 Speak to the children of Israel, saying, The
heavy work in it ; but you shall offer an offering fifteenth day of this seventh month begins the
made by fire to the LORD. Feast of Tabernacles to the LORD, which goes on
26 And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying, for seven days. 35 On the first day there shall be
27 Also on the tenth day of that seventh month a holy convocation. You shall do no heavy work in
believers and there is still some evil in them. Day of Atonement. It also took place in the
Note on yeast at Ex 12:8. seventh month. If the order of Christs ac-
23:23-25 Num 29:1-6. The feast or festi- tual work for sinners is followed, the day of
val of Trumpets was the fifth feast. It took atonement should come with the first three
place nearly 4 months after the feast of feasts in the first month of the year. For it
Pentecost. Not much is said of it in the Bible was on the cross that Christ shed His blood
and its symbolism is not explained. But in and soon after entered heaven (Heb 9:11-
general the blowing of trumpets had 14). But if we carefully study Leviticus chap-
several meanings. ter 16 we can see that part of the ritual on
It signified war (Num 10:9; Jer 4:19); the day of atonement took place after the
assembling the people and moving on high priest had made atonement in the Most
(Num 10:1-18); Holy Place and came out (16:20-22). That
announcement of a king (1 Kings is, confession of the sins of Israel took place
1:34,39; 2 Kings 9:13); after that atonement was made and after
manifestation of Gods majesty and the high priest appeared again. Here in
power (at Sinai Ex 19:16); chapter 23 God gave the order in which these
proclaiming the great festivals of Israel holy days should be observed because He
(Num 10:10; 2 Chron 29:27). wanted us to learn something by it.
The feast of trumpets took place at the By placing the day of atonement as the
start of the seventh month. Seven signi- sixth in the order, and in the seventh month,
fies a complete period of time. The last surely God would have us look for part of
two festivals also were in the seventh month. the symbolism of that day to be fulfilled at
A complete period of time from the earlier the end of this age.
festivals of the Passover, Unleavened Bread Notice that the matter emphasized here
and Firstfruits as fulfilled spiritually in the in vs 26-32 is the humbling of themselves
New Testament would put the feast of by the people of Israel and their observance
Trumpets at the end of this church age. of rest. The day of atonement was also a
Then (if we follow the meaning of trumpet day of national confession and mourning
blasts in the Old Testament) we should have and repentance. For these reasons it is very
a final call to war, the gathering of Gods probable that this day here signifies the
people, the appearance of a king, the repentance of Israel at the end of this age
manifestation of the majesty and power of described in Zech 12:10 - 13:1 and referred
God, the overthrow of the ungodly, and a to, it seems, in Rom 11:25-27 (see notes
great festival of rejoicing for Gods people. on those verses). On that day they will par-
According to the New Testament this is ex- take of the atonement and receive their long
actly what will take place at the end of this rejected Messiah, the Lord Jesus Christ, and
age (Rev 11:15-18; 16:12-16; Matt find rest in Him.
24:30,31; Rev 19:11-17; 20:6). 23:33-43 Deut 16:13,16; Ezra 3:4; Neh
23:26-32 Ex 30:10; Lev 16:29-34; Num 8:14; John 7:2. The seventh and last feast,
29:7-11. The sixth appointed time was the the feast of Tabernacles or Booths, was five
167 LEVITICUS 24:19
it. 36 For seven days you shall present an offering continually. This shall be a statute forever
made by fire to the LORD; the eighth day shall be a throughout your generations. 4 He shall keep the
holy convocation for you, and you shall offer an lamps in order on the pure gold lampstand before
offering made by fire to the LORD. It is a day of the LORD continually.
solemn assembly, and you shall do no heavy work 5 And you shall take fine flour, and bake twelve
in it. loaves with it; two-tenths of an ephah shall be
37 These are the feasts of the LORD, which used in each loaf. 6 And you shall place them in
you shall proclaim as holy convocations for two rows, six to a row, on the table of pure gold
presenting an offering made by fire to the LORD, a before the LORD. 7 And you shall put pure frankin-
burnt offering, and a grain offering, a sacrifice, cense on each row to be a memorial portion for the
and drink offerings, each on its day. 38 This is in bread, an offering made by fire to the LORD. 8 He
addition to the Sabbaths of the LORD, and in add- shall place it in order before the LORD regularly
ition to your regular gifts and all your vows and all every Sabbath. It is an everlasting covenant for
your freewill offerings which you give to the LORD. the children of Israel. 9 And it shall belong to Aaron
39 Also on the fifteenth day of the seventh and his sons. And they shall eat it in a holy place;
month, when you have gathered in the produce of for it shall be most holy to him among the offerings
the land, you shall keep a feast to the LORD for of the LORD made by fire, his portion forever.
seven days. The first day shall be a Sabbath and 10 And the son of an Israelite woman, whose
the eighth day shall be a Sabbath. 40 And on the father was an Egyptian, went out among the
first day you shall take for yourselves the fruit of children of Israel; and this son of the Israelite
choice trees, branches of palm trees, and boughs woman and an Israelite man had a fight in the camp,
of leafy trees, and willows from the brook, and 11 and the Israelite womans son blasphemed the
shall rejoice in the presence of the LORD your God name of the LORD and cursed. And they brought
for seven days. 41 And you shall keep it as a feast him to Moses (his mothers name was Shelomith,
to the LORD for seven days in the year. It shall be the daughter of Dibri, of the tribe of Dan), 12 and
a statute forever throughout your generations. they put him in custody so that the mind of the
You shall celebrate it in the seventh month. 42 You LORD might be made clear to them.
shall stay in booths seven days; all native-born 13 And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying,
Israelites shall stay in booths 43 so that your 14 Bring the one who cursed outside the camp,
generations may know that I made the children of and have all who heard him put their hands on his
Israel stay in booths when I brought them out of head, and have all the congregation stone him.
the land of Egypt. I am the LORD your God. 15 And you shall speak to the children of Israel,
44 And Moses announced the feasts of the saying, Whoever curses his God will bear his sin,
LORD to the children of Israel. 16 and the one who blasphemes the name of the
LORD shall surely be put to death, and all the
24 And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying,
2 Command the children of Israel to bring
to you clear oil of beaten olives for the light, so
congregation shall certainly stone him, the foreigner
just as the native-born; if he blasphemes the name
of the LORD he shall be put to death.
that the lamps will burn continually. 3 Aaron shall 17 And the person who takes the life of any
keep the lamps in order outside the veil of the human being shall surely be put to death. 18 And
Testimony, in the tabernacle of the congregation, the one who kills an animal must make restitution
from evening to morning before the LORD for it, animal for animal. 19 And if a man injures his
days after the Day of Atonement. That is, it Two-tenths of an ephah probably a
signifies an event at the end of this age. little more than 4 liters.
Zech 14:16 is especially meaningful here. 24:6 Ex 25:24; 1 Kings 7:48.
It speaks of a time in the future, after the 24:12 Ex 18:15; Num 15:32-34.
repentance of Israel at the end of this age, 24:14-16 This instruction indicates how
and after the return of Christ to reign as grievous a sin blasphemy is. God will pun-
king (Zech 12:10-14; 14:4-9). So this feast ish those who do not regard His name as
looked back to Egypt and its bondage and holy and who misuse it (Ex 20:7; 2:28;
misery (vs 42,43), but forward to the gath- Lev 19:12; Deut 5:11; 28:58). Death
ering of Israel to joyfully worship the king, was decreed because it was a sin worthy of
the Lord Jesus Christ as He reigns on the death. Also God did not want the practice
earth. The feast was to be for seven days to spread among His people, and severe
a complete and perfect period of time. punishment was a way of hindering this. For
24:2 Ex 27:20,21. a list of offenses under the law for which
24:4 Ex 25:31; 31:8; 37:17. death was ordered see note at Ex 21:36.
24:5 Ex 25:30; 39:36; 40:23. 24:17 Gen 9:6; Ex 21:12; Num 35:30,31;
LEVITICUS 24:20 168
neighbour, it is to be done to him just as he did, be a Jubilee for you, and each one of you shall
20 fracture for fracture, eye for eye, tooth for return to his family property, and each one of you
tooth; it is to be done to him just as he injured the shall return to his family. 11 That fiftieth year shall
other man. 21 And he who kills an animal shall be a Jubilee for you. In that year you shall not
make restitution for it; but he who kills a man must sow, or reap that which grows of itself, or gather
be put to death. 22 You are to have the same law the grapes of your untrimmed vines. 12 For it is
for the foreigner as for the native-born; for I am the Jubilee. It shall be holy to you. You shall eat its
the LORD your God. produce of the field.
23 And Moses told the children of Israel to bring 13 In the year of this Jubilee each one of you
the one who had cursed outside the camp, and shall return to his family property.
stone him with stones. And the children of Israel 14 And if you sell any land to your neighbour,
did as the LORD commanded Moses. or buy any from your neighbour, you shall not wrong
one another. 15 You shall buy from your neighbor
25 And the LORD spoke to Moses in Mount
Sinai, saying, 2 Speak to the children of
Israel and say to them, When you enter the land
according to the number of years after the Jubilee
and according to the number of years of the
produce he sells to you; 16 you shall increase its
which I am giving you, then the land is to observe price for a higher number of years, and you shall
a Sabbath to the LORD. 3 For six years you may decrease the price for fewer years; for he sells it
sow your field, and for six years you may prune to you according to the number of the years of its
your vineyard, and gather in its fruit; 4 but the crops. 17 So you shall not wrong one another, but
seventh year shall be a Sabbath of rest for the fear your God; for I am the LORD your God.
land, a Sabbath to the LORD; you shall not sow 18 Therefore you shall do my statutes, and
your field or prune your vineyard. 5 You shall not keep my judgments, and do them; then you will
reap that which grows of itself after your harvest, live in the land in safety. 19 And the land will yield
or gather the grapes of your untrimmed vines; for its produce, and you shall eat your fill, and live in it
it is a year of rest for the land. 6 And the Sabbath in safety. 20 And you may say, What will we eat in
of the land shall be food for you, for you, and for the seventh year? Look, we will not be sowing or
your manservant and for your maid and for your gathering in our crops. 21 But I will command my
hired man and for the foreigner who stays with blessing on you in the sixth year, and it will produce
you, 7 and for your cattle, and for the animals that enough of a crop for three years. 22 And you shall
are in your land; all the produce of the land shall sow the eighth year, and still eat of old crops until
be for food. the ninth year; you shall eat of the old crop until its
8 And you shall count off seven Sabbaths of crop comes in.
years for yourselves, seven times seven years; so 23 The land shall not be permanently sold, for
the seven Sabbaths of years come to forty-nine the land is mine, and you are foreigners and
years for you. 9 Then, on the tenth day of the temporary settlers with me. 24 And throughout
seventh month, you shall cause the trumpet to the whole land which you possess you are to
sound. You shall sound the trumpet throughout provide for redemption for the land.
your whole land on the tenth day of the seventh 25 If your brother has become poor and sold
month on the Day of Atonement. 10 And you shall away some of his property, then his nearest relative
consecrate the fiftieth year, and proclaim liberty is to come and redeem what his brother sold.
throughout the land to all its inhabitants. It shall 26 And if the man has no one to redeem it, and he
Deut 27:24. 25:20 This was a question sure to occur
24:20 Ex 21:23; Deut 19:21. This was the especially to an unbelieving mind.
law of the nation and it was perfectly just. 25:21,22 To a believing and obedient people
It was to be enforced by the nations judges God is able to give all they could possibly
and leaders and not by the individual. need (Ps 37:25; Matt 6:31-33; 2 Cor 9:8;
25:3 Ex 23:10,11. Phil 4:19).
25:4 From the point of view of agriculture, 25:23 The whole earth is the Lords, but the
regular times of rest for the land was good land of Canaan is His in a special sense (Ex
for it. 19:5; Deut 11:12; 2 Chron 7:20). Israel
25:8-13 For meaning of the time of jubilee was there as Gods guest, as a tenant to
see v 55 below. look after the land for Him. The history of
25:9 23:27. the world is full of wars for land between na-
25:10 Jer 34:8,15,17. tions, and struggles for land between indi-
25:18,19 Only God can cause His people to viduals. How few ever realize that it is all
live in safety and security. And for that they Gods property, and behave as if it were so.
must be obedient to Him (Deut 12:10; 25:24-31 Nearest relative (v 25) a
33:12,28; Ps 4:8; 12:5; Prov 21:31). translation of one Hebrew word (goel) which
169 LEVITICUS 25:55
himself is able to redeem it, 27 then let him count and shall serve you until the year of Jubilee.
up the years from its sale and refund the balance 41 Then he is to leave you, both he and his chil-
to the man to whom he sold it, so that he may dren with him, and return to his own family, and go
return to his property. 28 But if he is not able to back to his family property. 42 For they are my
refund it to him, then that which was sold shall servants whom I brought out of the land of Egypt;
remain in the hands of the one who bought it until they shall not be sold as slaves. 43 You shall not
the year of Jubilee; and in the Jubilee it is to be rule over him with severity, but shall fear your God.
returned to the seller, and he shall return to his 44 Both your slaves and your slave women
property. whom you have, shall be from the nations that are
29 And if a man sells a house situated in a around you; you may buy slaves and slave women
walled city, then he may redeem it within a full year from them. 45 Also you may buy from the sons of
after it was sold; his right of redemption lasts a full the foreigners who stay among you, and from their
year. 30 And if it is not redeemed inside that full families who are with you whom they beget in your
year, then the house that is in the walled city shall land; and they will be your possession. 46 And you
become the permanent possession of the one who may bequeath them to your children after you to
bought it and his offspring; it shall not be returned have as an inheritance. They will be your slaves
in the Jubilee. 31 But the houses of villages which forever, but you shall not rule over your brethren
have no wall around them shall be regarded as the the children of Israel with severity.
fields of the country; they may be redeemed, and 47 And if a settler or a foreigner among you
shall be returned in the Jubilee. becomes rich, and your brother who lives near him
32 As for the cities of the Levites, the Levites becomes poor and sells himself to the foreigner or
may redeem at any time the houses in the cities settler among you, or to the descendants of a
they possess. 33 And if a man purchases a house foreigners family, 48 he may be redeemed after
from the Levites, then the house that was sold in he has been sold; one of his brothers may redeem
the city in their possession shall be returned in the him, 49 or his uncle or his uncles son may redeem
year of Jubilee; for the houses in the cities of the him, or any of his close family relatives may redeem
Levites are their property among the children of him, or, if he is able, he may redeem himself.
Israel. 34 But the fields of the suburbs of their 50 And he together with the one who bought him
cities are not to be sold; for it is their permanent shall calculate from the year that he was sold to
property. him to the year of Jubilee, and the price of his sale
35 And if your brother becomes poor, and his shall be according to the number of years. It is to
means of support fails among you, then you are to be with him like the time of a hired man. 51 If there
help him as though he were a foreigner, or a settler, are still many years remaining, he shall pay the
so that he may live among you. 36 Do not take any price of his redemption corresponding to the amount
usury or interest from him, but fear your God so of his purchase. 52 And if only a few years remain
that your brother may live among you. 37 You shall to the year of Jubilee, then he shall calculate
not lend him your money at usury, or sell him your together with him, and according to these years
food at interest. 38 I am the LORD your God who he shall refund to him the price of his redemption.
brought you out of the land of Egypt to give you 53 And he is to be with him like a man hired yearly,
the land of Canaan, and to be your God. and the other man must not rule over him with
39 And if your brother who lives among you severity in your sight.
becomes poor and sells himself to you, you shall 54 And if he is not redeemed during those
not compel him to serve like a slave, 40 but he is to years, then he shall be released in the year of
be like a hired man and be with you like a settler, Jubilee, both he and his children with him. 55 For
came from the word meaning to redeem. became mans kinsman by the incarnation
Since the right of redemption belonged to the (John 1:1,14; Heb 2:9,11,14), and mans
nearest relative, it came to mean that person. redeemer by the cross.
It could be translated kinsman-redeemer, or 25:32 Num 35:1-8; Josh 21:2.
redeeming relative. See also vs 48,49 be- 25:35 Deut 15:7-11; 24:14,15.
low. A beautiful example of the redeeming of 25:36 Ex 22:25; Deut 23:19,20.
property is found in Ruth. See Ruth 2:1,20; 25:38 11:45.
3:12,13; 4:4-10,13. The kinsman-redeemer 25:39-46 Deut 15:12-18; 1 Kings 9:22.
signifies the Lord Jesus, the Redeemer of His Note at Ex 21:2-6.
people. He paid the price for them and they 25:42 Those whom God has redeemed are
have become His (1 Cor 19:20; 7:23; Rom His special property and must be regarded
14:8; Acts 20:28; 1 Pet 1:18; Rev 5:9). as such.
The price He gave was His own life (Matt 20:28). 25:54,55 The year of Jubilee which came
Though He was the Lord from heaven He every fiftieth year is referred to 14 times in
LEVITICUS 26:1 170
the children of Israel are my servants; they are my be your God, and you will be my people. 13 I am
servants whom I brought out of the land of Egypt. the LORD your God who brought you out of the
I am the LORD your God. land of Egypt, so that you would not be their slaves;
and I broke the bands of your yoke, and caused
26 You shall not make for yourselves idols or
set up an image or a sacred pillar, or set
up any stone image in your land to bow down to it;
you to go upright.
14 But if you will not listen to me, and will not
obey all these commandments, 15 and if you
for I am the LORD your God. despise my statutes, or if your soul abhors my
2 You shall keep my Sabbaths, and revere my judgments, so that you do not obey all my
sanctuary; I am the LORD. commandments, but break my covenant, 16 then
3 If you walk in my statutes and keep my I will do this to you: I will appoint terror,
commandments and do them, 4 then I will give you consumption, and fever over you, that will consume
rain in due season, and the land shall yield its crops the eyes, and cause sorrow of heart. And you will
and the trees of the field shall yield their fruit. sow your seed in vain, for your enemies will eat it.
5 And your threshing will last until the grape harvest, 17 And I will set my face against you, and you shall
and the grape harvest will last until sowing time; be killed in the presence of your enemies. Those
and you shall eat your bread to the full, and dwell who hate you will reign over you, and you shall run
in your land safely. away when no one is pursuing you.
6 And I will give peace in the land, and when 18 And if you will not listen to me in spite of all,
you lie down no one will make you afraid. And I will then I will punish you seven times more for your
eliminate savage beasts from the land, and the sins. 19 And I will break the pride of your power,
sword will not go through your land. 7 And you will and will make your heavens like iron and your earth
chase your enemies, and they will fall before you like brass, 20 and your strength will be spent in
by the sword. 8 And five of you will chase a vain, because your land will not yield its crops, and
hundred, and a hundred of you will put ten the trees of the land will not yield their fruits.
thousand to flight, and your enemies will fall before 21 And if you proceed in opposition to me, and
you by the sword. will not listen to me, I will bring seven times more
9 For I will turn to you and make you fruitful, plagues on you according to your sins. 22 I will
and increase your numbers, and confirm my also send wild beasts among you which will rob you
covenant with you. 10 And you will eat old supplies, of your children, and destroy your cattle, and make
and clear out the old for the new. 11 And I will set you few in number; and your highways will be
my tabernacle among you, and my soul will not deserted.
abhor you. 12 And I will walk among you, and will 23 And if you are not corrected by me through
this chapter. On the year of Jubilee certain the one who controls the rain. Withholding rain
things were to take place everyone was to would be one penalty for disobedience (v 19).
return to his family property (v 10), and the 26:5 25:18,19.
family property to him (v 28; 27:24). It was 26:6 Ps 29:11; 85:8; 147:14.
a year of rest for the land (v 11); it was to 26:8 Deut 32:30.
be counted a holy year (v 12); liberty was 26:10 They would always have enough and
proclaimed to all Israelites (v 10,39,40). In more than enough if they would obey God.
other words it was a year of the restitution 26:11 Note at Ex 25:8.
of all property, release and freedom to those 26:12 Gen 3:8; Deut 23:14; 2 Cor 6:16;
under the control of others, and a great Rev 21:3.
Sabbath rest. As practically everything else 26:13 Ps 107:14,16; Ezek 34:27.
in Leviticus the year of Jubilee has symbolic 26:14 See Deut 28:15-68; Josh 23:15. The
meanings. The author of these notes thinks penalties for disobedience recorded here are
it signifies the time of the restitution of all terrible indeed. And although God warned
things (Acts 3:19-21); freedom from all them in advance exactly what would hap-
bondage to the whole creation and to Gods pen, the people of Israel did not listen, and
people (Rom 8:19-23); and the great all these punishments actually came upon
Sabbath rest God has promised (Heb 4:9). them. This can be seen from the following
26:1 Ex 20:4; 23:24; Lev 19:4; Num references. See also the note at Deut 28:65.
33:52; Deut 5:8; 16:21. 26:16 Eat it Jud 6:3-6.
26:2 19:30. 26:17 Ps 53:5; 106:41; Prov 28:1.
26:3 Now follows wonderful promises of bless- 26:18 Seven times more but still not all
ing, but it is all based on the obedience of their sins deserved.
Gods people to His laws (see also Deut 26:19 Isa 28:1-3; Ezek 28:21.
7:12-26; 11:13-15; 28:1-14. Notice the 26:20 Jer 12:13.
word if. See notes on blessing or blessed 26:22 Wild beasts 2 Kings 17:25.
at Gen 12:1-3; Num 6:22-27; Ps 1:1-3). Deserted Jud 5:6.
26:4 Deut 11:14; 28:12. God the Creator is 26:23,24 Ps 18:25,26; Isa 59:18.
171 LEVITICUS 27:2
these things, but proceed in opposition to me, power to stand before your enemies. 38 And you
24 then I will proceed in opposition to you, and will will perish among the nations, and the land of your
punish you still seven times more for your sins. enemies will consume you. 39 And those of
25 And I will bring a sword on you that will execute you who are left will waste away because of their
vengeance for the covenant. And when you are sin in the lands of your enemies, and will also with
gathered together in your cities, I will send them waste away because of the sins of their
plague among you, and you will be given into the fathers.
hand of the enemy. 26 And when I have cut off 40 But if they confess their wickedness and
the supply of your bread, ten women will bake your the wickedness of their fathers, with their trespass
bread in one oven, and they will give you your which they trespassed against me, and also that
bread by weight; and you will eat and not be they have proceeded in opposition to me, 41 and
satisfied. that I have also proceeded in opposition to them
27 And if in spite of all this you do not listen to and have brought them into the land of their
me, but proceed in opposition to me, 28 then I will enemies, if their uncircumcised hearts are humbled,
also proceed in opposition to you in anger, and I, and they pay for their wickedness, 42 then I will
even I, will punish you seven times for your sins. remember my covenant with Jacob, and also my
29 And you will eat the flesh of your sons, and eat covenant with Isaac; and I will remember also my
the flesh of your daughters. 30 And I will destroy covenant with Abraham, and I will remember the
your high places, and cut down your images, and land. 43 The land also will be deserted by them,
hurl your carcasses on the carcasses of your idols, and will enjoy its Sabbaths while it lies desolate
and my soul will abhor you. 31 And I will lay your without them. And they will pay for their wicked-
cities waste, and make your sanctuaries desolate, ness because, yes, because they despised my
and I will not smell the odor of your soothing judgments and because their soul abhorred my stat-
aromas. 32 And I will make the land desolate, and utes. 44 And yet in spite of all that, when they are
your enemies who live in it will be astonished at it. in the land of their enemies, I will not reject them or
33 And I will scatter you among the nations, and abhor them so as to completely destroy them and
will draw out a sword after you, and your land will break my covenant with them; for I am the LORD
be desolate and your cities waste. 34 Then the their God. 45 But for their sake I will remember the
land will enjoy its Sabbaths, as long as it lies deso- covenant with their ancestors, whom I brought out
late, and you are in the land of your enemies. Then of the land of Egypt in the sight of the nations, so
the land will rest and enjoy her Sabbaths. 35 As that I might be their God. I am the LORD.
long as it lies desolate it will rest, because it did not 46 These are the statutes and judgments and
rest during your Sabbaths, when you lived in it. laws which the LORD established between himself
36 And I will send weakness into the hearts of and the children of Israel in Mount Sinai by the
those of you who are left alive in the lands of their hand of Moses.
enemies; and the sound of a shaken leaf will chase
them, and they will run away as if fleeing from a
sword, and they will fall when no one is pursuing.
37 And when no one is pursuing they will fall on one
27 And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying,
2 Speak to the children of Israel, and say
to them, If anyone makes a special vow, the value
another, as if before a sword, and you will have no of persons belonging to the LORD, it shall be
26:25 Deut 28:21; Jer 24:10; Amos 4:10. Jer 31:10; Ezek 12:15; 20:23; Zech 7:14.
26:26 Isa 3:1; Ezek 4:16,17; 5:16. 26:34,35 25:2-4,8,10,11; 2 Chron
26:29 Deut 28:52,53; 2 Kings 6:29; Lam 36:20,21.
4:10. 26:36 Isa 30:17; Lam 1:3,6; Ezek 21:7.
26:30 High places 1 Kings 3:2. 26:37 Jer 6:21; Nah 3:3.
Idols 2 Kings 23:20; 2 Chron 34:4,7; 26:38 Deut 4:26.
Isa 27:9; Ezek 6:3,6; Amos 7:9. 26:39 Ezra 4:17; 33:10.
Abhor you 20:23; Deut 32:19; Ps 26:40-44 If only Israel would humble them-
5:6; 78:59; Prov 22:14. God is love but selves and confess their sins God would be
He is also holy and righteous. Everything merciful (Isa 1:18; 55:7; Micah 7:18;
contrary to holiness, righteousness and jus- Luke 24:46,47; 1 John 1:9).
tice is an object of His loathing. Notes at 26:41 Uncircumcised heart Deut 10:16;
20:7; Num 25:3. 30:6; Jer 4:4; Acts 7:51. This means a heart
26:31 Lay your cities waste Neh 2:3; Jer not made new by Gods grace and power.
44:2,6; Lam 2:7. 26:45 Gen 28:13-15; 35:11,12; 26:2-5;
Aromas Isa 1:13-15; Amos 5:21-24. 22:15-18; Ex 6:6-8. God will be faithful to
26:32 Jer 9:11; 12:11; 18:16; 19;18; His word even if people are unfaithful (Rom
25:11; 33:10. 3:4; 2 Tim 2:13; Titus 1:2).
26:33 Deut 4:27; 28:64; Ps 44:11; 106:27; 27:2 Deut 23:21-23; Eccl 5:4,5.
LEVITICUS 27:3 172
according to your evaluation. 3 And if your evalua- and it shall be deducted from your evaluation.
tion is for a male between twenty years old and 19 And if the one who dedicated the field would
sixty years old, then your evaluation is to be fifty ever redeem it, then he must add the fifth part of
shekels of silver, according to the sanctuary shekel. the value of your evaluation to it, and it will
4 And if it is a female, then your evaluation is to be become his. 20 And if he does not redeem the
thirty shekels. 5 And if the person is between five field, or if he has sold the field to another man, it is
years old and twenty years old, then your evalua- not to be redeemed any more. 21 And the field,
tion is to be twenty shekels for the male and ten when it released in the Jubilee, shall be holy to the
shekels for the female. 6 And if the person is be- LORD, like a field devoted to the LORD ; it shall
tween a month old and five years old, then your belong to the priest.
evaluation is to be five shekels of silver for the 22 And if a man dedicates to the Lord a field
male, and your evaluation for the female is to be that he has bought, which is not a part of the fields
three shekels of silver. 7 And if the person is sixty of his family property, 23 then the priest shall
years old or above, if a male, then your evaluation calculate for him the amount of your evaluation to
is to be fifteen shekels, and for the female ten the year of Jubilee, and on that day he shall give
shekels. 8 But if he is poorer than your evaluation, your evaluation as a holy thing to the LORD. 24 In
then he shall present himself before the priest, and the year of Jubilee the field shall return to the one
the priest shall evaluate him; the priest is to evalu- from whom it was bought, to the one whose land it
ate him according to the ability of the one who was. 25 And all your evaluations are to be
vowed. according to the sanctuary shekel. The shekel shall
9 And if the vow is an animal that men bring be twenty gerahs.
as an offering to the LORD, any such that is 26 But no one may dedicate the firstborn of
offered to the LORD shall be holy. 10 The person animals. As firstborn they are already the LORDs;
shall not replace it or exchange a good one for a whether it is an ox or a sheep, it is the LORDs.
bad, or a bad one for a good, and if he does 27 And if it is an unclean animal, then he is to
exchange animal for animal, then both it and the redeem it according to your evaluation, and shall
exchanged one shall be holy. 11 And if it is any add to it a fifth part of it; or, if it is not redeemed,
unclean animal which they do not offer as a then it is to be sold according to your evaluation.
sacrifice to the LORD, then he is to present the 28 However no devoted thing that a man
animal to the priest, 12 and the priest shall irredeemably devotes to the LORD from all that he
evaluate it, whether it is good or bad; as you, the has, either man or beast, or a field of his family
priest, evaluate it, so shall it be. 13 But if he property, is to be sold or redeemed; every such
should ever redeem it, then he must add a fifth devoted thing is most holy to the LORD.
part of it to your evaluation. 29 No one irredeemably devoted to destruction
14 And when a man dedicates his house to be who is devoted by men is to be redeemed, but
holy to the LORD, then the priest shall evaluate it, shall surely be put to death.
whether it is good or bad; the evaluation of the 30 And all the tenth part of the produce of the
priest will stand. 15 And if the one who dedicated land, whether the grain of the land or the fruit of
his house would redeem it, then he must add to it the tree, is the LORDs. It is holy to the LORD.
the fifth part of the money of your evaluation, and 31 And if a man would ever redeem any of his
it will become his. tithes, he must add to it its fifth part. 32 And as for
16 And if a man dedicates some part of a field the tenth part of the herd, or of the flock, of
of his property to the LORD, then your evaluation whatever passes under the shepherds rod, the
is to be according to the seed needed for it. A tenth shall be holy to the LORD. 33 He shall not ask
homer of barley seed is to be valued at fifty shekels whether it is good or bad, nor shall he exchange it.
of silver. 17 If he dedicates his field from the year If he ever does exchange it, then both it and the
of Jubilee, your evaluation will stand. 18 But if he exchanged animal will be holy; it shall not be
dedicates his field after the Jubilee, then the priest redeemed.
shall will calculate the value for him according to 34 These are the commands which the LORD
the years that remain to the next year of Jubilee, gave Moses for the children of Israel in Mount Sinai.
27:21 Num 18:14. Is the LORDs these offerings of Gods
27:26 Ex 13:2. people were for the support of Gods servants.
27:28 Num 18:14; Josh 6:17-19. If they did not give as God said they should
27:30-33 Gen 14:20; 28:22; 2 Chron they would suffer the consequences Mal 3:8.
31:5; Neh 13:12. Note and references on giving at 2 Cor 9:15.
NUMBERS
Title:
The name which the Hebrews called this book, In the desert, is more descriptive of its contents
than the English name Numbers, which came from the Septuagint (the Greek translation of the Old
Testament).
Author and date:
See the Introduction to Genesis.
Theme:
Israel under Gods training in the desert. The desert (or wilderness) wanderings were a punishment
from God, but through them God taught Israel (and teaches us) many important lessons. He
showed them that unbelief, disobedience, and complaining against His ways bring grief and trouble,
but that trust and obedience result in blessing. Through the 40 years in the desert God also showed
His faithfulness to His promises and prepared His people to enter the promised land.
Contents:
Numbering the people ................................................................................... 1:1-54
Arrangement of the tribes for their journeys ................................................... 2:1-34
The tribe of Levi .......................................................................................... 3:1-51
The duties of the 3 families of the Levites ....................................................... 4:1-33
Numbering the 3 families of the Levites ........................................................... 4:34-49
Various instructions for life in the camp ........................................................... 5:1-31
Nazirites ..................................................................................................... 6:1-21
How the priests were to bless the people ........................................................ 6:22-27
Offerings by the tribal leaders ....................................................................... 7:1-89
Consecrating the tribe of Levi ........................................................................ 8:1-26
The first Passover after Egypt ....................................................................... 9:1-14
Gods cloud .................................................................................................. 9:15-23
The trumpet signals ...................................................................................... 10:1-10
Israel leaves Sinai ........................................................................................ 10:11-36
God punishes complaining with fire ................................................................. 11:1-3
God sends quail and punishment with them ..................................................... 11:4-35
Aaron and Miriam rise up against Moses .......................................................... 12:1-16
The spies go into Canaan .............................................................................. 13:1-25
The spies bad report .................................................................................... 13:26-33
Israel rebels at Kadesh-Barnea ...................................................................... 14:1-10
Gods anger and Moses prayer ...................................................................... 14:11-19
God decrees punishment ............................................................................... 14:20-38
Israel disobeys again .................................................................................... 14:39-45
Laws for various offerings ............................................................................. 15:1-29
The punishment for presumptuous, wilful sin ................................................... 15:30-36
Tassels on clothes ........................................................................................ 15:37-41
Rebellion of Korah and his friends .................................................................. 16:1-22
Punishment of Korah and his friends ............................................................... 16:25-35
Israel complains and rebels again ................................................................... 16:41-50
Aarons staff sprouts .................................................................................... 17:1-12
Duties of priests and Levites ......................................................................... 18:1-7
Support of priests and Levites ....................................................................... 18:9-32
NUMBERS 174
Water of purification for uncleanness ............................................................. 19:1-22
Moses disobeys in anger and strikes the rock .................................................. 20:2-11
The penalty for Moses disobedience .............................................................. 20:12
Edom refuses passage to Israel ..................................................................... 20:14-21
Death of Aaron ............................................................................................ 20:22-29
The bronze snake ........................................................................................ 21:4-9
The journey to Moab .................................................................................... 21:10-20
The defeat of Sihon and Og .......................................................................... 21:21-35
Balak sends for Balaam to curse Israel ............................................................ 22:1-41
Balaams refusal .................................................................................... 22:8-13
Balaams consent ................................................................................... 22:14-20
Balaams donkey .................................................................................... 22:21-31
Balaams messages ................................................................................ 23:1 - 24:25
Israel sins at Baal-Peor ................................................................................. 25:1-18
The second census ....................................................................................... 26:1-65
Right of inheritance for daughters ................................................................. 27:1-11
Moses successor ......................................................................................... 27:12-23
Laws concerning offerings, sacrifices, feasts ................................................... 28:1 - 29:40
Vows .......................................................................................................... 30:1-16
War against Midian ....................................................................................... 31:1-54
Inheritance east of the Jordan ...................................................................... 32:1-42
Summary of journeys from Egypt to Moab ....................................................... 33:1-56
The borders of Israels possession in Canaan .................................................. 34:1-29
Towns for the Levites ................................................................................... 35:1-5
Cities of refuge ............................................................................................ 35:6-34
Inheritance for daughters ............................................................................. 36:1-13
175 NUMBERS 1:34
1 And the LORD spoke to Moses in the desert of
Sinai, in the tabernacle of the congregation,
on the first day of the second month, in the second
able to go out to war, 21 the numbered men from
the tribe of Reuben were forty-six thousand five
hundred.
year after they had come out of the land of Egypt, 22 From the descendants of Simeon, by their
saying, 2 Take a census of all the congregation of generations, by their families, by the households
the children of Israel by their families, by the of their fathers, their numbered men according to
households of their fathers, with the number of the number of names, head by head, every male
their names, every male, head by head, 3 twenty twenty years old or more, all who were able to go
years old or more, all who are able to go out to war out to war, 23 the numbered men from the tribe of
in Israel. You and Aaron shall number them by their Simeon were fifty-nine thousand three hundred.
armies. 4 And a man from each tribe is to be with 24 From the descendants of Gad, by their
you; each one the head of the household of his generations, by their families, by the households
fathers. 5 And these are the names of the men of their fathers, according to the number of names,
who are to stand with you: twenty years old or more, all who were able to go
From the tribe of Reuben, Elizur the son of out to war, 25 the numbered men from the tribe of
Shedeur; 6 from Simeon, Shelumiel the son of Gad were forty-five thousand six hundred and fifty.
Zurishaddai; 7 from Judah, Nahshon the son of 26 From the descendants of Judah, by their
Amminadab; 8 from Issachar, Nethaneel the son generations, by their families, by the households
of Zuar; 9 from Zebulun, Eliab the son of Helon; of their fathers, according to the number of names,
10 from the children of Joseph: from Ephraim, twenty years old or more, all who were able to go
Elishama the son of Ammihud; from Manasseh, out to war, 27 the numbered men from the tribe of
Gamaliel the son of Pedahzur; 11 from Benjamin, Judah were seventy-four thousand six hundred.
Abidan the son of Gideoni; 12 from Dan, Ahiezer 28 From the descendants of Issachar, by their
the son of Ammishaddai; 13 from Asher, Pagiel the generations, by their families, by the households
son of Ocran; 14 from Gad, Eliasaph the son of of their fathers, according to the number of names,
Deuel; 15 from Naphtali, Ahira the son of Enan. twenty years old or more, all who were able to go
16 These are those named by the out to war, 29 the numbered men from the tribe of
congregation, leaders of the tribes of their fathers, Issachar were fifty-four thousand four hundred.
heads of thousands in Israel. 30 From the descendants of Zebulun, by their
17 And Moses and Aaron took these men whose generations, by their families, by the households
names were given, 18 and they assembled all the of their fathers, according to the number of the
congregation together on the first day of the names, twenty years old or more, all who were
second month. And the people registered their able to go out to war, 31 the numbered men from
ancestry by their families, by the households of the tribe of Zebulun were fifty-seven thousand
their fathers, according to the number of names, four hundred.
twenty years old or more, head by head. 19 So 32 From the descendants of Joseph, from the
Moses numbered them in the desert of Sinai, just descendants of Ephraim, by their generations, by
as the LORD had commanded him. their families, by the households of their fathers,
20 And from the descendants of Reuben, according to the number of names, twenty years
Israels eldest son, by their generations, by their old or more, all who were able to go out to war,
families, by the households of their fathers, 33 the numbered men from the tribe of Ephraim
according to the number of names, head by head, were forty thousand five hundred.
every male twenty years old or more, all who were 34 From the descendants of Manasseh, by their
1:1 Tabernacle of the congregation note Sea. But God wanted them to fight and
at Ex 25:8. conquer the land He gave them always,
1:2,3 The purpose of this census is indi- of course, trusting Him and not themselves.
cated by the words able to go out to war. So it is with believers in Christ in this age
There were enemies to be faced, a country of grace. They have spiritual enemies to
to be conquered which was inhabited by face (Eph 6:12), and they need to be aware
powerful peoples. Israel needed to be of their resources in Christ. God now could
prepared. They were not to depend on the utterly destroy Satan and all the forces of
number of their fighting men but on evil arrayed against believers. But He wants
Jehovah God alone, who was the head of us to fight in His strength and win the
their armies (Josh 5:13-15). But they were victory. He wants us to be active conquering
to know what military resources were avail- soldiers, not passive puppets (Eph 6:10-18;
able to them. God could have defeated all 1 Tim 6:12; 2 Tim 2:3,4; Rom 8:37;
their enemies by Himself by miraculous 2 Cor 2:14; Rev 21:7). See notes at Josh
activity as He did the Egyptians in the Red 1:17; Judges 3:2.
NUMBERS 1:35 176
generations, by their families, by the households shall appoint the Levites over the tabernacle of
of their fathers, according to the number of names, testimony, and over all its furnishings, and over
twenty years old or more, all who were able to go everything that belongs to it. They shall carry the
out to war, 35 the numbered men from the tribe of tabernacle and all of its furnishings. They shall take
Manasseh were thirty-two thousand two hundred. care of it, and shall camp around the tabernacle.
36 From the descendants of Benjamin, by their 51 And when the tabernacle is to move forward,
generations, by their families, by the households the Levites shall take it down; and when the taber-
of their fathers, according to the number of names, nacle is to be set up, the Levites shall set it up. And
twenty years old or more, all who were able to go an outsider who approaches shall be put to death.
out to war, 37 the numbered men from the tribe of 52 And the children of Israel shall pitch their tents,
Benjamin were thirty-five thousand four hundred. each man by his own camp, and each man by his
38 From the descendants of Dan, by their own standard, according to their armies. 53 But
generations, by their families, by the households the Levites shall camp around the tabernacle of
of their fathers, according to the number of names, testimony so that no wrath comes on the congre-
twenty years old or more, all who were able to go gation of the children of Israel; and the Levites
out to war, 39 the numbered men from the tribe of shall keep charge of the tabernacle of testimony.
Dan were sixty-two thousand seven hundred. 54 And the children of Israel did so. They did
40 From the descendants of Asher, by their according to all that the LORD commanded Moses.
generations, by their families, by the households
of their fathers, according to the number of names,
twenty years old or more, all who were able to go
out to war, 41 the numbered men from the tribe of
2 And the LORD spoke to Moses and Aaron,
saying, 2 Each man of the children of Israel
shall camp by his own standard, with the banner of
Asher were forty-one thousand five hundred. their fathers household. They shall camp around
42 From the descendants of Naphtali, by their the tabernacle of the congregation, at a distance.
generations, by their families, by the households 3 Those of the standard of the camp of Judah
of their fathers, according to the number of names, shall camp according to their armies on the east
twenty years old or more, all who were able to go side, toward the sunrise. And Nahshon the son of
out to war, 43 the numbered men from the tribe of Amminadab shall be the leader of the children of
Naphtali were fifty-three thousand four hundred. Judah. 4 And his army, its numbered men:
44 These are those who were numbered. They seventy-four thousand six hundred.
were numbered by Moses and Aaron and the 5 And those of the tribe of Issachar shall camp
leaders of Israel, twelve men, each of whom next to him, and Nethaneel the son of Zuar shall be
represented the household of his fathers. 45 So all the leader of the children of Issachar. 6 And his
those who were numbered of the children of Israel, army, its numbered men: fifty-four thousand four
by the households of their fathers, twenty years hundred.
old or more, all who were able to go out to war in 7 The tribe of Zebulun comes next, and Eliab
Israel, 46 all the numbered men were six hundred the son of Helon shall be the leader of the children
and three thousand five hundred and fifty. of Zebulun. 8 And his army, its numbered men:
47 But the Levites of the tribe of their fathers fifty-seven thousand four hundred.
were not numbered among them. 48 For the LORD 9 All the numbered men in the camp of Judah: a
had spoken to Moses, saying, 49 However you hundred and eighty-six thousand four hundred, by
shall not number the tribe of Levi, or take their their armies. These shall set out first.
census among the children of Israel. 50 But you 10 On the south side shall be the standard of
1:46 Ex 12:37; 38:26. (Num 3:10,38; 2 Sam 6:6,7. Note on Gods
1:47-50 The Levites were later numbered holiness at Lev 20:7).
(3:15,39), but they were not numbered 1:52 2:1-31.
among the men of war. They had different 1:53 No wrath if others than Levites
work to do. camped near the tabernacle they might
1:51 God gave the whole tribe of Levi to be tempted to try to enter in or touch
Aaron and his sons to do the work of the some of its holy furnishings. This would
tabernacle 8:19. No one who was not a cause the anger of God to fall on them.
Levite, that is, no one who was not chosen Gods work must be done in Gods way by
by God for the work of the tabernacle could Gods people (see notes at 12:2;
have anything to do with it. Here again Gods 17:1-11; Lev 10:1,2).
holiness and the holiness of all that 2:1-31 The tabernacle, Gods dwelling place,
pertained to Him are emphasized. It was was in the center of the camp. This signifies
an exceedingly serious error for an Gods centrality for His people. Surrounding
unconsecrated person to touch holy things the tabernacle were the Levites. Then on all
177 NUMBERS 3:11
the camp of Reuben according to their armies; and the children of Naphtali shall be Ahira the son of
the leader of the children of Reuben shall be Elizur Enan. 30 And his army, its numbered men:
the son of Shedeur. 11 And his army, its numbered fifty-three thousand four hundred.
men: forty-six thousand five hundred. 31 All the numbered men in the camp of Dan: a
12 And those of the tribe of Simeon shall camp hundred and fifty-seven thousand six hundred.
next to him; and the captain of the children of They shall go last with their standards.
Simeon shall be Shelumiel the son of Zurishaddai. 32 These were the numbered men of the
13 And his army, its numbered men: fifty-nine children of Israel by the households of their
thousand three hundred. fathers. All the numbered men of the camps by
14 The tribe of Gad comes next; and the leader their armies were six hundred and three thousand
of the sons of Gad shall be Eliasaph the son of five hundred and fifty. 33 But the Levites were not
Reuel. 15 And his army, its numbered men: numbered among the children of Israel, just as the
forty-five thousand six hundred and fifty. LORD commanded Moses.
16 All the numbered men in the camp of Reuben: 34 And the children of Israel did according to all
a hundred and fifty one thousand four hundred that the LORD commanded Moses. They camped
and fifty, by their armies. And they shall set out by their standards like that, and they set out like
second. that, each one according to their families,
17 Then the tabernacle of the congregation shall according to the households of their fathers.
set out with the camp of the Levites in the middle of
the camps. They shall set out just as they camp,
each man in his place by their standards.
18 The standard of the camp of Ephraim shall
3 Now these are the descendants of Aaron
and Moses in the day that the LORD spoke
with Moses on Mount Sinai.
be on the west side by their armies; and the leader 2 And these are the names of the sons of Aaron:
of the sons of Ephraim shall be Elishama the son of Nadab the firstborn, and Abihu, Eleazar, and
Ammihud. 19 And his army, its numbered men: forty Ithamar. 3 These are the names of the sons of
thousand five hundred. Aaron, the priests who were anointed, whom he
20 And next to him shall be the tribe of consecrated to serve as priests. 4 And Nadab and
Manasseh; and the leader of the children of Abihu died in the presence of the LORD, when they
Manasseh shall be Gamaliel the son of Pedahzur. offered strange fire in the presence of the LORD,
21 And his army, its numbered men: thirty-two in the desert of Sinai, and they had no children.
thousand two hundred. And Eleazar and Ithamar served as priests in the
22 Then the tribe of Benjamin; and the leader presence of their father Aaron.
of the sons of Benjamin shall be Abidan the son of 5 And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying, 6 Bring
Gideoni. 23 And his army, its numbered men: the tribe of Levi near and present them before
thirty-five thousand four hundred. Aaron the priest, so that they may serve him.
24 All the numbered men of the camp of Ephraim: 7 And they shall perform duties for him, and the
a hundred and eight thousand one hundred, by duties of the whole congregation before the
their armies. And they shall set out third. tabernacle of the congregation, doing the service
25 The standard of the camp of Dan shall be on of the tabernacle. 8 And they shall keep all the
the north side by their armies; and the leader of furnishings of the tabernacle of the congregation,
the children of Dan shall be Ahiezer the son of and perform the duties of the children of Israel,
Ammishaddai. 26 And his army, its numbered men: doing the service of the tabernacle. 9 And you
sixty-two thousand seven hundred. shall give the Levites to Aaron and to his sons.
27 And those of the tribe of Asher shall camp They are wholly given to him from the children of
next to him, and the leader of the children of Asher Israel. 10 And you shall appoint Aaron and his
shall be Pagiel the son of Ocran. 28 And his army, sons, and they shall carry out their priesthood;
its numbered men: forty-one thousand five and the outsider who approaches shall be put to
hundred. death.
29 Then the tribe of Naphtali; and the leader of 11 And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying,
four sides were the rest of the tribes, each gives to each one his or her work (Rom
in its own place and each with its leader. 12:3-8; 1 Cor 12:7; Eph 2:10).
God is a God of order (1 Cor 14:33). He 2:33 1:47.
wants everything and everyone in the proper 3:1,2 Ex 6:20-27.
place. In this age of the church He sets 3:3 Ex 28:1,40,41.
each believer where he should be in the 3:4 Lev 10:1,2.
church, Christs body (1 Cor 12:18), and 3:6-10 8:6-22; 18:1-7.
NUMBERS 3:12 178
12 And see, I have taken the Levites from among the tabernacle. 30 And Elizaphan the son of Uzziel
the children of Israel instead of all the firstborn was the leader of the households of the father of
who open the womb among the children of Israel. the families of the Kohathites. 31 And their duties
Therefore the Levites shall be mine, 13 because all were to be the ark, and the table, and the
the firstborn are mine. For on the day that I struck lampstand, and the altars, and the furnishings of
down all the firstborn in the land of Egypt, I conse- the sanctuary which they use in service, and the
crated for myself all the firstborn in Israel, both hanging, and all the work needed for it. 32 And
man and beast. They are mine. I am the LORD. Eleazar the son of Aaron the priest was the chief
14 And the LORD spoke to Moses in the desert leader of the Levites, and was to oversee those
of Sinai, saying, 15 Count the children of Levi ac- who perform the duties of the sanctuary.
cording to the households of their fathers, by their 33 From Merari came the family of the Mahlites,
families. You shall count every male a month old or and the family of the Mushites. These are the
more. 16 And Moses counted them according to families of Merari. 34 And their numbered men, the
the word of the LORD, just as he was commanded. number of all the males a month old or more, was
17 And these were the sons of Levi by their six thousand two hundred. 35 And the leader of
names: Gershon, Kohath, and Merari. the fathers households of the families of Merari
18 And these are the names of the sons of was Zuriel the son of Abihail. They were to camp
Gershon by their families: Libni and Shimei. on the north side of the tabernacle. 36 And the
19 And the sons of Kohath by their families: appointed duties of the sons of Merari were to be
Amram, Izehar, Hebron, and Uzziel. the boards of the tabernacle, and its bars, and its
20 And the sons of Merari by their families: Mahli pillars, and its sockets, and all its equipment, and
and Mushi. These are the families of the Levites everything for its work; 37 also the pillars of the
according to the households of their fathers. surrounding courtyard, and their sockets, and their
21 The family of the Libnites and the family of pegs, and their cords.
the Shimites were from Gershon. These are the 38 But Moses and Aaron and his sons were to
families of the Gershonites. 22 Those of them who be the ones who camped in front of the tabernacle
were counted, according to the number of all the on the east, in front of the tabernacle of the
males a month old or more, their numbered males congregation toward the sunrise. They were to
were seven thousand five hundred. 23 The families perform the duties of the sanctuary on behalf of
of the Gershonites were to camp behind the the children of Israel. And the outsider who
tabernacle on the west. 24 And Eliasaph the son approached was to put to death.
of Lael was the leader of the households of the 39 All the numbered Levite men, whom Moses
father of the Gershonites. 25 And the duties of the and Aaron counted at the command of the LORD,
sons of Gershon in the tabernacle of the by their families, all the males a month old or more
congregation were to be the tabernacle, and the were twenty-two thousand.
tent, its covering, and the hanging for the door of 40 And the LORD said to Moses, Count all the
the tabernacle of the congregation, 26 and the firstborn of the males of the children of Israel a
hangings of the courtyard, and the curtain for the month old or more and take the number of their
entrance of the courtyard which surrounds the names. 41 And you shall take the Levites for me
tabernacle and the altar, and the cords for all its (I am the LORD) instead of all the firstborn of the
work. children of Israel, and the cattle of the Levites
27 And from Kohath came the family of the instead of all the firstborn of the cattle of the
Amramites, and the family of the Izeharites, and children of Israel.
the family of the Hebronites, and the family of the 42 And Moses counted all the firstborn of the
Uzzielites. These are the families of the Kohathites. children of Israel, just as the LORD commanded
28 The number of all the males a month old or more him. 43 And all the firstborn males according to
was eight thousand six hundred performing the the number of names, a month old or more, of
duties of the sanctuary. 29 The families of the those of them who were numbered, were twenty-
sons of Kohath were to camp on the south side of two thousand two hundred and seventy-three.
3:12,13 Ex 13:2; Lev 27:26; Num 3:45; Egypt. It was at the time of the giving of the
8:14. ordinance of the Passover that God
3:25 4:24-26; Ex 26:1,7,4-16. commanded the firstborn of Israel to be
3:31 4:15; Ex 25:10-40; 27:1,2; 30:1-5. especially consecrated to God (Ex 13:1,2,
3:38 1:51. 12-15). Among the 603,550 fighting men
3:43 No doubt these 22,273 were those of Israel there would have been many more
firstborn who were born after the exodus from firstborn than 22,273.
179 NUMBERS 4:25
44 And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying, and all its utensils inside a covering of badgers
45 Take the Levites instead of all the firstborn of skins, and shall put it on carrying bars.
the children of Israel, and the cattle of the Levites 11 And they shall spread a blue cloth on the
instead of their cattle; and the Levites shall be gold altar and cover it with a covering of badgers
mine. I am the LORD. 46 And for those who are to skins, and insert its poles.
be redeemed of the two hundred and seventy- 12 And they shall take all the service utensils
three of the firstborn of the children of Israel who with which they serve in the sanctuary and put
exceed the number of the Levites, 47 you shall them inside a blue cloth and cover them with a
take five shekels for each one. You shall take them covering of badgers skins, and put them on
according to the sanctuary shekel (the shekel is carrying bars.
twenty gerahs), 48 and give the money with which 13 And they shall take away the ashes from
the additional number of the Israelites is to be the altar, and spread a purple cloth on it, 14 and
redeemed, to Aaron and to his sons. put on it all its utensils with which they serve at it,
49 And Moses took the redemption money of the firepans, the forks and the shovels, and the
those who were in excess of those who were basins, all the utensils of the altar, and spread over
redeemed by the Levites; 50 from the firstborn of it a covering of badgers skins, and insert its poles.
the children of Israel he took a thousand three 15 And when the camp is about to set out and
hundred and sixty-five shekels, according to the after Aaron and his sons have finished covering
sanctuary shekel. 51 And Moses gave the money the sanctuary, and all the furnishings of the sanc-
of those who were redeemed to Aaron and to his tuary, the sons of Kohath shall come to carry it ;
sons, according to the word of the LORD, just as but they must not touch any holy thing, or they will
the LORD commanded Moses. die. These are the things in the tabernacle of the
congregation which the sons of Kohath are to carry.
4 And the LORD spoke to Moses and to Aaron,
saying, 2 Take a census of the sons of Kohath
from among the sons of Levi, according to their
16 And the responsibility of Eleazar the son of
Aaron the priest is the oil for the light, and the
fragrant incense, and the daily grain offering, and
families, by the households of their fathers, 3 from the anointing oil, the responsibility of the whole
thirty years old up to fifty years old, all who enter tabernacle and everything in it, with the sanctuary
the service to do the work of the tabernacle of the and its furnishings.
congregation. 17 And the LORD spoke to Moses and to Aaron,
4 This shall be the service of the sons of Kohath saying, 18 Do not let the tribe of the families of
in the tabernacle of the congregation, concerning the Kohathites be cut off from among the Levites,
the most holy things. 5 When the camp sets out 19 but do this to them, so that they may live and
Aaron and his sons shall come and take down the not die when they approach the most holy things:
covering veil and cover the ark of testimony with it, Aaron and his sons shall go in and appoint each one
6 and put on it the covering of badgers skins, and of them to his work and to his load. 20 But they
spread over it a cloth all of blue, and insert its must not go in to see while the holy things are
poles. being covered, so that they do not die.
7 And they shall spread a blue cloth on the 21 And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying,
table of showbread, and put on it the dishes, and 22 Take a census also of the sons of Gershon, by
the spoons, and the bowls, and jars for drink the houses of their fathers, by their families.
offerings; and the continual bread is to be on it. 23 Count those who are between thirty years old
8 And they shall spread over them a scarlet cloth and fifty years old, all who go in to serve and to do
and cover it with a covering of badgers skins, and the work in the tabernacle of the congregation.
insert its poles. 24 This is the service of the families of the
9 And they shall take a blue cloth and cover the Gershonites, their work and loads: 25 They shall
lampstand for the light, and its lamps, and its carry the curtains of the tabernacle, the taber-
snuffers, and its trays, and all its utensils for oil nacle of the congregation, its covering and the
with which they serve it. 10 And they shall put it covering of the badgers skins that covers it, and
3:45-51 The Levites numbered only 22,000 sea cows.
(v 39). 4:7 Ex 25:30; Lev 24:5-9.
Five shekels (v 47) about 55 grams. 4:9 Ex 25:31,37,38.
Thousand three hundred and sixty-five 4:13 Ex 27:1-8.
shekels (v 50) about 15.5 kilograms. 4:15 1:51.
4:5 Ex 26:31,33; Lev 16:2; Ex 25:10-16. 4:16 Ex 30:22-38; Lev 6:20; 24:1-3.
4:6 Badger skins the Hebrew word may 4:20 Ex 19:21; 1 Sam 6:19.
possibly indicate the skins of dolphins or 4:25 Ex 26:14; 40:19.
NUMBERS 4:26 180
the hanging for the door of the tabernacle of the years old, each one who entered service for the
congregation, 26 And the hangings of the court- work in the tabernacle of the congregation,
yard, and the hanging for the door of the gate of 40 those among them who were counted by their
the courtyard which surrounds the tabernacle and families, by the households of their fathers, were
the altar, and their cords, and all the equipment for two thousand six hundred and thirty. 41 These are
their service, and everything that was made for the ones of the families of the sons of Gershon who
them. They are to serve in this way. 27 All the were counted, all who could serve in the taber-
service of the sons of the Gershonites, all their nacle of the congregation, whom Moses and Aaron
loads and all their work shall be under the orders of counted in accordance with the command of the
Aaron and his sons, and you shall assign them the LORD.
duty of all their loads. 28 This is the service of the 42 And those of the families of the sons of Merari
families of the sons of Gershon in the tabernacle of who were counted by their families, by the house-
the congregation, and their duties shall be under holds of their fathers, 43 between thirty years old
the hand of Ithamar the son of Aaron the priest. and fifty years old, each one who entered service
29 And you shall count the sons of Merari for the work in the tabernacle of the congregation,
according to their families, by the households of 44 those among them who were counted according
their fathers. 30 Count those between thirty years to their families were three thousand and two
old and fifty years, each one who enters service to hundred. 45 These are those of the families of the
do the work of the tabernacle of the congregation. sons of Merari who were counted. Moses and Aaron
31 And this is the responsibility of their loads in all counted them in accordance with the word of the
their service in the tabernacle of the congregation: LORD through Moses.
the boards of the tabernacle, and its crossbars, 46 All the numbered men of the Levites, whom
and its pillars, and its sockets, 32 and the pillars of Moses and Aaron and the leaders of Israel counted
the surrounding courtyard, and their sockets, and according to their families and according to the
their pegs, and their cords, with all their equipment households of their fathers, 47 between thirty years
and with all their service. And you shall assign by old and fifty years old, each one who came to do
name the duty of the equipment they are to carry. the work of the service, and the work of carrying
33 This is the service of the families of the sons of the loads of the tabernacle of the congregation,
Merari, all their service in the tabernacle of the 48 those among them who were counted were eight
congregation, under the hand of Ithamar the son thousand five hundred and eighty. 49 They were
of Aaron the priest. counted in accordance with the command of the
34 And Moses and Aaron and the leaders of the LORD through Moses, each one according to his
congregation counted the sons of the Kohathites service, and according to his load. So Moses counted
according to their families and according to the them just as the LORD commanded him.
households of their fathers, 35 each one between
thirty years old and fifty years old, who entered
service for the work in the tabernacle of the con-
gregation; 36 and those of them who were counted
5 And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying,
2 Command the children of Israel to send
away from the camp every leper, and everyone
by their families were two thousand seven hun- who has a discharge, and whoever is defiled by the
dred and fifty. 37 These were the ones of the fami- dead. 3 You are to send out both male and female.
lies of the Kohathites who were counted, all who You shall send them outside the camp so that they
could do work in the tabernacle of the congrega- do not defile the camp where I dwell among them.
tion. Moses and Aaron counted them in accordance 4 And the children of Israel did so, and send them
with the command of the LORD through Moses. outside the camp. The children of Israel did just as
38 And those of the sons of Gershon who were the LORD told Moses.
counted by their families, and by the households of 5 And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying, 6 Tell
their fathers, 39 between thirty years old and fifty the children of Israel that when a man or woman
4:26 Ex 38:9. against another person is unfaithfulness or
5:1-4 Leper note at Lev 13:1-44. disobedience to God. In fact, all sin, no
Discharge note at Lev 15:2-13. matter what it might be, is rebellion against
Defiled by the dead note at Lev 21:1-4. God (Ps 51:4; 41:4; 2 Sam 2:13; Gen
Besides teaching about sin by pictures and 3:11; 20:6; 39:9). Human beings do not
types (note at Lev 15:31) this exclusion from belong to themselves, but to their Creator,
the camp was no doubt for hygienic and so when they sin they harm not only
purposes as well. themselves, but strike a blow at Him. This
5:6 Trespassing against the LORD is doubly true of believers they belong to
observe these words carefully. Wrong done God in a special sense (1 Cor 6:19,20).
181 NUMBERS 6:2
commits any sin that men commit, trespassing gone astray to impurity with another man instead
against the LORD, and that person is guilty, 7 then of your husband, be free from this bitter water
he must confess his sin which he has done. And he that brings a curse. 20 But if you have gone astray
shall make restitution in full for his trespass and to another man instead of your husband, and if
add to it a fifth part of it, and give it to the one you are defiled, and some man other than your
whom he trespassed against. 8 But if the man has husband has lain with you 21 then the priest shall
no relative to whom restitution for the trespass have the woman take the oath of the curse, and
can be made, the restitution for the trespass is to the priest shall say to the woman the LORD make
go to the LORD for the priest, in addition to the ram you a curse and an oath among your people by the
for atonement, with which atonement shall be made LORDs making your thigh decay and your abdo-
for him. 9 And each offering of all the holy things of men swell. 22 And this water that brings a curse will
the children of Israel, which they bring to the priest go into your stomach to make your abdomen swell
shall become his. 10 And every thing a person and your thigh decay. And the woman is to say,
consecrates shall become his; whatever any one Amen, amen.
gives to the priest, it becomes his. 23 And the priest shall write these curses in a
11 And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying, book and wash them off into the water of bitter-
12 Speak to the children of Israel, and say to ness, 24 and shall have the woman drink the water
them, If any mans wife goes astray and commits a of bitterness that brings a curse. And the water
trespass against him, 13 and another man has that brings a curse will go into her and become
intercourse with her, and it is hidden from the eyes bitter. 25 Then the priest shall take the jealousy
of her husband and is undetected, and she is offering out of the womans hand and wave the
defiled and there is no witness against her and she offering in the presence of the LORD, and offer it
has not been caught in the act, 14 and the spirit of on the altar; 26 and the priest shall take a handful
jealousy comes on him, and he becomes jealous of of the offering, its memorial, and burn it on the
his wife, and she is defiled, or if the spirit of altar, and afterwards have the woman drink the
jealousy comes on him, and he is jealous of his water. 27 And when he has made her drink the
wife, even if she is not defiled, 15 then the man is water, if she is defiled and has trespassed against
to bring his wife to the priest, and bring her offer- her husband, it will come about that the water that
ing for her, a tenth of an ephah of barley flour, brings a curse will go into her and become bitter,
pouring no oil on it and putting no frankincense on and her abdomen will swell, and her thigh will de-
it. For it is an offering of jealousy, a reminder cay. And the woman will become a curse among her
offering that brings wickedness to remembrance. people. 28 But if the woman is not defiled, but is
16 And the priest shall bring her near and have clean, then she will be free, and conceive children.
her stand before the LORD. 17 And the priest shall 29 This is the law of jealousy, when a wife
take holy water in an earthenware jar and the priest goes astray to another man instead of her hus-
shall take some dust that is on the floor of the band, and is defiled, 30 or when the spirit of jeal-
tabernacle, and put it in the water; 18 and the ousy comes on him, and he is jealous of his wife,
priest shall have the woman stand before the LORD, and has the woman stand before the LORD. And
and uncover the womans head, and put the re- the priest shall apply all this law to her. 31 Then the
minder offering, which is the jealousy offering, in man will be innocent of any wickedness and the
her hands, and the priest shall have in his hand the woman will bear her wickedness.
bitter water that brings a curse. 19 And the priest
shall have her take an oath and say to the woman,
If no man has lain with you, and if you have not 6 And the LORD spoke to Moses saying, 2 Speak
to the children of Israel, and say to them,
5:7 If the sin involved the possibility of of his wife. Perhaps some did so. In any
restitution, as, for example, in the case of case, Gods principal purpose in giving this
theft, then mere confession was not enough. method of testing may have been to create
Restitution also was commanded (Ex 22:1; a fear to commit such sin. Any woman should
Lev 6:4,5; 24:18,21; 2 Sam 12:6; Luke have been afraid to commit adultery if there
19:8). God will not accept a confession when was an infallible way of finding her out.
there is no attempt at restitution. Tenth of an ephah (v 15) probably
5:8 Restitution must be made even when about 2 liters.
the person against whom the offense was 5:21,22 The last phrases of each of these
committed is no longer alive. verses (also v 27) could mean barrenness
5:9,10 Lev 7:32,34; 10:13-15. and a miscarrying womb.
5:11-31 In the whole Old Testament there 6:2 The word Nazir comes from a Hebrew
is no record of any man ever using this word meaning to dedicate or consecrate.
means to determine the guilt or innocence The Nazirite was either a man or woman who
NUMBERS 6:3 182
When a man, or a woman, vows the special vow of shall consecrate his head that same day; 12 and he
a Nazirite to dedicate himself to the LORD, 3 he shall dedicate the days of his consecration to the
must abstain from wine and strong drink and drink LORD, and bring a lamb a year old as a trespass
no vinegar made from wine or vinegar made from offering; but the previous days will be void,
strong drink, and he must not drink any grape juice because his dedication was defiled.
or eat fresh grapes or dried ones. 4 All the days of 13 And this is the law of the Nazirite, when the
his dedication he must eat nothing that is produced days of his dedication are completed: he is to be
by the grape vine, from the seeds to the skin. brought to the door of the tabernacle of the
5 All the days of his vow of dedication no razor congregation, 14 and he shall offer as his offering
is to come on his head. He is to let the locks of his to the LORD one male lamb a year old, without
hair grow until the days for which he has dedicated blemish, as a burnt offering, and one ewe lamb a
himself to the LORD are completed, and he shall be year old, without blemish, as a sin offering, and
holy. 6 All the days of his dedication to the LORD one ram without blemish as peace offerings,
he must not approach a dead body. 7 He shall not 15 and a basket of bread made without yeast,
make himself unclean for his father or for his mother, cakes of fine flour mixed with oil, and wafers of
for his brother or for his sister, if they die. Because bread made without yeast, smeared with oil, and
the sign of his dedication to his God is on his head. their grain offering, and their drink offerings.
8 All the days of his dedication he is holy to the 16 And the priest shall bring them before the
LORD. LORD and present his sin offering and his burnt
9 And if anyone dies very suddenly near him, offering, 17 and offer the ram as a sacrifice of
and he defiles his dedicated head of hair, then he peace offerings to the LORD, with the basket of
shall shave his head on the day he becomes clean. bread made without yeast. The priest shall also
He shall shave it on the seventh day. 10 And on the present his grain offering, and his drink offering.
eighth day he shall bring two doves or two young 18 And the Nazirite shall shave his dedicated head
pigeons to the priest at the door of the tabernacle at the door of the tabernacle of the congregation,
of the congregation; 11 and the priest shall offer and shall take the hair of his dedicated head and
one as a sin offering, and the other as a burnt put it in the fire which is under the sacrifice of the
offering and make atonement for him, because he peace offerings.
sinned by being near a dead body. And the man 19 And the priest shall take the rams shoulder
dedicated himself or herself fully to God for it suggested his spiritual marriage to the
a stated period of time. Parents could dedi- Lord and subjection to Gods will.
cate their children as Nazirites for their whole 6:6 Dead body in this matter Nazirites
life. This was done in the case of Samson, had to be like priests (Lev 21:1).
the only person in the Bible mentioned by 6:7,8 Death was considered defiling (note
name as being a Nazirite (Jud 13:5). It is Lev 21:1-4). Because of all the above rules
possible that Samuel was one, judging from for a Nazirite Jesus Christ could not have
his mothers vow in 1 Sam 1:11. Certainly been one (although, of course, He was fully
he was dedicated to the Lord for life (1 Sam dedicated to the will of God and fulfilled all
1:27,28). There were other Nazirites too but the spiritual realities that Old Testament
we are not told any of their names (Amos Nazirites symbolized). He drank wine (Mark
2:11,12). It is said of John the Baptist that 14:23-25). He touched the dead (Mark 5:41;
he would drink no wine (Luke 1:15), possi- Luke 7:14); and there is no reason to think
bly indicating that he was to be a Nazirite. He had long hair. There is no connection
In this Church age all believers are to fully between the words Nazirite and Nazarene.
dedicate themselves to God (Rom 12:1,2), 6:9-12 The defilement of death, the wages
they are to be spiritual Nazirites which has of sin, must be removed by sacrifice (Lev
nothing to do with not eating grapes or 5:7. See notes at Lev 13:1-44; 11:1). The
having long hair. hair must be completely shaved as in the
6:3,4 Nazirites had to abstain from certain case of the leper (Lev 14:8,9), and the
things that others could freely partake of. Nazirite had to begin afresh to fulfil his vow.
The person dedicated to the Lord cannot 6:13-17 Lev 1:10-13; 4:27-35; 2:1-16;
live as those who are not. Wine spoke of 3:1-5. The Nazirite, though especially con-
the ordinary pleasures of life that were secrated to God and holy to the Lord
permitted to others (Ps 104:15). (v 8), was still a sinner (had a sinful nature)
6:5 Long hair was the outward sign of a and needed cleansing. This is true of the
Nazirite (Jud 13:5; 16:17). Long hair, the most dedicated, spiritual and holy Christians
apostle Paul wrote, is a dishonor to a man today also (1 Tim 1:15; Rom 7:18; Jam
but a glory to a woman (1 Cor 11:14,15). 3:2; 1 John 1:8-10; Matt 6:12).
It speaks of a womans proper place of Peace offering Lev 3:1.
subjection to a man. The Nazirite male had 6:18 Since long hair was a symbol all the days
to be willing to bear this reproach. Perhaps of his special dedication, the hair was removed
183 NUMBERS 7:14
after boiling it, and one cake made without yeast those who were numbered, presented offerings.
out of the basket, and one wafer made without 3 And they brought their offering before the LORD:
yeast, and put them in the hands of the Nazirite, six covered wagons and twelve oxen, a wagon for
after his dedicated hair has been shaved off; every two of the leaders, and for each one an ox.
20 and the priest shall wave them as a wave And they brought them in front of the tabernacle.
offering before the LORD. This is holy for the priest, 4 And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying, 5 Take
with the wave breast and lifted up shoulder. After it from them for doing the service of the tabernacle
that the Nazarite may drink wine. of the congregation, and give them to the Levites,
21 This is the law of the Nazarite who has made to each man according to his service.
a vow, and of his offering to the LORD concerning 6 And Moses took the wagons and the oxen,
his dedication, in addition to what else he can and gave them to the Levites. 7 He gave two
afford. He must obey the law of his dedication in wagons and four oxen to the sons of Gershon in
accordance with the vow he made. accordance with their service. 8 And he gave four
22 And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying, wagons and eight oxen to the sons of Merari, in
23 Speak to Aaron and to his sons, saying, This is accordance with their service under the authority
the way you are to bless the children of Israel, of Ithamar the son of Aaron the priest. 9 But he
saying to them, did not give any to the sons of Kohath, because
24 The LORD bless you, and keep you. their part of the work of the sanctuary was carrying
25 The LORD make his face shine on you, things on their shoulders.
and be gracious to you. 10 And the leaders made their offerings for the
26 The LORD lift up his countenance dedication of the altar on the day that it was
on you, and give you peace. anointed. The leaders presented their offering
before the altar. 11 And the LORD said to Moses,
27 And they shall put my name on the children They shall present their offering, each leader on
of Israel, and I will bless them. his day, for the dedication of the altar.
12 And the one who presented his offering on
7 And it came about on the day that Moses had
completed setting up the tabernacle, and had
anointed it, and sanctified it, and all its furnishings,
the first day was Nahshon the son of Amminadab,
of the tribe of Judah; 13 and his offering was one
silver dish, the weight of which was a hundred and
and the altar and all its utensils, and had anointed thirty shekels, one silver bowl of seventy shekels in
them, and sanctified them, 2 that the leaders of accordance with the sanctuary shekel, both of them
Israel, heads of their fathers households, who full of fine flour mixed with oil for a grain offering,
were the leaders of the tribes, and who were over 14 one ladle of ten shekels of gold, full of incense,
and burned once those days were over. 30:7; 69:17; 102:2; Isa 1:15). One
6:22-27 Here is the blessing which God great purpose God had in giving the whole
Himself taught His priests to speak to His Bible was that people might learn how to
people. So these are the things He espe- receive His blessings and enjoy them for-
cially wants them to enjoy. They add up to ever. See notes at Gen 12:3; Deut 28:3-
a full and complete life. He wants them to 14; Ps 1:1,2; 119:1,2; Matt 5:3-12; Luke
have well-being and safety from every 11:28; Acts 3:26; Gal 3:9,14; Eph 1:3.
enemy (v 24; Deut 28:1-6; 1 Sam 2:9; 7:1 Ex 40:9,17.
Ps 12:7; 31:20; 91:11; John 17:11,15). 7:2 The twelve leaders of the tribes of
He wants them to have His light in their Israel brought exactly the same offerings
lives and on their daily paths and to enjoy and gifts, but each one is listed in full, with
always the grace and kindness of God the name of each leader. God sees what we
(v 25; Ps 31:16; 67:1; 80:1,3,7,19; offer Him whether it is good or bad. If it is
104:15; 119:135). He wants them to good He rejoices in it, He remembers it and
experience unbroken communion with Him- He will reward it (Matt 10:42; Heb 6:10;
self and the deep peace that only He can Rev 22:12). If Gods people really believed
give (v 26; Ps 21:6; 42:5; 29:11; this they would not be reluctant to give to
85:8; 119:165; Isa 9:6,7; 26:3; Gods work.
32:17; John 14:27; 16:33; Rom 14:17). 7:4,5 The things we bring to God with a true
All these He still wants His people to en- heart are acceptable to Him. It is Gods way
joy. Through the cross of Christ they are all that the servants of God should be sup-
made available to all who believe in Him. ported by the gifts of those whom they serve
The lifting up of Gods countenance, the (Lev 7:14; Num 18:8-32; 1 Cor 9:7-14;
shining of His face on His people signify Matt 10:9-11; 1 Tim 5:17,18).
His favor and acceptance of them. The hid- 7:13 A hundred and thirty shekels about
ing of His face indicates His displeasure 1.5 kilogram.
(Deut 31:17,18; 32:20; Ps 13:1; 27:9; 7:14 Ten shekels about 110 grams.
NUMBERS 7:15 184
15 one young ox, one ram, one lamb a year old, for two oxen, five rams, five male goats, five lambs a
a burnt offering, 16 one young goat for a sin year old. This was the offering of Shelumiel the
offering, 17 and for a sacrifice of peace offerings, son of Zurishaddai.
two oxen, five rams, five male goats, five lambs a 42 On the sixth day Eliasaph the son of Deuel,
year old. This was the offering of Nahshon the son leader of the children of Gad, made an offering.
of Amminadab. 43 His offering was one silver dish weighing a
18 On the second day Nethaneel the son of hundred and thirty shekels, a silver bowl of
Zuar, leader of Issachar, made an offering. 19 He seventy shekels, in accordance with the sanctuary
presented as his offering one silver dish, the weight shekel, both of them full of fine flour mixed with oil
of which was a hundred and thirty shekels, one for a grain offering, 44 one golden ladle of ten
silver bowl of seventy shekels in accordance with shekels, full of incense, 45 one young ox, one
the sanctuary shekel, both of them full of fine flour ram, one lamb a year old, for a burnt offering,
mixed with oil for a grain offering, 20 one ladle of 46 one young goat for a sin offering, 47 and for a
gold of ten shekels, full of incense, 21 one young sacrifice of peace offerings, two oxen, five rams,
ox, one ram, one lamb a year old, for a burnt five male goats, five lambs a year old. This was the
offering, 22 one young goat for a sin offering, offering of Eliasaph the son of Deuel.
23 and for a sacrifice of peace offerings, two oxen, 48 On the seventh day Elishama the son of
five rams, five male goats, five lambs a year old. Ammihud, leader of the children of Ephraim, made
This was the offering of Nethaneel the son of Zuar. an offering. 49 His offering was one silver dish,
24 On the third day Eliab the son of Helon, the weight of which was a hundred and thirty
leader of the children of Zebulun, made an offering. shekels, one silver bowl of seventy shekels, in ac-
25 His offering was one silver dish, the weight of cordance with the sanctuary shekel, both of them
which was a hundred and thirty shekels, one silver full of fine flour mixed with oil for a grain offering,
bowl of seventy shekels, in accordance with the 50 one golden ladle of ten shekels, full of incense,
sanctuary shekel, both of them full of fine flour 51 one young ox, one ram, one lamb a year old, for
mixed with oil for a grain offering, 26 one golden a burnt offering, 52 one young goat for a sin
ladle of ten shekels, full of incense, 27 one young offering, 53 and for a sacrifice of peace offerings,
ox, one ram, one lamb a year old, for a burnt two oxen, five rams, five male goats, five lambs a
offering, 28 one young goat for a sin offering, year old. This was the offering of Elishama the son
29 and for a sacrifice of peace offerings, two oxen, of Ammihud.
five rams, five male goats, five lambs a year old. 54 On the eighth day Gamaliel the son of
This was the offering of Eliab the son of Helon. Pedahzur, leader of the children of Manasseh, made
30 On the fourth day Elizur the son of Shedeur, an offering. 55 His offering was one silver dish of
leader of the children of Reuben, made an offering. the weight of a hundred and thirty shekels, one
31 His offering was one silver dish weighing a silver bowl of seventy shekels, in accordance with
hundred and thirty shekels, one silver bowl of the sanctuary shekel, both of them full of fine flour
seventy shekels, in accordance with the sanctuary mixed with oil for a grain offering, 56 one golden
shekel, both of them full of fine flour mixed with oil ladle of ten shekels, full of incense, 57 one young
for a grain offering, 32 one golden ladle of ten ox, one ram, one lamb a year old, for a burnt offer-
shekels, full of incense, 33 one young ox, one ing, 58 one young goat for a sin offering, 59 and
ram, one lamb a year old, for a burnt offering, for a sacrifice of peace offerings, two oxen, five
34 one young goat for a sin offering, 35 and for a rams, five male goats, five lambs a year old. This
sacrifice of peace offerings, two oxen, five rams, was the offering of Gamaliel the son of Pedahzur.
five male goats, five lambs a year old. This was the 60 On the ninth day Abidan the son of Gideoni,
offering of Elizur the son of Shedeur. leader of the children of Benjamin, made an offer-
36 On the fifth day Shelumiel the son of i ng. 61 His offering was one silver dish, the weight
Zurishaddai, leader of the children of Simeon, made of which was a hundred and thirty shekels, one
an offering. 37 His offering was one silver dish, silver bowl of seventy shekels, in accordance with
the weight of which was a hundred and thirty the sanctuary shekel, both of them full of fine flour
shekels, one silver bowl of seventy shekels, in mixed with oil for a grain offering, 62 one golden
accordance with the sanctuary shekel, both of them ladle of ten shekels, full of incense, 63 one young
full of fine flour mixed with oil for a grain offering, ox, one ram, one lamb a year old, for a burnt
38 one golden ladle of ten shekels, full of incense, offering, 64 one young goat for a sin offering,
39 One young ox, one ram, one lamb a year old, 65 and for a sacrifice of peace offerings, two oxen,
for a burnt offering, 40 one young goat for a sin five rams, five male goats, five lambs a year old.
offering, 41 and for a sacrifice of peace offerings, This was the offering of Abidan the son of Gideoni.
185 NUMBERS 8:12
66 On the tenth day Ahiezer the son of the sanctuary shekel. 86 There were twelve gold
Ammishaddai, leader of the children of Dan, made ladles, full of incense, weighing ten shekels each,
an offering. 67 His offering was one silver dish, in accordance with the sanctuary shekel. The total
the weight of which was a hundred and thirty gold of the ladles was a hundred and twenty shek-
shekels, one silver bowl of seventy shekels, in ac- els. 87 The total of the oxen for the burnt offering
cordance with the sanctuary shekel, both of them was twelve oxen, the rams twelve, the lambs a
full of fine flour mixed with oil for a grain offering, year old twelve, with their grain offering, and the
68 one golden ladle of ten shekels, full of incense, young goats for a sin offering twelve. 88 And the
69 one young ox, one ram, one lamb a year old, for total oxen for the sacrifice of the peace offerings
a burnt offering, 70 one young goat for a sin was twenty-four oxen, the rams sixty, the male
offering, 71 and for a sacrifice of peace offerings, goats sixty, the lambs a year old sixty. This was for
two oxen, five rams, five male goats, five lambs a the dedication of the altar after it was anointed.
year old. This was the offering of Ahiezer the son 89 And when Moses had gone into the tabernacle
of Ammishaddai. of the congregation to speak with him, then he
72 On the eleventh day Pagiel the son of Ocran, heard the voice of one speaking to him from the
leader of the children of Asher, made an offering. mercy seat that was on the ark of testimony, from
73 His offering was one silver dish, the weight of between the two cherubim. And he spoke to him.
which was a hundred and thirty shekels, one silver
bowl of seventy shekels, in accordance with the
sanctuary shekel, both of them full of fine flour
mixed with oil for a grain offering, 74 one golden
8 And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying,
2 Speak to Aaron, and say to him, When you
light the lamps, the seven lamps will give light in
ladle of ten shekels, full of incense, 75 one young front of the lampstand.
ox, one ram, one lamb a year old, for a burnt 3 And Aaron did so. He set up its lamps in front
offering, 76 one young goat for a sin offering, of the lampstand, just as the LORD commanded
77 and for a sacrifice of peace offerings, two oxen, Moses. 4 And the workmanship of the lampstand
five rams, five male goats, five lambs a year old. was hammered gold. From its base to its flowers it
This was the offering of Pagiel the son of Ocran. was of hammered work. He made the lampstand
78 On the twelfth day Ahira the son of Enan, according to the pattern which the LORD had shown
leader of the children of Naphtali, made an offering. to Moses.
79 His offering was one silver dish, the weight of 5 And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying,
which was a hundred and thirty shekels, one silver 6 Take the Levites from among the children of Is-
bowl of seventy shekels, in accordance with the rael, and cleanse them. 7 And this is what you are
sanctuary shekel, both of them full of fine flour to do to them to cleanse them: Sprinkle purifying
mixed with oil for a grain offering, 80 one golden water on them, and have them shave their whole
ladle of ten shekels, full of incense, 81 one young body and have them wash their clothes, and so
ox, one ram, one lamb a year old, for a burnt make themselves clean. 8 Then have them take a
offering, 82 one young goat for a sin offering, young ox with its grain offering, fine flour mixed
83 and for a sacrifice of peace offerings, two oxen, with oil, and take another young ox as a sin offer-
five rams, five male goats, five lambs a year old. ing; 9 and bring the Levites before the tabernacle
This was the offering of Ahira the son of Enan. of the congregation; and gather the whole assembly
84 This was the dedication offerings of the of the children of Israel together, 10 and bring the
leaders of Israel for the altar on the day when it Levites into the presence of the LORD. And the
was anointed: twelve dishes of silver, twelve silver children of Israel shall put their hands on the Levites;
bowls, twelve gold ladles, 85 each silver dish 11 and Aaron shall present the Levites before the
weighing a hundred and thirty shekels, each bowl LORD as an offering of the children of Israel, so
seventy. All the silver utensils weighed two that they may perform the service of the LORD.
thousand four hundred shekels, in accordance with 12 And the Levites shall lay their hands on the
7:85,86 Two thousand four hundred shek- 8:8 The first bull was for a burnt offering.
els about 28 kilograms. See note at Lev 1:1-9. The sin offering was
A hundred and twenty shekels about an acknowledgment that though they were
1.4 kilograms. holy to the Lord they were still sinners and
7:89 Ex 40:34,35; 25:21,22; Ps 80:1; 99:1. needed atonement.
8:2-4 LampstandEx 25:31-40; 37:17-24. 8:9 Ex 29:4; 40:12.
Pattern Ex 25:9; 26:30. 8:10,11 Lev 1:4. This laying on of hands
8:6 Isa 52:11; 2 Cor 7:1. Those who do signified their acceptance of the Levites to
Gods work should he clean in every way. serve for them in the tabernacle. They be-
8:7 19:9,17. came a living offering to God for His holy
NUMBERS 8:13 186
heads of the ox; and you shall offer one as a sin 24 This is what pertains to the Levites: from
offering and the other as a burnt offering to the twenty-five years of age, and upward, they shall
LORD, to make atonement for the Levites. 13 And go in to perform the work of the tabernacle of the
you shall set the Levites before Aaron, and before congregation; 25 and at the age of fifty years
his sons, and present them as an offering to the they are to stop doing its work, and shall not serve
LORD. 14 In this way you shall separate the Levites any more; 26 they may assist their brethren in the
from among the children of Israel, and the Levites tabernacle of the congregation, to perform the
shall be mine. duties, but shall not do any work. Thus shall you
15 And after that the Levites shall go in to do deal with the Levites about their duties.
the service of the tabernacle of the congregation.
And you shall cleanse them and present them as
an offering. 16 For they are to be given wholly to
me from among the children of Israel. I have taken
9 And the LORD spoke to Moses in the desert of
Sinai, in the first month of the second year
after they had come out of the land of Egypt,
them for myself instead of the first issue of every saying, 2 Have the children of Israel also keep the
womb, all the firstborn of the children of Israel. Passover at its appointed time. 3 On the fourteenth
17 For all the firstborn of the children of Israel are day of this month in the evening you shall keep it at
mine, both man and animal. I set them apart for its appointed time. You are to keep it in accordance
myself on the day that I struck down every firstborn with all its rites and in accordance with all its
in the land of Egypt. 18 And I have taken the ceremonies.
Levites instead of all the firstborn of the children of 4 And Moses told the children of Israel to keep
Israel. 19 And I have given the Levites as a gift to the Passover. 5 And they kept the Passover on
Aaron and to his sons from among the children of the fourteenth day of the first month in the evening,
Israel, to do the service of the children of Israel in in the desert of Sinai. The children of Israel did just
the tabernacle of the congregation, and to make as the LORD commanded Moses.
atonement for the children of Israel, so that there 6 And some men had become defiled by the
will be no plague among the children of Israel, when dead body of a man, so they could not keep the
the children of Israel approach the sanctuary. Passover on that day. And on that day they came
20 And Moses, and Aaron, and all the to Moses and Aaron. 7 And those men said to him,
congregation of the children of Israel, did this to Even though we are defiled by the dead body of
the Levites. The children of Israel did to the Levites a man, why are we kept away so that we cannot
according to all that the LORD commanded Moses present an offering of the LORD at its appointed
concerning them. 21 And the Levites were time among the children of Israel?
purified, and they washed their clothes. And Aaron 8 And Moses said to them, Wait, and I will hear
presented them as an offering before the LORD, what command the LORD gives about you.
and Aaron made atonement for them to cleanse 9 And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying,
them. 22 And after that the Levites went in to do 10 Speak to the children of Israel, saying, If any
their service in the tabernacle of the congregation of you or of your descendants becomes unclean
in the presence of Aaron and his sons. They did to because of a dead body, or is at a distance on a
the Levites just as the LORD had commanded journey, yet he shall keep the Passover to the LORD.
Moses concerning them. 11 They shall keep it on the fourteenth day of the
23 And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying, second month in the evening, and eat it with bread
service (compare Rom 12:1,2). assistants. For 25 years they did the heavy
8:14-18 3:12; 16:9. Israel as a whole was work of the tabernacle. At age 50 they could
Gods (Deut 4:20; 7:6; 14:2). The Levites completely retire if they wished, or continue
were representatives for them all, taking the on doing light work, or perhaps helping in
place of the firstborn of every family in the work of supervision, for an indefinite
Israel. period of time, presumably many years
8:19 Gift to Aaron Aaron and his sons more. No such age restrictions were given
were the priests who served in the for Aaron and his sons, the priests. The
tabernacle. But there was far too much work priestly work of believers now (prayer, praise,
for one family to do. Therefore God giving of gifts, etc) does not cease at any
separated the whole tribe of Levi and gave age.
them to Aaron and his descendants to help 9:2,3 Ex 12:6; Lev 23:5.
in the work 1:50-53. 9:6 5:2; Lev 11:25.
No plague 1:53. 9:8 This is what everyone should do in any
8:23-26 In 4:3 the beginning age for their doubtful matter, in anything where guidance
service is given as 30 years. It would seem is needed (Ps 85:8; Prov 3:5,6; Jam 1:5).
from this that during the first five years of 9:11 The answer God gave to this problem
service the Levites were apprentices and was that those who were unclean at the
187 NUMBERS 10:13
made without yeast and bitter herbs. 12 They are 23 At the command of the LORD they rested in the
not to leave any of it until morning, or break any of tents, and at the command of the LORD they set
its bones. They shall keep it according to all the out. They obeyed the LORDs orders in accordance
ordinances of the Passover. 13 But the man who is with the LORDs command through Moses.
clean, and is not on a journey, and neglects to
keep the Passover, that person shall be cut off
from among his people. That man will bear his sin
because he did not bring the offering of the LORD
10 And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying,
2 Make for yourself two silver trumpets.
Make them of hammered work. They will be for
at its appointed time. your use in calling the assembly, and in the setting
14 And if a foreigner is staying among you, and out of the camps. 3 And when they blow them,
keeps the Passover to the LORD, he must do so the whole assembly shall gather together to you at
according to the ordinance of the Passover, and the door of the tabernacle of the congregation.
according to its regulations. You shall have the same 4 But if they blow just one trumpet, then the leaders
ordinance for the foreigner and for the one who is who are heads of the thousands of Israel, shall
born in the land. gather together to you. 5 When you blow an alarm,
15 And on the day that the tabernacle was set then the camps that lie on the east side shall move
up the cloud covered the tabernacle, the tent of forward. 6 When you blow an alarm the second
the testimony; and in the evening over the time, then the camps that lie on the south side shall
tabernacle there was what appeared to be fire, set out. They shall blow an alarm for their setting
until the morning. 16 So it was always; the cloud out. 7 But when the congregation is to be gathered
covered it by day and the appearance of fire by together, you shall blow, but you shall not sound
night. 17 And when the cloud was taken up from an alarm.
the tabernacle, then the children of Israel set out, 8 And the sons of Aaron, the priests, shall blow
and in the place where the cloud settled, there the the trumpets. And this shall be a permanent
children of Israel pitched their tents. 18 The ordinance for you throughout your generations.
children of Israel set out at the command of the 9 And if you go to war in your land against an
LORD, and they camped at the command of the enemy who oppresses you, then you shall blow an
LORD. As long as the cloud stayed over the alarm with the trumpets; and you will be remem-
tabernacle they rested in their tents. 19 And when bered in the presence of the LORD your God, and
the cloud stayed for many days over the taber- be saved from your enemies. 10 Also on your festive
nacle, then the children of Israel obeyed the LORDs days, and on your solemn days, and at the beginning
command and did not set out. 20 And so it was, of your months, you shall blow with the trumpets
when the cloud was a few days on the tabernacle, over your burnt offerings, and over the sacrifices
according to the commandment of the LORD they of your peace offerings, so that they may be to
stayed in their tents, and according to the com- you as a memorial in the presence of your God. I
mandment of the LORD they journeyed. 21 And so am the LORD your God.
if the cloud stayed from evening to morning, and 11 And it came about on the twentieth day of
then the cloud was taken up in the morning, they the second month, in the second year, that the
set out. Whether it was by day or by night, when cloud was taken up from the tabernacle of the
the cloud was taken up they set out. 22 Whether testimony. 12 And the children of Israel set out
it was two days or a month or a year that the cloud from the Sinai desert; and the cloud came to rest in
stayed over the tabernacle, remaining over it, the the desert of Paran. 13 And for the first time they
children of Israel stayed in their tents, and did not set out according to the command of the LORD
set out. But when it was taken up, they set out. through Moses.
appointed time of the Passover could 2:1,15. Here trumpets were to be used in
observe it one month later. four different ways for summoning the
9:13 To neglect this appointed feast of the people, for the setting out of the people,
Lord was a very serious matter. It was the as a call to war, and at feast days. Note at
same as regarding it as of no value, as Lev 23:23-25.
despising God who appointed it. The penalty 10:11-13 This took place one month after
was to be cut off in ones sin. If we lightly the tabernacle was erected (Ex 40:17), more
regard the Word of God we shall suffer the than a year after they left Egypt. They had
sad consequences (Prov 1:24-32; Heb been camped at Sinai about 11 months (Ex
12:25). 19:1), receiving Gods laws and instruc-
9:14 Ex 12:49; Lev 24:22. tions. Now they set out on the journey to
9:15,16 Ex 40:2,17,34; 13:21,22. the land of Canaan. They move out in the
9:17-23 Note at Ex 40:36-38. exact order that God had previously given
10:1-10 2 Chron 13:12; Jer 4:5; Joel (vs 14-28).
NUMBERS 10:14 188
14 The standard of the camp of the children of the Midianite, Moses father-in-law, We are
Judah according to their armies moved first; and travelling to the place of which the LORD said, I will
Nahshon the son of Amminadab was over its army. give it to you. Come with us, and we will do you
15 And Nethaneel the son of Zuar was over the good, for the LORD has spoken good concerning
army of the tribe of the children of Issachar. Israel.
16 And Eliab the son of Helon was over the army of 30 And he said to him, I will not go, but will go
the tribe of the children of Zebulun. 17 Then the to my own land, and to my relatives.
tabernacle was taken down, and the sons of 31 And he said, Please dont leave us, because
Gershon and the sons of Merari set out, carrying you know where we are to camp in the desert, and
the tabernacle. you can be to us instead of eyes. 32 And it will be,
18 And the standard of the camp of Reuben if you go with us, yes, it will be, that whatever
set out according to their armies. And Elizur the good the LORD does to us, we will do the same to
son of Shedeur was over its army. 19 And Shelumiel you.
the son of Zurishaddai was over the army of the 33 And they went a three days journey from
tribe of the children of Simeon. 20 And Eliasaph the mount of the LORD, and during the three days
the son of Deuel was over the army of the tribe of journey the ark of the covenant of the LORD went
the children of Gad. 21 Then the Kohathites set before them to seek out a resting place for them.
out, carrying the holy things, and the others set 34 And the cloud of the LORD was over them by
up the tabernacle before they came. day, when they went out of the camp.
22 Then the standard of the camp of the 35 And it came about when the ark set out that
children of Ephraim set out according to their armies; Moses said,
and Elishama the son of Ammihud was over its Rise up, LORD, and let your enemies
army. 23 And Gamaliel the son of Pedahzur was be scattered,
over the army of the tribe of the children of and let those who hate you flee before you.
Manasseh. 24 And Avidan the son of Gideoni was
over the army of the tribe of the children of 36 And when it rested, he said,
Benjamin. Return, O LORD,
25 Then the standard of the camp of the to the many thousands of Israel.
children of Dan set out, the last of all the camps
throughout their hosts; and Ahiezer the son of
Ammishaddai was over its army. 26 And Pagiel the
son of Ocran was over the army of the tribe of the
children of Asher. 27 And Ahira the son of Enan
11 And the people were like those who
complain of hardship in the hearing of the
LORD. And the LORD heard it, and his anger was
was over the army of the tribe of the children of aroused, and the fire of the LORD burned among
Naphtali. 28 This was the order of march of the them and consumed some of the outskirts of the
children of Israel according to their armies, when camp. 2 And the people cried out to Moses; and
they set out. when Moses prayed to the LORD the fire was
29 And Moses said to Hobab, the son of Raguel quenched. 3 And he called the name of the place
10:29 Father-in-law Ex 2:18; 3:1. presence with them.
To you Ex 6:4-8. 10:35 Ps 68:1,2; Deut 7:10; 32:41.
Concerning Israel Gen 12:1-3; 11:1 Notes at Ex 14:11,12 and Num 21:5.
17:6-8. See also Ex 15:24; 16:2; Num 14:2;
10:31 Since the pillar of cloud and fire 16:11; 17:5. Grumbling or complaining
guided them where God wanted them to go is a terrible sin because it is the same as
(Ex 13:21; 40:36-38; Neh 9:19; Ps doubting Gods love, justice, guidance,
78:14), Hobabs guidance was really unnec- goodness, and promises. If we complain
essary. Moses request may indicate a weak- against God we are saying that we are wiser
ness in him. How often Christians, when they and better than God. In this case this sin
should get their guidance from God, seek it was swiftly punished. Gods anger is like
from human beings. Later we find Hobabs fire which blazes against all evil, sin, and
descendants in Canaan (Jud 1:16; 4:11). wrong. Note at Num 25:3. See also Isa
So it seems clear that he accepted Moses 30:27; 33:14; Rom 1:18; Heb 12:29.
invitation. 11:2 As Moses was the mediator and
10:32 The people of God should always try intercessor at that time, so now Christ is for
to persuade others to enter with them into His people (1 John 2:1; Heb 7:25; Rom
Gods blessings. 5:10). He it is who keeps the wrath of God
10:33 Mountain Sinai. from coming on them because of their sins.
Ark Ex 25:10-22. The ark was the Note at Ex 32:11-13.
symbol of Gods covenant and His 11:3 Taberah means burning.
189 NUMBERS 11:25
Taberah, because the fire of the LORD burned 16 And the LORD said to Moses, Gather for me
among them. seventy of the elders of Israel whom you know to
4 And the mixed crowd that was among them be the elders of the people and their officers, and
had greedy desires, and the children of Israel also bring them to the tabernacle of the congregation,
wept again, and said, Who will give us meat to so that they may stand there with you. 17 And I
eat? 5 We remember the fish which we ate for free will come down and talk with you there; and I will
in Egypt, and the cucumbers, and the melons, and take of the Spirit that is on you and will put the
the leeks, and the onions, and the garlic. 6 But now same on them; and they will carry the burden of
we waste away. There is nothing at all before our the people with you, so that you do not carry it by
eyes except this manna. yourself.
7 And the manna was like coriander seed, and 18 And say to the people, Consecrate
its colour like the colour of bdellium. 8 And the yourselves for tomorrow, and you will eat meat;
people went around and gathered it, and ground it for you have wailed in the ears of the LORD, saying,
between millstones, or beat it in a mortar, and Who will give us meat to eat? For it was well with
baked it in pans, and made cakes with it. And its us in Egypt. Therefore the LORD will give you
taste was like the taste of some preparation made meat, and you will eat. 19 You will eat it not one
with oil. 9 And when the dew fell on the camp at day, or two days, or five days, or ten days, or
night, the manna fell on it. twenty days, 20 but for a whole month, until it
10 Then Moses heard the people wailing, every- comes out of your nostrils, and it becomes
one in their families at the entrance of their tents. loathsome to you; because you have rejected the
And the anger of the LORD was greatly aroused. It LORD who is among you, and have wailed in his
was also an evil thing in the eyes of Moses. 11 And presence, saying, Why did we come out of Egypt?
Moses said to the LORD, Why have you treated me 21 And Moses said, The people, among whom
badly? And why have I not found favour in your I am, are six hundred thousand men on foot, and
sight, that you lay the burden of all this people on you have said, I will give them meat so that they
me? 12 Have I conceived all this people? Have I may eat it for a whole month. 22 Will the flocks
given them birth, so that you should say to me, and the herds be slaughtered for them, so they
Carry them in your bosom, as a nurse carries an can have enough? Or will all the fish in the sea be
infant at the breast, to the land which you swore gathered for them so they can have enough?
to give to their fathers? 13 Where can I get meat 23 And the LORD said to Moses, Has the LORDs
to give to all this people? For they are wailing to hand become short? You will see now whether my
me, saying, Give us meat to eat. 14 I am not able word comes true for you or not.
to carry all this people alone, because it is too heavy 24 And Moses went out, and told the people
for me. 15 And if you are going to treat me like the words of the LORD, and gathered seventy
this, please kill me at once, if I have found favour in elders of the people, and had them stand around
your sight, and do not let me see my own misery. the tabernacle. 25 And the LORD came down in a
11:4-9 Though the fiery anger of the Lord 11:20 Becomes loathsome when we in-
burned against them their greedy desires sist on having something which is not Gods
were uncontrollable. They even dared to choice for us He may let us have it, but it
despise the food God had given them from will do us no good. Having our own way is
heaven (Ex 16:14-16,31; Deut 8:3,16). We the worst thing for us Ps 106:13-15.
see from such behavior what man is in his Actually the granting of their request was a
fallen condition. punishment for rejecting the Lord. Can, then,
11:10 10:1. Moses was displeased. The an answer to prayer ever be a punishment?
burden of the people became very grievous Sometimes.
to him. He could stand it no longer and 11:23 The answer of God to Moses waver-
began to complain himself. He practically ing faith was this: God is all-powerful and
charged God with treating him too harshly can and will always do what He says He will
vs 11-14. do (Gen 18:14; Jer 32:17,27; Zech 8:6;
11:15 Desires and prayers for death are not Matt 19:26). If God can give meat to six
uncommon even among the greatest lead- hundred thousand men plus women and
ers of Gods people (1 Kings 19:4; Job children in the barren desert He can also
3:11,21,22; Jer 20:14-18; Jonah 4:8; Phil provide all anyone can ever need wherever
1:23). But when the burden of life and ser- they may be. And He will do so in response
vice gets to be almost unendurable, God to faith. Compare Ps 23:1; 37:25,26; Matt
understands and helps and comforts His 7:9-11; 2 Cor 9:8; Phil 4:19.
people. 11:25 Spirit how impossible it is to lead
11:18 Well with us in Egypt see the people of God properly without the Spirit
Ex 1:9-11,13-16; 2:23-25. How quickly the of God.
past is forgotten! Compare 16:12,13. Prophesied to prophesy means to
NUMBERS 11:26 190
cloud, and spoke to him, and took of the Spirit that who gathered the least gathered ten homers. And
was on him and gave the same to the seventy they spread them out for themselves all around
elders. And it happened that, when the Spirit rested the camp. 33 And while the meat was still between
on them, they prophesied, but did not continue. their teeth, before it was chewed, the wrath of the
26 But two of the men remained in the camp. LORD burned against the people, and the LORD
The name of one was Eldad, and the name of the struck the people with a very severe plague.
other Medad. They were enrolled with the others 34 And he called the name of that place Kibroth
but did not go to the tabernacle. And the Spirit Hattaavah, because there they buried the people
rested on them, and they prophesied in the camp. who had been greedy.
27 And a young man ran and told Moses, and said, 35 And the people set out from Kibroth
Eldad and Medad are prophesying in the camp. Hattaavah for Hazeroth, and stayed at Hazeroth.
28 And Joshua the son of Nun, Moses assistant
from his youth, answered and said, My lord Moses,
forbid them.
29 And Moses said to him, Are you jealous for
12 And Miriam and Aaron spoke against Moses
because of the Ethiopian woman whom he
had married (for he had married an Ethiopian
my sake? Would that all the LORDs people were woman). 2 And they said, Has the LORD indeed
prophets, and that the LORD would put his Spirit spoken only through Moses? Has he not spoken
on them! 30 And Moses returned to the camp, he also through us? And the LORD heard it.
and the elders of Israel. 3 (Now the man Moses was very meek, more so
31 And a wind from the LORD went out and than anyone else on the face of the earth.)
brought quails from the sea, and let them fall near 4 And the LORD spoke suddenly to Moses, and
the camp for about the distance of a days journey to Aaron, and to Miriam, You three come to the
on this side, and about a days journey on the tabernacle of the congregation. And the three of
other side, all around the camp, and about two them came. 5 And the LORD came down in the
cubits deep on the surface of the ground. 32 And pillar of the cloud, and stood in the doorway of the
the people were up all that day and all that night tabernacle and called Aaron and Miriam; and they
and all the next day gathering the quails. The one both came forward. 6 And he said, Listen now to
speak under the influence of some inspira- 12:1,2 Moses first wife was Zipporah, a
tion or other. True prophets spoke inspired Midianite (Ex 2:15,16,21; 2:1). It would
by the Spirit of God (2 Pet 1:21), false seem from this verse that she had died and
prophets spoke under the influence of the Moses had remarried. His wife was an
spirit of some demon or false god, or out of Ethiopian woman. Moses brother and sister
their heated imaginations (Ezek 13:2,3; used this as an occasion to speak against
1 Kings 18:25,26,29; Jer 14:14; 23:13). Moses. But it is clear from v 2 that they
True prophets predicted the future with were not satisfied to be subordinate to Moses
absolute accuracy because God revealed it and were rebelling against his leadership.
to them. They also taught the word of God They were not content to be in the position
already revealed. See note at Gen 20:7. God gave them. This is a grievous sin see
11:28 Joshua was jealous for Moses, note at 16:9-11. We must learn to accept
wanting him alone to be the prophet of the position God gives to us in His Church.
Israel. Compare Mark 9:38-40. Struggling and striving for position and
11:29 Moses had a higher view of matters. honors is not Christs way (Ps 75:6,7; Matt
He was a meek and humble man (12:3). 20:25-28; 23:11,12; Luke 17:10). Our
He did not desire a high position or honor concern should not be to gain a high place
from men. If others rose to a high place He but to be zealous and faithful in the place
was not envious of them. His one desire where God has put us, and to seek His honor,
was that God be honored and that the work not our own. Note at 16:1,2.
of God go forward. In all this he is a great 12:3 The Bible records both the virtues and
example to all of us. Paul was of a similar sins of Gods people. Moses meekly
mind (1 Cor 14:5). These are the kind of endured the verbal attacks and rebellion of
leaders Gods people always need, not the his brother and sister. He did not defend
kind who are out for their own honor or power himself. He did not consider his prestige.
or financial benefit. In this he was a great example to us all.
11:31,32 God kept His word given in v 18. Christ was an even greater example
Ten homers probably about 60 (Isa 53:7; Heb 12:2,3; 1 Pet 2:21-23).
bushels or 2.2 kiloliters. 12:4-8 Sometimes God lets His servants
11:33 Ps 78:26-31. Let us be careful what suffer opposition, rebellion, and slander for
we ask for and how we ask. a long time, but here it was necessary for
11:34 Greed or covetousness is like the good of His people to speedily judge
idolatry (Col 3:5), and Gods wrath comes the case and vindicate Moses.
on it. Kibroth Hattavah means graves of 12:6 This was one way God used to reveal
those who craved. His truth to the people then. He frequently
191 NUMBERS 13:20
my words. If there is a prophet among you, I the Israel. You shall send one man, each one a leader
LORD will make myself known to him in a vision, and among them, from each tribe of their fathers.
will speak to him in a dream. 7 Not so with my 3 And by the command of the LORD Moses sent
servant Moses who is faithful in all my household. them from the desert of Paran. All those men were
8 With him I will speak mouth to mouth, and openly, heads of the children of Israel.
and not in riddles. And he sees the form of the 4 And these were their names: from the tribe of
LORD. Why then were you not afraid to speak Reuben, Shammua the son of Zaccur; 5 from the
against my servant Moses? tribe of Simeon, Shaphat the son of Hori; 6 from
9 And the anger of the LORD burned against the tribe of Judah, Caleb the son of Jephunneh;
them, and he left them. 7 from the tribe of Issachar, Igal the son of
10 And the cloud went up from the tabernacle, Joseph; 8 from the tribe of Ephraim, Hoshea the
and immediately Miriam became leprous, white as son of Nun; 9 from the tribe of Benjamin, Palti the
snow. And Aaron looked at Miriam, and saw that son of Raphu; 10 from the tribe of Zebulun, Gaddiel
she was leprous. 11 And Aaron said to Moses, the son of Sodi; 11 from the tribe of Joseph, that
Oh, my lord, I beg you, do not lay this sin to our is, of the tribe of Manasseh, Gaddi the son of Susi;
account, which we have foolishly committed and of 12 from the tribe of Dan, Ammiel the son of Gemalli;
which we are guilty. 12 Do not let her be like one 13 from the tribe of Asher, Sethur the son of Michael;
dead, whose flesh is half eaten away when he 14 from the tribe of Naphtali, Nahbi the son of
comes from his mothers womb. Vophsi; 15 from the tribe of Gad, Geuel the son of
13 And Moses cried out to the LORD, saying, Machi.
Heal her now, O God, I beg you. 16 These are the names of the men whom
14 And the LORD said to Moses, If her father Moses sent to spy out the land. And Moses called
had only spit in her face, should she not be ashamed Hoshea the son of Nun Joshua.
for seven days? Have her confined outside the 17 And Moses sent them to spy out the land of
camp for seven days, and after that let her be Canaan, and said to them, Go up there to the
received inside again. 15 And Miriam was confined south region, then go up into the hill country,
outside the camp for seven days; and the people 18 and see what the land is like, and the people
did not set out until Miriam was brought in again. who live in it, whether they are strong or weak,
16 And afterwards the people moved from few or many, 19 and see whether the land that
Hazeroth, and camped in the desert of Paran. they live in is good or bad, and what cities they
are living in, whether they are like camps or forti-
13 And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying,
2 Send men for yourselves to search the
land of Canaan, which I will give to the children of
fied places, 20 and what the ground is like, whether
it is fertile or poor, whether there are trees or not.
And make a strong effort to bring some of the fruit
made use of visions and dreams. 12:11,12 Aarons anguish and repentance
Vision Gen 15:1; Isa 1:1; Ezek 8:4; are clear. He calls Moses my lord (here
Dan 2:19; 7:2; Nah 1:1; Acts 9:10; 10:3; meaning my master or my leader), and
16:9; 18:9; Rev 9:17. there is no reason to think he ever rebelled
Dream Gen 20:3; 28:12; 37:5; again.
1 Kings 3:5; Dan 7:1; Joel 2:28; Matt 1:20. 12:13 Matt 5:44; Luke 6:27,28; Acts 7:60.
Now we have Gods complete revelation 12:14 Even when sin is forgiven it is right
in the Bible and there is not so much need for the guilty to bear something of the con-
for dreams and visions, though, no doubt, sequences of it. Note at 14:22,23.
God may still give them if He pleases. But 12:15 Lev 14:7,8.
of this we may be sure in no dream or 13:1,2 Judging from Deut 1:19-23 the origi-
vision will He add to the revelation of nal suggestion to spy out the land came
doctrines He has given in the Bible or give from the people. God gave orders to do
anything contrary to its truth. Other notes what was in the peoples hearts to do. His
on dreams at Gen 15:12; Deut 13:1. original instruction to them was to go up
12:7 Josh 1:1; Heb 3:2,5. and possess the land (Deut 1:8,21). This
12:8 Mouth Deut 34:10. they were very reluctant to try to do.
Form Ex 20:4; 24:10,11; 33:18-23. 13:17-20 The sending of spies into the land
12:9 1:10. could have had a good effect if the people
12:10 Deut 24:9. Leprous see notes at had not been so unbelieving and rebellious.
Lev 13:1,2,47; 14:34. It is not written that They might have been better prepared
Aaron was punished. Perhaps Miriam was knowing what faced them in Canaan. The
the instigator of this rebellion. Perhaps Lord Jesus and the apostles often warned
Aarons punishment was to see the wretched believers of things that faced them in the
condition of his sister and to know he was future so they would be prepared for them
partly responsible for it. (Matt 24:9; John 16:1-4,33; Acts 14:22;
NUMBERS 13:21 192
of the land. Now the time was the season of first Amorites live in the mountains, and the Canaanites
ripe grapes. live along the sea and by the banks of the Jordan.
21 So they went up and explored the land from 30 And Caleb silenced the people before Moses,
the desert of Zin to Rehob, toward Hamath. and said, Let us go up at once and possess it, for
22 And they went up from the south and arrived at we are well able to conquer it.
Hebron where Ahiman, Sheshai, and Talmai, the 31 But the men who went up with him said, We
children of Anak, were. (Now Hebron was built are not able to go up against the people, for they
seven years before Zoan in Egypt.) 23 And they are stronger than we. 32 And they brought a
came to the valley of Eshcol, and there cut off a bad report to the children of Israel about the land
branch with a single cluster of grapes and carried it which they had explored, saying, The land which
on a pole between two men. And they brought we went through exploring it is a land that devours
some pomegranates and some figs. 24 The place its inhabitants, and all the people we saw in it are
was called Eshcol Valley, because of the cluster of of great size. 33 And we saw the giants there, the
grapes which the children of Israel cut off there. sons of Anak, who are descended from the giants;
25 And after forty days they came back from and in our own sight we were like grasshoppers, as
exploring the land. we were in their sight also.
26 And they proceeded on and came to Moses
and to Aaron and to the whole congregation of the
children of Israel at Kadesh in the desert of Paran,
and reported to them and to the whole congrega-
14 And the whole congregation raised their
voices and cried out, and the people wept
that night. 2 And all the children of Israel com-
tion, and showed them the fruit from the land. plained against Moses and against Aaron; and the
27 So they gave him this account and said, We whole congregation said to them, If only we had
went to the land where you sent us, and it died in the land of Egypt! Or if only we had died in
certainly does flow with milk and honey; and this is this desert! 3 And why is the LORD bringing us to
some of its fruit. 28 However, the people who live this land to fall by the sword? Our wives and our
in the land are strong, and the cities have walls children will become plunder. Is it not better for us
and are very large. Also we saw the children of to return to Egypt? 4 And they said to one an-
Anak there. 29 The Amalekites live in the southern other, Let us appoint a leader to return to Egypt.
region, and the Hittites and the Jebusites and the 5 Then Moses and Aaron prostrated themselves
Eph 6:10-20; 1 Pet 4:1). But with an 14:1 This sad chapter is a lesson on unbe-
unbelieving people, as then on the borders lief and its consequences. As usual the
of Canaan, a fuller knowledge of the power people doubted their beliefs and believed
of the enemy contributed to their fear, their doubts. So they wept. The one and
despair and rebellion. only thing that could keep them from tak-
13:21 Zin was in the extreme south of ing possession of Canaan was unbelief. And
Canaan, Rehob at Hamath was in the this sin they immediately committed (Heb
extreme north. 3:18,19). Now the only thing that can keep
13:22 The Anaks were a race of giants. us from inheritance in Christ and heaven is
13:24 Eschol means cluster or bunch. unbelief (Mark 16:16; John 3:36). Let us
13:27 Ex 3:8,17; 13:5; Deut 1:24,25. be careful to avoid the bad example of Is-
The spies admitted that the land was just rael.
what God said it was. 14:2 Note at Ex 14:11,12. See also Ex 15:24;
13:28,29 This also was true, but what was 16:2; Num 11:1; 16:11; 17:5.
that to God who had promised them victory? 14:3 What a slander on God who loved them,
13:30 One voice spoke with faith (joined delivered them from their bondage, gave
later by Joshuas) God had promised them them food from heaven and water from the
the land so it was certain that God would rock, and poured on them loving kindness
enable them to overcome enemies and tender mercies! Let us not fall into the
stronger than themselves. He had struck same condition. Unbelief always slanders
down the Egyptians and could do the same God and fails to receive Gods blessings.
to the Canaanites (Deut 1:30,31). But how 14:4 This is the wickedness of unbelief. Then
difficult it is to get people to really trust God! it would stir up the people to forsake Gods
Observe that the majority is not always right way and turn back to the very condition of
and that men of God sometimes must stand bondage from which He had delivered them.
alone for God. Now it would tempt those who make a pro-
13:31 Their voice spoke of unbelief in Gods fession of faith in Christ to forsake Christs
promises, faithfulness, power, and love. way and turn back to the world of which Egypt
13:32 They said at first it was a good land is but a type and picture (Gal 4:8,9; 2 Tim
(v 27). But fear and unbelief made them 4:10; 2 Pet 2:20-22).
doubt if they could take it. 14:5 Moses expressed his great alarm and
13:33 If God fights for grasshoppers they burden to pray. See 16:4,22,45; 20:6;
can conquer giants. Deut 9:18,25.
193 NUMBERS 14:32
before all the assembly of the congregation of the 18 The LORD is slow to get angry and of great
children of Israel. 6 And Joshua the son of Nun, mercy, forgiving wickedness and transgression, yet
and Caleb the son of Jephunneh, who were among not leaving sin unpunished, visiting the
those who explored the land, tore their clothes, wrongdoing of the fathers on the children to the
7 and spoke to all the company of the children of third and fourth generation. 19 Pardon, I beg
Israel, saying, The land, which we went through you, the wickedness of this people in accordance
to explore it, is an exceedingly good land. 8 If the with the greatness of your mercy, just as you have
LORD is pleased with us, then he will take us into forgiven this people, from Egypt up until now.
this land, and give it to us, a land that flows with 20 And the LORD said, I have pardoned them
milk and honey. 9 Only do not rebel against the in accordance with your word. 21 But as truly as I
LORD, or be afraid of the people of the land, for live, the whole earth will be filled with the glory of
they will be like bread for us. Their protection has the LORD. 22 Because all those men who have
left them, and the LORD is with us. Do not be seen my glory, and my miracles, which I did in Egypt
afraid of them. and in the desert have tempted me now these ten
10 But the whole congregation said to stone times, and have not listened to my voice, 23 they
them with stones. But the glory of the LORD will by no means see the land which I swore to their
appeared on the tabernacle of the congregation fathers, nor will any of those who treated me with
before all the children of Israel. 11 And the LORD contempt see it. 24 But as for my servant Caleb,
said to Moses, How long will this people treat me because he had a different spirit in him, and
with contempt? And how long will it be before they followed me fully, I will bring him into the land where
believe me, in spite of all the signs which I have he went, and his offspring will possess it. 25 Now
showed among them? 12 I will strike them down the Amalekites and the Canaanites live in the
with a plague and disown them, and will make of valley. Tomorrow turn and set out into the desert
you a greater and stronger nation than they. by way of the Red Sea.
13 And Moses said to the LORD, Then the 26 And the LORD spoke to Moses and to Aaron,
Egyptians will hear it (for with your strength you saying, 27 How long will I have to endure this evil
brought up this people from among them), 14 And congregation that complains against me? I have
they will tell it to the inhabitants of this land; for heard the complaints of the children of Israel which
they have heard that you, LORD, are among this they make against me. 28 Tell them this: As truly
people, that you, LORD, are seen face to face, as I live, says the LORD, I will do to you just as you
and that your cloud stands over them, and that have spoken in my hearing; 29 your carcasses will
you go before them by day in a pillar of cloud, and fall in this desert, all of you men who were counted,
by night in a pillar of fire. 15 Now if you kill all these the complete number of you twenty years old and
people like one man, then the nations which have more who have complained against me, 30 will not
heard of your fame will speak, saying, 16 The LORD at all enter the land in which I swore to settle you,
has killed this people in the desert because he was except Caleb the son of Jephunneh and Joshua
not able to bring them into the land which he swore the son of Nun. 31 But as for your little ones,
to them. whom you said would be plunder, I will take them
17 And now, I beg you, let the power of my in, and they will know the land which you have
Lord be great, just as you have spoken, saying, rejected. 32 But as for you, your carcasses will fall
14:6-9 Joshua joins Caleb (13:30) in ex- 14:19 Ex 32:32; 34:9; Heb 7:25; 1 John 2:1.
horting the people to faith and obedience. 14:20 So God the Father hears the prayers
14:10 To stone them unbelief drives of His Son for His people.
people to take desperate measures (Ex 14:21 Isa 6:3; Hab 2:14.
17:4; 2 Chron 24:20,21; John 10:31; 14:22,23 They were pardoned, but they
Acts 7:57-60; Heb 11:37). must be chastised and bear something of
Glory Ex 16:10; Lev 9:23. the consequences of their sin. Compare
14:11 Unbelief is rooted in mans selfish- 2 Sam 12:10,11,14; Heb 12:6; Rev 3:19;
ness, sinfulness, ignorance, and prejudice, Prov 23:13,14; 1 Cor 5:4,5; 11:29,30.
and even a sight of Gods miracles does 14:24 26:65; 32:11,12; Deut 1:36; Josh
not overcome it (Ps 78:11,32; 106:21-24; 14:6-13.
Luke 16:31; John 6:26). Unbelief wants 14:25-35 This is what they chose in their
only a full belly; promises of glory mean unbelief and disobedience and this is what
nothing to it. they got. Here is an example of divine jus-
14:12 Note at Ex 32:10. tice at work (Deut 30:19,20; Prov 1:28-31;
14:13-16 Notes at Ex 32:11-13; Num 11:2. 5:21-23; Isa 3:11; Jer 6:19; Ezek 18:30-
Gods reputation was bound up with His 32; Matt 23:37-39; John 3:18-20; Gal
people. 6:7,8). The people of Israel opposed God,
14:17,18 See notes at Ex 20:6; 34:6,7. now He would oppose them (v 34;
NUMBERS 14:33 194
in this wilderness. 33 And your children will wander down before the face of your enemies, for the
in the wilderness for forty years, and bear your LORD is not among you. 43 For the Amalekites
unfaithfulness, until your corpses end in the and the Canaanites are there in front of you, and
wilderness. 34 You will bear your sins for forty you will fall by the sword. Because you have
years, according to the number of days in which turned away from the LORD, the LORD will not be
you explored the land, forty days, each day for a with you.
year, and you will know my opposition. 35 I the 44 But they presumptuously went up to the top
LORD have spoken; I will surely do these things to of the hill, but the ark of the covenant of the LORD,
this whole evil congregation that is gathered and Moses, did not leave the camp. 45 Then the
together against me. They will be devoured in this Amalekites and the Canaanites who lived in that hill
wilderness and here they will die. came down and attacked them and beat them down
36 And as for the men whom Moses sent to as far as Hormah.
explore the land, who returned and caused the
whole congregation to complain against him by
bringing a bad report about the land, 37 those
men who brought the bad report about the land
15 And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying,
2 Speak to the children of Israel, and say
to them, When you have entered the land where
died by a plague in the presence of the LORD. you are to live, which I will give to you, 3 and make
38 But Joshua the son of Nun and Caleb the son of an offering by fire to the LORD, a burnt offering,
Jephunneh, who were among the men who went or a sacrifice in performing a vow, or as a freewill
to explore the land, remained alive. offering, or in your solemn feasts, to make a
39 And Moses told these things to all the children fragrant aroma to the LORD, from the herd, or
of Israel; and the people mourned greatly. 40 And from the flock, 4 then the one who presents his
they got up early in the morning and went up to the offering to the LORD is to bring a grain offering of
top of the mountain, saying, See, here we are, a tenth of an ephah of flour mixed with a fourth of
and we will go up to the place which the LORD has a hin of oil. 5 And prepare a fourth of a hin of wine
promised; for we have sinned. as a drink offering with the burnt offering or sacrifice
41 And Moses said, Why are you now breaking for each lamb.
the command of the LORD? But this will not 6 Or for a ram, you must prepare two tenths of
succeed. 42 Do not go up, or you will be stuck an ephah of flour mixed with a third of a hin of oil as
Lev 26:23,24,27,28; Ps 18:25,26). in Egypt (the world), as a pilgrim to heaven
14:36,37 This judgment was speedily ex- he is in the desert, spiritually in Christ he is
ecuted by God on the unbelieving spies. also already in the heavenly places. Notes
Beware of unbelief! at Num 20:12; Ex 15:27; Deut 1:19; Josh
14:40 Their repentance and confession 1:17; Jud 3:2; Eph 1:3; 2:6. Numbers
were not real. This is revealed by the fact chapter 14 shows that Israel was not yet
that they immediately disobeyed God again ready for Canaan.
and refused His command given in v 25 15:1,2 The people of Israel had lost their
and His word given through Moses in vs opportunity to enter Canaan for 40 years.
41-43. False repentance will never obtain A great many of them then living would
good results. never enter it. However, God immediately
14:44 See Eccl 9:3; Jer 17:9. Sin and began to speak of what they should do
unbelief are like insanity. Some Christians after the people of Israel entered it so
are so foolish as to go against Satan in their certain it was that they would finally arrive
own strength. in the land. Though they failed, He would
14:45 This is the usual result of self-effort not. Chapters 15 to 20 of Numbers cover a
in Gods name apart from God. Canaan is period of about 38 years. During that time
a picture of the inheritance of believers in Israel was wandering here and there in the
the heavenly places in Christ. We can enter desert regions south of Canaan. The instruc-
into an experience of its blessings by a victo- tions to the priests in this chapter, for the
rious faith in Gods promises and a moving most part, had been given before at Sinai.
forward according to His word. Faith and Given again here they showed that the
obedience bring with them the power of God covenant was still in force, that God would
working in behalf of the believer. Unbelief undertake to bring them into Canaan, and
robs us of the victory, rest, and enjoyment that they should still observe His laws.
of Gods blessings He wants us to have. 15:3 Offering Lev 1:2,3; 22:21.
Egypt is a type of the sinful world under Gods Aroma Gen 8:21; Lev 1:9; Eph 5:2;
wrath. The desert speaks of the tempta- Phil 4:18.
tions and trials all believers must pass 15:4 Lev 2:1.
through on their way to heaven. Tenth of an ephah about 2 liters.
It seems that the believer now is in three Fourth of a hin about 1 liter.
places at the same time physically he is 15:5 Ex 29:40; Lev 23:13.
195 NUMBERS 15:35
a grain offering, 7 and as a drink offering you shall commanded you through Moses from the day that
offer a third of a hin of wine, as a fragrant aroma the LORD first commanded him, and from now on
to the LORD. throughout your generations, 24 then it shall be, if
8 And when you prepare an ox as a burnt any sin has been committed through ignorance,
offering, or as a sacrifice in performing a vow, or without the knowledge of the congregation, that
peace offerings to the LORD, 9 then he must bring the whole congregation shall offer one young ox
with the ox a grain offering of three tenths of an as a burnt offering, as a fragrant aroma to the
ephah of flour mixed with half a hin of oil. 10 And LORD, with its grain offering and its drink offering,
you shall bring as a drink offering half a hin of wine, in accordance with the ordinance, and one young
as an offering made by fire, a fragrant aroma to goat as a sin offering. 25 And the priest shall make
the LORD. 11 This is the way it must be done for atonement for the whole congregation of the
one ox, or for one ram, or for a lamb, or a young children of Israel, and it shall be forgiven them; for
goat. 12 You shall prepare them according to the it was done in ignorance. And they shall bring their
number of offerings; so do for each one in offering, a sacrifice made by fire to the LORD, and
accordance with their number. their sin offering, before the LORD, for their sin
13 Everyone who is native-born must do these done in ignorance; 26 and it shall be forgiven the
things in this way, when presenting an offering whole congregation of the children of Israel, and
made by fire, a fragrant aroma to the LORD. the foreigner who stays among them, since all the
14 And throughout your generations, if a foreigner people were in ignorance.
is staying with you, or anyone else is among you, 27 And if any person sins through ignorance,
and presents an offering made by fire, a fragrant then he shall bring a female goat a year old as a sin
aroma to the LORD, he must do just as you do. offering. 28 And the priest shall make atonement
15 One ordinance is to be for both you of the for the person who sins in ignorance, when he sins
congregation, and for the foreigner who is staying in ignorance against the LORD, making atonement
with you, a permanent ordinance throughout your for him so that he can be forgiven him. 29 For the
generations. Before the LORD the foreigner is to one who sins in ignorance you shall have the same
be just as you are. 16 The same law and the same law both for him who is born among the children of
custom shall be for you, and for the foreigner who Israel, and for the foreigner who stays among them.
is staying with you. 30 But the person who commits sin defiantly,
17 And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying, whether he is native-born or a foreigner, is
18 Speak to the children of Israel and say to them, blaspheming the LORD, and that person shall be
When you enter the land where I will take you, cut off from among his people. 31 He must definitely
19 it shall be that when you eat of the bread of the be cut off, because he has rejected the word of
land, you shall present a lifted up offering to the the LORD, and has broken his commandment. His
LORD. 20 You shall offer a cake from the first of guilt will be on him.
your dough as a lifted up offering. You shall lift it 32 And while the children of Israel were in the
up just as you do the lifted up offering from the wilderness, they found a man gathering sticks on
threshing floor. 21 Throughout your generations the Sabbath day. 33 And those who found him
you shall present to the LORD a lifted up offering gathering sticks brought him to Moses and Aaron,
from the first of your dough. and to the whole congregation. 34 And they put
22 And if you unknowingly failed, and have not him in custody, because it was not clear what should
obeyed all these commands which the LORD has be done to him.
spoken to Moses, 23 all that the LORD has 35 And the LORD said to Moses, The man shall
15:8 Peace offering Lev 3:1. men (except the blasphemy against the Holy
15:15 9:14; Lev 24:22. Spirit Matt 12:31). Yes, but there will be
15:20 Ex 34:26; Lev 23:14. very serious consequences in this life to the
15:22-29 Unintentional sin is still sin. It Christian who commits presumptuous sins
does harm to people, it is an affront to Gods (1 Cor 5:1-5; 11:29,30).
holiness, and it requires atonement (Lev 15:32-36 A man merely gathers a few sticks
4:2; Ps 19:12,13). on the sabbath and so must die a cruel
15:30,31 Sins done in arrogance and re- death. Was this justice? Yes it was, for God
bellion are a different matter. Those who Himself commanded it. The people had just
do them blaspheme God and despise His been warned about presumptuous sins.
word. They must be severely punished to This man had not merely gathered a few
show Gods wrath against sin and to show sticks on the sabbath. He had openly defied
there can be no blessing of God when such God and despised His word (Ex 20:9-11).
things are permitted. The Lord Jesus said That is why he had to die. God set him
that all sin and blasphemy could be forgiven forth as an example of what should happen
NUMBERS 15:36 196
surely be put to death. The whole congregation much on yourselves; for the whole congregation is
shall stone him with stones outside the camp. holy, each one of them, and the LORD is among
36 And the whole congregation brought him outside them. Why then do you exalt yourselves above
the camp and stoned him with stones, and he died, the congregation of the LORD?
just as the LORD commanded Moses. 4 And when Moses heard this, he prostrated
37 And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying, himself, 5 and he spoke to Korah and to all his
38 Speak to the children of Israel, and tell them to company, saying, Tomorrow the LORD will show
make for themselves tassels on the hems of their who are his, and who is holy, and will have that
garments, throughout their generations, and that one come near him; the one he chooses he will
they put a blue cord on the tassels on the hems. have come near him. 6 Do this: take censers for
39 And it will be a tassel for you to look at and yourselves, Korah and all his company, 7 and put
remember all the commandments of the LORD, and fire in them, and put incense in them in the presence
do them, and not follow your own heart and your of the LORD tomorrow; and the man whom the
own eyes, in accordance with which you have been LORD chooses, he is the one who is holy. You sons
prostituting yourselves, 40 so that you may of Levi take too much on yourselves.
remember to obey all my commandments, and to 8 And Moses said to Korah, Now listen, you
be holy for your God. 41 I am the LORD your God sons of Levi. 9 Does it seem just a small thing to
who brought you out of the land of Egypt, to be you, that the God of Israel has separated you from
your God. I am the LORD your God. the congregation of Israel, to bring you near to
himself to do the work of the tabernacle of the
16 Now Korah, the son of Izhar, the son of
Kohath, the son of Levi, and Dathan and
Abiram, the sons of Eliab, and On, the son of Peleth,
LORD, and to stand before the congregation to
serve them? 10 And he has brought you near to
him, and all your brethren the sons of Levi with
sons of Reuben, took men, 2 and rose up before you; and do you seek the priesthood also? 11 This
Moses, with some of the children of Israel, two is why both you and all your company have joined
hundred and fifty leaders of the assembly, well- together against the LORD. Who is Aaron, that
known in the congregation, men of reputation, you complain against him?
3 and they joined together against Moses and 12 And Moses summoned Dathan and Abiram,
against Aaron, and said to them, You take too the sons of Eliab, but they said, We will not come.
to everyone who defiantly, arrogantly dis- and Aaron (Ex 6:18-21).
obeys the Word of God. The law justly 16:3 We often accuse others of what we our-
condemns all who disobey it. The reason selves do or want to do (Rom 2:1-3). It is
for the laws existence is not to show mercy, true that in some ways all of Gods people
and, in fact, it does not do so. Since we are are equal in His sight (1 Cor 12:13; Gal
all sinners (that is, breakers of Gods law) 3:28; Col 3:11). But it is also true that
we all deserve to die (Rom 3:19; Gal 3:10- God has appointed leaders and teachers for
14). By such examples as the incident in His peoples good (1 Cor 12:28; Eph 4:11-
this chapter the law teaches us to come to 13), and we should listen to them as long
Christ for mercy and grace (Gal 3:24). It as they teach the Word of God and lead
teaches us how much we need the Gospel people according to it. In this regard we
of God. Without it we would all be dead and should realize also that no one on earth in
in hell. Note on law at Ex 19:21-25. this age of grace and the church has the
15:37-41 Tassels. . . remember since same God-given authority Moses had. Christ
sin is so powerful in mans nature, and since alone is the head of the Church, and Moses
the temptation to follow their own heart and is a type of Him. All that Moses was to Is-
eyes was so great, they needed constant rael, that Christ is to His Church and far more
reminders to obey God. Of course, the than that (Heb 3:1-6).
hypocrites, following still their own heart and 16:5 Ps 65:4.
eyes, perverted this good use and tried to 16:9-11 Rejecting the place of service God
make it a mark of their own righteousness has appointed for us is sin against God.
before men (Matt 23:5). Desiring bigness and pre-eminence and
16:1,2 This was a very serious rebellion someone elses place of service is rebellion
against Moses, referred to several times in and wickedness. Their rebellion was actually
the Bible (26:9,10; 27:3; Deut 11:6; against God, not merely against Aaron. Note
Ps 106:17; Jude 11). Rebellion against at Num 12:2.
Moses, Gods appointed leader, was the 16:12,13 In their eyes Egypt, a land of bond-
same as rebellion against God Himself. Note age and affliction for them all, has become
at 12:1,2. The rebellion was from two tribes, a land flowing with milk and honey! See
Levi and Reuben, and was against both the 11:18 also. How perverted were the minds
religious and administrative leadership of of these rebels! See Isa 5:20. And how
Moses. Korah was a first cousin of Moses perverted the thoughts of Christians who
197 NUMBERS 16:38
13 Is it a small thing that you have brought us up Abiram; and the elders of Israel followed him.
out of a land that flows with milk and honey, to kill 26 And he spoke to the congregation, saying,
us in the wilderness? Will you also make yourself a Please move away from the tents of these wicked
prince over us? 14 What is more, you have not men, and do not touch anything of theirs, so that
brought us into a land that flows with milk and honey, you will not be consumed in all their sins. 27 So on
or given us an inheritance of fields and vineyards. every side they got away from the tents of Korah,
Will you put out the eyes of these men? We will not Dathan, and Abiram. And Dathan and Abiram came
come! out, and stood in the door of their tents, and their
15 And Moses was very angry, and said to the wives, and their sons, and their little children with
LORD, Do not have regard for their offering. I them.
have not taken one donkey from them, nor have I 28 And Moses said, This is how you will know
harmed one of them. 16 And Moses said to Korah, that the LORD has sent me to do all these things;
Tomorrow you and all your company be in the they have not come from my own heart. 29 If
LORDs presence, you and they and Aaron. these men die like all men die, or if they suffer the
17 And each man is to take his censer, and put fate of all men, then the LORD has not sent me.
incense in it, and each man is to bring his censer 30 But if the LORD does a new thing, and the earth
before the LORD, two hundred and fifty censers; opens its mouth and swallows them up, with all that
you also, and Aaron, each of you bring his censer. they have, and they go down alive into the pit,
18 And each of them took his censer, and put fire in then you will understand that these men have
it, and laid incense on it, and stood in the door of treated the LORD with contempt.
the tabernacle of the congregation with Moses and 31 And it came about when he had finished
Aaron. 19 And Korah gathered the whole speaking all these words, that the ground under
congregation against them at the door of the them split apart, 32 and the earth opened its mouth
tabernacle of the congregation. And the glory of and swallowed them up, and their households, and
the LORD appeared to the whole congregation. all Korahs men and all their goods. 33 They, and
20 And the LORD spoke to Moses and to Aaron, everything they had, went down alive into the pit,
saying, 21 Separate yourselves from this and the earth closed over them; and they perished
congregation, so that I may put an end to them from the congregation. 34 And at their cries all the
immediately. people of Israel who had been around them fled.
22 And they prostrated themselves, and said, For they said, The earth may swallow us up too.
O God, the God of the spirits of all flesh, if one 35 And a fire came out from the LORD and con-
man sins will you be angry with the whole sumed the two hundred and fifty men who offered
congregation? incense. 36 And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying,
23 And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying, 37 Tell Eleazar the son of Aaron the priest to pick
24 Speak to the congregation, saying, Get away up the censers from the burned remains, and
from the tents of Korah, Dathan, and Abiram. scatter the burning coals over there; 38 for the
25 And Moses got up and went to Dathan and censers of these sinners against their own souls are
look back to the sinful world and long for its of one person can bring guilt on a whole
pleasures and are tempted to think it is a people (Josh 7:1,11; Rom 5:18,19). But in
wonderful place! But the world is a place of this case, judging from v 19, it seems the
hate for the truth (John 15:18), sin (John whole congregation sided with these rebels.
16:8), tribulation (John 16:33), guilt (Rom 16:26 Gen 19:15,17; Rev 18:4,5.
3:19), ignorance (1 Cor 1:21), blindness 16:28-30 God Himself reveals His appointed
(2 Cor 4:4), bondage to Satan (Eph 2:2), leaders and gives proof of their calling and
darkness (Eph 6:12), corruption (2 Pet 1:4), position. Compare John 5:31,32,36; Acts
lust and pride (1 John 2:16). 2:22; 2 Cor 12:12.
16:14 It was the unbelief of people like Pit (vs 30,33) in Hebrew Sheol. See
Dathan and Abiram which made it impos- the note at Gen 37:35.
sible for Moses to lead them to Canaan 16:32 The sons of Korah did not die with
(14:2). Now they put the blame on him! Such them (26:11; Deut 24:16). Eleven of the
people are well described in Jude 15,16. psalms were written by (or for) the descen-
Put out the eyes of an idiom prob- dants of Korah 42, 44-49, 84, 85, 87, 88.
ably meaning make slaves of or deceive. 16:35 11:1-3; 26:10; Heb 12:29. Note at
16:21 14:11,12; Ex 32:9,10. Lev 10:1,2.
16:22 All flesh notice the name of God 16:36-38 Consider this. Though offered by
given here. Jehovah God is the God for all sinful men in a sinful rebellion they were still
mankind, not a tribal deity, not the God of offered to God and so became holy! Can we
the one nation of Israel only. then doubt that what we offer Him in sincer-
Sins compare Gen 18:23-25. The sin ity of heart He accepts? (Rom 12:1,2).
NUMBERS 16:39 198
holy. Let them be made into hammered sheets as a tabernacle of the congregation; and the plague
plating for the altar. For since they offered them in stopped.
the presence of the LORD, they are hallowed. And
they shall be a sign to the children of Israel.
39 And Eleazar the priest took the bronze
censers, which those who were burned up had
17 And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying,
2 Speak to the children of Israel, and take
from each of them a rod for the households of their
presented, and hammered them out as a plating fathers, that is from each of their leaders for the
for the altar, 40 to be a reminder to the children of households of their fathers, a total of twelve rods.
Israel, that no outsider, who is not a descendant of Write each mans name on his rod. 3 And you shall
Aaron, should approach to offer incense in the write Aarons name on the rod of Levi; for there is
LORDs presence, so that he does not become like to be one rod for each head of the households of
Korah and his company. He did this just as the their fathers. 4 And you shall put them in the
LORD had told him through Moses. tabernacle of the congregation before the
41 But the next day the whole congregation of testimony, where I meet with you. 5 And it shall be
the children of Israel complained against Moses and that the rod of the man whom I choose, will sprout;
against Aaron, saying, You have killed the LORDs and I will rid myself of the complaints of the children
people. of Israel, with which they grumble against you.
42 And it came about while the congregation 6 And Moses spoke to the children of Israel,
had joined together against Moses and against and each of their leaders gave him a rod, one for
Aaron, that they looked toward the tabernacle of each leader for their fathers households, twelve
the congregation, and saw that the cloud covered rods. And Aarons rod was among their rods.
it, and the glory of the LORD appeared. 43 And 7 And Moses put the rods before the LORD in the
Moses and Aaron came to the front of the tabernacle of testimony.
tabernacle of the congregation. 44 And the LORD 8 And it happened on the next day, when Moses
spoke to Moses, saying, 45 Get away from this went into the tabernacle of testimony, he saw that
congregation, so that I can consume them the rod of Aaron for the house of Levi had sprouted
immediately. And they prostrated themselves. and budded and produced blossoms, and yielded
46 And Moses said to Aaron, Take a censer, almonds. 9 And Moses brought out all the rods
and put fire in it from the altar, and put on incense, from before the LORD to all the children of Israel;
and go quickly to the congregation, and make and they looked, and each man took his rod.
atonement for them, for anger has gone out from 10 And the LORD said to Moses, Bring Aarons
the LORD. The plague has begun. 47 And Aaron rod again in front of the testimony, to be kept as a
took the censer as Moses commanded, and ran sign against the rebels; and you shall completely
into the middle of the congregation, and saw that take away their complaints from my presence so
the plague had begun among the people; and he that they do not die. 11 And Moses did so. He did
put on incense and made atonement for the people. just as the LORD commanded him.
48 And he stood between the dead and the living; 12 And the children of Israel spoke to Moses,
and the plague stopped. 49 Now those who died saying, Look, we are dying! We are destroyed!
by the plague were fourteen thousand seven Were all destroyed! 13 Anyone who comes even
hundred, besides those who died because of Korah. near the tabernacle of the LORD dies. Will death
50 And Aaron returned to Moses at the door of the consume us all?
16:41-45 They forgot their fear (v 34), and priest. Gods object is to keep the people
once more complained and foolishly and from grumbling about it any more so they
unjustly accused Aaron and Moses. The would not die (v 10). Aarons rod signified
result is the same as on previous such his position as priest. Aaron himself signi-
occasions a display of Gods holy anger fies the Lord Jesus as High Priest (note at
against their sin. Ex 28:9-14).
16:46-50 The high priest of Israel stood 17:12,13 The death of the 250 by fire from
between the dead and the living and made God (16:35) left the people fearful and
atonement for them. (Note on atonement perplexed. So in the next chapter God sets
at Ex 29:33). This is a beautiful picture of forth again the clear duties of the priests
Christ as High Priest who by His prayers and Levites so there would no longer be
saves His people from Gods wrath against wrath on the sons of Israel (18:5). Gods
their sins (Rom 5:9,10; Heb 7:25; 1 John work must be done in Gods way by the
2:1). Notes on Gods wrath at Num 25:3; people God has chosen. But, alas, many
Ps 90:7,11. think they are doing Gods work when God
17:1-11 Note at 16:28-30. God gives has not called them or sent them
further evidence that Aaron is His chosen (Jer 14:14).
199 NUMBERS 18:24
18 And the LORD said to Aaron, You and your
sons and your fathers household with you
will bear the guilt of any sins against the sanctuary,
forever. Everyone who is clean in your house shall
eat of it.
12 All the best of the oil, and all the best of the
and you and your sons with you will bear the guilt wine, and of the wheat, their firstfruits which they
of any failure in your priesthood. 2 And bring with shall offer to the LORD, I have given them to you.
you your brethren also of the tribe of Levi, the 13 And whatever ripens first in the land which they
tribe of your father, so that they may join you, and bring to the LORD, shall be yours. Everyone who
serve with you. But you and your sons with you is clean in your house shall eat of it.
shall minister before the tabernacle of testimony. 14 Everything devoted to the LORD in Israel
3 And they are to wait on the duties you assign, shall be yours. 15 Every first issue of the womb, of
the duties of the whole tabernacle, except that everything that has flesh, which they bring to the
they shall not come near the furnishings of the LORD, whether man or animal, shall be yours.
sanctuary and the altar, so that neither they nor However you must redeem the firstborn of man,
you die. 4 And they shall join you, and wait on the also you must redeem the firstborn of unclean
duties of the tabernacle of the congregation, for beasts. 16 And you must redeem those that are to
all the service of the tabernacle, but an outsider be redeemed from a month old, according to your
must not come near you. evaluation of five shekels of silver according to the
5 And you shall keep the responsibilities of the sanctuary shekel, which is twenty gerahs.
sanctuary, and the responsibilities of the altar, so 17 But you are not to redeem the firstborn of a
that there be no more anger on the children of cow, or the firstborn of a sheep, or the firstborn of
Israel. 6 And I, see, I myself, have taken your a goat. They are holy. You shall sprinkle their
brethren the Levites from among the children of blood on the altar, and shall burn their fat as an
Israel. They are given as a gift to you, for the offering made by fire, a fragrant aroma to the
LORD, to do the work of the tabernacle of the LORD. 18 And their meat will belong to you, just as
congregation. 7 Therefore you and your sons with the wave breast and the right shoulder are yours.
you shall serve as priests in everything relating to 19 All the lifted up offerings of the holy things,
the altar and inside the veil, and you shall serve. which the children of Israel offer to the LORD I
I have given your service in the priesthood as a have given to you and to your sons and your
gift; and the outsider who approaches the daughters with you, by a statute forever. This is
sanctuary is to be put to death. a covenant of salt forever before the LORD with
8 And the LORD spoke to Aaron, See, I have you and with your offspring also.
also put you in charge of my lifted up offerings of 20 And the LORD spoke to Aaron, You shall
all the consecrated things of the children of Israel; have no inheritance in their land, nor shall you have
I have given them to you and to your sons as an any share among them. I am your share and your
anointed portion by an ordinance forever. 9 This inheritance among the children of Israel.
shall be yours from the most holy things, reserved 21 And, see, I have given the children of Levi
from the fire: every offering of theirs, that is, all the tithes in Israel as an inheritance, for the
every grain offering of theirs, and every sin work which they perform in the service of the
offering of theirs, and every trespass offering of tabernacle of the congregation. 22 From now on
theirs, which they offer to me, shall be most holy the children of Israel must not come near the
for you and for your sons. 10 You shall eat them in tabernacle of the congregation, so that they will
a very holy place; every male shall eat it; it shall be not bear guilt and die. 23 But the Levites shall
holy for you. perform the service of the tabernacle of the
11 And this is yours: the lifted up offering of congregation, and they shall bear their iniquity.
their gift, with all the wave offerings of the children This shall be a statute forever throughout your
of Israel. I have given them to you, and to your generations: they are to have no inheritance among
sons and to your daughters with you, by a statute the children of Israel. 24 But the tithes of the
18:1-7 The work and responsibility of the 18:8-32 The priests and Levites were to be
priesthood was Aarons and his descen- supported by the offerings and tithes of the
dants. The Levites were to be assistants in people they served. This is Gods usual way
the work outside, in the courtyard of the of providing for His servants (Lev 7:14; Num
tabernacle. 7:4,5). The priests and Levites were to
18:3 4:15-20; 1:51; 18:7. recognize that these were holy gifts of God
18:6 3:9,12,45. and be careful how they used them. The
18:7 Gift it was a great privilege to be priests had their inheritance in God, not in
Gods priests. It was all of Gods grace land and property. In other words, they had
(18:20; Deut 18:2; 1 Pet 2:9; Rev 1:6). the greatest inheritance of all the people.
NUMBERS 18:25 200
children of Israel, which they offer as a lifted up dung. 6 And the priest shall take cedar wood and
offering to the LORD, I have given to the Levites hyssop and scarlet and throw it into the middle of
to inherit. Therefore I said to them, They shall the burning of the heifer. 7 Then the priest shall
have no inheritance among the children of Israel. wash his clothes and bathe his body in water, and
25 And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying, afterwards come into the camp; and the priest shall
26 Speak to the Levites, and tell them this: When be unclean until evening. 8 And the one who burns
you take from the children of Israel the tithes which it shall wash his clothes in water, and bathe his
I have given you from them for your inheritance, body in water, and shall be unclean until evening.
then you shall offer a lifted up offering from it for 9 And a man who is clean shall gather up the
the LORD, a tenth of the tithe. 27 And this lifted ashes of the heifer, and store them up outside the
up offering of yours will be put to your account as camp in a clean place; and they shall be kept for
if it were the grain of the threshing floor, and the the congregation of the children of Israel as a
fulness of the winepress. 28 Also, in the same way, water to remove uncleanness. It is a purification
you shall offer a lifted up offering to the LORD from for sin. 10 And the one who gathers the ashes of
all your tithes, which you receive from the children the heifer shall wash his clothes, and be unclean
of Israel; and from it you shall give the LORDs until evening. This shall be a statute forever for
lifted up offering to Aaron the priest. 29 Out of all the children of Israel, and for the foreigner who is
your gifts you shall offer each lifted up offering of staying among them.
the LORD from all the best of it, from the most holy 11 Anyone who touches the dead body of any
part of it. person will be unclean for seven days. 12 He shall
30 Therefore you shall say to them, When you purify himself with it on the third day, and on the
have presented from it the best of it, then it shall seventh day he will be clean. But if he does not
be put to the account of the Levites just as the purify himself the third day, then the seventh day
increase of the threshing floor, and the increase of he will not be clean. 13 Whoever touches the dead
the winepress. 31 And you shall eat it any place, body of any dead person and does not purify
you and your households; for it is your reward for himself, defiles the tabernacle of the LORD. And
your service in the tabernacle of the congregation. that person shall be cut off from Israel. Because
32 And you shall bear no guilt for it, when you have the water to remove uncleanness was not sprinkled
presented from it the best of it. But you shall not on him, he will be unclean; his uncleanness is still on
defile the holy things of the children of Israel, so him.
that you do not die. 14 This is the law, when a person dies in a tent:
everyone who comes into the tent and everyone
19 And the LORD spoke to Moses and to
Aaron, saying, 2 This is the ordinance of
the law which the LORD has commanded, saying,
who is in the tent, will be unclean for seven days.
15 And every open utensil that has no cover
fastened on it will be unclean.
Tell the children of Israel to bring you a red heifer 16 And whoever touches someone who has
without defect, in which is no blemish, and on which been killed by a sword in the open fields, or a dead
a yoke never came. 3 You shall give it to Eleazar body, or a bone of a man, or a grave, will be
the priest, so that he can take it outside the camp; unclean for seven days.
and there someone is to kill it in his presence. 4 And 17 And as to the unclean person, they shall
Eleazar the priest shall take some of its blood on his take of the ashes of the burnt heifer of purification
finger, and sprinkle its blood seven times directly in for sin, and put running water with it in a container.
front of the tabernacle of the congregation. 5 And 18 And a clean person shall take hyssop, and dip it
someone is to burn the heifer in his presence. He in the water, and sprinkle it on the tent, and on all
shall burn its skin and its flesh and its blood, with its the furnishings, and on the persons who were
They signify believers in Christ who have cleansed away by the water of purification,
their inheritance in Christ and not in this part of which came from a sacrifice. If a
world (Eph 1:10-14; Col 1:12; 3:24; Heb person brought his defilement into the camp
13:14; 1 Pet 1:4; Rev 21:7). he must be cut off (Lev 15:31; 20:3). The
18:16 Five shekels about 55 grams. sin offering signifies Christ (Lev 4:3), the
19:2 Lev 22:20-25. water signifies the Holy Spirit and the Word
19:3 Lev 4:11,12,21; Heb 13:11-13. of God. That which spoke of the defilement
19:5 Ex 29:14; Lev 4:11,12. of sin had to be cleansed with animal
19:7 Lev 16:26,28; 22:6. sacrifices. Sin itself, and death the fruit of
19:9 8:7; 31:23. sin, defile the heart and soul and life of
19:11 5:2; 6:6. Note at Lev 21:1. man. They must be cleansed away by the
19:12,13 The defilement of death must be sacrifice of Christ Himself and by the Spirit
201 NUMBERS 20:12
there, and on the one who touched a bone, or one 4 Why have you brought the congregation of the
killed, or a dead person, or a grave. 19 And the LORD into this wilderness, that we and our cattle
clean person shall sprinkle it on the unclean on the should die here? 5 And why have you made us
third day, and on the seventh day; and on the come out of Egypt, to bring us into this evil place?
seventh day he shall purify himself, and wash his It is not a place of grain or figs or vines or pome-
clothes, and bathe himself in water, and shall be granates. And there is no water to drink.
clean at evening. 20 But as for the man who is 6 And Moses and Aaron went from the pres-
unclean and does not purify himself, that person ence of the assembly to the door of the tabernacle
shall be cut off from the congregation, because he of the congregation, and they prostrated them-
has defiled the sanctuary of the LORD. The water selves; and the glory of the LORD appeared to
that removes uncleanness has not been sprinkled them. 7 And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying,
on him; he is unclean. 8 Take the rod, and gather the assembly together,
21 And it is to be a permanent statute to them, you, and Aaron your brother, and speak to the
that the one who sprinkles the water that removes rock before their eyes; and it will give its water;
uncleanness shall wash his clothes; and the one and you will bring water for them out of the rock.
who touches the water that removes uncleanness In this way you shall give the congregation and
will be unclean until evening. 22 And whatever the their animals water to drink.
unclean person touches will be unclean; and the 9 And Moses took the rod from the presence of
person who touches it will be unclean until evening. the LORD, just as he commanded him. 10 And
Moses and Aaron gathered the congregation
20 Then the children of Israel, the whole con-
gregation, came into the desert of Zin in
the first month. And the people stayed in Kadesh,
together before the rock, and he said to them,
Now listen, you rebels! Do we have to bring water
for you out of this rock? 11 And Moses lifted up his
and Miriam died there, and was buried there. hand and struck the rock twice with his rod; and
2 And there was no water for the congrega- water came out abundantly, and the congregation
tion; and they joined together against Moses and drank, and also their animals.
against Aaron. 3 And the people quarreled with 12 And the LORD spoke to Moses and Aaron,
Moses, and spoke, saying, If only we had died Because you did not believe me so as to show me
when our brethren died in the LORDs presence! as holy in the eyes of the children of Israel, you will
and Word of God. 20:12 In this case Moses did not believe
19:19 This ordinance of the ashes of the God, did not treat God as holy, and rebelled
heifer is referred to in Heb 9:13,14 and com- against Gods instruction (v 24). So the one
pared with Christs sacrifice of Himself which through whom the law was given stands
cleanses the conscience. The way the condemned by the law he gave, and was
spiritual meaning is fulfilled appears in not able to enter the promised land (com-
Heb 10:22. pare Ps 143:2; Rom 3:20). Of course this
20:2 Ex 17:1. does not mean that he could not enter
20:3-5 See 14:2,3; 16:31-35,49; Ex 17:2. heaven as a redeemed man.
You brought God brought them into The picture, the typology here is very
the desert, not Moses. It was their unbelief, fitting. Canaan signifies life in the heavenly
not Moses, that kept them in the desert. It places in Christ (note at Num 14:45. See
is easier to blame others than oneself. also Eph 1:3; 2:6; 6:12). Moses signi-
20:6 14:5. fies the law, and the law can never bring us
20:8 Ex 4:17,20; 17:5,6. The rock signi- into the blessings of Christ (Rom 3:19,20;
fies Christ (1 Cor 10:4). 8:3; Gal 2:19; 3:13,14). It brings con-
20:10 Ps 106:33. Did Moses forget for the demnation and a curse on us because we
moment that he was a mere sinful man even fail to keep it. It can lead people to the
as they were? borders of Canaan but cannot take them in
20:11 The rock had already been struck (Gal 3:24,25). After the death of Moses,
(Ex 17:6), and must not be struck again. Joshua led the people into Canaan. Joshua
The rock speaks of Christ (note at Ex 17:6). means Jehovah is salvation. The Greek
Christ was struck for sinners once and for form of the name is Jesus. It appears that
all (Isa 53:4; Heb 10:10,14; 1 Pet 3:18), the believer in Christ is in three places at
never to be struck again. Here Moses in a once. Physically he is in the world (Egypt);
moment of pride and anger disobeys God, spiritually he is in Canaan (heavenly places
and sins. Even the greatest leaders and in Christ), experientially many times he is
saints have sin in them. It must be in the wilderness being tempted and tried
conquered and subdued or it can break out and going as a pilgrim from the world to
and cause great harm (Isa 64:6; Jer 17:9; heaven. The author of these notes thinks
Rom 7:18,21; Jam 3:2; 1 John 1:8. See the believer is in Romans chapters 7 and 8
what Moses himself wrote in Ps 90:7-9). at the same time. See notes at Num 14:45;
NUMBERS 20:13 202
not bring this congregation into the land which I and put them on Eleazar his son. And Aaron will be
have given them. gathered to his ancestors and die there.
13 This is the water of Meribah, because the 27 And Moses did as the LORD commanded.
children of Israel quarreled with the LORD, and he And they went up on mount Hor in the sight of the
showed himself holy among them. whole congregation. 28 And Moses stripped Aaron
14 And from Kadesh Moses sent messengers to of his garments, and put them on Eleazar his son.
the king of Edom: Your brother Israel says this: And Aaron died there on top of the mountain. And
You know all the hardship that has come to us. Moses and Eleazar came down from the mountain.
15 Our fathers went down to Egypt, and we have 29 And when the whole congregation saw that
lived in Egypt a long time, and the Egyptians treated Aaron was dead, they, the whole house of Israel,
us and our fathers badly. 16 And when we cried to mourned for Aaron for thirty days.
the LORD, he heard our voice, and sent an angel,
and has brought us out of Egypt. And, see, we are
in Kadesh, a city on the edge of your territory.
17 Please let us pass through your country. We will
21 And when king Arad the Canaanite, who
lived in the south, heard that Israel was
coming by the way of Atharim, he fought against
not go through the fields or through the vineyards, Israel and took some of them prisoners. 2 And
and we will not drink water from the wells. We will Israel made a vow to the LORD and said, If you
travel on the kings highway, not turning to the completely deliver this people into my hand, then I
right hand or to the left until we have passed will utterly destroy their cities. 3 And the LORD
through your territory. listened to the voice of Israel, and delivered up the
18 And Edom said to him, You shall not pass Canaanites; and they utterly destroyed them and
through my land. If you do I will come out against their cities. And he called the name of the place
you with the sword. Hormah.
19 And the children of Israel said to him, We 4 And they set out from mount Hor by the way
will go on the highway, and if I and my cattle drink of the Red Sea to go around the land of Edom; and
your water, then I will pay for it. I will simply go the mind of the people was very vexed on the way.
through on foot, nothing else. 5 And the people spoke against God and against
20 And he said, You shall not pass through. Moses, Why have you brought us up out of Egypt
And Edom came out against him with many people, to die in the wilderness? For there is no bread,
and with a strong hand. and there is no water, and our soul loathes this
21 So Edom refused to give Israel permission to miserable food.
travel through its territory. Therefore Israel turned 6 And the LORD sent fiery serpents among the
away from him. people, and they bit the people, and many people
22 And the children of Israel, the whole of Israel died. 7 Therefore the people came to
congregation, set out from Kadesh, and came to Moses and said, We have sinned, for we have
mount Hor. 23 And the LORD spoke to Moses and spoken against the LORD and against you. Pray to
Aaron in mount Hor, on the border of the land of the LORD, so that he will take away the serpents
Edom, saying, 24 Aaron is to be gathered to his from us. And Moses prayed for the people.
people; for he will not enter the land which I have 8 And the LORD said to Moses, Make a fiery
given to the children of Israel, because you rebelled serpent, and put it up on a pole. And it will come
against my word at the water of Meribah. 25 Take about that anyone who is bitten will live when he
Aaron and Eleazar his son, and bring them up to looks at it. 9 And Moses made a bronze serpent,
mount Hor. 26 And strip Aaron of his garments, and put it on a pole; and it happened that if a
Ex 15:27; Deut 1:19. 21:4 Deut 2:8. Impatience can be one cause
20:13 Meribah means quarreling. of grievous sin (Israel Ex 32:1; Moses
20:14 It was time to start moving toward Num 20:10,11; Saul 1 Sam 13:8-13. See
the eastern boundary of Canaan. also Ps 37:7,8; Jam 1:2-4).
Your brother Gen 25:24-34. 21:5 11:4-6; 14:2,3; 16:41; 20:2-5. In
20:16 Ex 2:23; 3:7; 14:19. the desert the Israelites complained about
20:21 Deut 2:2-6. their difficulties, their food, the strength of
20:24 Verses 11,12. their enemies, Gods judgments, and con-
20:25,26 3:4; Heb 7:23-25. ditions in the desert. In other words, they
21:1-3 This was an unprovoked attack on complained about Gods leading for them,
Israel by a Canaanite king. The day had Gods provision for them, Gods choice of a
come for Israel to start destroying a very place for them, and Gods appointed leader
wicked people whose time of judgment had for them. Such complaining is a very griev-
come. See notes at Gen 6:7; 15:16; ous sin.
Lev 18:24. Hormah means destruction. 21:6-9 Sin brings judgment. Sin is like the
203 NUMBERS 21:34
serpent bit anyone, when he looked at the bronze from Arnon to Jabbok, as far as the children of
serpent he lived. Ammon; for the border of the children of Ammon
10 And the children of Israel set out and camped was fortified. 25 And Israel took all these cities,
in Oboth. 11 And they set out from Oboth, and and Israel lived in all the cities of the Amorites, in
camped at Ijeabarim, in the wilderness which is Heshbon, and in all its surrounding villages.
before Moab, toward sunrise. 12 They moved on 26 For Heshbon was the city of Sihon the king of
from there and camped in the valley of Zared. the Amorites. He had fought against the former
13 They moved on from there and camped on the king of Moab and captured all his land from his
other side of the Arnon river, in the wilderness that hand, as far as the Arnon.
extends from the territory of the Amorites; for the 27 Therefore those who speak in proverbs say,
Arnon is the border of Moab, between Moab and Come to Heshbon, let the city of Sihon
the Amorites. 14 Therefore it is said in the Book of be built and established!
the Wars of the LORD, What he did in the Red 28 For a fire has gone out of Heshbon,
Sea, and in the brooks of Arnon, 15 and at the a flame from the city of Sihon.
slope of the ravine that goes down to the site of It has consumed Ar of Moab,
Ar, and lies on the border of Moab. and the lords of the high places
16 And from there they went to Beer. That is of Arnon.
the well about which the LORD spoke to Moses, 29 Woe to you, Moab!
Gather the people together, and I will give them You are undone, O people of Chemosh.
water. 17 Then Israel sang this song, Spring up, He has given his sons and his daughters
O well! Sing to it! 18 The leaders dug the well, the who escaped into captivity to Sihon
nobles of the people sank it with their staves at the king of the Amorites.
word of the lawgiver. And from the wilderness 30 But we have overthrown them.
they went to Mattanah; 19 and from Mattanah to Heshbon is ruined as far as Dibon,
Nahaliel; and from Nahaliel to Bamoth; 20 and from and we have laid them waste as far
Bamoth in the valley that is in the country of Moab, as Nophah, which reaches to
to the top of Pisgah, which looks toward Jeshimon.
Medeba.
21 And Israel sent messengers to Sihon king of
the Amorites, saying, 22 Let me pass through 31 So Israel lived in the land of the Amorites.
your land. We will not turn into the fields, or into 32 And Moses sent men to spy out Jaazer, and
the vineyards. We will not drink the water of the they captured its villages, and drove out the
wells; but we will travel by the kings highway until Amorites who were there. 33 And they turned
we pass through your territory. and ascended by way of Bashan; and Og the king
23 But Sihon would not allow Israel to pass of Bashan went out against them, he, and all his
through his territory, but Sihon gathered all his people, to the battle at Edrei.
people together, and went out into the wilderness 34 And the LORD said to Moses, Do not be
against Israel; and he came to Jahaz, and fought afraid of him, for I have delivered him and all his
against Israel. 24 And Israel struck him with the people and his land into your hand; and you shall
edge of the sword, and took possession of his land do to him as you did to Sihon king of the Amorites
poison of a snake. All men have been hears us. Simply looking in repentance and
bitten by the serpent of Rev 12:9, and faith at Christ on the cross bearing our sins
have the poison of sin in their natures and brings salvation. Salvation is by grace and
are in a state of death (Gen 2:17; 3:1-8; received through faith (Rom 3:22-25;
Eph 2:1-5). For the snake-bitten Israelites 10:10-13; Eph 2:8,9; Col 1:21-23).
in the desert there was one and only one 21:14 Nothing is known about this book, and
remedy for their condition. They had to the Hebrew of verses 14,15 is somewhat
believe what God said and look at the obscure in meaning.
serpent of brass on the pole. 21:16 God knew their need and would
All this speaks of Gods remedy for sin supply it, so there was never a reason for
through Christ, as He Himself said (see John them to complain (compare Phil 4:19).
3:14,15). Our sins were laid on Him and he 21:21 The Amorites were a people whose
was made sin for us (Rom 8:3; 2 Cor sin was now full and ripe for Gods
5:21). The remedy in the desert was judgment (Gen 15:16; Ex 23:23; note at
revealed to the Israelites when they Gen 6:7).
confessed their sin and cried for help (v 7). 21:24,25 Amos 2:9,10.
So it will be now with Gods remedy in Christ 21:29 Chemosh a principal god of the
for our sin. When we recognize our sin and Moabites, pronounced Keymosh.
our need and call to God for salvation He 21:34 Deut 3:2; 31:8; Josh 2:9; Jam 4:7.
NUMBERS 21:35 204
who lived at Heshbon. and I will bring word back to you as the LORD speaks
35 So they struck him down along with his sons, to me. And the leaders of Moab stayed with
and all his people, until there was none of his left Balaam.
alive; and they took possession of his land. 9 And God came to Balaam, and said, Who are
these men with you?
22
And the children of Israel set out, and 10 And Balaam said to God, Balak the son of
camped in the plains of Moab on the side of Zippor, king of Moab, has sent men to me, saying,
the Jordan opposite Jericho. 11 Lo and behold, a people has come out of Egypt,
2 And Balak the son of Zippor saw all that Israel which covers the surface of the earth. Come now,
had done to the Amorites. 3 And Moab was very curse them for me. If you come perhaps I will be
much afraid of the people, because they were so able to overcome them and drive them out.
many, and Moab was filled with dread because of 12 And God said to Balaam, You must not go
the children of Israel. with them. You must not curse that people, for
4 And Moab said to the elders of Midian, Now they are blessed.
this horde will lick up everything that is around us 13 And Balaam got up in the morning and said
like an ox licks up the grass of the field. And Balak to Balaks princes, Go to your country, for the
the son of Zippor was king of the Moabites at that LORD refuses to give me permission to go with
time. 5 So he sent messengers to summon Balaam you.
the son of Beor at Pethor, which is near the river in 14 And the leaders of Moab rose up and went
the land of the children of his people, saying, Lo to Balak, and said, Balaam refused to come with
and behold, a people has come out from Egypt. us.
See, they cover the surface of the earth, and they 15 And Balak again sent leaders, more
are staying opposite me. 6 Therefore, please come numerous and more honoured than they. 16 And
now and curse this people for me; for they are too they came to Balaam and said to him, This is what
strong for me. If you come perhaps I can succeed Balak the son of Zippor says, Please let nothing
in striking them down and driving them out of the hinder you from coming to me; 17 for I will greatly
land. For I know that the one whom you bless is honour you, and will do whatever you say to me.
blessed and the one whom you curse is cursed. So please come, curse this people for me.
7 And the elders of Moab and the elders of 18 And Balaam answered and said to Balaks
Midian left with the fee for divination in their hand. servants, Even if Balak would give me his house
And they came to Balaam, and told him Balaks full of silver and gold, I cannot go beyond the word
words. of the LORD my God, to do less or more. 19 There-
8 And he said to them, Spend the night here, fore you also please stay here tonight, and I will
21:35 The victory over these two mighty But Balaam was a bad man who loved
kings, Sihon and Og, was much celebrated the reward that Balak offered him and so
and remembered in Israel (Deut 31:3-6; he taught Balak a way to corrupt the
Neh 9:22; Ps 135:10-12; 136:18-20). children of Israel. This way was to tempt
This event struck fear into the hearts of the the Israelite men with the women of Midian
people living in Canaan (Josh 2:10; 9:10). and Moab (25:1-3; 31:15). Balaam was
22:1-7 The Moabites were descended from killed later in a battle against Israel (31:8).
Lot, Abrahams nephew (Gen 19:37). Their In the New Testament Balaam is condemned
country was east of the southern part of in three places (2 Pet 2:15,16; Jude 11;
Canaan. Knowing how Israel had defeated Rev 2:14). Like so many today who profess
Sihon and Og they were very much afraid to to be servants of God he loved money more
come against them in battle. The strategy than righteousness, truth, or God.
of Balak their king was this: he wanted the 22:8-13 So far Balaam does well. He clearly
curse of God to come on them so that God knows Gods commands not to go and not
would no longer give them victory in battle. to curse Israel, and he seems fully
The Midianites joined with him in this plot obedient.
and sent for Balaam to Aram (23:7 also 22:14-17 What are all the honors men can
called Mesopotamia. The river in v 5 is the give compared to the honors God gives
Euphrates). Balaam must have had a great (John 12:26).
reputation, judging from Balaks words in 22:18 Verse 38; 24:13. Balaam was
v 6. He was familiar with the name Jehovah sincere in this, it seems. He had his
Num 22:8; 23:8,12 (LORD is Jehovah in reputation as a prophet to consider. Also
Hebrew). He was a prophet and received he would not want God to stop giving him
messages from God and delivered them. messages to deliver.
Chapters 23 and 24 contain true prophecies. 22:19 Here Balaam shows his weakness
(See note on prophet at Gen 20:7; on for the first time. He knew Gods command
prophecy at Num 11:25.) not to go (v 12). What else was there to
205 NUMBERS 22:41
find out what else the LORD will say to me. life to this day? Have I been in the habit of doing
20 And God came to Balaam at night, and said this to you? And he said, No.
to him, If the men have come to call you, get up 31 Then the LORD opened Balaams eyes, and
and go with them; but you must do according to he saw the angel of the LORD standing in the way
the word which I speak to you. with his sword drawn in his hand. And he bowed
21 And Balaam got up in the morning, saddled his head, and fell prostrate on his face.
his donkey, and went with the leaders of Moab. 32 And the angel of the LORD said to him, Why
22 And Gods anger burned against him because have you struck your donkey these three times?
he went, and the angel of the LORD stood in the Look, I went out to oppose you, because your way
road as an adversary against him. Now he was is contrary to me. 33 And the donkey saw me, and
riding on his donkey, and his two servants were turned away from me these three times. If she
with him. 23 And the donkey saw the angel of the had not turned away from me, I would surely have
LORD standing in the way with his sword drawn in killed you by now, and preserved her life.
his hand; and the donkey turned away from the 34 And Balaam said to the angel of the LORD,
road and went into the field. And Balaam struck I have sinned; for I did not know that you were
the donkey to turn it back onto the road. standing in the road opposing me. Therefore, now,
24 But the angel of the LORD stood in a narrow if you are displeased, I will go back again.
path in the vineyards, with a wall on this side, and 35 And the angel of the LORD said to Balaam,
a wall on that side. 25 And when the donkey saw Go with the men; but you must speak only the
the angel of the LORD, she pressed herself to the word that I speak to you. So Balaam went with
wall, and crushed Balaams foot against the wall; Balaks princes.
and he struck her again. 36 And when Balak heard that Balaam had come,
26 And the angel of the LORD went further, he went out to meet him at a city of Moab which
and stood in a narrow place where there was no was on the border of Arnon, which was at the
way to turn either to the right hand or to the left. most distant part of the border. 37 And Balak said
27 And when the donkey saw the angel of the to Balaam, Did I not urgently send to you to call
LORD, she fell down under Balaam. And Balaams you? Why didnt you come to me? Am I not able to
anger burned, and he struck the donkey with a honour you greatly?
staff. 28 And the LORD opened the mouth of the 38 And Balaam said to Balak, Look, I have come
donkey, and she said to Balaam, What have I done to you. Now do I have any power at all to say
to you, that you have struck me these three times? anything? I will speak the word that God puts in my
29 And Balaam said to the donkey, Because mouth.
you have made a fool of me. I wish there was a 39 And Balaam went with Balak, and they came
sword in my hand, for I would kill you right now! to Kiriath Huzoth. 40 And Balak sacrificed oxen
30 And the donkey said to Balaam, Am I not and sheep, and sent some to Balaam, and to the
your donkey, which you have ridden your whole leaders who were with him. 41 And it came about
find out? No doubt he was hoping God would states that Balaams behavior is not right
change His mind, so he could go and collect and that God was against him. The
the reward (2 Pet 2:15; he was not of the meaning of the Hebrew of the last phrase
same mind and character as Daniel of this verse is uncertain. It could also be
Dan 5:17). Once we know Gods will about translated your way is perverse before me.
something it will be dangerous for us if we In 2 Peter 2:16, Peter, by the inspiration of
try to get God to change His instructions. the Holy Spirit, describes Balaams behavior
22:20 God saw the secret desire of Balaams as madness. He was behaving like a crazy
heart, his eagerness to get different instruc- man. Yes indeed, is it not madness to go
tions, and gave him permission to go. God on in a way that is not Gods way for the
sometimes allows men to follow the evil sake of financial benefits?
desire of their hearts (Ps 18:25,26; 81:12; 22:34 In his heart Balaam still wanted to go
Acts 7:42; Rom 1:28; Job 5:13). It would to Balak. His confession and seeming
have been much better for Balaam if he had repentance were not deep and genuine. This
obeyed the first command of God and fact is revealed by what he later did (31:16;
stayed home. Following the lure of earthly Rev 2:14). True repentance leads to
reward he now heads for shame, dishonor righteous conduct. Compare 2 Cor 7:10,11.
and death. 22:35 The angel put great fear into the
22:22 God was angry at what he saw in heart of Balaam so that he would speak
Balaams heart which made his behavior only Gods message. Then he gave him
perverse (v 32). Note on angels at Gen 16:7. permission to go on to Balak.
22:28 2 Pet 2:16. 22:41 Baal was one of the false gods of the
22:32 Here the angel of the LORD clearly nations in that time. Note at Jud 2:11.
NUMBERS 23:1 206
the next day that Balak took Balaam, and brought 11 And Balak said to Balaam, What have you
him up to the high places of Baal, so that there he done to me? I brought you to curse my enemies,
might see the distant part of the people. and, look, you have positively blessed them.
12 And he answered and said, Must I not be
23 And Balaam said to Balak, Build here seven
altars for me, and prepare here seven oxen
and seven rams for me. 2 And Balak did as Balaam
careful to speak what the LORD has put in my
mouth?
13 Then Balak said to him, Please come with me
said; and on each altar Balak and Balaam offered to another place. You can see them from there,
an ox and a ram. 3 And Balaam said to Balak, Stand but only the most distant part of them, but you
by your burnt offering, and I will go aside. Perhaps wont see all of them. So curse them for me from
the LORD will come to meet me. And I will tell you there. 14 And he brought him into the field of
whatever he reveals to me. And he went to a Zophim, to the top of Pisgah, and built seven
high place. altars, and offered an ox and a ram on each altar.
4 And God met Balaam, and Balaam said to him, 15 And Balaam said to Balak, Stand here by your
I have prepared seven altars, and on each altar I burnt offering, while I meet the LORD over there.
have offered an ox and a ram. 16 And the LORD met Balaam and put a word in
5 And the LORD put a word in Balaams mouth, his mouth, and said, Go back to Balak, and say
and said, Return to Balak, and tell him this. this.
6 And he returned to him and saw him and all 17 And he came to him and saw him, and the
the leaders of Moab standing by burnt sacrifice. leaders of Moab with him, standing by his burnt
7 And Balaam began his poetic utterance, and offering. And Balak said to him, What has the
said, LORD said?
18 And he began his poetic utterance, and said,
Balak the king of Moab has brought
me from Aram, Rise up, Balak, and listen;
out of the mountains of the east, hear me, you son of Zippor.
saying, 19 God is not a man, that he should lie;
Come, curse Jacob for me, nor a son of man, that he should repent.
and come, denounce Israel. Will he say something, and not do it?
8 How shall I curse those whom God Or speak, and not make it stand?
has not cursed? 20 Look, I have received a command
Or how shall I denounce those whom to bless;
the LORD has not denounced? and he has blessed;
9 For from the top of the rocks I see and I cannot turn it away.
him, and from the hills I look at him. 21 He has seen no evil in Jacob,
See, the people will live alone, nor has he seen trouble in Israel.
and will not be reckoned among the The LORD his God is with him,
nations. and the shout of a king is among them.
10 Who can count the dust of Jacob, 22 God brought them out of Egypt.
and the number of a fourth of Israel? He is like the horns of a wild ox for
Let me die the death of the righteous, them.
and let my end be like his! 23 Surely there is no sorcery against Jacob,
23:4,5 God had decided to use this prophet 23:13 Balak in his superstitious ignorance
for His own purpose and so put His mes- thought a change of place might bring a
sage in his mouth (v 16. Compare Deut change of message (v 28).
18:18; Isa 51:16; Jer 1:9). 23:19 1 Sam 15:29; Isa 40:8; 55:11.
23:7 Poetic utterance the Hebrew means 23:20 Isa 43:13.
parable, saying, proverb, or a song 23:21 This can hardly refer to what God saw
or poem. The word was also used to indi- in their hearts, or their fallen nature, or their
cate a prophecy in poetic form. sinful rebellion and complaining. It refers
23:8 22:12. to their standing with Him, His separation
23:9 Ex 19:4-6; Deut 7:6. of them to be a holy people. Now the
23:10 Israel Gen 13:16; 28:14. believer has by faith a perfect righteous-
Like his he wanted to die the death ness the righteousness of Christ Himself
of the righteous, but he did not want to live (1 Cor 1:30; Phil 3:9), and in this righ-
the life of the righteous. The one is impos- teousness there is no taint of evil.
sible without the other. So Balaams end 23:23 22:7. Balaam is telling Balak that it
was miserable; he was killed fighting Gods is a waste of time and effort to use mantras
people (31:7,8). against Gods people. The mighty God was
207 NUMBERS 24:17
nor is there any divination against 7 Water will flow from his buckets,
Israel. and his descendants will be by many
Now it is to be said of Jacob and Israel, waters,
What God has done! and his king will be higher than Agag,
24 Look, the people will rise up like a and his kingdom will be exalted.
great lion, 8 God brought him forth out of Egypt;
and raise himself like a young lion. he is like the horns of a wild ox
He will not lie down until he eats to him.
the prey, He will devour the nations who are his
and drinks the blood of the slain. enemies,
25 And Balak said to Balaam, Dont curse them and will break their bones,
at all, or bless them at all! and pierce them with his arrows.
26 But Balaam answered and said to Balak, 9 He crouched; he lay down like a lion,
Didnt I tell you, saying that I must do whatever like a great lion.
the LORD says? Who will stir him up?
27 And Balak said to Balaam, Please come; I Blessed is anyone who blesses you,
will take you to another place. Perhaps it will please and cursed is anyone who curses you.
God for you to curse them for me from there. 10 And Balaks anger burned against Balaam,
28 And Balak brought Balaam to the top of Peor and he struck his hands together. And Balak said
which faces Jeshimon. to Balaam, I called you to curse mine enemies,
29 And Balaam said to Balak, Build seven altars and, see, you have positively blessed them these
for me here, and prepare seven oxen and seven three times. 11 So now, quick, be off to your own
rams for me here. 30 And Balak did as Balaam had place. I said I would greatly honour you, but, see,
said, and offered an ox and a ram on each altar. the LORD has kept you from honour.
12 And Balaam said to Balak, And did I not tell
24 And when Balaam saw that it pleased the
LORD to bless Israel, he did not go, as at
other times, to seek for omens, but set his face
your messengers whom you sent to me and say,
13 even if Balak would give me his house full of
silver and gold, I cannot go beyond the command
toward the wilderness. 2 And Balaam raised his of the LORD, to do either good or bad of my own
eyes and saw Israel camping tribe by tribe; and the accord, but I will speak what the LORD says?
Spirit of God came on him. 3 And he began his 14 And now, look, I am going to my people, so
poetic utterance and said, come, and I will advise you what this people will do
to your people in days after these.
The oracle of Balaam the son of Beor,
15 And he began his poetic utterance and said,
the oracle of the man whose eyes are
open, The oracle of Balaam the son of Beor,
4 the oracle of him who heard the words the oracle of the man whose eyes are
of God, open,
who saw the vision of the Almighty, 16 the oracle of the one who heard the
falling into a trance, words of God
but having his eyes open: and understands the knowledge of the
5 How fair are your tents, O Jacob, Most High,
and your tabernacles, O Israel! who saw the vision of the Almighty,
6 Like valleys they are spread out, falling into a trance,
like gardens by the rivers side, but having his eyes open:
like aloe trees planted by the LORD 17 I will look at him, but not now;
and like cedars beside the waters. I will see him, but not near.
with them. See Rom 8:31; 1 John 4:4. Gen 17:1.
23:26 22:18. 24:7 Agag was probably the name or title
24:1 23:23; Deut 18:10-12; Josh 13:22. of a succession of kings of the Amalekites
24:2 The Spirit of God may use anyone to (v 20).
speak Gods message, even Balaam, even 24:9 Gen 12:3; 27:29.
Saul (1 Sam 10:10,11), even the evil 24:17-19 This may refer to David who be-
Caiaphas (John 11:49-51). came king of Israel many years later, or it
24:3,4 Balaam had such experiences, but may refer to the Lord Jesus Christ, Davids
still became a Judas. son according to His human nature. David
Almighty in Hebrew Shaddai conquered both Moab and Seir (Edom) and
NUMBERS 24:18 208
A Star will come out of Jacob, 23 And he began his poetic utterance and said,
and a Sceptre will rise out of Israel
and will strike the sides of Moab, Ah, who will live when God does this!
and beat down all the children of Sheth. 24 And ships will come from the coast
18 And Edom will be a possession, of Kittim,
and Seir, his enemy, will be a and will afflict Asshur,
possession; and afflict Eber;
and Israel will do valiantly. and he also will perish for ever.
19 Out of Jacob will come the one who 25 And Balaam got up, and proceeded to
will have dominion, return to his own place. And Balak also went his
and destroy the survivors from the city. way.
20 And when he looked at Amalek, he began
his poetic utterance and said,
Amalek was the first of the nations;
25 And Israel stayed in Shittim, and the people
began to commit sexual immorality with the
daughters of Moab. 2 And those women called the
but his end will be destruction.
people to the sacrifices for their gods; and the
21 And he looked at the Kenites, and began his people ate them, and bowed down to their gods.
poetic utterance and said, 3 And Israel joined themselves to Baal of Peor; and
Your dwelling place is secure, the LORDs anger burned against Israel.
and your nest is set on a rock. 4 And the LORD said to Moses, Take all the
22 However the Kenites will be ruined. leaders of the people, and hang them in the LORDs
How long before Asshur carries you presence, in the sunlight, so that the LORDs fierce
away captive? anger may be turned away from Israel.
fulfilled what Balaam predicted here (2 Sam 1:18; 2:5; Rev 6:15-17. The Bible speaks
8:2,14). Christ, of course, in a greater mea- of Gods anger and wrath hundreds of times.
sure than David was a star and scepter and The one true God has an infinite love for
will be the conqueror of the whole earth (Gen goodness, truth, justice, righteousness and
49:10; Isa 9:6,7; Matt 2:2; Luke 1:30-33; holiness. So of course the opposite of these
Heb 1:8; Rev 19:11-16). The meaning of things calls forth His anger. Gods anger
the last sentence of v 17 in Hebrew is comes out of His perfectly holy nature, which
obscure and may be translated in different hates evil.
ways (and beat down all the noisy boasters Also we should understand that His
or beat down all the sons of strife). anger comes out of His nature of love love
24:20 First of the nations may possibly for all that is pure and true, and love for the
mean first to war against Israel when they highest good of the universe He has made.
came from Egypt. Amalek was not at all the If He were not angry at all sin and wrong He
first nation in human history. Amalek the would not be God. Even among men what
ancestor of the Amalekites was the grand- person who loves justice is not angry at in-
son of Esau (Gen 36:12). Balaam is speak- justice? Or what person who loves kindness
ing about tribes and peoples (Moab, Edom, is not angry at cruelty? Or what person who
Amalek, Kenites) which lived in areas just loves truth is not angry at that which is false
east and south of the Dead sea. and deceitful? The more people love justice
24:21,22 The Kenites were a part of the and kindness and truth the more they will
Midianite people (Ex 3:1; Jud 1:16; 4:11). hate their opposites. God is infinitely angry
The Midianites were descended from at all the sins of men because His love of
Abraham by his second wife Keturah holiness and righteousness and truth and
(Gen 25:1,2). goodness is also infinite.
24:25 Return to his own place later In the light of the Bible it is clear that all of
Balaam came back (31:7,8). Deut 23:5 us deserve Gods anger, none of us is worthy
reveals that Balaam did his best to curse of His love. For a list of some sins which
Israel in spite of Gods command not to do God says make Him angry see Deut 4:25.
so (22:12). But when God has determined Some important references on Gods an-
to bless individuals or a nation no one can ger: 1:53; Ex 32:10; Lev 26:28; Deut 32:32;
curse them. Indeed all attempts at cursing Josh 7:1; Jud 2:12; 2 Kings 17:18; 24:20;
them will turn into blessings. See note at Ps 2:12; 7:11; 78:38,49,50; 90:7-11;
Gen 50:20. Isa 5:25; 10:5; 13:9; 66:15; Jer 25:15;
25:1,2 This was a result of Balaams secret Nah 1:2,5; Matt 3:7; John 3:36; Rom 1:18;
counsel to Balak (31:16; Rev 2:14). Sacri- 2:5,8; 5:9; 9:22; Eph 2:3; 5:6; 1 Thess
fice and worship to other gods was strictly 1:10; Rev 6:16; 14:19; 15:1,7; 19:15.
forbidden to Israel (Ex 20:3; 22:20; 34:15). 25:4,5 In order for Gods anger to turn away,
25:3 The LORDs anger see notes also sin had to be condemned, judged, and
at Deut 4:25; Ps 90:7-11; John 3:36; Rom punished.
209 NUMBERS 26:18
5 And Moses said to the judges of Israel, Each of all the congregation of the children of Israel
of you kill his men who were joined to Baal of Peor. twenty years old and over, by their fathers house-
6 And one of the children of Israel appeared holds, everyone in Israel who is able to go to war.
coming and bringing a Midianite woman to his 3 And Moses and Eleazar the priest spoke with
brothers in the sight of Moses and in the sight of them in the plains of Moab by the river Jordan near
the whole congregation of the children of Israel, Jericho, saying, 4 Take a census of the people
who were weeping in front of the door of the twenty years old and over, as the LORD
tabernacle of the congregation. 7 And when commanded Moses. And these are the children of
Phinehas, the son of Eleazar, the son of Aaron the Israel who came out of the land of Egypt:
priest, saw it, he got up from among the 5 Reuben, the eldest son of Israel; the children
congregation, took a spear in his hand, 8 went into of Reuben: Hanoch, from whom comes the family
the tent after the man of Israel, and pierced both of the Hanochites; from Pallu, the family of the
of them through, the man of Israel, and the woman Palluites; 6 from Hezron, the family of the
through her stomach. So the plague on the children Hezronites; from Carmi, the family of the Carmites.
of Israel was stopped. 9 But twenty-four thousand 7 These are the families of the Reubenites;
died in the plague. and those of them who were counted were forty-
10 And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying, three thousand seven hundred and thirty.
11 Phinehas, the son of Eleazar, the son of Aaron 8 And the sons of Pallu was Eliab. 9 And the
the priest, has turned my wrath away from the sons of Eliab: Nemuel, and Dathan, and Abiram.
children of Israel, for he was zealous for my sake This is that Dathan and Abiram who were of
among them, so that I did not consume the children reputation in the congregation, who struggled
of Israel in my jealousy. 12 Therefore say, See, I against Moses and against Aaron in the company
give him my covenant of peace. 13 And he will of Korah, when they struggled against the LORD;
have it, and his offspring after him, this covenant 10 and the earth opened its mouth, and swallowed
of an everlasting priesthood; because he was them up together with Korah, when that company
zealous for his God, and made atonement for the died, at the time the fire consumed two hundred
children of Israel. and fifty men; and they became a warning sign.
14 Now the name of the Israelite who was killed, 11 However Korahs children did not die.
the one who was killed with the Midianite woman, 12 The sons of Simeon by their families: from
was Zimri, the son of Salu, a leader of a chief Nemuel, the family of the Nemuelites; from Jamin,
household among the Simeonites. 15 And the name the family of the Jaminites; from Jachin, the family
of the Midianite woman who was killed was Cozbi, of the Jachinites; 13 from Zerah, the family of the
the daughter of Zur. He was a leader of a people, Zarhites; from Shaul, the family of the Shaulites.
and of a chief household in Midian. 14 These are the families of the Simeonites,
16 And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying, twenty-two thousand two hundred.
17 Trouble the Midianites, and strike them down, 15 The children of Gad by their families: from
18 for they troubled you with their tricks, with which Zephon, the family of the Zephonites; from Haggi,
they deceived you in the affair of Peor, and in the the family of the Haggites; from Shuni, the family
affair of Cozbi, the daughter of a Midianite chief, of the Shunites; 16 from Ozni, the family of the
their sister, who was killed on the day of the plague Oznites; from Eri, the family of the Erites; 17 from
that came because of Peor. Arod, the family of the Arodites; from Areli, the
family of the Arelites.
26 And this happened after the plague: the
LORD spoke to Moses and to Eleazar the
son of Aaron the priest, saying, 2 Take a census
18 These are the families of the children of Gad
according to those of them who were counted,
forty thousand five hundred.
25:6 This was a terribly presumptuous and He rewards it (1 Sam 2:30).
sin from a leader in Israel (v 14; 25:16-18 31:1-12.
15:30,31). 26:2 1:2. It was time to think about divid-
25:7-13 Phinehas acted for Gods honor, ing Canaan among the people of Israel. So
punished the sin, and so turned away Gods the new census (vs 52-56).
anger. See notes at 31:2; Ex 21:23-25. 26:7 1:21.
He is one of many in the Bible who were 26:10 16:32.
zealous for God and felt keenly any affront 26:14 1:23. The tribe of Simeon had a
to Gods honor (1 Sam 17:26,46,47; very large reduction in numbers. Did many
1 Kings 19:10). Indeed do not all true be- of them die in various plagues because of
lievers experience something of this? God leaders like Zimri (25:9,14)?
sees this desire for His honor in His people 26:18-27 11:25-31.
NUMBERS 26:19 210
19 The sons of Judah were Er and Onan, but Er Eran, the family of the Eranites.
and Onan died in the land of Canaan. 37 These are the families of the sons of Ephraim
20 And the sons of Judah by their families were: according to those of them who were counted,
from Shelah, the family of the Shelanites; from thirty-two thousand five hundred. These are the
Pharez, the family of the Pharzites; from Zerah, sons of Joseph by their families.
the family of the Zarhites. 38 The sons of Benjamin by their families: from
21 And the sons of Pharez were: from Hezron, Bela, the family of the Belaites; from Ashbel, the
the family of the Hezronites; from Hamul, the family of the Ashbelites; from Ahiram, the family of
family of the Hamulites. the Ahiramites; 39 from Shupham, the family of the
22 These are the families of Judah according to Shuphamites; from Hupham, the family of the
those of them who were counted, seventy-six Huphamites.
thousand five hundred. 40 And the sons of Bela were Ard and Naaman;
23 From the sons of Issachar by their families: from Ard, the family of the Ardites, and from
from Tola, the family of the Tolaites; from Pua, the Naaman, the family of the Naamites.
family of the Punites; 24 from Jashub, the family 41 These are the sons of Benjamin by their
of the Jashubites; from Shimron, the family of the families; and those of them who were counted were
Shimronites. forty-five thousand six hundred.
25 These are the families of Issachar accord- 42 These are the sons of Dan by their families:
ing to those of them who were counted, sixty-four from Shuham, the family of the Shuhamites. These
thousand three hundred. are the families of Dan by their families. 43 All the
26 From the sons of Zebulun by their families: families of the Shuhamites, according to those of
from Sered, the family of the Sardites; from Elon, them who were counted were sixty-four thousand
the family of the Elonites; from Jahleel, the family four hundred.
of the Jahleelites. 44 From the children of Asher by their families:
27 These are the families of the Zebulunites from Jimna, the family of the Jimnites; from Jesui,
according to those of them who were counted, the family of the Jesuites; from Beriah, the family
sixty thousand five hundred. of the Beriites. 45 From the sons of Beriah: from
28 The sons of Joseph by their families were Heber, the family of the Heberites; from Malchiel,
Manasseh and Ephraim. 29 From the sons of the family of the Malchielites. 46 And the name of
Manasseh: from Machir, the family of the Machirites; the daughter of Asher was Sarah.
and Machir begot Gilead; from Gilead comes the 47 These are the families of the sons of Asher
family of the Gileadites. according to those of them who were counted,
30 These are the sons of Gilead: from Jeezer, fifty-three thousand four hundred.
the family of the Jeezerites; from Helek, the family 48 From the sons of Naphtali by their families;
of the Helekites; 31 and from Asriel, the family of from Jahzeel, the family of the Jahzeelites; from
the Asrielites; and from Shechem, the family of the Guni, the family of the Gunites; 49 from Jezer, the
Shechemites; 32 and from Shemida, the family of family of the Jezerites; from Shillem, the family of
the Shemidaites; and from Hepher, the family of the Shillemites.
the Hepherites. 33 And Zelophehad the son of 50 These are the families of Naphtali by to their
Hepher had no sons, only daughters; and the names families; and those of them who were counted were
of the daughters of Zelophehad were Mahlah, and forty-five thousand four hundred.
Noah, Hoglah, Milcah, and Tirzah. 51 These were those of the children of Israel
34 These are the families of Manasseh, and who were counted: six hundred and one thousand
those of them who were counted were fifty-two seven hundred and thirty.
thousand seven hundred. 52 And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying,
35 These are the sons of Ephraim by their 53 The land is to be divided among these as an
families: from Shuthelah, the family of the inheritance according to the number of names.
Shuthalhites; from Becher, the family of the 54 You must give more inheritance to a larger group,
Bachrites; from Tahan, the family of the Tahanites. and to a smaller group you must give a smaller
36 And these are the sons of Shuthelah: from inheritance. Each groups inheritance is to be given
26:34 1:35. A large increase in number in and lost many people by plagues and re-
the tribe of Manasseh. bellions (11:33,34; 14:37,45; 16:32,35,49;
26:37-50 1:33-43. 25:9). Moses view of those years is found
26:51 A reduction of 1,820 from the census in Ps 90:7-9. Psalm 78:32-41 sums up that
taken a generation earlier. The nation did time. Yet God taught them many valuable
not prosper during the desert wanderings spiritual lessons through it all (Deut 8:1-5).
211 NUMBERS 27:21
according to the number of those who were the company of Korah, but he died for his own sin,
counted. 55 But the land is to be divided by lot; and he had no sons. 4 Why should the name of
they shall inherit it according to the names of the our father be removed from among his family
tribes of their fathers. 56 Their inheritance is to be because he had no son? Therefore give us a
divided by lot between larger and smaller groups. possession among the brothers of our father.
57 And those of the Levites who were counted 5 And Moses brought their case before the
by their families are these: from Gershon, the fam- LORD. 6 And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying,
ily of the Gershonites; from Kohath, the family of 7 The daughters of Zelophehad speak justly. You
the Kohathites; from Merari, the family of the shall surely give them possession of an inheritance
Merarites. 58 These are the families of the Levites: among their fathers brothers, and you shall have
the family of the Libnites, the family of the the inheritance of their father pass to them.
Hebronites, the family of the Mahlites, the family 8 And you shall speak to the children of Israel,
of the Mushites, the family of the Korathites. And saying, If a man dies and has no son, then you
Kohath begot Amram. shall have his inheritance pass to his daughter.
59 And the name of Amrams wife was Jochebed, 9 And if he has no daughter, then you shall give his
the daughter of Levi, whom her mother bore to inheritance to his brothers. 10 And if he has no
Levi in Egypt; and she bore to Amram Aaron and brothers, then you shall give his inheritance to his
Moses, and Miriam their sister. 60 And to Aaron fathers brothers. 11 And if his father has no
was born Nadab, and Abihu, Eleazar, and Ithamar. brothers, then you shall give his inheritance to his
61 And Nadab and Abihu died when they offered closest relative in his family, and he shall possess it.
strange fire before the Lord. And this is be to the children of Israel a statute of
62 And those of them who were counted were judgment, just as the LORD commanded Moses.
twenty-three thousand, all males a month old or 12 And the LORD said to Moses, Go up on this
more; for they were not counted among the Mount Abarim, and look at the land which I have
children of Israel, because no inheritance was given given to the children of Israel. 13 And when you
them among the children of Israel. have seen it, you also will be gathered to your
63 These are those who were counted by Moses people, just as Aaron your brother was gathered.
and Eleazar the priest, who counted the children of 14 For in the desert of Zin you rebelled against my
Israel in the plains of Moab by the Jordan near command to show me as holy before their eyes at
Jericho. 64 But among these there was not a man the waters there, during the strife of the
of those whom Moses and Aaron the priest counted congregation. (These are the water of Meribah in
when they counted the children of Israel in the Kadesh in the desert of Zin.)
desert of Sinai. 65 For the LORD had said of them, 15 And Moses spoke to the LORD, saying,
They shall surely die in the desert. And not a man 16 Let the LORD, the God of the spirits of all flesh,
was left of them, except Caleb the son of appoint a man over the congregation, 17 who can
Jephunneh, and Joshua the son of Nun. go out before them and can come in before them,
and who can lead them out and can bring them in,
27 Then the daughters of Zelophehad came
to Moses. He was the son of Hepher, the
son of Gilead, the son of Machir, the son of
so that the congregation of the LORD will not be
like sheep without a shepherd.
18 And the LORD said to Moses, Take Joshua
Manasseh, of the families of Manasseh the son of the son of Nun, a man in whom is the Spirit, and lay
Joseph. And these are the names of his daughters: your hand on him; 19 and have him stand before
Mahlah, Noah, and Hoglah, and Milcah, and Tirzah. Eleazar the priest, and before all the congregation,
2 And they stood before Moses and before Eleazar and give him a commission in their sight.
the priest and before the leaders and all the 20 And you shall put some of your authority on
congregation, at the door of the tabernacle of the him, so that all the congregation of the children of
congregation, saying, 3 Our father died in the Israel may be obedient. 21 And he shall stand
wilderness, but he was not in the company of those before Eleazar the priest, who shall ask counsel
who joined themselves together against the LORD, for him in the LORDs presence according to the
26:62 Deut 10:9. However he was not bitter, but still much
26:65 14:26-35. concerned for the welfare of the people, and
27:7 36:2; Josh 17:3,4. prayed for a successor who could lead them
27:12-14 See note at 20:12. well. A wise and spiritual leader of Gods
27:16,17 Moses experienced great people will encourage the development of
disappointment at not being permitted to leaders who can serve after he is gone.
enter the promised land (Deut 3:25-27). 27:18 Spirit Gods Spirit alone made him
NUMBERS 27:22 212
decision of Urim. At his word the people shall go for each lamb a tenth of an ephah of flour mixed
out and at his word they shall come in, he and all with oil as a grain offering, as a burnt offering of a
the children of Israel with him, the whole soothing aroma, a sacrifice made by fire to the
congregation. LORD. 14 And their drink offerings shall be half a
22 And Moses did as the LORD commanded him, hin of wine for an ox, and a third of a hin for a ram,
and took Joshua and had him stand before Eleazar and a fourth of a hin for a lamb. This is the burnt
the priest, and before all the congregation. 23 And offering for each month throughout the months of
he laid his hands on him, and gave him a commis- the year. 15 And one young goat as a sin offering
sion, just as the LORD commanded through Moses. is to be offered to the LORD, besides the continual
burnt offering, and its drink offering.
16 And on the fourteenth day of the first month
28 And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying,
2 Give this command to the children of
Israel, and say to them, Take care to present to
is the LORDs Passover. 17 And on the fifteenth
day of this month there shall be a feast; bread
made without yeast shall be eaten for seven days.
me my offering, my food for my sacrifices made by 18 On the first day there shall be a holy
fire, of a soothing aroma to me, in their due convocation; you shall do no type of hard work in
season. 3 And you shall say to them, This is the it; 19 but you shall offer a sacrifice made by fire as
offering made by fire which you shall offer to the a burnt offering to the LORD: two young oxen,
LORD: two lambs a year old without defect, day and one ram, and seven lambs a year old. They
by day, as a continual burnt offering. 4 One lamb shall be to you without blemish. 20 And their grain
you shall offer in the morning, and the other lamb offering are to be of flour mixed with oil. You shall
you shall offer at evening, 5 with a tenth of an offer three tenths of an ephah for an ox, and two
ephah of flour as a grain offering, mixed with a tenths of an ephah for a ram, 21 and offer a tenth
fourth of a hin of beaten oil. 6 This is a continual of an ephah for each lamb, with all the seven lambs,
burnt offering, which was ordained in Mount Sinai 22 and one goat as a sin offering, to make atone-
as a soothing aroma, a sacrifice made by fire to the ment for you. 23 You shall offer these besides the
LORD. 7 And its drink offering shall be the fourth burnt offering in the morning, which is for a
of a hin for one lamb. You shall have the strong continual burnt offering. 24 In this way you shall
wine poured out to the LORD in the holy place as a offer each day, for seven days, the food of the
drink offering. 8 And you shall offer the other lamb sacrifice made by fire, a soothing aroma to the
at evening; you shall offer it as the grain offering LORD. It is to be offered besides the continual
of the morning and as its drink offering, a sacrifice burnt offering and its drink offering. 25 And on the
made by fire, a soothing aroma to the LORD. seventh day you shall have a holy convocation;
9 And on the Sabbath day offer two lambs a you shall do no hard work.
year old without defect, and two tenths of an ephah 26 Also on the day of first fruits, when you
of flour as a grain offering, mixed with oil, and its bring a new grain offering to the LORD in your
drink offering. 10 This is the burnt offering for Feast of Weeks, you shall have a holy convoca-
every Sabbath, besides the continual burnt tion; you shall do no hard work; 27 but you shall
offering and its drink offering. offer the burnt offering as a soothing aroma to the
11 And in the beginning of each of your months LORD, two young oxen, one ram, seven lambs a
you shall offer a burnt offering to the LORD: two year old, 28 and their grain offering of flour mixed
young oxen, and one ram, seven lambs a year old with oil, three tenths of an ephah for each ox, two
without defect, 12 and three tenths of an ephah tenths of an ephah for each ram, 29 a tenth of an
of flour as a grain offering, mixed with oil, for each ephah for each lamb, with all the seven lambs;
ox, and two tenths of an ephah of flour as a 30 and one young goat, to make atonement for
grain offering, mixed with oil, for each ram, 13 and you. 31 You shall offer them besides the continual
a proper leader. 28:14 Half a hin probably about two
27:23 Deut 1:7,8,23; Josh 1:1,2. liters.
28:1-15 For meanings of the offerings 28:16 Ex 12:1-20; Lev 23:5-8.
spoken in these verses see notes on the 28:17 Ex 23:15; 34:18; Deut 16:3-8.
first chapters of Leviticus. 28:18 Lev 23:7.
28:2 Lev 3:11. 28:22 Lev 4:23,24; 16:18.
28:3-8 Ex 29:38-42. 28:26 Ex 23:16; 34:22; Lev 23:15-21.
Tenth of an ephah (vs 5,7,14) 28:30 Note on atonement at Ex 29:33. As
probably about one liter. they neared the land of promise they were
28:11 10:10. reminded of the offerings God required of
28:12 15:4-12. them daily offerings (v 3-8), weekly
213 NUMBERS 29:37
burnt offering, and its grain offering (they shall be the rams, and for the lambs, shall be according to
to you without blemish), and their drink offerings. their number, according to the regulations; 19 and
one young goat as a sin offering; besides the
29 And in the seventh month, on the first day
of the month, you shall have a holy convo-
cation; you shall do no hard work; it is to be to you
continual burnt offering, and its grain offering, and
their drink offerings.
20 And on the third day eleven oxen, two rams,
a day for blowing trumpets. 2 And you shall offer and fourteen lambs a year old without blemish;
a burnt offering as a soothing aroma to the LORD: 21 and their grain offering and their drink offerings
one young ox, one ram, and seven lambs a year for the oxen, for the rams, and for the lambs, shall
old without blemish; 3 and their grain offering shall be according to their number, according to the
be of flour mixed with oil, three tenths of an ephah regulations; 22 and one goat as a sin offering;
for an ox, and two tenths for a ram, 4 and one besides the continual burnt offering, and its grain
tenth for one lamb, for all the seven lambs; 5 and offering, and its drink offering.
one young goat as a sin offering, to make atone- 23 And on the fourth day ten oxen, two rams,
ment for you; 6 besides the burnt offering for the and fourteen lambs a year old without blemish;
month, and its grain offering, and the daily burnt 24 their grain offering and their drink offerings for
offering, and its grain offering, and their drink the oxen, for the rams, and for the lambs, shall be
offerings, according to their regulations, as a sooth- according to their number, according to the
ing aroma, a sacrifice made by fire to the LORD. regulations; 25 and one young goat as a sin
7 And on the tenth day of this seventh month offering; besides the continual burnt offering, its
you shall have a holy convocation; and you shall grain offering, and its drink offering.
humble yourselves: you shall not do any work on 26 And on the fifth day nine oxen, two rams,
that day ; 8 but you shall offer a burnt offering to and fourteen lambs a year old without spot;
the LORD as a soothing aroma: one young ox, one 27 and their grain offering and their drink offerings
ram, and seven lambs a year old. They shall be to for the oxen, for the rams, and for the lambs, shall
you without blemish; 9 and their grain offering be according to their number, according to the
shall be of flour mixed with oil, three tenths of an regulations; 28 and one goat as a sin offering;
ephah for an ox, and two tenths for one ram, besides the continual burnt offering, and its grain
10 and a tenth for one lamb, for all the seven offering, and its drink offering.
lambs; 11 one young goat for a sin offering; besides 29 And on the sixth day eight oxen, two rams,
the sin offering of atonement, and the continual and fourteen lambs a year old without blemish;
burnt offering, and its grain offering, and their drink 30 and their grain offering and their drink offerings
offerings. for the oxen, for the rams, and for the lambs, shall
12 And on the fifteenth day of the seventh be according to their number, according to the
month you shall have a holy convocation; you shall regulations; 31 and one goat as a sin offering;
do no hard work, and you shall keep a feast to the besides the continual burnt offering, its grain
LORD for seven days; 13 and you shall offer a offering, and its drink offering.
burnt offering, a sacrifice made by fire, a soothing 32 And on the seventh day seven oxen, two
aroma to the LORD: thirteen young oxen, two rams, and fourteen lambs a year old without
rams, and fourteen lambs a year old; they shall be blemish; 33 and their grain offering and their drink
without blemish. 14 And their grain offering shall offerings for the oxen, for the rams, and for the
be of flour mixed with oil, three tenths of an ephah lambs, shall be according to their number,
for each of the thirteen oxen, two tenths for each according to the regulations; 34 and one goat as a
of the two rams, 15 and a tenth for each lamb of sin offering; besides the continual burnt offering,
the fourteen lambs; 16 and one young goat for a its grain offering, and its drink offering.
sin offering; besides the continual burnt offering, 35 On the eighth day you shall have a solemn
its grain offering, and its drink offering. assembly; on that day you shall do no hard work;
17 And on the second day you shall offer 36 but you shall offer a burnt offering, a sacrifice
twelve young oxen, two rams, and fourteen lambs made by fire, a soothing aroma to the LORD: one
a year old without defect; 18 and their grain ox, one ram, seven lambs a year old without
offering and their drink offerings for the oxen, for blemish; 37 their grain offering and their drink
offerings (vs 9,10), monthly offerings trumpets at Lev 23:23-25.
(vs 11-15); also special festival offerings 29:7 Lev 16:29-34; 23:26-32.
(28:16 29:40). Humble yourselves or possibly fast.
29:1 A description follows of certain special 29:12 Lev 23:33-35; Deut 16:13-15.
festival offerings. Note on the feast of 29:35 Lev 23:36.
NUMBERS 29:38 214
offerings for the ox, for the ram, and for the lambs, woman, with which she has bound her soul, will be
shall be according to their number, according to binding on her.
the regulations; 38 and one goat as a sin offering; 10 And if she made the vow, or bound her soul
besides the continual burnt offering, and its grain with a binding obligation by an oath, in her husbands
offering, and its drink offering. house, 11 and her husband heard it, and said
39 These things you shall offer to the LORD at nothing to her, and did not forbid her, then all her
your appointed feasts, besides your vows, and vows shall stand, and every binding obligation with
your freewill offerings, for your burnt offerings, which she bound her soul shall stand. 12 But if her
and for your grain offerings, and for your drink husband made them completely void on the day he
offerings, and for your peace offerings. heard them, then whatever came from her lips
40 And Moses spoke to the children of Israel in concerning her vows, or concerning the binding
accordance with all that the LORD commanded obligation of her soul, shall not stand; her husband
Moses. made them void; and the LORD shall forgive her.
13 Her husband may confirm or her husband may
30 And Moses spoke to the heads of the tribes
of the children of Israel, saying, This is
what the LORD has commanded. 2 If a man makes
make void every vow, and every binding oath to
humble the soul. 14 But if her husband says
absolutely nothing to her from day to day, then he
a vow to the LORD, or swears an oath to bind his confirms all her vows, or all her binding obligations
soul with a binding obligation, he must not break his on her; he confirms them because he said nothing
word; he must do according to all that came out of to her on the day that he heard them. 15 But if he
his mouth. makes them void some time after he has heard
3 Also if a woman makes a vow to the LORD, them, then he will bear her guilt.
and binds herself with a binding obligation while 16 These are the statutes, which the LORD
she is in her fathers house in her youth, 4 and her commanded Moses, between a man and his wife,
father hears her vow, and her binding obligation between a father and his daughter who is still in
with which she bound her soul, and her father says her youth in her fathers house.
nothing to her, then all her vows shall stand, and
every binding obligation with which she bound her
soul shall stand. 5 But if her father forbids her on
the day that he hears it, not any of her vows or
31 And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying,
2 Take vengeance on the Midianites for
the children of Israel; after that you will be
her binding obligations with which she bound her gathered to your people.
soul, shall stand; and the LORD will forgive her, 3 And Moses spoke to the people, saying, Some
because her father has forbidden her. of you are to be armed for war, and go against the
6 And if she marries after she made vows, or Midianites and take vengeance on Midian for the
rash statements from her lips, with which she bound LORD. 4 You shall send to the battle a thousand
her soul, 7 and her husband hears of it, and says from each tribe, for all the tribes of Israel. 5 So
nothing to her on the day that he hears it, then her from the thousands of Israel, a thousand men from
vows will stand, and her binding obligations with each tribe were selected, twelve thousand armed
which she bound her soul will stand. 8 But if her for battle. 6 And Moses sent them to the war, a
husband forbids her on the day that he hears it, thousand from each tribe. He sent them and
then he makes void her vow which she made, and Phinehas the son of Eleazar the priest, to the war,
the rash statement that she made with her lips, with the holy instruments, and trumpets in his hand
with which she bound her soul; and the LORD will to sound the alarm.
forgive her. 7 And they fought against the Midianites, just
9 But the vow of a widow, or of the divorced as the LORD commanded Moses, and killed all the
29:39 Lev 23:2. 94:1; Rom 3:5,6; 12:19; Heb 10:30). It
30:2 Vow 6:2; 15:8; Lev 7:16; 23:38; is Gods anger in action against sin (25:3).
Deut 23:21-23; Ps 50:14; 61:8; 76:11; It is God acting in perfect justice. It is God
Eccl 5:4,5. bringing on people what they deserve by
31:1-3 Vengeance following the counsel their actions. See note at Nahum 1:7. We
of Balaam (25:1,6,15; 31:16) the are not to take vengeance on our own (Lev
Midianites joined with the Moabites to try to 19:18; Prov 20:22; 24:29; Matt 5:39-
corrupt Israel. Because of this 24,000 41; Rom 12:17,19. See note at Ex 21:23-
people of Israel died (25:9). Now Gods time 25). It is a terrible fault in some people
has come to deal with Midian. Vengeance that they try to take vengeance for wrongs
belongs to God alone (Deut 32:35,41; Ps done to them. Much harm results from this.
215 NUMBERS 31:46
males. 8 And they killed the kings of Midian, impurity; and everything that cannot stand fire you
besides the rest of those who were killed, namely, must put through water. 24 And you shall wash
Evi, and Rekem, and Zur, and Hur, and Reba, five your clothes on the seventh day, and you will be
kings of Midian. They also killed Balaam the son of clean; and after that you may come into the camp.
Beor with the sword. 9 And the children of Israel 25 And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying,
took captive all the women of Midian and their little 26 You and Eleazar the priest and the heads of the
ones, and plundered all their cattle and all their fathers households of the congregation must count
flocks and all their goods. 10 And they burned all the prey that was taken; 27 and divide the prey
their cities where they lived and all their camps, between the soldiers who went out to battle, and
with fire. 11 And they took all the plunder and all the whole congregation, 28 and levy a tax for the
the prey, both of man and animal. 12 And they LORD from the soldiers who went to battle: one in
brought the captives, and the prey and the five hundred of the persons and of the cattle and
plunder, to Moses and Eleazar the priest, and to of the donkeys and of the sheep. 29 Take it from
the congregation of the children of Israel, at the their half and give it to Eleazar the priest as a
camp on the plains of Moab, which are by the lifted up offering for the LORD. 30 And from the
Jordan near Jericho. half of the children of Israel you shall take one in
13 And Moses, and Eleazar the priest, and all fifty of the persons, of the cattle, of the donkeys,
the leaders of the congregation, went to meet them and of the flocks, of each kind of animal, and give
outside the camp. 14 And Moses was angry with them to the Levites who are in charge of the
the officers of the army, with the captains over tabernacle of the LORD. 31 And Moses and Eleazar
thousands, and captains over hundreds, who came the priest did as the LORD commanded Moses.
from the battle. 32 And the plunder that remained of the prey
15 And Moses said to them, Have you kept all which the soldiers had taken was six hundred and
the women alive? 16 Look, through the counsel of seventy-five thousand sheep, 33 and seventy-two
Balaam these caused the children of Israel to act thousand cattle, 34 and sixty-one thousand
treacherously against the LORD in the affair of donkeys, 35 and altogether thirty-two thousand
Peor, and there was a plague among the persons, women who had not known a man through
congregation of the LORD. 17 Therefore now kill intercourse with him.
every boy among the little ones, and kill every 36 And the half which was the portion of the
woman who has known a man through intercourse soldiers by number was this: three hundred and
with him. 18 But keep alive for yourselves all the thirty-seven thousand five hundred sheep; 37 and
female children who have not known a man through the LORDs tax of the sheep was six hundred and
intercourse with him. seventy-five. 38 And there were thirty-six
19 And stay outside the camp for seven days. thousand cattle, of which the LORDs tax was
Any of you who has killed any person, and anyone seventy-two. 39 And there were thirty thousand
who has touched anyone who was killed, must five hundred donkeys; of which the LORDs tax
purify both yourselves and your captives on the was sixty-one. 40 And there were sixteen
third day, and on the seventh day. 20 And purify thousand persons; of whom the LORDs tax was
all your clothing and everything that is made of thirty-two persons.
skins and everything made of goats hair and 41 And Moses gave the tax, which was the
everything made of wood. LORDs lifted up offering, to Eleazar the priest, as
21 And Eleazar the priest said to the men of war the LORD commanded Moses.
who went to the battle, This is the regulation of 42 And the half for the children of Israel which
the law which the LORD commanded Moses: Moses separated from the soldiers, 43 the half that
22 you shall put through fire only the gold and the belonged to the congregation was three hundred
silver, the bronze, the iron, the tin, and the lead, and thirty-seven thousand five hundred sheep,
23 everything that can stand fire, and it will be 44 and thirty-six thousand cattle, 45 and thirty
clean; but it must be purified with the water for thousand five hundred donkeys, 46 and sixteen
31:8 Gods vengeance came on Balaam too. 31:27 The spoils were to be shared by every-
He once spoke for God, but betrayed Gods one alike (Josh 22:8; 1 Sam 30:22-25). The
people for reward. Lord Jesus divides with His believers all the
31:14-17 The women of Midian were as least spoils He has won in His victory over Satan
as guilty as the men and vengeance must (Rom 8:17; Gal 4:7; Eph 3:6).
be taken on them too. 31:28-30 The priests also must have their
31:17 See Deut 7:2; 20:16-18. share. God did not forget His servants in
31:19 19:11-22. the tabernacle even if they could not go to
31:23 19:9,17. the battle.
NUMBERS 31:47 216
thousand persons. 47 And from the half for the 6 And Moses said to the children of Gad and to
children of Israel Moses took one in fifty, both of the children of Reuben, Shall your brothers go to
man and of animal, and gave them to the Levites war, and you sit here? 7 Now why do you
who were in charge of the tabernacle of the LORD, discourage the heart of the children of Israel from
just as the LORD commanded Moses. going over into the land which the LORD has given
48 And the officers who were over thousands them? 8 Your fathers did like this when I sent them
in the army, the captains of thousands, and from Kadesh-barnea to see the land. 9 For when
captains of hundreds, came near to Moses, 49 and they went up to the valley of Eshcol, and saw the
they said to Moses, Your servants have taken a land, they discouraged the heart of the children of
census of the soldiers who are under our command, Israel, so that they would not go into the land
and not one man of us is missing. 50 Therefore we which the LORD had given them. 10 And at that
have brought an offering for the LORD, what each time the LORDs anger burned, and he made an
man has gotten, ornaments of gold, chains, and oath, saying, 11 Surely none of the men that
bracelets, rings, earrings, and necklaces, to make came up out of Egypt, twenty years old and over,
atonement for our souls in the LORDs presence. will see the land which I swore to Abraham, to
51 And Moses and Eleazar the priest took the Isaac, and to Jacob, because they have not wholly
gold from them, all the crafted ornaments. 52 And followed me; 12 except Caleb the son of Jephunneh
all the gold of the offering that they offered to the the Kenezite, and Joshua the son of Nun, for they
LORD from the captains of thousands and from the have wholly followed the LORD. 13 And the LORDs
captains of hundreds was sixteen thousand seven anger burned against Israel, and he made them
hundred and fifty shekels. 53 For the soldiers had wander in the desert for forty years, until the whole
taken plunder, each man for himself. generation that had done evil in the sight of the
54 And Moses and Eleazar the priest took the LORD, was consumed.
gold from the captains of thousands and of 14 And, see, you have risen up in your fathers
hundreds, and brought it into the tabernacle of the place, a brood of sinful men, to make the fierce
congregation as a memorial for the children of Israel anger of the LORD toward Israel still greater.
before the LORD. 15 For if you turn away from following him, he will
once more leave them in the desert, and you will
32 Now the children of Reuben and the
children of Gad had a very great number of
livestock, and when they saw the land of Jazer and
destroy all these people.
16 And they came near him, and said, We will
build pens here for our livestock, and cities for our
the land of Gilead, that it appeared to be a good little ones, 17 but we ourselves will be armed and
place for livestock, 2 the children of Gad and the ready to go in front of the children of Israel, until
children of Reuben came and spoke to Moses, and we have brought them to their place. And our little
to Eleazar the priest, and to the leaders of the ones will live in the fortified cities, because of the
congregation, saying, 3 Ataroth, and Dibon, and inhabitants of the land. 18 We will not return to our
Jazer, and Nimrah, and Heshbon, and Elealeh, and houses, until each man of the children of Israel has
Shebam, and Nebo, and Beon, 4 the land which the taken possession of his inheritance. 19 For we will
LORD struck before the congregation of Israel, is not have an inheritance with them on the other
a land for livestock, and your servants have bank of the Jordan or beyond, because our
livestock. inheritance has come to us on the east side of the
5 Therefore, they said, If we have found Jordan.
grace in your sight, let this land be given to your 20 And Moses said to them, If you will do this
servants as a possession, and do not take us over thing, if you will arm yourselves for battle in the
the Jordan. presence of the LORD, 21 and all of you go armed
31:49 Not one man of Israel fell in battle in trouble in later years because the region
this amazing victory. When God, not man, they chose had no safe frontiers and was
takes vengeance it will work out perfectly. vulnerable to attack from enemies. Syria
31:50 Ex 30:12-16. was on the north, Ammon on the east and
31:52 Sixteen thousand seven hundred Moab on the south. It is always better to
and fifty shekels about 190 kilograms. leave the choice of our place to God (Ps
32:1,2 Lot made a similar mistake (Gen 47:4).
13:10,11). 32:6-15 Moses was so displeased that he
32:4 21:21-24,33-35. harshly compared them to their rebellious
32:5 Reuben and Gad, instead of going on fathers at Kadesh who would not go into the
to the promised land and accepting Gods land (13:31 14:4).
place for them in it, wanted to choose for 32:16-19 Their promise to help the rest of
themselves. This was a source of much Israel conquer Canaan pacified Moses, but
217 NUMBERS 33:13
over the Jordan in the presence of the LORD, until Bethharan, fortified cities; and folds for sheep.
he has driven out his enemies from before him, 37 And the children of Reuben built Heshbon, and
22 and the land is subdued before the LORD, then Elealeh, and Kirjathaim, 38 and Nebo, and Baal
afterwards you may return and be guiltless before Meon (their names being changed) and Shibmah,
the LORD and before Israel, and this land will be and gave other names to the cities which they built.
your possession in the presence of the LORD. 39 And the children of Machir the son of
23 But if you will not do so, see, you have Manasseh went to Gilead, and captured it, and
sinned against the LORD. And be sure your sin will drove out the Amorite people who were in it.
find you out. 24 Build cities for your little ones and 40 And Moses gave Gilead to Machir the son of
folds for your sheep, and do what has come out of Manasseh, and he lived in it. 41 And Jair the son of
your mouth. Manasseh went and captured its small towns, and
25 And the children of Gad and the children of called them Havoth Jair. 42 And Nobah went and
Reuben spoke to Moses, saying, Your servants took Kenath and its villages, and called it Nobah,
will do as my lord commands. 26 Our little ones, our after his own name.
wives, our flocks, and all our livestock will be there
in the cities of Gilead, 27 but your servants will
cross over, each man armed for war to battle in the
presence of the LORD, just as my lord says.
33 These are the journeys of the children of
Israel who came out of the land of Egypt
with their armies under the hand of Moses and
28 So Moses gave orders concerning them to Aaron. 2 And Moses recorded their starting points
Eleazar the priest, and Joshua the son of Nun, and according to their journeys by the command of the
the family heads of the tribes of the children of LORD, and these are their journeys according to
Israel. 29 And Moses said to them, If the children their starting points.
of Gad and the children of Reuben will cross over 3 And they left Rameses in the first month, on
the Jordan with you, each man armed for battle in the fifteenth day of the first month. On the next
the presence of the LORD, and the land is subdued day after the Passover the children of Israel went
before you, then you will give them the land of out boldly in the sight of all the Egyptians. 4 For
Gilead as a possession. 30 But if they will not cross the Egyptians buried all their firstborn, whom the
over with you armed, they shall have possessions LORD had struck down among them; also the LORD
among you in the land of Canaan. executed judgments on their gods.
31 And the children of Gad and the children of 5 And the children of Israel left Rameses, and
Reuben answered, saying, We will do just as the camped in Succoth. 6 And they left Succoth, and
LORD has told your servants. 32 We will cross camped in Etham, which is on the border of the
over armed in the presence of the LORD into the desert. 7 And they left Etham, and turned back to
land of Canaan, so that the possession of our Pi-Hahiroth, which is opposite Baal Zephon, and
inheritance on this side of the Jordan may remain they camped before Migdol. 8 And they left Pi-
ours. Hahiroth, and passed through the middle of the
33 And Moses gave to them, that is, to the sea into the desert, and went three days journey
children of Gad, and to the children of Reuben, and in the desert of Etham, and camped in Marah.
to half the tribe of Manasseh the son of Joseph, 9 And they left Marah, and came to Elim. And
the kingdom of Sihon king of the Amorites, and the there were twelve fountains of water, and seventy
kingdom of Og king of Bashan, the land with its palm trees in Elim; and they camped there.
cities within its boundaries, the cities of the 10 And they left Elim, and camped by the Red
surrounding land. Sea. 11 And they left the Red Sea, and camped in
34 And the children of Gad built Dibon, and the desert of Sin. 12 And they took their journey
Ataroth, and Aroer, 35 and Atroth, Shophan, and from the desert of Sin, and camped in Dophkah.
Jaazer, and Jogbehah, 36 and Bethnimrah, and 13 And they left Dophkah, and camped in Alush.
it did not make their choice good. 32:39-42 Deut 3:13-15.
32:23 Not doing what we should do is sin 32:41 Havvoth Jair means the villages
just as much as doing what we should not of Jair.
(Deut 23:3,4; Jud 5:23; 1 Sam 12:23; 33:2 Another indication that Moses wrote the
Matt 21:28-32; 25:24-27, 41-46; 1 Tim Pentateuch (the first five books of the Bible).
5:8). In either case, sin will bring great See also Ex 17:14; 24:4; 34:27; Deut
trouble. 31:9; John 5:46.
32:33 The half tribe of Manasseh was not 33:3 Ex 12:37; 14:8.
mentioned when Reuben and Gad made 33:4 Ex 12:12.
their request. Evidently they decided later 33:8 Ex 14:22; 15:22,23.
to join them. 33:9 Ex 15:27.
NUMBERS 33:14 218
14 And they left Alush, and camped at Rephidim, Jordan opposite Jericho. 49 And they camped by
where there was no water for the people to drink. the Jordan, from Beth Jesimoth to Abel Shittim in
15 And they left Rephidim, and camped in the the plains of Moab.
desert of Sinai. 16 And they left the desert of 50 And the LORD spoke to Moses in the plains
Sinai, and camped at Kibroth-Hattaavah. 17 And of Moab by the Jordan opposite Jericho, saying,
they left Kibroth-Hattaavah, and camped at 51 Speak to the children of Israel, and say to
Hazeroth. 18 And they left Hazeroth, and camped them, When you have crossed the Jordan into the
in Rithmah. 19 And they left Rithmah, and camped land of Canaan, 52 then you shall drive out all the
at Rimmon-Parez. 20 And they left Rimmon-Parez, inhabitants of the land from before you, and
and camped in Libnah. destroy all their carved images and destroy all their
21 And they left Libnah, and camped at Rissah. cast metal images, and demolish all their high places.
22 And they journeyed from Rissah, and camped in 53 And you shall drive out the inhabitants of the
Kehelathah. 23 And they went from Kehelathah, land, and live in it, for I have given you the land to
and camped in Mount Shapher. 24 And they left possess it. 54 And you shall divide the land by lot
Mount Shapher, and camped in Haradah. 25 And as an inheritance among your families. And to a
they left Haradah, and camped in Makheloth. larger group you shall give more inheritance, and
26 And they left Makheloth, and camped at to a smaller group you shall give less inheritance.
Tahath. 27 And they left Tahath, and camped at Each mans inheritance is to be in the place where
Tarah. 28 And they left Tarah, and camped in his lot falls. You are to inherit according to the tribes
Mithcah. 29 And they left Mithcah, and camped in of your fathers.
Hashmonah. 30 And they left Hashmonah, and 55 But if you do not drive out the inhabitants
camped at Moseroth. 31 And they left Moseroth, of the land from before you, then it will come about
and camped in Bene Jaakan. 32 And they left Bene that those of them whom you allow to remain will
Jaakan, and camped at Hor Hagidgad. 33 And become barbs in your eyes, and thorns in your
they left Hor Hagidgad, and camped in Jotbathah. sides, and will trouble you in the land where you
34 And they left Jotbathah, and camped at live. 56 Also it will come about that I will do to you,
Ebronah. 35 And they left Ebronah, and camped as I thought to do to them.
at Ezion-Geber.
36 And they left Ezion-Geber, and camped in
the desert of Zin, which is Kadesh. 37 And they
left Kadesh, and camped in Mount Hor, on the bor-
34 And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying,
2 Command the children of Israel, and say
to them, When you enter the land of Canaan this
der of the land of Edom. 38 And Aaron the priest is the land that will come to you as an inheritance,
went up on Mount Hor at the command of the LORD, the land of Canaan with these borders: 3 your
and died there, in the fortieth year after the chil- south region will be from the desert of Zin along by
dren of Israel had come out of the land of Egypt, in the border of Edom, and on the east your southern
the first day of the fifth month. 39 And Aaron was border will extend from the end of the Salt Sea.
a hundred and twenty-three years old when he 4 And your border shall turn from the south to the
died in Mount Hor. ascent of Akrabbim, and pass on to Zin, and its
40 And king Arad the Canaanite, who lived in extent will be to the south of Kadesh-Barnea, and
the south of the land of Canaan, heard of the go on to Hazar-Addar, and pass on to Azmon.
coming of the children of Israel. 41 And they left 5 And the border will change direction from Azmon
Mount Hor, and camped in Zalmonah. 42 And they to the Wadi of Egypt, and extend to the sea.
left Zalmonah, and camped in Punon. 43 And they 6 And as for the western border, you will have
left Punon, and camped in Oboth. 44 And they left the Great Sea as a boundary; this will be your
Oboth, and camped in Ijeabarim, on the border of western boundary.
Moab. 45 And they left Iim, and camped in 7 And this shall be your north border: from the
Dibon-Gad. Great Sea you shall draw your boundary to Mount
46 And they left Dibon-Gad, and camped in Hor; 8 from Mount Hor you shall draw the
Almon-Diblathaim. 47 And they left Almon- boundary to the entrance of Hamath, and the
Diblathaim, and camped in the mountains of Abarim, boundary will extend to Zedad; 9 and the boundary
before Nebo. 48 And they left the mountains of will go on to Ziphron, and it will extend to Hazarenan.
Abarim, and camped in the plains of Moab by the This will be your northern border.
33:38 20:28. 12:3,30.
33:40 21:1. 33:55 Josh 23:12,13.
33:45 Iimthe same as Ijeabarim in v 44. 33:56 2 Kings 24:2-4; 2 Chron 36:15-20.
33:52 Ex 23:24; Lev 26:1; Deut 7:5; 34:3-5 The Salt Sea another name for
219 NUMBERS 35:15
10 And you shall draw your eastern border
from Hazarenan to Shepham; 11 and the bound-
ary will go down from Shepham to Riblah, on the
35 And the LORD spoke to Moses on the plains
of Moab by the Jordan opposite Jericho,
saying, 2 Command the children of Israel to give
eastern side of Ain; and the border will descend to the Levites cities to live in from the inheritance
and reach to the eastern shore of the Sea of of their possession. Also you shall give pasture
Kinnereth; 12 and the border will go along the lands to the Levites surrounding the cities. 3 And
Jordan, and extend to the Salt Sea: this will be they will have the cities to live in, and their pasture
your land with its surrounding boundaries. lands will be for their livestock and for their herds
13 And Moses commanded the children of and for all their animals.
Israel, saying, This is the land which you will 4 And the pasture lands of the cities which you
inherit by lot, which the LORD commanded to give give to the Levites are to reach from the wall of
to the nine tribes and to the half tribe; 14 for the the city outward a thousand cubits all around.
tribe of the children of Reuben according to the 5 And you shall measure outside the city on the
households of their fathers, and the tribe of the east side two thousand cubits, and on the south
children of Gad according to the households of their side two thousand cubits, and on the west side two
fathers, have received their inheritance ; and half thousand cubits, and on the north side two thou-
the tribe of Manasseh has received their inherit- sand cubits; and the city will be in the center. This
ance. 15 The two tribes and the half tribe have will become theirs as pasture lands for the cities.
received their inheritance on the east side of the 6 And among the cities which you give to the
Jordan opposite Jericho, toward the rising of the Levites there are to be six cities for refuge. You
sun. shall appoint them for the one who kills someone,
16 And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying, for him to flee to; and in addition to them you give
17 These are the names of the men who are to forty-two cities. 7 So the total of the cities which
divide the land for you: Eleazar the priest and you give to the Levites will be forty-eight cities.
Joshua the son of Nun. 18 And you shall take one You must give them with their pasture lands. 8 And
leader from each tribe to divide the land for the cities which you give will be from the
inheritance. possession of the children of Israel. From those
19 And these are the names of the men: from who have many cities you shall give many, but
the tribe of Judah, Caleb the son of Jephunneh; from those who have few you shall give few. Each
20 and from the tribe of the children of Simeon, is to give to the Levites from his cities according to
Shemuel the son of Ammihud; 21 from the tribe of his inheritance which he obtains.
Benjamin, Elidad the son of Chislon; 22 and the 9 And the LORD spoke to Moses, saying,
leader of the tribe of the children of Dan, Bukki the 10 Speak to the children of Israel and say to them,
son of Jogli; 23 the leader of the children of When you have gone over the Jordan into the land
Joseph, for the tribe of the children of Manasseh, of Canaan, 11 then you shall appoint cities to be
Hanniel the son of Ephod; 24 and the leader of the cities of refuge for you, so that whoever kills
tribe of the children of Ephraim, Kemuel the son of anyone unintentionally may flee there. 12 And they
Shiphtan; 25 and the leader of the tribe of the will be for you cities for refuge from the avenger,
children of Zebulun, Elizaphan the son of Parnach; so that the one who kills another will not die until he
26 and the leader of the tribe of the children of stands before the congregation for judgment.
Issachar, Paltiel the son of Azzan; 27 and the leader 13 And the cities which you are to give will be your
of the tribe of the children of Asher, Ahihud the son six cities of refuge. 14 Give three cities on this side
of Shelomi; 28 and the leader of the tribe of the of the Jordan, and give three cities in the land of
children of Naphtali, Pedahel the son of Ammihud. Canaan, to be cities of refuge. 15 These six cities
29 These are the ones whom the LORD are to be a refuge, both for the children of Israel,
commanded to divide the inheritance for the and for the foreigner, and for the settler among
children of Israel in the land of Canaan. them, so that anyone who kills another person
the Dead Sea. did receive needed places to live and
34:11 Kinnereth Galilee. pasture land for cattle.
34:16-29 So certain it was that Israel would 35:9-32 The cities of refuge are mentioned
conquer Canaan that the men who would also in Deut 19:1-13 and Josh 20:1-9. In
divide the inheritance for the tribes in those days (not now), in case of murder, a
Canaan were chosen before an acre of close relative of the murdered person had
ground had been captured. Gods the right to execute Gods vengeance on
promises will never fail. the murderer (v 19; Gen 9:6; Ex 21:12;
35:1-8 The Levites as a tribe did not Lev 24:17). But a person might kill another
receive a portion of the promised land. They accidentally. The avenger, seeing his slain
NUMBERS 35:16 220
unintentionally may flee there. wherever you live.
16 And if he strikes him with an iron implement 30 If anyone kills another person, the
so that he dies, he is a murderer. The murderer murderer shall be put to death at the testimony of
must be put to death without fail. 17 And if he witnesses; but the testimony of one witness against
strikes him down by throwing a stone that could kill another person shall not be sufficient to put him to
him, and he dies, he is a murderer. The murderer death.
must be put to death without fail. 18 Or if he 31 Moreover you shall not take a ransom for
strikes him with a wooden hand weapon which could the life of a murderer who is guilty of causing
kill him, and he dies, he is a murderer. The murderer death; he must be put to death without fail.
must be put to death without fail. 19 The avenger 32 And you shall not take a ransom for him who
of blood himself shall kill the murderer; when he has fled to his city of refuge to allow him to come
meets him, he shall put him to death. 20 And if he again to live in the land before the death of the
shoves him out of hatred, or throws something at priest.
him while lying in wait, so that he dies, 21 or in 33 So do not pollute the land where you are;
enmity struck him with his fist, so that he dies, the for blood defiles the land, and the land cannot be
one who struck him must be put to death without cleansed from the blood that is shed in it, except
fail, for he is a murderer. The avenger of blood by the blood of the one who shed it. 34 Therefore
shall put the murderer to death when he meets do not defile the land which you shall inhabit, in
him. which I will live; for I the LORD live among the
22 But if he suddenly shoved him without children of Israel.
enmity, or threw something at him without lying in
wait, 23 or threw a stone which could kill a man,
without seeing him and threw it on him so that he
dies, not being his enemy, or seeking to harm him,
36 And the heads of the fathers families of
the children of Gilead, the son of Machir,
the son of Manasseh, of the families of the sons of
24 then the congregation shall judge between the Joseph, approached and spoke before Moses and
one who killed the person and the avenger of blood before the leaders, the heads of the fathers
according to these regulations. 25 And the con- households of the children of Israel, 2 and they
gregation shall deliver the one who killed from the said, The LORD commanded my lord to give the
hand of the avenger of blood, and the congrega- land by lot as an inheritance to the children of Israel;
tion shall return him to his city of refuge where he and my lord was commanded by the LORD to give
had fled; and he is to stay in it until the death of the the inheritance of Zelophehad our brother to his
high priest, who was anointed with the holy oil. daughters. 3 And if they marry any of the sons of
26 But if the one who committed manslaughter the other tribes of the children of Israel, then their
at any time comes outside the boundary of his city inheritance will be taken from the inheritance of
of refuge where he has fled, 27 and the avenger our fathers, and be added to the inheritance of the
of blood finds him outside the boundaries of his city tribe where they are received; so it will be taken
of refuge, and the avenger of blood kills the one from the lot of our inheritance. 4 And when the
who committed manslaughter, he will not be guilty Jubilee of the children of Israel takes place, then
of blood, 28 because the person should have their inheritance will be added to the inheritance of
remained in his city of refuge until the death of the the tribe where they are received; so their
high priest. But after the death of the high priest inheritance will be taken away from the inheritance
the one who committed manslaughter shall return of the tribe of our fathers.
into the land of his possession. 5 And Moses commanded the children of Israel
29 So these things shall be a statute of in accordance with the word of the LORD, saying,
judgment for you throughout your generations The tribe of the sons of Joseph has spoken justly.
relative, could not know whether he was us to death as we deserve God made a place
killed intentionally or unintentionally. So of refuge for us. This refuge is Christ. He is
these cities of refuge were provided for the also the High Priest and He will never die,
man who killed another accidentally, who was and in Him believers will be safe forever.
not worthy of death at the hands of the Refuge Deut 33:27; Ps 46:1; 48:3;
avenger. Such a person could flee to one 62:7,8; 91:2,9; Prov 14:26; Isa 4:6;
of those cities and there wait safely until his 25:4; Rom 8:1; Heb 6:18.
trial (vs 12,24). He was secure as long as 35:33 Ps 106:38; 2 Kings 24:3,4.
he remained there. 35:34 Among the children of Israel note
For believers now God Himself is the ref- at Ex 25:8.
uge from His own anger which would take 36:2 27:5-7.
vengeance on their sins. Instead of putting 36:4 Lev 25:10.
221 NUMBERS 36:13
6 This is what the LORD commands concerning the children of Israel shall keep himself to his own
daughters of Zelophehad, saying, Let them marry inheritance.
whom they think best, but they shall marry only in 10 The daughters of Zelophehad did just as
the family of the tribe of their father. 7 So the the LORD commanded Moses. 11 For Mahlah,
inheritance of the children of Israel will not change Tirzah, and Hoglah, and Milcah, and Noah, the
from tribe to tribe; for each of the children of Israel daughters of Zelophehad, married their fathers
will keep himself to the inheritance of the tribe of brothers sons; 12 they married into the families
his fathers. 8 And every daughter who possesses of the sons of Manasseh the son of Joseph, and
an inheritance in any tribe of the children of Israel, their inheritance remained in the tribe of the
shall marry one of the family of the tribe of her family of their father.
father, so that each person of the children of Israel 13 These are the commandments and the
may enjoy the inheritance of his fathers. 9 And the judgments which the LORD gave to the children of
inheritance will not change from one tribe to Israel through Moses in the plains of Moab by the
another tribe; but each person of the tribes of the Jordan opposite Jericho.
36:7 1 Kings 21:3.
DEUTERONOMY
Title:
The name Deuteronomy came from the Septuagint into English (see the Introduction to Genesis).
It means a second arrangement of, or a second reference to, the law or laws.
Author and date:
See the Introduction to Genesis.
Theme:
This is a book of remembrance (1:3; 4:9,10,23,31; 5:15; 6:12; 7:18; 8:2,11,14,18,19; 9:7;
11:2; 15:15; 16:3; 24:9; 25:19). It is a restatement of the law God gave at Mt Sinai, and a
confirmation of Gods covenant with Israel. Here the special privileges and duties of the people of
Israel are clearly and fully stated. God especially emphasizes the relationship of love between
Himself and Israel (4:37; 6:5; 7:8,13; 10:12,15; 19:9; 30:6,16,19,20; 33:3). God was well
aware of Israels tendency toward idolatry and warns them in very strong words to have nothing to
do with images and other gods (6:14,15; 7:4; 8:19,20; 11:16; 13:1-18; 17:2-7; 27:15;
29:17,18; 30:17,18). He is God, and there is no other, and they must devote themselves to Him
alone (6:4,5).
Contents:
Israels journeys from Mt Sinai to Canaan ..................................................... 1:6 - 3:29
Moses exhorts Israel to follow Gods law ....................................................... 4:1-24
Warning about the future in Canaan ............................................................ 4:25-31
The God of Israel alone is the true God ......................................................... 4:32-40
Cities of refuge east of the Jordan ............................................................... 4:41-43
The ten commandments .............................................................................. 5:1-33
The greatest commandment of all ................................................................ 6:5
Further exhortations to keep Gods commands .............................................. 6:6-25
Driving other peoples from Canaan .............................................................. 7:1-6
Why God chose Israel ................................................................................. 7:7-11
Blessings for obedience .............................................................................. 7:12-15
God would enable them to conquer Canaan ................................................... 7:16-26
Exhortation to keep God and His commands
in memory ........................................................................................ 8:1-20
Why God was giving Canaan to Israel .......................................................... 9:1-6
The golden calf .......................................................................................... 9:7-29
The duty of Israel ...................................................................................... 10:12 - 11:32
The one place for sacrifice .......................................................................... 12:1-32
Punishment for idolatry ............................................................................... 13:1-18
Clean and unclean ...................................................................................... 14:1-21
Tithes ....................................................................................................... 14:22-29
Cancelling debts ........................................................................................ 15:1-11
Freeing servants or slaves .......................................................................... 15:12-18
Annual festivals ......................................................................................... 16:1-17
Appointment of judges ............................................................................... 16:18-20
Punishment for worshipping other gods,
or the sun, moon or stars ................................................................... 17:2-7
Law courts ................................................................................................ 17:8-13
Choosing a king ......................................................................................... 17:14-20
Offerings for Gods servants ....................................................................... 18:1-8
Things God hates ....................................................................................... 18:9-13
223 DEUTERONOMY
The great prophet to come ......................................................................... 18:14-22
Cities of refuge .......................................................................................... 19:1-14
Essence of the law ..................................................................................... 19:21
Concerning war ......................................................................................... 20:1-20
Unsolved murder ........................................................................................ 21:1-9
Captive women .......................................................................................... 21:10-14
Rights of the firstborn ................................................................................ 21:15-17
Punishment for a rebellious son .................................................................... 21:18-21
Various rules and laws ................................................................................. 21:22 - 22:12
Violations of the proper relationship
between men and women .................................................................. 22:13-30
Citizenship rights ........................................................................................ 23:1-8
Various rules and laws ................................................................................. 23:9 - 25:19
Divorce ............................................................................................ 24:1-4
Compassion on the poor .................................................................... 24:12-22
Regarding remarriage of widows ......................................................... 25:5-10
Firstfruits and tithes ................................................................................... 26:1-15
Curses that come on sinners ....................................................................... 27:14-26
Blessings for obedience .............................................................................. 28:1-14
Curses for disobedience .............................................................................. 28:15-19
Terrible warnings of future judgment ............................................................ 28:20-68
The covenant confirmed ............................................................................. 29:1-18
The punishment for unfaithfulness to
Gods covenant ................................................................................. 29:1-29
Promises of good things after punishment ..................................................... 30:1-10
Choose life or death ................................................................................... 30:11-20
Joshua to be Israels new leader .................................................................. 31:1-8
Reading the law of God .............................................................................. 31:9-13
Song of Moses ........................................................................................... 32:1-43
The importance of keeping Gods law ............................................................ 32:44-47
God speaks of Moses death ........................................................................ 32:48-52
Moses blessings on the tribes ...................................................................... 33:1-29
Moses death and obituary .......................................................................... 34:1-12
DEUTERONOMY 1:1 224
1 These are the words which Moses spoke to all
Israel on the east side of the Jordan in the
14 And you answered me, and said, The thing
which you have spoken is good to do.
15 So I took the heads of your tribes, wise men,
wilderness, in the plain opposite Suph, between
Paran, and Tophel, and Laban, and Hazeroth, and and men of reputation, and made them your
Dizahab. 2 It is eleven days journey from Horeb leaders, captains over thousands, and captains over
by way of Mount Seir to Kadesh-Barnea. hundreds, and captains over fifties, and captains
3 And it came about in the fortieth year, in the over tens, and officers among your tribes. 16 And
eleventh month, on the first day of the month, I charged your judges at that time, saying, Hear
that Moses spoke to the children of Israel, the cases between your brethren, and judge
according to all that the LORD had commanded him righteously between each man and his brother, and
concerning them. 4 This was after he had killed the foreigner who is with him. 17 You must not
Sihon the king of the Amorites, who lived in Heshbon, show partiality in judgment, but you must hear
and Og the king of Bashan, who lived at Astaroth in the small as well as the great. You must not be
Edrei. afraid of the face of man, for the judgment is Gods.
5 On the east side of the Jordan, in the land of And the case that is too hard for you, bring it to
Moab, Moses began to expound this law, saying, me, and I will hear it. 18 And at that time I
6 The LORD our God spoke to us in Horeb, commanded you everything that you should do.
saying, You have lived long enough at this 19 And when we left Horeb, we went through
mountain. 7 Turn and set out on your journey, and all that great and terrible desert which you saw, on
go to the hill country of the Amorites, and to all the the way to the hill country of the Amorites, as the
places near it on the plain, in the hills, and in the LORD our God commanded us; and we came to
lowland, and in the south, and by the sea shore, to Kadesh-Barnea. 20 And I said to you, You have
the land of the Canaanites, and to Lebanon, to the come to the hill country of the Amorites, which the
great river, the river Euphrates. 8 See, I have set LORD our God gives to us. 21 Look, the LORD your
the land before you. Go in and possess the land God has set the land before you. Go up and
which the LORD swore to your fathers, Abraham, possess it, as the LORD God of your fathers has
Isaac, and Jacob, to give to them and to their said to you. Do not be afraid or discouraged.
offspring after them. 22 And all of you came near me and said, We
9 And I spoke to you at that time, saying, I am will send men before us, and they will search out
not able to bear you alone. 10 The LORD your God the land for us, and bring back word to us as to the
has increased your number, and, look, you are this way we should go up and the cities we should go
day as many as the stars of heaven in number. to.
11 The LORD God of your fathers cause you to 23 And the thing seemed good to me, so I
increase a thousand times more than you are, and selected twelve men of you, one from each tribe.
bless you as he has promised you! 12 How can I, I 24 And they turned and went up into the hill
alone, bear your load and your burden and your country, and came to the valley of Eshcol, and
strife? 13 Select men of wisdom and understand- searched it out. 25 And they took some of the
ing and reputation among your tribes, and I will fruit of the land in their hands, and brought it down
make them your leaders. to us, and brought back word to us, and said, It is
1:1 Moses first spoke the words of this book. 1:13 Ex 18:21,22.
Later he wrote them down (31:9). 1:16-18 Deut 16:18-20; 2 Chron 19:5-7;
Suph the KJV has the Red sea here, Prov 24:23-25; John 7:24.
but the Hebrew does not have the usual 1:19 Deut 8:15. Between Sinai (Horeb) and
expression indicating the Red Sea, and it Kadesh the land is a dreary hot waste of sand
should not be so translated. The Israelites and rock and barren mountains. Here and
now were not near the Red Sea, but in the there are a few springs, a few valleys that
land of Moab east of the Jordan river. have some vegetation after rain and a few
1:3 These words and messages came to oases where water is found. For a people
Moses and to Israel at the command of who had lived in one of the best parts of
God. They are the words of Moses, but they Egypt it must have seemed indeed a vast
are also the words of God (1 Tim 3:16; and terrible desert. But it was the way God
2 Pet 1:21). in His wisdom led them. The journey from
Fortieth year since Israel left Egypt. Egypt to Canaan is a picture of believers
1:4 Num 21:21-35. journey from the fallen world to the
1:5 The word translated law also means promised spiritual land above. Figuratively
instruction. speaking, they too find their journey is
1:6 Num 10:11-13. sometimes through terrible desert areas
1:7,8 Gen 12:7; 26:3; 28:13; Ex 33:1. abounding in difficulties (notes at Ex 15:27;
1:9-15 Ex 18:18,24; Num 11:14. 16:3; Num 14:45; 20:12).
1:10 Gen 15:5; 22:17; Ex 32:13. 1:22-46 These verses recount events
225 DEUTERONOMY 2:9
a good land which the LORD our God gives us. weapons of war, you were ready to go up into the
26 However you would not go up, but rebelled hill country.
against the command of the LORD your God. 42 But the LORD said to me, Say to them, do
27 And you grumbled in your tents, and said, not go up, or fight; for I will not be among you,
Because the LORD hated us, he has brought us and you will be struck down before your enemies.
from the land of Egypt, to deliver us into the hand 43 So I spoke to you, but you would not listen,
of the Amorites, to destroy us. 28 Where shall we but rebelled against the command of the LORD,
go up? Our brethren have discouraged our heart, and went presumptuously up to the hill country.
saying, The people are greater and taller than 44 And the Amorites, who lived in that hill country,
we; the cities are large and have walls reaching up came out against you, and chased you as bees do,
to heaven; and also we have seen the sons of the and crushed you in Seir, as far as Hormah. 45 And
Anakim there. you returned and wept before the LORD, but the
29 Then I said to you, Do not dread them, or LORD would not listen to your voice, or give ear to
be afraid of them. 30 The LORD your God who you. 46 So you stayed in Kadesh many days,
goes before you will fight for you, just as he did for according to the days that you spent there.
you in Egypt before your eyes, 31 and in the desert,
2
where you have seen how the LORD your God Then we turned and set out on our journey
carried you just as a man carries his son, all along into the desert on the way toward the Red
the way that you came, until you arrived at this Sea, as the LORD spoke to me; and we went around
place. Mount Seir many days.
32 Yet in spite of this you did not believe the 2 And the LORD spoke to me, saying, 3 You
LORD your God, 33 who went on the way before have gone around this mountain long enough. Turn
you, in fire by night to search out a place for you to northward. 4 And command the people, saying,
pitch your tents, and in a cloud by day to show you You are going to pass through the territory of your
the way you should go. 34 And the LORD heard brothers the children of Esau who live in Seir. And
the voice of your words, and was angry, and took they will be afraid of you. Therefore watch out for
an oath, saying, 35 Not one of these men of this yourselves. 5 Do not provoke them, for I will not
evil generation will see that good land, which I swore give you any of their land, no, not as much as a
to give to your fathers, 36 except Caleb the son of foots breadth, because I have given Mount Seir to
Jephunneh. He will see it, and I will give the land Esau as a possession. 6 You are to buy meat from
that he has walked on to him and to his children, them for money, for you to eat; and also you are
because he has fully followed the LORD. to buy water from them for money, for you to drink.
37 Also the LORD was angry with me on your 7 For the LORD your God has blessed you in
account, saying, You will not go in there either. everything you have done. He knows your walking
38 But Joshua the son of Nun, who stands in your through this great desert. The LORD your God has
presence, will go in there. Encourage him, for he been with you for these forty years. You have
will enable Israel to inherit it. 39 Moreover your lacked nothing.
little ones, who you said would be a prey, and your 8 And when we passed beyond our brothers
children, who in that day had no discernment the children of Esau, who lived in Seir, by way of
between good and evil, will go in there, and I will the plain from Elath and from Ezion Geber, we
give it to them, and they will possess it. 40 But as turned and passed along by the way of the
for you, turn and set out on your journey into the wilderness of Moab.
desert on the way toward the Red Sea. 9 And the LORD said to me, Do not trouble the
41 Then you answered and said to me, We Moabites, or provoke them to battle, for I will not
have sinned against the LORD; we will go up and give you any of their land as a possession,
fight, just as the LORD our God commanded us. because I have given Ar as a possession to the
And when each of you had strapped on his children of Lot.
recorded in Numbers chapters 13 and 14. them from entering the promised land 40
Now they are once again at the borders of years earlier. Let them beware now (Num
the land, and so it was very important for 14:11; Ps 106:24; Heb 3:19; 4:2; Jude 5).
them to remember the failure of their 2:1-15 These verses give events recorded
fathers so they might not fail likewise. in Numbers 20:14-21 and 21:12-20. Red
1:28 Anakim very tall people who were Sea (v 1) Yom Suph in Hebrew.
ancient inhabitants of Canaan. In Hebrew 2:7 Though they were a rebellious,
Anakim is the plural form of the word, im unbelieving people God took care of them
indicating the plural. so perfectly that they lacked nothing
1:32 Unbelief was the great sin that kept (compare 2 Tim 2:13; 1 Cor 1:9).
DEUTERONOMY 2:10 226
10 (The Emim lived there in times past, a great whole heaven who hear reports about you, and
and numerous people and as tall as the Anakim, they will tremble, and be in anguish because of
11 and they were also regarded as Rephaim, like you.
the Anakim, but the Moabites call them Emim. 26 And I sent messengers from the wilderness
12 The Horim also lived in Seir previously, but the of Kedemoth to Sihon king of Heshbon with words
children of Esau succeeded them, when they had of peace, saying, 27 Let me pass through your
destroyed them from before them, and lived in land. I will go by the highway. I will not turn to the
their place, just as Israel did to the land of their right hand nor to the left. 28 You may sell me meat
possession, which the LORD gave to them.) for money, so that I may eat, and give me water
13 Now rise up, the LORD said, and go over for money, so that I may drink, as I pass through
the brook Zered. And we went over the brook on foot, 29 just as the children of Esau who live in
Zered. Seir and the Moabites who live in Ar, did for me,
14 And it took us thirty-eight years to come until I cross the Jordan into the land which the
from Kadesh-Barnea, to the time we crossed the LORD our God gives us. 30 But Sihon king of
brook Zered, until all that generation of the men of Heshbon would not let us pass through his land.
war had perished from the camp, just as the LORD For the LORD your God hardened his spirit, and
swore to them. 15 For indeed the hand of the made his heart obstinate, so that he might deliver
LORD was against them, to destroy them from the him into your hands, as it is this day.
camp until they had perished. 31 And the LORD said to me, See, I have begun
16 So it came about, when death had finished to give Sihon and his land over to you. Begin to
carrying off all the men of war from among the possess his land so that you can inherit it.
people, 17 that the LORD spoke to me, saying, 32 Then Sihon came out against us, he and all
18 Today you are to pass by Ar, the territory of his people, to fight at Jahaz. 33 And the LORD our
Moab. 19 And when you come opposite the God handed him over to us, and we defeated him
children of Ammon, do not trouble them or provoke and his sons and all his people. 34 And at that time
them; for I will not give you any possession from we took all his cities, and utterly destroyed the
the land of the children of Ammon, because I have men and the women and the little ones of each city.
given it as a possession to the children of Lot. We left not one remaining. 35 Only the cattle we
20 (That also was regarded as a land of giants. In took as prey for ourselves, and the plunder from
ancient times giants lived there, and the the cities which we took. 36 From Aroer, which is on
Ammonites call them Zamzummim. 21 They were a the bank of the Arnon river, and from the city that
great and numerous people, and as tall as the is by the river, as far as Gilead, there was not one
Anakim. But the LORD destroyed them before city too strong for us. The LORD our God handed
them; and they succeeded them, and lived in their over everything to us. 37 You did not go to the land
place; 22 just as he did for the children of Esau, of the children of Ammon or to any place along the
who lived in Seir, when he destroyed the Horim river Jabbok, or to the towns in the hill country, only
from before them. And they succeeded them, and going where the LORD our God commanded us.
lived in their place even to this day. 23 And the
Avim who lived in Hazerim as far as Azzah, the
Caphtorim, who came forth from Caphtor, destroyed
them and lived in their place.)
3 Then we turned and went up toward Bashan,
and Og the king of Bashan came out against
us, he and all his people, to battle at Edrei.
24 Rise up, set out on your journey, and cross 2 And the LORD said to me, Do not be afraid of
the river Arnon. See, I have given Sihon the him, for I will give him and all his people and his land
Amorite, king of Heshbon, and his land into your into your hand; and you will do to him as you did to
hand. Begin to possess it, and engage him in battle. Sihon king of the Amorites, who lived at Heshbon.
25 This day I will begin to put the dread of you and 3 So the LORD our God gave also Og, the king
the fear of you on the nations that are under the of Bashan, and all his people into our hands, and
2:10 Emim - see note on the Hebrew plural 2:25 Fear Ex 23:27; Deut 11:25; Josh
form at 1:28. 2:9. This contributed a great deal to Israels
2:15 It is a dreadful thing to have the hand victories. Their enemies were lacking confi-
of almighty God against us 32:29,41; Isa dence and were defeated before the fight
1:25; 5:25; Dan 4:35; 5:23; Heb 10:31. began.
2:16 God fulfilled to the letter His word 2:34 A people so wicked in Gods sight that
against the rebels. So now it was time to they deserved, and received, complete de-
start moving again toward the promised land. struction. Notes at Gen 6:7; Lev 18:24,25.
2:23 Caphtor the island of Crete. 3:1-11 These events are recorded in Num
2:24-37 Num 21:21-26. 21:33-35. Here we have added details.
227 DEUTERONOMY 4:3
we defeated him until not one of his was left possess it; all you warriors shall cross over armed
remaining. 4 And at that time we took all of his before your brethren the children of Israel. 19 But
cities. There was not a city which we did not take your wives and your little ones and your livestock
from them, sixty cities, the whole region of Argob, (for I know that you have much livestock) shall
the kingdom of Og in Bashan. 5 All these cities stay in your cities which I have given you, 20 until
were fortified with high walls, gates, and bars. the LORD has given rest to your brethren, as well
Besides there were a great many unwalled towns. as to you, and until they also possess the land
6 And we utterly destroyed them, as we did to which the LORD your God has given them beyond
Sihon king of Heshbon, utterly destroying the men, the Jordan; and then each of you shall return to
women and children of each city. 7 But all the his possession, which I have given you.
cattle and the plunder of the cities, we took as a 21 And I commanded Joshua at that time,
prey for ourselves. saying, Your eyes have seen all that the LORD
8 And at that time we took from the hand of the your God has done to these two kings; so the
two kings of the Amorites the land that was on this LORD will do to all the kingdoms into which you
side of the Jordan, from the river of Arnon to mount cross. 22 You must not be afraid of them, for the
Hermon 9 (this Hermon the Sidonians call Sirion, LORD your God will fight for you.
and the Amorites call it Shenir), 10 all the cities of 23 And at that time I pleaded with the LORD,
the plain, and all Gilead, and all Bashan, to Salchah saying, 24 O Lord God, you have begun to show
and Edrei, cities of the kingdom of Og in Bashan. your servant your greatness, and your mighty hand;
11 Only Og king of Bashan remained of the for what God is there in heaven or on earth who
remnant of the giants. Now his bedstead was an can do such works and such mighty deeds as yours?
iron bedstead. Is it not in Rabbath of the children 25 I pray you, let me cross over and see the good
of Ammon? Its length was nine cubits, and its land that is beyond the Jordan, that good hill
width was four cubits, according to mans cubit. country and Lebanon.
12 And this land, which we possessed at that 26 But the LORD was angry with me on your
time, from Aroer, which is by the river Arnon, and account, and would not listen to me. And the LORD
half of Mount Gilead, and its cities, I gave to the said to me, Enough! Speak no more to me of this
Reubenites and to the Gadites. 13 And the rest of matter. 27 Go up to the top of Pisgah, and raise
Gilead, and the whole of Bashan, which was the your eyes toward the west and north and south
kingdom of Og, I gave to the half tribe of Manasseh, and east, and see it with your eyes; for you will
the whole region of Argob, with all Bashan, which not cross this Jordan. 28 But command Joshua,
was called the land of giants. 14 Jair the son of and encourage him, and strengthen him; for he will
Manasseh took the whole country of Argob to the cross in front of this people, and he will cause them
territories of Geshuri and Maachathi, and called to inherit the land which you will see. 29 So we
them after his own name, Bashan Havoth Jair, as it stayed in the valley opposite Beth Peor.
is called to this day. 15 And I gave Gilead to Machir.
16 And to the Reubenites and to the Gadites I
gave from Gilead as far as the river Arnon, the
middle of the valley as the border even to the river
4 So now listen, O Israel, to the statutes and to
the judgments, which I teach you to do, so
that you may live and go in and possess the land
Jabbok, which is the border of the children of which the LORD God of your fathers gives you.
Ammon. 17 The plain also with the Jordan as its 2 You must not add to the word which I command
border, from Kinnereth to the sea of the plain, the you, or take away anything from it, so that you
Salt Sea, under Ashdoth-Pisgah on the east. may keep the commandments of the LORD your
18 And I commanded you at that time, saying, God which I command you.
The LORD your God has given you this land to 3 Your eyes have seen what the LORD did
3:6 2:34. Canaan. He had experience as army
3:12-20 Note at Num 32:1-5. commander (Ex 17:8-13) and was a much
3:17 Kinnereth is Galilee, the Salt Sea is younger man. See also note at Num 20:12.
the Dead Sea. 3:28 If God calls us to do any work for Him He
3:21,22 Moses aim in recounting these vic- will see that we get encouragement and
tories is plain. He wanted to strengthen the strength for it (1:38; 1 Sam 23:16; 2 Chron
faith and courage of Joshua and the people 32:7,8; Neh 6:9; Ps 20:2; 27:14; Isa 41:10;
to go into Canaan and conquer it (v 28). Rom 15:5,6; Phil 4:13; 2 Tim 4:17; Heb 6:18).
3:26 Gods forbidding Moses to enter 4:1 Obedience meant life to them (5:33;
Canaan was for Israels sake. Moses was a 8:1; 16:20; 30:16; Lev 18:5; Ezek
very old man (31:2,3) and it is unlikely that 20:11; Rom 10:5).
he was able to lead the army. It was better 4:2 12:32; Prov 30:6; Rev 22:18.
for Joshua to lead Israel in the conquest of 4:3 Num 25:1-9.
DEUTERONOMY 4:4 228
because of Baal of Peor; for the LORD your God lets of stone. 14 And at that time the LORD com-
destroyed all the men who followed Baal of Peor manded me to teach you statutes and judgments,
from among you. 4 But each one of you who held so that you might behave in accordance with them
fast to the LORD your God is alive this day. in the land which you are crossing over to possess.
5 See, I have taught you statutes and 15 Therefore watch yourselves carefully (for
judgments, just as the LORD my God commanded you saw no kind of form on the day that the LORD
me, so that you should do so in the land where you spoke to you in Horeb from the midst of the fire)
are going to possess it. 6 Therefore keep them 16 so that you do not corrupt yourselves and
and do them ; for this will be your wisdom and your make an idol, the form of any image, any male or
understanding in the sight of the nations, who will female form, 17 the form of any animal that is on
hear all these statutes, and say, Surely this great the earth, the form of any winged bird that flies in
nation is a wise and understanding people. 7 For the air, 18 the form of any thing that creeps on the
what nation is there so great, who has God so ground, the form of any fish that is in the waters
near to it, as the LORD our God is to us in everything below the earth; 19 and so that you do not raise
for which we call on him? 8 And what nation is your eyes to the heavens and see the sun and the
there so great, that has statutes and judgments moon and the stars, the whole host of the
so righteous as this whole law which I set before heavens, and be enticed into worshipping them
you this day? and serving them, which the LORD your God has
9 Only watch yourselves and keep guard over allotted to all nations under the whole heaven.
souls carefully, so that you do not forget the things 20 But the LORD took you and brought you from
which your eyes have seen, and so they do not the iron furnace, from Egypt, to be the people of
depart from your heart all the days of your life; but his inheritance, as you are this day.
teach them to your sons, and your sons sons. 21 Also the LORD was angry with me on your
10 The day you stood before the LORD your God in account, and took an oath that I would not go over
Horeb, the LORD said to me, the Jordan, that I would not go into that good land
Assemble the people for me, and I will cause which the LORD your God gives you as an
them to hear my words, so that they may learn to inheritance; 22 But I must die in this land; I must
fear me all the days that they live on the earth, not go over Jordan; but you will go over, and pos-
and so that they may teach their children. sess that good land. 23 Watch yourselves so that
11 And you came near and stood below the you do not forget the covenant of the LORD your
mountain; and the mountain burned with fire to the God which he made with you, and make an idol for
heart of the heavens, with darkness, clouds, and yourselves or the form of anything. The LORD
thick gloom. 12 And the LORD spoke to you from your God has forbidden you this. 24 For the LORD
the midst of the fire. You heard the sound of the your God is a consuming fire, a jealous God.
words, but saw no form; you only heard a voice. 25 When you beget children and grandchildren,
13 And he proclaimed his covenant to you, which and you remain in the land for a long time, and
he commanded you to put into practice, the ten corrupt yourselves and make an idol or the form of
commandments. And he wrote them on two tab- any thing, and do evil in the sight of the LORD your
4:5 Lev 26:46; 27:34. the penalty for their sin Ezek 8:15,16,18.
4:6 30:19,20; 32:46,47; Ps 19:7; 4:20 7:6; 14:2; 26:18; Ex 19:5; Titus
111:10; Prov 1:7; 2 Tim 3:15. 2:14; 1 Pet 2:9.
4:7 Ps 34:4,17,18; 85:9; 145:18; 4:21 1:37; Num 20:12.
148:14; Isa 55:6; John 16:23-27. 4:24 5:9; 6:15; 9:5; Ex 20:5 (note);
4:8 Ps 89:14; 97:2; 119:144,160,172. 24:17; Isa 30:27; 33:14; Heb 12:29.
4:9 All the days of your life 6:2,12; 4:25-30 A dire warning fulfilled centuries
8:11,14,19; 12:1; 16:3; Prov 4:23; 23:19. later. See 2 Kings chapter 17 and
Sons 6:7,20-25; 11:19; 32:46; 2 Chronicles chapter 36.
Gen 18:19; Ps 78:5,6; Prov 22:6; Eph 6:4. 4:25 Anger see notes at Num 25:3; Ps
4:10 See chapters 19 and 20 of Exodus; 90:7-11; etc. Here is a list of sins which God
Deut 14:23; 17:19; 31:12,13. Himself has revealed make Him angry.
4:11 Ex 19:18; Heb 12:18. Refusal to do Gods will (Ex 4:14)
4:13 Ten commandments Ex 20:1-17; Opposing Him and His people (Ex 15:7;
31:18; 34:1,28; Deut 10:4. Ps 21:8,9; 78:49; Ezek 38:18; 1 Thess
4:15-17 Verse 12; Isa 40:18. 2:15,16)
4:16 Ex 20:4; Lev 26:1; Deut 5:8,9; Injustice toward the helpless (Ex 22:24)
27:15; Rom 1:23. Determination to do ones own will instead
4:19 17:3; Gen 2:1; 2 Kings 17:16; of Gods will (Ex 32:10; Num 22:22; Deut
21:3; Job 31:26-28; Rom 1:25. God 9:7,8; 29:19,20; Ps 95:10,11; Rom 2:8)
forbids sun worship and calls it detestable Complaining and lack of contentment with
(17:4). But Israel later practiced it and paid the way God leads and what God gives (Num
229 DEUTERONOMY 4:40
God provoking him to anger, 26 I call heaven and speaking from the midst of the fire, as you have
earth to witness against you this day, that you will heard, and live? 34 Or has God attempted to go
surely perish quickly from off the land which you and take for himself a nation from the midst of
are crossing over the Jordan to possess; you will another nation, by trials, by signs, and by
not live long in it, but will quickly be destroyed. wonders, and by war, and by a mighty hand, and
27 And the LORD will scatter you among the by a stretched out arm, and by great terrors, in
nations, and you will be left few in number among accordance with all that the LORD your God did for
the peoples where the LORD will drive you. 28 And you in Egypt before your eyes?
there you will serve gods, the work of mens hands, 35 That was shown to you so that you might
wood and stone, which do not see or hear or eat or know that the LORD is God; there is no one else
smell. 29 But there if you seek the LORD your God, besides him. 36 He caused you to hear his voice
you will find him, if you seek him with all your heart from heaven so that he might instruct you. And on
and with all your soul. 30 When you are in tribula- earth he showed you his great fire, and you heard
tion and all these things have come on you in later his words from the midst of the fire. 37 And
days, if you turn to the LORD your God and because he loved your fathers, he chose their off-
become obedient to his voice, 31 he will not spring after them, and brought you from Egypt in
forsake you or destroy you or forget the covenant his sight with his mighty power, 38 to drive out
of your fathers which he swore to them. For the nations greater and more powerful than you from
LORD your God is a merciful God. before you, to bring you in, to give you their land
32 For ask now about former days, which were as an inheritance, as it is this day.
before you, from the day that God created man on 39 Therefore this day know, and consider it in
the earth; ask from the one side of heaven to the your heart, that the LORD is God in heaven above,
other, whether there has been anything as great and on the earth below; there is no other.
as this thing, or whether anything like it has been 40 Therefore you must keep his statutes and his
heard. 33 Did people ever hear the voice of God commandments which I command you this day, so
11:1,10,33; Ps 78:31) Stubborn refusal to receive the truth
Speaking against Gods appointed (Mark 3:5; Rom 2:5,8)
leaders (Num 12:1,9; 16:46) Unbelief (John 3:36)
Refusal to move forward in faith in Self-seeking (Rom 2:8)
obedience to God (Num 32:10,11,14,15) Immorality, impurity, greed (Eph 5:5,6;
Disobedience to Gods Word (Josh Col 3:5,6)
7:1,26; 2 Kings 22:13; 2 Chron 24:21; Any transgression of the law, such as
Isa 42:24,25) lying, stealing, etc (Rom 4:15)
Breaking vows or oaths (Josh 9:20) All sin and all sinners Isa 13:9; 63:6;
Carelessness concerning Gods holiness 66:15,16; Zeph 3:8; John 3:36; Rom
(Num 1:53; 2 Sam 6:7) 1:18; Rev 6:15-17; 19:15.
Worship of the stars, offering children to
other gods, and practicing sorcery (2 Kings But one sin is mentioned far more than
17:16-18; 21:6) any others as being a sin which provokes
Compromising with evil men (2 Chron God to anger. This is idolatry and the
19:2) worship of other gods. See Num 25:3,4;
Mistreating Gods people (2 Chron Deut 4:25; 6:14,15; 7:4; 9:18,19;
28:10,11) 11:16,17; 29:26-28; 32:16,21,22; Josh
Neglecting to worship Him (2 Chron 23:16; Jud 2:12; 3:7,8; 1 Kings 11:9,10;
29:6-8) 22:53; 2 Kings 22:17; 2 Chron 25:15;
Scorning Gods Word and His messen- Ps 78:55; Jer 7:18,20; 8:19; 11:17;
gers (2 Chron 36:16; Isa 5:24,25) Hos 8:5; etc.
Forsaking God (Ezra 8:22) 4:28 Ps 115:4-8; 135:15-18; Isa 44:12-20.
Marriage between believers and 4:29 A wonderful promise to them and to
unbelievers (Ezra 10:14) us (Isa 55:6; Jer 29:13). Seeking God does
Rebellious plots against God (Ps 2:12) not mean to travel to some holy place or
Forgetting God (Ps 50:22) other. God is everywhere, and seeking Him
In unbelief questioning Gods ability means to turn from our sins to Him and
(Ps 78:19-22) pray for His mercy and forgiveness and
Secret sins (Ps 90:7,8) guidance.
Pride (Isa 2:10-21) 4:31 Not forsake Deut 31:6,8; Josh 1:5;
Self-righteousness (Isa 65:5) 1 Chron 28:20; Heb 13:5.
Unfaithfulness to God (Ezek 16:26) Merciful Ex 34:6; 2 Chron 30:9; Neh
Murder (Hos 12:14) 9:31; Ps 103:8; 11:4; 116:5.
Rejecting Gods rule and looking to a 4:32-39 The events in the books of Exodus
human ruler (Hos 13:11; 1 Sam 8:7) and Numbers are absolutely unique in the
Evil leadership of Gods people history of the world. Gods dealings with
(Zech 10:3; Ezek 34:1-10) Israel were for three clear reasons for their
DEUTERONOMY 4:41 230
that it may go well with you, and with your children waters below the earth. 9 You shall not bow down
after you, and that you may live long in the land to them, or serve them; for I the LORD your God
which the LORD your God gives you forever. am a jealous God, visiting the wrongdoing of the
41 Then Moses set apart three cities on this fathers on the children to the third and fourth
side of the Jordan toward sunrise, 42 so that the generation of those who hate me, 10 and showing
one who commits manslaughter, who kills his mercy to thousands of those who love me and keep
neighbour unintentionally, and did not hate him my commandments.
previously, might flee there, and fleeing to one of 11 You shall not take the name of the LORD
these cities might live: 43 Bezer in the wilderness, your God in vain; for the LORD will not hold him
on the plateau, for the Reubenites, and Ramoth in guiltless who takes his name in vain.
Gilead for the Gadites, and Golan in Bashan for the
Manassites. 12 Observe the Sabbath day to keep it holy,
44 And this is the law which Moses set before just as the LORD your God has commanded you.
the children of Israel; 45 these are the testimonies 13 Six days you shall labour, and do all your work;
and the statutes and the judgments which Moses 14 but the seventh day is the Sabbath of the LORD
spoke to the children of Israel after they had come your God. You shall not do any work in it, not you,
from Egypt, 46 on the east side of the Jordan, in or your son, or your daughter, or your male ser-
the valley opposite Beth Peor, in the land of Sihon vant, or your female servant, or your ox, or your
king of the Amorites. He lived at Heshbon and donkey, or any of your livestock, or your foreigner
Moses and the children of Israel defeated him, who is inside your gates; so that your male ser-
after they had come from Egypt, 47 and they took vant and your female servant may rest just as you
possession of his land, and the land of Og king of do. 15 And remember that you were a slave in the
Bashan, two kings of the Amorites, who were on land of Egypt, and that the LORD your God brought
this side of the Jordan toward sunrise, 48 from you out from there with a mighty hand and with a
Aroer which is on the bank of the river Arnon, to stretched out arm. Therefore the LORD your God
mount Sion, which is Hermon, 49 and all the plain has commanded you to keep the Sabbath day.
on the east side of the Jordan to the sea of the 16 Honour your father and your mother, just
plain, below the springs of Pisgah. as the LORD your God has commanded you, so
that you may live a long time and that it may go well
5 And Moses called all Israel, and said to them,
Hear, O Israel, the statutes and judgments
which I speak in your hearing this day, so that you
with you in the land which the LORD your God gives
you.
may learn them, and keep, and do them. 2 The 17 You shall not commit murder.
LORD our God made a covenant with us in Horeb. 18 You shall not commit adultery.
3 The LORD did not make this covenant with our
fathers, but with us, with all of us who are alive 19 You shall not steal.
here this day. 4 The LORD talked with you face to 20 You shall not bear false witness against your
face at the mountain from the midst of the fire neighbour.
5 (I stood between the LORD and you at that time,
to report to you the word of the LORD; for you 21 You shall not covet your neighbours wife,
were afraid because of the fire and did not go up and you shall not covet your neighbours house,
on the mountain), saying, his field, or his male servant, or his female servant,
his ox, or his donkey, or anything that belongs to
6 I am the LORD your God who brought you your neighbour.
out of the land of Egypt, from the house of
bondage. 22 These words the LORD spoke to your whole
assembly on the mountain, from the midst of the
7 You shall have no other gods besides me. fire, of the cloud, and of the thick darkness, with a
8 You shall not make for yourselves any carved great voice, and he added nothing more. And he
image, or any likeness of anything that is in heaven wrote them on two tablets of stone, and handed
above or that is in the earth below or that is in the them over to me.
knowledge (vs 35,39; Ex 8:10; 9:4; Isa 4:41-43 Num 35:9-15.
43:10-12; 44:6-8; 45:5-7), for their disci- 4:48,49 Sion or Sirion or Siyon.
pline (v 36; Deut 8:5; 2 Sam 7:14; Prov Sea of the plain is the Dead Sea.
3:12; Heb 12:6; Rev 3:19), and for a dem- 5:2-5 Ex 19:1-6,16,21-24.
onstration of Gods love (v 37; Deut 7:7,8; 5:6-21 Notes at Ex 20:1-17.
10:15; 33:3). 5:22 Ex 24:12; 31:8.
231 DEUTERONOMY 6:5
23 And it came about, when you heard the voice you all the commandments, and the statutes, and
from the midst of the darkness, while the mountain the judgments, which you are to teach them, so
was blazing with fire, that you, that is all the heads that they may do them in the land which I give
of your tribes and your elders, approached me, them as a possession.
24 and you said, See, the LORD our God has 32 Therefore you shall observe to do just as
showed us his glory and his greatness, and we the LORD your God has commanded you. You shall
have heard his voice from the midst of the fire. not turn aside to the right hand or to the left.
Today we have seen that God talks with man, yet 33 You shall walk in all the ways which the LORD your
he lives. 25 So now why should we die? For this God has commanded you, so that you may live and
great fire will consume us. If we hear the voice of that it may be well with you, and that you may
the LORD our God any more, we will die. 26 For live a long time in the land which you will possess.
among all flesh who is there who has heard the
voice of the living God speaking from the midst of
the fire, as we have, and lived? 27 You go near,
and hear all that the LORD our God says, and tell
6 Now these are the commandments, the stat-
utes, and the judgments which the LORD your
God commanded to teach you, so that you might
us all that the LORD our God speaks to you; and we do them in the land that you will cross over to
will hear it, and do it. possess, 2 so that you might fear the LORD your
28 And the LORD heard what you said when God, to keep all his statutes and his command-
you spoke to me; and the LORD said to me, I have ments, which I command you, you and your son
heard what this people said, what they have and your grandson, all the days of your life, and
spoken to you. Everything they have said is good. that your days may long continue. 3 Therefore
29 Oh, that there was such a heart in them, that hear, O Israel, and observe to do it, so that it may
they would fear me and always keep all my be well with you, and that you may increase might-
commandments, so that it might be well with them, ily, just as the LORD God of your fathers has prom-
and with their children forever! ised you, in the land that flows with milk and honey.
30 Go say to them, Go back to your tents. 4 Hear, O Israel: The LORD our God is one
31 But as for you, stand here with me, and I will tell LORD; 5 and you shall love the LORD your God
5:25 Ex 20:18,19. word. See note at Ex 3:14,15). However it
5:26 4:33. is translated, we should understand that this
5:29 Ps 81:13; Isa 48:18; Ex 18:30-32. verse is not in opposition to the truth of the
God wants men to be holy, righteous, and Trinity, which is revealed in both the Old and
good. In the beginning He made them so New Testaments (see Matt 3:16,17; 28:19;
(Gen 1:31). But men now corrupted by sin etc). The same word translated one in this
must choose to be holy, righteous, and good verse is used also in Gen 2:24 to indicate
(though their own will and strength will not the union of two persons in one flesh.
make them so). They must repent and seek Marriage is the union of two persons as one.
God. If they refuse to do this they will never The Trinity is the much closer union of three
have a heart to fear God and keep His com- persons as one God, one LORD. Compare
mandments. Notes on the fear of God at Matt 28:19; etc.
Gen 20:11; Ps 34:11-14; 111:10; Prov 1:7. 6:5 The Lord Jesus called the words of this
5:31 Ex 24:12. verse the greatest of all the commandments
5:32 17:20; 28:14; Josh 1:7; 23:6; (Matt 22:37; Mark 12:30; Luke 10:27).
Prov 4:27. Love is the fulfilling of the whole law (Rom
5:33 10:12; Jer 7:23; Luke 1:6. 13:10; Gal 5:14).
6:2 Fear the LORD Gen 20:11; Ps Some who have misunderstood the Bible
34:11-14; 111:10; Prov 1:7. have called God as revealed in the Old
May long continue a reward for Testament a harsh and unloving God, and
obedience under the law, but not now under God as revealed in the Lord Jesus in the
grace. New Testament a God of love. This is a huge
6:4 Many pious Jews still recite verses 4 and mistake. There is only one God and He is
5 daily, considering them of the utmost revealed in both Old Testament and New
importance in the revelation God has given. Testament as a God who loves people and
The LORD our God is one LORD this who wants their love in return (Ex 34:6; Deut
means that there is no other LORD but the 7:7,8; Ps 86:15; 103:8; John 3:16; Rom
one who revealed Himself to the nation 2:4; 1 John 4:7,8). If we do not love the
Israel. Other translations of the Hebrew God revealed in the Bible, in both Old and
here have been suggested as possible, such New Testaments, we do not love God at all,
as The LORD (Jehovah) is our God, the and all our religion is a vain and empty thing.
LORD alone (compare Isa 43:10-13; The two greatest commands of the law
44:6; 45:18), or The LORD is our God, are about love. This one in v 5 and the one
the LORD is one. LORD (all capital letters) in Lev 19:18. God is also a holy God who
in this version always indicates Jehovah or punishes sin and sinners and this too is
Yahweh (as some transliterate the Hebrew revealed in both Old and New Testaments.
DEUTERONOMY 6:6 232
with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with and good in the sight of the LORD, so that it may
all your strength. 6 And these words, which I be well with you, and that you may go in and
command you this day, shall be in your heart, possess the good land which the LORD swore to
7 and you shall teach them diligently to your your fathers, 19 by driving out all your enemies
children, and shall talk of them when you sit in your from before you, as the LORD has said.
house, and when you walk on the road, and when 20 And when your son asks you in time to
you lie down, and when you get up. 8 And you come, saying, What is the meaning of the testi-
shall bind them as a sign on your hand, and they monies, and the statutes, and the judgments, which
shall be as something tied on your foreheads. the LORD our God has commanded you? 21 Then
9 And you shall write them on the posts of your you shall say to your son, We were Pharaohs
house, and on your gates. slaves in Egypt, and the LORD brought us from
10 And when the LORD your God has brought Egypt with a mighty hand, 22 and before our eyes
you into the land which he swore to your fathers, the LORD showed great and terrible signs and won-
to Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob, to give you ders against Egypt, against Pharaoh, and against
great and fine cities which you did not build, all his household; 23 and he brought us from there,
11 and houses full of everything good which you so that he might bring us in, to give us the land
did not fill, and dug wells which you did not dig, which he swore to our fathers. 24 And the LORD
vineyards and olive trees which you did not plant, commanded us to observe all these statutes, to
when you have eaten and are satisfied, 12 then fear the LORD our God, for our good always, so
you must watch out that you do not forget the that he might keep us alive, as it is today. 25 And
LORD who brought you from the land of Egypt, it will be our righteousness, if we observe to do all
from the house of bondage. these commandments in the presence of the LORD
13 You shall fear the LORD your God, and serve our God, just as he has commanded us.
him, and take your oaths in his name. 14 You shall
7
not go after other gods, gods of the people who When the LORD your God has brought you
are around you, 15 so that the anger of the LORD into the land where you are going to possess
your God does not burn against you, and destroy it, and has driven out many nations before you,
you from off the face of the earth; for the LORD the Hittites, and the Girgashites, and the Amorites,
your God is a jealous God among you. 16 You shall and the Canaanites, and the Perizzites, and the
not tempt the LORD your God, as you tempted him Hivites, and the Jebusites, seven nations greater
in Massah. 17 You shall diligently keep the and mightier than you, 2 and when the LORD your
commandments of the LORD your God, and his God has delivered them up to you, you must strike
testimonies, and his statutes, which he has them down and completely destroy them. You
commanded you. 18 And you shall do what is right must make no covenant with them, or show mercy
Deuteronomy 6:4,5 teaches a truth careful in the object of their worship, and
continually emphasized in the Bible there that only Jehovah, the God of Israel, the
is only one God and He is the God revealed God of the Bible, the Creator of the
in the Bible as the God of Israel; the God universe should be worshiped and served.
who later in history came as a man in the The Hebrew word here translated serve also
Lord Jesus to redeem men (Deut 4:35,39; means worship.
Isa 43:10-12; 44:6-8; 45:5-7; Rom 6:14,15 Verses 4,5; Ex 24:17; Deut 4:24.
3:29,30; 1 Cor 8:4; 2 Cor 5:19; Col 2:9; Where there is real love there will be true
1 Tim 1:17; 6:15,16; Jude 4,25; Rev 15:4). jealousy of anything that would turn the heart
6:6-9 The importance of obeying and learn- of the loved one away or corrupt the loved
ing and meditating on and teaching and one.
constantly remembering the word of God 6:16 Part of this verse too was quoted by
cannot be emphasized too much (Josh 1:8; the Lord Jesus when He was tempted by
Ps 1:2; 119:1; Luke 11:28; John 8:31; Satan (Matt 4:7). The event at Massah
15:7; Col 3:16). reveals what testing God means. See
Teach. . .to your children 4:9; 11:19; Ex 17:1-7.
Ps 78:4; Eph 6:4). 6:20-24 It is extremely important for
Bind them 11:18; Prov 3:3; 6:21; 7:3. parents to teach children the meaning of
Write them 11:20. the Word of God (v 7; Eph 6:4).
6:10,11 The peoples who inhabited Canaan 6:25 Rom 10:5.
before Israel had a well-developed 7:1 These nations were not small tribes
civilization (9:1; Josh 24:13). living in the forest. They were a strong and
6:13 Part of this verse was quoted by the numerous people, more powerful and with
Lord Jesus when He was being tempted by a more highly developed civilization than
the devil (Matt 4:10). By doing so He Israel.
emphasized the truth that men must be very 7:2 Notes at Gen 6:7 and Lev 18:24,25.
233 DEUTERONOMY 7:26
to them. 3 And you must not intermarry with them. shall be blessed above all people. No male or
You must not give your daughter to his son, or take female among you, or among your livestock, will be
his daughter for your son. 4 For they will turn your barren. 15 And the LORD will take away all sickness
son away from following me, so that they will serve from you, and will not put on you any of the
other gods; and the anger of the LORD will burn malignant diseases of Egypt, which you know, but
against you, and suddenly destroy you. 5 But this will put them on all those who hate you. 16 And
is how you must deal with them: you must destroy you must destroy all the people whom the LORD
their altars, and break down their images, and cut your God hands over to you. Your eye must not
down their sacred groves, and burn their idols with pity them. And you must not serve their gods, for
fire. 6 For you are a holy people for the LORD your that would be a snare to you.
God. The LORD your God has chosen you to be a 17 If you say in your heart, These nations are
special people for himself, above all people who are more numerous than I; how can I drive them
on the face of the earth. out?, 18 you must not be afraid of them, but must
7 The LORD did not set his love on you, or well remember what the LORD your God did to
choose you, because you were more in number Pharaoh, and to all Egypt, 19 the great trials which
than any people, for you were the fewest of all your eyes saw, and the signs and the wonders,
people. 8 But because the LORD loved you and and the mighty hand, and the stretched out arm,
because he would keep the oath which he had with which the LORD your God brought you out. In
sworn to your fathers, the LORD has brought you the same way the LORD your God will do to all the
out with a mighty hand, and redeemed you from people of whom you are afraid. 20 The LORD your
the house of slaves, from the hand of Pharaoh king God will also send the hornet among them, until
of Egypt. 9 Therefore know that the LORD your those who are left and hide themselves from you,
God is God, the faithful God, who, to a thousand are destroyed. 21 You must not be afraid of them,
generations, keeps covenant and mercy with those for the LORD your God is among you, a mighty and
who love him and keep his commandments, 10 and awesome God.
repays those who hate him to their face, to 22 And the LORD your God will drive out those
destroy them. He will not be slow concerning the nations before you little by little. You will not be
one who hates him; he will repay him to his face. permitted to destroy them all at once, so that the
11 Therefore you shall keep the commandments, beasts of the field do not increase against you.
and the statutes, and the judgments, which I 23 But the LORD your God will hand them over to
command you this day to do them. you, and throw them into great confusion until they
12 So it will come about, if you listen to these are destroyed. 24 And he will deliver their kings
judgments, and keep and do them, that the LORD into your hand, and you will destroy their name
your God will keep the covenant and the mercy from under heaven. No man will be able to stand
toward you which he swore to your fathers; before you, until you have destroyed them. 25 You
13 and he will love you, and bless you, and must burn the idols of their gods in the fire. You
increase your numbers. He will also bless the fruit must not desire the silver or gold that is on them,
of your womb, and the fruit of your land, your or take it for yourselves, so that you are not snared
grain, and your wine, and your oil, the increase of by it; for it is an abomination to the LORD your
your cattle, and your flocks of sheep, in the land God. 26 And you must not bring an abomination
which he swore to your fathers to give you. 14 You into your house, so you will not become a cursed
7:3 Ex 34:15,16; Josh 23:12. 7:10 Isa 59:18; Nahum 1:2. In other words,
7:4 This is the worst possible thing that could He deals with all men in perfect justice.
happen to Israel. See notes on Gods 7:13 Ps 146:8; Prov 15:9; John 14:21.
anger at Num 25:3; Ps 90:7-11. 7:15 Ex 15:26; 3 John 2.
7:5 God hates idolatry like poison (Ex 23:24; 7:16 Gen 6:7 note.
34:13). 7:17-19 See v 1. Their confidence was not
Groves or Asherah poles symbols to be in themselves but in God alone.
of the goddess Asherah. 7:20 Ex 23:28; Josh 24:12.
7:6 4:20; 14:2,21; Ex 19:5,6; Ps 135:4; 7:21 Among you Ex 25:8; 29:45; Josh
Titus 2:14; 1 Pet 2:9. 3:10; etc.
7:7 10:22; Gen 46:27. Awesome Deut 10:17; Neh 1:5;
7:8 He loved them, not because they were 9:32. The KJV has terrible here a word
good or wise or numerous or strong, or be- that now conveys the wrong meaning to most
cause they had great love for him (actually readers today.
none of these things was true of them), but 7:22 Ex 23:29,30.
simply because He loved them (Jer 31:3). 7:24 Josh 1:5; 6:2; 10:8,23-25; 23:9.
7:9 Ex 20:6; Isa 49:7; Dan 9:4; 1 Cor 7:25,26 See v 5. Anything connected with
1:9; 1 Thess 5:24; 2 Tim 2:13. idolatry is an abomination to the one true God.
DEUTERONOMY 8:1 234
thing like it; but you must utterly detest it and in which you will lack nothing; a land whose stones
utterly abhor it; for it is an accursed thing. are iron, and out of whose hills you may dig copper.
10 When you have eaten and are satisfied,
8 You must be careful to do all the command-
ments which I command you this day, so that
you may live, and increase in number, and go in
then you must praise the LORD your God for the
good land which he has given you. 11 Watch out
that you do not forget the LORD your God, by not
and possess the land which the LORD swore to keeping his commandments, and his judgments, and
your fathers. 2 And you must remember all the his statutes, which I command you this day, 12 so
way which the LORD your God led you these forty that when you have eaten and are satisfied, and
years in the wilderness, to humble you, and to have built fine houses, and lived in them, 13 and
test you, to know what was in your heart, whether when your herds and your flocks multiply, and
you would keep his commandments or not. your silver and your gold increase, and all that you
3 And he humbled you, and let you be hungry, have increases, 14 your heart will not become
and fed you with manna which you did not know, proud, and you forget the LORD your God who
and your fathers did not know, so that he might brought you out of the land of Egypt, from the
cause you to know that man does not live by bread house of bondage, 15 who led you through that
alone, but that man lives by every word that great and terrible desert where there were fiery
comes out of the mouth of the LORD. serpents and scorpions and drought without water,
4 These forty years your clothes on you did not who brought water for you out of the flinty rock,
become old, and your feet did not swell. 5 You 16 who fed you in the desert with manna, which
must also consider in your heart, that just as a man your fathers did not know, so that he might humble
disciplines his son, so the LORD your God you and test you, to do you good in your later
disciplines you. times. 17 Watch out that you do not say in your
6 Therefore you must keep the commandments heart, My power and the strength of my hand
of the LORD your God to walk in his ways and to have gotten me this wealth. 18 But you must
fear him. 7 For the LORD your God brings you into remember the LORD your God; for it is he who
a good land, a land of streams of water, of wells gives you power to get wealth, so that he may
and depths that spring out of valleys and hills; 8 a establish his covenant which he swore to your fa-
land of wheat and barley and vines and fig trees thers, as it is this day.
and pomegranates; a land of olive oil and honey; 19 And it will come about if you at all forget the
9 a land where you will eat bread without scarcity, LORD your God, and go after other gods and serve
8:1-5 These verses give us some very obeying the Word of God (v 3),
important truth. Part of verse 3 was quoted fifth, to discipline them for their good that
by the Lord Jesus in Matt 4:4. Verse 2 they might become strong, spiritual,
indicates that remembrance is an aid to faith obedient children (v 5).
and piety. The book of Deuteronomy is a All this was because of the great love He
book of remembrance, and several times it had for them. Welcome any desert than
emphasizes the importance of the people can help to accomplish such blessed results!
remembering what they were and what God God is now doing this same work by leading
had done. See 5:15; 7:18; 9:7; 15:15; believers through the desert of this world
16:3,12; 24:9,22; 32:7. (Heb 12:1-13). All that happens to
Forgetting God or His works is a very believers is for this reason.
serious matter and would bring on them great 8:3 Mouth of the LORD where are these
trouble 4:9,23,31; 6:12; 8:11,14,19; words that have come from the mouth of
25:19; 32:18. See also Jud 3:7; 1 Sam the Lord? In the Bible and nowhere else.
12:9; Ps 50:22; 78:11; 106:13,21; Isa The Lord Jesus quoted part of this verse
17:10; Jer 2:32; 23:27; Hos 2:13; etc. when He was being tempted by the devil
The New Testament also speaks of the im- (Matt 4:4). By doing so He forever empha-
portance of remembering Luke 24:6; John sized the importance of the whole of Gods
15:20; 16:4; Acts 20:31; 2 Cor 9:6; Eph Word for the true life of man.
2:11,12; 2 Tim 2:8; Heb 10:32; Jam 8:10-14 Abundance has its perils too.
5:20; 2 Pet 1:15; Jude 17; Rev 2:5; 3:3. Especially there is the danger of pride and
God led His people through the desert of hardness of heart (Prov 30:8,9; Ezek 28:5;
Sinai for at least five very good reasons: Hos 13:6; Matt 13:22; Mark 10:22,23;
Rev 3:17,18). Far better a life of faith lived
first, to humble them (vs 2,3), in poverty than a life of abundance and
second, to test them (vs 2,16), forgetting God.
third, to make known the condition of 8:16 Ex 16:15. Notes on testing at Gen 22:1;
their heart (v 2), Ps 66:10-12.
fourth, to make them understand the 8:19,20 If Israel fell into idolatry the
exceedingly important spiritual truth that penalty would be destruction, just as it was
mans true life is found in hearing and with the nations before them.
235 DEUTERONOMY 9:24
them and worship them, I testify against you this the mountain from the midst of the fire in the day
day that you will surely perish. 20 You will perish of the assembly.
just as the nations which the LORD destroys 11 And it came about at the end of forty days
before your face, because you would not be and forty nights, that the LORD gave me the two
obedient to the voice of the LORD your God. tablets of stone, the tablets of the covenant.
12 And the LORD said to me, Get up and quickly go
9 Hear, O Israel! You are to pass over the
Jordan this day, to go in to dispossess nations
greater and stronger than yourself, cities great
down from here, for your people whom you brought
out of Egypt have corrupted themselves . They
have quickly turned aside from the way which I
and fortified up to heaven, 2 a people great and commanded them. They have made an idol of cast
tall, the children of the Anakim, whom you know, metal for themselves.
and of whom you have heard it said, Who can 13 The LORD spoke to me further, saying, I
stand before the children of Anak! 3 Therefore have seen this people, and, look, it is a stiff-necked
today understand that the LORD your God is the people. 14 Let me alone, so that I may destroy
one who goes over before you. He will destroy them, and blot out their name from under heaven;
them like a consuming fire, and bring them down and I will make of you a nation stronger and greater
before your face. So you will drive them out, and than they.
destroy them quickly, just as the LORD has said to 15 So I turned and came down from the
you. mountain, and the mountain burned with fire; and
4 After the LORD your God has driven them out the two tablets of the covenant were in my two
from before you, do not say in your heart, hands. 16 And I looked, and saw that you had
Because of my righteousness the LORD has sinned against the LORD your God, and had made
brought me in to possess this land. It is because a calf of cast metal for yourselves. You had turned
of the wickedness of these nations that the LORD aside quickly from the way which the LORD had
drives them out from before you. 5 You are not commanded you. 17 And I took the two tablets,
going in to possess their land because of your and threw them out of my two hands, and broke
righteousness or because of the uprightness of them before your eyes.
your heart, but because of the wickedness of these 18 And I fell down before the LORD, as at the
nations the LORD your God drives them out from first, for forty days and forty nights. I did not eat
before you, and so that he may fulfil the word bread or drink water, because of all your sins which
which the LORD swore to your fathers, Abraham, you had committed, in doing wickedly in the sight of
Isaac, and Jacob. 6 So understand that the LORD the LORD, provoking him to anger. 19 For I was
your God does not give you this good land to afraid of the LORDs anger and hot displeasure
possess because of your righteousness; for you with which he was wrathful against you to destroy
are a stiff-necked people. you. But the LORD listened to me at that time also.
7 Remember, and do not forget, how you 20 And the LORD was angry enough with Aaron to
provoked the LORD your God to wrath in the desert. have destroyed him; and I prayed for Aaron also
From the day that you left the land of Egypt, until at the same time. 21 And I took your sin, the calf
you came to this place, you have been rebellious which you had made, and burned it with fire, and
against the LORD. 8 Also in Horeb you provoked crushed it, and ground it up very small, until it was
the LORD to wrath, so that the LORD was angry as fine as dust. And I threw its dust into the stream
enough with you to have destroyed you. 9 When that came down from the mountain.
I went up on the mountain to receive the tablets of 22 And at Taberah, and at Massah, and at
stone, the tablets of the covenant which the LORD Kibroth Hattaavah, you provoked the LORD to
made with you, then I stayed on the mountain for wrath. 23 Likewise when the LORD sent you from
forty days and forty nights. I did not eat bread or Kadesh-Barnea, saying, Go up and possess the
drink water. 10 And the LORD entrusted to me two land which I have given you, then you rebelled
stone tablets written with the finger of God; and against the command of the LORD your God, and
what was written on them was in accordance with you did not believe or listen to his voice. 24 You
all the words which the LORD spoke with you on have been rebellious against the LORD from the
9:1 7:1. 17:3; 32:1; Num 11:1; 14:1-4; 16:41;
9:2 Num 13:22,28,33; Josh 11:21,22. 20:2-5; 25:1-3. We are no better than
9:3 31:3; Josh 3:11; Heb 12:29. they by nature. But let us find better things
9:4,5 Lev 18:24 (note). through Christ.
9:6 They had nothing to boast about in self. 9:8-21 Ex 32:1-35; 34:28.
The promised land was a gift. Compare 9:22,23 Ex 17:7; Num 11:3,34; 14:1-4.
Eph 2:8,9; Titus 3:4-7. 9:24 This is the story of all mankind as well
9:7 Ex 14:10-12; 15;23,24; 16:2,3; as Israels history.
DEUTERONOMY 9:25 236
day that I knew you. to serve him, and to bless in his name, as it is to
25 So I prostrated myself before the LORD for this day. 9 Therefore Levi has no part or inherit-
forty days and forty nights, as I prostrated myself ance with his brethren; the LORD is his inherit-
at the first, because the LORD had said he would ance, just as the LORD your God promised him.)
destroy you. 26 Therefore I prayed to the LORD, 10 And I stayed on the mountain like the first
and said, O Lord God, do not destroy your people time for forty days and forty nights; and the LORD
and your inheritance, whom you have redeemed listened to me at that time also, and the LORD
through your greatness, whom you have brought would not destroy you. 11 And the LORD said to
out of Egypt with a mighty hand. 27 Remember me, Arise, set out before the people, so that they
your servants, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. Do may go in and possess the land which I swore to
not look at the stubbornness of this people, or to their fathers to give them.
their wickedness, or to their sin, 28 or else the land 12 And now, Israel, what does the LORD your
from which you brought us out will say, Because God require of you, but to fear the LORD your
the LORD was not able to bring them into the land God, to walk in all his ways, and to love him, and to
which he promised them, and because he hated serve the LORD your God with all your heart and
them, he has brought them out to kill them in the with all your soul, 13 to keep the commandments
desert. 29 Yet they are your people and your of the LORD, and his statutes, which I command
inheritance, whom you brought out by your mighty you this day for your good?
power and by your stretched out arm. 14 Look, the heaven and the heaven of heavens
belongs to the LORD your God, also the earth with
10 At that time the LORD said to me, Cut two
stone tablets like the first, and come up to
me on the mountain; and make an ark of wood.
everything that is in it. 15 Yet the LORD set his
affection on your fathers to love them, and he
chose their offspring after them, even you above
2 And I will write on the tablets the words that all people, as it is this day. 16 Therefore circumcise
were on the first tablets which you broke, and you your heart, and do not be stiff-necked any longer.
shall put them in the ark. 17 For the LORD your God is the God of gods and
3 And I made an ark of acacia wood, and cut the Lord of lords, a great, mighty and awe-inspiring
two tablets of stone like the first, and went up on God who does not show partiality or take a bribe.
the mountain, having the two tablets in my hand. 18 He executes judgment for the fatherless and
4 And he wrote on the tablets, like the first writing, widow, and shows love for the foreigner by giving
the ten commandments, which the LORD spoke to him food and clothes. 19 Therefore you are to love
you on the mountain from the midst of the fire in the foreigner; for you were foreigners in the land
the day of the assembly; and the LORD gave them of Egypt. 20 You must fear the LORD your God;
to me. 5 And I turned and came down from the you must serve him, and cling to him, and take
mountain, and put the tablets in the ark which I oaths by his name. 21 He is your praise, and he is
had made; and they are there, just as the LORD your God who has done for you these great and
commanded me. awe-inspiring things, which your eyes have seen.
6 (And the children of Israel set out from Beeroth 22 Your fathers went down to Egypt with seventy
of the children of Jaakan for Mosera. There Aaron persons; and now the LORD your God has made
died, and there he was buried. And Eleazar his son you as numerous as the stars of heaven.
served as priest in his place. 7 From there they
went to Gudgodah; and from Gudgodah to Jotbath,
a land of streams of water. 8 At that time the LORD
separated the tribe of Levi, to bear the ark of the
11 Therefore you must love the LORD your
God, and always keep his requirements,
and his statutes, and his judgments, and his
covenant of the LORD, to stand before the LORD commandments. 2 And this day you know (for I am
9:25-29 Ex 32:11-13. 30:6 where the Lord says He will do this for
10:1-4 Ex 34:1-4,28. them. See also Jer 4:4 (note); Acts 7:51.
10:5 Ex 40:20. 10:17 Rev 19:16.
10:8 Num 3:6; 18:1-7. 10:18 Ex 22:22-24; Ps 68:5; 146:9.
10:12,13 Mic 6:8; 1 Tim 1:5. God requires 10:19 Lev 19:34.
of men reverence, obedience, love and 10:20 Fear see notes on the fear of God
hearty service. But how few give these to at Gen 20:11; Ps 34:11-14; 111:10; Prov
Him. 1:7.
10:14 1 Kings 8:27; Neh 9:6; Ps 24:1; Cling to him Deut 11:22; 13:4.
68:33. 10:21 Ps 109:1; 148:14.
10:15 4:37; 7:7,8. 10:22 1:10; Gen 46:27.
10:16 Circumcise your heart compare 11:1 10:12,13.
237 DEUTERONOMY 11:30
not speaking to your children who have not known deceived, and you turn away and serve other gods
and have not seen the discipline of the LORD your and worship them. 17 For if you do, the LORDs
God), his greatness, his mighty hand and his wrath will burn against you, and he will shut up the
stretched out arm, 3 and his miracles and his deeds heavens, so that there will be no rain, and the land
which he did in the midst of Egypt to Pharaoh the will not yield its fruit; and you will perish quickly
king of Egypt, and to all his land, 4 and what he did from the good land which the LORD gives you.
to the army of Egypt, to their horses and to their 18 Therefore you must store up these my words in
chariots, and how he made the water of the Red your heart and in your soul, and tie them as a sign
Sea to flow over them as they pursued you, and on your hand, that they may be as frontlets on
how the LORD brought destruction on them lasting your forehead. 19 And you must teach them to
to this day, 5 and what he did to you in the desert your children, speaking of them when you sit in
until you came to this place, 6 and what he did to your house and when you walk on the road, when
Dathan and Abiram, the sons of Eliab, the son of you lie down and when you get up. 20 And you
Reuben, how the earth opened her mouth and, in shall write them on the doorposts of your house,
the middle of all Israel, swallowed them up with and on your gates, 21 so that the number of your
their households and their tents and all the days and the days of your children may be increased
substance that they had. 7 For your eyes have in the land which the LORD swore to your fathers
seen all the great deeds of the LORD which he did. to give them, as many as the days that the
8 Therefore you must keep all the command- heavens are above the earth.
ments which I command you this day, so that you 22 For if you carefully keep all these command-
may be strong, and go in and possess the land, ments which I command you, doing them, loving
where you are going to possess it; 9 and that you the LORD your God, walking in all his ways, and
may live a long time in the land which the LORD clinging to him, 23 then the LORD will drive out all
swore to your fathers to give to them and to their these nations from before you, and you will dispos-
offspring, a land that flows with milk and honey. sess greater and stronger nations than yourselves.
10 For the land which you go in to possess is not 24 Every place the soles of your feet tread on will
like the land of Egypt, which you came out from, be yours. Your territory will be from the desert to
where you sowed your seed, and watered it with Lebanon, from the river, the River Euphrates, to
your foot, like a vegetable garden. 11 But the land, the western sea. 25 No man will be able to stand
where you are going to possess it, is a land of hills before you; for the LORD your God will put the
and valleys, and drinks water from the rain of fear of you and the dread of you on all the land
heaven; 12 a land which the LORD your God cares that you tread on, just as he has said to you.
for. The eyes of the LORD your God are always on 26 See, I set before you this day a blessing and
it, from the beginning of the year to the end of the a curse; 27 a blessing, if you obey the command-
year. ments of the LORD your God, which I command
13 And it will come about, if you listen obedi- you this day, 28 and a curse, if you will not obey
ently to my commandments which I command you the commandments of the LORD your God, but
this day, to love the LORD your God, and to serve turn aside out of the way which I command you this
him with all your heart and with all your soul, day, to go after other gods which you have not
14 that I will give rain for your land in its due sea- known. 29 And this is to be done when the LORD
son, the early rain and the later rain, so that you your God has brought you into the land where you
can harvest your grain, and your wine, and your are going to possess it: you shall put the blessing
oil. 15 And I will give grass in your fields for your on Mount Gerizim and the curse on Mount Ebal.
livestock, so that you may eat and be satisfied. 30 Are they not on the other side of the Jordan,
16 Watch yourselves, so that your heart is not on the way toward the setting sun, in the land of
11:3 Ex 7:8-21. Mediterranean.
11:4 Ex 14:28. 11:26-28 30:1,19; 28:1-14; 28:15-
11:6 Num 16:1-35. 68. No one can ever get a true blessing
11:12 1 Kings 9:3. from any god, but only from the one true
11:13-15 Obedience to God brings great God, the Creator, the God of the Bible.
rewards. Whatever might seem like blessings
11:16 Heb 3:12; 12:25. derived from the worship of other gods
11:17 Rain is a gift of God which He may are false and deluding and will result in
withhold in anger against idolatry and false a curse at last, as God Himself says.
worship. Notes on Gods anger at Num 25:3; Sometimes in mercy the true God gives
Ps 90:7-11. what people need, even though they
11:18-21 Note at 6:6-9. pray to false gods.
11:24 Josh 1:3. Western sea the 11:29 Josh 8:33.
DEUTERONOMY 11:31 238
the Canaanites who live in the plain opposite Gilgal, do not offer your burnt offerings in every place
beside the oaks of Moreh? 31 For you will cross that you see, 14 but you must offer your burnt
over the Jordan to go in to possess the land which offerings in the place which the LORD chooses in
the LORD your God gives you, and you will possess one of your tribal territories, and there you must
it and live in it. 32 And you must be careful to do all do all that I command you.
the statutes and judgments which I set before you 15 However you may kill and eat meat inside all
this day. your gates, whatever you desire, according to the
blessing of the LORD your God which he gives you.
12 These are the statutes and judgments
which you must be careful to do in the land
which the LORD God of your fathers gives you to
The unclean and the clean may eat of it, as if it
were gazelle or deer. 16 But you must not eat the
blood; you must pour it on the ground like water.
possess, all the days that you live on the earth. 17 You must not eat the tithe of your grain or of
2 You must utterly destroy all the places where the your wine or of your oil or the firstborn of your
nations which you will dispossess served their gods, herds or of your flock, or any of your vows which
on the high mountains, and on the hills, and under you make or your freewill offerings or the contribu-
every green tree. 3 And you must throw down tion of your hands, inside your gates, 18 but you
their altars, and break their pillars, and burn their must eat them in the presence of the LORD your
sacred groves with fire. And you must cut down God in the place which the LORD your God chooses,
the idols of their gods, and destroy their names you and your son and your daughter and your
from that place. male servant and your female servant and the
4 You must not act so toward the LORD your Levite who is inside your gates. And you shall
God, 5 but you must seek the LORD at the place rejoice in the presence of the LORD your God in all
which the LORD your God chooses out of all your that you put your hands to. 19 Watch yourself
tribes to put his name there, at his dwelling place. that you do not abandon the Levite as long as you
You must come there, 6 and you must bring there live on the earth.
your burnt offerings and your sacrifices and your 20 When the LORD your God enlarges your
tithes and the contribution of your hands, and your territory, as he has promised you, and you say, I
vows, and your freewill offerings, and the will eat meat, because you long to eat meat, you
firstborn from your herds and from your flocks. may eat meat, whatever you desire. 21 If the
7 And there you shall eat in the presence of the place which the LORD your God chooses to put his
LORD your God, and rejoice in all that you put your name is too far from you, then you may slaughter
hand to, you and your households, where the LORD animals from your herd and from your flock which
your God has blessed you. the LORD gives you, as I have commanded you,
8 You must not do at all what we are doing here and eat inside your gates whatever you desire.
this day, each man whatever is right in his own 22 You may eat them just as the gazelle and deer
eyes. 9 For you have not yet come to the rest and are eaten; the unclean and the clean alike may eat
to the inheritance which the LORD your God gives them. 23 But be sure that you do not eat the
you. 10 But when you cross the Jordan and live in blood; for the blood is the life; and you may not
the land which the LORD your God gives you to eat the life with the meat. 24 You must not eat it;
inherit, and when he gives you rest from all your you must pour it on the ground like water. 25 You
enemies around you, so that you live in safety, must not eat it, so that it may go well with you, and
11 then there will be a place which the LORD your with your children after you, as you do what is
God will choose to have his name dwell there. There right in the sight of the LORD.
you must bring all that I command you, your burnt 26 But you must take your holy things which
offerings and your sacrifices, your tithes and the you have, and your vows, and go to the place
contribution of your hands, and all your choice vows which the LORD chooses. 27 And you must offer
which you make to the LORD. 12 And you shall your burnt offerings, the flesh and the blood, on
rejoice before the LORD your God, you, and your the altar of the LORD your God. And the blood of
sons and your daughters and your male servants your sacrifices must be poured out on the altar of
and your female servants and the Levite who is the LORD your God, and you may eat the meat.
inside your gates, since he has no part or 28 Be careful to hear all these words which I com-
inheritance with you. 13 Watch yourself that you mand you, so that it may go well with you, and with
12:2,3 The very first duty Israel had after 1 Tim 4:4,5.
conquering Canaan was to cleanse it of all 12:16 Gen 9:4; Lev 17:10-12; Acts
idols and false worship. 15:20,29.
12:5-14 Ex 20:24; 2 Chron 7:12; Ps 78:68. 12:19 14:27.
12:15 Acts 10:9-14; Rom 14:2,3; 12:27 Lev 1:9,13.
239 DEUTERONOMY 13:15
your children after you forever, as you do what is bondage. He has tried to turn you out of the way
good and right in the sight of the LORD your God. which the LORD your God commanded you to walk
29 When the LORD your God cuts off the in. So shall you purge the evil from among you.
nations from before you, where you are going to 6 If your brother, the son of your mother, or
dispossess them, and you succeed them and live in your son or your daughter, or the wife of your
their land, 30 watch yourself that you are not bosom, or your friend who is like your own soul,
snared by following them, after they are destroyed entice you secretly, saying, Let us go and serve
from before you, and that you do not enquire about other gods, which neither you nor your fathers
their gods, saying, How did these nations serve have known, 7 of the gods of the people who are
their gods? I will do just the same way. 31 You around you, near you or at a distance from you,
must not act so toward the LORD your God. For from one end of the earth to the other end of the
they have done for their gods everything earth, 8 you must not consent to him or listen to
abominable to the LORD, what he hates. For they him; and your eye must not pity him, and you must
have burned even their sons and their daughters not spare him, and you must not conceal him; 9 but
in the fire for their gods. you must surely kill him. Your hand must be first
32 Be careful to do whatever I command you. against him to put him to death, and afterwards
You must not add to it or take away from it. the hand of all the people. 10 And you must stone
him with stones so that he dies, because he has
13 If a prophet or a dreamer of dreams arises
among you, and designates to you a sign
or a wonder, 2 and the sign or the wonder comes
tried to turn you away from the LORD your God
who brought you out of the land of Egypt, from the
house of bondage. 11 And all Israel will hear and
about, concerning which he spoke to you, saying, fear, and will no longer commit such wickedness as
Let us go after other gods, which you have not this among you.
known, and let us serve them, 3 you must not 12 If you hear in any of your cities, which the
listen to the words of that prophet or that dreamer LORD your God gives you to live in, someone
of dreams; for the LORD your God is testing you, saying, 13 Certain men, children of Belial, have
to know whether you love the LORD your God with gone out from among you and drawn away the
all your heart and with all your soul. 4 You must inhabitants of their city, saying, Let us go and serve
follow the LORD your God and fear him and keep other gods, whom you have not known, 14 then
his commandments and obey his voice, and you you must inquire and search and thoroughly
must serve him and cling to him. 5 And that prophet investigate, and then if you see that it is the truth
or that dreamer of dreams must be put to death, and if it is certain that such abomination is done
because he has spoken to turn you away from the among you, 15 you must certainly strike down the
LORD your God who brought you out of the land of inhabitants of that city with the edge of the sword,
Egypt and redeemed you from the house of completely destroying it and everything that is in
12:31 Lev 18:21; Deut 18:10; Ps 106:37; mother or father was to perform the sad
Jer 32:35. duty of casting the first stone in putting to
12:32 Prov 30:6; Rev 22:18. death a son or daughter who encouraged
13:1-3 Prophet note at Gen 20:7. people to break that law (see note on law
Dreams dreams in themselves, of at Ex 19:21-25). This was the way of things
course, are not revelations of Gods truth. under the law of Moses. Compare this with
Sometimes God may reveal truth in dreams, the picture of grace given in Luke 15:11-14.
but the devil may try to teach something 13:12-18 To the one true God idolatry and
false through them. Notice here that a false the worship of false gods are so hateful
prophet also may get dreams which seem that He commanded that whole towns and
to be revelations from God and which are cities in Israel should be destroyed if their
actually fulfilled. Other notes on dreams at in habitants engaged in such things. God
Gen 15:12; Num 12:6. A false prophet will knew that false worship permitted in one
try to turn people from the truth revealed in town could spread to the whole nation and
the Bible (v 2). corrupt it. A cancer in the body must be
13:3 Testing 8:2,26; Gen 22:1; Ps destroyed or it will destroy the whole body.
66:10-12; Jam 1:2-4,12; 1 Pet 1:6,7; And God knows perfectly well how to deal
4:12,13. No believer will live in this world with the body of a nation. And such
without being tested. commands as this came out of His great
13:5 Such a false prophet is worthy of death love for the people as a whole. We should
because he is opposing the first command clearly understand the intimate connection
of the law (see note Ex 20:2,3). God between Gods anger and His love and
Himself says that such action is an holiness. During this age of grace
abomination (v 14). Christians are not, of course, to destroy
13:6-11 The importance of Gods first towns and people. Their work is entirely
command in the law is emphasized here. A different (preaching the Gospel of Christ).
DEUTERONOMY 13:16 240
it, and its livestock, with the edge of the sword. stork and every kind of heron and the lapwing and
16 And you must gather all its plunder into the the bat.
middle of its street, and burn the city with fire and 19 And all the teeming things that fly are
all its plunder, every bit of it, for the LORD your unclean for you; they must not be eaten. 20 But
God. And it is to be a heap forever. It must not be you may eat every clean bird.
rebuilt. 17 And none of the accursed thing is to 21 You must not eat anything that dies of itself.
cling to your hand, so that the LORD may turn from You may give it to the foreigner who is inside your
the fierceness of his anger and show you mercy, gates, so that he may eat it; or you may sell it to a
and have compassion on you, and increase your foreigner. For you are a holy people for the LORD
number, as he has sworn to your fathers, 18 as your God. You must not boil a young goat in its
you listen to the voice of the LORD your God, to mothers milk.
keep all his commandments which I command you 22 You must tithe all the produce from your
this day, to do what is right in the eyes of the seed that the field yields year by year. 23 And you
LORD your God. must eat the tithe of your grain, of your wine, and
of your oil, and the firstborn of your herds and of
14 You are the children of the LORD your God.
You must not cut yourselves, or shave the
hair on your forehead because of the dead. 2 For
your flocks, in the presence of the LORD your God,
in the place which he chooses to put his name there,
so that you may learn to fear the LORD your God
you are a holy people for the LORD your God, and always. 24 And if the way is too long for you, so
the LORD has chosen you to be a special people for that you are not able to carry it, or if the place
himself, above all the nations that are on the earth. which the LORD your God chooses to put his name
3 You must not eat any abominable thing. is too far from you, when the LORD your God has
4 These are the beasts which you may eat: the blessed you, 25 then you shall turn it into money,
ox, the sheep and the goat, 5 the deer and the and secure the money in your hands and go to the
gazelle and the roe deer and the wild goat and the place which the LORD your God chooses; 26 and
ibex and the antelope and the mountain sheep. you shall spend that money for whatever you
6 And you may eat any animal that divides the hoof desire, for oxen or for sheep or for wine or for
and has the hoof split in two, and chews the cud strong drink or for whatever you desire, and eat
among the animals. 7 However of those that chew there in the presence of the LORD your God, and
the cud, or of those that divide the hoof in two, rejoice, you and your household, 27 and the Levite
you must not eat these: the camel and the rabbit, who is inside your gates. You must not neglect him,
and the coney; for they chew the cud but do not for he has no portion or inheritance among you.
divide the hoof; therefore they are unclean for 28 At the end of three years you must bring all
you. 8 And the pig, because it divides the hoof, the tithe of your produce in that year, and store it
yet does not chew the cud, is unclean for you. You inside your gates; 29 and the Levite (because he
must not eat their meat or touch their carcass. has no portion or inheritance among you), and the
9 Of all that are in the waters you may eat foreigner and the fatherless and the widow, who
these: all that have fins and scales you may eat. are inside your gates, shall come and eat and be
10 But you must not eat anything that does not satisfied, so that the LORD your God may bless
have fins and scales; it is unclean for you. you in all the work which your hands do.
11 You may eat any of the clean birds. 12 But
you must not eat of these: the eagle and the
vulture and the osprey 13 and the glede and the
kite and every kind of buzzard 14 and every kind
15 At the end of every seven years you must
make a cancellation of debts. 2 And the
cancellation should be like this: every creditor who
of raven 15 and the owl and the night hawk and lends anything to his neighbour must cancel it; he
the cuckoo and every kind of hawk, 16 the little owl must not require it from his neighbour, or from his
and the great owl and the swan 17 and the pelican brother, because it is called the LORDs
and the gier eagle and the cormorant 18 and the cancellation. 3 You may require repayment from a
But at the end of this age God Himself will 14:3-21 Note on Lev 11:2-33.
arise in anger and judge all who have 14:22 Lev 27:30; Deut 12:6,17; Neh
practiced false worship (2 Thess 1:6-9; 10:37; Mal 3:8-10.
2:8-12; Jude 14,15; Revelation chapter 14:23 12:5.
16; 21:8). And this He will do for the good 14:27 10:9; 12:12; 18:2; Num 18:20.
of the universe as a whole. 14:29 If they wanted Gods blessing they
14:1 John 1:12; Rom 8:16; 9:8,26; Gal had to provide for the needs of Gods
3:26; 1 John 3:1. servants. Note and references on giving at
14:2 Ex 19:5; Lev 20:26; Deut 7:6; 2 Cor 9:15.
26:18. 15:3 23:20. Those who did not worship the
241 DEUTERONOMY 16:7
foreigner, but your hand must cancel what is yours shall take an awl and pierce it through his ear into
with your brother. 4 However there should be no the door, and he shall be your slave forever. And
poor among you, for the LORD will greatly bless you shall do the same to your female slave also.
you in the land which the LORD your God gives you 18 It must not seem hard to you when you set
as an inheritance to possess, 5 if only you will him free from you, for by serving you for six years
listen obediently to the voice of the LORD your he has been worth double the service of a hired
God, to be careful to do all these commandments servant to you. And the LORD your God will bless
which I command you this day. 6 For the LORD you in all that you do.
your God will bless you, just as he promised you; 19 You must set apart for the LORD your God
and you will lend to many nations but you will not all the firstborn males that come from your herd
borrow, and you will reign over many nations but and from your flock; you must do no work with the
they will not reign over you. firstborn of your bull, or shear the firstborn of your
7 If there is among you a poor man of one of sheep. 20 You must eat it in the presence of the
your brethren inside any of your gates in your land LORD your God year by year in the place which the
which the LORD your God gives you, you shall not LORD chooses, you and your household. 21 And if
harden your heart, or close up your hand from there is any blemish in it, if it is lame or blind or has
your poor brother, 8 but you must open your hand any serious blemish, you must not sacrifice it to the
wide to him and must lend him sufficient for his LORD your God. 22 You must eat it inside your
need, for that which he lacks. 9 Watch out so that gates. The unclean and the clean person alike
there will not be an evil thought in your heart, may eat it, as a gazelle or a deer. 23 But you must
saying, The seventh year, the year of cancella- not eat its blood; you must pour it on the ground
tion, is at hand, and your eye becomes hostile like water.
against your poor brother and you give him noth-
ing, and he cries out to the LORD against you, and
you become guilty of sin. 10 You must give to him,
and your heart must not be grieved when you give
16 Observe the month of Abib, and keep the
Passover to the LORD your God; for in the
month of Abib the LORD your God brought you out
to him, because for this thing the LORD your God of Egypt by night. 2 Therefore you must sacrifice
will bless you in all your works, and in all that you the Passover to the LORD your God, from the flock
put your hand to. 11 For the poor shall never cease and the herd, in the place where the LORD chooses
to be in the land. Therefore I command you, say- to put his name. 3 You must eat no leavened bread
ing, You must open your hand wide to your brother, with it; for seven days you must eat unleavened
to your poor and to your needy, in your land. bread with it, the bread of affliction; for you came
12 And if your brother, a Hebrew man, or a out of the land of Egypt in haste. Do this so that
Hebrew woman, is sold to you, and serves you for all the days of your life you may remember the day
six years, then in the seventh year you must set when you came out of the land of Egypt. 4 And for
him free from you. 13 And when you set him free seven days no unleavened bread is to be seen with
from you, you must not let him go away empty- you in your whole territory. And as for the meat
handed. 14 You must supply him liberally from which you sacrificed the first day at evening, there
your flock and from your threshing floor and from must not be any of it remaining all night until
your winepress. You must give to him from what morning.
the LORD your God has blessed you with. 15 And 5 You must not sacrifice the Passover inside
you must remember that you were a slave in the any of your gates which the LORD your God gives
land of Egypt, and the LORD your God redeemed you, 6 but in the place which the LORD your God
you. Therefore I command you this thing today. chooses to put his name. There you must sacrifice
16 And if he says to you, I will not go away the Passover at evening, at sunset, at the season
from you, because he loves you and your house- that you came out of Egypt. 7 And you shall roast
hold, because he is well off with you, 17 then you and eat it in the place which the LORD your God
God of Israel were not to receive the almost like payment for services they had
benefits that Israel did. given during the time of their slavery.
15:4-11 The promise of the elimination of 15:16,17 Ex 21:5,6.
poverty was based on a condition if you 15:19 Ex 13:2,12.
obey. However God knew they would not 15:21 Lev 22:19-25; Deut 17:1; Mal 1:6-14.
fully obey, so He gives directions for the 15:23 Gen 9:4; Lev 7:26; 17:10.
support of the poor (Lev 25:35. Compare 16:1,2 Ex 12:2-13; Lev 23:5.
Matt 5:42; Luke 6:34; Gal 2:10; 1 John 16:3,4 Ex 12:8,15,19,39; 13:3; 34:18.
3:17; etc.). 16:5-8 This was a national festival. The
15:12-15 Note at Ex 21:2-6. This was people had to go to Jerusalem to sacrifice.
DEUTERONOMY 16:8 242
chooses. And in the morning you shall return to partiality or take a bribe; for a bribe blinds the eyes
your tents. 8 For six days you must eat of the wise and perverts the words of the
unleavened bread; and on the seventh day there righteous. 20 You must follow what is fully in accor-
will be a solemn assembly to the LORD your God. dance with justice, so that you may live and inherit
You must do no work on that day. the land which the LORD your God gives you.
9 Then you must count for yourselves seven 21 You must not plant for yourself a grove of
weeks. Begin counting the seven weeks from the any trees near the altar of the LORD your God,
time that you begin putting the sickle to the grain. which you make for yourselves. 22 And you must
10 And you must keep the Feast of Weeks to the not set up any idol for yourselves; the LORD your
LORD your God with a tax of a freewill offering God hates this.
from your hand, which you must give to the LORD
your God in accordance with how the LORD your
God has blessed you. 11 And you shall rejoice in
the presence of the LORD your God in the place
17 You must not sacrifice to the LORD your
God any bull or sheep which has a blemish
or any defect; for that is an abomination to the
where the LORD your God chooses to put his name, LORD your God.
you and your son and your daughter and your 2 If there is found among you, inside any of
male servant and your female servant and the your gates which the LORD your God gives you, a
Levite who is inside your gates and the foreigner man or woman who has done evil in the sight of the
and the fatherless and the widow who are among LORD your God, by breaking his covenant, 3 and
you. 12 And you must remember that you were a has gone and served other gods and worshipped
slave in Egypt; and you must observe and do these them, or the sun or moon or any of the starry host
statutes. of heaven (I have commanded no such worship),
13 You must observe the Feast of Tabernacles 4 and it is told to you, or if you hear of it, and
for seven days, after you have harvested your carefully investigate and see that it is true and
grain and your wine. 14 And you shall rejoice in certain that such abomination has been done in
your feast, you and your son and your daughter Israel, 5 then you must bring out to your gates
and your male servant and your female servant that man or that woman who has done that wicked
and the Levite, the foreigner and the fatherless thing, and must stone that man or that woman with
and the widow who are inside your gates. 15 For stones until they die. 6 The one who deserves
seven days you must keep a solemn feast to the death must be put to death by the testimony of
LORD your God in the place which the LORD two witnesses, or three witnesses, but he must
chooses; because the LORD your God will bless not be put to death by the testimony of one wit-
you in all your produce, and in all the works of your ness. 7 The hands of the witnesses must first be
hands, so you will surely rejoice. on him to put him to death, and afterward the
16 Three times in a year all your males must hands of all the people. So you shall put evil away
appear before the LORD your God in the place from among you.
which he chooses: at the Feast of Unleavened 8 If any case arises too hard for you to judge,
Bread, and in the Feast of Weeks, and in the Feast between bloodshed and bloodshed, between
of Tabernacles. And they must not appear before lawsuit and lawsuit, and between violence and vio-
the LORD empty-handed. 17 Each man must give lence, being controversial cases inside your gates,
as he is able, in accordance with the blessing of the then you shall arise and go up to the place which
LORD your God which he gives you. the LORD your God chooses, 9 and you shall come
18 You must select judges and officers for your- to the priests the Levites, and to the judge that will
selves inside all your gates which the LORD your be there in those days, and inquire; and they must
God gives you, throughout your tribes. And they pronounce the judgment to you. 10 And you must
must judge the people with just judgment. 19 You do according to the pronouncement which those of
must not pervert judgment; you must not show that place which the LORD chooses gives to you;
16:9-12 Ex 23:16; 34:22; Lev 23:15. 17:2-7 Once again God says that false
16:13-15 Lev 23:34-43. worship whether of idols or of sun, moon,
16:16 Ex 23:14-17; 34:23,24. and stars is an abomination and worthy
16:17 1 Cor 16:1,2; 2 Cor 8:1-4,9; 9:7-9. of death.
16:19,20 The God of the Bible is just, and Starry host 4:19.
loves justice and commands it, and He will 17:6 19:17; Num 35:30; Matt 18:16; John
punish those who pervert it (Ex 23:2,8; Lev 8:17.
19:15; Deut 1:17; 10:17; Prov 17:23; 17:8-11 Difficult cases were to be decided
24:23). in Jerusalem before the high priest or a
17:1 15:21. judge.
243 DEUTERONOMY 18:17
and you must be careful to do according to all their brethren; the LORD is their inheritance, as he has
instructions to you. 11 You must do according to said to them.
the pronouncement of the law which they teach 3 And this shall be the priests due from the
you, and according to the judgment which they tell people, from those who offer a sacrifice, whether
you. You must not decline to the right hand or to it is an ox or a sheep: they shall give to the priest
the left from the pronouncement which they give the shoulder and the two cheeks and the
you. 12 And the man who acts presumptuously stomach. 4 You shall also give him the firstfruits of
and will not listen to the priest who stands to serve your grain, of your wine, and of your oil, and the
there before the LORD your God, or to the judge, wool from the first shearing of your sheep. 5 For
that man must die; and you must put away evil the LORD your God has chosen him out of all your
from Israel. 13 And all the people will hear and tribes, to stand to serve in the name of the LORD,
fear, and no longer act presumptuously. him and his sons forever.
14 When you have come to the land which the 6 And if a Levite comes from any of your gates
LORD your God gives you, and possess it and live from any part of Israel where he has been staying,
in it, and say, I will set a king over me like all the and arrives with complete earnestness at the place
nations that are around me, 15 you must set as which the LORD chooses, 7 then he shall serve in
king over you the one whom the LORD your God the name of the LORD his God, as all his brethren
chooses. You must set as king over you one of the Levites do, who stand there before the LORD.
your brethren. You must not set a foreigner over 8 They shall have equal portions to eat, besides
you, who is not your brother. 16 And he must not that which comes from the sale of his family
multiply horses for himself, or cause the people to property.
return to Egypt, so that he can multiply horses; for 9 When you arrive in the land which the LORD
the LORD has said to you, You are not to return your God gives you, you must not learn to behave
that way again. 17 And he must not multiply wives according to the abominations of those nations.
for himself, so that his heart does not turn away; 10 There must not be found among you anyone
and he must not greatly increase silver and gold for who makes his son or his daughter pass through
himself. the fire, or uses divination, or is a sorcerer, or
18 And it shall be, when he sits on the throne of interprets omens, or practices witchcraft, 11 or
his kingdom, that he must write for himself a copy casts spells, or acts as a medium or a spiritist, or
of this law in a book from that which is with the consults the dead. 12 For everyone who does these
priests the Levites; 19 and it is to be with him, and things is an abomination to the LORD. And be-
he must read it all the days of his life, so that he cause of these abominations the LORD your God is
may learn to fear the LORD his God, to keep all the driving them out from before you. 13 You must be
words of this law and these statutes, to do them, blameless in the presence of the LORD your God.
20 so that his heart will not be lifted up above his 14 For these nations, which you will dispossess,
brethren, and so that he does not turn aside from listen to those who use sorcery and divination. But
the commandments to the right hand, or to the as for you, the LORD your God has not permitted
left; then he will live a long time in his kingdom, he you to do so. 15 The LORD your God will raise up
and his children, in Israel. for you a Prophet like me from among you, of your
brethren. You must listen to him. 16 This is in ac-
18 The priests the Levites, and the whole
tribe of Levi, shall have no portion or inher-
itance with Israel; they shall eat the offerings of
cordance with all that you asked of the LORD your
God in Horeb in the day of the assembly, saying,
Do not let me hear again the voice of the LORD my
the LORD made by fire and his share. 2 Therefore God, or see this great fire any more, so that I will
they shall have no inheritance among their not die. 17 And the LORD said to me, What they
17:12,13 Num 15:30. the custom of some of the nations around
17:14,15 God who knows the future knew them who sacrificed their children in the fire
they would do this (1 Sam 8:5,19,20; to false gods.
10:19). 18:11 Lev 19:31.
17:16 1 Kings 4:26; 10:26-29; Ps 20:7. 18:12-14 Witchcraft was one of the terrible
17:17 2 Sam 5:13; 12:11; 1 Kings 11:3-5. sins that corrupted the peoples of Canaan
17:18-20 The Word of God is the only basis and made it necessary for God to drive them
for a humble and just reign. out. Witchcraft involves dealing, consciously
18:1 10:9; 1 Cor 9:13. or unconsciously, with evil spirits. Christians
18:2 Num 18:20. must have nothing to do with it.
18:5 10:8; Ex 29:9. 18:15-19 Note on prophet at Gen 20:7.
18:9 9:5. These verses contain the great prophecy of
18:10 Ex 22:18; Lev 19:26,31; 20:6. Christ as prophet (compare Matt 21:11; Luke
Pass through the fire this refers to 7:16; 24:19; John 4:19; Acts 3:22-24).
DEUTERONOMY 18:18 244
have spoken is well said. 18 I will raise up for them command you, saying, You must set apart three
a Prophet like you from among their brethren, and cities for yourselves.
will put my words in his mouth, and he will speak to 8 And if the LORD your God enlarges your
them all that I command him. 19 And it shall come territory, as he has sworn to your fathers, and
about that whoever will not listen to my words gives you all the land which he promised to give to
which he will speak in my name, I will require him to your fathers, 9 if you keep and do all these com-
give an account. 20 But a prophet who presumes mandments which I command you this day, to love
to speak a word in my name, which I have not the LORD your God and to walk in his ways always,
commanded him to speak, or that speaks in the then you must add three more cities for yourselves,
name of other gods, that prophet shall die. besides these three. 10 This is so that innocent
21 And if you say in your heart, How can we blood will not be shed in your land, which the LORD
know the word which the LORD has not spoken? your God gives you as an inheritance; otherwise
22 When a prophet speaks in the name of the LORD, guilt concerning blood will be on you.
if the thing does not happen or take place, the 11 But if anyone hates his neighbour, and lies in
LORD has not spoken that word, but the prophet wait for him, and rises up against him and strikes
has spoken it presumptuously. You must not be him so that he dies, and flees into one of these
afraid of him. cities, 12 then the elders of his city must send men
and bring him from there, and deliver him into the
19 When the LORD your God has cut off the
nations, whose land the LORD your God
gives you, and you take their place and live in their
hands of the avenger of blood, so that he may die.
13 Your eye must not pity him, but you must put
away the guilt of innocent blood from Israel, so
cities and in their houses, 2 you must set apart that it may go well with you.
three cities for you in the middle of your land which 14 You must not move your neighbours landmark
the LORD your God gives you to possess. 3 You which the ancestors set in your inheritance, which
must prepare the roads for yourselves, and divide you inherit in the land that the LORD your God
into three parts the territory of your land which the gives you to possess.
LORD your God gives you to inherit, so that 15 A single witness must not rise up against a
everyone who has killed another person may flee man for any crime, or for any sin which he may
there. have committed; the matter must be established
4 And this is the case of the one who has by the testimony of two witnesses, or by the
kiilled another who flees there so that he can live: testimony of three witnesses.
whoever unintentionally kills his neighbour whom 16 If a false witness rises up against any man
he did not hate previously, 5 as when a man goes to testify against him about some wrongdoing,
into the forest with his neighbour to cut wood, and 17 then both the men who have the disagreement
his hand makes a swing with the axe to cut down must stand before the LORD, before the priests
the tree, and the head of the axe slips off the and the judges who will be there in those days;
handle and strikes his neighbour and kills him, he 18 and the judges must make a careful investiga-
shall flee to one of those cities, and live. 6 Otherwise tion; and, then, if the witness is a false witness,
the avenger of blood, in the heat of his anger, will and has testified falsely against his brother,
pursue the one who has killed that person, and 19 then you must do to him just as he had intended
overtake him because the way is long, and kill him. to do to his brother. In this way you must purge
But he is not deserving of death because he did evil from among you. 20 And the rest will hear, and
not hate his neighbour previously. 7 Therefore I fear, and from then on not commit any such evil
Christ fulfilled all the great offices of the (Jehovah) and those who spoke in the name
old covenantpriest, judge, king, mediator, of other gods. The former were more
shepherd, prophet. He is by far the greatest deceptive and dangerous, the latter more
of all prophets who ever delivered Gods openly rebellious and contemptuous of the
messages to men (Heb 1:1,2; John 7:16; true God.
8:26,28,38; 12:49; 17:8; Rev 1:1; 18:22 The test of a prophet is very clear
22:18,19; Matt 17:3-5). With the prophecy (Jer 28:9). We know the Bible was written
called The Revelation, which Christ deliv- by true prophets of God because of the
ered to the churches, Gods inspired teach- fulfillment of their prophecies. See note on
ings for men is concluded (Rev 22:18,19). fulfilled prophecies in the topical index in
Thereafter God sent no more infallible proph- the back of this Bible.
ets and teachers, for none was needed. In 19:1-10 Note on Num 35:9-32.
the Bible we have the complete revelation of 19:11 Ex 20:13; 21:12; 1 Kings 2:31.
what God wanted to teach men. 19:16-20 Ex 23:1; Ps 27:12; 35:11;
18:20 False prophets were of two kinds Matt 26:59-61.
those who spoke in the name of the LORD 19:19 Prov 19:5.
245 DEUTERONOMY 21:7
among you. 21 And your eye must not pity; but life shall take for yourself; and you shall eat the
must go for life, eye for eye, tooth for tooth, plunder of your enemies, which the LORD your God
hand for hand, foot for foot. has given you. 15 This is how you shall do to all the
cities which are at a long distance from you, which
20 When you go out to battle against your
enemies, and see horses and chariots and
a people more numerous than you, do not be afraid
are not among the cities of these nations.
16 But concerning the cities of these people,
which the LORD your God gives you as an inherit-
of them; for the LORD your God who brought you ance, you must not save anything alive that
up out of the land of Egypt is with you. 2 And this breathes, 17 but you must completely destroy
is the way it should be when you have come near them, just as the LORD your God has commanded
the battle: the priest must approach and speak to you; that is, the Hittites and the Amorites, the
the people, 3 and say to them, Hear, O Israel, Canaanites and the Perizzites, the Hivites and the
today you draw near to battle against your Jebusites; 18 so that they do not teach you to
enemies. Do not let your hearts faint. Do not be behave according to all their abominations, which
afraid, and do not tremble, or be terrified because they have done for their gods, and so cause you to
of them. 4 For the LORD your God is the one who sin against the LORD your God.
goes with you to fight for you against your 19 When you besiege a city for a long time,
enemies, to save you. making war against it to capture it, you must not
5 And the officers shall speak to the people, destroy its trees by taking an axe to them; for you
saying, Who is the man that has built a new house, can eat fruit from them; and you must not cut
and not yet dedicated it? Let him go and return to them down to use in the siege; for the trees of the
his house, or he may die in the battle, and another field are for mans benefit. 20 But as for the trees
man will dedicate it. 6 And who is the man that has which you know are not trees for food, you may
planted a vineyard, and has not yet eaten grapes destroy and cut them down; and you may build
from it? Let him also go and return to his house, or siege-works against the city that is fighting against
he may die in the battle, and another man will eat you, until it is subdued.
from it. 7 And who is the man that has become
engaged to a woman, and has not married her?
Let him go and return to his house, or he may die in
the battle, and another man will marry her. 8 And
21 If someone is found slain in the land which
the LORD your God gives you to possess,
lying in the field, and it is not known who has killed
the officers shall speak further to the people and him, 2 then your elders and your judges must
say, Who is the man that is fearful and faint- come out and measure the distance to the cities
hearted? Let him go and return to his house, or the which are around the one who has been slain.
heart of his brethren may faint just as his heart. 3 And it must be done like this: the elders of that
9 And it shall be, when the officers finish speaking city which is nearest to the slain man shall take a
to the people, that they appoint captains in the heifer which has not been put to work and which
armies to lead the people. has not pulled in the yoke, 4 and the elders of that
10 When you come near a city to fight against city shall bring the heifer down to a valley with
it, then proclaim peace to it. 11 And if it gives you flowing water, which has not been plowed or sown,
an answer of peace and opens the gates to you, and break the heifers neck there in the valley;
then it shall be like this: all the people who are 5 and the priests, the sons of Levi, shall come for-
found in it shall become forced labor for you, and ward, for the LORD your God has chosen them to
shall serve you. 12 And if it will not make peace serve him and to bless in the name of the LORD,
with you, but wars against you, then you shall and by their word every controversy and every
besiege it; 13 and when the LORD your God has act of violence must be settled. 6 And all the elders
given it into your hands, you must strike every of that city which is nearest to the slain man shall
male in it with the edge of the sword; 14 but the wash their hands over the heifer that has its neck
women, and the little ones, and the livestock, and broken in the valley, 7 and they shall respond and
everything that is in the city, all its plunder, you say, Our hands have not shed this blood, and our
19:21 Note at Ex 21:23-25. to morality and true worship in Israel.
20:1-4 2 Chron 32:7,8; Ps 23:4; 118:6; 20:19,20 They were to protect the environ-
Isa 41:10; Rom 8:31. ment and not unnecessarily destroy it.
20:8 Jud 7:3. 21:4 The heifer which had done no wrong
20:11 1 Kings 9:21. died to remove the guilt and cleanse the
20:16-18 Note at Lev 18:24. As long as land (compare 1 Pet 3:18).
such people lived they would be a danger 21:6 Matt 27:24.
DEUTERONOMY 21:8 246
eyes have not seen it done. 8 Be merciful, O all Israel will hear and be afraid.
LORD, to your people Israel whom you have 22 And if a man has committed a sin deserving
redeemed, and do not put innocent blood to the death, and he is put to death, and you hang him on
account of your people Israel. And the bloodshed a tree, 23 his body must not remain all night on the
will be forgiven them. 9 In this way you must purge tree, but you must bury him that day (for a hanged
the guilt of innocent blood from among you, by person is accursed by God), so that your land,
doing what is right in the sight of the LORD. which the LORD your God gives you as an
10 When you go out to war against your inheritance, does not become defiled.
enemies, and the LORD your God has given them
into your hands, and you have taken them
captive, 11 and see among the captives a beautiful
woman, and desire her, to take her as your wife,
22 You shall not see your brothers ox or his
sheep go astray, and ignore them. You must
certainly bring them back to your brother. 2 And if
12 then you may bring her home to your house; your brother is not near you, or if you do not know
and she must shave her head, and trim her nails, him, then you shall bring it to your own house, and
13 and take off the clothes of her captivity, and it must remain with you until your brother looks for
remain in your house, mourning for her father and it, and you must give it back to him. 3 You must do
her mother for a full month. And after that you the same way with his donkey, and do the same
shall go in to her, and be her husband; and she with his clothes, and do likewise with any lost thing
shall be your wife. 14 And if it happens that you of your brother which he has lost and you have
are not pleased with her, then you may let her go found; you must not ignore it.
wherever she wishes. But you must not at all sell 4 You shall not see your brothers donkey or his
her for money, because you have humbled her; ox fall down by the road, and ignore them; you
you must not make merchandise of her. must certainly help him to lift them back up.
15 If a man has two wives, one loved and the 5 A woman must not wear what pertains to a
other hated, and both of them, the loved and the man, and a man must not put on a womans
hated, have borne him children, and if the garment; for all who do so are an abomination to
firstborn son belongs to the one who is hated, the LORD your God.
16 then, when it comes about that he causes his 6 If a birds nest happens to be before you
sons to inherit what he has, he must not make the along the way in any tree or on the ground, if there
son of the loved one the firstborn ahead of the son are young ones or eggs, and the mother is sitting
of the hated one who is, in fact, the firstborn. on the young or on the eggs, you must not take
17 But he must acknowledge the son of the hated the mother with the young, 7 but you must
one as the firstborn, by giving him a double portion certainly let the mother go, and take the young for
of all that he has. For he is the beginning of his yourself, so that it may be well with you, and that
strength; the right of the firstborn is his. you may have a long life.
18 If a man has a stubborn and rebellious son 8 When you build a new house, then you must
who will not obey the voice of his father, or the make a parapet for your roof, so that you do not
voice of his mother, and who will not listen to them bring the guilt of bloodshed on your house by
even after they have punished him, 19 then his someone falling from there.
father and his mother shall seize him and bring 9 You must not sow different kinds of seed in
him out to the elders of his city at the gate of his your vineyard, so that the crop from your seed
place, 20 and they shall say to the elders of his which you have sown, and the fruit of your
city, This son of ours is stubborn and rebellious. vineyard, is not defiled.
He will not obey our voice. He is a glutton, and 10 You must not plow with an ox and a donkey
a drunkard. 21 And all the men of his city shall together.
stone him with stones, so that he dies. In this 11 You must not wear a garment of wool and
way you must purge evil from among you; and linen mixed together.
21:8 Num 35:33,34. verses with the story showing the prodigal
21:10-14 Even a woman captured from an son under grace Luke 15:11-24.
enemy people must be treated with 21:22,23 Josh 8:29; 10:26,27; John
kindness and respect. 19:31; Gal 3:13.
21:17 Gen 25:31; 49:3. 22:1 Ex 23:4,5; Zech 7:9. God loves hon-
21:18-21 So that he dies this was to be esty, uprightness and kindness (Jer 9:24).
the punishment of a rebellious son under 22:6,7 Does God care for birds? Yes (Gen
the law. The law was not given as a basis of 1:21; Ps 84:3; Matt 6:26; 10:29; Ps
compassion or forgiveness but to reveal sin 145:9). How much more for people! (Matt
and condemn it (Rom 3:19,20). Grace came 6:25,26; 10:30,31).
by Jesus Christ (John 1:17). Compare these 22:8-12 God was concerned with even the
247 DEUTERONOMY 23:6
12 You must make tassels for yourself on the humbled his neighbours wife. In this way you shall
four corners of your cloak, with which you cover purge evil from among you.
yourself. 25 But if a man meets an engaged girl in the
13 If any man marries a woman, and goes in to field, and the man forces her and lies with her, then
her, and hates her, 14 and then uses abusive only the man who lay with her shall die, 26 but you
language about her, and gives her a bad name, shall do nothing to the girl. There is no sin in the
saying, I married this woman, but when I went in girl deserving death; for this matter is the same
to her I found out she was not a virgin. 15 Then as when a man rises up against his neighbour and
the father of the girl, and her mother, shall take kills him. 27 For he met her in the field, and the
the evidence of the girls virginity and bring them engaged girl cried out, but there was no one to
to the elders of the city in the gate; 16 and the save her.
girls father shall say to the elders, I gave my 28 If a man meets a girl who is a virgin, who is
daughter in marriage to this man, and he hates not engaged, and seizes her and lies with her, and
her, 17 and now has used abusive language about they are discovered, 29 then the man who lay with
her, saying, I did not find your daughter to be a her must give the damsels father fifty shekels of
virgin. But these are the evidences of my silver, and she shall become his wife. Because he
daughters virginity. And they shall spread the cloth has humbled her, he must not divorce her all his
before the elders of the city. 18 And the elders of days.
that city must take that man and punish him, 30 A man must not take his fathers wife, or
19 and fine him a hundred shekels of silver, and uncover his fathers garment.
give them to the father of the girl, because he has
given a bad name to a virgin of Israel. And she shall
be his wife; he must not divorce her all his days.
20 But if this thing is true, and the evidences of
23 He who has been emasculated by crushing
or cutting in his private parts shall not enter
the congregation of the LORD.
virginity are not found for the girl, 21 then they 2 No one born of an illegal union shall enter the
shall bring the girl out to the door of her fathers congregation of the LORD; none of his descen-
house, and the men of her city shall stone her with dants, even to the tenth generation, shall enter
stones until she dies, because she has committed the congregation of the LORD.
an evil deed in Israel, by acting like a prostitute in 3 An Ammonite or Moabite shall not enter the
her fathers house. In this way you must purge evil congregation of the LORD; none of their descen-
from among you. dants, even to their tenth generation, shall ever
22 If a man is found lying with a woman married enter the congregation of the LORD, 4 because
to a husband, then both of them shall die, both the they did not meet you with bread and water along
man who lay with the woman and the woman. In the way when you came up out of Egypt, and
this way you shall purge evil from Israel. because they hired against you Balaam the son of
23 If a girl who is a virgin is engaged to a man, Beor of Pethor of Mesopotamia, to curse you.
and another man meets her in the city and lies with 5 However, the LORD your God would not listen to
her, 24 then you shall bring both of them out to the Balaam, but the LORD your God turned the curse
gate of that city, and you shall stone them with into a blessing for you, because the LORD your
stones until they die; the girl, because she did not God loved you. 6 All your days you must never
cry out in the city; and the man, because he has seek their peace or their prosperity.
smallest details of their lives. chapters 18 and 20. The consequences of
22:19 A hundred shekels of silver a little such a relationship were to be suffered until
more than 1 kilogram. the tenth generation (compare Ex 20:5;
22:21-25 Lev 18:24-30; 20:10. 34:7). By such a command God is showing
22:29 Fifty shekels of silver about 0.6 how terrible such sin is in His sight.
kilogram. 23:3,4 See Matt 25:41-46; Num 22:1-6.
22:30 Lev 18:8; 20:11; 1 Cor 5:1. Failure to show ordinary kindness to the
23:1 The people in that region and time needy, and a desire to bring a curse on Gods
sometimes mutilated themselves for their people are both very grievous sins in Gods
gods. This instruction was probably aimed eyes. On sins of omission see Num 32:23;
at preventing the introduction of this 1 Sam 12:23; Matt 25:24-27, 41-46;
heathen practice into Israel. 1 Tim 5:8.
23:2 One born of an illegal union many 23:5 This was a display of Gods wonderful
Jewish scholars believe that the Hebrew here working on behalf of His people. See note
indicates a child born of an adulterous or at Gen 50:20.
incestuous relationship a relationship 23:6 This was commanded in this specific
contrary to the laws laid down in Leviticus case because God was working out His
DEUTERONOMY 23:7 248
7 You must not despise an Edomite, for he is 21 When you make a vow to the LORD your
your brother. You must not despise an Egyptian, God, you must not be slow to pay it. If you are,
because you were a foreigner in his land. 8 The the LORD your God will surely require it from you,
third generation of children who are born to them and you will be guilty of sin. 22 But if you refrain
may enter the congregation of the LORD. from making a vow, you will not be guilty of sin.
9 When the army goes out against your 23 You must be careful to do according to what
enemies, then keep yourselves from every wicked goes out of your lips, a voluntary offering, just as
thing. 10 If there is any man among you who is not you have vowed to the LORD your God, which you
clean because of uncleanness that happens to him have promised with your mouth.
at night, then he must go outside the camp. That 24 When you enter your neighbours vineyard,
day he must not come into the camp. 11 But it shall then you may eat grapes as you wish until you are
be like this : when evening comes, he must wash satisfied, but you must not put any in your
himself with water; and when the sun sets, he may container. 25 When you enter the standing grain
come into the camp again. of your neighbour, then you may pluck the heads
12 Also you must have a place outside the camp with your hand, but you must not put a sickle to
where you go to relieve yourselves, 13 and you your neighbours standing grain.
must have a spade with your equipment and it shall
be, when you relieve yourself outside, you must
dig a hole with it, and turn back and cover your
excrement; 14 for the LORD your God walks about
24 When a man takes a woman and marries
her, and it so happens that she is not pleas-
ing in his eyes, because he has found something
in your camp to protect you, and to deliver your indecent in her, then let him write her a divorce
enemies to you. Therefore your camp must be certificate, give it into her hand, and send her out
holy, so that he does not see any unclean thing of his house. 2 And when she has left his house,
among you and turn away from you. she may go and become another mans wife. 3 And
15 You must not hand over to his master the if this other husband hates her and writes her a
slave who has escaped from his master to you; divorce certificate, gives it into her hand and sends
16 he shall live with you, among you, in the place her out of his house, or if this other husband, who
he chooses inside one of your gates, wherever it took her as his wife, dies, 4 her former husband,
pleases him most. You must not oppress him. who sent her away, must not take her again as his
17 There must be no daughter of Israel who is a wife, after she is defiled; for that is an abomina-
temple prostitute, or a son of Israel who is a temple tion to the LORD; and you must not cause the land
prostitute. 18 You must not bring the earnings of a to sin, which the LORD your God gives you as an
prostitute or the earnings of a dog into the house inheritance.
of the LORD your God for any vow; for both of 5 When a man has taken a new wife, he must
these are abominations to the LORD your God. not go out to war, and he must not have any public
19 You must not lend anything on interest to duty laid on him; but he is to be free at home for
your brother, interest on money, interest on food one year and give happiness to his wife whom he
items, interest on anything that is lent on interest. has married.
20 You may lend on interest to a foreigner, but you 6 No man is to take the upper or lower millstone
must not lend on interest to your brother; so that as a pledge; for he is taking a mans life as a pledge.
the LORD your God may bless you in all that you 7 If a man is discovered kidnapping any of his
put your hand to in the land which you are going to brethren of the children of Israel, and making him a
possess. slave or selling him, then that kidnapper shall die;
justice toward a sinful people. 24:1 Matt 5:31,32; 19:7-9; Mark 10:4-9;
23:7 Gen 25:24-26. 1 Cor 7:12-16. God did not command men
23:10,11 Lev 15:16. to divorce their wives for any reason, but
23:14 Lev 26:11,12; 2 Cor 6:16 - 7:1. permitted it because of the hardness of
23:17 This was a practice among the their hearts. But He did not permit it for
nations in that area and time which did not each and every reason that might occur to
know the true God. a husband, and He insisted that a husband
23:18 A dog a male prostitute. should not abruptly send away his wife, but
23:19,20 Loans to foreigners were probably give her a bill of divorce. This instruction
business deals and interest could rightly be was to correct abuses people were already
charged. But loans to fellow countrymen guilty of, and to restrain men in this matter
were loans to the poor who could not afford of quick and easy divorce. Divorce was not
to pay interest, so none should be charged Gods plan for mankind. See Mal 2:16.
them. (Note also at 15:3). 24:4 Jer 3:1.
23:21,23 Num 30:1,2; Ps 61:8; Eccl 5:4,5. 24:5 20:7.
23:24,25 Matt 12:1; Mark 2:23; Luke 6:1. 24:7 Ex 21:16.
249 DEUTERONOMY 25:13
and you shall purge evil from among you. in the land of Egypt; therefore I command you to
8 Be careful about the plague of leprosy, so do this thing.
that you diligently observe and do according to all
that the priests the Levites teach you. You must
be careful to do just as I commanded them.
9 Remember what the LORD your God did to Miriam
25 If there is a controversy between men,
and they come for judgment, the judges
are to decide between them, and they are to jus-
on the way, after you had come out of Egypt. tify the righteous and condemn the guilty. 2 Then
10 When you lend something to your brother it shall be like this : if the guilty man deserves to be
you must not go into his house to take his pledge. beaten, the judge shall have him lie down, and be
11 You must stand outside, and the man to whom beaten in his presence, with a certain number of
you are giving a loan shall bring the pledge outside lashes in accordance with his fault. 3 He may give
to you. 12 And if the man is poor, you must not him forty lashes, but must not exceed that. If he
sleep with his pledge in your house; 13 at sunset exceeds that and beats him with more lashes than
you must certainly hand the pledge back to him, so these, then your brother might seem degraded to
that he may sleep in his own garment, and bless you.
you. And this will be righteousness for you in the 4 You must not muzzle the ox when he tramples
sight of the LORD your God. out the grain.
14 You must not oppress a hired servant who 5 If brothers live together, and one of them
is poor and needy, whether he is of your breth- dies and has no child, the wife of the dead one
ren, or of your foreigners who are in your land must not go out to marry a stranger. Her husbands
inside your gates. 15 You must give him his wages brother shall go in to her, and take her as his wife,
on his work day, before the sun sets on it; for he and perform the duty of a husbands brother to
is poor, and sets his heart on it. Otherwise he her. 6 And it shall come about that the firstborn
may cry out against you to the LORD, and you will whom she bears shall carry the name of his dead
be guilty of sin. brother, so that his name will not be blotted out
16 Fathers must not be put to death for their from Israel.
children, and children must not be put to death for 7 And if the man does not want to take his
their fathers; each man shall be put to death for brothers wife, then let his brothers wife go out to
his own sin. the gate to the elders, and say, My husbands
17 You must not pervert justice in regard to brother refuses to raise up a name for his brother
foreigners, or to the fatherless; and you must not in Israel. He will not perform the duty of my
take a widows garment as a pledge. 18 But you husbands brother. 8 Then the elders of his city
must remember that you were a slave in Egypt, shall call him, and speak to him; and if he stands
and the LORD your God redeemed you there. firm and says, I do not want to marry her, 9 then
Therefore I command you to do this thing. his brothers wife shall come to him in the presence
19 When you cut your harvest in your field, and of the elders, remove his sandal from his foot, spit
forget a sheaf in the field, you must not go back to in his face, and shall answer and say, So shall it be
get it; it shall be for the foreigner, for the father- done to that man who will not build up his brothers
less, and for the widow, so that the LORD your house. 10 And his name shall be called in Israel,
God may bless you in all the work of your hands. The house of him who has a removed sandal.
20 When you beat your olive tree, you must not go 11 When men are fighting with each other, and
over the boughs again. What remains shall be for the wife of one of them comes near to deliver her
the foreigner, for the fatherless, and for the widow. husband out of the hand of the one hitting him,
21 When you gather the grapes of your vineyard, and puts out her hand and seizes him by the
you shall not glean it afterwards; it shall be for the private parts, 12 then you must cut off her hand;
foreigner, for the fatherless, and for the widow. your eye must not pity her.
22 And you must remember that you were a slave 13 You must not have two different weights in
24:8 Leviticus chapters 13 and 14. Note at 24:17-22 Ex 23:9; Lev 19:33. The poor,
Lev 13:1. the helpless, and the needy are much in
24:9 Num 12:10. The disease referred to Gods heart.
here was sometimes sent as a judgment 25:1,2 Prov 19:29; Luke 12:48.
from God (2 Kings 5:25-27). 25:3 2 Cor 11:24.
24:10-13 Ex 22:25-27. 25:4 Prov 12:10; 1 Cor 9:9-11; 1 Tim
24:14 Lev 19:13; 25:35-43; Prov 14:31; 5:17,18.
Amos 4:1; 1 Tim 5:18. 25:5,6 Ruth 4:5,10; Matt 22:24.
24:15 Lev 19:13; Jer 22:13; Jam 5:4. 25:7-10 Ruth 4:5,6.
24:16 2 Kings 14:6; 2 Chron 25:4; 25:13-16 Lev 19:35-37; Prov 11:1; 20:3.
Jer 31:29,30; Ezek 18:20. God hates all such crookedness.
DEUTERONOMY 25:14 250
your bag, a large and a small. 14 You must not wonders. 9 And he has brought us into this place,
have two different measures in your house, a large and has given us this land, a land that flows with
and a small. 15 But you must have a perfect and milk and honey. 10 And now, see, I have brought
just weight; you must have a perfect and just mea- the firstfruits of the land, which you, O LORD, have
sure, so that you may live a long time in the land given me. And you shall set it before the LORD
which the LORD your God gives you. 16 For every- your God, and worship in the presence of the LORD
one who does such things, and everyone who acts your God; 11 and you shall rejoice in every good
unjustly, is an abomination to the LORD your God. thing which the LORD your God has given to you,
17 Remember what Amalek did to you along the and to your household, you, and the Levite, and
way, when you had come out of Egypt; 18 how he the foreigner who is among you.
met you along the way and attacked those of you 12 When you have finished tithing all the tithes
lagging behind in the rear, all who were faint and of your produce in the third year, which is the year
weary; and he did not fear God. 19 Therefore it of tithing, and have given it to the Levite, the for-
must be like this when the LORD your God has eigner, the fatherless, and the widow, so that they
given you rest from all your surrounding enemies, may eat inside your gates and be satisfied, 13 then
in the land which the LORD your God gives you as you shall say before the LORD your God, I have
an inheritance to possess it: blot out the brought the consecrated things from my house,
remembrance of Amalek from under heaven. Do and given them to the Levite, and to the foreigner,
not forget! to the fatherless, and to the widow, in accordance
with all your commandments which you have com-
26 And it must be like this when you have come
in to the land which the LORD your God
gives you as an inheritance, and possess it and
manded me. I have not broken your command-
ments, and I have not forgotten them. 14 I have
not eaten any of the consecrated things in my
live in it: 2 take some of the first of all the produce time of mourning, and I have not taken away any
of the ground which you bring in from your land of them for any unclean use or given any of them
that the LORD your God gives you, and put it in a for the dead, but I have listened to the voice of the
basket and go to the place which the LORD your LORD my God and have done everything just as
God chooses to put his name there. 3 And go to you have commanded me. 15 Look down from
the priest who will be there in those days, and say your holy dwelling place, from heaven, and bless
to him, I declare today to the LORD your God, your people Israel and the land which you have
that I have come to the country which the LORD given us, just as you swore to our fathers, a land
swore to our fathers to give us. 4 And the priest that flows with milk and honey.
shall take the basket from your hand, and set it 16 This day the LORD your God has commanded
down before the altar of the LORD your God. you to do according to these statutes and judg-
5 And you shall speak and say before the LORD ments. Therefore you must keep and do according
your God, My father was a wandering Aramean, to them with all your heart and with all your soul.
and he went down into Egypt, and stayed there 17 Today you have declared that the LORD is your
with a few persons and there became a great, God, and that you will walk in his ways and keep his
strong and populous nation. 6 And the Egyptians statutes and his commandments and his judgments,
mistreated us and afflicted us and imposed hard and listen to his voice. 18 And today the LORD has
labour on us. 7 And when we cried out to the LORD declared that you are his special people, just as he
God of our fathers, the LORD heard our voice, and promised you, and that you must keep all his com-
looked on our affliction and our labour and our mandments, 19 and that he will set you high in
oppression, 8 and the LORD brought us out of praise, and in name and in honour above all nations
Egypt with a mighty hand, and with an outstretched which he has made, and that you must be a holy
arm, and with great terror, and with signs and with people for the LORD your God, just as he has said.
25:17 Ex 17:8-16. Into Egypt Gen 46:1-4.
25:18 Ps 36:1; Rom 3:18. The fear of God 26:6,7 Ex 1:8-11; 2:23-25; 3:9.
is a barrier to evil which Amalek did not 26:8 Ex 13:17 14:31.
have. See notes at Gen 20:11; Ps 34:11- 26:12 Lev 27:30; Num 18:24; Deut
14; 111:10; Prov 1:7. 14:28,29.
25:19 1 Sam 15:1-3. Note at Lev 18:24. 26:15 God could justly bless the people and
26:2 Ex 22:29; 23:16,19; Num 18:13; the land only when He saw their righteous
Prov 12:5. behavior.
26:5 Aramean Jacobs mother came 26:17 Heb 10:35.
from Aram (Gen 24:10; 25:20), and 26:18 Ex 6:7; 19:5; Deut 4:20; Titus
he himself lived there 20 years (Gen 2:14; 1 Pet 2:9.
31:41). 26:19 4:7,8; 28:1.
251 DEUTERONOMY 28:2
27 And Moses with the elders of Israel
commanded the people, saying, Keep all
the commandments which I command you this day.
cast metal image, an abomination to the LORD, the
work of the hands of a craftsman, and puts it in a
secret place. And all the people shall answer and
2 And this must be done on the day you cross over say, Amen.
the Jordan to the land which the LORD your God 16 Cursed is the one who dishonours his
gives you: you shall set up large stones for your- father or his mother. And all the people shall say,
selves, and coat them with plaster; 3 and when Amen.
you have crossed over you shall write on them all 17 Cursed is the one who moves his neighbours
the words of this law, so that you may go on into landmark. And all the people shall say, Amen.
the land which the LORD your God gives you, a 18 Cursed is the one who makes the blind
land that flows with milk and honey, just as the wander out of the way. And all the people shall
LORD God of your fathers has promised you. say, Amen.
4 Therefore this must be done when you have 19 Cursed is the one who perverts justice for
gone over the Jordan: set up these stones, which the foreigner, the fatherless, and the widow. And
I command you today, on mount Ebal. And you all the people shall say, Amen.
must cover them with plaster. 5 And there you 20 Cursed is the one who lies with his fathers
must build an altar to the LORD your God, an altar wife, because he is uncovering his fathers skirt.
of stones. You must not use any iron tool on And all the people shall say, Amen.
them. 6 You shall build the altar for the LORD your 21 Cursed is the one who lies with any kind of
God out of uncut stones, and on it you shall offer animal. And all the people shall say, Amen.
burnt offerings to the LORD your God. 7 And you 22 Cursed is the one who lies with his sister,
shall offer peace offerings, and shall eat there and the daughter of his father, or the daughter of his
rejoice before the LORD your God. 8 And you shall mother. And all the people shall say, Amen.
write very clearly on the stones all the words of 23 Cursed is the one who lies with his
this law. mother-in-law. And all the people shall say, Amen.
9 And Moses and the priests the Levites spoke 24 Cursed is the one who strikes down his
to all Israel, saying, Be silent and listen, O Israel. neighbour secretly. And all the people shall say,
Today you have become the people of the LORD Amen.
your God. 10 Therefore you must obey the voice 25 Cursed is the one who takes a bribe to kill
of the LORD your God, and act according to his an innocent person. And all the people shall say,
commandments and his statutes, which I command Amen.
you this day. 26 Cursed is the one who does not uphold all
11 And Moses charged the people the same the words of this law to do them. And all the
day, saying, people shall say, Amen.
12 When you have gone over the Jordan, these
tribes shall stand on mount Gerizim to bless the
people: Simeon and Levi and Judah and Issachar
and Joseph and Benjamin; 13 and these shall stand
28 And this will happen if you listen diligently
to the voice of the LORD your God, to
observe and to do all his commandments which I
on mount Ebal to pronounce curses: Reuben, Gad command you this day: the LORD your God will set
and Asher, and Zebulun, Dan and Naphtali. you high above all nations of the earth, 2 and all
14 And the Levites shall speak, and say to all these blessings will come on you, and overtake
the men of Israel with a loud voice, you, if you will listen to the voice of the LORD your
15 Cursed is the man who makes any idol or God.
27:2-4 Josh 8:30-32. 27:24 Ex 21:12; Lev 24:17; Num 35:30,31.
27:5 Ex 20:25. 27:25 10:17; Ex 23:7.
27:12 Josh 8:33-35. 27:26 Ps 119:21; Jer 11:3,4; Gal 3:10.
27:15 4:16,23; Ex 20:4,23; 34:17; Lev Observe in this list that the curse on idola-
19:4; 26:1; Isa 44:9. try comes first. Notice, too, that it was not
Amen this comes from a Hebrew word necessary to break all the commands of God
meaning sure and faithful. to bring a curse on oneself just one trans-
27:16 5:16; Ex 20:12; 21:17; Lev 19:3; gression was enough (Jam 2:10).
20:9. 28:1,2 Blessings notes on Gen 12:1-3;
27:17 19:14. Num 6:22-27; Ps 1:1-3; 119:1; Matt 5:3-
27:18 Lev 19:14. 12; Luke 11:28; Acts 3:26; Gal 3:9; Eph
27:19 Ex 22:21; 23:9; Lev 19:33. 1:3. God loves to bless people and always
27:20 22:30; Lev 18:8; 20:11; 1 Cor 5:1. will when it is just and right to do so. But
27:21 Ex 22:19; Lev 18:23; 20:15. observe the word if. The promises which
27:22 Lev 18:19; 20:17. follow were conditional, based on the
27:23 Lev 20:14. obedience of the people.
DEUTERONOMY 28:3 252
3 You will be blessed in the city, and blessed in day, to observe and to do them. 14 And you must
the field. not go astray from any of the words which I com-
4 The offspring of your body will be blessed, mand you this day, to the right hand or to the left,
and the produce of your ground, and the offspring to go after other gods to serve them.
of your cattle, the issue of your cattle, and the 15 But this will come about, if you will not listen
flocks of your sheep. to the voice of the LORD your God, to observe to
5 Your basket and your kneading bowl will be do all his commandments and his statutes which I
blessed. command you this day: all these curses will come
6 You will be blessed when you come in, and on you, and overtake you.
when you go out. 16 You will be cursed in the city, and cursed in
7 The LORD will cause your enemies who rise up the field.
against you to be struck down before your face. 17 Your basket and your kneading bowl will be
They will come out against you one way, and flee cursed.
before you seven ways. 18 The offspring of your body will be cursed,
8 The LORD will command the blessing on you in and the produce of your land, the issue of your
your storehouses, and in all that you set your hand cattle and the your flocks of sheep.
to, and he will bless you in the land which the LORD 19 You will be cursed when you come in, and
your God gives you. when you go out.
9 The LORD will establish you as a holy people 20 The LORD will send on you cursing, confu-
for himself, as he has sworn to you, if you keep the sion, and rebuke, in all that you put your hand to
commandments of the LORD your God and walk in do, until you are destroyed and until you perish
his ways. 10 And all people of the earth will see quickly, because of the wickedness of your doings,
that you are called by the name of the LORD, and in which you have forsaken me. 21 The LORD will
they will be afraid of you. 11 And the LORD will give make the plague cling to you, until he has con-
you abundant prosperity in goods, in the offspring sumed you from off the land, where you go to
of your body, and in the issue of your cattle, and in possess it. 22 The LORD will strike you with wast-
the produce of your ground, in the land which the ing disease and with fever and with inflammation
LORD swore to your fathers to give you. and with fierce heat and with the sword and with
12 The LORD will open to you his good trea- blight and with mildew; and they will pursue you
sure, the heavens to give the rain on your land in until you perish. 23 And your skies over your head
its season, and to bless all the work of your hands. will become brass and the ground under you will be
And you will lend to many nations, but you will not iron. 24 The LORD will change the rain of your land
borrow. 13 And the LORD will make you the head, into powder and dust; it will come down from the
and not the tail; and you will be at the top and not sky on you, until you are destroyed.
at the bottom, if you listen to the commandments 25 The LORD will cause you to be struck down
of the LORD your God which I command you this before your enemies. You will go out one way
28:3-14 To His people Israel, if they were poor people have eternal riches in Christ.
obedient to Him, God promised all sorts of Remember that Israel in Egypt, in the
blessings, many of them material. In the wilderness, and in Canaan gives us types
Old Testament material possessions and and pictures of spiritual realities.
property were regarded as a sign of Gods 28:15-19 God does not wish to bring curses
blessing and it was often (but certainly not on people. Curses are always the results of
always) so. In the New Testament the bless- mans sin, disobedience and rebellion. They
ings God promises are, for the most part, are the outworking of Gods justice (Gen
spiritual and eternal (Eph 1:3. Compare 3:14-19). God will bless when He can, bring
these blessings here in Deuteronomy with curses when He must. The very blessings
the words of the Lord Jesus in Matt 5:3-12 He promised for obedience (vs 3-6) will be
and Luke 6:20-26. See note at Gen 24:35). turned into curses by disobedience.
Spiritual blessings are, of course, far 28:20 God gave the law and all the instruc-
more important than material ones. The tions concerned with it through Moses. That
Lord Jesus even said, blessed are you poor is, Moses was His representative. Forsaking
for yours is the kingdom of God (Luke Moses and the teachings he gave would
6:20). It would be folly for believers living mean they were forsaking God.
in this age to fall back on the Old Testa- 28:20-68 These terrible punishments were
ment idea that material possessions or prop- awaiting Israel and finally came upon them
erty is a sign of Gods blessing. Many for their disobedience. The following refer-
wealthy people (and some of them no doubt ences show this.
so-called Christians) are under the wrath of 28:21,22 Amos 4:9,10.
God because of their unbelief and disobe- 28:23,24 1 Kings 17:1,7.
dience (John 3:36; Jam 5:1-6). And many 28:25 2 Chron 29:8; Ezek 23:46-49.
253 DEUTERONOMY 28:56
against them, and flee seven ways before them. will eat up all your trees and the produce of your
And you will become a horror to all the kingdoms of land.
the earth. 26 And your carcass will be meat for all 43 The foreigner who is among you will get
the birds of the air and for the beasts of the earth, very high above you, and you will come down very
and there will be no one to frighten them away. low. 44 He will lend to you, but you will not lend to
27 The LORD will strike you with the boils of him. He will be the head, and you will be the tail.
Egypt and with tumors and with scabs and with the 45 Moreover all these curses will come on you,
itch, from which you will not be healed. 28 The and will pursue you, and overtake you, until you
LORD will strike you with madness and blindness are destroyed, because you did not listen to the
and heart bewilderment. 29 And you will grope voice of the LORD your God, to keep his command-
about at noon, just as the blind grope in darkness. ments and his statutes which he commanded you.
And you will not prosper in your ways, but will be 46 And they will be a sign and a wonder on you,
only oppressed and plundered continually, and there and on your descendants forever. 47 Because you
will be no one to save you. did not serve the LORD your God with joy and
30 You will be engaged to a woman, but gladness of heart in an abundance of all things,
another man will lie with her. You will build a house, 48 therefore you will serve your enemies, whom
but you will not live in it. You will plant a vineyard, the LORD will send against you, in hunger and in
but will not gather its grapes. 31 Your ox will be thirst and in nakedness and in a lack of all things.
killed before your eyes, but you will not eat any of And he will put a yoke of iron on your neck until he
it. Your donkey will be forcibly taken away before has destroyed you.
your eyes, but it will not be restored to you. Your 49 The LORD will bring a nation against you
sheep will be given to your enemies, and you will from afar, from the end of the earth, as swift as
have no one to rescue them. 32 Your sons and the eagle flies, a nation whose tongue you will not
your daughters will be given to another people, understand, 50 a nation of fierce countenance,
and your eyes will look for them all day long and fail which will have no respect for the old person or
with longing, and your hands will be powerless. show pity to the young. 51 And he will eat the
33 A nation you do not know will eat up the pro- offspring of your livestock and the produce of your
duce of your land, and you will be only oppressed land until you are destroyed. He will not leave you
and crushed continually, 34 so that you will be either grain, wine or oil, or the increase of your
driven mad because of the sights which your eyes cattle or your flocks of sheep, until he has
will see. 35 The LORD will strike you on the knees destroyed you. 52 And he will besiege you in all
and on the legs with miserable boils that cannot be your gates until your high fortified walls, in which
healed, from the sole of your foot to the top of you trusted, come down throughout your whole
your head. land. He will besiege you in all your gates through-
36 The LORD will cause you and your king whom out your whole land which the LORD your God has
you will set over you, to go to a nation which nei- given you.
ther you nor your fathers have known; and there 53 And you will eat the offspring of your own
you will serve other gods, gods of wood and stone. body, the flesh of your sons and of your
37 And you will become a horror, a proverb and a daughters, whom the LORD your God has given
byword, among all nations where the LORD drives you, in the siege and in the dire straits with which
you. 38 You will carry much seed out to the field, your enemies will distress you. 54 So the man who
but will gather in only a little, because the locust is refined and very delicate among you will give
will devour it. 39 You will plant vineyards and culti- hostile looks at his brother, and at the wife of his
vate them, but will not drink of the wine or gather bosom, and at the rest of his children who remain,
the grapes, because worms will eat them. 40 You 55 so that he will not give any of them any of the
will have olive trees throughout your whole terri- flesh of his children whom he will eat, because
tory, but you will not anoint yourself with the oil, nothing is left to him in the siege and in the dire
because your olives will drop off. 41 You will have straits with which your enemies will oppress you in
sons and daughters, but you will not enjoy them, all your gates. 56 The refined and delicate woman
because they will go into captivity. 42 The locust among you, who would not venture to set the sole
28:26 Jer 34:20. 28:38 Isa 5:10; Joel 1:4; Mic 6:15.
28:30 Jer 8:10; Amos 4:11. 28:48 Lam 4:4-6; Jer 28:13,14.
28:33 Jer 5:15. 28:49 Isa 5:26-30; 7:18-20; Jer 5:15;
28:36 2 Kings 17:4,6; 24:12,14; 25:7,11; 6:22,23; Lam 4:19.
2 Chron 36:1-21; Jer 39:1-9. 28:52-57 2 Kings 6:28,29; Lam 2:20;
28:37 1 Kings 9:7,8; Jer 19:8; 24:9; 29:18. 4:10.
DEUTERONOMY 28:57 254
of her foot on the ground because of delicateness will say, Would God it were morning! Because you
and refinement, will give hostile looks at the will be afraid from the fear of your heart and from
husband of her bosom, and at her son and at her the sights which your eyes will see. 68 And the
daughter, 57 and at the afterbirth that comes LORD will bring you back to Egypt in ships, by the
from her, and at her children whom she bears; for way of which I spoke to you, You will never see it
she will eat them secretly because of the lack of all again, and there you will offer to sell yourselves to
things in the siege and in the dire straits with which your enemies as male and female slaves, and no
your enemy will oppress you in your gates. one will buy you.
58 If you are not careful to do all the words of
this law that are written in this book, so that you
may fear this glorious and awe-inspiring name, THE
LORD YOUR GOD, 59 then the LORD will bring
29 These are the words of the covenant which
the LORD commanded Moses to make with
the children of Israel in the land of Moab, besides
plagues on you and plagues on your offspring that the covenant which he made with them in Horeb.
are extraordinary, great plagues that last a long 2 And Moses summoned all Israel and said to
time, and severe sicknesses that last a long time. them, You have seen all that the LORD did before
60 Moreover he will bring on you all the diseases of your eyes in the land of Egypt to Pharaoh and to all
Egypt, which you were afraid of, and they will cling his servants and to all his land, 3 the great trials,
to you. 61 Also the LORD will bring on you every the signs, and those great miracles which your eyes
sickness and every plague which is not written in have seen.
the book of this law, until you are destroyed. 4 Yet even to this day the LORD has not given
62 And you will be left few in number, when once you a heart to understand and eyes to see and
you were as many as the stars of the sky, because ears to hear.
you would not obey the voice of the LORD your 5 And I led you forty years in the desert. Your
God. 63 And it will come about that just as the clothes did not become old on you, and your shoes
LORD rejoiced over you to do you good and to did not become old on your feet. 6 You did not eat
increase your numbers, so the LORD will rejoice bread, and you did not drink wine or strong drink,
over you to destroy you and to bring you to so that you might know that I am the LORD your
nothing. And you will be torn from the land which God.
you are going to possess. 7 And when you came to this place, Sihon the
64 And the LORD will scatter you among all king of Heshbon, and Og the king of Bashan, came
people, from one end of the earth to the other; out against us to battle, and we struck them down,
and there you will serve other gods which neither 8 and took their land, and gave it as an inheritance
you nor your fathers have known, gods of wood to the Reubenites, and to the Gadites, and to the
and stone. 65 And among these nations you will half tribe of Manasseh.
find no ease, and the sole of your foot will have no 9 Therefore keep the words of this covenant
rest; but the LORD will give you there a trembling and do them, so that you may prosper in all that
heart and failing eyes and sorrow of mind; 66 and you do. 10 Today all of you stand before the LORD
your life will hang in suspense before you, and you your God; your captains of your tribes, your
will be afraid day and night, and your life will have elders, and your officers, with all the men of
no assurance. 67 In the morning you will say, Israel, 11 your little ones, your wives, and your
Would God it were evening! And at evening you foreigners who are in your camp, from those who
28:58 With what care we should use the 58,62. By these disasters God was teaching
glorious and fearful name of God! Compare that unbelief and disobedience are terrible
Ex 20:7. sins which justice must punish. We have
28:59-61 God Himself sometimes sends the same teaching in the New Testament
sickness as punishment (v 27; Ex 9:9; (John 3:36; 2 Thess 1:5-9; 2 Pet 2:9-13;
Deut 7:15). Rev 15:1,3; 16:5-7; 21:8).
28:62 Ezra 2:1,64; Neh 7:4; etc. 29:1 God wanted this new generation to
28:63 Their evil would become so ripe for make a new beginning as they face the
judgment that God would delight in fulfilling promised land, so He renews the covenant
justice in their destruction! A similar idea is with them which He had made at Sinai
found in Prov 1:24-26. (Exodus chapter 19).
28:64 2 Kings 17:6; 25:1-4,8-11. 29:4 Isa 29:10; Rom 11:8. The reason for
28:65 Lam 1:3; psalm 137. God brought this was their unbelief and rebelliousness.
all these things upon Israel because they 29:6 8:3.
deserved them, and would not repent and 29:7 Num 21:21-24,33,35.
turn to God who could bless them and rescue 29:8 Num 32:32,33.
them from calamity. Notice vs 20,45,47, 29:9 4:6.
255 DEUTERONOMY 30:4
cut your wood to those who draw your water, sicknesses which the LORD has brought on it,
12 so that you should enter into a covenant with 23 and that the whole of its land has become
the LORD your God, and into his oath, which the sulfur and salt and burning, that it is not sown and
LORD your God makes with you today, 13 that he does not produce, and that no grass grows on it,
may establish you today as a people for himself, like the overthrow of Sodom and Gomorrah, Admah
and that he may be God to you, as he has said to and Zeboim, which the LORD overthrew in his an-
you, and as he has sworn to your fathers, to ger and in his wrath, 24 then all nations will say,
Abraham, to Isaac, and to Jacob. 14 And I do not Why has the LORD done this to this land? Why
make this covenant and this oath just with you, this great burning anger?
15 but both with the one who stands here with us 25 Then men will say, Because they have
today before the LORD our God, and with the one forsaken the covenant of the LORD God of their
who is not here with us today. fathers which he made with them when he brought
16 For you know how we lived in the land of them out of the land of Egypt. 26 For they went
Egypt, and how we came through the nations which and served other gods and worshipped them, gods
you came through. 17 And you saw their whom they did not know and whom he had not
abominations and their idols of wood and stone, given to them. 27 And the anger of the LORD
silver and gold, which were among them. 18 If burned against this land to bring on it all the curses
there should be among you man or woman or that are written in this book. 28 And the LORD
family or tribe whose heart turns away today from uprooted them from their land in anger and in wrath
the LORD our God to go and serve the gods of and in great indignation, and drove them into an-
these nations, if there should be among you a root other land, as it is this day.
that bears gall and bitterness, 19 and when he 29 The secret things belong to the LORD our
hears the words of this curse, it so happens that God, but those things which are revealed belong to
he blesses himself in his heart, saying, I will have us and to our children forever, so that we may do
peace even though I walk according to the imagi- all the words of this law.
nation of my heart to add drunkenness to thirst,
20 the LORD will not spare him, but rather the
anger of the LORD and his jealousy will burn against
that man, and all the curses that are written in this
30 And this is what will happen: when all these
things have come on you, the blessing and
the curse, which I have set before you, and you
book will rest on him, and the LORD will blot out his call them to mind among all the nations where the
name from under heaven. 21 And the LORD will LORD your God has driven you, 2 and turn back to
single him out for disaster from all the tribes of the LORD your God, and you and your children
Israel, in accordance with all the curses of the obey his voice in accordance with all that I com-
covenant that are written in this book of the law. mand you today, with all your heart and with all
22 And the coming generation of your children your soul, 3 then the LORD your God will bring you
who will rise up after you, and the foreigner who back from captivity and have compassion on you,
will come from a distant land, will speak out when and will return and gather you from all the nations,
they see the plagues of that land and the where the LORD your God has scattered you. 4 If
29:12,13 The covenant was that He would 29:29 Acts 1:7. There are many things God
be their God and they would be His people has not yet revealed. We must leave those
(Ex 6:6,7). Now believers in Christ have this mysteries to Him. He has revealed all we
greatest of all privileges and blessings need to know on this earth to believe Him,
(2 Cor 6:16; Titus 2:14; 1 Pet 2:9,10). know Him, obey Him, serve Him, love Him,
29:18 32:32. Idolatry and worship of gods and be prepared to live with Him forever.
other than the Creator Jehovah are bitter Let us occupy ourselves with these matters.
poison. Compare Josh 15:15; 17:8; 1 Cor 2:9,10;
29:19-21 The warning here is against the 2 Tim 3:16,17.
person who knows the curse of God on 30:1 God sees the future and knew exactly
idolatry and false worship and yet arrogantly, what was going to happen to Israel
presumptuously engages in it, knowing he (31:16-18; Isa 46:9,10; 48:3).
is acting against God (1 Sam 2:25; 2 Chron 30:2 God also knew that eventually they
36:16; Prov 1:24-31; 29:1). would turn to Him again (4:29,30).
29:22,23 Isa 1:7; 34:9; 64:11; Jer 17:6; 30:3 Will bring you back from captivity
Zeph 2:9. or it could be translated will restore your
29:24 1 Kings 9:8; Jer 22:8. well-being.
29:25 2 Kings 17:9-23; 2 Chron 36:13-21. 30:3-5 Isa 43:6; 48:20; 62:11; Jer
29:27 Dan 9:11. 29:11-14; 32:37; Ezek 34:13. There was
29:28 2 Chron 7:20; Ps 52:5; Prov 2:22; a partial fulfillment of this in the days of
Ezek 19:12,13. Notes on Gods anger at Num Ezra and Nehemiah (Ezra 2:1; Neh 7:6). The
25:3; Ps 90:7-11; John 3:36; Rom 1:18. people remained in the land until 70 A.D., at
DEUTERONOMY 30:5 256
any of you have been driven out to the end of the not hear, but are drawn away and worship other
heavens, the LORD your God will gather you from gods and serve them, 18 I declare to you this day,
there, and bring you from there. 5 And the LORD that you will surely perish, and that you will not
your God will bring you into the land which your have a long life in the land which you are going to
fathers possessed, and you will possess it; and he possess when you cross the Jordan.
will do you good and make you more numerous 19 Today I call heaven and earth to witness
than your fathers. 6 And the LORD your God will against you that I have set before you life and
circumcise your heart, and the heart of your death, blessing and cursing. Therefore choose life,
offspring, to love the LORD your God with all your so that both you and your offspring may live,
heart and with all your soul, so that you may live. 20 so that you may love the LORD your God and
7 And the LORD your God will put all these curses that you may obey his voice and that you may cling
on your enemies and on those who hate you, who to him. For he is your life and the length of your
persecuted you. days, so that you may live in the land which the
8 And you will return and obey the voice of the LORD swore to your fathers, to Abraham, to Isaac
LORD and obey all his commandments which I com- and to Jacob, to give them.
mand you this day. 9 And the LORD your God will
31
make you prosperous in every work of your hand, And Moses went and spoke these words to
in the offspring of your body, and in the offspring all Israel. 2 And he said to them, Today I
of your cattle, and in the produce of your land, for am a hundred and twenty years old. I can no
good; for the LORD will again rejoice over you for longer go out and come in. Also the LORD has said
good, just as he rejoiced over your fathers, 10 if to me, You will not cross this Jordan. 3 The LORD
you will listen to the voice of the LORD your God to your God will go over before you, and he will
keep his commandments and his statutes which are destroy these nations from before you, and you
written in this book of the law, and if you turn to will possess their territories. And Joshua will go
the LORD your God with all your heart and with all over before you, just as the LORD has said. 4 And
your soul. the LORD will do to them as he did to Sihon and to
11 For this command which I give you this day Og, kings of the Amorites, whom he destroyed,
is not hidden from you, and it is not far off. 12 It and to their land. 5 And the LORD will deliver them
is not in heaven, that you should say, Who will go up in your sight so that you may treat them in
up to heaven for us and bring it to us, so that we accordance with all the commandments which I have
may hear it and do it? 13 Neither is it beyond the commanded you. 6 Be strong and courageous. Do
sea, so that you should say, Who will cross the not be afraid or terrified of them, because the
sea for us and bring it to us, so that we may hear it LORD your God is the one who goes with you. He
and do it? 14 But the word is very near to you, in will not fail you or forsake you.
your mouth and in your heart, that you may do it. 7 And Moses summoned Joshua, and said to
15 See, I have set before you this day life and him in the sight of all Israel, Be strong and coura-
good, and death and disaster, 16 in that I com- geous, for you must go with this people to the land
mand you this day to love the LORD your God, to which the LORD swore to their fathers to give them.
walk in his ways and to keep his commandments And you will enable them to inherit it. 8 And the
and his statutes and his judgments, so that you LORD is the one who goes before you; he will be
may live and multiply; and the LORD your God will with you; he will not fail you or forsake you. Do
bless you in the land where you going to possess it. not be afraid or be dismayed.
17 But if your heart turns away so that you do 9 And Moses wrote down this law and delivered
which time the Romans destroyed Jerusalem 30:17,18 4:25,26; 8:19.
and scattered Israel once again. This was in 30:19,20 How solemnly God declared the
accordance with the prophecy of Christ in Luke truth to them! Life and death, blessing and
21:24. The prophets spoke of a future res- the curse, were before them. The choice
toration of Israel which would be permanent was theirs to make (compare Josh 24:15;
(Isa 60:21; Ezek 37:25; Amos 9:14,15). 1 Kings 18:21; Ezek 18:31,32; Matt
30:6 10:16. Compare Heb 10:16. 23:37; Luke 13:34,35; Rev 22:17). He
Circumcise your hearts 10:16; Jer pleads with them to choose life and bless-
4:4 (note); Acts 7:51. ing by choosing loving obedience.
30:7 28:16-20. 31:2 1:37; 3:27.
30:9 Jer 31:27,28. 31:3 9:3; Num 27:18.
30:11-14 Rom 10:6-8. They alone of all the 31:6 1:29; 7:18; 20:1,4; Josh 10:25;
peoples on earth had God delivering His 1 Chron 22:13; Heb 13:5.
word to them through His prophets. 31:8 Josh 1:5.
30:15 11:26. 31:9 Another very clear statement that Moses
30:16 28:1,2. wrote down the law. See also Ex 24:4;
257 DEUTERONOMY 32:4
it to the priests the sons of Levi, who carried the calamities and troubles have come on them, that
ark of the covenant of the LORD, and to all the this song will be a witness to testify against them;
elders of Israel. 10 And Moses commanded them, for it will not be forgotten from the lips of their
saying, At the end of every seven years, at the descendants. For I know their frame of mind which
fixed time of the year of release, at the Feast of they are forming even now before I have brought
Tabernacles, 11 when all Israel comes to appear them into the land which I promised on oath.
before the LORD your God in the place which he 22 So Moses wrote down this song the same
chooses, you must read this law before all Israel in day, and taught it the children of Israel.
their hearing. 12 Gather the people together, men, 23 And he gave Joshua the son of Nun a com-
women and children, and your foreigner who is mission, and said, Be strong and courageous, for
inside your gates, so that they may hear and that you will take the children of Israel into the land
they may learn to fear the LORD your God and which I promised to them on oath; and I will be with
observe to obey all the words of this law, 13 and you.
that their children, who have not known anything, 24 And this took place when Moses finished
may hear and learn to fear the LORD your God, as writing the words of this law in a book, until they
long as you live in the land which you are going were completed: 25 Moses commanded the Levites,
over the Jordan to possess. who were the carriers of the ark of the covenant of
14 And the LORD said to Moses, Look, the day the LORD, saying, 26 Take this book of the law,
of your death is approaching. Call Joshua, and and put it beside the ark of the covenant of the
present yourselves in the tabernacle of the LORD your God, so that it may be there as a wit-
congregation, so that I may give him a commis- ness against you. 27 For I know your rebellious-
sion. And Moses and Joshua went and presented ness and your stubbornness. Look, today while I
themselves in the tabernacle of the congregation. am still alive with you, you have been rebellious
15 And the LORD appeared in the tabernacle in against the LORD; so how much more so after my
a pillar of cloud, and the pillar of cloud stood over death! 28 Gather to me all the elders of your tribes,
the door of the tabernacle. 16 And the LORD said and your officers, so that I may speak these words
to Moses, Look, you will lie down with your in their hearing, and call heaven and earth to wit-
fathers, and this people will rise up and act the ness against them. 29 For I know that after my
prostitute with the gods of the foreigners of the death you will utterly corrupt yourselves and turn
land where they are going to be among them, and aside from the way which I have commanded you;
will forsake me and break my covenant which I and disaster will come on you in later days,
have made with them. 17 In that day my anger will because you will do evil in the sight of the LORD,
burn against them, and I will forsake them and hide and provoke him to anger through the works of
my face from them. And they will be consumed, your hands.
and many calamities and troubles will come on them, 30 And Moses spoke in the hearing of all the
so that they will say in that day, Havent these congregation of Israel the words of this song, until
calamities come on us because our God is not among they were finished.
us? 18 And I will certainly hide my face in that day
because of all the evils which they will have done in
turning to other gods.
19 Now therefore write down for yourselves
32 Listen, O heavens, and I will speak;
and hear, O earth,
the words of my mouth.
this song, and teach it the children of Israel. Put it 2 My teaching will drop like the rain,
in their mouths, so that this song may be a witness my speech will distill like the dew,
for me against the children of Israel. 20 For after like the fine rain on the tender plant,
I have brought them into the land which I swore to and like the showers on the grass,
their fathers, a land that flows with milk and honey, 3 because I will proclaim the name
and they have eaten and satisfied themselves and of the LORD.
become fat, then they will turn to other gods and Ascribe greatness to our God.
serve them, and provoke me and break my 4 He is the Rock, his work is perfect;
covenant. 21 And it will come about, after many for all his ways are just.
34:27; Num 33:2; John 5:46. 31:24-26 Ex 25:10,11.
31:11-13 Josh 8:34,35; 2 Kings 23:2; Neh 31:27 9:7,13,24.
8:1-8. Note on fear at Gen 20:1. 31:28 4:26; 30:19; 32:1; Isa 1:2.
31:15 Ex 33:9. 32:1 Isa 1:2.
31:16-18 Isa 46:10. 32:2 Ps 72:6; Isa 55:10,11.
31:19 Seen in 32:1-43. 32:3 Ex 33:19; 34:5,6. Proclaiming His name
31:20,21 Matt 9:4; John 2:24,25; 6:64; means to speak of His nature and attributes.
13:11. 32:4 Rock vs 15,18,30; 2 Sam 22:47;
DEUTERONOMY 32:5 258
A God of truth and without iniquity, 13 He made him ride on the high places
just and upright is he. of the earth,
5 They have corrupted themselves; so that he might eat the produce
this is their defect. of the fields;
They are not his children. and he made him to suck honey
They are a perverse and crooked from the rock,
generation. and fed him with oil from the flinty rock,
6 Is this the way you repay the LORD, 14 cattle butter, and sheeps milk,
O foolish and unwise people? with the fat of lambs,
Is he not your father who has bought you? and rams of the breed of Bashan, and goats,
Has he not made you and established you? with the fat of kernels of wheat.
And you drank the pure blood of the grape.
7 Remember the days of old; 15 But Jeshurun became fat, and kicked.
consider the years, the many generations. You have become fat,
Ask your father, and he will inform you. you have grown thick,
Ask your elders, and they will tell you. you are covered with fatness.
8 When the Most High gave to the Then he forsook God who made him,
nations their inheritance, and lightly regarded the Rock of
when he separated the sons of Adam, his salvation.
he set the boundaries of the peoples 16 They made him jealous with foreign gods,
according to the number of the they provoked him to anger with
children of Israel. abominations.
9 For the LORDs portion is his people. 17 They sacrificed to demons, not to God;
Jacob is his allotted inheritance. to gods whom they did not know,
10 He found him in a desert land, to new gods that came up recently,
and in the waste and howling wilderness. whom your fathers did not fear.
He led him about, he instructed him, 18 You ignored the Rock who gave you birth,
he kept him as the apple of his eye. and forgot God who formed you.
11 As an eagle stirs up her nest, 19 And when the LORD saw this,
flutters over her young, he abhorred them,
spreads out her wings, takes them, because of the provocation of his sons,
carries them on her wings, and of his daughters.
12 so the LORD alone lead him, 20 And he said, I will hide my face from them.
and no foreign god was with him. I will see what their end will be;
23:3; Ps 18:2,31; 28:1; 31:3; 42:9; Corrupt are they and not His children, a
62:2; 71:3. In the Old Testament God is generation warped and twisted to their
spoken of as a Rock about thirty times. The shame.
word suggests strength, refuge, unchange- 32:6 As a nation God was their father who
ableness, a solid foundation for the faith of created them and brought them out of Egypt.
Gods people, and a refuge from His anger But individually most of them neither trusted
against sin. Him nor behaved as His children.
This name for God was a favorite one in 32:8 Acts 17:26.
the Psalms. The writers there called God the 32:9 1 Sam 10:1; 1 Kings 8:51,53; Jer 10:16.
Rock of my salvation (Ps 95:1), the Rock 32:10 Ps 17:8; Prov 7:2; Zech 2:8.
of my refuge (Ps 94:22), the Rock of my 32:11 Ex 19:4. In other words, He was teach-
strength (Ps 62:7), the Rock of my heart ing them to fly. Compare Isa 40:31.
(the Hebrew of Ps 73:26 note). In the 32:13 8:8; Ps 81:16; Isa 33:16; 58:14;
New Testament Christ is also called rock Hab 3:19.
(1 Cor 10:4; Ex 17:4-6), stone, and chief 32:15 Jeshurun is a poetical name for Is-
cornerstone (Matt 21:42-44; Acts 4:11; rael (33:5,26; Isa 44:2). The name means
Eph 2:20; 1 Pet 2:4,6). the upright or righteous one.
Perfect Ps 18:30; Matt 5:48. 32:16 Ps 78:58; 106:29. Notes on Gods
Just 2 Sam 22:31; Ps 18:30; 19:7; anger at Num 25:3; Ps 90:7-11.
145:17; Rev 15:3. 32:17 A very significant verse indicating that
32:5 The majority of the people, though the gods other than the one true God, the
called to be Gods special people among all Creator of the universe, are demons. See
who lived on the earth, were not true be- also Lev 17:7; 1 Cor 10:20. At the temp-
lievers and so individually not children of tation of Christ Satan revealed that worship
God. This was true also in the time of the is what he desires (Matt 4:9,10).
Lord Jesus (Matt 17:17; John 8:42-45; Acts 32:18 Here the nation is viewed collectively.
2:40). This verse could also be translated 32:19 Lev 26:30; Ps 106:40; Jer 44:21-23.
259 DEUTERONOMY 32:41
for they are a very perverse generation, and two put ten thousand to flight,
children in whom is no faith. unless their Rock had sold them,
21 They have made me jealous with that and the LORD had given them up?
which is not God. 31 For their rock is not as our Rock,
They have provoked me to anger as even our enemies themselves judge.
with their vanities. 32 For their vine is from the vine of Sodom,
So I will make them jealous and of the fields of Gomorrah.
with those who are not a people. Their grapes are grapes of gall,
I will provoke them to anger their clusters are bitter.
with a foolish nation. 33 Their wine is the poison of snakes
22 For a fire has been kindled in my anger, and the cruel venom of cobras.
and will burn to the realm of the dead, 34 The LORD says Is this not stored up
and will consume the earth with its produce, with me,
and set the foundations and sealed up in my treasuries?
of the mountains on fire. 35 Vengeance belongs to me, and retribution.
23 I will heap disasters on them. Their foot will slide in due time,
I will use up my arrows on them. because the day of their calamity
24 They will waste away with hunger, is at hand,
and be devoured with burning heat, and the things that will come on them
and with bitter destruction. approach quickly.
I will also send the teeth of beasts on them, 36 For the LORD will judge his people
and the poison of the serpents of the dust. and have compassion on his servants,
25 The sword outside and terror inside when he sees that their power is gone,
will destroy and there is no one left,
both the young man and the virgin, slave or free.
the sucking infant along with the man 37 And he will say, Where are their gods,
of gray hairs. their rock in whom they trusted,
26 I almost said that I would shatter 38 Who ate the fat of their sacrifices,
them to pieces, and drank the wine of their drink offerings?
I would cause the memory of them to Let them rise up and help you,
cease from among men, and be your protection.
27 but I feared the provocation of the enemy,
39 See now that I, I alone am he,
lest their adversaries should
and there is no god with me.
miscalculate and say,
I kill, and I make alive;
We have the upper hand,
I wound, and I heal;
and the LORD has not done all this.
and there is no one who can deliver
28 For they are a nation lacking counsel,
out of my hand.
there is no understanding in them.
40 For I lift up my hand to heaven,
29 O that they were wise,
and say, I live for ever.
that they understood this,
41 If I sharpen my glittering sword,
that they would consider their final end!
and my hand takes hold of judgment,
30 How could one chase a thousand, I will take vengeance on my enemies,
32:21 See notes on jealousy and idolatry 3:9; 13:19; Jer 23:14; 49:18; Ezek
at Ex 20:4-6, on anger at Num 25:3. See 1 16:46-49; 2 Pet 2:6; Jude 7.
Kings 15:30; 16:13,26. 32:33 29:18; Ps 140:3; Rom 3:13.
People part of this verse is quoted in 32:34 There is a place where the deeds of
Rom 10:19. men are recorded and kept (Rev 20:12)
32:22 Ps 18:7,8; Isa 24:1-6; Lam 4:11. 32:35 Notes at Ex 21:23-25; Num 31:2,3;
Realm of the dead in Hebrew Sheol Ps 94:1; Nah 1:7; Rom 12:19; 2 Thess
note at Gen 37:35. 2:6-9; Heb 10:30,31.
32:23 Ps 18:14; 45:5. 32:36 Ps 50:4; 135:14.
32:24,25 28:22,48; Ps 91:6; Lam 1:20. 32:37,38 Jud 10:14; 1 Kings 18:27;
32:26,27 Ex 32:9-14. Jer 11:12.
32:28,29 Isa 1:3; Jer 9:3,6; John 8:54,55; 32:39 With me v 12; Isa 41:4; 43:10;
Titus 1:16. 45:5.
32:30 Lev 26:7,8. Make alive 1 Sam 2:6; Ps 68:20.
32:31 Verse 4; Ex 14:25. My hand Ps 50:22; Dan 4:35.
32:32 Gen 18:20,21; 19:1-11; Isa 1:9,10; 32:41,42 Verse 35; Isa 34:6-8; Jer 12:12;
DEUTERONOMY 32:42 260
and will repay those who hate me. and he came with ten thousands holy ones.
42 I will make my arrows drunk with blood, From his right hand a fiery law
and my sword will devour flesh, went out for them.
the blood of the slain and of the captives, 3 Yes, he loved the people.
and the heads of the leaders of the enemy. All his saints are in your hand,
and they sit at your feet,
43 Rejoice, O you nations, with his people;
and receive of your words.
for he will avenge the blood of his servants,
4 Moses commanded us a law,
and will take vengeance on his adversaries,
the inheritance of the congregation
and be merciful to his land, and to his people.
of Jacob.
44 And Moses came and spoke all the words of 5 And the LORD was king in Jeshurun,
this song in the hearing of the people, he, and when the heads of the people
Joshua the son of Nun. 45 And Moses finished and the tribes of Israel
speaking all these words to all Israel, 46 and said were gathered together.
to them, Take to your hearts all the words which I
6 He said, Let Reuben live, and not die,
solemnly declare among you today, which you will
nor his men be few.
command your children to be careful to do, all the
words of this law. 47 For this is not an empty word 7 And this is what he said of Judah,
for you; because it is your life; and through this Hear, LORD, the voice of Judah,
word you will live long in the land, which you will and bring him to his people.
cross the Jordan to possess. Let his hands be sufficient for him,
48 And that same day the LORD spoke to Moses, and be a help to him from his enemies.
saying, 49 Go up into this mountain range of 8 And of Levi he said,
Abarim, to mount Nebo, which is in the land of Let your Thummim and your Urim be
Moab, opposite Jericho, and see the land of with your holy one, whom you
Canaan, which I give to the children of Israel as a proved at Massah,
possession. 50 And you will die on the mountain and with whom you contended at the
which you climb, and be gathered to your people,
waters of Meribah.
just as Aaron your brother died in mount Hor and
9 He said of his father and of his mother,
was gathered to his people; 51 because both of
I did not consider them,
you were unfaithful to me among the children of
and he did not acknowledge his
Israel at the waters of Meribah-Kadesh in the desert
brothers or regard his own children;
of Zin, because you did not show me to be holy in
for they have observed your word,
the midst of the children of Israel. 52 So you will
and kept your covenant.
see the land before you, but you will not go there,
10 They will teach Jacob your judgments,
to the land which I give to the children of Israel.
and Israel your law.
They will put incense before you,
33 And this is the blessing with which Moses
the man of God blessed the children of
Israel before his death. 2 And he said,
and whole burnt sacrifices on your altar.
11 Bless, LORD, his abilities,
and accept the work of his hands.
The LORD came from Sinai, Strike through the loins of those who
and dawned on them from Seir; rise up against him,
he shone forth from mount Paran, and of those who hate him,
46:10,14; 50:28-32; Rev 19:15-21. John 3:16; 1 John 4:8.
32:43 Isa 1:24,25; Rev 6:10; 19:2. Your hand John 10:28,29; Rev
32:46 4:9; Eph 6:4. 1:16,20.
32:47 8:3; 30:20; Matt 4:4; John 6:63,68. 33:4 This verse may indicate that someone
32:48-52 Num 20:8-12. else, possibly Joshua, wrote down these
33:1 Josh 14:6; Ps 90 (title). See also words after Moses death.
1 Kings 12:22; 2 Kings 4:9; 1 Tim 33:5 Note on Jeshurun at 32:15.
6:11; 2 Tim 3:17. Moses now gives 33:6 Gen 49:3,4.
prophetic blessings for the people as 33:7 Gen 49:8-12.
Isaac did for his sons and Jacob did 33:8 Note at Ex 28:30. Meribah Ex 17:7;
for the twelve tribes (Gen 27:27-29, Num 20:13,24.
39-40; 49:1-28). 33:9 Ex 32:27-29; Matt 10:34-38; Luke
33:2 Ex 19:18,20; Ps 68:8,17; Jud 5:4; 14:26. The Levites put God first in a very
Num 10:12; Hab 3:3; Dan 7:10; Acts difficult and trying time.
7:53; Gal 3:19; Heb 2:2. 33:10 Lev 10:11; 16:12,13; Deut 31:9-13;
33:3 Loved 4:37; 7:7,8; Mal 1:2; Lev 1:7-13.
261 DEUTERONOMY 33:29
so that they do not rise up again. the seas,
12 And of Benjamin he said, and treasures hid in the sand.
The one the LORD loves will live 20 And of Gad he said,
in safety by him, Blessed is he who enlarges Gad.
and the LORD will shield him all day long; He lives like a lion, and tears the arm
and he will live between his shoulders. and the crown of the head.
13 And of Joseph he said, 21 And he provided the first part for
May his land be blessed by the LORD himself, because there, in the
with the precious things of heaven, governors portion,
with the dew, and with the deep that he was seated.
lies below, And he came with the leaders of the
14 And with the precious fruits brought people;
forth by the sun, he executed the justice of the LORD,
and with the choice produce of the months, and his judgments with Israel.
15 And with the best things of the ancient 22 And of Dan he said,
mountains, Dan is a lions cub;
and with the precious things of the he will leap from Bashan.
everlasting hills,
16 And with the precious things of the 23 And of Naphtali he said,
earth and its fulness, O Naphtali, satisfied with favour,
and with the good will of the One who and full of the blessing of the LORD,
dwelt in the bush. possess the sea and the south.
Let the blessing come on the head of 24 And of Asher he said,
Joseph, Let Asher be blessed with children.
and on the crown of the head of the one Let him be acceptable to his brethren,
who was separated from his brothers. and let him dip his foot in oil.
17 His glory is like the firstborn of his bull, 25 Your bolts will be iron and brass,
and his horns are like the horns of the and your strength will be as your days.
wild ox.
With them he will push the people 26 There is none like the God of Jeshurun,
together to the ends of the earth. who rides in the heavens for your help,
And they are the myriads of Ephraim, and in the sky in his majesty.
and they are the thousands of 27 The eternal God is your refuge,
Manasseh. and underneath are the everlasting arms;
and he will drive out the enemy
18 And of Zebulun he said, from before you, and will say,
Rejoice, Zebulun, in your going out; Destroy them !
and, Issachar, in your tents. 28 So Israel will live in safety alone.
19 They will summon peoples to the mountain. The spring of Jacob will be in a land of
There they will offer sacrifices of corn and wine,
righteousness; and his heavens will drop down dew.
for they will draw out the abundance of 29 Happy are you, O Israel!
33:12 Ex 28:12; Luke 15:5. Compare 10:14; Ps 68:33,34; 104:3;
33:13 Gen 49:22-26. Ephraim and Hab 3:8.
Manasseh settled in some of the most 33:27 Refuge v 12; Ps 90:1,2; 91:1.
fruitful areas of Israel. God is above (v 26) and around all men
33:16 Bush Ex 3:2,4. (Acts 17:28; Job 12:10; Dan 5:23). But
33:18 Gen 49:13-15. this is true of Gods people in a special sense
33:19 Ps 4:5; 51:19. (John 14:23; 17:21).
33:20 Gen 49:19. Before you Ex 34:11; Josh 24:18;
33:21 Num 32:1-5. They came across the Eph 6:10-17; 2 Thess 1:6-8; Rev 6:9-
Jordan river to help the other tribes 11; 19:11-15. Believers now fight
conquer Canaan (Josh 22:1-4). spiritual enemies. God Himself will deal
33:22 Gen 49:6. both with them, and with all flesh and blood
33:23 Gen 49:21. This tribes land was to enemies as well at the proper time.
be south and west of the sea of Galilee. 33:28 Jer 23:6; John 10:28,29; 2 Tim
33:24,25 Gen 49:20. 1:12; 1 Pet 1:5; Jude 1.
33:26 From this verse onwards not Asher 33:29 Israel had the greatest privileges of
only but all the tribes of Israel are meant. any people in the world. See Rom 9:3-5.
DEUTERONOMY 34:1 262
Who is like you, in the land of Moab, in accordance with the word of
O people saved by the LORD, the LORD. 6 And he buried him in a valley in the
who is the shield of your help and land of Moab, opposite Beth Peor; but to this day
the sword of your majesty! no man knows the place of his tomb. 7 And Moses
And your enemies will be found liars to you, was a hundred and twenty years old when he
and you will trample on their high places. died. His eye was not dim, and his natural vigour
had not abated. 8 And the children of Israel grieved
34 And Moses went up from the plains of
Moab to Mount Nebo, to the top of
Pisgah, that is opposite Jericho. And the LORD
for Moses in the plains of Moab for thirty days;
then the days of grieving and mourning for Moses
were over.
showed him all the land of Gilead, to Dan, 2 and 9 And Joshua the son of Nun was full of the
all Naphtali and the land of Ephraim and spirit of wisdom, for Moses had laid his hands on
Manasseh and all the land of Judah, as far as him. And the children of Israel listened to him, and
the western sea, 3 and the south and the plain did as the LORD commanded Moses.
of the valley of Jericho, the city of palm trees, 10 And since then no prophet has arisen in
as far as Zoar. Israel like Moses, whom the LORD knew face to
4 And the LORD said to him, This is the land face, 11 in regard to all the signs and the wonders
which I promised on oath to Abraham, to Isaac, which the LORD sent him to do in the land of Egypt
and to Jacob, saying, I will give it to your offspring. to Pharaoh and to all his servants and to all his
I have enabled you to see it with your eyes, but land, 12 and in regard to all that mighty power and
you will not go over there. all the great awe-inspiring deeds which Moses
5 So Moses the servant of the LORD died there performed in the sight of all Israel.
34:1 We dont know who wrote this final and deify their great leaders and ances-
chapter. Possibly it was Joshua. Moses tors, and make their burial places into
himself wrote all the rest 31:9. shrines. This may be the reason that God
34:2 Western here means the Mediterra- did not reveal Mosess burial place.
nean Sea. 34:9 Num 27:18,23; Isa 11:2.
34:4 Gen 12:7; 26:3; 28:13. Spirit perhaps this refers to Gods
34:6 God buried Him, possibly through the Spirit.
archangel Michael (see Jude 9). The 34:10-12 Ex 33:11; Num 12:8; Deut
tendency of fallen humanity is to glorify 18:15.
JOSHUA
Author:
According to Jewish tradition Joshua was the author of this book, except for 24:29-33. There is
evidence in the book itself that points to Joshuas authorship. See 24:26. See the use of the word
we in 5:1. Joshua came out of Egypt with Moses and spent 40 years with him and Israel in the
desert. He was an experienced military leader (Ex 17:8-13), a man of faith and faithfulness (Num
14:6-9). The name Joshua means Jehovah gives salvation or Jehovah gives victory.
Date:
The invasion of Canaan took place probably about 1406 BC. Joshua wrote when most of the land
had been taken, toward the end of his life.
Themes:
Gods people taking the land God had promised them, the way God gave them victory, and the
lessons they learned in the battle for Canaan. This book has many spiritual lessons for believers
now. Some, at least, of the events seen in it are pictures of our spiritual life and warfare. See the
note at 1:17. Another theme in Joshua is the destruction of wicked peoples. See 6:21; 8:26;
10:28,35,37,39,40; etc. This was done at Gods command. See Deut 7:1,2,16. And it was done
under divine leadership (Josh 5:13-15). But was it just and right for God to destroy whole peoples?
Certainly it was just and right. That is why God did it. Everything God does is just and right, and He
is the one who is the proper judge of what is just and right, not sinful man. On the destruction of
wicked people see notes at Gen 6:7; 15:16; Lev 18:24,25; Deut 13:12-18; Ps 47:2; 2 Thess
1:5-9; Rev 16:5-7. The inhabitants of Canaan practiced idolatry, the sacrifice of infants to idols,
and sexual perversions in the name of their gods. They were extremely cruel and corrupt. Mingling
with them would be disastrous for the people of Israel, whom God had chosen to worship Him and to
proclaim the truth about Him. The sins of the peoples of Canaan were ripe for judgment, so God
wisely and justly decided the time had come to destroy them.
Some key verses in this book are 1:3-9; 5:13-15; 21:43-45; 24:14,15.
Contents:
The Lord commissions Joshua ........................................................................ 1:1-9
Preparations to cross the Jordan river ............................................................ 1:10-18
The spies and Rahab .................................................................................... 2:1-21
Crossing the Jordan ..................................................................................... 3:1-17
Setting up a monument at Gilgal ..................................................................... 4:1-24
Circumcising the people at Gilgal .................................................................... 5:1-9
Keeping the Passover, ceasing of the manna ................................................... 5:10-12
The Commander of the army of the LORD ..................................................... 5:13-15
The fall of Jericho ........................................................................................ 6:1-27
Rahab saved .......................................................................................... 6:22,23
Curse on Jericho ..................................................................................... 6:26,27
Achans greed and disobedience .................................................................... 7:1-26
Destruction of Ai .......................................................................................... 8:1-29
The covenant renewed ................................................................................. 8:30-34
The cunning Gibeonites ................................................................................. 9:1-27
Battle of Gibeon, the sun stands stil ............................................................... 10:1-43
Conquest of northern Canaan ....................................................................... 11:1-15
Summary of Joshuas campaigns .................................................................... 11:16 - 12:24
Division of the land ....................................................................................... chapters 13-21
Joshuas instructions about this ................................................................. 13:1-7
Allotment of land east of the Jordan .......................................................... 13:8-33
JOSHUA 264
Allotment of Hebron to Caleb .................................................................... 14:6-15
Allotment for the tribe of Judah and
for the sons of Joseph ......................................................................... chapters 15-17
Meeting at Shiloh, alloting land for
the rest of the tribes ........................................................................... 18:1 - 19:48
Allotment for Joshua ................................................................................ 19:49-51
Five cities of refuge ................................................................................. 20:1-9
Cities for the Levites ................................................................................ 21:11-45
Two tribes and a half tribe return to the east,
building an altar of witness ................................................................... chapter 22
Joshuas final exhortation ............................................................................. chapter 23
Covenant renewed at Shechem ..................................................................... 24:1-28
Death of Joshua .......................................................................................... 24:29-33
265 JOSHUA 1:17
1 Now after the death of Moses the servant of
the LORD it came about that the LORD spoke
to Joshua the son of Nun, Moses assistant, say-
Be strong and courageous. Do not be afraid, and
do not be dismayed; for the LORD your God is with
you wherever you go.
ing, 10 Then Joshua commanded the officers of the
2 Moses my servant is dead. Now, therefore, people, saying, 11 Pass through the camp, and
arise, go over this Jordan, you, and all this people, command the people, saying, Prepare food for
to the land which I give to them, to the children of yourselves; for within three days you will cross
Israel. 3 Every place that the sole of your foot over this Jordan, to go in to possess the land which
treads on, I have given to you, just as I said to the LORD your God gives you to possess.
Moses. 4 Your territory will be from the wilderness 12 And Joshua spoke to the Reubenites and to
and this Lebanon to the great river, the River the Gadites and to half the tribe of Manasseh, say-
Euphrates, all the land of the Hittites, to the great ing, 13 Remember the word which Moses the ser-
sea toward the sunset. 5 No man will be able to vant of the LORD commanded you, saying, The
stand before you all the days of your life. Just as LORD your God has given you rest, and has given
I was with Moses, so I will be with you. I will not fail you this land. 14 Your wives, your little ones, and
you, or forsake you. your livestock, will remain in the land which Moses
6 Be strong and courageous; for you will cause gave you on this side Jordan; but you, all the val-
this people to possess the land, which I swore to iant warriors, must go armed before your breth-
their fathers to give them. 7 Only be strong and ren, and help them 15 until the LORD has given
very courageous, so that you may be careful to do your brethren rest, just as he has given you, and
according to all the law which Moses my servant they also have possessed the land which the LORD
commanded you. Do not turn from it to the right your God gives them. Then you shall return to
hand or to the left, so that you may prosper wher- enjoy the land of your possession, which Moses
ever you go. 8 This book of the law must not de- the LORDs servant gave you on this side Jordan
part from your mouth, but you must meditate in it toward the sunrise.
day and night, so that you may be careful to do 16 And they answered Joshua, saying, We will
according to all that is written in it. For then you do all that you command us, and will go wherever
will make your way prosperous, and then you will you send us. 17 Just as we listened to Moses in all
have good success. 9 Have I not commanded you? things, so we will listen to you. Only may the LORD
1:1 Death of Moses Deut 34:5. The book a strange land to conquer powerful enemies.
of Joshua continues the story of Israel where Cause. . .to possess Joshua had al-
Deuteronomy left off. When one leader ready been chosen as Mosess successor
passed off the scene God raised up another. (Deut 31:1-8). Here God confirms his call.
For the accomplishment of His purposes He It is God who must appoint leaders for His
was not dependent on any one man. people. The initiative is His, and He will
1:2 My servant Ex 14:31; Deut 34:5; equip them for the task to which He calls
Hab 3:5. them.
Jordan marked the eastern bound- 1:7,8 For a leader obedience to God was
ary of Canaan. more necessary than any other quality (Deut
Give God had already given it to them 8:1; 11:8). This is still true. The Book of
by promise (v 6; Gen 12:6,7; 15:18-21; the Law was the revelation God gave through
Ex 3:8). Now He was giving them the actual Moses at Mt Sinai (Ex 20:1; 21:1; Lev
possession of it. 1:1; Deut 4:5-8). Moses had written down
1:3 Deut 11:24,25. God gave them the land all God gave him to write Ex 17:14; 24:4;
but they had to occupy it. 34:27; Num 33:22; Deut 31:9. Gods
1:4 Wilderness in the far south of the people had to give it the highest importance
land. in their lives (Deut 6:6,7). That was the only
Euphrates in the far north. way to victory and the enjoyment of Gods
Hittites Ex 33:2; 34:11. The Hittites blessings. Now we have Gods full revelation
once occupied much of Canaan and in an- in the Bible, and Gods Word is of the utmost
cient times the whole land was sometimes importance in the life of every believer (John
called after them. 8:31,32; 14:24; Rom 15:4; Col 3:16;
Sea Mediterranean. 2 Tim 3:16,17; Jam 1:22-25). Obedience
1:5 Stand Deut 7:24. In spiritual mat- to it is the only way to have success in the
ters compare Luke 10:18,19; Jam 4:7. Christian life.
I will be with you vs 9,17; Gen 26:3; 1:9 God with us is the remedy for fear and
39:2; Deut 31:8; Isa 7:14; Heb 13:5,6. discouragement (v 5; Deut 33:27; Ps 23:4;
1:6 Strong and courageous two quali- 27:1-3; 46:1-3; 2 Tim 4:16,17; Heb
ties very necessary in a leader. No doubt it 13:5,6).
was a matter of trembling to Joshua to be 1:10,11 A true leader obeys Gods instruc-
called to take the place of one of the great- tions and urges the people to obey them.
est men in history, and to lead a nation into 1:12-18 Numbers chapter 32; Josh 22:1-4.
JOSHUA 1:18 266
your God be with you, as he was with Moses.
18 Whoever rebels against your command, and will
not listen to your words in all that you command
2 And Joshua the son of Nun sent out of Shittim
two spies secretly, saying, Go view the land,
and Jericho. And they went and entered the house
him, he shall be put to death. Only be strong and of a prostitute, named Rahab, and lodged there.
courageous. 2 And the king of Jericho was told, saying,
1:18 They were right to insist that Joshua would have been ruinous. Believers now too
live in the presence and blessing of God. It are engaged in a warfare, whether they like
is a risky thing to follow a leader out of touch it or not, but this warfare is spiritual (2 Cor
with God. 10:4; Eph 6:12; 1 Pet 5:8,9). To be pas-
The taking of Canaan by the people of sive is to be defeated.
Israel has many lessons for believers now, (e) To enter into their inheritance Israel
and the physical events involved in it are had to follow the leader God had appointed
pictures of our spiritual walk and warfare. Joshua. Believers now have a God-
Consider the following: appointed leader whom they must follow or
(a) Canaan was the promised land. God face certain defeat Jesus. Joshua means
had given it to Israel and told them repeat- Jehovah saves. In Greek, the original lan-
edly that He had (note on v 2 above). It guage of the New Testament, the name
was their inheritance and they had a right became Iesus, with the same meaning.
to it. Now believers in Christ have been given Jesus is our leader to glory, our captain in
a very precious thing life in Christ and the battle of life (Heb 2:10; 12:1-3).
exceeding precious promises relating to it (f) For victory in Canaan certain qualities
(2 Pet 1:4). They have spiritual possessions were very necessary to Israel courage,
in Christ (Eph 1:3) which they have a right strength, an obedient heart, and a mind
to claim and enjoy. These include victory always occupied with the word of God. These
over spiritual enemies and in all the circum- qualities are no less needed in the believers
stances of life (Rom 8:37), the fullness of spiritual warfare now.
Gods Spirit (Eph 5:18), and similar bless- (g) God gave Israel the promise of vic-
ings. Just as the giving of Canaan to Israel tory (1:5). He does so now to believers
was all of grace so this life in Christ is all of (John 8:31-36; 16:33; Rom 8:37; 1 Cor
grace (Eph 2:8-10). 15:57).
(b) What was promised to Israel they had (h) God promised Israel His continual
to claim and possess. Believers in Christ presence, which indeed was the basis for
now must claim the blessings given them in their victory (1:5). So with us now (Matt
Christ. Their success in the Christian life 28:20; Heb 13:5,6).
will depend in large measure on claiming (i) By overcoming the enemy Israel in-
the promises of God by faith. What God herited the land and dwelt in it. Compare
gives, men must take. Believers may claim Rev 21:7.
many things from God, and fight for them, (j) Taking the land was a process. It did
and possess and enjoy them. Though the not happen in a single day (11:18). Be-
words faith and believe are not found in lievers now do not immediately understand,
Joshua, faith was at the very basis of what claim, and enjoy all they have in Christ. See
they did. If they had not believed that God Pauls prayers in Eph 1:15-19; 3:14-19.
had given them the land they would not have (k) Even when Joshua was an old man
gone in to possess it. If they had not be- and much of Canaan was taken there was
lieved God had appointed Joshua they would still much land to be possessed (13:1;
not have followed him. If they had not had 23:4,5). Now how little of our riches in Christ
faith in Gods instructions they would not do most believers ever claim and enjoy in
have taken Jericho (see Heb 11:30). The this life! There is more to come (Matt
relationship between faith and victory in the 25:31-34; 1 Pet 1:4).
spiritual life now is made clear in the New 2:1 Shittim was east of the Jordan river in
Testament Eph 6:16; 1 Tim 6:12; 2 Tim the plains of Moab. Jericho was a very an-
4:7; Heb 6:12; 10:35,36; 1 Pet 5:9; cient city eight kilometers west of the Jor-
1 John 5:4,5. By faith we receive the em- dan. It was a walled and fortified city which
powering Holy Spirit (Gal 3:2,14); by faith stood in the path of Israels invasion route
we walk (2 Cor 5:7; Gal 3:11); by faith we into Canaan. Like all of the nations in
fight (Eph 6:16; 1 Tim 6:12). Canaan the people of Jericho were hope-
(c) There were mighty enemies oppos- lessly sinful and depraved (Lev 18:24-26;
ing Israel and they were determined that 20:23; Deut 18:9-12). God used Israel as
Israel should not possess the land (for ex- an instrument of judgment on them.
ample see 11:1-5). Believers in Christ have Yet there was mercy for anyone who turned
enemies far stronger and more determined to the Lord in repentance and faith. The
than the Canaanites (Eph 6:10-12). These experience of Rahab, herself a sinful woman,
enemies would, if they could, prevent us shows this (Josh 6:17; Heb 11:31; Jam
from claiming our possessions in the heav- 2:25). Rahab became one of the ancestors
enly places. of Boaz into whose line king David was born
(d) Because there were enemies Israel (Ruth 4:21,22; Matt 1:5-6). From the line
was required to fight. Being passive or lazy of David our Lord Jesus Christ was born. This
267 JOSHUA 2:24
Look, tonight men from the children of Israel have 14 And the men answered her, Our life for
come here to search out the country. 3 And the yours, if you do not tell this business of ours. And
king of Jericho sent to Rahab, saying, Bring out it shall be, when the LORD has given us the land,
the men who have come to you, who entered your that we will deal kindly and truly with you.
house; for they have come to search out the whole 15 Then she let them down by a rope through
country. the window; for her house was on the town wall,
4 And the woman took the two men and hid and she lived on the wall. 16 And she said to them,
them and spoke like this: Some men came to me, Go to the mountain, so that the pursuers will not
but I did not know where they came from. 5 And come across you, and hide yourselves there three
it so happened that about the time the gates were days, until the pursuers have returned; and
being shut, when it was dark, the men went out. I afterwards you can go your way.
do not know where the men went. Go after them 17 And the men said to her, We will be blame-
quickly, for you can catch up with them. 6 But she less about this oath to you which you have made
had brought them up to the roof of the house, and us swear. 18 See, when we come into the land,
hidden them in the stalks of flax which she had you must tie this scarlet cord in the window from
spread out on the roof. 7 And the men pursued which you let us down. And you must bring your
them on the road to the Jordan, to the fords. And father and your mother and your brothers, and all
as soon as those who pursued them had gone out, your fathers household, to your home. 19 And it
they shut the gate. will be like this : whoever goes out of the doors of
8 And before they lay down, she came up to your house into the street, his blood will be on his
them on the roof, 9 and she said to the men, I head, and we will be blameless. And whoever is
know that the LORD has given you the land, and with you in the house, his blood will be on our
that your terror has fallen on us, and that all the head, if a hand is laid on him. 20 But if you tell this
inhabitants of the land faint because of you. business of ours, then we will be free of this oath
10 For we have heard how the LORD dried up the to you which you have made us swear.
water of the Red Sea for you when you came out 21 And she said, Let it be according to your
of Egypt, and what you did to the two kings of the words. And she sent them away, and they left.
Amorites who were on the other side Jordan, Sihon And she tied the scarlet cord in the window.
and Og, whom you utterly destroyed. 11 And as 22 And they went away and came to the
soon as we had heard these things, our hearts mountain and stayed there three days, until the
melted, and no one had any courage left, because pursuers had gone back. And the pursuers looked
of you. For the LORD your God is God in heaven for them everywhere along the way but did not
above, and in earth below. 12 Now, therefore, find them. 23 So the two men returned, came
since I have showed you kindness, please swear to down from the mountain, crossed the Jordan and
me by the LORD that you will also show kindness to came to Joshua the son of Nun, and told him ev-
my fathers household, and give me a true token erything that had happened to them. 24 And they
13 that you will save alive my father and my mother said to Joshua, The LORD has definitely delivered
and my brothers and my sisters and all that they the whole land into our hands, for all the inhabit-
have, and deliver our lives from death. ants of the country are fainting because of us.
shows us the greatness of Gods grace and faith is very powerful with God.
how He can use a person who believes in 2:8-11 Rahabs words gave the spies a
Him. We are not told why the spies entered knowledge of the state of mind of the
Rahabs house. It is probable that she saw people of Jericho and of all of Canaans
them first and invited them in so she could people. Of course this was encouraging
make an agreement with them that would information for Joshua (v 24).
save her life. Some Jewish scholars of olden 2:10 Ex 14:21; Num 21:23-24,33-35.
times taught that Rahab was an innkeeper. 2:11 Deut 4:39; Isa 42:8.
If so, this might account for the spies going 2:15 The outer wall of Jericho may have been
into her place. as much as 30 feet high, and several feet
2:5 Rahab told a deliberate lie to protect thick. Rahabs house may have been built
the spies. She had come to believe in the between this wall and an inner wall, with a
power of the one true God (Josh 2:9-11). window over or through the outer wall.
The New Testament commends her for her 2:18 Rahabs house was the only safe place
faith (Heb 11:31; Jam 2:25), but not for in Jericho. The scarlet line, the color of blood,
her lying. God does not need the help of may speak symbolically of protection
mans lies to carry out His purposes. And through sacrifice (Ex 12:7,13; Heb 9:19-22).
no doubt God could have saved the lives of We are saved from the penalty of sin
these spies without it. But even in lying through the sacrifice of our Lord Jesus Christ
Rahab showed her faith in the LORD. And (Heb 9:28). His blood protects believers
JOSHUA 3:1 268
3 And Joshua rose early in the morning. And he
and all the children of Israel set out from Shittim
and came to the Jordan, and stayed there before
the Canaanites and the Hittites and the Hivites and
the Perizzites and the Girgashites and the Amorites
and the Jebusites. 11 See, the ark of the covenant
they crossed over. 2 And this occurred after three of the Lord of the whole earth is crossing over
days: the officers went through the camp, 3 and before you into the Jordan. 12 Therefore now
commanded the people, saying, When you see take twelve men for yourselves out of the tribes of
the ark of the covenant of the LORD your God, and Israel, one man from each tribe. 13 And it will come
the priests the Levites carrying it, then you must about, as soon as the soles of the feet of the
set out from your place, and go after it. 4 Yet priests who carry the ark of the LORD, the Lord of
there must be a distance of about two thousand the whole earth, rest in the water of the Jordan,
cubits between you and it. Do not go near it. This that the water of the Jordan will be cut off from
is so that you may know the way you should go; the water that come down from upstream, and
for you have not come this way before this. they will stand up in a heap.
5 And Joshua said to the people, Sanctify your- 14 And so it happened. When the people set
selves, for tomorrow the LORD will do wonders out from their tents to cross over the Jordan, and
among you. 6 And Joshua spoke to the priests, the priests carried the ark of the covenant before
saying, Pick up the ark of the covenant, and cross the people, 15 as those carrying the ark came to
over before the people. And they picked up the the Jordan and the feet of the priests carrying the
ark of the covenant and went before the people. ark touched the edge of the water (for the Jordan
7 And the LORD said to Joshua, Today I will overflows all of its banks throughout the time of
begin to make you great in the sight of all Israel, so harvest), 16 the water which came down from
that they may know that I will be with you just as I upstream stood and rose up in a heap, a great
was with Moses. 8 And you shall command the distance away at the town of Adam, that is near
priests who carry the ark of the covenant, saying, Zaretan. And the water that came down toward
When you have come to the edge of the water of the Sea of the Plain, the Salt Sea, failed and was
the Jordan, you must stand still in the Jordan. cut off. And the people crossed over directly
9 And Joshua said to the children of Israel, opposite Jericho. 17 And the priests who carried
Come here, and listen to the words of the LORD the ark of the covenant of the LORD stood firm on
your God. 10 And Joshua said, This is how you dry ground in the middle of the Jordan, and all the
will know that the living God is among you, and Israelites crossed over on dry ground, until all the
that he will without fail drive out from before you people had completely crossed over the Jordan.
from eternal destruction. Observe that themselves to Him.
Rahabs faith could be a means of salvation 3:7 It was very important for the people to
to all in her family (6:25). recognize that Joshua was Gods appointed
3:1 This chapter records a very important leader. Otherwise they would not have
event in the history of Israel. After repeated followed him and disaster would have
promises by God to give them the land, resulted. So God exalted him by openly
after a few centuries in Egypt, and 40 years demonstrating that He was with him. This
of wandering in the desert, at last they demonstration was the miracle which follows.
enter the promised land. 3:8 The river Jordan was the border of the
3:3-4 Ark Ex 25:10-16. The ark of the promised land, the boundary between the
covenant symbolized the presence of God old life and the new. Crossing it is a symbol
with His people. Among other things it of entering into our possessions in Christ.
contained a copy of the law (Deut 31:9). 3:10 In the following miracle (vs 16,17),
Carrying it before the people signified Gods similar to the one performed at the Red Sea
guidance and their readiness to follow Him (Ex 14:21,22), God revealed His presence
and to accept His standards. with His people.
Priests note at Ex 28:1. 3:11 Lord of the whole earth Canaan
Levites notes at Num 8:10-19. belonged to God, not to the Canaanites,
3:4 Two thousand cubits the people had and He could give it to whomever He chose.
to keep a certain distance from the ark. 3:12 The twelve represented the whole
They were to show their respect for the holy nation. They had a work to do 4:2-9.
things of God. We must never treat the 3:15 Harvest March to May was a time
things of God and His Word lightly. To do so of harvest in that area. It was flood time in
is a very serious matter (Num 4:15; 1 Sam the Jordan because of seasonal rains and
6:19; 2 Sam 6:6-7; Heb 12:28). melting snow in the mountains to the north.
3:5 Sanctify yourselves people who 3:16 Rose up in a heap God can as easily
want to follow the Lord need to be clean, stop the flow of a flood as stop a small trickle
separated from all that might defile them, of water. Great miracles are no more difficult
fully dedicated to Him. Compare Rom to Him than small miracles. And when there
12:1,2; 2 Cor 7:1. The Lord works is faith and obedience God will not be
wonders among those who fully consecrate reluctant to do what He has promised.
269 JOSHUA 5:1
4 And it came about when all the people had
finished crossing over the Jordan that the
LORD spoke to Joshua, saying, 2 Take for
the presence of the people.
12 And the children of Reuben and the children
of Gad, and half the tribe of Manasseh, crossed
yourself twelve men from the people, a man from over armed before the children of Israel, just as
each tribe, 3 and command them, saying, Take up Moses had told them. 13 About forty thousand of
for yourselves twelve stones here out of the middle them prepared for war crossed over to battle, in
of the Jordan, from the place where the priests the presence of the LORD, to the plains of Jericho.
feet stood firm, and carry them over with you, and 14 On that day the LORD made Joshua great in
leave them in the camping place, where you will the sight of all Israel, and they feared him, just as
camp tonight. they had feared Moses, all the days of his life.
4 Then Joshua called the twelve men, whom he 15 And the LORD spoke to Joshua, saying,
appointed from the children of Israel, a man from 16 Command the priests, who carry the ark of the
each tribe, 5 and Joshua said to them, Cross over Testimony, to come up out of the Jordan.
before the ark of the LORD your God to the middle 17 So Joshua commanded the priests, saying,
of the Jordan, and each one of you take up a stone Come up out of the Jordan.
on his shoulder, in accordance with the number of 18 And it came about, when the priests who
the tribes of the children of Israel, 6 so that this carried the ark of the covenant of the LORD had
may be a sign among you, so that when your come up out of the middle of the Jordan, and the
children ask their fathers in the future, saying, soles of the priests feet were set on dry land, that
What do these stones mean to you? 7 Then you the water of the Jordan returned to its place and
shall answer them, That the waters of the Jordan overflowed all its banks, just as it did before.
were cut off before the ark of the covenant of the 19 And the people came up out of the Jordan
LORD. When it crossed over the Jordan, the wa- on the tenth day of the first month and camped in
ters of Jordan were cut off. And these stones shall Gilgal, on the eastern boundary of Jericho. 20 And
be for a memorial to the children of Israel forever. Joshua set up those twelve stones, which they
8 And the children of Israel did just as Joshua took from the Jordan, in Gilgal. 21 And he spoke to
commanded, and took up twelve stones from the the children of Israel, saying, When your children
middle of the Jordan, just as the LORD told Joshua, ask their fathers in the future, saying, What do
in accordance with the number of the tribes of the these stones mean ? 22 Then you must tell your
children of Israel, and carried them over with them children, saying, Israel came over this Jordan on
to the place where they camped, and laid them dry land. 23 For the LORD your God dried up the
down there. 9 And Joshua set up twelve stones in waters of the Jordan from before you until you had
the middle of Jordan, in the place where the feet of passed over, just as the LORD your God did to the
the priests who carried the ark of the covenant Red Sea which he dried up from before us until we
had stood. And they are there to this day. had crossed over, 24 so that all the people of the
10 For the priests who carried the ark stood in earth might know that the hand of the LORD is
the middle of the Jordan until everything that the mighty, so that you might fear the LORD your God
LORD had commanded Joshua to speak to the forever.
people was finished, in accordance with all that
Moses commanded Joshua. And the people hur-
ried and crossed over. 11 And it came about when
all the people had finished crossing over that the
5 And it came about, when all the kings of the
Amorites who were on the west side of the
Jordan, and all the kings of the Canaanites who
ark of the LORD and the priests crossed over, in were near the sea, heard that the LORD had dried
Sea of the Plain the Dead Sea. 3 tribes only.
4:2-8 Verses 21-22. This memorial pillar was 4:14 Note at 3:7.
a remembrance, not simply of the crossing 4:19 First month Ex 12:3.
of the Jordan river, but of the great grace Gilgal probably about three kilome-
God showed to His people in bringing them ters north of Jericho.
thus far. It was to serve as a reminder of 4:23 Ex 14:21-22.
Gods goodness and power to the following 4:24 God had two purposes in performing
generations. God often impressed on His this miracle at the Jordan. He wanted all
people the duty of remembering His great nations to know that He, the God of Israel,
acts (24:26; Deut 7:18; 8:2-4; 24:9). not their gods and idols, was the God of
Compare 1 Cor 11:24-26; 2 Tim 2:8; Ps power. And He wanted His people to have
103:2; 105:5. The believer should always a reverential awe of Him that would produce
call to mind the great things God has done obedience in their lives. Notes on fear of
and the way God has worked in his life. the Lord at Gen 20:11; Ps 34:11-14;
4:12 Num 32:20-27. 111:10; Prov 1:7.
4:13 Those 40,000 were from these 5:1 Amorites Gen 15:16.Melted 2:11.
JOSHUA 5:2 270
up the waters of the Jordan from before the 8 And it came about when they had finished
children of Israel until we had crossed over, that circumcising all the people that they stayed in their
their heart melted and there was no longer any places in the camp until they were healed.
spirit in them, because of the children of Israel. 9 And the LORD said to Joshua, Today I have
2 At that time the LORD said to Joshua, Make rolled away the reproach of Egypt from you.
sharp knives for yourself, and circumcise the Therefore the name of the place is called Gilgal to
children of Israel the second time. 3 And Joshua this day.
made sharp knives for himself, and circumcised the 10 And the children of Israel camped in Gilgal
children of Israel at the Hill of the Foreskins. and kept the Passover on the fourteenth day of
4 And this is the reason why Joshua circum- the month at evening in the plains of Jericho.
cised them: all the males among the people who 11 And they ate the old grain of the land on the
came out of Egypt, all the men of war, died in the day after the Passover, unleavened cakes and
desert on the way, after they came out of Egypt. parched grain on the same day. 12 And the manna
5 Now all the people who came out were circum- ceased on the day after they ate the old grain of
cised, but they had not circumcised all the people the land, and the children of Israel did not have
who were born in the desert on the way after manna any more; but they ate the produce of the
they came out of Egypt. 6 For the children of land of Canaan that year.
Israel walked about forty years in the desert until 13 And this occurred when Joshua was near
all the men of war among the people who came out Jericho: he raised his eyes and looked, and a man
of Egypt had perished, because they did not obey appeared standing opposite him with his sword
the voice of the LORD. The LORD swore that he drawn in his hand. And Joshua went up to him and
would not show them the land which the LORD said to him, Are you for us or for our enemies?
swore to their fathers that he would give us, a land 14 And he said, No, but I have now come as
that flows with milk and honey. 7 Their children are captain of the army of the LORD.
the ones he raised up in their place; Joshua And Joshua prostrated himself to the ground
circumcised them, for they were uncircumcised, and worshipped, and said to him, What does my
because they had not circumcised them on the way. Lord say to his servant?
5:2-3 See note on Gen 17:9-14. Circumci- brought against Israel as they wandered in
sion was a sign first given to Abraham (Rom the desert uncircumcised and thus disobey-
4:11). The law to circumcise each male child ing Gods covenant and seemingly forsaken
on the eighth day from his birth was incor- by God. In Gilgal they became obedient to
porated in the Law of Moses (Lev 13:3), but Gods covenant and ready to move forward
it was neglected during the years of with God. There was no longer any reason
wilderness wandering (vs 5,7). No reason to reproach them. Gilgal became the base
is given for this failure. According to the for Israels military operations in Canaan.
New Testament, circumcision is symbolic of Gilgal sounds like the Hebrew word for roll.
putting off the flesh, the sinful nature (Phil 5:10 See notes on Exodus chapter 12; Lev
3:3; Col 2:11). It means that in an ungodly 23:5. No uncircumcised person was allowed
world we are willing to follow the Lord in to eat the Passover (Ex 12:48), so those
godliness and righteousness. who had grown up in the wilderness had been
5:4-6 The men who had come out of Egypt debarred from taking part in this remem-
had been circumcised, but that did not brance. Their obedience in being circumcised
automatically mean Gods blessing. The now enabled them to remember the grace
outward sign was useless if the heart of God, and opened up a whole new pathway
and life were wrong. Though they were of blessing. A first step of obedience to God
circumcised, they were unbelieving and can mean the same for anyone.
disobedient (Num 14:21-23; Heb 3:19). 5:11,12 Without yeast Ex 12:15; Lev
No outward rite or ceremony is of any use to 23:6.
us if our hearts are not right with God Rom Grain not corn. Corn (maize) was
2:28,29; Gal 6:15; Isa 1:11-17. not known in that day in that part of the
5:7 God did not overlook the neglect of the world.
sign of His covenant. He calls His people to Manna stopped the manna stopped
obedience. In spite of their neglect of His because there was no longer need of it.
law He showed grace and mercy to the Israel could begin to eat the food of the
nation during the long years of wandering promised land.
(Deut 2:7), but they had to show obedience 5:13 Man no doubt the angel of Jehovah.
before they could enter their inheritance. See note at Gen 16:7. Joshua did not
Believers now cannot expect to overcome in recognize Him as a heavenly being.
the life of faith and enjoy their inheritance 5:14 The Lord did not come to join one side
in Christ if they deliberately go on disobey- or the other. He came as the supreme
ing Him. commander of Gods army. This army was
5:9 The reproach of Egypt possibly refers the nation of Israel, and any angelic forces
to the reproach the Egyptians would have which might be engaged in the conflict.
271 JOSHUA 6:19
15 And the captain of the LORDs army said to the ark, the priests going on and blowing with the
Joshua, Remove your sandal from your foot, for trumpets. 10 And Joshua had commanded the
the place you are standing on is holy. And Joshua people, saying, You must not shout or make any
did so. noise with your voice, and do not let a word come
out of your mouth until the day I tell you to shout.
6 Now Jericho was tightly shut up because of
the children of Israel. No one went out and no
one came in.
Then you must shout. 11 So the ark of the LORD
went around the city, circling it once. Then they
came into the camp and stayed in the camp.
2 And the LORD said to Joshua, See, I have 12 And Joshua rose early in the morning, and
given Jericho and its king and valiant warriors into the priests took up the ark of the LORD. 13 And
your hand. 3 And you must go around the city, all seven priests carrying seven rams horn trumpets
you men of war circling the city once. You must do before the ark of the LORD went on continually
this for six days. 4 And seven priests must carry and blew with the trumpets. And the armed men
seven rams horn trumpets before the ark. And on went before them, but the rear guard came after
the seventh day you must go around the city seven the ark of the LORD, the priests going on and
times, and the priests must blow with the trum- blowing with the trumpets. 14 And the second day
pets. 5 And it shall be when they make a long blast they went around the city once and returned to
with the rams horn, and when you hear the sound the camp. They did this for six days.
of the trumpet, that all the people shall shout with 15 And this happened on the seventh day: they
a loud shout. Then the wall of the city will fall down rose early at the dawning of the day and went
flat. And the people must go up, each man straight around the city in the same way seven times. On
before him. that day only they went around the city seven
6 And Joshua the son of Nun called the priests times. 16 And it came about at the seventh time,
and said to them, Take up the ark of the cov- when the priests blew with the trumpets, that
enant, and have seven priests carry seven rams Joshua said to the people, Shout! For the LORD
horn trumpets before the ark of the LORD. 7 And has given you the city. 17 And the city, it and all
he said to the people, Pass on and go around the that is in it, will be accursed by the LORD. Only
city, and have him who is armed pass on before the Rahab the prostitute is to live, she and all who are
ark of the LORD. with her in the house, because she hid the messen-
8 And it came about, when Joshua had spoken gers whom we sent. 18 And you must keep your-
to the people, that the seven priests carrying the selves from the accursed thing, so that you will not
seven rams horn trumpets passed on before the make yourselves accursed by taking the accursed
LORD and blew with the trumpets; and the ark of thing, and make the camp of Israel accursed, and
the covenant of the LORD followed them. 9 And trouble it. 19 But all the silver and gold and articles
the armed men went before the priests who blew of bronze and iron are consecrated to the LORD.
with the trumpets, and the rear guard came after They are to come into the LORDs treasury.
Israel would not conquer and claim their which are different from mens (Isa 55:8,9;
inheritance with God merely on their side Luke 16:15; 2 Cor 10:3-5). He uses people
while they fought in their own way. They and things which human wisdom counts
would conquer only in full obedience to God totally inadequate (1 Cor 1:27-29).
as their leader and commander. He would 6:6-21 Though the Lords instructions may
tell them where to go and what to do. So have seemed strange to them, they obeyed
with believers now in their spiritual warfare. their supreme commander, and obtained the
5:15 The message is this: Joshua is in the very results He had described. Trust and
presence of the supremely Holy One obedience cannot be overemphasized in all
(compare Ex 3:5), and he must behave our dealings with God. See Heb 11:30.
accordingly. 6:17 Accursed by the LORD the Hebrew
6:1 Verse 1 is a parenthesis. Verse 2 words indicate that Jericho was set apart for
connects with 5:15. The commander of the destruction (v 21), and that nothing in it
LORDs host goes on speaking to Joshua. was to come into the possession of the Is-
He is Jehovah Himself. raelites. The destruction was Gods judgment
6:2-5 Jericho was not conquered by military upon a totally debased people. See notes
might. Its defeat was a result of Gods on Gods judgment at Gen 6:7; 15:16;
miraculous activity, and Israels faith. As in Lev 18:24; Deut 13:12-18; 28:18,19;
the crossing of Jordan (3:14-17), the ark of Rev 16:5-7.
the covenant went before the people. This 6:18,19 Everything in Jericho was for God,
symbolized the powerful presence of the nothing for man. Possibly this was to
Lord guiding His people. Marching, trumpets safeguard Israel from the corruption that
and shouts do not bring down great walls comes from lusting and looting. Self-
and conquer cities. God works on principles seeking always leads to spiritual ruin
JOSHUA 6:20 272
20 So the people shouted when the priests blew
with the trumpets. Then this took place: when the
people heard the sound of the trumpet, and the
7 But the children of Israel acted unfaithfully
concerning the accursed thing, for Achan, the
son of Carmi, the son of Zabdi, the son of Zerah, of
people shouted with a loud shout, the wall fell down the tribe of Judah, took some of the accursed thing.
flat, so that the people went up into the city, each And the anger of the LORD burned against the
man straight before him. And they took the city, children of Israel.
21 and with the edge of the sword they utterly 2 And Joshua sent men from Jericho to Ai, which
destroyed everything in the city, both man and is near Beth-Aven, on the east side of Bethel, and
woman, young and old, and ox and sheep and spoke to them, saying, Go up and look at the land.
donkey. And the men went up and looked at Ai.
22 But Joshua had said to the two men who had 3 And they returned to Joshua, and said to him,
spied out the country, Go into the prostitutes Dont have all the people go up, but have about
house and bring out of there the woman and all two or three thousand men go up and attack Ai,
who belong to her, just as you swore to her. and do not make all the people toil up there, for
23 And the young men who had been the spies they are few in number. 4 So about three thou-
went in and brought out Rahab and her father and sand men from the people went up there, and they
her mother and her brothers and all that she had. fled before the men of Ai. 5 And the men of Ai
They brought out all her relatives and left them struck down among them about thirty-six men; for
outside the camp of Israel. they chased them from in front of the gate to
24 And they burned the city with fire, and ev- Shebarim, and struck them in the descent there.
erything that was in it; only the silver and the gold So the hearts of the people melted and became like
and the articles of bronze and iron, they put into water.
the treasury of the house of the LORD. 25 And 6 And Joshua tore his clothes and prostrated
Joshua saved Rahab the prostitute alive, and her himself on his face before the ark of the LORD until
fathers household, and all that she had. And she evening, both he and the elders of Israel, and
lives in Israel to this day, because she hid the they put dust on their heads. 7 And Joshua said,
messengers whom Joshua sent to spy out Jericho. Alas, O Lord God, why did you ever bring this
26 And Joshua made them take this oath at people over the Jordan to deliver us into the hands
that time, saying, Cursed in the presence of the of the Amorites to destroy us? Would to God we
LORD be the man who rises up and builds this city had been content and stayed on the other side of
of Jericho. He will lay its foundation on his first- the Jordan. 8 O Lord, what shall I say, when Israel
born, and set up its gates on his youngest son. turns their backs before their enemies! 9 For the
27 So the LORD was with Joshua, and his fame Canaanites and all the inhabitants of the land will
was heard of throughout the whole country. hear of it, and will surround us and cut our name
(Jer 45:5; 1 Cor 10:24; Col 3:5). responsibility of all (v 11; 22:20; Lev
6:20 The Bible does not tell us the means 4:13-21; 2 Sam 21:1,2). No one lives to
God used to bring the walls of Jericho himself alone. Our actions always affect
crashing down. Whatever they were, the event others for good or bad (compare Rom
was a miracle, the result of divine action 14:7,13; 1 Cor 5:1,2,6; 12:26-27).
working with the faith of the people (Heb Anger note at Num 25:3; Ps 90:11;
11:30). Rom 1:18.
6:21 Verse 17. Notes on destruction of 7:2-5 Achans sin resulted in a humiliating
nations at Gen 6:7; 15:6; Lev 18:24; defeat for the whole nation.
Deut 13:12-18. 7:2 Ai about 25 Kilometers from Jericho
6:22-25 Rahab and her family were saved on the top of the hills that face the Jordan
according to the promise made to her valley.
(2:14,17-20). Rahab is an example of faith 7:3 Does this suggest too much confidence
(Heb 11:31; James 2:25). She was a Gen- in themselves? Did Joshua consult the Lord
tile, separated from Israel, but through faith about this? See 8:1,3.
became identified with the people of God. 7:6 Tearing clothes, falling prostrate, and
Her faith was effective in saving her entire sprinkling dust are all evidence of their utter
family. Compare Gen 6:18; 7:1; Acts 16:31. dismay, grief, and dejection.
6:26 Five hundred years later, in the time 7:7-9 Compare Ex 5:22; 14:11,12; 16:3;
of king Ahab, Joshuas pronouncement 17:3. This is not the language of faith and
against Jericho was disregarded. The city obedience, but of confusion and discourage-
was rebuilt by a man called Hiel at the cost ment. Joshua should have been trying to
of two of his sons (1 Kings 16:34). find out the reasons for Israels defeat rather
7:1 Acted unfaithfully one man sinned than questioning Gods guidance.
but God regarded the whole nation as 7:9 What will you do for your great name
responsible. God looks upon His people as Num 14:13-16; Deut 9:28,29. We should
a unity. The sin of one affects all and is the always be more concerned with Gods
273 JOSHUA 7:25
off from the earth. And what will you do for your and he took the family of the Zarhites. And he
great name? brought the family of the Zarhites man by man;
10 And the LORD said to Joshua, Get up! Why and Zabdi was taken. 18 And he brought his house-
are you lying like this on your face? 11 Israel has hold man by man; and Achan, the son of Carmi, the
sinned, and they have broken my covenant which son of Zabdi, the son of Zerah, of the tribe of
I commanded them; for they have taken some of Judah, was taken.
the accursed thing and have stolen and also used 19 And Joshua said to Achan, My son, please
deception, and they have put it among their own give glory to the LORD God of Israel, and make
things. 12 Therefore the children of Israel could confession to him, and tell me now what you have
not stand before their enemies, but turned their done. Do not hide it from me.
backs before their enemies, because they were 20 And Achan answered Joshua, and said, Yes,
accursed. And I will not be with you any more I have sinned against the LORD God of Israel, and
unless you destroy the accursed among you. this is what I have done: 21 when I saw among the
13 Get up! Sanctify the people, and say, plunder a fine Babylonian garment, and two
Sanctify yourselves for tomorrow; for this is what hundred shekels of silver, and a bar of gold fifty
the LORD God of Israel says, There is an accursed shekels in weight, then I coveted them and took
thing among you, O Israel. You cannot stand them. And, look, they are hidden in the ground in
before your enemies, until you take away the the middle of my tent, and the silver is under it.
accursed thing from among you. 14 Therefore in 22 So Joshua sent messengers, and they ran to
the morning you shall be brought near according to the tent; and there it was, hidden in his tent, and
your tribes. Then it shall be that the tribe which the silver was under it. 23 And they took them
the LORD takes shall approach, according to its from the middle of the tent, and brought them to
families; and the family which the LORD takes shall Joshua and to all the children of Israel, and laid
approach by households; and the household which them out before the LORD.
the LORD takes shall approach man by man. 24 And Joshua, and all Israel with him, took
15 And it is to be like this: the one who is caught Achan the son of Zerah, and the silver and the
with the accursed thing shall be burned in the fire, garment and the bar of gold and his sons and his
he and all that he has, because he has broken the daughters and his oxen and his donkeys and his
covenant of the LORD, and because he has done a sheep and his tent and all that he had, and they
disgraceful thing in Israel. brought them to the valley of Achor.
16 So Joshua got up early in the morning, and 25 And Joshua said, Why have you troubled
brought Israel by their tribes; and the tribe of Judah us? Today the LORD will trouble you. And all
was taken. 17 And he brought the family of Judah; Israel stoned him with stones, and burned them
reputation than with our own. destruction. That is, God may abandon us
7:10-12 The Lord rebukes Joshua, because to punishment for it. Compare Acts 5:1-11;
it was not a time to pray, but to obey (Ex 1 Cor 5:1-5; 11:30,31. And sin may make
14:15). Sin had to be judged. Remember it impossible for God to work with us.
this prayer is never a substitute for 7:13 Nor can we successfully fight Satan and
obedience. And why should God ever answer enjoy our inheritance in Christ if we permit
our prayers if we will not do what He says? sin to remain unconfessed, unjudged in our
7:11 The sin was by one man, Achan, but lives and churches.
notice Israel has sinned, they have 7:14 Takes evidently they cast lots to
broken. determine this. Compare Jud 20:9; 1 Sam
Covenant6:17-19. See also Ex 14:41,42; 1 Chron 24:5.
20:15,17. 7:15 Disgraceful thing Deut 22:21;
Accursed thing Achan was stealing Judges 19:23,24; 20:6,10; 2 Sam 13:12.
from God 6:19. 7:19 Confession and repentance was the
Used deception the sin of deception only hope for Achan, and for Israel.
or lying is often committed to cover up other 7:20,21 Many people have wrecked their
sins. Notes and references on lying at Ex lives and lost their souls because of greed
20:16. Learn here also that God knows what for money and possessions (Mark 10:22,23;
people are doing (Heb 4:13). Achan hid 1 Tim 6:9,10; etc).
everything from men but he could not hide Two hundred shekels about 2.3
anything from God. kilograms.
7:12 I will not be with you unless 7:24,25 God holds us responsible for the
imagine what an impact such words had on effects of our sin on others (6:18; Luke
Joshua. He knew very well that if God was 17:1,2). Achor means trouble. Oh, sin is
not to be with them the whole war for Canaan the great troubler of the people of God.
was already lost. Two important lessons for Achans wife and children were also put to
us also are here sin, if we do not judge it death. They must have had guilty knowl-
and put it away, will make us liable to edge of what Achan had done and kept
JOSHUA 7:26 274
with fire, after they stoned them with stones. counted the people, and went up, he and the
26 And they raised over him a great heap of stones. elders of Israel, before the people to Ai. 11 And all
They are there to this day. So the LORD turned the people, the warriors who were with him, went
from the fierceness of his anger. Therefore the up and drew near and came in front of the city and
name of that place has been called The Valley of camped on the north side of Ai. Now there was a
Achor to this day. valley between them and Ai. 12 And he took about
five thousand men, and set them in ambush
8 And the LORD said to Joshua, Do not be afraid
or dismayed. Take all the warriors with you,
arise and go up to Ai. See, I have given the king of
between Bethel and Ai, on the west side of the
city. 13 And that night when they had placed the
people, all the army that was on the north of the
Ai and his people and his city and his land into your city and their people in ambush on the west of the
hand. 2 And you will do to Ai and its king as you did city, Joshua went out into the middle of the valley.
to Jericho and its king. But you may take its 14 Then this happened: when the king of Ai
plunder and its livestock as prey for yourselves. saw it, they hurriedly got up early, and the men of
Place an ambush for the city behind it. the city went out against Israel to battle, he and all
3 So Joshua arose, and all the warriors, to go his people, at a set time, before the plain. But he
up against Ai. And Joshua picked out thirty thou- did not know that there was an ambush against
sand brave fighting men and sent them away at him behind the city. 15 And Joshua and all Israel
night. 4 And he commanded them, saying, Look, acted as if they were beaten before them, and ran
you are to lie in wait against the city, behind the away on the wilderness road. 16 And all the people
city. Do not go very far from the city, and all of you who were in Ai were called together to pursue
be ready. 5 And I, and all the people who are with them, and pursuing Joshua they were drawn away
me, will approach the city. And it will come about from the city. 17 And there was not a man left in Ai
that, when they come out against us, as at the or Bethel, who did not go out after Israel. And
first, we will run away from them 6 (For they will they left the city open and pursued Israel.
come out after us) until we have drawn them away 18 And the LORD said to Joshua, Stretch out
from the city. For they will say, They are running the spear that is in your hand toward Ai, for I will
away from us, as at the first. So we will run away give it into your hands. And Joshua stretched out
from them. 7 Then you must rise up from the the spear that he had in his hand toward the city.
ambush, and capture the city; for the LORD your 19 And the ambush got up quickly out of their place,
God will deliver it into your hands. 8 And when you and as soon as he stretched out his hand they ran,
have taken the city, it is to be like this: set the city entered the city, and took it, and hurriedly set the
on fire. You must act in accordance with the com- city on fire.
mand of the LORD. See, I have commanded you. 20 And when the men of Ai turned and looked
9 So Joshua sent them away; and they went to behind them, they saw the smoke of the city rising
lie in ambush and stayed between Bethel and Ai, up to the sky, and they were powerless to flee this
on the west side of Ai. But Joshua stayed that way or that. And the people who had run toward
night among the people. the wilderness turned back on their pursuers.
10 And Joshua rose up early in the morning and 21 And when Joshua and all Israel saw that the
quiet about it. 8:2 If Achan had waited, he would have
Stoned him stoning was the penalty received his part in this plunder. God gives
for breaking Gods law (Lev 20:2; 24:23; us what He wants us to have in His own
Num 15:36). time (Matt 6:33) if we trust and obey
7:26 If we repent and accept His judgment Him.
upon our sins, God will turn from His anger 8:5 Run away 7:4,5.
(Num 25:4; Deut 13:17; etc). 8:8 Deut 20:16-18.
Achor the Hebrew word means 8:12 There were apparently two ambushes,
trouble or disaster. From there Israel the one mentioned in vs 3,4 which was
went on to victory at Ai and everywhere else. behind the city, and the one mentioned
One defeat did not mean the war for Canaan here between Bethel and Ai, possibly to
was lost. So now a defeat in the Christian deal with any attack that might come from
life does not mean that we cannot be Bethel. Ai and Bethel were very close
overcomers and win the victory. together (12:9). There is no independent
8:1 Afraid or dismayed 7:6-9. Sin, account of the conquest of Bethel, though
defeat, and judgment would naturally bring the city was overcome in the taking of
fear and discouragement. Canaan (12:16). It appears from v 17 that
All the warriors compare 7:3. God Bethel was an ally of Ai in this battle.
wanted the whole army to see the victory 8:14 The plain here means the Jordan
He would give at Ai, and so get back their valley.
courage and faith in His working. 8:18 8:26; Ex 17:11-12; Ps 44:3.
275 JOSHUA 9:8
ambush had taken the city, and that the smoke of and their elders and officers and their judges stood
the city was rising up, they turned back and killed on both this side and that side of the ark before
the men of Ai. 22 And the other men came out of the priests the Levites, the carriers of the ark of
the city against them, so they were in the middle of the covenant of the LORD, also the foreigners,
Israel, some on this side, and some on that. And just as those who had been born among them. Half
they struck them down, not letting any of them of them stood in front of Mount Gerizim, and half
remain or escape. 23 But they took the king of Ai of them in front of Mount Ebal, just as Moses the
alive and brought him to Joshua. servant of the LORD had previously commanded,
24 And when Israel had finished killing all the so that they might bless the people of Israel.
inhabitants of Ai in the field in the wilderness where 34 And afterwards Joshua read all the words
they had chased them, and when they had all fallen of the law, the blessings and curses, just as every-
by the edge of the sword until they were destroyed, thing was written in the book of the law. 35 There
it came about that all the Israelites returned to Ai was not a word of all that Moses commanded which
and struck it with the edge of the sword. 25 And so Joshua did not read before all the congregation of
it was that all who fell that day, both men and Israel with the women and the little ones and the
women, were twelve thousand. All the men of Ai foreigners who were living among them.
fell. 26 For Joshua did not draw back his hand with
which he had stretched out the spear, until he had
utterly destroyed all the inhabitants of Ai. 27 Only
the livestock and the plunder of that city Israel
9 Then it came about when all the kings who
were on this side of the Jordan, in the hills
and in the valleys and on all the coasts of the Great
took as a prey for themselves, according to the Sea toward Lebanon, the Hittite, and the Amorite,
word of the LORD which he commanded Joshua. the Canaanite, the Perizzite, the Hivite and the
28 And Joshua burned Ai and made it a heap Jebusite heard about this, 2 that they gathered
forever, a desolation to this day. 29 And he hanged together with one accord to fight with Joshua and
the king of Ai on a tree until evening, but as soon with Israel.
as the sun had set, Joshua commanded them to 3 And when the inhabitants of Gibeon heard
take his carcass down from the tree and throw it what Joshua had done to Jericho and to Ai, 4 they
down at the entrance of the gate of the city, and acted cleverly and went and behaved as if they
pile on it a great heap of stones. It remains to this were ambassadors and took old sacks on their
day. donkeys, and old, torn and patched wineskins,
30 Then Joshua built an altar to the LORD God 5 and put old mended sandals on their feet and
of Israel in Mount Ebal, 31 just as Moses the wore old clothes. And all the bread they took for
servant of the LORD commanded the children of their provisions was dry and mouldy. 6 And they
Israel (as it is written in the book of the law of went to Joshua to the camp at Gilgal, and said to
Moses), an altar of uncut stones, on which no one him and the men of Israel, We have come from a
had used any iron tool. And on it they offered far country; so now make a treaty with us.
burnt offerings to the LORD, and sacrificed peace 7 And the men of Israel said to those Hivites,
offerings. 32 And there on the stones Joshua Perhaps you are living among us, and so how shall
wrote a copy of the law of Moses. He wrote it in the we make a treaty with you?
presence of the children of Israel. 33 And all Israel 8 And they said to Joshua, We are your
8:29 Deut 21:22-23. important it was that the people of God
8:30-35 Deut 11:26-30; 27:1-8,14-26; (including the children) hear and understand
chapter 29. Here Israel renews their the Word of God. Compare Deut 6:6-9.
covenant with God. They acknowledge that Foreigners people, such as Rahab,
He is their God, they are His people. who had joined themselves to Israel.
8:30 Mount Ebal the fortified town of 9:1 Kings these kings were kings merely
Shechem lay at the foot of this mount. There of cities with their surrounding villages, not
is no record that Israel conquered it. of any very large areas.
Perhaps the town surrendered without a fight. The great sea the Mediterranean.
Or its inhabitants may have shut them- 9:3 Gibeon in those days an important
selves up inside the town from fear city (10:2) situated about 13 kilometers
(compare 6:1; 5:1; 2:11). northwest of Jerusalem.
8:31 Ex 20:25. Peace offerings Lev 3:1. 9:4-6 They were sure they faced certain
8:32-35 At the beginning of their life in defeat at the hands of Israel and sought a
Canaan the people were called to renew their way to preserve themselves (v 24).
acceptance of Gods covenant. God wanted 9:7 Treaty God had forbidden Israel to
them to know clearly their responsibilities make such agreements with people in
and privileges. Canaan. See Ex 23:31-33.
Joshua read all he knew how very 9:8 S e r v a n t s i n d i c a t e s c o m p l e t e
JOSHUA 9:9 276
servants. And Joshua said to them, Who are 19 But all the leaders said to the whole congre-
you? And where do you come from? gation, We have sworn to them by the LORD God
9 And they said to him, Your servants have of Israel; so now we must not touch them. 20 This
come from a very distant country, because of the is what we will do to them: we will let them live so
name of the LORD your God; for we have heard of that wrath does not come on us, because of the
his fame, and all that he did in Egypt, 10 and all oath which we swore to them. 21 And the leaders
that he did to the two kings of the Amorites who said to them, Let them live, but let them be
were beyond the Jordan, to Sihon king of Heshbon woodcutters and drawers of water for the whole
and to Og king of Bashan, who was at Ashtaroth. congregation. They did as the leaders told them.
11 Therefore our elders and all the inhabitants of 22 And Joshua called for them and spoke to
our country spoke to us, saying, Take provisions them, saying, Why have you deceived us, saying,
with you for the journey and go to meet them, and We live very far from you, when you were living
say to them, We are your servants. Therefore among us? 23 Therefore now you are accursed,
now make a treaty with us. 12 This is our bread and none of you will be freed from being slaves and
which we brought for our provisions hot from our woodcutters and drawers of water for the house
houses on the day we set out to come to you. But of my God.
now, look, it is dry and mouldy. 13 And these 24 And they answered Joshua and said, Be-
wineskins were new when we filled them, and, cause your servants were plainly told that the LORD
look, they are torn. And these clothes and sandals your God commanded his servant Moses to give
of ours have worn out because of the very long you all the land and to destroy all the inhabitants of
journey. the land from before you. Therefore we had great
14 And the men of Israel took some of their fear for our lives because of you, and have done
provisions, and did not ask counsel from the mouth this thing. 25 And now, see, we are in your hands.
of the LORD. 15 And Joshua made peace with them Do to us what seems good and right to you to do.
and made a treaty with them to let them live. And 26 And so he did to them and delivered them
the leaders of the congregation swore to them. from the hands of the children of Israel, so that
16 And it so happened that at the end of three they did not kill them. 27 And that day Joshua
days after they had made a treaty with them, they made them woodcutters and drawers of water for
heard that they were their neighbours and that the congregation and for the altar of the LORD, to
they lived among them. 17 And the children of this very day, in the place which he chose.
Israel set out and came to their cities on the third
day. Now their cities were Gibeon and Chephirah
and Beeroth and Kirjath-Jearim. 18 And the chil-
dren of Israel did not attack them, because the
10 Now it came about when Adonizedek king
of Jerusalem heard how Joshua had taken
Ai and had utterly destroyed it (he had done to Ai
leaders of the congregation had sworn to them by and its king just as he had done to Jericho and its
the LORD of Israel. And all the congregation king), and how the inhabitants of Gibeon had made
grumbled against the leaders. peace with Israel and were among them, 2 that
submission. be an essential part of the believers life
9:9 We have heard 2:9,10; 5:1. and witness in an untruthful world Ps 15:2;
9:14,15 The defeat at Ai had taught Israel 51:6; Phil 2:15.
the need to obey God, but they still had not Grumbled the people, possibly with
learned the need for Gods guidance at their eyes on the possessions they might
every step. Joshua was an experienced man gain by attacking Gibeon and its allies,
and a spiritual one, but he made the error resisted the decision of their leaders to keep
of using his own judgment and trusting in their promises. They should have known
outward appearances. Every believer should that Gods standards cannot be set aside
learn to live under the constant guidance of simply because obedience is inconvenient
God. If we do not seek Gods guidance about or costs something.
our activities we are certain to make many 9:23 Accursed lying and deception will
mistakes. always have unhappy consequences.
9:16 When men use their own judgment Drawers of water these Canaanites
without reference to God, they should not became a partial fulfilment of Gen 9:25,26.
be surprised if men deceive them. Later on the tabernacle was at Gibeon for a
9:18,19 A promise once made must be time (2 Chron 1:3,5). This curse that made
honored (Ps 15:4; Eccl 5:4,5; Matt 5:37; them menial laborers, without freedom to
Jam 5:12). The Israelites had been become anything else, perhaps became a
deceived, but this was no reason for them means of blessing to many of these
to break their word. When someone else Gibeonites, for their service was for the
does wrong, that does not give us also the house of God. And it is Gods way to turn
right to do wrong. Speaking the truth must curses into blessings when He sees faith in
277 JOSHUA 10:23
they were very afraid, because Gibeon was a great 12 Then Joshua spoke to the LORD on the day
city, like one of the royal cities, and because it was that the LORD delivered up the Amorites to the
greater than Ai and all its men were mighty. children of Israel, and he said in the sight of Israel,
3 Therefore Adonizedek king of Jerusalem sent word Sun, stand still on Gibeon, and you, moon, in
to Hoham king of Hebron and to Piram king of the valley of Ajalon!
Jarmuth and to Japhia king of Lachish and to Debir 13 And the sun stood still and the moon stopped
king of Eglon, saying, 4 Come up to me, and help until the people had taken vengeance on their
me, so that we may attack Gibeon, for it has made enemies. Is this not written in the book of Jasher?
peace with Joshua and with the children of Israel. So the sun stood still in the middle of the sky and
5 Therefore the five kings of the Amorites, the did not hurry to set for about a whole day. 14 And
king of Jerusalem, the king of Hebron, the king of there was no day like that before it or after it, a
Jarmuth, the king of Lachish, the king of Eglon, day when the LORD listened to the voice of a man;
gathered together and went up, they and all their for the LORD fought for Israel.
armies, and camped in front of Gibeon and made 15 And Joshua returned to the camp at Gilgal,
war against it. and all Israel went with him.
6 And the men of Gibeon sent to Joshua to the 16 But those five kings fled and hid themselves
camp at Gilgal, saying, Do not forsake your in a cave at Makkedah. 17 And someone told
servants. Come up to us quickly and save us and Joshua, saying, The five kings have been found
help us, for all the kings of the Amorites who live in hidden in a cave at Makkedah. 18 And Joshua
the mountains have gathered against us. said, Roll large stones over the mouth of the cave
7 So Joshua went up from Gilgal, he, and all the and place men by it to guard them. 19 And do not
people of war with him and all the brave fighting stay there, but pursue your enemies and attack
men. 8 And the LORD said to Joshua, Do not be those in the rear. Dont let them enter their cities;
afraid of them, for I have delivered them into your for the LORD your God has delivered them into
hand. Not a man of them will stand before you. your hands.
9 Therefore Joshua came on them suddenly, 20 And it came about, when Joshua and the
going up from Gilgal all night. 10 And the LORD children of Israel had finished striking them down
threw them into confusion before Israel and struck with a very great slaughter until they were
them down with a great slaughter at Gibeon, and destroyed, that those of them who remained
chased them along the road that goes up to Beth- entered fenced cities. 21 And all the people
Horon and struck them down as far as Azekah, and returned to the camp to Joshua at Makkedah in
Makkedah. 11 And it happened as they fled from peace; no one moved his tongue against any of
before Israel, and were in the descent to Beth the children of Israel.
Horon, that the LORD hurled great stones down 22 Then Joshua said, Open the mouth of the
from heaven on them as far as Azekah; and many cave and bring those five kings out of the cave to
died. More died from the hailstones than those me. 23 And they did so, bringing those five kings
whom the children of Israel killed with the sword. out of the cave to him, the king of Jerusalem, the
the human heart. Compare Gen 50:20. many days when God heard the prayers of
10:3,4 Here are five of the most important His servants and did miraculous things, but
cities of southern Canaan at that time. none like this day. We do not know what
10:6,7 Joshua had made a pact with the changes occurred in the rotation of the earth
Gibeonites, so he thought it was right to or moon, or whether the entire solar
honor it and defend them. system was affected in some way. But the
10:8 1:5; 21:44. God used confusion (v 10), author of these notes is sure that on that
hailstones (v 11), and a mighty miracle exceptional day, from the point of view of
(v 13) to defeat these armies. the earth, the sun and moon seemed to
10:9 Gilgal was about 30 kilometers east of stand still in the sky for several hours.
Gibeon and the terrain was hill country. If God arises to fight for His people He
10:10 Makkedah towns in the foothills may use any of what are called the forces
west of Gibeon. of nature He chooses, and it would be no
10:11 God sometimes used natural things more difficult for Him to make a tempo-
in a supernatural way. Compare Ex 14:21; rary change in the whole solar system than
1 Sam 7:10; Josh 24:12. to cause hailstones to fall from the sky.
10:12 Joshua was inspired to offer this Compare Ex 14:21; Ps 18:6-15; Acts
unique and wonderful prayer. And he prayed 16:25,26.
it publicly. Taken vengeance on (v 13) or it could
10:13,14 The book of Jasher has been lost be translated triumphed over.
and we do not know what else it contained. 10:15 Verse 43. Verses 16-42 give a
This miracle recorded in it was unparalleled further description of events that took place
in the history of man. There have been before Joshua returned to Gilgal.
JOSHUA 10:24 278
king of Hebron, the king of Jarmuth, the king of 34 And from Lachish Joshua, and all Israel with
Lachish, and the king of Eglon. 24 And it hap- him, went on to Eglon and camped against it and
pened, when they brought out those kings to fought against it. 35 And they took it on that day
Joshua, that Joshua called for all the men of Israel and struck it with the edge of the sword and that
and said to the captains of the warriors who went day utterly destroyed every soul who was in it,
with him, Come near. Put your feet on the necks just as he had done everything to Lachish.
of these kings. And they came near and put their 36 And Joshua, and all Israel with him, went up
feet on their necks. from Eglon to Hebron and fought against it, 37 and
25 And Joshua said to them, Do not be afraid took it and with the edge of the sword struck it and
or be dismayed. Be strong and courageous, for the its king and all its cities and every soul that was in
LORD will do like this to all your enemies that you it. He did not leave anyone remaining, just as he
fight against. 26 And afterwards Joshua struck had done everything to Eglon. He utterly destroyed
them down and killed them, and hung them on five it and every soul who was in it.
trees. And they were hanging on the trees until 38 And Joshua, and all Israel with him, returned
evening. 27 And it happened at the time of sunset to Debir and fought against it. 39 And he took it
that Joshua gave a command, and they took them and its king and all its cities. And they struck them
down from the trees and threw them into the cave with the edge of the sword and utterly destroyed
where they had hidden and laid large stones at the every soul who was in it. He did not leave anyone.
caves mouth, which remain until this very day. He did to Debir and to its king just as he had done
28 And that day Joshua took Makkedah and to Hebron, and just as he had done to Libnah and
struck it with the edge of the sword and utterly to its king.
destroyed its king and every soul who was in it. He 40 So Joshua attacked the whole hill country
did not allow anyone to remain. He did to the king and the land of the south and of the valley and of
of Makkedah just as he had done to the king of the springs, and all their kings. He did not leave
Jericho. anyone, but utterly destroyed all who breathed,
29 Then Joshua, and all Israel with him, went just as the LORD God of Israel commanded. 41 And
on to Libnah and fought against Libnah. 30 And Joshua struck them from Kadesh-Barnea to Gaza,
the LORD delivered it also and its king into the and all the country of Goshen to Gibeon. 42 And
hands of Israel. And he struck it with the edge of Joshua captured all these kings and their land at
the sword and every soul who was in it. He did not the same time, because the LORD God of Israel
allow anyone to remain in it, but did to its king just fought for Israel.
as he had done to the king of Jericho. 43 And Joshua, and all Israel with him, returned
31 And Joshua, and all Israel with him, went on to the camp at Gilgal.
from Libnah to Lachish and camped against it and
fought against it. 32 And the LORD delivered Lachish
into the hands of Israel. They took it on the sec-
ond day and struck it with the edge of the sword
11 And it happened when Jabin king of Hazor
heard these things, that he sent to Jobab
king of Madon and to the king of Shimron and to the
and every soul who was in it, just as he had done king of Achshaph 2 and to the kings who were in
everything to Libnah. 33 Then Horam king of Gezer the northern mountains and in the plains south of
came up to help Lachish; and Joshua struck him Kinneroth and in the valley and in the regions of
and his people down until he left no one left to him. Dor on the west 3 and to the Canaanite in the east
10:24 Put your feet on signifying Israels 10:42 Because we are reminded again
complete victory. that Israels victories were not the result of
10:25 1:9; 8:1. their skill in warfare, but because of Gods
10:26,27 Deut 21:22-23. presence with them, fighting for them. This
10:28-40 In these verses the words utterly is a key verse in Joshua. The person seen
destroyed and did not leave anyone in 5:13-15 was with them all the way as
appear again and again. In this Israel was commander of their army. See also v 14;
obeying Gods clear command (Deut 7:2,16; 23:10; Ex 14:14; Ps 136:24.
20:16-18). The time to judge and destroy 11:1 This chapter brings us to the final
godless, hardened, unrepentant peoples had section of Joshuas campaign. It records how
come. See Gen 6:7; 15:16; Lev 18:24; the northern regions of the promised land
Rev 16:1-7. were conquered. Hazor was the largest and
10:40,41 This concluded the campaign to best fortified of all the cities in Canaan. It
conquer the southern portion of the land of was located about 15 kilometers north of
Canaan. The Goshen in v 41 was a place in the sea of Galilee. Today there remains only
the southeast part of the desert region of ruins (v 11).
Canaan, not the Goshen in the land of Egypt 11:2-5 Jabin collected a mighty army from
seen in Gen 45:10 and 47:1. his own people and from his numerous
279 JOSHUA 12:1
and in the west and to the Amorite and the Hittite livestock, as prey for themselves; but they struck
and the Perizzite and the Jebusite in the mountains down every man with the edge of the sword until
and to the Hivite below Hermon in the land of they had destroyed them, not leaving anyone
Mizpeh. 4 And they went out, they and all their breathing. 15 Moses commanded Joshua just as
armies with them, a people as many as the sand on the LORD commanded his servant Moses, and
the seashore in number, with a great many horses Joshua did accordingly. He left nothing undone of
and chariots. 5 And all these kings assembled and all that the LORD commanded Moses. 16 So Joshua
came and camped together at the waters of Merom took all that land, the hills and all the south country
to fight against Israel. and all the land of Goshen and the valley and the
6 And the LORD said to Joshua, Do not be plain and the hill country of Israel and its lowland,
afraid because of them, for about this time 17 from Mount Halak that rises toward Seir to Baal
tomorrow I will deliver them up before Israel, all Gad in the valley of Lebanon below Mount Hermon.
killed. You shall hamstring their horses and burn And he captured all their kings, struck them down
their chariots with fire. and killed them. 18 For a long time Joshua waged
7 So Joshua, and all the warriors with him, war with all those kings. 19 There was not a city
suddenly came against them at the waters of that made peace with the children of Israel, except
Merom and attacked them. 8 And the LORD deliv- the Hivites who lived in Gibeon; all the others they
ered them into Israels hands, who struck them and captured in battle. 20 For it was the LORDs
chased them to great Sidon, and to Misrephoth purpose to harden their hearts, so that they would
Maim and to the valley of Mizpeh on the east, and come against Israel in battle, that Joshua might
struck them down until they had no survivor left. utterly destroy them; that they might receive no
9 And Joshua did to them just as the LORD had mercy, but that he might destroy them, as the LORD
ordered him; he hamstrung their horses and burned commanded Moses.
their chariots with fire. 21 And at that time Joshua went and cut off the
10 And at that time Joshua turned back and Anakim from the mountains, from Hebron, from
took Hazor and struck its king with the sword; for Debir, from Anab, and from all the mountains of
previously Hazor was the head of all those Judah and from all the mountains of Israel. Joshua
kingdoms. 11 And with the edge of the sword they utterly destroyed them with their cities. 22 None
struck down every soul in it, utterly destroying them. of the Anakim was left in the land of the children of
There was no one left breathing. And he burned Israel; they remained only in Gaza, in Gath, and in
Hazor with fire. Ashdod. 23 So Joshua took the whole land, in
12 And Joshua captured all the cities of those accordance with all that the LORD said to Moses.
kings and all their kings, and struck them with the And Joshua gave it as an inheritance to Israel
edge of the sword and utterly destroyed them, according to their divisions by their tribes. And the
just as Moses the LORDs servant commanded. land rested from war.
13 But as for the cities standing on their mounds,
Israel did not burn any of them, except Hazor.
Joshua did burn that. 14 And the children of Israel
took all the plunder of these cities, and the
12 Now these are the kings of the land whom
the children of Israel struck down and took
possession of their land on the other side Jordan
allies from all over the northern area of enemies will not be over in a day.
Canaan. Their horses and chariots should 11:20 Harden see note on Ex 4:21.
have given them military advantage. But Might utterly destroy them note at
God fought for Israel. Merom was (prob- 10:28-40.
ably) about thirteen kilometers northwest 11:21,22 Anakim the sight of this strong
of the sea of Galilee. Kinnereth is another and tall people had brought fear to the
name for Galilee. hearts of the spies who searched the land
11:6 Hamstring this means cutting the in the days of Moses (Num 13:33). Later
great tendon at the back of the leg near Moses spoke of them (Deut 9:2). Here
the foot. The animals could not be used special mention is made of the victory over
again. The Canaanites trusted in horses and them. No foe is too strong for the Lord (Rom
chariots; Israel trusted in God. Compare 8:31; Eph 6:10; 1 John 4:4; 5:4).
1 Chron 5:20; Ps 20:7. 11:23 Verse 15; Deut 12:10; Num 34:2.
11:8 The Lord once again gained the victory For believers now there are times of rest
for them. before the final rest (Heb 4:9,11). And a
11:11,12 10:28-40. greater than Joshua leads us there. The Lord
11:15 It was this obedience that was so Jesus has fought and won our inheritance
important in conquering the land of for us and enables us to enter into it and
promise (1:7,8). gives to each his portion.
11:18 A long time several years (14:10). 12:1-6 A list of the kings defeated by Moses
The believers fight now against spiritual on the west side of Jordan (Num 21:21-35;
JOSHUA 12:2 280
toward the sunrise, from the Arnon river to Mount king of Hazor, one; 20 the king of Shimron Meron,
Hermon and all the eastern plain: one; the king of Achshaph, one; 21 the king of
2 Sihon king of the Amorites, who lived in Taanach, one; the king of Megiddo, one; 22 the
Heshbon and ruled from Aroer, which is on the king of Kedesh, one; the king of Jokneam of Carmel,
bank of the Arnon river, and from the middle of the one; 23 the king of Dor in the region of Dor, one;
river and from half Gilead to the river Jabbok, which the king of the nations of Gilgal, one; 24 the king of
is the border of the children of Ammon, 3 and from Tirzah, one; thirty-one kings in all.
the plain to the sea of Kinneroth on the east, and
to the Sea of the Plain, the Salt Sea, on the east,
the way to Beth Jeshimoth; and from the south,
under Ashdoth-Pisgah; 4 and the territory of Og
13 Now Joshua was old and advanced in
years; and the LORD said to him, You are
old and advanced in years, and there still remains
king of Bashan, who was one of the survivors of very much land to be possessed.
the giants, who lived at Ashtaroth and at Edrei, 2 This is the land that still remains: all the areas
5 and reigned in Mount Hermon and in Salcah and in of the Philistines, and all Geshuri, 3 from Sihor,
all Bashan to the border of the Geshurites and the which is east of Egypt, to the borders of Ekron on
Maachathites, and half Gilead, the border of Sihon the north, which is counted as Canaanite terri-
king of Heshbon. tory; five lords of the Philistines; the Gazaites and
6 Moses the servant of the LORD and the the Ashdodites, the Ashkalonites, the Gittites and
children of Israel struck them down, and Moses the the Ekronites; also the Avites; 4 from the south,
servant of the LORD gave it as a possession to the all the land of the Canaanites, and Mearah which is
Reubenites and the Gadites and the half tribe of controlled by the Sidonians, to Aphek, to the bor-
Manasseh. ders of the Amorites; 5 and the land of the Giblites,
7 And these are the kings of the country which and all Lebanon, toward the sunrise, from Baal Gad
Joshua and the children of Israel struck down on below Mount Hermon to the entrance to Hamath.
this, the western, side of the Jordan, from Baal 6 As for all the inhabitants of the hill country
Gad in the valley of Lebanon to Mount Halak that from Lebanon to Misrephoth-Maim, and all the
rises to Seir, which Joshua gave to the tribes of Sidonians, I will drive them out from before the
Israel as a possession according to their divisions, children of Israel. Only divide it by lot to the Isra-
8 in the mountains and in the valleys and in the elites as an inheritance, as I have commanded you.
plains and in the slopes and in the desert and in the 7 Now therefore divide this land as an inheritance
south country, among the Hittites, the Amorites to the nine tribes, and the half tribe of Manasseh.
and the Canaanites, the Perizzites, the Hivites and 8 With Manassehs other half, the Reubenites
the Jebusites: and the Gadites have received their inheritance,
9 The king of Jericho, one; the king of Ai, which which Moses gave them beyond Jordan eastward.
is next to Bethel, one; 10 the king of Jerusalem, Moses, the LORDs servant, gave them 9 from
one; the king of Hebron, one; 11 the king of Aroer, that is on the bank of the Arnon river, and
Jarmuth, one; the king of Lachish, one; 12 the king the city that is in the middle of the river valley and
of Eglon, one; the king of Gezer, one; 13 the king all the plain of Medeba to Dibon, 10 and all the
of Debir, one; the king of Geder, one; 14 the king cities of Sihon king of the Amorites, who reigned in
of Hormah, one; the king of Arad, one; 15 the king Heshbon, to the border of the children of Ammon,
of Libnah, one; the king of Adullam, one; 16 the 11 and Gilead and the territory of the Geshurites
king of Makkedah, one; the king of Bethel, one; and Maachathites and all Mount Hermon and all
17 the king of Tappuah, one; the king of Hepher, Bashan as far as Salcah, 12 all the kingdom of Og
one; 18 the king of Aphek, one; the king of in Bashan, who reigned in Ashtaroth and in Edrei,
Lasharon, one; 19 the king of Madon, one; the who remained from the survivors of the giants.
2:24-33; 3:8-17). claimed for himself there is still a very great
Kinnereth (v 3) Galilee. deal to be claimed and enjoyed. We should
Sea of the Plain the Dead Sea. never think we have attained everything
12:6 Num 32:29-33. attainable (Phil 3:12).
12:7-24 A list of the kings defeated by 13:6,7 Joshua was to divide the land in
Joshua on the west side of Jordan. anticipation of final victory. Each tribe, each
12:7 See 11:17. individual was responsible to enter into the
13:1 Joshua was old probably over 90. allotted inheritance. How much of our spiri-
Very much land to be possessed tual inheritance in Christ have we entered
mostly areas along the coast of the Medi- into? Oh, what riches of glory are in Him,
terranean Sea and in the far north of the what spiritual fields and flowing valleys and
land. As regards the believers inheritance high mountain peaks! Eph 1:3.
in Christ, no matter how much he has 13:8-12 Num 21:33-35; 32:31-33.
281 JOSHUA 14:8
For Moses attacked these and drove them out. their families, the cities and their villages.
13 However the children of Israel did not drive out 29 And Moses gave an inheritance to the half
the Geshurites or the Maachathites; and the tribe of Manasseh. And this was the possession
Geshurites and the Maachathites live among the of the half tribe of the children of Manasseh by
Israelites to this day. their families: 30 their territory was from Mahanaim,
14 Only he did not give an inheritance to the all Bashan, all the kingdom of Og king of Bashan,
tribe of Levi. Their inheritance is the sacrifices by and all the towns of Jair, which are in Bashan, sixty
fire to the LORD God of Israel, just as he said to cities; 31 and half Gilead, and Ashtaroth and Edrei,
them. cities of the kingdom of Og in Bashan, were for the
15 And Moses gave to the tribe of the children children of Machir the son of Manasseh, for half of
of Reuben an inheritance according to their the children of Machir by their families.
families. 16 And their boundary was from Aroer, 32 These are the regions which Moses allotted
that is on the bank of the Arnon river, and the city as an inheritance on the plains of Moab, on the
that is in the middle of the river valley and all the other side of the Jordan, opposite Jericho, east-
plain at Medeba; 17 Heshbon and all its towns in ward. 33 But Moses did not give any inheritance
the plain; Dibon and Bamoth Baal and Beth Baal to the tribe of Levi. The LORD God of Israel was
Meon 18 and Jahaza and Kedemoth and Mephaath their inheritance, as he said to them.
19 and Kirjathaim and Sibmah and Zareth Shahar
14
on the hill in the valley 20 and Beth Peor and And these are the regions which the
Ashdoth Pisgah and Beth Jeshimoth 21 and all the children of Israel inherited in the land of
cities of the plain and all the kingdom of Sihon king Canaan, which Eleazar the priest and Joshua the
of the Amorites, who reigned in Heshbon, whom son of Nun and the heads of the tribes of the
Moses struck down with the princes of Midian, Evi, fathers of the children of Israel allotted as an
Rekem, Zur, Hur, and Reba, who were princes with inheritance to them. 2 Their inheritance (for the
Sihon, living in the country. nine tribes and for the half tribe) was by lot, just as
22 Among those whom the children of Israel the LORD commanded through Moses. 3 For Moses
slaughtered with the sword they also killed Balaam had given the inheritance of two and a half tribes
the son of Beor, who practiced divination. on the other side of the Jordan. But he did not give
23 And the border of the children of Reuben any inheritance among them to the Levites. 4 For
was the Jordan and its border. This was the the children of Joseph were two tribes, Manasseh
inheritance of the children of Reuben according to and Ephraim; so they gave no portion in the land
their families, the cities and their villages. to the Levites, except cities to live in, with their
24 And Moses gave an inheritance to the tribe pasture lands for their livestock and for their prop-
of Gad, to the children of Gad according to their erty. 5 The children of Israel did just as the LORD
families. 25 And their territory was Jazer and all commanded Moses, and they allotted the land.
the cities of Gilead and half the land of the 6 Then the children of Judah came to Joshua in
children of Ammon to Aroer that is before Rabbah, Gilgal, and Caleb the son of Jephunneh the Kenezite
26 and from Heshbon to Ramath-Mizpeh and said to him, You know the word that the LORD
Betonim, and from Mahanaim to the border of spoke to Moses the man of God concerning me and
Debir; 27 and in the valley, Beth-Aram and you in Kadesh-Barnea. 7 I was forty years old
Beth-Nimrah and Succoth and Zaphon, the rest of when the LORDs servant Moses sent me from
the kingdom of Sihon king of Heshbon, Jordan and Kadesh-Barnea to spy out the land; and I brought
its border, to the shore of the Sea of Kinnereth on him back word just as it was in my heart. 8 Never-
the other side of the Jordan, eastward. 28 This is theless my brothers who went up with me caused
the inheritance of the children of Gad according to the heart of the people to melt, but I fully followed
13:13 The land as a whole was conquered, It was never a matter of personal choice.
but the individual tribes failed to drive all of Now too God gives to each believer what He,
their enemies out of their territories. See in His wisdom, sees he should have in the
Judges 1:19-36, and see the result in matter of spiritual gifts as he serves in the
Judges 2:1-3. heavenly places (Rom 12:6; 1 Cor 12:4-
13:14 Verse 33; Deut 10:9; 18:1-2. Note 11). And God determines our place in
at Num 18:8-32. Christs Body, the Church (1 Cor 12:14-26).
13:22 Balaam Num 22:5; 31:8. 14:3,4 Levites 13:14.
13:27 Kinnereth Galilee. Ephraim Gen 48:5.
14:1 Num 34:16-19. 14:6 Num 14:6-9,24,30; 32:11,12. This
14:2 Num 26:55,56; Prov 16:33. In this took place 38 years before but it was still
way God Himself was the one who allotted fresh in the mind of the 85-year-old Caleb.
an inheritance to each tribe, to each family. 14:7-8 Num 13:31-32.
JOSHUA 14:9 282
the LORD my God. 9 And that day Moses gave an of Bohan the son of Reuben; 7 and the border
oath, saying, Surely the land on which your feet went on up to Debir from the valley of Achor, and
have walked will be your inheritance, and your so northward, facing Gilgal, that is before the as-
childrens, forever, because you have fully followed cent to Adummim, which is on the south side of the
the LORD my God. river; and the border continued to the waters of
10 And now, see, the LORD has kept me alive, En-Shemesh, and its end was at En-Rogel. 8 And
just as he said, these forty-five years, ever since the border proceeded by the valley of the son of
the LORD spoke this word to Moses, while the Hinnom to the south side of the Jebusite (this is
children of Israel wandered in the desert. And Jerusalem); and the border went up to the top of
now, look, today I am eighty-five years old. 11 Yet the mountain that rises before the valley of Hinnom
I am as strong today as I was on the day that on the west, which is at the end of the Valley of the
Moses sent me. My strength now is the same as Giants on the north. 9 And the border was drawn
my strength was then, for war and to go out and from the top of the hill to the spring of the water of
come in. 12 Now therefore give me this mountain Nephtoah, and went on to the cities of Mount
of which the LORD spoke in that day; for you heard Ephron, and the border was drawn to Baalah, which
in that day how the Anakim were there, and that is Kirjath-Jearim. 10 And the border turned around
the cities were large and fortified. If the LORD will from Baalah on the west to Mount Seir and passed
be with me, then I will be able to drive them out, along to the side of mount Jearim, which is Kesalon,
just as the LORD said. on the north, and went down to Beth-Shemesh
13 And Joshua blessed him and gave Hebron to and continued on to Timnah. 11 And the border
Caleb the son of Jephunneh as an inheritance. went on to the side of Ekron on the north; and the
14 Therefore Hebron became the inheritance of border was drawn to Shicron and continued along
Caleb the son of Jephunneh the Kenezite to this to Mount Baalah and went out to Jabneel. And the
day, because he fully followed the LORD God of end of the border was at the Sea.
Israel. 15 And previously the name of Hebron was 12 And the western border was at the Great
Kirjath-Arba (this Arba was a great man among Sea and its coast. This is the border around the
the Anakim). And the land had rest from war. children of Judah, according to their families.
13 And he gave to Caleb the son of Jephunneh
15 This then was the allotment for the tribe of
the children of Judah by their families: it
reached the border of Edom, on the south the
a portion among the children of Judah, according
to the commandment of the LORD to Joshua, the
city of Arba the father of Anak, which city is Hebron.
desert of Zin at the farthest southern point. 2 And 14 And Caleb drove away from there the three
their southern border was from the shore of the sons of Anak, Sheshai, Ahiman, and Talmai, the
Salt Sea, from the bay that faces south. 3 Then it children of Anak. 15 And he went up from there to
went on south to Maaleh-Akrabbim and passed the inhabitants of Debir (previously the name of
along to Zin and rose on the south side to Kadesh- Debir was Kirjath-Sepher).
Barnea and passed along to Hezron and went up to 16 And Caleb said, I will give my daughter
Adar and turned about to Karka. 4 From there it Achsah in marriage to the one who attacks Kirjath-
went to Azmon and continued to the river of Egypt; Sepher and captures it. 17 And Othniel the son of
and the border ended at the sea. This will be your Kenaz, the brother of Caleb, captured it; and he
southern border. gave him his daughter Achsah in marriage. 18 And
5 And the eastern border was the Salt Sea, up it came about when she came to him, that she
to the end of the Jordan. And their northern persuaded him to ask a field from her father. And
border was from the bay of the sea at the extreme as she descended from her donkey Caleb said to
end of the Jordan. 6 And the border went up to her, What do you wish?
Beth-Hoglah and continued to the north of 19 She answered, Give me a blessing. Since
Beth-Arabah; and the border went up to the stone you have given me a land in the south, give me also
14:9 Deut 1:34-36. See Ps 92:12-15; Isa 40:29-31; 46:4.
14:10 This was 7 years after Israel under 14:13,14 Caleb was the only individual, ex-
Joshua moved into Canaan. cept Joshua (19:49,50), who was permitted
14:11,12 Caleb maintained his spiritual to choose his inheritance. These were the
vitality and faith right into old age. Even then only two left alive of all the generation, aged
he did not look for an easy way, but for more 20 years and over, that came out of Egypt.
opportunities to serve the Lord in difficult 15:2 Salt Sea Dead Sea (also v 5).
places. He is an example to all who are 15:12 Great Sea the Mediterranean.
advanced in years. The Bible has messages 15:13-19 14:12; Jud 1:10-15,20.
for the old, as well as for everyone else. 15:18,19 The south in Hebrew The
283 JOSHUA 16:10
springs of water. And he gave her the upper with their villages; 55 Maon, Carmel and Ziph and
springs and the lower springs. Juttah, 56 and Jezreel and Jokdeam and Zanoah,
20 This is the inheritance of the tribe of the 57 Cain, Gibeah and Timnah; ten cities with their
children of Judah according to their families. villages; 58 Halhul, Beth-Zur and Gedor, 59 and
21 And the most distant cities of the tribe of the Maarath and Beth-Anoth and Eltekon; six cities
children of Judah on the south toward the territory with their villages; 60 Kirjath-Baal, which is
of Edom were Kabzeel and Eder and Jagur 22 and Kirjath-Jearim, and Rabbah; two cities with their
Kinah and Dimonah and Adadah 23 and Kedesh villages; 61 in the wilderness, Beth Arabah, Middin
and Hazor and Ithnan, 24 Ziph and Telem and and Secacah, 62 and Nibshan, and the city of Salt
Bealoth, 25 and Hazor, Hadattah and Kerioth and and Engedi; six cities with their villages.
Hezron, which is Hazor, 26 Amam and Shema and 63 As for the Jebusites, the inhabitants of
Moladah 27 and Hazar-Gaddah and Heshmon and Jerusalem, the children of Judah could not drive
Beth-Palet, 28 and Hazar Shual and Beersheba them out, and the Jebusites live among the
and Bizjothjah, 29 Baalah and Iim and Azem, children of Judah at Jerusalem to this day.
30 and Eltolad and Chesil and Hormah, 31 and
Ziklag and Madmannah and Sansannah, 32 and
Lebaoth and Shilhim and Ain and Rimmon; in all,
twenty-nine cities, with their villages.
16 And the allotment of the children of Joseph
fell from the Jordan at Jericho to the water
of Jericho on the east to the wilderness that
33 And in the lowlands were Eshtaol and Zoreah extends up from Jericho through the hill country of
and Ashmah, 34 and Zanoah and Engannim, Bethel, 2 and continues out from Bethel to Luz,
Tappuah and Enam, 35 Jarmuth and Adullam, Socoh and proceeds along to the borders of Archi to
and Azekah, 36 and Sharaim and Adithaim and Ataroth, 3 and goes down on the west to the bor-
Gederah and Gederothaim; fourteen cities with der of Japhleti to the border of Upper Beth-Horon
their villages; 37 Zenan and Hadashah and and on to Gezer. And its end was at the Sea.
Migdal-Gad, 38 and Dilean and Mizpeh and Joktheel, 4 So the children of Joseph, Manasseh and
39 Lachish and Bozkath and Eglon, 40 and Cabbon Ephraim took their inheritance.
and Lahmam and Kithlish, 41 and Gederoth, Beth- 5 And the border of the children of Ephraim
Dagon and Naamah and Makkedah; sixteen cities according to their families was this : the border of
with their villages; 42 Libnah and Ether and Ashan, their inheritance on the east was Ataroth-Addar,
43 and Jiphtah and Ashnah and Nezib, 44 and to Upper Beth-Horon; 6 and the border went out
Keilah and Achzib and Mareshah; nine cities with toward the sea to Michmethah on the north; and
their villages; 45 Ekron, with her towns and her the border turned about on the east to Taanath-
villages; 46 from Ekron to the sea, all that lay near Shiloh and continued on by it on the east to
Ashdod, with their villages; 47 Ashdod with her Janohah; 7 and it went down from Janohah to
towns and her villages; Gaza with her towns and Ataroth and to Naarath and came to Jericho, and
her villages, to the river of Egypt, and the Great came out at the Jordan. 8 The border went out
Sea and its shoreline; 48 and in the mountains, from Tappuah on the west to the stream of Kanah;
Shamir and Jattir and Socoh, 49 and Dannah and and its end was at the sea. This is the inheritance
Kirjath-Sannah, which is Debir, 50 and Anab and of the tribe of the children of Ephraim by their
Eshtemoh and Anim, 51 and Goshen and Holon families. 9 And the cities set apart for the children
and Giloh; eleven cities with their villages; 52 Arab of Ephraim were among the inheritance of the chil-
and Dumah and Eshean, 53 and Janum and dren of Manasseh, all the cities with their villages.
Beth-Tappuah and Aphekah, 54 and Humtah and 10 And they did not drive out the Canaanites
Kirjath-Arba, which is Hebron, and Zior; nine cities who lived in Gezer, and the Canaanites live among
Negev. This was a dry desert area in the places the reasons will be the same.
south of Canaan. Therefore Achsahs 16:1 The two tribes descended from Joseph
request for springs of water was reasonable. (Manasseh and Ephraim) received as their
15:63 Judges 1:21; 2 Sam 5:6-7. The inheritance some of the finest, most fruitful
efforts of Judah and Benjamin were unsuc- areas in Canaan. See the blessings
cessful in driving out the Jebusites. Other pronounced on them by Jacob in Gen 49:22-
tribes had similar difficulties Jud 1:19-36. 26 and by Moses in Deut 33:13-17. Since
God had assured Joshua that no one would the lot for their inheritance was determined
be able to withstand them if they were by God this suggests that past behavior,
obedient to His law (1:5-8). The weakness or Gods foreknowledge of the future, and the
defeat, not only of Benjamin and Judah, but inspired words of Jacob and Moses concern-
of other tribes also, was the result of partial ing the tribes, had much to do with the
obedience, and feeble faith. If we now fail to inheritance each tribe received.
claim and experience victories in the heavenly 16:10 Another instance of incomplete
JOSHUA 17:1 284
the Ephraimites to this day and serve as forced Asher on the north and in Issachar on the east.
laborers. 11 And Manasseh had in the territories of
Issachar and Asher Beth-Shean and her towns,
17 There was also an allotment for the tribe of
Manasseh, for he was the firstborn of
Joseph; an allotment for Machir the firstborn of
and Ibleam and her towns, and the inhabitants of
Dor and her towns, and the inhabitants of Endor
and her towns, and the inhabitants of Taanach and
Manasseh, the father of Gilead. Because he was a her towns, and the inhabitants of Megiddo and her
warrior, he had Gilead and Bashan. 2 There was towns, three areas.
also an allotment for the rest of the children of 12 But the children of Manasseh could not drive
Manasseh by their families, for the children of out the inhabitants of those cities; for the
Abiezer and for the children of Helek and for the Canaanites were determined to live in that region.
children of Asriel and for the children of Shechem 13 But it happened, when the children of Israel
and for the children of Hepher and for the children became strong, that they put the Canaanites to
of Shemida. These were the male descendants of forced labor, but they did not completely drive them
Manasseh the son of Joseph by their families. out.
3 But Zelophehad, the son of Hepher, the son 14 And the children of Joseph spoke to Joshua,
of Gilead, the son of Machir, the son of Manasseh saying, Why have you given me only one
had no sons, only daughters; and these are the allotment and one portion to inherit, since I am a
names of his daughters: Mahlah and Noah, Hoglah, numerous people? Up to now the LORD has blessed
Milcah and Tirzah. 4 And they approached the me.
presence of Eleazar the priest and Joshua the son 15 And Joshua answered them, If you are a
of Nun and the leaders, saying, The LORD numerous people, then go up to the forest area
commanded Moses to give us an inheritance among and clear land for yourself there in the region of
our brothers. Therefore, in accordance with the the Perizzites and the giants, since the hill country
commandment of the LORD, he gave them an of Ephraim is too cramped for you.
inheritance among the brothers of their father. 16 And the children of Joseph said, The hill
5 And ten portions fell to Manasseh, besides the country is not enough for us, and all the Canaanites
land of Gilead and Bashan, which were on the other who live in the lowlands have iron chariots, both
side of the Jordan, 6 because the daughters of the ones who belong to Beth-Shean and her towns,
Manasseh had an inheritance among his sons, and and the ones who are in the valley of Jezreel.
the rest of Manassehs sons had the land of Gilead. 17 And Joshua spoke to the house of Joseph,
7 And the border of Manasseh was from Asher to Ephraim and to Manasseh, saying, You are a
to Michmethah, which was east of Shechem; and numerous people and have great strength; you
the border went along toward the south to the are not to have just one allotment, 18 for the
inhabitants of En-Tappuah. 8 Now Manasseh had mountain will be yours. It is forest, and you shall
the land of Tappuah, but Tappuah on the border of clear it, and it shall be yours to the end of it. For
Manasseh belonged to the children of Ephraim. you shall drive out the Canaanites, even though
9 And the border descended to the river Kanah, to they have iron chariots and though they are
the south of the river. These cities of Ephraim are strong.
among the cities of Manasseh. The border of
Manasseh also was on the north side of the river,
and it ended at the Sea. 10 On the south it was
Ephraims, and on the north it was Manassehs,
18 And the whole congregation of the chil-
dren of Israel assembled together at Shiloh
and set up the tabernacle of the congregation
and the Sea was their border; and they met in there. And the land was subdued before them.
victory because of disobedience. In this case 17:14 Joseph Manasseh and Ephraim.
it is not written that they could not drive them 17:15-18 They claimed to be a great people
out, only that they did not. They had been in v 14, yet now (v 16) express their fear
commanded not to permit any of the that they would not be able to defeat the
Canaanites to live among them Deut Canaanites. Where was their faith? Joshua
20:16-18. The Canaanites were still in Gezer tells them to act like the great people they
a few centuries later, in king Solomons time profess to be. It was faith in operation that
(1 Kings 19:16). Note at Josh 15:63. would lay hold of all their inheritance, not
17:3-4 Num 27:1-11. In Christ women and their boasting of Gods blessing.
men share equally in the inheritance in 18:1 The tent of meeting, the tabernacle,
regard to that there is neither male nor was set up at Shiloh which remained the
female (Gal 3:28). principal holy place throughout the time of
17:11-13 15:63; 16:10; Jud 1:27-28. Here the Judges. Shiloh was located in the terri-
is yet another example of weakness due to tory of Ephraim about 16 kilometers north
disobedience. See note at 15:63. of Bethel and about twice that distance from
285 JOSHUA 19:5
2 And seven tribes remained among the children of south, from the hill that rises before Beth-Horon
Israel which had not yet received their inheritance. on the south. And its end was at Kirjath-Baal, which
3 And Joshua said to the children of Israel, How is Kirjath-Jearim, a city of the children of Judah.
long will you be slack in going to possess the land, This was the western side.
which the LORD God of your fathers has given 15 And the south side was from the end of
you? 4 Appoint from among yourselves three men Kirjath-Jearim, and the border went on to the west
for each tribe, and I will send them out; and they and continued to the well of the waters of
will rise and go throughout the land and write a Nephtoah; 16 and the border came down to the
description of it according to their inheritance, and end of the mountain that rises before the valley of
come back to me. 5 And they shall divide it into the son of Hinnom, which is in the Valley of the
seven parts. Judah is to stay in their borders in the Giants on the north, and went down to the valley
south, and the house of Joseph is to stay in their of Hinnom to the southern side of Jebusi, and
borders in the north. 6 So you shall write a descrip- descended to En-Rogel. 17 And it was drawn from
tion of the seven divisions of the land, and bring the north, and went on to En-Shemesh, and
the description here to me, so that I may cast lots continued toward Geliloth, which is opposite the
for you here before the LORD our God. 7 But the ascent of Adummim, and went down to the stone
Levites are to have no portion among you; for the of Bohan the son of Reuben, 18 and proceeded
priesthood of the LORD is their inheritance. And along toward the side opposite the Arabah on the
Gad and Reuben, and half the tribe of Manasseh, north and went down to the Arabah; 19 and the
have received their inheritance beyond the Jordan border continued along by the side of Beth-Hoglah
on the east, which the LORDs servant Moses gave on the north; and the end of the border was at the
them. north bay of the Salt Sea at the southern end of
8 And the men arose and went away. Joshua Jordan. This was the southern boundary.
had given orders to those who went to write a 20 And the Jordan was its border on the
description of the land, saying, Go and walk eastern side. This was the inheritance of the
through the land, and write a description of it, and children of Benjamin, by its surrounding boundaries,
come back to me, so that I may cast lots for you according to their families.
before the LORD here in Shiloh. 21 Now the cities of the tribe of the children of
9 And the men went and passed through the Benjamin according to their families were Jericho
land and wrote a description of it by cities in seven and Beth-Hoglah and the valley of Keziz, 22 and
divisions in a book and came back to Joshua to the Beth-Arabah and Zemaraim and Bethel, 23 and
camp at Shiloh. 10 And Joshua cast lots for them in Avim and Parah and Ophrah, 24 and Kephar-
Shiloh before the LORD, and there Joshua appor- Haammonai and Ophni and Gaba; twelve cities
tioned the land to the children of Israel according with their villages; 25 Gibeon and Ramah and
to their divisions. Beeroth, 26 and Mizpeh and Kephirah and Mozah,
11 And the lot of the tribe of the children of 27 and Rekem and Irpeel and Taralah, 28 and
Benjamin came up according to their families. And Zelah, Eleph and Jebusi, which is Jerusalem, Gibeath
the territory of their lot came between the children and Kirjath; fourteen cities with their villages. This
of Judah and the children of Joseph. 12 And their is the inheritance of the children of Benjamin ac-
border on the north was from the Jordan; and the cording to their families.
border went up by the side of Jericho on the north
and continued up through the mountains to the
west; and its end was at the wilderness of
Beth-Aven. 13 And the border went on from there
19 And the second lot came out for Simeon,
for the tribe of the children of Simeon
according to their families. And their inheritance
toward Luz, at the side of Luz, which is Bethel, to was within the inheritance of the children of Judah.
the south; and the border went down to Ataroth- 2 And in their inheritance they had Beersheba
Adar, near the hill that rises to the south of Lower and Sheba and Moladah, 3 and Hazarshual and
Beth-Horon. 14 And the border was drawn from Balah and Azem, 4 and Eltolad and Bethul and
there and went around the edge of the sea on the Hormah, 5 and Ziklag and Beth-Marcaboth and
Jerusalem. The tabernacle remained in Shiloh inheritance of them all.
until the time of Samuel. Note on the tent 18:10 The division of the land was begun at
of meeting at Ex 25:8. The land as a whole Gilgal (13:7), and was then continued at
had been conquered but it had to be claimed Shiloh where land was allotted to the re-
by the individual tribes and settled. maining seven tribes (v 2).
18:6 Note on 14:2. 18:19 Salt Sea Dead Sea.
18:7 13:33; Num 18:20; Deut 18:1-6. 19:1-9 Simeons inheritance was in the south
The priests and Levites had the greatest of the land, within the allotment made to
JOSHUA 19:6 286
Hazar-Susah, 6 and Beth-Lebaoth and Sharuhen; and to the valley of Jiphthahel toward the north of
thirteen cities and their villages; 7 Ain, Remmon Beth-Emek and Neiel and went on to Cabul on the
and Ether and Ashan; four cities and their villages; north, 28 and Hebron, and Rehob, and Hammon,
8 and all the villages that surrounded these cities and Kanah, even to greater Sidon; 29 and then
to Baalath-Beer, Ramath of the south. This is the the border turned toward Ramah and to the strong
inheritance of the tribe of the children of Simeon city of Tyre; and the border turned to Hosah; and
according to their families. 9 The inheritance of its end was at the sea from the coast to Achzib;
the children of Simeon was from the portion of the 30 it included Ummah also and Aphek and Rehob;
children of Judah; for the portion of the children of twenty-two cities with their villages.
Judah was too much for them. So the children of 31 This is the inheritance of the tribe of the
Simeon had their inheritance within their children of Asher according to their families, these
inheritance. cities with their villages.
10 And the third lot came out for the children of 32 The sixth lot came out for the children of
Zebulun according to their families; and the border Naphtali, for the children of Naphtali according to
of their inheritance was to Sarid; 11 and their their families. 33 And their border was from Heleph,
border went up toward the Sea and Maralah, and from Allon to Zaanannim and Adami, Nekeb and
extended to Dabbasheth and went on to the river Jabneel, to Lakum; and its end was at the Jordan;
that is before Jokneam, 12 and turned from Sarid 34 then the border turned to the west to Aznoth-
on the east toward sunrise to the border of Kisloth- Tabor, and went on from there to Hukkok, and
Tabor, and then went on to Daberath and went up extended to Zebulun on the south and extended
to Japhia. 13 And from there it continued along on to Asher on the west and to Judah on the Jordan
the east to Gittah-Hepher, to Ittahkazin, and went toward sunrise. 35 And the fortified cities are
on to Remmon-Methoar to Neah; 14 and the Ziddim, Zer and Hammath, Rakkath, and Kinnereth,
border circled around it on the north to Hannathon; 36 and Adamah and Ramah and Hazor 37 and
and its end was in the valley of Jiphthahel; 15 and Kedesh and Edrei and En-Hazor 38 and Iron and
it included Kattath, and Nahallal and Shimron and Migdalel, Horem and Beth-Anath and
Idalah and Bethlehem; twelve cities with their Beth-Shemesh; nineteen cities with their villages.
villages. 39 This is the inheritance of the tribe of the
16 This is the inheritance of the children of children of Naphtali according to their families, the
Zebulun according to their families, these cities with cities and their villages.
their villages. 40 And the seventh lot came out for the tribe of
17 And the fourth lot came out for Issachar, for the children of Dan according to their families.
the children of Issachar according to their families. 41 And the border of their inheritance included Zorah
18 And their border was toward Jezreel, and and Eshtaol and Ir-Shemesh 42 and Shaalabbin
included Kesulloth and Shunem 19 and Haphraim and Ajalon and Jethlah 43 and Elon and Thimnathah
and Shihon and Anaharath 20 and Rabbith and and Ekron 44 and Eltekeh and Gibbethon and
Kishion and Abez 21 and Remeth and Engannim Baalath 45 and Jehud and Bene-Berak and
and Enhaddah and Beth-Pazzez; 22 and the Gath-Rimmon 46 and Mejarkon and Rakkon, with
border extended to Tabor and Shahazimah and the border before Japho.
Beth-Shemesh; and the end of their border was at 47 And the border of the children of Dan
the Jordan; sixteen cities with their villages. encompassed too little for them; therefore the
23 This is the inheritance of the tribe of the children of Dan went up to fight against Leshem,
children of Issachar according to their families, the and took it and struck it with the edge of the sword
cities and their villages. and possessed it and lived in it, and called Leshem,
24 And the fifth lot came out for the tribe of the Dan, after the name of Dan their father.
children of Asher according to their families. 25 And 48 This is the inheritance of the tribe of the
their border was at Helkath and Hali and Beten and children of Dan according to their families, these
Achshaph, 26 and Alammelech and Amad and cities with their villages.
Misheal, and it extended to Carmel on the west 49 When they had finished apportioning the
and to Shihor-Libnath; 27 and turned toward the land for an inheritance by their borders, the
sunrise to Beth-Dagon and extended to Zebulun children of Israel gave an inheritance to Joshua
the tribe of Judah. See Gen 49:7. 19:32-39 Naphtali was east of Asher, north
19:10-16 Zebulun was in Galilee, west of of Issachar.
the sea. 19:40-48 Dan was west of Ephraim and
19:17-23 Issachar was southeast of Zebulun. extended to the coast of the Mediterranean.
19:24-31 Asher was along the Mediterranean 19:47 Leshem was in the far north of the
coast, north of Mt Carmel. land, near Mt Hermon Jud 18:27-31.
287 JOSHUA 21:9
the son of Nun among them. 50 In accordance Gad, and Golan in Bashan from the tribe of
with the word of the LORD they gave him the city Manasseh. 9 These were the cities set apart for all
which he asked for, Timnath-Serah in the hill coun- the children of Israel and for the foreigners living
try of Ephraim. And he built the city and lived in it. among them, so that whoever kills a person
51 These are the inheritances which Eleazar unintentionally might flee there, and remain until
the priest, and Joshua the son of Nun, and the he stands before the congregation, and not die at
leaders of the tribes of the fathers of the children the hand of the avenger of blood.
of Israel, apportioned as an inheritance by lot in
Shiloh before the LORD, at the door of the
tabernacle of the congregation. So they finished
apportioning the country.
21 Then the heads of the Levite fathers fami-
lies approached Eleazar the priest and
Joshua the son of Nun and the heads of the tribes
of the fathers of the children of Israel, 2 and
20 Then the LORD spoke to Joshua, saying,
2 Speak to the children of Israel, saying,
Set apart for yourselves cities of refuge, about
spoke to them at Shiloh in the land of Canaan,
saying, The LORD gave orders through Moses to
give us cities to live in, with their pasture lands for
which I spoke to you through Moses, 3 so that a our cattle.
man who kills another person, striking him uninten- 3 And in accordance with the command of the
tionally, unwittingly, may flee there; and they shall LORD, the children of Israel gave these cities and
be your refuge from the avenger of blood. their pasture lands to the Levites, from their
4 And when the one who flees to one of those inheritance:
cities stands at the entrance of the gate of the 4 And the lot came out for the families of the
city, and declares his case in the hearing of the Kohathites; and the children of Aaron the priest,
elders of that city, they shall let him come to them who were of the Levites, had thirteen cities by lot
inside the city and give him a place to stay, so that from the tribe of Judah and from the tribe of Simeon
he can live among them. 5 And if the avenger of and from the tribe of Benjamin. 5 And the rest of
blood pursues him, then they shall not hand the the children of Kohath had ten cities by lot from the
one who killed the other over to them, because he families of the tribe of Ephraim and from the tribe
struck his neighbour unwittingly, and did not hate of Dan and from the half tribe of Manasseh.
him previously. 6 And he is to live in that city until 6 And the children of Gershon had thirteen
he stands before the congregation for judgment, cities by lot from the families of the tribe of Issachar
and until the death of the high priest who will be in and from the tribe of Asher and from the tribe of
those days. Afterwards the man who killed the Naphtali and from the half tribe of Manasseh in
other shall return to his own city and to his own Bashan.
house, to the city that he fled from. 7 The children of Merari by their families had
7 And they set apart Kedesh in Galilee in the hill twelve cities from the tribe of Reuben and from the
country of Naphtali and Shechem in the hill country tribe of Gad and from the tribe of Zebulun.
of Ephraim and Kirjath-Arba, which is Hebron, in 8 And the children of Israel gave these cities
the mountains of Judah. 8 And on the other side of with their pasture lands to the Levites by lot, just
the Jordan near Jericho on the east, from the tribe as the LORD commanded through Moses.
of Reuben, they assigned Bezer in the wilderness 9 And from the tribe of the children of Judah
on the plain, and Ramoth in Gilead from the tribe of and from the tribe of the children of Simeon they
19:50 14:13,14; 24:30. responsibilities of the city elders. A person
19:51 16:1-9. The land was apportioned as who fled to a city of refuge had to respect
God saw fit. Some tribes were given more their position, and the elders should be
land than the others and some areas were people of discernment who upheld justice.
more fruitful than others. But all received Trials were not to be held in secret but
something and there was a suitable place before the assembly.
for each tribe, family and individual. Reward 21:1-42 Num 35:1-8; 1 Chron 6:54-81.
for past behavior entered into the allotment 21:2 Cities they did not possess the
for each though everything given was of Gods towns but lived with the other people there.
grace, since no one fully deserved anything. 21:3 From their inheritance it was the
It seems clear that the prophetic blessings privilege and duty of the people of Israel to
pronounced by Jacob in Genesis chapter 49 provide for the servants of God who served
and by Moses in Deuteronomy chapter 33 in the tabernacle and temple. So is it now
were in line with what each tribe received. 1 Cor 9:7-14.
20:1-9 See note on cities of refuge at Num 21:4-7 The three families of the Levites
35:9-32. sprang from the three sons of Levi (Ex 6:16;
20:4-5 In addition to the regulations given Num 3:17).
to Moses, there are here laid down the 21:9-40 All the tribes, not just one or two,
JOSHUA 21:10 288
gave these cities which are here mentioned by lands, to be a city of refuge for anyone who killed
name, 10 which the children of Aaron, being of the another person, and Beeshterah with its pasture
families of the Kohathites, who were of the chil- lands; two cities; 28 and from the tribe of Issachar,
dren of Levi, possessed; for theirs was the first lot. Kishon with its pasture lands, Dabareh with its pas-
11 And they gave them the city of Arba the ture lands, 29 Jarmuth with its pasture lands,
father of Anak, which is Hebron, in the hill country Engannim with its pasture lands; four cities;
of Judah, with its surrounding pasture lands. 30 and from the tribe of Asher, Mishal with its pas-
12 But the fields of the city and its villages, they ture lands, Abdon with its pasture lands, 31 Helkath
gave to Caleb the son of Jephunneh as his with its pasture lands, and Rehob with its pasture
possession. lands; four cities; 32 and from the tribe of Naphtali,
13 So they gave Hebron with its pasture lands Kedesh in Galilee with its pasture lands to be a city
to the children of Aaron the priest to be a city of of refuge for anyone who killed another person,
refuge for anyone who killed another person ; and and Hammoth-Dor with its pasture lands and Kartan
Libnah with its pasture lands 14 and Jattir with its with its pasture lands; three cities.
pasture lands and Eshtemoa with its pasture lands 33 All the cities of the Gershonites according to
15 and Holon with its pasture lands and Debir with their families were thirteen cities, with their
its pasture lands 16 and Ain with its pasture lands suburbs.
and Juttah with its pasture lands and Beth-Shemesh 34 And they gave to the families of the chil-
with its pasture lands; nine cities from those two dren of Merari, the rest of the Levites, out of the
tribes; 17 and from the tribe of Benjamin, Gibeon tribe of Zebulun, Jokneam with its pasture lands
with its pasture lands, Geba with its pasture lands, and Kartah with its pasture lands, 35 Dimnah with
18 Anathoth with its pasture lands, and Almon with its pasture lands, Nahalal with its pasture lands;
its pasture lands; four cities. four cities; 36 and from the tribe of Reuben, Bezer
19 The cities of the children of Aaron, the with its pasture lands, and Jahazah with its pas-
priests, were thirteen cities in all, with their ture lands, 37 Kedemoth with its pasture lands,
pasture lands. and Mephaath with its pasture lands; four cities;
20 And as for the families of the children of 38 and from the tribe of Gad, Ramoth in Gilead with
Kohath, the rest of the Levites of the children of its pasture lands to be a city of refuge for anyone
Kohath, by their lot they had the cities from the who killed another person, and Mahanaim with its
tribe of Ephraim. pasture lands, 39 Heshbon with its pasture lands,
21 For they gave them Shechem with its pas- Jazer with its pasture lands; four cities in all.
ture lands in the hill country of Ephraim to be a city 40 So all the cities by their lot for the children of
of refuge for anyone who killed another person ; Merari by their families, which were left of the
and Gezer with its pasture lands 22 and Kibzaim families of the Levites, were twelve cities.
with its pasture lands and Beth-Horon with its pas- 41 All the cities of the Levites within the posses-
ture lands; four cities; 23 and from the tribe of sion of the children of Israel were forty-eight cities
Dan, Eltekeh with its pasture lands, Gibbethon with with their suburbs. 42 Each of these cities was
its pasture lands, 24 Aijalon with its pasture lands, with its surrounding pasture lands; it was the
Gath-Rimmon with its pasture lands; four cities; same for all these cities.
25 and from the half tribe of Manasseh, Tanach 43 And the LORD gave to Israel all the land
with its pasture lands and Gath Rimmon with its which he swore to give to their fathers; and they
pasture lands; two cities. took possession of it, and lived in it. 44 And the
26 All the cities with their pasture lands for the LORD gave them rest on all sides, in accordance
families of the children of Kohath who were left with all that he swore to their fathers; and not a
were ten. man of all their enemies stood before them. The
27 And they gave to the children of Gershon, LORD delivered all their enemies into their hands.
of the families of the Levites, from the other half 45 No good thing that the LORD had spoken to the
tribe of Manasseh, Golan in Bashan with its pasture house of Israel failed; all came to pass.
had the responsibility of providing for the 21:44 Rest 1:13.
servants of God. 21:45 23:14. 1 Kings 8:56; Neh 9:8. God
21:41 The cities for the Levites were scattered always fulfills His word Num 11:23; 23:19;
throughout the nation. No tribe was left out. Ps 119:140; 145:13; Isa 45:19; Matt
The Levites had to be in touch with the people 5:18; Titus 1:2; Heb 6:18. Verses 43-45
as a whole and always in a position to serve do not deny the measure in which Israel
them. This would have been a unifying factor failed to enter fully into their inheritance.
in the social and religious life of Israel. God is faithful, but sometimes the unfaithful-
21:43 Gen 15:18-21; 17:8; 28:13. ness and disobedience of Gods people rob
289 JOSHUA 22:19
22 Then Joshua called the Reubenites and the
Gadites and the half tribe of Manasseh,
2 and said to them, You have kept all that Moses
Reuben and the children of Gad and the half tribe
of Manasseh built there an altar near the Jordan,
in appearance a great altar.
the servant of the Lord commanded you, and have 11 And the children of Israel heard it said,
obeyed my voice in all that I commanded you. See, the children of Reuben and the children of
3 You have not left your brethren these many days Gad and the half tribe of Manasseh have built an
until today, but have been careful to fulfil the altar on the border of the land of Canaan, in the
responsibility of the commandment of the LORD vicinity of the Jordan, on the side belonging to the
your God. 4 And now the LORD your God has children of Israel.
given rest to your brethren, as he promised them. 12 And when the children of Israel heard of it,
Therefore return now and go to your homes and to the whole congregation of the children of Israel
the land of your possession, which the LORDs ser- gathered together at Shiloh to go out to war against
vant Moses gave you on the other side of the them.
Jordan. 5 But be very careful to keep the command 13 And the children of Israel sent men to the
and the law, which the LORDs servant Moses com- children of Reuben and to the children of Gad and
manded you, to love the LORD your God, and to to the half tribe of Manasseh into the land of Gilead.
walk in all his ways and to keep his commandments, They were Phinehas the son of Eleazar the priest,
and to cling to him and to serve him with all your 14 and ten leaders with him, a leader from each
heart and with all your soul. chief household throughout all the tribes of Israel.
6 So Joshua blessed them and sent them away. Each one was the head of the household of their
And they went to their homes. 7 Now to one half fathers among the thousands of Israel.
of the tribe of Manasseh Moses had given territory 15 And they came to the children of Reuben
in Bashan; but to the other half of it Joshua gave and to the children of Gad and to the half tribe of
territory among their brethren on the western side Manasseh to the land of Gilead, and they spoke
of the Jordan. And so when Joshua sent them with them, saying, 16 This is what the whole
away to their homes, he blessed them, 8 and he congregation of the LORD says, What is this un-
spoke to them, saying, Return to your homes with faithful deed that you have committed against the
great riches and with very much livestock, with God of Israel, turning away this day from following
silver and with gold and with bronze and with iron the LORD by building an altar for yourselves to
and with a great quantity of clothing. Share the rebel this day against the LORD? 17 Was the sin at
plunder from your enemies with your brethren. Peor too little for us? We are not cleansed from
9 And the children of Reuben and the children that until this day, although there was a plague in
of Gad and the half tribe of Manasseh returned the congregation of the LORD. 18 And must you
home, leaving the children of Israel from Shiloh, turn away this day from following the LORD? And
which is in the land of Canaan, to go to the region since you are rebelling today against the LORD, it
of Gilead, to the land of their possession, which will come about that tomorrow he will be angry with
they had taken in accordance with the word of the the whole congregation of Israel.
LORD through Moses. 19 If, however, the land of your possession is
10 And when they came to the vicinity of the unclean, then cross over to the land of the LORDs
Jordan, in the land of Canaan, the children of possession, where the LORDs tabernacle is
them of the full reception or enjoyment of form opinions without real evidence.
what God has given. 22:11,12 God commanded the people not
22:1-4 Num 32:20-22; Deut 3:18-20. to give offerings on any altar except the
22:5 Deut 10:12,13. one He chose Lev 17:8,9; Deut 12:5-13.
22:7 17:1-3. The nine and one half tribes in Canaan
22:8 Riches gained from the captured thought that the two and one half tribes east
land and cities of Canaan. of the Jordan river were planning to break
Brethren those left behind in the this command and set up a rival altar. The
territories east of the Jordan (Lev 17:8-9; unity of the nation was in danger.
Deut 12:5-13). 22:13,14 Fortunately they were not as hasty
22:10-34 This records a misunderstanding in going to war as they were in misunder-
that almost had disastrous consequences standing and condemning. Cooler heads
(v 12). The misunderstanding was the prevailed and the matter was thoroughly
result of a hasty conclusion about an investigated.
ambiguous action. Fortunately the Israel- 22:15-20 These ambassadors expressed
ites sent delegates to learn the facts, and the reason for the concern Israel felt.
trouble was averted. We should always be Rebellion would bring Gods anger on the
careful not to leap to conclusions about whole nation (v 18).
things we hear about others, and not to 22:17 Peor note at Num 25:1-9.
JOSHUA 22:20 290
staying, and take possession of land among us. altar of the LORD which our fathers made, not for
But do not rebel against the LORD, or against us, burnt offerings, nor for sacrifices, but as a witness
by building an altar for yourselves in addition to the between us and you.
altar of the LORD our God. 20 Did not Achan the 29 God forbid that we should rebel against the
son of Zerah commit an unfaithful deed in regard to LORD, and turn this day from following the LORD,
the accursed thing? And anger fell on all the to build an altar for burnt offerings, for grain
congregation of Israel. And that man did not offerings, or for sacrifices, in addition to the altar
perish alone in his sin. of the LORD our God that is before his tabernacle.
21 Then the children of Reuben and the 30 And when Phinehas the priest, and the lead-
children of Gad and the half tribe of Manasseh ers of the congregation and heads of the thou-
answered and said to the heads of the thousands sands of Israel who were with him, heard the words
of Israel, 22 The LORD God of gods, the LORD that the children of Reuben and the children of Gad
God of gods, he knows, and Israel should know. and the children of Manasseh spoke, it pleased
Do not save us this day if it is in rebellion or in them. 31 And Phinehas the son of Eleazar the
unfaithfulness against the LORD 23 that we have priest said to the children of Reuben and to the
built an altar for ourselves to turn from following children of Gad and to the children of Manasseh,
the LORD, or if we built it to offer burnt offering or Today we see that the LORD is among us, because
grain offering on it, or if to offer peace offerings on you have not acted unfaithfully against the LORD.
it. May the LORD himself demand an account, Now you have delivered the children of Israel out
24 if we have not rather done it for fear of this of the hand of the LORD.
thing, saying, In the future your children might 32 And Phinehas the son of Eleazar the priest
speak to our children, saying, What have you to and the leaders left the children of Reuben and
do with the LORD God of Israel? 25 For the LORD the children of Gad and the land of Gilead, and
has made the Jordan a border between us and returned to the land of Canaan, to the children of
you, you children of Reuben and children of Gad. Israel, and brought back word to them. 33 And the
You have no part in the LORD. So your children thing pleased the children of Israel; and the
may cause our children to stop fearing the LORD. children of Israel praised God and spoke no more of
26 Therefore we said, Let us now prepare to going up against them in battle, to destroy the land
build an altar for ourselves, not for burnt offering, where the children of Reuben and Gad lived.
nor for sacrifice, 27 but that it may be a witness 34 And the children of Reuben and the children
between us and you, and our generations after of Gad called the altar Witness. For, they said,
us, that we will serve the LORD before him with our it shall be a witness between us that the LORD is
burnt offerings and with our sacrifices and with our God.
peace offerings, so that in the future your children
may not say to our children, You have no part in
the LORD.
28 Therefore we said that it shall come about,
23 And it came about a long time after the
LORD had given rest to Israel from all their
enemies on every side, that Joshua became old
if they say this to us or to our future generations, and advanced in age. 2 And Joshua called for all
that we may say in response, See this copy of the Israel and for their elders and for their heads and
22:20 They well remembered the lesson God to maintain their unity in the Lord in the
taught through Achans sin. See 7:1-26. bonds of peace (Eph 4:3-6,13; Phil 4:2;
22:22 The repetition of these names of God Col 3:11).
suggests strong emphasis. Peace offerings Lev 3:1.
22:23-29 Here is an emphatic denial of 22:31 Delivered by their clear explana-
wrong motives and a clear explanation of tion of their actions they had averted an
their actions. The tribes of Israel were unjust and unreasonable war between the
independent to some extent but were tribes, which would surely have brought the
united by their worship of Jehovah which anger of God on the whole nation.
was carried on at one central place (at that 22:33 The result of reconciliation and unity.
time this place was Shiloh). The two and Compare Ps 133.
one half tribes were building an altar, not 22:34 The witness was that the LORD
for sacrifice (v 26), but as a witness to (Jehovah), the God who chose Israel and
the unity of Gods people (v 27). What made a covenant with them, was the only
they were accused of was the exact God in existence. See 20:1-6; Deut 4:35;
opposite of the truth. So easily the inner Isa 43:10-12; 44:6; 45:21,2.
thoughts and motives of fellow believers 23:1 Rest 1:13.
can be misunderstood because of some 23:2 Israels leader, after a lifetime of
unexplained action. Believers now should faithful service, desired to give parting words
have no less burden than the Israelites of wisdom and counsel.
291 JOSHUA 24:2
for their judges and for their officers, and said to LORD your God will no longer drive out any of these
them, I am old and advanced in age; 3 and you nations from before you; but they shall be snares
have seen all that the LORD your God has done to and traps to you and whips on your sides and thorns
all these nations for your sake; for the LORD your in your eyes, until you perish from this good land
God is the one who has fought for you. 4 See, I which the LORD your God has given you. 14 And,
have apportioned to you by lot these nations that see, this day I am going the way of all the earth.
remain, with all the nations that I have cut off, to And you all know in your hearts and in your souls
be an inheritance for your tribes, from the Jordan that not one of all the good things which the LORD
to the great sea on the west. 5 And the LORD your your God spoke concerning you has failed. All have
God will expel them from before you, and drive been fulfilled for you, and not one word of it has
them out of your sight; and you shall possess their failed. 15 Therefore this is how it will be: just as all
land, as the LORD your God has promised to you. the good things which the LORD your God prom-
6 Therefore be very courageous to keep and ised you have come on you, so the LORD will bring
to do all that is written in the book of the law of on you every bad thing until he has destroyed you
Moses, so that you turn not aside from it to the from this good land which the LORD your God has
right hand or to the left, 7 so that you do not given you. 16 When you break the covenant of
mingle with these nations, these that remain among the LORD your God, which he commanded you,
you, or mention the name of their gods or make and go and serve other gods and bow down to
oaths by them or serve them or bow down to them, then the anger of the LORD will burn against
them, 8 but cling to the LORD your God, as you you, and you will quickly perish from the good land
have done to this day. which he has given to you.
9 For the LORD has driven out from before you
great and strong nations; but as for you, no man
has been able to stand before you to this day.
10 One man of you shall chase a thousand, for the
24 And Joshua gathered all the tribes of
Israel to Shechem, and called for the
elders of Israel and for their heads and for their
LORD your God is the one who fights for you, as judges and for their officers; and they presented
he has promised you. 11 Therefore be careful about themselves before God.
yourselves. See that you love the LORD your God. 2 And Joshua said to all the people, Thus says
12 For if you ever turn back and cling to the the LORD God of Israel, In olden times your
survivors of these nations, these that remain among fathers, Terah, the father of Abraham, and the
you, and intermarry with them and go in to them father of Nahor, lived on the other side of the
and they to you, 13 know for a certainty that the Euphrates river; and they served other gods.
23:3 10:14,42; Ps 44:3. by all the forces of evil (Ps 18:32-39; Rom
23:4,5 Joshua calls to mind all that God had 8:31; 1 Cor 15:57; 2 Cor 2:14; Phil
already given to His people. Every believer 4:13; 1 John 4:4).
should always keep in remembrance the 23:11 Love Deut 6:5; 11:1; Matt
grace of God shown toward them in the past, 22:36-40; John 14:15,21,23. Love for
and so have confidence for the future. The God would be the motive power that would
promise in v 5 refers to those enemies that cause them to obey Gods commandments,
still remained in the land (13:1,13; 16:10; and keep them from the evils of the world.
17:12,13). 23:12 Deut 7:3-4. Marriage is forbidden
Great sea Mediterranean. between Gods special people and those who
23:6 1:7. Joshua had learned by experience are not. This is a principle clearly taught in
the importance and blessedness of this. The the New Testament also (2 Cor 6:14-15).
promise of v 5 was based on this condition. 23:13 Ex 23:33; 34:12; 7:16. Gods
If they did not do this, God would not do promises were based on certain conditions.
that. Obedience would bring great blessing,
23:7 Mingle Ex 34:15,16; Deut 7:1-4; disobedience would bring disaster.
1 Cor 15:33; 2 Cor 6:14-18. Fellowship with 23:14 21:45.
evil people who do not want to walk in Gods 23:15,16 Lev 26:14-33; Deut 28:15-63.
ways will almost surely corrupt Gods people. These verses show very clearly that these
Bow down to them Ex 20:1-5; 23:13; promises God made to them were based
Ps 16:4. Gods people must maintain their on conditions.
separation from the evils and godless Anger notes at Num 25:3; Ps
standards of the world around them, and 90:7-11.
from the many gods of the world. 24:1 This chapter records a public renewal
23:8 Cling Deut 10:20; 11:22; 13:4; of the covenant God made with Israel.
30:20. 24:2 Thus says the LORD God from here
23:10 Lev 26:8; Deut 32:30. The pres- to v 14 Joshua speaks the very words God
ence of the Lord with even one of His people had given him to say.
provides greater power than is possessed Fathers Gen 11:27-33.
JOSHUA 24:3 292
3 And I took your father Abraham from the other your bow. 13 And I have given you a land for
side of the river and led him through the whole land which you did not labour and cities which you did
of Canaan, and increased the number of his not build, and you live in them. You eat the fruit of
offspring and gave him Isaac. 4 And I gave Jacob vineyards and olive groves which you did not plant.
and Esau to Isaac; and I gave Mount Seir to Esau 14 Now therefore fear the LORD and serve
to possess. But Jacob and his children went down him in sincerity and in truth, and put away the gods
into Egypt. which your fathers served on the other side of the
5 And I sent Moses and Aaron, and I plagued river and in Egypt, and serve the LORD. 15 And if
Egypt by what I did among them; and afterwards it seems evil to you to serve the LORD, today
I brought you, 6 and I brought your fathers out of choose whom you will serve; whether the gods
Egypt; and you came to the sea; and the Egyp- which your fathers served that were on the other
tians pursued your fathers with chariots and horse- side of the river or the gods of the Amorites in
men to the Red Sea. 7 And when they cried out to whose land you live. But as for me and my
the LORD, he put darkness between you and the household, we will serve the LORD.
Egyptians, and brought the sea over them and 16 And the people answered and said, God
covered them. And your eyes saw what I did in forbid that we should forsake the LORD to serve
Egypt; and you lived in the desert for a long time. other gods. 17 For the LORD our God is the one
8 And I brought you into the land of the who brought us and our fathers up out of the land
Amorites who lived on the other side of the Jordan. of Egypt, from the house of bondage, and who did
And they fought with you; and I gave them into those great signs in our sight, and preserved us all
your hands, so that you might possess their land. along the way where we travelled and among all
And I destroyed them from before you. 9 Then the people through whom we passed. 18 And the
Balak the son of Zippor, king of Moab, arose and LORD drove out from before us all the people, the
warred against Israel, and sent men and called Amorites who lived in the land. Therefore we too
Balaam the son of Beor to curse you. 10 But I will serve the LORD; for he is our God.
would not listen to Balaam. Therefore he had to 19 And Joshua said to the people, You cannot
bless you. So I delivered you out of his hands. serve the LORD, for he is a holy God, he is a
11 And you crossed the Jordan and came to jealous God. He will not forgive your transgres-
Jericho; and the men of Jericho fought against sions or your sins. 20 If you forsake the LORD and
you, as did the Amorites and the Perizzites and the serve strange gods, then he will turn and do you
Canaanites and the Hittites and the Girgashites, harm and make an end of you, after the good he
the Hivites and the Jebusites. And I delivered them has done you.
into your hands. 12 And I sent hornets before 21 And the people said to Joshua, No, but we
you, which drove out the two kings of the Amorites will serve the LORD.
from before you, but not with your sword or with 22 And Joshua said to the people, You are
24:4 Gen 25:25-26; 46:6-7; Deut 2:15. the choice was to be made immediately
24:5 Ex 4:14-16; 7:8-10:29; 12:29,51. today. A decision like this is not to be put
24:6 Ex 14:1-9. Horsemen or it could off into the indefinite future. To put it off is
be translated charioteers. to reveal that there is no intention of
24:7 Ex 14:10-31. Long time 40 years. serving the true God. As for himself
24:8 Num 21:21-35. Joshuas choice had already been made and
24:9 Num 21:1-6. he publicly testifies to it.
24:10 Numbers chapters 23,24. Household he was not one to let his
24:11 6:1-27. family members serve other gods.
24:12 Hornets Ex 23:28; Deut 7:20. Doubtless he spoke in faith. Compare 6:25;
Bow 10:14,42; Ps 44:3,6,7. Acts 16:31; Eph 6:4; 1 Tim 3:4,5; Heb 11:7.
24:13 Deut 6:10-12. The land was Gods 24:16-18 The people knew much of Gods
gift to them. It was all of grace. Just as the Word and doings; they professed strongly
believers possessions in Christ are all of their intention to be faithful to Him. Yet
grace (Eph 1:3-6). false gods were in their midst (v 23), and
24:14 Now Joshua himself speaks to Israel. in heart they were a rebellious (v 19) people.
Fear notes at Gen 20:11; Ps 34:11- In every generation some who profess to
14; 111:10; Prov 1:7. be Gods people are ignorant of the power
Serve him. . .in truth faithfully an of their sinful natures and easily think and
essential quality for the people of God say they will serve God (Ex 19:8; Jer 17:9;
(1 Sam 12:24). etc).
Put away it seems from this that, at 24:19 Cannot Joshua knew them better
least in heart, some of the people were wor- than they knew themselves. And the whole
shipping false gods even then (v 23). book of Judges (not to speak of the rest of
24:15 Choose he calls them to an open, the Bible) shows how right he was in this.
deliberate choice. See 1 Kings 18:21. And Holy note at Lev 20:7. Jealous
293 JOSHUA 24:33
witnesses against yourselves that you have 29 And it came about after these things, that
chosen the LORD for yourselves, to serve him. Joshua the son of Nun, the servant of the LORD,
And they said, We are witnesses. died, being a hundred and ten years old. 30 And
23 Now therefore, he said, put away the they buried him in the border of his inheritance in
foreign gods which are among you and turn your Timnath-Serah, which is in the hill country of
heart to the LORD God of Israel. Ephraim, on the north side of the hill of Gaash.
24 And the people said to Joshua, We will 31 And Israel served the LORD all the days of Joshua
serve the LORD our God, and obey his voice. and all the days of the elders who outlived Joshua,
25 So Joshua made a covenant with the people and who knew all the deeds of the LORD, that he
that day and set before them a statute and an had done for Israel.
ordinance in Shechem. 26 And Joshua wrote these 32 And in Shechem they buried the bones of
words in the book of the law of God, and took a Joseph, which the children of Israel brought up
great stone and set it up there under an oak that out of Egypt, in a plot of ground which Jacob
was by the sanctuary of the LORD. bought from the sons of Hamor the father of
27 And Joshua said to all the people, See, this Shechem for a hundred pieces of silver. And it
stone will be a witness to us; for it has heard all the became the inheritance of the children of
words of the LORD which he spoke to us; so it will Joseph.
be a witness to you, that you should not deny your 33 And Eleazar the son of Aaron died; and they
God. buried him in a hill that belonged to Phinehas his
28 So Joshua let the people depart, each one son, which was given to him in the hill country of
to his inheritance. Ephraim.
Ex 20:5,6. and faithfulness.
Not forgive this should be understood Book of the law of God Gods revela-
in the light of the next verse and verses tion, instructions and commandments
like Lev 26:14-45. Of course God always contained in the writings of Moses.
forgives the individual who comes to Him in 24:31 Jud 2:6-13.
repentance and faith (Ex 34:6,7; Ps 130:4; 24:32 Bones Gen 50:24,25; Ex 13:19.
Luke 24:47; Acts 3:19; Eph 1:7). The burial of Josephs bones in Shechem
24:23 Verse 14. was a fitting reminder of the faithfulness of
24:24 Three times they insisted on this. But God to the nation from the time of Jacob to
the people did not keep their word very long their possessing the promised land.
(Jud 2:6-13). Jacob bought Gen 33:19.
24:25-27 Joshua made this occasion as 24:33 Eleazar was the high priest who served
solemn as possible to impress on the minds with Moses and Joshua Num 20:28; Josh
of the people the importance of obedience 14:1; 17:4; 21:1.
JUDGES
Title:
The Hebrew word here translated Judges also means leaders or defenders. In this book the
judges God raised up did more than try to administer justice; they led the people and delivered
them from their enemies.
Author:
According to ancient Jewish tradition Samuel wrote this book, but there is no definite proof either for
or against this. The author left no clues in the text itself to indicate who wrote it. The writers of the
Bible were not concerned with promoting themselves. They would all have agreed with the psalmist
who said Not to us, O LORD, not to us, but to your name be the glory (Ps 115:1). They wrote by
the inspiration of the one true God (2 Tim 3:16; 2 Pet 1:21), and their concern was to record exactly
what God inspired them to record. In a very real sense the author of every book of the Bible was
God Himself using human instruments. This does not mean that the writers of the Bible were like
robots or inanimate word processors. God took the writers as they were, with their faults and
failings, with their human intellects and emotions and wills, and worked in them and through them to
bring His Word into the world, just as He wanted it to be. God is great enough and wise enough to
be able to do this, and He did do it. Men wrote the Bible, but what they wrote came from the mouth
of God (Matt 4:4).
Date:
Probably about 1000 BC.
Themes:
This book contains events in the history of Israel from the death of Joshua to the time of Samuel. It
reveals what any people can become when they do what they please rather than what God pleases.
It reveals also Gods compassion and help for the people even when they were guilty of detestable
sins. It speaks too of Gods hatred of sin and how He punished it. From another viewpoint it is the
story of Gods deliverance of an unworthy people and the great heroes of the faith He used to do
this. Some key verses are 2:10-23; 21:25.
Contents :
Taking the remaining areas of Canaan ............................................................ 1:1 - 2:5
A new generation falls into evil ways .............................................................. 2:6-20
God allows some Canaanites to survive .......................................................... 2:21 - 3:6
Othniel ....................................................................................................... 3:7-11
Ehud .......................................................................................................... 3:12-30
Shamgar ..................................................................................................... 3:30
Deborah and Barak ...................................................................................... 4:1-24
Deborahs song ............................................................................................ 5:1-31
Gideon ........................................................................................................ 6:1 - 8:35
Gideon wants a sign ............................................................................... 6:11-23
Gideon wants a second sign .................................................................... 6:36-40
Gideon defeats the Midianites ................................................................. 7:1 - 8:21
Gideon makes an idol ............................................................................. 8:22-27
Gideons death ...................................................................................... 8:28-35
A tyrant called Abimelech .............................................................................. 9:1-57
Parable of the thorn bush ....................................................................... 9:8-15
God punishes Abimelech ......................................................................... 9:52-57
Tola ........................................................................................................... 10:1,2
Jair ........................................................................................................... 10:3-5
295 JUDGES
Israels repeated sin, their repentance,
and Gods compassion ............................................................................ 10:6-18
Jephthah .................................................................................................... 11:1 - 12:7
Jephthahs daughter, his foolish vow ....................................................... 11:34-46
Jephthah and the men of Ephraim ........................................................... 12:1-7
Ibzen, Elon, and Abdon ................................................................................ 12:8-15
Israel oppressed by the Philistines ................................................................. 13:1
Samson ....................................................................................................... 13:2 - 16:31
His birth ............................................................................................... 13:2-25
His marriage to a Philistine girl ................................................................. 14:1-20
Samson kills a lion .................................................................................. 14:5,6
His riddle .............................................................................................. 14:12-20
He burns Philistine harvest fields ............................................................. 15:1-5
He kills 1000 with jawbone of donkey ....................................................... 15:14-20
Samson and Delilah ................................................................................ 16:1-21
Samson brings down the temple of Dagon ................................................ 16:23-31
Micahs idol, his priest, people from Dan .......................................................... 17:1 - 18:31
The horrible incident at Gibeah ...................................................................... 19:1-30
The destruction of Benjamin .......................................................................... 20:1-48
How the remaining men of Benjamin got wives ................................................. 21:1-25
JUDGES 1:1 296
1 Now after the death of Joshua this took place:
the children of Israel asked the LORD, saying,
Who should first go up for us against the Canaanites
the name of Hebron was Kirjath-Arba), and they
killed Sheshai and Ahiman and Talmai.
11 And from there he went against the
to fight against them? inhabitants of Debir (now previously the name of
2 And the LORD said, Judah shall go up. See, Debir was Kirjath-Sepher). 12 And Caleb said,
I have delivered the land into his hand. The one who attacks Kirjath-Sepher and takes it,
3 And Judah said to his brother Simeon, Come to him I will give my daughter Achsah in marriage.
up with me into my allotment to fight against the 13 And Othniel the son of Kenaz, Calebs younger
Canaanites; and likewise I will go with you into brother, took it; and he gave him his daughter
your allotment. So Simeon went with him. Achsah in marriage. 14 And it happened when she
4 And Judah went up; and the LORD delivered came to him that she moved him to ask her father
the Canaanites and the Perizzites into their hands, for a field. And she got down from her donkey,
and in Bezek they killed ten thousand of them. and Caleb said to her, What do you wish?
5 And they found Adonibezek in Bezek and fought 15 And she said to him, Give me a blessing; for
against him, and killed the Canaanites and the you have given me an area in the south. Give me
Perizzites. 6 But Adonibezek fled, and they springs of water also. And Caleb gave her the
pursued him, caught him and cut off his thumbs upper springs and the lower springs.
and his large toes. 16 And the children of the Kenite, Moses
7 And Adonibezek said, Seventy kings with father-in-law, went up out of the city of palm trees
their thumbs and their large toes cut off gathered with the children of Judah into the wilderness of
their food under my table. God has repaid me in Judah, which lies to the south of Arad. And they
accordance with what I have done. And they went and lived among the people.
brought him to Jerusalem, and he died there. 17 And Judah went with Simeon his brother and
8 Now the children of Judah had fought against they killed the Canaanites who lived in Zephath,
Jerusalem and had taken it and struck it with the and utterly destroyed it. And the name of the city
edge of the sword and had set the city on fire. was called Hormah. 18 Also Judah took Gaza with
9 And afterwards the children of Judah went its territory and Askelon with its territory and Ekron
down to fight against the Canaanites who lived in with its territory.
the mountains and in the south and in the 19 And the LORD was with Judah, and Judah
lowlands. 10 And Judah went against the drove out the inhabitants of the mountains, but
Canaanites who lived in Hebron (now previously could not drive out the inhabitants of the
1:1 Joshua Josh 24:29. The date of his 1:10 Hebron Josh 14:15. Hebron was in
death is probably about 1390 B.C. the hill country about 40 kilometers south
Canaanites see Gen 10:15-19. In of Jerusalem.
Joshuas day Israel had occupied much of 1:11 Debir a town near Hebron.
the land of Canaan, but there were still 1:12 Caleb Num 14:6-9,30; Josh
areas where the Canaanites opposed them 14:6-15.
(Josh 13:1-5; 23:4,5). The question the 1:13 Othniel 3:7-11.
Israelites asked reveals their belief that God 1:16 Father-in-law Ex 2:16-21.
had given them all the land and that He Kenite the Kenites were a tribe
would enable them to take it. descended from Midian, a son of Abraham
1:3 Judah said to his brother Simeon by his second wife Keturah.
here obviously means the descendants of City of palm trees Jericho.
Judah said to the descendants of Simeon. 1:17 Hormah means destruction.
Of course, both Judah and Simeon had died 1:18 The Philistines lived in the Mediterra-
long before this. The territory Joshua allot- nean coastal area west of Judah. Gaza,
ted to the tribe of Simeon was within the Ashkelon and Ekron were three of their five
territory allotted to Judah (Josh 19:1,9). So principal cities, the other two being Ashdod
these two tribes joined forces to occupy their and Gath. Judah took the three cities
land. mentioned here but later the Philistines
1:4 Perizzites Gen 10:18; 15:20; regained control of them (14:19; 16:21;
34:30; Ex 3:17. 1 Sam 6:17; 7:14).
1:6,7 Adonibezek compare Ex 21:23- 1:19 Could not Josh 15:63; 17:12.
25; Lev 24:19,20. See Esther 7:10. They were unable only because they had
Table he had treated his captured disobeyed God and so He did not enable
enemies like dogs. them to have complete victory (2:1-3,
1:8 Jerusalem Israel did not occupy the 20-23; Josh 23:12,13).
city at that time (v 21). See 2 Sam 5:6-9. Iron Josh 17:16. Iron chariots posed
1:9 Mountains south of Jerusalem. no problem to God, but He permitted them
The south the Negev, the desert area to be a problem to Judah. The people of
in the southern part of Canaan (v 17). Israel did not use iron chariots themselves,
297 JUDGES 2:4
lowlands, because they had chariots of iron. forced labour. 31 Nor did Asher drive out the
20 And they gave Hebron to Caleb, as Moses had inhabitants of Accho, or the inhabitants of Sidon,
said; and he drove out the three sons of Anak or of Ahlab, or of Achzib, or of Helbah, or of Aphik,
from there. 21 But the children of Benjamin did not or of Rehob; 32 but the Asherites lived among the
drive out the Jebusites who lived in Jerusalem; but Canaanites, the inhabitants of the land; for they
the Jebusites live among the children of Benjamin did not drive them out. 33 Nor did Naphtali drive
in Jerusalem to this day. out the inhabitants of Beth-Shemesh, or the inhab-
22 Likewise the house of Joseph went up against itants of Beth-Anath, but they lived among the
Bethel; and the LORD was with them. 23 And the Canaanites, the inhabitants of the land. However
house of Joseph sent men to spy out Bethel (now the inhabitants of Beth-Shemesh and of Beth-Anath
previously the name of that city was Luz). 24 And became forced labour for them. 34 And the Amorites
the spies saw a man coming out of the city and said forced the children of Dan into the mountains, and
to him, Please show us a way into the city, and we would not let them come down into the lowlands.
will show you mercy. 25 And when he showed 35 For the Amorites were determined to live in Mount
them a way into the city, they struck the city with Heres in Aijalon, and in Shaalbim; yet the hand of
the edge of the sword; but they let the man and the house of Joseph grew powerful, so that the
his whole family go. 26 And the man went into the Amorites became forced labour. 36 And the bound-
land of the Hittites and built a city and called its ary of the Amorites was from the ascent to
name Luz, which is its name to this day. Akrabbim, from the rock, and continued upwards.
27 And Manasseh did not drive out the
inhabitants of Beth Shean and its towns, or Taanach
and its towns, or the inhabitants of Dor and its
towns, or the inhabitants of Ibleam and its towns,
2 And the angel of the LORD came up from Gilgal
to Bochim, and said, I brought you up out of
Egypt, and led you to the land which I swore to
or the inhabitants of Megiddo and its towns, for your fathers. And I said, I will never break my
the Canaanites were determined to live in that covenant with you; 2 and you must make no treaty
region. 28 But it happened when Israel became with the inhabitants of this land. You must throw
strong, that they put the Canaanites to forced down their altars. But you have not obeyed my
labour, but did not completely drive them out. voice. Why have you acted like this? 3 Therefore
29 Nor did Ephraim drive out the Canaanites who I also said, I will not drive them out from before
lived in Gezer; but the Canaanites lived in Gezer you; but they will be like thorns in your sides, and
among them. 30 Nor did Zebulun drive out the their gods will be a snare to you.
inhabitants of Kitron or the inhabitants of Nahalol; 4 And it came about, when the angel of the
but the Canaanites lived among them and became LORD spoke these words to all the children of
it seems, until the time of Davids sons. I swore to (Gen 17:8); my covenant
1:20 Caleb v 12. Anak Num 13:22. (Deut 7:9).
1:21 Even after the victory of Judah (v 8), Gilgal the headquarters of the armies
Benjamin failed to hold Jerusalem which of Israel under Joshua (Josh 4:19-22;
was in the territory allotted to them (Josh 5:10; 9:6; 10:6,15,43; 14:6). It was in
18:21-28). the low-lying plain of the Jordan river.
Jebusites Gen 10:15-20; 15:16-21. 2:2 This land Ex 23:22; 34:12; Deut
1:22 Joseph the descendants of Josephs 7:2. Compare 2 Cor 6:14-18; Jam 4:4.
two sons Ephraim and Manasseh. Half of Altars Ex 23:24; 34:13; Deut 7:5.
the tribe of Manasseh had territory east of The worship of the true God must not be
the Jordan river (Josh 13:8). mixed with the worship of the false gods of
1:26 Hittites then a powerful people to Canaan. See 1 Kings 18:21; etc.
the north of Israel. Not obeyed 1:27-36. Israels
1:27 Did not drive out this refrain is determination to drive out all the Canaanites
repeated in vs 29, 30, 31, 33. Israels should have been greater than the deter-
disobedience to God cost them a great deal mination of the Canaanites to stay (1:27).
of trouble and large areas of land. On the By full submission to God in faith they could
importance of obedience see Josh 1:7,8. have cleared out their enemies from the
1:28 Forced labor vs 30,33,35; Josh whole land. See note at Josh 1:17.
17:13; 1 Kings 5:13; 9:20-22. Notes on sla- 2:3 From before you Josh 23:12,13.
very at Ex 21:2; Eph 6:5. God commanded Gods promise to expel the Canaanites was
Israel to exterminate these depraved based on the condition that Israel obey Him.
peoples living in Canaan, not to make Snare thorns may speak of pains and
forced laborers of them (Deut 7:1,2,16). troubles that would come from the
1:34 Amorites Gen 10:15-20; 15:16-21. Canaanites, snares may speak of the
2:1 Angel of the LORD note at Gen 16:7. hidden dangers of their false worship
Here He speaks as Jehovah God Himself (Ex 23:33; 34:12; Num 33:55; Deut 7:16).
I brought you up out of Egypt (Ex 20:1,2); 2:4,5 Their tears did not change Gods mind.
JUDGES 2:5 298
Israel, that the people raised their voice and wept. provoked the LORD to anger. 13 And they forsook
5 And they called the name of that place Bochim; the LORD and served Baal and Ashtaroth. 14 And
and they sacrificed there to the LORD. the anger of the Lord burned against Israel and he
6 And when Joshua let the people go, each one delivered them into the hands of plunderers who
of the children of Israel went to his inheritance to plundered them, and he sold them into the hands
possess the land. 7 And the people served the of their enemies around them, so that they could
LORD all the days of Joshua, and all the days of not any longer stand before their enemies.
the elders who outlived Joshua, who had seen all 15 Wherever they went, the hand of the LORD
the great works that the LORD did for Israel. was against them to make things go wrong, just as
8 And Joshua the son of Nun, the LORDs the LORD had said and just as the LORD had sworn
servant, died, being a hundred and ten years old. to them. And they were greatly distressed.
9 And they buried him in the territory of his inheri- 16 However, the LORD raised up judges who
tance in Timnath-Heres, in the hill country of delivered them out of the hand of those who plun-
Ephraim, on the northern side of the hill Gaash. dered them. 17 But still they would not listen to
10 And also all that generation were gathered their judges, but prostituted themselves to other
to their fathers; and there arose another genera- gods and bowed down to them. They quickly turned
tion after them, which did not know the LORD, or out of the way in which their fathers walked, obey-
even the deeds which he had done for Israel. ing the commandments of the LORD; but they did
11 And the children of Israel did evil in the sight of not do so. 18 And when the LORD raised up judges
the LORD, and served the Baals, 12 and they for them, then the LORD was with the judge and
forsook the LORD God of their fathers, who brought delivered them out of the hand of their enemies all
them out of the land of Egypt, and followed other the days of the judge. For the LORD was moved to
gods, some of the gods of the people who were compassion because of their groanings on account
around them, and bowed down to them and of those who oppressed them and troubled them.
The Hebrew word Bochim means weepers. 2:14 Their punishment fit their crime. In
2:6-9 These verses take the story back to disobedience they let their enemies remain
Josh 24:28-31. They serve to introduce what in the land and started worshiping their gods,
follows. so God handed them over to those same
2:10 Gathered to their ancestors note enemies (6:1; 13:1). Compare Rom
at Gen 25:8. 1:24,26,28; 1 Tim 1:20. See Gal 6:7.
The LORD they were called the people 2:15 What chance of victory can there be,
of God but did not know God. Compare either in the physical or spiritual realm, if
1 Sam 2:12; 3:7. the hand of God is against His people? There
For Israel as is often the case the is only one thing that will bring the hand of
previous generation had failed in their duty God against them sin; and only one way
to teach their children the things of God to cause the hand of God to work for them
Deut 4:9,10; 6:6,7; 11:19. Compare Ps again repentance and faith (2 Chron 7:14;
78:4. Ps 32:4,5; Isa 55:7).
2:11 Did evil this will follow from the 2:16-19 This is the brief story of the book
ignorance revealed in v 10 as surely as night of Judges and, for that matter, in some
follows day. The knowledge of God acts as measure, the story of the whole Old
some restraint on men. If this restraint is Testament. And though we live in other
removed evil will sprout, blossom, and flour- places, other times than Israel, we would
ish. Compare Rom 1:28-31; Eph 4:18,19. make a big mistake if we thought we were
Baals Baal means lord, or owner. superior to them by nature. The Bible
In the Old Testament the word is used of a teaches the truth that all are sinners, by
certain false god more than 70 times. The nature all are rebellious against the true
Canaanites worshiped him under several God, all are disobedient to His Word. God
different forms, so the plural is used here. did not give us the history of Israel that we
He was sometimes worshiped as the storm could learn how bad they were, but that we
god, or as the god of fertility. Sometimes might realize to some extent what we are
he was worshiped with shameful sexual rites and what He is and what He wants us to be.
involving temple prostitutes. Sometimes his In this book it is said that God raised
worshipers offered children in the fire to him up twelve judges. Othniel was the first and
(Jer 19:5). He was sometimes represented Samson the last named. The last judge
as standing on a bull. and the greatest was Samuel, whose story
2:12 Gods they broke the very first of is in the book of 1 Samuel. The judges
Gods commandments (Ex 20:2,3; Deut were from different tribes (Othniel Judah;
6:4,5), and all other evils flowed from that. Ehud Benjamin; Shamgar unknown;
Anger notes at Num 25:3; Ps Deborah unknown, but probably Ephraim;
90:7-11. Gideon Manasseh; Tola Issachar; Jair
2:13 Ashtoreth a goddess supposed to Manasseh; Jephthah Manasseh; Ibzan
be the wife of Baal. Note at 1 Kings 11:5. either Judah or Zebulun; Elon Zebulun;
299 JUDGES 3:9
19 And it came about when the judge was dead, nothing about it: 3 five lords of the Philistines, and
that they went back and corrupted themselves all the Canaanites and Sidonians and Hivites who
more than their fathers, in following other gods to lived in Mount Lebanon from Mount Baal-Hermon to
serve them and to bow down to them. They did the entrance to Hamath. 4 And they were to test
not stop their practices or their stubborn ways. Israel by them, to know whether they would listen
20 And the anger of the LORD burned against to the commandments of the LORD which he
Israel, and he said, Because this people have bro- commanded their fathers through Moses.
ken my covenant which I commanded their fathers, 5 And the children of Israel lived among the
and have not listened to my voice, 21 from now on Canaanites, Hittites and Amorites and Perizzites
I will not drive out from before them any of the and Hivites and Jebusites; 6 and they took their
nations which Joshua left when he died, 22 so that daughters to be their wives and gave their daugh-
through them I may test Israel, whether they will ters to their sons, and served their gods.
keep the way of the LORD to walk in it, as their 7 And the children of Israel did evil in the sight
fathers kept it, or not. 23 Therefore the LORD left of the LORD, and forgot the LORD their God and
those nations, not driving them out speedily; and served the Baals and the Asherahs. 8 Therefore
he did not deliver them into the hands of Joshua. the anger of the LORD burned against Israel and
he sold them into the hand of Cushan Rishathaim,
3 Now these are the nations which the LORD
left, to test Israel by them, as many in Israel
as had not known all the wars of Canaan, 2 so that
king of Mesopotamia; and the children of Israel
served Cushan Rishathaim for eight years. 9 And
when the children of Israel cried out to the LORD,
the generations of the children of Israel might learn; the LORD raised up a deliverer for the children of
that is, to teach war to those who previously knew Israel, who delivered them, Othniel the son of
Abdon Ephraim; Samson Dan; Samuel they will be a separate holy people, or adopt
Levi). the customs and habits of false religion and
The enemies they faced were from all corrupt society.
sides of Israel: northeast, southeast, east, 3:1 Test 2:22.
south, west, north. In other words, people 3:2 Teach warfare compare Ps 18:34-
of Israel in all parts of the country were 40; 144:1. God wanted to prepare them
involved in the testing and teaching of 2:22 to live in the kind of world they lived in.
and 3:2 (see notes there). Israel was a nation in the land God had
LORD raised up (v 16) this was Gods given them, but all through their history they
grace at work toward an unworthy people. were surrounded by enemy nations bent on
Judges the Hebrew word means their destruction (see Ps 83:1-8). Warfare
either judges or leaders. On the whole it is a continual theme of the historical books
seems that those whom God raised up to of the Bible. It was essential for Israel to
deliver Israel performed both of these func- know how to fight. Now the battles of Gods
tions, but with some of the individuals people are not physical ones but spiritual
named their leading was more in prominence (Eph 6:10-12. See note at Josh 1:17), and
than their judging. They need to learn how to fight them.
Prostituted themselves (v 17) notes 3:3 Philistines note at 1:18. Hermon
at Lev 20:5; Jer 2:20; etc. and Hamath were in the far northern parts
Fathers v 7. of the land.
Compassion (v 18) this wonderful 3:4 Note at 2:22.
quality in God is seen everywhere in the Bible 3:5,6 Deut 7:1-6; Josh 23:12; 1 Kings
Ex 2:24,25; 3:7; 22:27; 34:6; 2 Kings 11:1-8; 2 Chron 18:1; 2 Cor 6:14-18.
13:23; 2 Chron 36:15; Ps 78:38; 86:15; 3:7 Did evil v 12; 4:1; 6:1; 10:6; 13:1.
103:13,14; Isa 49:13; Jer 12:15; Lam 3:22; Baals 2:11-13.
Mic 7:19; Matt 9:36; Mark 1:41; Rom 9:15. Asherahs Asherah was a goddess
2:19 Corrupted themselves in spite of (similar to Ashtoreth) worshiped by the
Gods grace and compassion, the people got Canaanites. They considered her the wife
worse and worse. They did not understand of their chief god (whom they called El). Her
the truth later recorded in Rom 2:4. worshipers used to carve wooden poles to
Stubborn Ex 32:9; Deut 9:6; 1 Sam represent her and placed them at her
15:23; Acts 7:51. shrines 6:26; Ex 34:13; 1 Kings 15:13;
2:20 Anger notes at Num 25:3; Ps 2 Chron 15:16; 17:6; 34:3,4; Mic 5:14.
90:7-11. 3:8 Anger 2:13,14,20; 6:39; 10:7;
2:21 Note at v 3. Num 15:3; Ps 90:7-11. Gods anger is an
2:22 Test notes at Gen 22:1; Ps important theme of Judges which describes
66:10,12; etc. Now Christians also are tested events when everyone did as he saw fit
by the unbelieving people among whom they (21:25). And what sinful people see fit to
live (as well as by Satan without and their do always deserves Gods anger.
own sinful natures within). The test is Mesopotamia an area northeast of
whether they will keep the ways of the Lord Israel.
when the vast majority does not, whether 3:9 Cried out another common theme
JUDGES 3:10 300
Kenaz, Calebs younger brother. 10 And the Spirit got up from his seat, 21 and Ehud put out his left
of the LORD came on him, and he judged Israel and hand and took the sword from his right thigh and
went out to war; and the LORD delivered Cushan drove it into his belly. 22 And the handle also went
Rishathaim, king of Mesopotamia, into his hands, in after the blade; and the fat closed on the blade,
and he got the upper hand over Cushan Rishathaim. so that he could not draw the sword out of his
11 And the land had rest for forty years. And belly; and dirt came out. 23 Then Ehud went out
Othniel the son of Kenaz died. to the porch and shut the doors of the room behind
12 And the children of Israel did evil again in the him and locked them.
sight of the LORD, and the LORD strengthened 24 When he had gone out, the kings servants
Eglon, the king of Moab, against Israel, because came, and when they saw that the doors of the
they had done evil in the sight of the LORD. room were locked, they said, He must be reliev-
13 And Eglon gathered to himself the children of ing himself in his summer palace. 25 And they
Ammon and Amalek and went and attacked Israel, waited until they were ashamed, but he did not
and took possession of the city of palm trees. appear opening the doors of the room. So they
14 So the children of Israel served Eglon, the king took a key and opened them, and saw that their
of Moab, for eighteen years. lord had fallen down on the floor, dead.
15 But when the children of Israel cried out to 26 And Ehud escaped while they were waiting,
the LORD, the LORD raised up a deliverer for them, and went beyond the quarries and escaped to
Ehud the son of Gera, a Benjamite, a left-handed Seirath. 27 And it came about when he arrived
man. And the children of Israel sent a present that he blew a trumpet in the hill country of Ephraim,
through him to Eglon, the king of Moab. 16 But and the children of Israel went down with him from
Ehud made a double-edged sword a cubit long, and the hills, with him in front of them.
he bound it on his right thigh under his clothes. 28 And he said to them, Follow me! For the
17 And he brought the present to Eglon king of LORD has delivered your enemies the Moabites into
Moab. Now Eglon was a very fat man. 18 And your hands. And they went down after him and
when Ehud had finished offering the present, he captured the fords of the Jordan toward Moab,
sent away the people who had carried the present. and did not let anyone cross over. 29 And at that
19 But he himself turned back from the quarries time they killed about ten thousand men of Moab,
that were at Gilgal, and said, I have a secret all tough men and brave fighters, and not a man
message for you, O king. The king said, Keep escaped.
quiet! And all who stood around him went out 30 So Moab was subdued that day under the
from his presence. hand of Israel. And the land had rest for eighty
20 And Ehud came to him. And he was sitting years.
alone in a room of the summer palace. And Ehud 31 And after Ehud Shamgar the son of Anath
said, I have a message from God for you. And he was judge. He killed six hundred men of the
of this book v 15; 4:3; 6:6,7; of Benjamin, the son of (Jacobs) right
10:10,12. The sad thing is that they cried hand (Gen 35:18), were left-handed (Jud
out to the Lord only when in trouble, and 20:15,16).
not for power to live consistent, holy lives. Present probably the yearly payment
Raised up note at 2:16-19. demanded by Eglon.
Othniel 1:13. He was of the tribe of 3:20 Message from God God had raised
Judah. up Ehud (v 15) to deliver His people from
3:10 Spirit of the LORD 6:34; 11:29; Eglon. Ehud means that Gods message to
14:6,19. God gave power to those He raised Eglon was a message of Gods vengeance.
up, and enabled them to do what He called 3:21 This was not personal vengeance on
them to do as indeed He always will. Ehuds part, but the working out of Gods
References to the Spirit at Gen 1:2; notes justice in the deliverance of His people.
at John 14:16,17; etc. 3:27 Trumpet 6:34; 7:18; Lev 23:23;
3:11 2:18. Num 10:1-10.
3:12 Did evil again 2:19. 3:28 Fords 12:5; Josh 2:7 where the
Moab a country east of Israel. Note water of the river was shallowest and
at Gen 19:37. crossing easiest.
3:13 Ammonites were to the east of Israel. 3:30 Eighty years the longest period of
The Amalekites were a nomadic people who peace mentioned in Judges.
generally roamed the deserts south and 3:31 Shamgar nothing more is known
southeast of Israel. of this man except that his times and those
City of Palm Trees Jericho. of Deborah overlapped 5:6,7.
3:15 Ehud what follows reveals Ehud as Six hundred a feat of personal
a very bold, very clever man. strength and daring exceeded only by
Left-handed many of the descendants Samson (15:15), and one of Davids mighty
301 JUDGES 4:16
Philistines with an ox goad; and he also delivered However, the journey that you are about to take
Israel. will not result in your honour. For the LORD will sell
Sisera into the hands of a woman. And Deborah
4 Then, after Ehud died, the children of Israel
again did evil in the sight of the LORD. 2 And
the LORD sold them into the hand of Jabin king of
arose and went with Barak to Kedesh. 10 And
Barak called Zebulun and Naphtali to Kedesh; and
he went up with ten thousand men on foot, and
Canaan, who reigned in Hazor. The commander of Deborah went up with him.
his army was Sisera, who lived in Harosheth of the 11 Now Heber the Kenite, who was of the
Gentiles. 3 And the children of Israel cried out to children of Hobab the father-in-law of Moses, had
the LORD, for Jabin had nine hundred iron chariots separated himself from the Kenites and camped in
and he mightily oppressed the children of Israel for the plain of Zaanaim, which is near Kedesh.
twenty years. 12 And they reported to Sisera that Barak the
4 And Deborah, a prophetess, the wife of son of Abinoam had gone up to Mount Tabor.
Lapidoth, judged Israel at that time. 5 And she 13 And Sisera gathered together all his chariots,
used to stay under the palm tree of Deborah nine hundred iron chariots, and all the people who
between Ramah and Bethel in the hill country of were with him, from Harosheth of the Gentiles to
Ephraim; and the children of Israel would come up the Kishon river.
to her for judgment. 6 And she sent and called 14 And Deborah said to Barak, Up! For this is
Barak the son of Abinoam from Kedesh-Naphtali, the day in which the LORD has delivered Sisera into
and said to him, Has not the LORD God of Israel your hands. Has not the LORD gone out before
given a command? Go and proceed to Mount Tabor, you?
and take with you ten thousand men from the chil- So Barak went down from Mount Tabor, with
dren of Naphtali and from the children of Zebulun. ten thousand men behind him. 15 And the LORD
7 And I will draw Sisera, the captain of Jabins army, routed Sisera, and all his chariots and his whole
with his chariots and his multitude to you at the army, with the edge of the sword before Barak; so
Kishon river, and I will deliver him into your hands. that Sisera got down from his chariot and fled
8 And Barak said to her, If you go with me, away on foot. 16 But Barak pursued after the
then I will go; but if you do not go with me, then I chariots and after the army, to Harosheth of the
will not go. Gentiles. And the whole of Siseras army fell by the
9 And she said, Certainly I will go with you. edge of the sword and not a man was left.
warriors (2 Sam 23:8). level.
4:1 2:18,19; 3:12. Given a command Deborah was a true
4:2 Jabin Joshua killed a king of the prophetess and got Gods message and
same name who ruled in the same area delivered it in Gods name.
(Josh 11:1,10). 4:7 Draw v 13; Prov 21:1.
Hazor a city in Galilee, north of the Kishon this river flows through part of
Sea, in the territory of Naphtali. the plain of Jezreel (also called Megiddo or
4:3 Iron chariots 1:19. Megeddon), west of Mt Tabor.
4:4 The Hebrew name Deborah means 4:8 It was not enough for Barak that God
bee. had told him to go and that God would be
Prophetess Ex 15:20; 2 Kings 22:14; with him. Obviously his faith was weak, yet
Isa 8:3; Luke 2:36; Acts 21:9. Note at he had true faith. In Hebrews chapter 11
Gen 20:7. Deborah was the only woman his timid nature and his fears are not
among the judges or leaders of Israel. mentioned. God will remember the best
Led or judged. things about His people and forgive and
4:5 Bethel a town about 20 kilometers eventually forget the worst (Heb 6:10;
north of Jerusalem. 8:12). But this does not mean that they can
Ephraim we are not told that Deborah follow the worst without penalty.
was of this tribe, but this indicates she may 4:9 Kedesh not to be confused with the
have been. She could have moved to this Kadesh-Barnea in the south of Israel.
area from some other place. Compare 10:1. 4:11 Heber the Kenites (1:16) had been
4:6 Barak his name means lightning. friends of Israel. Heber became friendly
In the story which follows he takes second with Israels enemies (v 17).
place to Deborah, but is mentioned by name Hobab Num 10:29.
in Hebrews chapter 11 among the great 4:13 Verse 7.
heroes of faith, and she is not (Heb 11:32 4:14 Before you see Josh 5:13-15; 23:3;
not all the best and greatest of Old Tes- 2 Sam 5:24. God Himself would lead him
tament saints are listed there by name). into battle.
Tabor a hill steeply rising from the 4:15 Routed 7:21,22; Ex 14:24; Jud
plain not far from the Sea of Galilee. Its 10:10; 1 Sam 7:10; 14:15; 2 Kings
peak is about 600 meters above sea 7:6; Ps 18:14.
JUDGES 4:17 302
17 However Sisera fled away on foot to the taken for Israel,
tent of Jael the wife of Heber the Kenite, for there when the people willingly offered
was peace between Jabin the king of Hazor and themselves.
the household of Heber the Kenite.
3 Listen, O you kings!
18 And Jael went out to meet Sisera and said to
Give ear, O you princes!
him, Turn aside, my lord, turn aside to me. Dont
I, even I, will sing to the LORD;
be afraid. And when he had turned aside to her
I will sing praise to the LORD God
into the tent, she covered him with a rug.
of Israel.
19 And he said to her, Please give me a little
4 LORD, when you went out of Seir,
water to drink, for I am thirsty. And she opened a
when you marched out from the field
container of milk and gave him a drink, and covered
of Edom, the earth trembled
him.
and the heavens dripped,
20 Again he said to her, Stand in the door of
yes, the clouds dripped water.
the tent, and if it so happens that any man comes
5 The mountains melted away before
and asks you, saying, Is there any man here?
the LORD,
you must say, No.
even that Sinai from before the
21 Then Hebers wife Jael took a tent peg and
LORD God of Israel.
took a hammer in her hand and went softly to him
and drove the peg into his temples and fastened it 6 In the days of Shamgar the son of Anath,
into the ground; for he was fast asleep and weary. in the days of Jael,
So he died. the highways were deserted,
22 And as Barak pursued Sisera, Jael appeared, and the travelers walked through
coming out to meet him, and she said to him, Come, byways.
and I will show you the man you are looking for. 7 Life in the villages came to a stop,
And when he came into her tent, there lay Sisera, came to a stop in Israel,
dead, with the peg through his temples. until I, Deborah, arose,
23 So on that day God subdued Jabin the king until I arose a mother in Israel.
of Canaan before the children of Israel. 24 And
8 They chose new gods;
the hand of the children of Israel bore down more
then war came to the gates.
and more heavily on Jabin the king of Canaan until
Was there a shield or spear seen among
they had destroyed Jabin the king of Canaan.
forty thousand in Israel?
9 My heart is with the leaders of Israel
5 And on that day Deborah and Barak the son
of Abinoam sang a song, saying,
who offered themselves willingly
among the people.
2 Praise the LORD for vengeance Praise the LORD.
4:17 Verse 11. Jael means mountain goat. sung by Deborah and Barak is a superb
4:18 Tent it seemed to Sisera the perfect example of early Hebrew poetry.
place to hide. No one but her husband or 5:2 Willingly offered v 9; 1 Chron
father would think of entering her tent 29:5; Rom 12:1,2.
uninvited it would have been altogether 5:4,5 These verses refer to the time when
against custom. God brought Israel through the Sinai desert,
4:19 Container in those days there were around Edom, and into Canaan. Compare
no glass bottles like we have today. The usual Deut 33:2; Ps 68:7-10.
containers for liquids were skins of goats or 5:6 Shamgar 3:31.
sheep made watertight. See Matt 9:17. Deserted the main roads were
4:21 Barak with an army had been afraid unsafe because of the enemy 4:2,3.
to meet Sisera (v 8). This woman, alone 5:7 I in the whole of Israel there was no
and without weapons of war, dared to slay other leader to rally the people and defeat
him. Obviously she did not agree with her the enemy. God may use women to do a
husband when he forsook Israel to become mans job when there are no men available
friends of Israels enemies. or willing to do it.
4:24 Destroyed with his army destroyed 5:8 New gods 2:13,19. Compare Deut
and his general dead, Jabin was no match 32:17.
for an Israel whose courage had been Israel the people had compromised
revived by two women. with the Canaanites and had no will to resist
5:1 Song victory over their enemies (3:5,6), so they were totally unprepared to
naturally brought songs to the victors hearts fight. Can it not be said of many Christians
and lips (Ex 15:1-18; 2 Sam 22:1-51). now not a shield of faith, not a sword of the
Spiritual victories too will result in joyful sing- Spirit is seen among them (Eph 6:14-17)
ing (Eph 5:15-20; Rev 15:2-4). This song 5:9 My heart is with this is the reason
303 JUDGES 5:22
10 Speak, you who ride on white donkeys, Issachar, and also Barak;
you who sit in judgment he was sent on foot into the valley.
and walk by the way. In the divisions of Reuben there were
11 Those who are delivered from the noise great searchings of heart.
of archers in the watering places, 16 Why did you stay among the sheepfolds
there they will declare the righteous to hear the bleatings of the flocks?
acts of the LORD, Concerning the divisions of Reuben
the righteous acts toward the there were great searchings
inhabitants of his villages in of heart.
Israel. 17 Gilead stayed beyond Jordan.
Then the people of the LORD went down And why did Dan remain in ships?
to the gates. Asher continued at the seashore,
and stayed at his breakwaters.
12 Awake, awake, Deborah! Awake, awake! 18 Zebulun and Naphtali were a people
Utter a song! \ who put their lives
Arise, Barak! in jeopardy of death
And lead your captivity captive, on the high places of the field.
you son of Abinoam.
19 The kings came and fought,
13 Then he caused the survivors to have then the kings of Canaan fought in
dominion over the nobles among the Taanach by the waters of Megiddo;
people; they took no plunder of silver.
the LORD caused me to have 20 They fought from the heavens;
dominion over the mighty. the stars in their courses
14 From Ephraim a root of those in Amalek fought against Sisera.
came down; 21 The river of Kishon swept them away,
after you, Benjamin, among your people. that ancient river, the river Kishon.
Leaders came down from Machir, O my soul, you have trampled down
and out of Zebulun those who handle strength.
the pen of the writer. 22 Then the hooves of the horses hammered
15 And the princes of Issachar were with because of the prancing,
Deborah; the prancing of their mighty ones.
she was able to inspire leaders and people 5:17 Gilead an area east of the Jordan
alike. river occupied by the half tribe of Manasseh.
5:10 Donkeys indicates the leaders and Asher Dan and Asher had territories
the wealthy (10:4; 12:14). Horses were not along the Mediterranean Sea.
used by the Israelites until later in history. 5:18 In the battle of God against the
5:11 Righteous acts of the LORD Gods enemies of His people, both those who
delivering His people, and destroying the fought (Ephraim, Benjamin, part of
ungodly were righteous acts. God, as always, Manasseh, Zebulun, Issachar, Naphtali), and
was acting in perfect justice. See 1 Sam those who refused to fight (Reuben, Dan
12:7-11; Ps 145:17; Rev 15:3; 16:5,6. and Asher) are revealed. So at the end of
5:12 Awake a stirring call to action. this age it will be revealed who fought and
Compare Ps 7:6; 35:23; 44:23. who did not fight the Lords spiritual battles.
Captive compare Ps 68:18; Eph 4:8. See 1 Tim 1:18; 6:12; 2 Tim 2:3; 4:7,8.
5:13 Me v 1. 5:19 Megiddo 4:7.
5:14 Amalek note at Ex 17:8. Though 5:20 This is poetry, and means that God
usually occupying desert areas south and Himself fought against Sisera (see 4:6,7).
east of Israel, at some time before Israel It does not mean that the position of the
came into Canaan Amalekites lived in what stars was unfavorable to Sisera, or any other
became Ephraims territory. See 12:15. such superstitious nonsense. The position
Ephraim put down its roots in what had once of the stars and planets has no power to
been possessed by Amalek. influence mens fate. The true and living
Machir Manassehs firstborn son. His God will deal with every individual according
descendants settled on both sides of the to His own will and wisdom. Our business
Jordan river. Here the reference is to those should be to know Him, serve Him, and
west of the river. please Him in everything, not to try and find
5:16 Searchings of heart evidently the out what our horoscopes may be. Every day
Reubenites were shaken by doubts about is a good day if we love and serve the true
helping their brother tribes in the fight. This God. No day is a good day if we do not.
was in accordance with the character of their See the note at Gen 25:24.
forefather. See Gen 49:3,4. 5:21 Their dead bodies fell into the river
JUDGES 5:23 304
23 Curse Meroz, have they not divided the plunder;
said the angel of the LORD, to each man a girl or two;
curse its inhabitants bitterly, to Sisera a plunder of garments of
because they did not come to the various colours,
help of the LORD, a plunder of various colours of
to the help of the LORD against the needlework,
mighty. of various colours of needlework
24 Most blessed of women be Jael, on both sides,
the wife of Heber the Kenite; for the necks of those who take the
most blessed shall she be of women plunder?
in the tent. 31 So may all your enemies perish,
25 He asked water, O LORD.
and she gave him milk; But may those who love him be like
she brought forth curds in an excellent the sun when it goes forth in its might.
bowl.
And the land had rest for forty years.
26 She put her hand to the peg,
and her right hand to the workmens
hammer,
and with the hammer she struck Sisera. 6 And the children of Israel did evil in the sight
of the LORD, and the LORD delivered them
into the hands of Midian for seven years. 2 And
She crushed his head,
Midian had the upper hand against Israel; and
and she pierced and struck through
because of the Midianites the children of Israel made
his temples.
for themselves the dens which are in the
27 At her feet he bowed, he fell,
mountains, and caves and strongholds. 3 And it
he lay down.
so happened that when Israel sowed seed, the
At her feet he bowed, he fell.
Midianites would come up, and the Amalekites, and
Where he bowed, there he fell down
the eastern peoples would come up against them,
dead.
4 and would camp against them and destroy the
28 The mother of Sisera looked out produce of the ground as far as Gaza, and leave
at a window, no supply of food for Israel, no sheep or ox or
and cried out through the lattice, donkey. 5 For they would come up with their
Why is his chariot so long in coming? livestock and their tents, and they would come as
Why are the wheels of his chariots numerous as grasshoppers; for both they and their
delayed? camels were beyond counting. And they would
enter the land to destroy it. 6 And Israel was
29 Her wise ladies answered her, greatly impoverished because of the Midianites;
indeed she gave answer to herself, and the children of Israel cried out to the LORD.
30 Have they not found, 7 And it came about, when the children of
and were carried away. Gods grace and power.
5:23 Meroz a town in Naphtali. It was 5:31 Perish Num 10:35; Ps 68:1,2. See
cursed, not because of what it did, but note at Ps 35:8. Notice that there are only
because of what it did not do. Compare two classes of people here Gods enemies
Matt 25:31-33,41-46; 1 Cor 16:22. Note and those who love God. Not loving God
at v 18. See also Matt 12:30. In the Lords means enmity with God v 23; John 15:18;
battles neutrality is not acceptable. If we Rom 8:7; 1 Cor 16:22.
do not help Him it is as though we hinder 6:1 Did evil 2:18,19; 3:7,12; 4:1.
Him. If we are not for Him we show we are Midian Gen 25:2 - a people to the
for His enemies, or at least we reveal an south and east of Israel.
evil indifference to Him and His cause. And 6:2,3 Midian was not strong enough alone
men will pay the penalty for that, even to subjugate Israel. Midian had allies in
though they may pride themselves on their the Amalekites and other peoples in the re-
tolerant spirit of neutrality. gion. And God was working against Israel
Angel of the LORD note at Gen 16:7. because of its sins (v 1).
5:24-27 Jael 4:21. She did not believe 6:5 Grasshoppers 7:12. They were com-
in trying to be neutral but came to the help pared to grasshoppers both because of their
of Gods people against a powerful and numbers and because they left the land
ungodly foe. stripped bare. Compare Ex 10:13-15. The
5:28 Mother eventually mothers of prophet Joel used similar language about
enemies of God will be disappointed; another invasion.
mothers in Israel (v 7) will joyfully sing of 6:6 Cried out 3:9,15; 4:3. The Israelites
305 JUDGES 6:25
Israel cried to the LORD because of the Midianites, with you, and you will strike down the Midianites as
8 that the LORD sent a prophet to the children of one man.
Israel, who said to them, Thus says the LORD 17 And he said to him, If now I have found
God of Israel, I brought you up from Egypt and led grace in your sight, then show me a sign that it is
you out of the house of bondage, 9 and I rescued you talking with me. 18 Please do not leave here
you from the hands of the Egyptians and from the until I come back to you and bring out my offering
hands of all who oppressed you, and drove them and place it before you.
out from before you and gave you their land. And he said, I will wait until you come back.
10 And I said to you, I am the LORD your God. Do 19 And Gideon went in and prepared a young
not fear the gods of the Amorites, in whose land goat and unleavened cakes with an ephah of flour.
you dwell. But you have not obeyed my voice. He put the meat in a basket and put the broth in a
11 And the angel of the LORD came and sat pot and brought them out to him under the oak
under an oak which was in Ophrah, that belonged and presented them.
to Joash the Abiezrite. And his son Gideon was 20 And the angel of God said to him, Take the
threshing wheat near the winepress, to hide it from meat and the unleavened cakes and lay them on
the Midianites. 12 And the angel of the LORD this rock and pour out the broth. And he did so.
appeared to him and said to him, The LORD is 21 Then the angel of the LORD stretched out the
with you, you mighty warrior. end of the staff that was in his hand and touched
13 And Gideon said to him, Oh my Lord, if the the meat and the unleavened cakes. And fire
LORD is with us, why then has all of this happened came up out of the rock and consumed the flesh
to us? And where are all his miracles which our and the unleavened cakes. Then the angel of the
fathers told us of, saying, Did not the LORD bring LORD departed from his sight.
us up from Egypt? But now the LORD has forsaken 22 And when Gideon perceived that he was the
us and delivered us into the hands of the Midianites. angel of the LORD, Gideon said, Alas, O Lord God!
14 And the LORD looked at him and said, Go in For now I have seen the angel of the LORD face to
this strength of yours, and you will save Israel face.
from the hands of the Midianites. Have I not sent 23 And the LORD said to him, Peace be to
you? you. Do not fear. You will not die.
15 And he said to him, Oh my Lord, how will I 24 Then Gideon built an altar there to the LORD
save Israel? See, my family is poor in Manasseh and called it Jehovah Shalom. To this day it is still
and I am the least in my fathers household. in Ophrah of the Abiezrites.
16 And the LORD said to him, I will certainly be 25 And it came about on the same night that
as usual waited until they were completely Least see 1 Cor 1:26-31.
desperate before crying to God. Men in 6:17 Sign Gideon was wise to ask for
general try to use God as a last resort, when this sign. The person before him appeared
everything else has failed them. as an ordinary man. And it seems Gideon
6:8-10 This time God, instead of immedi- was fully aware that anyone could come and
ately raising up a deliverer, sent a prophet speak in Gods name and try to convince
to remind them of His grace and power and him to take action against Midian. For notes
the peoples sins. See Ex 20:1-6. on asking for signs see also vs 36-40;
Instruction was needed as much as or more 2 Kings 20:8-11; Isa 7:10,11; etc. When
than deliverance. men want to do Gods will and ask for a sign
6:11 Angel of the LORD 5:23. Note at to make sure of His will, God is willing to
Gen 16:7. Here He appeared as an grant them. But signs should be asked for
ordinary man. in faith, not in unbelief (see Matt 12:38,39).
6:12 With you Ex 3:12; Josh 1:5; Isa 6:18 I will wait in this something of Gods
7:14; Heb 13:5,6. gracious character is revealed. God longs to
Warrior this word was based on what bless men (Isa 30:18). He waits for them.
the angel knew Gideon would do in the Compare Rev 3:20.
future. 6:19 Ephah probably about one half
6:13 Why then has all this happened to bushel.
us compare Ps 42:9,10. If we get our 6:21 Lev 9:24. Fire note at Ex 3:2. This
eyes away from God and His Word we will was the sign Gideon asked for in v 17 and it
fall into perplexity and discouragement. showed that his offering was accepted.
6:14 LORD (Jehovah) here is proof that 6:22 Face to face 13:22; Gen 32:30.
the angel of the LORD (v 11) is to be iden- This was a recognition, and fear, of Gods
tified with Jehovah Himself. Gideon could fiery holiness.
not save Israel from Midian, but Gideon sent 6:24 Altar see Gen 8:20.
by God could. Shalom v 23. A beautiful name of
6:15 Lord, how another reluctant ser- the true God The LORD is Peace. Note on
vant of God. Compare Ex 3:1; 4:13; Jer Jehovah at 3:14,15.
1:6; Josh 1:1-3. Isa 6:8 is different. 6:25 Note on Baal and Asherah at 2:11; 3:7.
JUDGES 6:26 306
the LORD said to him, Take your fathers young out to follow him. 35 And he sent messengers
bull, the seven year old second bull, and throw throughout all Manasseh, who was also called out
down the altar of Baal that your father has, and to follow him. And he sent messengers to Asher
cut down the Asherah grove that is by it, 26 and and to Zebulun and to Naphtali; and they came up
build an altar to the LORD your God on the top of to meet them.
this rock, in the ordered way. And take the second 36 And Gideon said to God, If you will save
bull and offer a burnt sacrifice with the wood of the Israel by my hand, as you have said, 37 see, I will
grove which you cut down. put a fleece of wool on the threshing floor; and if
27 Then Gideon took ten of his male servants the dew comes only on the fleece, and all the ground
and did as the LORD told him. But it was like this: is dry, then I will know that you will save Israel by
he did not do it in daylight, because he was afraid my hand, as you have said. 38 And it happened
of his fathers household and the men of the city; like that. For he got up early the next day and
so he did it at night. squeezed the fleece and wrung out the dew from
28 And when the men of the city arose early in the fleece, a bowl full of water.
the morning, see, the altar of Baal was thrown 39 And Gideon said to God, Let not your anger
down and the grove by it was cut down and the burn against me, and I will speak just once more. I
second bull was offered on the altar that was built. pray you, please let me test with the fleece just
29 And they said to one another, Who has once more. Now let the fleece be dry and let there
done this thing? And when they made a search be dew all over the ground. 40 And God did so
and inquired, they said, Gideon the son of Joash that night. For only the fleece was dry and there
has done this thing. was dew all over the ground.
30 Then the men of the city said to Joash,
7
Bring out your son to die, because he has thrown Then Jerubbaal, who is Gideon, and all the
down the altar of Baal and because he has cut people who were with him, got up early and
down the grove that was by it. camped beside Harods well, so that the army of
31 And Joash said to all who stood against him, the Midianites was to the north of them, by the hill
Will you plead for Baal? Will you save him? May of Moreh, in the valley. 2 And the LORD said to
the one who pleads for him be put to death while it Gideon, The people who are with you are too
is still morning. If he is a god, let him plead for many for me to give the Midianites into their hands.
himself, because someone has thrown down his If I did, Israel would boast against me, saying, My
altar. 32 Therefore on that day he called him own hand has saved me. 3 Now therefore make
Jerubbaal, saying, Let Baal plead against him, an announcement in the hearing of the people and
because he has thrown down his altar. say, Whoever is trembling and afraid, let him go
33 Then all the Midianites and the Amalekites back and leave early from Mount Gilead. And
and the eastern peoples gathered together and twenty-two thousand of the people went back,
crossed over and camped in the valley of Jezreel. leaving ten thousand.
34 But the Spirit of the LORD came on Gideon, and 4 And the LORD said to Gideon, The people are
he blew a trumpet; and the Abiezerites were called still too many. Bring them down to the water, and
6:27 Afraid v 12! Here is an important 6:35 Manasseh Gideon was of this tribe.
lesson for all of us Gideon did not allow 6:36-40 Gideon should have believed the
his fears to keep him from obeying God. promise and the sign God had already given
6:30 Die how utterly perverse their (vs 14,16,21). But God did not rebuke
thoughts! Because of their idol worship they Gideon for asking for another sign. He was
were the ones who deserved to die, not willing to stoop to Gideons weakness and
Gideon. See Deut 13:6-15. This is an meet his need of further assurance. He knew
example of how the world, and, alas, some- that by nature Gideon was a fearful and
times Gods people, turn the truth on its cautious man (vs 15,27; 7:10). Psalm
head. 103:13,14 is always true.
6:31 His altar an excellent answer that 7:1 Valley the plain of Jezreel (6:33).
reminds us of Elijahs treatment of the 7:2 Too many see 1 Sam 14:6; Ps 33:16.
prophets of Baal in 1 Kings 18:21-27. Boast compare Jer 9:23,24; 1 Cor
6:32 Jerubbaal means let Baal contend. 1:27-31; 3:21; Eph 2:9. Boasting in them-
6:33 Jezreel 4:7; 5:19. selves would have been disastrous for them.
6:34 Spirit of the LORD came on Gideon 7:3 Afraid compare Deut 20:8. God did
See 3:10. The Hebrew literally means the not want many men for the battle but the
Spirit clothed Himself with Gideon. This few He did want had to be willing in faith to
expression in Hebrew is found in only two risk everything for Him. This is not less
other places 1 Chron 12:18; 2 Chron true now.
24:20. 7:4 Test them doubtless Gods process
Trumpet 3:27. of testing men goes on continually in
307 JUDGES 7:24
I will test them for you there. And it shall be like is nothing else except the sword of Gideon the son
this: if I say to you about someone, This one shall of Joash, a man of Israel. For God has delivered
go with you, he shall go with you; and if I say Midian and all the army into his hands.
about someone else, This one shall not go with 15 And it happened that when Gideon heard
you, he shall not go. the dream being told and its interpretation, he
5 So he brought the people down to the water. worshipped and returned to the camp of Israel and
And the LORD said to Gideon, Everyone who laps said, Arise! For the LORD has delivered the army
the water with his tongue, like a dog laps, set him of Midian into your hands. 16 And he divided the
apart by himself; likewise everyone who kneels three hundred men into three companies, and he
down to drink. 6 And the number of those who put a trumpet in each mans hand, with empty
lapped, putting their hand to their mouth, was pitchers, with torches inside the pitchers.
three hundred men, but all the rest of the people 17 And he said to them, Watch me and do
knelt down to drink water. likewise. And, look, when I come to the outskirts of
7 And the LORD said to Gideon, I will save you the camp, you must do just as I do. 18 When I
through the three hundred men who lapped, and blow on a trumpet, I and all those who are with me,
deliver the Midianites into your hand. As for all the then you also blow the trumpets on all sides of the
others, let each man go to his place. 8 So the whole camp and say, The sword of the LORD and
people took provisions in their hands and their of Gideon.
trumpets. And he sent all the rest of Israel away, 19 So Gideon and the hundred men who were
each man to his tent, and kept those three with him came to the outskirts of the camp at the
hundred men. And the army of Midian was below beginning of the middle watch, when they had just
him in the valley. set a new guard. And they blew the trumpets and
9 And it came about the same night that the broke the pitchers in their hands. 20 And the three
LORD said to him, Arise, go down to the army, for companies blew the trumpets and broke the
I have delivered it into your hands. 10 But if you pitchers, and held the torches in their left hands
are afraid to go down, go down with your servant and the trumpets in their right hands to blow on.
Phurah to the army, 11 and you can hear what And they cried out, The sword of the LORD and of
they are saying. And after that your hands will be Gideon! 21 And each man stood in his place around
strengthened to go down to the army. Then he the camp. And the whole army ran, and cried out
went down with Phurah his servant to the outposts as they fled.
of the armed men in the camp. 12 And the Midianites 22 And the three hundred blew the trumpets,
and the Amalekites and all the eastern people lay and the LORD set every mans sword against his
along in the valley like grasshoppers in number; fellow soldier, throughout the whole army. And
and their camels were beyond counting, as many the army fled to Beth-Shittah in Zererath and to
as the sand on the seashore. the border of Abel-Meholah, to Tabbath. 23 And
13 And when Gideon came, just then a man was the men of Israel gathered together from Naphtali
telling a dream to his companion and saying, Look, and from Asher and from all Manasseh and chased
I had a dream, and, see, a cake of barley bread after the Midianites. 24 And Gideon sent messen-
came rolling into the camp of Midian, and came to a gers throughout all the hill country of Ephraim,
tent and struck it so that it fell and overturned it, saying, Come down against the Midianites and in
so that the tent lay flat. advance of them seize the water crossings as far
14 And his companion answered and said, This as Beth-Barah and the Jordan. Then all the men
unseen ways. 2 Thess 2:17), anything that discourages
7:6 The 300 remained alert and prepared our faith is from some source in opposition
for action, while the remainder relaxed and to God.
showed themselves vulnerable to attack. 7:18 Gideon Gideon was not concerned
God did not need many men, but the few for his own honor here he knew that the
He wanted had to be watchful and ready for enemy feared his name (v 14).
anything. Can we think it is any different 7:19 Middle watch there were three
for the Lords spiritual battles now? watches during the night. The middle one
7:10 Afraid God knew that Gideon by was at a time when sleep would have fallen
nature was a man tempted to timidity and on the camp.
fear (6:15,27), and gave him further 7:21,22 Compare Josh 23:10; 1 Sam
encouragement in the incident which follows 14:14,15; 2 Kings 7:6,7. Obedience to
(vs 11-14). God and boldness of faith can always de-
7:15 Gods method of encouraging His timid feat superior forces. Compare Luke 10:9,20;
servant bore fruit. In general we can say Jam 4:7; 1 Pet 5:8,9.
that anything that encourages our faith in 7:24 Jordan to present the enemy
the one true God is from God (compare escaping eastward across the river.
JUDGES 7:25 308
of Ephraim gathered together and seized the wa- 10 Now Zebah and Zalmunna were in Karkor,
ter crossings as far as Beth-Barah and the Jordan. and their armies with them, about fifteen thousand
25 And they captured two princes of the men, all who were left of all the armies of the
Midianites, Oreb and Zeeb; and they killed Oreb on eastern peoples. For a hundred and twenty
the rock Oreb, and Zeeb they killed at the winepress thousand men who drew sword had fallen. 11 And
of Zeeb. And they pursued Midian and brought the Gideon went up by way of the tent dwellers to the
heads of Oreb and Zeeb to Gideon on the other east of Nobah and Jogbehah and attacked the army;
side of the Jordan. for the army was off guard. 12 And when Zebah
and Zalmunna fled, he pursued them and seized
8 And the men of Ephraim said to him, Why
have you treated us like this, not calling us
when you went to fight against the Midianites?
the two kings of Midian, Zebah and Zalmunna, and
routed the whole army.
13 And Gideon the son of Joash returned from
And they rebuked him sharply. battle before the sun was up, 14 and caught a
2 And he said to them, What have I done now young man of the men of Succoth and questioned
compared with you? Is not the gleaning of the him; and the youth wrote down for him the names
grapes of Ephraim better than the grape harvest of the leaders of Succoth, and its elders, seventy-
of Abiezer? 3 God has delivered the princes of seven men. 15 And he came to the men of Succoth
Midian, Oreb and Zeeb, into your hands. And what and said, See Zebah and Zalmunna about whom
was I able to do compared with you? Then their you taunted me, saying, Are the hands of Zebah
anger toward him subsided, when he said that. and Zalmunna already in your hands, that we
4 And Gideon came to the Jordan and crossed should give bread to your weary men? 16 And he
it, he and the three hundred men with him, weary took the elders of the city, and thorns and briars
but still pursuing the enemy. 5 And he said to the from the wilderness, and with them gave a lesson
men of Succoth, Please give loaves of bread to to the men of Succoth. 17 And he broke down the
the people who are following me; for they are tower of Penuel and killed the men of the city.
weary, and I am pursuing Zebah and Zalmunna, 18 Then said he to Zebah and Zalmunna, What
kings of Midian. kind of men were those whom you killed at Tabor?
6 And the princes of Succoth said, Are the And they answered, They were like you. Each
hands of Zebah and Zalmunna already in your one looked like the children of a king.
hands, that we should give bread to your army? 19 And he said, They were my brothers, the
7 And Gideon said, So when the LORD delivers sons of my mother. As the LORD lives, if you had
Zebah and Zalmunna into my hands, then I will rip saved them alive, I would not kill you. 20 And he
up your flesh with the thorns of the wilderness and said to Jether his firstborn, Get up and kill them.
with briars. But the youth did not draw his sword, because he
8 And he went up from there to Penuel and was afraid; for he was still a youth.
spoke to them in the same way. And the men of 21 Then Zebah and Zalmunna said, You rise up
Penuel answered him just as the men of Succoth and strike us down. For as the man, so is his
had answered him. 9 And he spoke also to the men strength. And Gideon got up and killed Zebah and
of Penuel, saying, When I come again in peace, I Zalmunna, and took away the ornaments that were
will break down this tower. on the necks of their camels.
7:25 Zeeb Ps 83:11. rather than himself. In all this he displayed
8:1 Sharply those who win great true wisdom.
victories are not always applauded for them. 8:4 But still pursuing this should be true
See 12:1 also. These criticizers in their also in our spiritual life in Christ. Paul was
self-centeredness could not praise God for sometimes exhausted (2 Cor 4:8,9; 7:5;
a success won through someone else. etc), but he kept pursuing the goal (Phil
8:2 Gideon is saying that Ephraims final 3:13,14).
pursuit of the enemy (gleanings of 8:5 Succoth Gen 33:17; Josh 13:27;
Ephraims grapes) was far more important 1 Kings 7:46. This was an Israelite town east
than his own initial attack (full grape har- of the Jordan river. Its people should have
vest of Abiezer. Abiezer was Gideons clan been glad to help Gideon in his efforts to
6:11). destroy his and their enemies.
8:3 Subsided Prov 15:1. Gideon did not 8:7 Compare 5:23.
add fuel to the flames of envy that had 8:8 Penuel Gen 32:30,31; 1 Kings
begun to blaze in their hearts. He did not 12:25. Another Israelite town which should
want the campaign against Midian to be have helped Gideon.
hindered. He would rather win the battle 8:15-17 Again we see the seriousness of the
against the enemy than win the argument sin of refusing to help Gods servants in their
against allies, and was willing to praise them fight against Gods enemies. Note at 5:23.
309 JUDGES 9:4
22 Then the men of Israel said to Gideon, Rule sons, his bodily descendants; for he had many
over us, both you and your son and your wives. 31 And his concubine, who was in Shechem,
grandson; for you have delivered us from the hand also bore him a son, and he called his name
of Midian. Abimelech. 32 And Gideon the son of Joash died in
23 And Gideon said to them, I will not rule over a good old age and was buried in the tomb of Joash
you, nor will my son rule over you. The LORD shall his father, in Ophrah of the Abiezrites.
rule over you. 24 And Gideon said to them, I 33 And it came about, as soon as Gideon was
would request that each one of you give me the dead, that the children of Israel turned back and
earrings from his plunder. (For they had golden prostituted themselves to the Baals and made
earrings, because the enemy had been Baal-Berith their god. 34 And the children of Israel
Ishmaelites.) did not remember the LORD their God, who had
25 And they answered, We will willingly give delivered them from the hands of all their enemies
them. And they spread a cloth, and each man on every side. 35 And they did not show kindness
threw on it the earrings from his plunder. 26 And to the house of Jerubbaal, that is, Gideon, for all
the weight of the golden earrings that he requested the good which he had done to Israel.
was a thousand seven hundred shekels of gold.
Besides there were ornaments and necklaces and
purple clothing that had been on the kings of Midian,
besides the chains that were around the necks of
9 And Abimelech the son of Jerubbaal went to
Shechem to his mothers brothers, and spoke
with them and with the whole family of the house-
their camels. 27 And with this gold Gideon made hold of his mothers father, saying, 2 Please say in
an ephod and put it in his city, in Ophrah. And all the hearing of all the men of Shechem, What is
Israel went there prostituting themselves to it. This better for you, that all the seventy sons of Jerubbaal
became a snare to Gideon and to his household. reign over you, or that one reign over you? Re-
28 In this way Midian was subdued before the member also that I am your bone and your flesh.
children of Israel, so that they no longer lifted up 3 And his mothers brothers spoke all these
their heads. And the country had rest for forty words about him in the hearing of all the men of
years in the days of Gideon. Shechem; and their hearts inclined to follow
29 And Jerubbaal the son of Joash went and Abimelech, for they said, He is our brother. 4 And
lived in his own house. 30 And Gideon had seventy they gave him seventy pieces of silver from the
8:22 Rule over us they revealed the self-worship, and so found themselves in
desire in the hearts of men to have, not opposition to Him.
God, but a strong man rule them. See note 8:29 Jerubbaal Gideon (6:32).
at 1 Sam 8:5-22. Very briefly these Israel- 8:30 Many wives this is not an example
ites unknowingly voiced a fact evident in the God wants us to follow Gen 30:1; 2 Sam
whole history of the world a tendency to 3:2-5; 1 Kings 11:1-8.
make benefactors into dictators. 8:33,34 2:18,19. Prostituted Ex 34:15;
8:23 I will not rule over you Gideon is in Lev 20:5; Jer 2:2; etc. Baal Berith means
great and wonderful contrast to many even Lord of the covenant. They worshiped a
in Christian circles who grasp for power at false god who could neither make nor keep
any cost and love to lord it over others. a covenant and rejected the one true God
The LORD will rule over you Num who was in a living covenant relationship with
23:21; 1 Sam 12:12. Now there is only them (Ex 19:5,6). Notes on Baal at 2:11.
one Head of the Church that God approves This is what spiritual prostitution is like.
the Lord Jesus Christ the King (Eph 1:22; 8:35 People who are not grateful to God may
4:15; 5:23). Beware that any speak of not show much gratitude to His servants
Him as those in the parable He taught (Luke either.
19:14). 9:1 8:29-31. Once again, as the following
8:24 Ishmaelites formed a part of the story reveals, the having of multiple wives
defeated army. proved disastrous. See Gen 30:1; 2 Sam
8:26 A thousand seven hundred shekels 3:2-5; 1 Kings 11:1-8. Those who do not
about 19.5 kilograms. follow Gods appointed way will suffer the
8:27 Ephod Ex 28:6-30; 39:2-26; Lev consequences.
8:7. 9:2 8:23.
Prostituting themselves to it this 9:3 They did not inquire what sort of man
means they worshipped it in place of the Abimelech was. Since he was a relative he
true God. As usual they, as men in general was acceptable as their leader, regardless
do, took something once appointed by God, of his character. In this way people will
and perverted it into something against God often get the worst kind of leaders, and will
(compare 2 Kings 18:4). Indeed, through- deserve them.
out their history many in Israel perverted 9:4 Seventy silver shekels about 0.8
the use of the whole law of God and made it kilogram.
an instrument for self-righteousness and Baal Berith 8:33.
JUDGES 9:5 310
house of Baal-Berith. With it Abimelech hired worth- delivered you from the hands of Midian. 18 And at
less and reckless persons to follow him. 5 And he this time you have risen up against my fathers
went to his fathers house at Ophrah and killed his household and have killed his seventy sons on the
seventy brothers, the sons of Jerubbaal, on the same stone, and have made Abimelech, the son of
same stone. However Jotham, the youngest son his female slave, king over the people of Shechem,
of Jerubbaal, was left, for he hid himself. 6 And all because he is your brother); 19 if then you have
the men of Shechem and all Beth Millo gathered dealt in truth and sincerity with Jerubbaal and with
together and went and made Abimelech king, by his household this day, then be happy with
the oak at the pillar in Shechem. Abimelech, and let him also be happy with you.
7 And when they told this to Jotham, he went 20 But if not, may fire come out from Abimelech
and stood on the top of Mount Gerizim and raised and devour the men of Shechem and Beth-Millo,
his voice and shouted and said to them, Listen to and may fire come out from the men of Shechem
me, you men of Shechem, so that God may listen to and Beth-Millo, and devour Abimelech.
you. 8 Once the trees went out to anoint a king 21 And Jotham ran off and escaped. He went
over them, and they said to the olive tree, Reign to Beer and stayed there, for fear of his brother
over us. Abimelech.
9 But the olive tree said to them, Should I 22 And Abimelech reigned three years over
leave my fatness, with which God and man are Israel. 23 Then God sent an evil spirit between
honoured, and go to hold sway over the trees? Abimelech and the men of Shechem, and the men
10 And the trees said to the fig tree, You come of Shechem dealt treacherously with Abimelech.
and reign over us. 24 Gods purpose was that the violence done to
11But the fig tree said to them, Should I leave the seventy sons of Jerubbaal might come back on
my sweetness and my good fruit, and go to hold their brother Abimelech who killed them, and the
sway over the trees? shedding of their blood be put on him and on the
12 Then the trees said to the vine, You come men of Shechem who assisted him in the killing of
and reign over us. his brothers. 25 And the men of Shechem set men
13 And the vine said to them, Should I leave in ambush for him on the top of the mountains, and
my wine, which cheers God and man, and go to they robbed everyone who came near them along
hold sway over the trees? that way. And this was told to Abimelech.
14 Then all the trees said to the bramble, You 26 And Gaal, the son of Ebed, came with his
come and reign over us. brothers and went over to Shechem. And the men
15 And the bramble said to the trees, If you of Shechem put their confidence in him. 27 And
anoint me king over you, then come and put your they went out into the fields, and harvested their
trust in my shadow. But if not, may fire come out vineyards and trampled out the grapes and held a
of the bramble and devour the cedars of Lebanon. festival, and went into the house of their god and
16 Now therefore, if you have acted in truth ate and drank and cursed Abimelech. 28 And Gaal,
and sincerity in making Abimelech king, and if you the son of Ebed, said, Who is Abimelech and who
have dealt fairly with Jerubbaal and his household is Shechem, that we should serve him? Is he not
and have done to him as he deserved 17 (For my the son of Jerubbaal? And isnt Zebul his officer?
father fought for you and risked his life and Serve the men of Hamor the father of Shechem;
9:5,6 Beth Millo or the house of Millo Israel that submitted to him.
the Hebrew word Beth means house. 9:23 Evil spirit this may mean that God,
King little they cared that Abimelech for purposes of judgment, created an atti-
was a murderer of his brothers. It was tude of enmity between Abimelech and the
enough that he was their relative! In this people. Or it may mean that an evil spirit
way, sometimes even in Christian circles, in the unseen world was sent to Shechem.
thieves and immoral men gain positions of Compare 1 Sam 16:14,23; 1 Kings 22:19-
leadership. But if Gods true blessing is 23. See also notes at 2 Sam 24:1; Job
desired, Gods principles must be followed. 1:7.
9:8-15 Jotham means that his slain broth- 9:24 Verses 56,57 an example of how
ers were like good and profitable trees and God takes vengeance on evil men for their
not one had desired to be king. The people evil deeds. Note and references at Num
of Shechem had chosen one like a thorn 31:2,3.
bush to rule them. 9:26-55 An example of the way men be-
9:20 Jotham is saying that Abimelech and have when God is not their king and they
the people of Shechem would be the de- do what they please (21:25).
struction of one another. This curse on them 9:28 Hamor Hamor was the Canaanite
God fulfilled (v 57). who founded the city of Shechem
9:22 Abimelech ruled only that part of before Israel even arrived in the land
311 JUDGES 10:1
for why should we serve him? 29 Would to God with him, rushed forward and stood in the entrance
that this people were under my hand! Then I would of the gate of the city. And the other two groups
get rid of Abimelech. And he said to Abimelech, rushed on all the people who were in the fields and
Increase your army and come out. killed them. 45 And Abimelech fought against the
30 And when Zebul, the governor of the city, city all that day; and he took the city and killed the
heard the words of Gaal the son of Ebed, his anger people who were in it, and broke down the city and
burned. 31 And he sent messengers to Abimelech sowed it with salt.
secretly, saying, Look, Gaal, the son of Ebed, and 46 And when all the men of the tower of
his brothers have come to Shechem. And, see, Shechem heard that, they entered the inner room
they are stirring up the city against you. 32 Now of the temple of the god Berith. 47 And it was told
therefore get up at night, you and the people who Abimelech that all the men of the tower of Shechem
are with you, and lie in wait in the field. 33 And in had gathered together. 48 And Abimelech went up
the morning, as soon as the sun rises, it should be to Mount Zalmon, he and all the people who were
that you get up early and attack the city. And, with him. And Abimelech took an axe in his hand
look, when he and the people who are with him and cut down a branch from the trees and picked it
come out against you, then you can do to them as up and put it on his shoulder, and said to the peo-
you see the opportunity. ple who were with him, Hurry and do the same
34 And Abimelech, and all the people who were thing that you have seen me do. 49 And each man
with him, got up at night and set an ambush against among all the people also cut down his branch and
Shechem in four groups. 35 And Gaal, the son of followed Abimelech, and put them against the
Ebed, went out and stood in the entrance of the inner room and set fire to the room on the men; so
gate of the city. And Abimelech, and the people that all the persons of the tower of Shechem also
who were with him, got up out of the ambush. died, about a thousand men and women.
36 And when Gaal saw the people, he said to 50 Then Abimelech went to Thebez and camped
Zebul, Look, people are coming down from the top against Thebez and captured it. 51 But there was
of the mountains. And Zebul said to him, You see a strong tower inside the city, and all the men and
the shadow of the mountains looking like men. women, everyone in the city, fled there and shut
37 And Gaal spoke again and said, See, people themselves in and went up to the top of the tower.
are coming down from the middle of the land, and 52 And Abimelech came to the tower and fought
another group is coming along by the plain of against it, and went near the door of the tower to
Meonenim. burn it with fire. 53 And a certain woman threw a
38 Then Zebul said to him, Now where is your piece of a millstone on Abimelechs head and broke
mouth with which you said, Who is Abimelech, his skull.
that we should serve him? Are not these the 54 Then he quickly called to the young man who
people whom you have despised? Please go out was his armour-bearer and said to him, Draw
and fight with them. your sword and kill me, so that men do not say
39 And Gaal went out before the men of about me, A woman killed him. And his young
Shechem and fought with Abimelech. 40 And man pierced him through, and he died. 55 And
Abimelech chased him, and he fled before him, and when the men of Israel saw that Abimelech was
many fell wounded, up to the entrance of the gate. dead, each man left for his place.
41 And Abimelech stayed at Arumah. And Zebul 56 In this way God repaid the wickedness of
drove Gaal and his brothers out, so that they could Abimelech which he did to his father, in killing his
not stay in Shechem. seventy brothers. 57 And God returned on the
42 And it came about on the next day, that the heads of the men of Shechem all their evil. And the
people went out into the field and told Abimelech. curse of Jotham, the son of Jerubbaal, came on
43 And he took the people and divided them into them.
three groups and set an ambush in the field, and
watched. And now the people came out of the
city, and he rose up against them and attacked
them. 44 And Abimelech, and the group that was
10 And after Abimelech, Tola, the son of Puah,
the son of Dodo, a man of Issachar, rose
up to defend Israel. And he lived in Shamir in Mount
(Gen 33:18,19). of sin, no calling on God. So ends the sad
9:46 The god Berith or El-Berith. The account of the son of a great man in Israel.
name means god of the covenant. This 9:56,57 Once again we see the unseen God
god is the same as Baal-Berith (v 4; 8:33). justly judging the actions of men and caus-
9:49 Verses 3,20. ing them to reap what they sow. See Esther
9:54 Even while dying, pride was the ruling 7:10; Ps 18:25-27; etc.
passion of his heart. There is no confession 10:1 This Tola is never mentioned again in
JUDGES 10:2 312
Ephraim. 2 And he judged Israel twenty-three chosen; let them deliver you in the time of your
years, and died and was buried in Shamir. tribulation.
3 And after him arose Jair, a Gileadite, and 15 And the children of Israel said to the LORD,
judged Israel twenty-two years. 4 And he had We have sinned. Do to us whatever seems good
thirty sons who rode on thirty young donkeys, and to you. Only deliver us, we pray you, this day.
they had thirty cities, which are called Havoth-Jair 16 And they put away the foreign gods from among
to this day. They are in the land of Gilead. 5 And them and served the LORD. And his soul was
Jair died and was buried in Camon. grieved for the misery of Israel.
6 And the children of Israel again did evil in the 17 Then the children of Ammon gathered
sight of the LORD, and served the Baals and together and camped in Gilead. And the children of
Ashtaroth and the gods of Syria and the gods of Israel assembled themselves and camped in Mizpeh.
Sidon and the gods of Moab and the gods of the 18 And the people and leaders of Gilead said to
children of Ammon and the gods of the Philistines, one another, Who is the man who will begin to
and forsook the LORD and did not serve him. 7 And fight against the children of Ammon? He will be
the anger of the LORD burned against Israel and head over all the inhabitants of Gilead.
he sold them into the hands of the Philistines and
into the hands of the children of Ammon. 8 And
that year they troubled and oppressed the chil-
dren of Israel. For eighteen years they oppressed
11 Now Jephthah the Gileadite was a brave
warrior, and he was the son of a prosti-
tute. And Gilead was the father of Jephthah.
all the children of Israel who were on the other 2 And Gileads wife bore him sons. And his wifes
side of the Jordan in Gilead, in the land of the sons grew up and drove out Jephthah and said to
Amorites. 9 Moreover the children of Ammon him, You will not have an inheritance in our fathers
crossed the Jordan to fight against Judah also and house, for you are the son of another woman.
against Benjamin and against the house of Ephraim, 3 Then Jephthah fled from his brothers and stayed
so that Israel was greatly distressed. in the land of Tob. And worthless fellows gathered
10 And the children of Israel cried out to the around Jephthah and went around with him.
LORD, saying, We have sinned against you by 4 And it so happened in process of time, that
forsaking our God, and also by serving the Baals. the children of Ammon made war against Israel.
11 And the LORD said to the children of Israel, 5 And it happened that when the children of Ammon
Did I not rescue you from the Egyptians and from made war against Israel, the elders of Gilead went
the Amorites, from the children of Ammon and from to bring Jephthah from the land of Tob, 6 and said
the Philistines? 12 Also the Sidonians and the to Jephthah, Come and be our leader, so that we
Amalekites and the Maonites oppressed you; and can fight with the children of Ammon.
you cried out to me, and I delivered you from their 7 And Jephthah said to the elders of Gilead,
hands. 13 Yet you have forsaken me and served Did you not hate me and drive me from my fathers
other gods. Therefore I will no longer deliver you. house? And why have you come to me now when
14 Go and cry out to the gods which you have you are in trouble?
the Bible. We are not told why he, being of 10:7 Anger 2:12,20; Num 25:3; Ps 90:
the tribe of Issachar, came to live in 7-11.
Ephraim. Perhaps it was merely because Ammon the Philistines were on the
Ephraim was centrally located in the whole west of Israel, the Ammonites on the east.
land. Israel was as if between two grinding stones.
10:2 Judged or led. 10:10 Cried out to the LORD 3:9,15;
10:3-5 Jair we know nothing more of 4:3; 6:6,7. Did they wait eighteen years to
Jair than is given in these verses. Gilead cry to God (v 8)?
was east of the Jordan river. Havvoth Jair We have sinned confession of sin that
means the villages of Jair. is merely the result of some physical dis-
10:6 Again 2:18,19; 3:7,12; 4:1; tress (v 9) is not the kind of confession God
6:1. Nothing could long prevent them from requires. See Ex 9:27.
following the desires of their depraved 10:11 The LORD said probably through
hearts. Are we better by nature than they? a prophet.
See Rom 3:9. 10:14 Tribulation Isa 44:17; 45:20;
Baals and Ashtoreth see 2:11-13; 46:7; 57:13.
1 Kings 11:5. These gods were not enough 10:15,16 These words and actions showed
for these stubborn and sinful people. They a measure of repentance, but God knew
wanted to worship all the gods of all Israels their good intentions would be like the dew
enemies. If we do not choose the true God of the morning of a hot day.
as our one God, we will never be satisfied 11:1 Warrior 6:12; 1 Tim 6:12.
with the gods, no matter how many they 11:3 Tob 2 Sam 10:6,8. A land on the
may be. Syrian border.
313 JUDGES 11:29
8 And the elders of Gilead said to Jephthah, and camped on the other side of the Arnon, but did
So we turn again to you now, so that you may go not enter the territory of Moab. For the Arnon was
with us and fight against the children of Ammon, the border of Moab.
and be our head over all the inhabitants of Gilead. 19 And Israel sent messengers to Sihon, king
9 And Jephthah said to the elders of Gilead, If of the Amorites, the king of Heshbon, and Israel
you take me home again to fight against the said to him, Please let us pass through your land
children of Ammon, and the LORD delivers them up to my place. 20 But Sihon did not trust Israel to
to me, will I be your head? pass through his territory, and Sihon gathered all
10 And the elders of Gilead said to Jephthah, his people together and camped in Jahaz and fought
May the LORD be a witness between us, if we do against Israel.
not do according to your words. 11 Then Jephthah 21 And the LORD God of Israel delivered Sihon
went with the elders of Gilead, and the people made and all his people into the hands of Israel, and they
him head and leader over them. And Jephthah defeated them. So Israel took possession of the
spoke all his words before the LORD in Mizpeh. whole land of the Amorites, the inhabitants of that
12 And Jephthah sent messengers to the king country. 22 And they took over all the territories
of the children of Ammon, saying, What is there of the Amorites, from the Arnon to the Jabbok,
between you and me, that you have come against and from the desert to the Jordan.
me to fight in my land? 23 So the LORD God of Israel dispossessed
13 And the king of the children of Ammon the Amorites from before his people Israel, and
answered the messengers of Jephthah, Because now should you possess it? 24 Will you not possess
when Israel came up from Egypt, they took away that which Chemosh your god gives you to
my land from the Arnon to the Jabbok and to the possess? So whomever the LORD our God drove
Jordan. Now therefore restore those regions again out from before us, their land we will possess.
peaceably. 25 And now are you any better than Balak the
14 And Jephthah again sent messengers to the son of Zippor, king of Moab? Did he ever strive
king of the children of Ammon, 15 and they said to against Israel or did he ever fight against them?
him, This is what Jephthah says: Israel did not 26 While Israel lived in Heshbon and her towns,
take the land of Moab or the land of the children of and in Aroer and her towns, and in all the cities that
Ammon, 16 but when Israel came up from Egypt are along by the territories of the Arnon for three
and travelled through the desert to the Red Sea hundred years, why did you not recover them during
and came to Kadesh, 17 then Israel sent messen- that time? 27 Therefore I have not sinned against
gers to the king of Edom, saying, Please let me you, but you are wronging me by warring against
pass through your land. But the king of Edom me. May the LORD the Judge be the judge today
would not hear of it. And in the same way they between the children of Israel and the children of
sent word to the king of Moab. But he would not Ammon.
consent. And Israel stayed in Kadesh. 28 However the king of the children of Ammon
18 Then they went along through the desert did not listen to the words of Jephthah which he
and went around the land of Edom and the land of sent him.
Moab, and travelled to the east of the land of Moab 29 Then the Spirit of the LORD came on
11:9 LORD delivers them up to me a who divided to all nations their lands (Acts
recognition that victory would not come by 17:24-28). But this was not understood
his skill in battle but by Gods grace. by everyone in Old Testament days any
Jephthah is listed with the heroes of faith in more than it is now.
Heb 11:32. 11:25 Balak Num 22:1,2.
11:13 My land this was a false claim, as 11:26 Three hundred years had elapsed
Jephthah makes clear in the following verses. since Moses led Israel to the Jordan river.
When there is greed for land the facts of This places the time of this story at about
history are often ignored or perverted. 1100 B.C., almost a hundred years before
11:15-22 Jephthah gives the truth about David began his reign.
things Num 20:14-21; 21:10-12, 21-35. 11:27 Judge 1 Sam 24:12-15. They are
11:20 Did not trust Israel or the meaning wise who let God decide what they should
might be would not make an agreement have or not have, and leave the working
with Israel. out of justice to Him (Gen 18:25; Deut
11:21 Verse 9. 32:4; 2 Chron 19:7; Ps 58:11; 71:9;
11:24 Chemosh pronounced Key-mosh. 75:7; 89:14; 94:2).
Note at 1 Kings 11:7. Actually their god 11:28 They who are determined to pursue
Chemosh had given them nothing, and their own course will not be changed by
could give them nothing Ps 115:1-8. It reason, or by appeals to history.
was the God of Israel, the one true God, 11:29 3:10; 6:34; 13:25; 14:6,19.
JUDGES 11:30 314
Jephthah, and he passed through Gilead and 38 And he said, Go. And he sent her away for
Manasseh, and passed through Mizpeh of Gilead; two months; and she went with her companions
and from Mizpeh of Gilead he went on to the and on the mountains lamented because of her
children of Ammon. 30 And Jephthah made a vow virginity. 39 And it came about at the end of two
to the LORD and said, If you deliver the children months that she returned to her father, and he did
of Ammon into my hands without fail, 31 then it with her in accordance with the vow which he had
shall be that whatever comes out of the doors of made. And she did not know a man. And it became
my house to meet me when I return in peace from a custom in Israel, 40 that the daughters of Israel
the children of Ammon, shall surely be the LORDs, went yearly to lament the daughter of Jephthah
and I will offer it as a burnt offering. the Gileadite for four days in a year.
32 So Jephthah went on to the children of
Ammon to fight against them; and the LORD deliv-
ered them into his hands. 33 And he struck them
down from Aroer as far as Minnith, twenty cities,
12 And the men of Ephraim gathered together
and went northward, and said to Jephthah,
Why did you pass over to fight against the
and to the plain of the vineyards, with a very great children of Ammon and not call us to go with you?
slaughter. In this way the children of Ammon were We will burn down your house on you with fire.
subdued before the children of Israel. 2 And Jephthah said to them, I and my people
34 And Jephthah came to Mizpeh to his house, were struggling greatly with the children of Ammon,
and just then his daughter came out to meet him and when I called you, you did not rescue me from
with tambourines and with dancing. And she was their hands. 3 And when I saw that you did not
his only child. Besides her he had neither son nor rescue me, I put my life in my hands and went out
daughter. against the children of Ammon, and the LORD
35 And it came about, when he saw her, that delivered them into my hands. Why then have you
he tore his clothes and said, Alas, my daughter! come up to me today to fight against me?
You have brought me very low, and you are one of 4 Then Jephthah gathered together all the men
those who trouble me; for I have opened my mouth of Gilead and fought with Ephraim; and the men of
to the LORD and I cannot go back on it. Gilead struck Ephraim down, because they said,
36 And she said to him, My father, if you have You Gileadites are fugitives of Ephraim among the
opened your mouth to the LORD, do to me Ephraimites and among the Manassites. 5 And
according to what came out of your mouth, since the Gileadites captured the fords of the Jordan
the LORD has taken vengeance for you on your before the Ephraimites; and it happened that when
enemies, on the children of Ammon. those Ephraimites who escaped said, Let me go
37 And she said to her father, Let this thing over, that the men of Gilead said to him, Are you
be done for me: leave me alone for two months, an Ephraimite? If he said, No, 6 then they said
so that I may go up and down on the mountains to him, Now say Shibboleth. And he would say
and lament because of my virginity, I and my Sibboleth, unable to pronounce it correctly. Then
companions. they would take him and kill him at the fords of the
11:30,31 Vow Israelites practiced the lament because she would not be able to marry.
making of vows (Gen 28:20; Lev 7:16; In Israel virginity before marriage was regarded
22:17; 27:2; 1 Sam 1:11; 2 Sam 15:7), as the normal thing, and something to be
and since they were often foolish sometimes honored, as it should be now. Women of Israel
their vows must have been foolish. Certainly considered not marrying and not having children
the vow of Jephthah was. a thing of sorrow and shame.
Burnt offering an offering that was 11:39 Vow vs 31,35.
killed and completely burned on the altar 12:1 Ephraim compare 8:1.
(Lev 1:3-9). Fire a great reward for saving Israel!
11:32 LORD delivered Jephthahs vic- 12:4 Fugitives Ephraim and Manasseh
tory was not because of his vow, but be- were both descended from one forefather
cause God had raised him up for that very Joseph. The Gileadites, most of whom were
purpose (v 29). The victory would have been of the tribe of Manasseh, had asked for and
just as certain without his rash vow. received their inheritance east of the
11:35 Tore his clothes in Israel a usual Jordan river, away from the rest of the people
way to show dismay, sorrow, or alarm. of Manasseh and Ephraim. This was some-
I cannot go back on it see Num 30:2; times a source of friction between those to
Deut 23:21-23; Eccl 5:45. He was not as the east and those to the west of the
many who treat lightly their promises to God Jordan. See Joshua chapter 22. Now a civil
and easily forget them. war erupted the first, it seems, among
11:36 She too knew how serious a matter it any of the tribes of Israel.
was to break a vow to God. 12:5 Fords 3:28; Josh 2:7.
11:37 Lament because of my virginity 12:6 Forty-two thousand of the Ephraimites
315 JUDGES 13:14
Jordan. And at that time forty-two thousand of will conceive and bear a son. And no razor is to
the Ephraimites fell. come on his head; for the child is to be a Nazirite to
7 And Jephthah judged Israel for six years. God from birth. And he will begin to deliver Israel
Then Jephthah the Gileadite died, and was buried out of the hands of the Philistines.
in one of the cities of Gilead. 6 Then the woman came and told her husband,
8 And after him Ibzan of Bethlehem judged saying, A man of God came to me, and his appear-
Israel. 9 And he had thirty sons and thirty daugh- ance was like the appearance of an angel of God,
ters, whom he sent outside the family, and brought very awesome. But I did not ask him where he was
in thirty girls from outside for his sons. And he from, and he did not tell me his name. 7 But he said
judged Israel for seven years. 10 Then Ibzan died to me, Look, you will conceive and bear a son.
and was buried at Bethlehem. And now drink no wine or strong drink and do not
11 And after him Elon, a Zebulonite, judged eat any unclean thing; for the child is to be a
Israel. And he judged Israel for ten years. 12 And Nazirite to God from birth to the day of his death.
Elon the Zebulonite died and was buried in Aijalon 8 Then Manoah prayed to the LORD and said,
in the region of Zebulun. O my Lord, let the man of God whom you sent
13 And after him Abdon the son of Hillel, a come back to us and teach us what we should do
Pirathonite, judged Israel. 14 And he had forty for the child that will be born.
sons and thirty grandsons who rode on seventy 9 And God listened to the voice of Manoah, and
young donkeys. And he judged Israel for eight the angel of God came back to the woman as she
years. 15 And Abdon the son of Hillel the Pirathonite was sitting in the field, but her husband Manoah
died and was buried in Pirathon in the land of was not with her. 10 And the woman ran quickly
Ephraim, in the hill of the Amalekites. and told her husband and said to him, Look, the
man who came to me the other day has appeared
13 And once more the children of Israel did
evil in the sight of the LORD; and the LORD
delivered them into the hands of the Philistines for
to me.
11 And Manoah arose and followed his wife and
came to the man and said to him, Are you the man
forty years. who spoke to the woman? And he said, I am.
2 And there was a certain man of Zorah, of the 12 And Manoah said, Now let your words be
family of the Danites, whose name was Manoah; fulfilled. What should the boys rule of life be and
and his wife was barren and had not borne what should his work be?
children. 3 And the angel of the LORD appeared to 13 And the angel of the LORD said to Manoah,
the woman and said to her, Look now, you are Let the woman be careful about all that I said to
barren and have not borne children; but you will her. 14 She must not eat anything that comes from
conceive and bear a son. 4 Now therefore you the vine, and she must not drink wine or strong
must be careful and not drink wine or strong drink. drink or eat any unclean thing. She must observe
And do not eat any unclean thing. 5 For, look, you all that I commanded her.
such was the sad consequences of their 13:3 Angel of the LORD note at Gen
envy. Oh, envy is a bitter thing, unfit to 16:7.
have a place in a Christians heart. 13:5 Nazirite notes at Num 6:2-5.
Compare Prov 14:30; 27:4; Matt 27:18. Begin many years later king David
12:7 Judged or led. The Hebrew word completed the deliverance Samson had
means both things. begun (2 Sam 5:17-25; 8:1). God does
12:8 Bethlehem besides the famous not always immediately deliver His people
Bethlehem in Judah there was another in from those persons or those things which
Zebulun about 11 kilometers from Nazareth trouble and torment them.
(Josh 19:15,16). It is not known which 13:6 The angel appeared to her in the form
Bethlehem is meant here. of a man.
12:12 Aijalon there were also two 13:8 Teach us all parents would do
Aijalons, the other was in Ephraim where well to look to God to find out how to
God performed a miracle for Joshua (Josh bring up their children, and not assume
10:12-14). that they know how, or get their only
12:15 Amalekites note at 5:14. information on the subject from some
13:1 Once more 2:18,19; 3:7,12; 4:1; book or other written by worldly men
6:1; 10:6. (see Eph 6:4).
Philistines see Gen 10:14. 13:13,14 It is interesting that the instruc-
13:2 Zorah a town in Dan (Josh tion the angel gave was not for the son but
19:40,41) near the territory occupied by the for the mother. In other words, the most
Philistines. important thing in bringing up children is
Barren Gen 11:30; 16:1; 25:21; for parents first to obey God and be what
1 Sam 1:2; Luke 1:7. He wants them to be.
JUDGES 13:15 316
15 And Manoah said to the angel of the LORD,
I pray you, let us detain you until we prepare a
young goat for you.
14 And Samson went down to Timnath and
saw a woman in Timnath of the daughters
of the Philistines. 2 And he came up and told his
16 And the angel of the LORD said to Manoah, father and his mother and said, I have seen a
Though you may detain me, I will not eat your woman in Timnath of the daughters of the Philis-
bread. But if you offer a burnt offering, offer it to tines. So now get her for me as my wife.
the LORD. For Manoah did not know that he was 3 Then his father and his mother said to him, Is
the angel of the LORD. there no woman among the daughters of your
17 And Manoah said to the angel of the LORD, brethren or among all my people, that you go to
What is your name? Tell us, so that when your take a wife from the uncircumcised Philistines? And
words come true we can honour you. Samson said to his father, Get her for me, for she
18 And the angel of the LORD said to him, Why pleases me well.
do you ask my name, since it is a wonder? 19 So 4 But his father and his mother did not know
Manoah took a young goat, with a grain offering, that it was of the LORD, that he was seeking an
and offered it on a rock to the LORD. And the occasion against the Philistines; for at that time
angel did a wonderful thing as Manoah and his wife the Philistines were ruling over Israel. 5 Then
looked on. 20 For it happened that when the flame Samson and his father and his mother went down
rose up toward heaven from the altar, the angel of to Timnath and came to the vineyards of Timnath,
the LORD went up in the flame of the altar. And and a young lion appeared, roaring against him.
Manoah and his wife saw it and fell on their faces 6 And the Spirit of the LORD came mightily on him,
to the ground. 21 But the angel of the LORD did and he tore it just as he would have torn a young
not appear again to Manoah and to his wife. Then goat, and he had nothing in his hand. But he did
Manoah knew that he was the angel of the LORD. not tell his father or his mother what he had done.
22 And Manoah said to his wife, We will 7 And he went down and talked with the woman,
certainly die, because we have seen God. and she pleased Samson well.
23 But his wife said to him, If the LORD wanted 8 And after a time he returned to get her, and
to kill us, he would not have received a burnt offer- he turned aside to see the carcass of the lion and
ing and a grain offering from our hands, and he saw that there was a swarm of bees and honey in
would not have shown us all these things or told us the carcass of the lion. 9 And he took some of it in
such things as these at this time. his hands, and walked on eating it and came to his
24 And the woman bore a son and called his father and mother, and he gave some to them,
name Samson. And the child grew, and the LORD and they ate it. But he did not tell them that he had
blessed him. 25 And the Spirit of the LORD began taken the honey out of the carcass of the lion.
to move him at times in the camp of Dan between 10 So his father went down to the woman. And
Zorah and Eshtaol. Samson made a feast there, for doing so was the
13:15,16 Heb 13:2. 13:25 Spirit of the LORD 3:10; 6:34;
13:17 Name Gen 32:29. Manoah thought 11:29; 14:6,19. Notes and references on
he was speaking with a human prophet. the Holy Spirit at Gen 1:2; Matt 3:16; John
Come true Deut 18:21,22. 14:16,17; etc.
13:18 A wonder see Isa 9:6. It was not 14:2 Get her for me parents then, as
possible for the angel of the LORD, who was now among most people in India, arranged
a manifestation of Jehovah Himself, to tell marriages for their sons and daughters.
Manoah all His name, that is, all His nature 14:3 Uncircumcised 1 Sam 14:6. Note
and attributes. Ex 34:5-7 gives the briefest on circumcision at Gen 17:9-14. Samsons
possible summary of them. But the whole parents were unhappy with Samsons choice.
Bible is hardly sufficient to reveal all of Gods Doubtless they knew that God had prohib-
name. It is wonderful indeed, beyond our ited marriages between His people and
full comprehension at present. Compare those not His people Deut 7:1-3. Com-
Rom 11:33-36. pare 2 Cor 6:14-18.
13:21,22 God Manoah realized some- 14:4 Of the LORD compare Gen 45:8
thing that some readers of the Bible today and 2 Sam 24:1 with 1 Chron 21:1; 12:15;
do not realize that the angel of the LORD 2 Chron 25:20; Acts 2:23. God can use
was a manifestation of God Himself. He even the weaknesses and sinful acts of his
thought death would result from their own people (as well as those who are not
seeing Him. See 6:23; Ex 33:20. His people) to fulfill His purposes.
13:23 Sometimes wives have more common 14:6 Spirit 13:25.
sense than their husbands. What he had done Samson was not
13:24 Samson the name comes from a like some men who have to boast of every
Hebrew word meaning sun or brightness. small thing they do.
317 JUDGES 15:11
custom of the young men. 11 And it came about, riddle. And his anger burned, and he went up to
when they saw him, that they brought thirty com- his fathers house. 20 But Samsons wife was given
panions to be with him. to his companion who had been his friend.
12 And Samson said to them, I will now give
you a riddle. If you can tell it to me within the
seven days of the feast and find out its meaning,
then I will give you thirty linen sheets and thirty
15 But a little time later, in the time of wheat
harvest, it came about that Samson visited
his wife with a young goat. And he said, I will go
changes of clothes. 13 But if you cannot tell it to in to my wife in her room. But her father would
me, then you shall give me thirty linen sheets and not let him go in.
thirty changes of clothes. And they said to him, 2 And her father said, I really thought that you
Give your riddle, and we will listen to it. utterly hated her, so I gave her to your compan-
14 And he said to them, ion. Isnt her younger sister prettier than she?
Out of the eater came something Please take her instead of her.
to eat, 3 And Samson said about them, Now I will be
and out of the strong came something blameless in regard to the Philistines, even though
sweet. I harm them. 4 And Samson went and caught
three hundred foxes, and took torches and turned
And in three days they could not explain the the foxes tail to tail and put a torch in the middle
riddle. 15 And it came about on the seventh day between two tails. 5 And when he had set the
that they said to Samsons wife, Entice your hus- torches on fire, he let them go into the standing
band, so that he will tell us the riddle, or else we will grain of the Philistines, and burned up both the
burn you and your fathers house with fire. Have shocks and also the standing grain, together with
you called us to take what we have? Is it not so ? the vineyards and olive groves.
16 And Samsons wife wept in front of him and 6 Then the Philistines said, Who has done this?
said, You only hate me and do not love me. You And they answered, Samson, the son-in-law of
have given a riddle to the sons of my people, and the Timnite, because he took his wife and gave her
have not told it to me. to his friend. And the Philistines came up and
And he said to her, Look, I have not told it to burned her and her father with fire.
my father or my mother, and will I tell it to you? 7 And Samson said to them, Since you have
17 And she wept in front of him for the seven done this, I will take vengeance on you, and after
days, while their feast lasted; and it happened on that I will stop. 8 And he struck them hip and thigh
the seventh day that he told her, because she with a great slaughter. And he went down and
pressured him so hard. And she told the riddle to stayed on the top of the rock Etam.
the sons of her people. 9 Then the Philistines went up and camped in
18 And the men of the city said to him on the Judah and spread out in Lehi. 10 And the men of
seventh day before sunset, What is sweeter Judah said, Why have you come up against us?
than honey? And what is stronger than a lion? And they answered, We have come up to bind
And he said to them, If you had not plowed Samson, to do to him as he has done to us.
with my heifer, you would not have found out my 11 Then three thousand men of Judah went to
riddle. the top of the rock Etam and said to Samson, Dont
19 And the Spirit of the LORD came on him and you know that the Philistines are rulers over us?
he went down to Ashkelon and killed thirty of their What is this you have done to us?
men, and took the plunder from them and gave And he said to them, I did to them just as they
changes of clothes to those who explained the did to me.
14:15 Seventh some versions have Ashkelon one of the chief cities of
fourth. the Philistines.
Fire another unpleasant glimpse of 15:3 Philistines 13:1; 14:4.
mans nature Rom 1:28-31. 15:4 Foxes the word in Hebrew may also
14:16 Love me 16:15. A common mean jackals.
method of some women who want to bring 15:7 Vengeance note at Num 31:2,3.
unjust pressure on their men to get them 15:9 Lehi the exact location of Lehi (and
to do something or other. Etam v 8) is not known.
My people the thirty companions 15:11 Three thousand men a huge force
(v 11-13) were Philistines. to capture one man an indication of their
14:18 My heifer a heifer is a young cow, respect for Samsons prowess.
especially one that has not had a calf. Rulers over us 14:4.
Samson means his wife. Did to me compare Matt 5:38-41;
14:19 Spirit of the LORD 13:25; 14:6. 7:12; Luke 6:27-31.
JUDGES 15:12 318
12 And they said to him, We have come to bind fall into the hands of the uncircumcised? 19 But
you, so that we can deliver you into the hands of God hollowed out a place there in Lehi, and water
the Philistines. came out of it. And when he had drunk, his strength
And Samson said to them, Swear to me that returned and he revived. Therefore he called its
you will not attack me yourselves. name En-Hakkore. It is in Lehi to this day.
13 And they spoke to him, saying, No; but we 20 And he judged Israel in the days of the
will bind you fast and deliver you into their hands. Philistines for twenty years.
But we will certainly not kill you. And they bound
him with two new cords and brought him from the
rock.
14 And when he came to Lehi, the Philistines
16 Then Samson went to Gaza, and he saw a
prostitute there and went in to her. 2 And
someone told the Gazites, saying, Samson has
shouted against him; and the Spirit of the LORD come here. And they surrounded him and lay in
came mightily on him, and the cords that were on wait for him all night at the gate of the city, and
his arms became like flax burned in the fire and his were quiet all night, saying, In the morning, when
bonds came loose from his hands. 15 And he saw it is daylight, we will kill him.
a fresh jawbone of a donkey and put out his hand 3 And Samson lay down until midnight, and got
and picked it up, and with it killed a thousand men. up at midnight and picked up the doors of the city
16 And Samson said, gate and the two posts and went away with them,
With the jawbone of a donkey, bar and all. And he put them on his shoulders and
heaps on heaps! carried them up to the top of a hill that is before
With the jaw of a donkey I have killed Hebron.
a thousand men. 4 And it came about afterwards, that he loved
a woman in the valley of Sorek whose name was
17 And it came about, when he finished saying Delilah. 5 And the lords of the Philistines came up
this, that he threw the jawbone out of his hand to her and said to her, Entice him and see what his
and called that place Ramath-Lehi. 18 And he was great strength lies in, and how we can overpower
very thirsty, and called out to the LORD and said, him, so that we can bind him and subdue him, and
You have given this great deliverance into the hand each one of us will give you eleven hundred
of your servant, and now must I die from thirst and shekels of silver.
15:12 Instead of opposing their enemies 15:20 Judged or led the Hebrew word
they accepted their authority over them and means both.
opposed the one who would not not an 16:1 Gaza another (14:19) of the five
unknown thing in spiritual matters as well. chief cities of the Philistines.
15:14 Spirit of the LORD 13:25. Four To her Samson was physically strong,
times the account speaks of the Spirit of morally weak. His moral weakness eventu-
the LORD in connection with the work of ally cost him his freedom, his eyes, and his
Samson more often than with any other life (vs 21,30). Prov 23:27,28 is always true
person in the book of Judges, or indeed and Gal 6:7 is a principle that applies to all.
with any other Old Testament character 16:3 Hebron a city in Judah 60 or 70
except Ezekiel. Yet Samson sometimes kilometers from Gaza. Did Samson go all
revealed himself as a carnal man. He is an that distance? or just to the top of some
illustration of the truth of Zech 4:6. high hill which looked toward Hebron?
15:15 A thousand men compare 3:31; 16:4 Delilah probably another Philistine,
2 Sam 23:8. Samsons feat was unequaled though this is not certain. She could have
by any man in the Bible. been of some other people or even a
15:17 Ramath-Lehi the name means traitorous Israelite. Her name probably
jawbone hill. means a flirt or a devotee. The verses
15:18 To the LORD the first mention of which follow show she flirted with money and
Samson praying. There is only one other was more devoted to it than to Samson or
(16:28). probably anything else. Samson did not
Deliverance as all the heroes of faith have the moral strength to resist her (v 1).
did, Samson acknowledged that victory was But in all this too God would work out His
given by God 12:3. Compare Deut 20:4; purposes against the Philistines (14:4).
Josh 21:44; Ps 44:7; 144:9,10. All spiri- 16:5 Eleven hundred shekels about 13
tual victories will come the same way. kilograms. Comparison with 17:10 shows
15:19 Out of it God is perfectly able to something of the value of so much silver in
supply the needs of His servants any time, those days. There are always people who
anywhere Ex 16:3,4,11,12; 17:6; 1 Kings will sell lovers, friends, principles, and their
17:2-6,9; Ps 23:1,5. Let us not speak as own souls for money Matt 26:14-16.
Israel did in Ps 78:19. En-Hakkore is His great strength it seems from this
Hebrew and means The spring of the one that Samson did not have the appearance
who calls out. of an exceptionally strong man. They
319 JUDGES 16:23
6 And Delilah said to Samson, Please tell me 15 And she said to him, How can you say, I
what your great strength lies in and what you can love you, when your heart is not with me? You
be bound with to subdue you. have mocked me these three times, and have not
7 And Samson said to her, If they bind me with told me what your great strength lies in. 16 And it
seven fresh straps that have never been dried, came about as she pressed him daily with her words
then I will be weak and become like any other man. and urged him, so that his soul was vexed to death,
8 Then the lords of the Philistines brought up to 17 that he told her all his heart and said to her,
her seven fresh straps which had not been dried, No razor has come on my head, for I have
and she bound him with them. 9 Now men were been a Nazirite to God from my mothers womb. If
lurking there, staying with her in the room. And I am shaved, then my strength will go from me and
she said to him, The Philistines are on you, I will become weak and be like any other man.
Samson. And he broke the straps, as a piece of 18 And when Delilah saw that he had told her
string snaps when it touches the fire. So the all his heart, she sent and called for the lords of the
secret of his strength was not known. Philistines, saying, Come up just this once, for he
10 And Delilah said to Samson, Look, you have has told me all his heart. Then the lords of the
mocked me and told me lies. Now please tell me Philistines came up to her and brought money in
what you can be bound with. their hands. 19 And she put him asleep on her
11 And he said to her, If they bind me tightly knees; and she called for a man and had him shave
with new ropes that have never been used, then I off the seven locks of his head. And she began to
will be weak and become like any other man. subdue him, and his strength went from him.
12 So Delilah took new ropes and bound him 20 And she said, The Philistines are on you,
with them, and said to him, The Philistines are on Samson.
you, Samson. And there were men in ambush And he awoke out of his sleep and said, I will
staying in the room. And he snapped them off his go out as at other times and shake myself. And he
arms like a thread. did not know that the LORD had left him.
13 And Delilah said to Samson, Up till now you 21 Then the Philistines took him and put out his
have mocked me and told me lies. Tell me what you eyes and brought him down to Gaza, and bound
can be bound with. him with bronze fetters. And he became a grinder
And he said to her, If you weave the seven in the prison house. 22 However, after he had been
locks of hair on my head with the cloth on a loom. shaved, the hair of his head began to grow again.
14 And she fastened it with the peg, and said 23 Then the lords of the Philistines assembled
to him, The Philistines are on you, Samson. And to offer a great sacrifice to Dagon their god, and to
he woke from his sleep, and went away with the rejoice; for they said, Our god has delivered
peg of the beam and with the cloth on the loom. Samson our enemy into our hands.
realized there was some secret that did not 16:20 His hair, the sign of his special rela-
meet the eye. tionship to God as a Nazirite, was gone, and
16:7 Samson foolishly begins to play a it seems that at first he was not aware of it.
dangerous game that concerned holy truth But with it went the special relationship that
about his relationship with God. It resulted alone had made him strong. He had know-
in disaster (v 17), as it was bound to do. ingly betrayed himself and his relationship
16:11 Even Samson, not the most intellec- to God into the hands of the enemy, and
tual of men, knew now that Delilah was try- now paid the price of his betrayal. He sold
ing to trap him for the Philistines. But he his strength for pleasure with a sinful woman
continued the game. not the last to do so. For example, both
16:13 Hair on my head now Samson gets David and Solomon failed in the same way.
closer to the truth. 16:21 See Prov 5:7-11; 7:21-27. Samsons
16:15 Love you Samson finally gave in story is an illustration, one of the saddest
to this argument as he had before (14:16). in the Bible, of how far even a man dedi-
Some people make the same mistake again cated to Gods service may fall. Sexual sin
and again. In this respect Samson the alone brought the mighty warrior of
deliverer was like the people he tried to 15:14,15 down to the pathetic wreck of this
deliver. verse. Lust had found another victim to add
16:16 Compare Prov 27:15,16. to its long list of ruined men see notes at
16:17 He knew his great strength was not 2 Sam 11:1; 1 Kings 11:1. The Bible tells
in his physical frame but in his relationship things as they are and does not make its
to God (13:25; 14:6,19; 15:14). So now heroes to be sinless and perfect. Notes at
the believers strength is not in himself but Gen 9:21; 12:13; 27:18-26; Ex 32:2-4;
in the Lord (Eph 6:10). Samson revealed Num 20:12; 2 Sam 11:1; Matt 26:69-75.
his secret. His behavior was something like 16:23,24 Dagon 1 Sam 5:1-12. This is
that which the Lord Jesus warned against another sad result of the sin and fall of any
in Matt 7:6. of Gods servants the true God is thought
JUDGES 16:24 320
24 And when the people saw him, they praised
their god; for they said, Our god has delivered
our enemy into our hands, the destroyer of our
17 And there was a man of the hill country of
Ephraim whose name was Micah. 2 And he
said to his mother, The eleven hundred shekels of
country, who killed many of us. silver which were taken from you, about which you
25 And it came about, while their hearts were uttered a curse and also spoke about in my
in good spirits, that they said, Call for Samson, so hearing, look, the silver is with me. I took it.
that he may amuse us. And they called for Samson And his mother said, May you be blessed by
from the prison house, and he was an amusement the LORD, my son.
for them. And they placed him between the pillars. 3 And he returned the eleven hundred shekels
26 And Samson said to the boy who held him by of silver to his mother, and his mother said, I had
the hand, Let me feel the pillars the temple is wholly dedicated the silver to the LORD from my
resting on, so that I can lean on them. 27 Now the hand for my son, to make a carved image and a
temple was full of men and women, and all the lords cast idol. So now I will give it back to you.
of the Philistines were there, and about three 4 So when he returned the money to his mother,
thousand men and women were on the roof, who his mother took two hundred shekels of silver and
were watching as Samson was being an gave them to the silversmith, who made a carved
amusement for them. image and a cast metal idol with it. And they were
28 And Samson called out to the LORD and said, in Micahs house.
O Lord God, remember me, I pray you, and 5 And the man Micah had a shrine for the gods,
strengthen me, I pray you, just this once, O God, and he made an ephod and household idols and
so that at once I may have revenge on the Philis- consecrated one of his sons, who became his priest.
tines for my two eyes. 29 And Samson took hold 6 In those days there was no king in Israel, but
of the two central pillars on which the temple rested everyone did what was right in his own eyes.
and by which it was held up, the one pillar with his 7 And there was a young man from Bethlehem
right hand and the other with his left. 30 And in Judah, among the family of Judah, who was a
Samson said, Let me die with the Philistines. And Levite and was staying there. 8 And the man left
he bowed down with all his might, and the temple the town of Bethlehem in Judah to live where he
collapsed on the lords and on all the people who could find a place. And as he travelled he came to
were in it. So the dead whom he killed at his death Micahs house in the hill country of Ephraim.
were more than those whom he killed in his life. 9 And Micah said to him, Where are you
31 Then his brothers and all the household of coming from?
his father came down, took him and brought him And he said to him, I am a Levite from
up and buried him between Zorah and Eshtaol in Bethlehem in Judah, and I am going to stay
the burial place of Manoah his father. And he had wherever I can find a place.
judged Israel for twenty years. 10 And Micah said to him, Stay with me, and
to be weak and His name is dishonored, prophet Micah lived several hundred years
and often false gods are praised. Compare after this one.
1 Chron 10:8-10. 17:2 Eleven hundred shekels about 13
16:25 Amuse us the Hebrew word here kilograms.
indicates something that produces mock- Curse Micahs mother probably
ing laughter. What can be sadder than a pronounced a curse on whoever stole the
mighty man of God made a spectacle for money, and he was afraid disaster would
ridicule to the ungodly? come on him. She immediately pronounces
16:28 Though this prayer was offered from a blessing on him, thinking this would
a bad motive (personal vengeance), God counteract the curse.
heard it. If God waited till His peoples 17:3 Making idols in the name of Jehovah
prayers were absolutely pure and selfless God who had forbidden all idolatry (Ex
before answering, how many answers would 20:4,5,23)! This is the sort of thing that
they ever get? But God is compassionate happened when every one did what was right
and remembers we are but dust (Ps in his own eyes (v 6), and did not do what
103:13,14). was right in the Lords eyes.
16:30 Note at 14:4. 17:5 Ephod 8:27; Ex 28:6.
16:31 Samson is listed with the great Priest another violation of the law.
heroes of faith in Hebrews chapter 11, his Only descendants of Aaron were to be priests
sins and failings passed over. Compare 4:8; (Ex 28:1; 29:9).
Ps 103:10-14; Isa 44:22; Micah 7:18,19. 17:6 Note at 21:25.
Judged may also be translated led. 17:7 Levite note on Levites at Num 1:51.
17:1 Micah a shortened form of Micaiah 17:10 Father here used as a word of
which means who is like Jah (Jehovah)? respect (2 Kings 2:12; 6:21; 13:14).
It was a common name in Israel. The Ten shekels about 110 grams.
321 JUDGES 18:16
be a father and a priest to me, and I will give you 7 Then the five men departed and came to
ten shekels of silver yearly and a set of clothes Laish, and saw the people who were there, how
and your food. So the Levite went in. they lived carelessly, just like the Sidonians, quiet
11 And the Levite was content to stay with the and carefree. And there was no ruler in the land
man; and to him the young man was like one of his who might humiliate them in any way. And they
sons. 12 And Micah consecrated the Levite; and were far from the Sidonians, and had no dealings
the young man became his priest and was in the with anyone.
house of Micah. 13 Then Micah said, Now I know 8 And the Danites came to their brethren at
that the LORD will do good to me, since I have a Zorah and Eshtaol; and their brethren said to them,
Levite as my priest. What do you say?
9 And they said, Arise, lets go up against them;
18 In those days there was no king in Israel.
And in those days the tribe of the Danites
was looking for an inheritance for themselves to
for we saw the land, and, look, it is very good.
And will you do nothing? Dont hesitate to go and
enter to take possession of the land. 10 When you
live in; for to that day no inheritance had fallen to go, you will come to a carefree people, and to a
them among the tribes of Israel. 2 And the children spacious land; for God has given it into your hands.
of Dan sent five men of their family from their ter- It is a place where there is no lack of anything on
ritory, brave men from Zorah and from Eshtaol, to earth.
spy out the land and to explore it. And they said 11 And six hundred men of the family of the
to them, Go, explore the land. When they came Danites, armed with weapons of war, set out from
to Micahs house in the hill country of Ephraim, they Zorah and from Eshtaol. 12 And they went up and
spent the night there. camped in Kirjath-Jearim, in Judah. Therefore they
3 When they were by the house of Micah, they call that place Mahaneh-Dan to this day. Look, it is
recognized the voice of the young man, the Levite, west of Kirjath-Jearim. 13 And they went from
and they turned aside there and said to him, Who there to the hill country of Ephraim and arrived at
brought you here? What are you doing in this the house of Micah.
place ? What do you have here? 14 Then the five men who had gone to spy out
4 And he said to them, Micah has done such the country of Laish, responded and said to their
and such for me and has hired me, and I am his brethren, Do you know that in these houses there
priest. are an ephod and household gods and a carved
5 And they said to him, Please ask counsel image and a cast metal idol? So now consider what
from God, so that we may know whether our you have to do. 15 And they turned aside there
journey, which we are going on, will be successful. and came to the house of the young man, the
6 And the priest said to them, Go in peace. Levite, to Micahs house, and greeted him. 16 And
Your journey which you are going on is in the LORDs the six hundred men who were of the children of
presence. Dan, armed with their weapons of war, stood by
17:11 As with many in Christian circles so 18:3 Levite they either knew him before
with this Levite he was willing to work where or recognized from his accent or speech that
the money was. Gods will and the principles he was not a native of Ephraim.
of Gods Word didnt enter into his decision 18:5 God had already revealed where the
(vs 19,20). Alas, that there should be any tribe of Dan should be (Josh 19:40-46. Note
Christian workers who hire themselves out at Josh 14:2). It was up to them to trust
to the highest bidder! They should God to enable them to take all the territory
remember that he who pays the piper calls allotted to them, and not to run away from
the tune. it. It is never good for anyone to try to
17:13 Micah in his ignorance made three escape from the place where God has placed
mistakes in his thinking that God was him (or her).
pleased with his idols (vs 3,4), that God was 18:6 He did not know whether or not the
pleased to have all Levites as priests (v 5), Lord approved. He told them what they
and that God would bless him merely wanted to hear, and he used Gods name in
because of what someone else was and did. vain.
If the Lord was good to Micah it was in spite 18:7 Laish is the same as the Leshem of
of these things, not because of them. Josh 19:47. It was about 160 kilometers
18:1 The tribe of Dan had been allotted a from where they started. The Sidonians were
small territory west of Ephraim and Judah to the west on the Mediterranean coast.
which extended to the Mediterranean coast 18:10 Your hands sometimes, as in this
(Josh 19:40-46). However, they had not case, men take what God has not put in
been able to possess all of their inherit- their hands.
ance (1:34). 18:12 Mahaneh-Dan this means Dans
18:2 Zorah 13:2. camp.
JUDGES 18:17 322
the entrance of the gate. 17 And the five men who valley that lies near Beth-Rehob. And they built a
had gone to spy out the land went up, entered city and lived in it.
there, and took the carved image and the ephod 29 And they called the name of the city Dan,
and the household gods and the cast idol. And the after the name of their father Dan, who was born
priest stood at the entrance of the gate with the to Israel. But at first the name of the city was
six hundred men who were armed with weapons of Laish. 30 And the children of Dan set up the carved
war. image; and Jonathan, the son of Gershom, the son
18 And these went into Micahs house and of Manasseh, he and his sons were priests to the
brought out the carved image, the ephod and the tribe of Dan until the day of the captivity of the
household gods and the cast metal idol. Then the land. 31 And they set up for themselves Micahs
priest said to them, What are you doing? carved image which he had made. It was there all
19 And they said to him, Keep quiet! Put your the time that the house of God was in Shiloh.
hand on your mouth, and go with us and be a
father and a priest to us. Is it better for you to be
a priest to the house of one man, or to be a priest
to a tribe and a family in Israel? 20 And the
19 And it came about in those days, when
there was no king in Israel, that a certain
Levite staying in a remote place in the hill country
priests heart was glad, and he took the ephod and of Ephraim, took a concubine for himself from
the household gods and the carved image and went Bethlehem in Judah. 2 And his concubine acted like
among the people. 21 So they turned and de- a prostitute against him and went away from him to
parted, and put the little ones and the cattle and her fathers house to Bethlehem in Judah, and was
the valuables before them. there for four whole months. 3 And her husband
22 And when they were some distance from arose and went after her to speak to her in a
the house of Micah, the men who were in the friendly way and to bring her back. He had his
houses near Micahs house gathered together, and servant with him, and a couple of donkeys. And
caught up with the children of Dan. 23 And they she brought him into her fathers house; and when
shouted to the children of Dan. And they turned the girls father saw him, he was glad to meet him.
their faces and said to Micah, Whats wrong with 4 And his father-in-law, the girls father, pressed
you, that you come with such a crowd? him to stay, and he remained with him for three
24 And he said, You have taken away my days. So they ate and drank and spent the nights
gods, which I made, and the priest, and you have there.
gone away. And what else do I have? And what is 5 And it came about on the fourth day, when
this you say to me, Whats wrong with you? they got up early in the morning, that he rose up to
25 And the children of Dan said to him, Let not leave, but the girls father said to his son-in-law,
your voice be heard among us, or else some angry Refresh your heart with a piece of bread, and
fellows will rush at you, and you will lose your life, afterwards go on your way. 6 And they sat down,
with the lives of your household. 26 And the and the two of them ate and drank together; and
children of Dan went their way. And when Micah the girls father said to the man, Please be content
saw that they were too strong for him, he turned to stay all night, and let your heart be merry.
and went back to his house. 7 And when the man got up to leave, his father-
27 And they took the things which Micah had in-law urged him to stay. So he spent the night
made, and the priest he had, and came to Laish, to there again. 8 And he got up early in the morning
a people at peace and carefree, and they struck on the fifth day to leave, and the girls father said,
them down with the edge of the sword and burned Please refresh your heart. And they waited until
the city with fire. 28 And there was no one to save afternoon, and both of them ate.
them, because it was far from Sidon, and they 9 And when the man got up to leave, he, and
had no dealings with anyone. And it was in the his concubine and his servant, his father-in-law,
18:17 17:3; 21:25. the sake of idols! 21:25. It is not surprising
18:20 Glad note at 17:11. that Dan later became a center of idolatry
18:24 Taken away my gods compare Gen 1 Kings 12:28-30.
31:30,53. 18:30 Manasseh because the priest who
What else do I have a sad, pathetic went with the Danites was a Levite, and be-
thing for a man of Israel to say. Israel was the cause Gershom was the name of one of the
nation in covenant relationship with the one sons of Moses, some scholars seem quite cer-
true God. And it is a sad thing that some tain that this should read Moses and not
people still have nothing but idols and priests, Manasseh, but there is no proof for this, and
for this means they have nothing at all. the best Hebrew manuscripts have Manassah.
18:25 They were willing to break another of 18:31 Shiloh Josh 18:1; 1 Sam 1:3.
Gods laws and murder fellow Israelites for 19:1 21:27.
323 JUDGES 19:30
the girls father, said to him, Look, now the day is 20 And the old man said, Peace be with you.
drawing toward evening. Please stay all night. However, I will see to all your needs. Only do not
See, daylight is coming to an end. Spend the night spend the night in the street. 21 So he brought
here and let your heart be merry. And tomorrow him into his house and gave fodder to the donkeys.
get away early on your journey to your home. And they washed their feet and ate and drank.
10 But the man would not stay that night, but he 22 Now while they were making their hearts
rose up and left, and came opposite Jebus, which merry, suddenly some men of the city, wicked
is Jerusalem. And with him there were two saddled scoundrels, surrounded the house and pounded
donkeys. His concubine also was with him. on the door and spoke to the owner of the house,
11 By the time they were near Jebus, daylight the old man, saying, Bring out the man who has
was almost over, and the servant said to his come into your house, so that we can know him.
master, Please come and let us turn into this city 23 And the man, the owner of the house, went
of the Jebusites and spend the night in it. out to them and said to them, No, my brethren,
12 And his master said to him, We will not turn please, no! Dont do such a wicked thing, since
aside here into the city of strangers who are not of this man has come into my house, do not do this
the children of Israel. We will go on to Gibeah. foolish thing. 24 Look, here is my daughter, a
13 And he said to his servant, Come on, and let us virgin, and his concubine. I will bring them out
try to reach one of these places to spend all night: now, and you can humble them and do with them
Gibeah or Ramah. 14 And they passed on by and whatever seems good to you. But do not do such
went on their way. And when they came near a vile thing to this man.
Gibeah, which belongs to Benjamin, the sun set. 25 But the men would not listen to him. So the
15 And they turned aside there to go in and spend man took his concubine and brought her out to
the night in Gibeah. And when he went into the them. And they knew her and abused her all night
city, he sat down in a street, for no one took them until morning, and when day began to dawn they
into his house to spend the night. let her go. 26 Then the woman came at the dawn
16 And then an old man came in the evening of day and fell down at the door of the mans house
from his work out of the field, which was also in the where her master was, until it was light.
hill country of Ephraim. He was living in Gibeah, but 27 And her master got up in the morning and
the men of the place were Benjamites. 17 And opened the doors of the house and went out to go
when he raised his eyes, he saw a traveller in the on his way; and there was the woman, his concu-
street of the city. And the old man said, Where bine, fallen down at the door of the house, and
are you going? And where are you coming from? her hands were on the threshold. 28 And he said
18 And he said to him, We are passing through to her, Get up, and let us be going. But no one
from Bethlehem in Judah to a remote place in the answered. Then the man lifted her up onto a don-
hill country of Ephraim, where I come from. I went key, and the man rose up and went to his place.
to Bethlehem in Judah, but I am now going to the 29 And when he came into his house, he grasped
house of the LORD. And no one has taken me to a knife and took hold of his concubine and divided
his house. 19 Yet there is both straw and fodder her into twelve pieces, along with her bones, and
for our donkeys, and also there is bread and wine sent her into all the territories of Israel. 30 And it
for me and for your maid servant and for the young came about that all who saw it said, No such deed
man who is with your servants. There is no lack of has been done or seen from the day that the
any thing. children of Israel came up out of the land of Egypt
19:10 1:21; 2 Sam 5:6,7. fenseless women to these vile men, even
19:12 Gibeah this Gibeah was in Ben- to save the life of the Levite.
jamin, a short distance north of Jerusalem. 19:25 The Levite was willing to sacrifice the
There were two other Gibeahs, one in Judah, woman to save himself. Such is the way
one in Ephraim. men may behave when they do only as they
19:15 No one took them into his house see fit.
this was contrary to the custom of the times. 19:28 Get up these words reveal no love,
Compare 6:18,19; 13:15; Heb 13:2. no sympathy, no basic human concern for
19:18 House of the LORD 18:31. the woman he had condemned to terrible
19:22 Notes at Gen 19:4,5. These men were abuse. This is the kind of character that
Israelites who had picked up the vile ways develops when people do what is right in
of the Canaanites Lev 18:22,24. By their their own eyes, and not what is right in Gods
actions they were grinding Gods law be- eyes.
neath their unholy feet. 19:29 Israel compare 1 Sam 11:7. The
19:23 Compare Gen 19:7; Rom 1:26,27. Levite chose this startling way to inform the
19:24 Note at Gen 19:8. Surely it was also tribes of what had taken place, doubtless
a disgraceful thing for this man to offer de- with the hope that they would take vengeance
JUDGES 20:1 324
to this day. Think about it, take advice, and speak vileness that they have committed in Israel. 11 So
your minds. all the men of Israel were gathered against the
city, united as one man.
20 Then all the children of Israel came out from
Dan to Beersheba and from the land of
Gilead. The congregation was gathered together
12 And the tribes of Israel sent men through
the whole tribe of Benjamin, saying, What is this
wickedness that has been done among you?
to the LORD as one man in Mizpeh. 2 And the 13 Now therefore deliver to us the men, the wicked
leaders of all the people, of all the tribes of Israel, scoundrels who are in Gibeah, so that we can put
presented themselves in the assembly of the them to death and put away evil from Israel. But
people of God, four hundred thousand foot the children of Benjamin would not listen to the
soldiers who drew sword. 3 (Now the children of voice of their brethren the children of Israel,
Benjamin heard that the children of Israel had gone 14 but the children of Benjamin gathered together
up to Mizpeh.) Then the children of Israel said, from the cities to Gibeah to go out to battle against
Tell us. How did this wickedness happen? the children of Israel. 15 And at that time the
4 And the Levite, the husband of the woman children of Benjamin from the cities were counted,
who had been killed, answered and said, I came twenty-six thousand men who drew sword, be-
to Gibeah that belongs to Benjamin, I and my sides the inhabitants of Gibeah, who were counted
concubine, to spend the night. 5 And the men of as seven hundred choice men. 16 Among all this
Gibeah rose against me and at night surrounded people seven hundred choice men were lefthanded.
the house where I was, intending to kill me. And Each one could sling stones at a hair and not miss.
they forced my concubine so that she died. 6 And 17 And besides Benjamin, the men of Israel were
I took my concubine and cut her in pieces and sent counted, four hundred thousand men who drew
her throughout the whole country of the inherit- sword. All these were warriors.
ance of Israel, for they have committed a lewd and 18 And the children of Israel arose and went up
disgraceful act in Israel. 7 Look, you are all chil- to the house of God and asked counsel of God and
dren of Israel. Give here your advice and counsel. said, Which of us shall go up first to the battle
8 And all the people arose as one man, saying, against the children of Benjamin? And the LORD
Not a one of us will go to his tent, nor will any of said, Judah shall go up first.
us return to his house. 9 But now this is the thing 19 And the children of Israel got up in the morn-
which we will do to Gibeah: we will cast lots and go ing and camped against Gibeah. 20 And the men of
up against it, 10 and we will take ten men out of a Israel went out to the battle against Benjamin, and
hundred from all the tribes of Israel, and a hundred the men of Israel put themselves in array to fight
out of a thousand, and a thousand out of ten against them at Gibeah. 21 And the children of
thousand, to bring provisions for the people, so Benjamin came out of Gibeah and that day
that when they arrive at Gibeah in Benjamin, they destroyed twenty-two thousand men of the Isra-
may deal with them in accordance with all the elites on the field. 22 And the people, the men of
on Gibeah. 21:1,5,6; Acts 5:1-11. Their stand shows
20:1 All the children of Israel that is, that there was still some moral fiber left in
men from every section of the country from the nation even in those dark times.
the far north to the far south (Dan to 20:14 This was totally unreasonable. They
Beersheba). Only Jabesh Gilead was not mobilized to defend guilty men, violent
represented (21:8,9). sexual perverts and murderers who were
Mizpeh there are several Mizpahs worthy of death, simply because they were
mentioned in the Bible, but this one was in of the same tribe. This naturally resulted
Benjamin, not far from Gibeah. in a terrible disaster. Let us all understand
20:9 Cast lots a common practice among that defending the guilty is sharing their
the Israelites Josh 7:14; 18:6; 1 Sam guilt, and God will punish it. When evil
14:41,42; 1 Chron 24:5. people should be exposed and punished
20:10 Deal with them in accordance with all we must not cover up their evil deeds just
the vileness what they deserved was death because they are related to us. If we do,
v 13. See note at Ex 21:36. we cannot escape Gods judgment
20:13 Put away evil compare Deut 13:5; ourselves. See note on v 48.
17:7; 19:19,20. Possibly they had in mind 20:16 Sling stones 1 Sam 17:40.
what happened in Israel when one man 20:18 To the house of God in Hebrew
sinned in Joshuas day and the whole of house of God is one word Bethel, and
Israel suffered for it (Joshua chapter 7). this phrase could be translated to Bethel
They realized that to avoid Gods punish- (also v 26).
ment on themselves they had to do some- Asked counsel of God it seems they
thing about this terrible violation of Gods did not ask whether they should fight with
law. Notes at Josh 7:1,12,13,26; 2 Sam Benjamin, only who should go to fight first.
325 JUDGES 20:46
Israel, encouraged themselves and again set their their places, out of the meadows of Gibeah.
battle lines in the place where they put themselves 34 And ten thousand choice men from all Israel
in array the first day. 23 And the children of Israel came against Gibeah, and the battle was fierce,
went up and wept before the LORD until even, and but the Benjamites did not know that disaster was
asked counsel of the LORD, saying, Shall I go up near them. 35 And the LORD struck down Benjamin
again to fight against the children of Benjamin my before Israel; and that day the children of Israel
brother? And the LORD said, Go up against him. destroyed twenty-five thousand one hundred men
24 And the children of Israel came near against of the Benjamites. All these were swordsmen.
the children of Benjamin the second day. 25 And 36 So the children of Benjamin saw that they
Benjamin went out against them from Gibeah the were defeated; for the men of Israel gave ground
second day, and again destroyed eighteen to the Benjamites, because they trusted those who
thousand men of the children of Israel on the field. were waiting in the ambush they had placed near
All these were swordsmen. Gibeah, 37 and those who had been in ambush
26 Then all the children of Israel, and all the quickly rushed on Gibeah. And those who had been
people, went up and came to the house of God, in ambush spread out and struck the whole city
and wept and sat there before the LORD and with the edge of the sword. 38 Now the arranged
fasted that day until evening and offered burnt sign between the men of Israel and those who had
offerings and peace offerings before the LORD. been in ambush, was that they should make a great
27 And the children of Israel inquired of the LORD cloud of smoke rise up from the city. 39 And when
(for the ark of the covenant of God was there in the men of Israel drew back from the battle,
those days, 28 and Phinehas, the son of Eleazar, Benjamin began to strike down and kill about thirty
the son of Aaron, stood before it in those days), of the men of Israel, for they said, No doubt they
saying, Shall I again go out to fight against the are being struck down before us, just as in the first
children of Benjamin my brother, or shall I stop? battle. 40 But when the cloud began to rise up
And the LORD said, Go up, for tomorrow I will from the city like a column of smoke, the Benjamites
deliver them into your hand. looked behind them and saw the cloud from the city
29 And Israel set an ambush around Gibeah. rising up to the sky. 41 And when the men of Israel
30 And the children of Israel went up against the turned back, the men of Benjamin were alarmed,
children of Benjamin on the third day and put them- for they saw that disaster had come upon them.
selves in array against Gibeah, as at other times. 42 Therefore they turned their backs on the men
31 And the children of Benjamin went out against of Israel toward the wilderness road. But the battle
the people and were drawn away from the city, overtook them, and those who came out of the
and, as at other times, they began to strike down cities destroyed them between them. 43 In this
and kill some of the people, about thirty men of way they surrounded the Benjamites and chased
Israel, in the highways, one of which went up to them and easily trampled them down opposite
the house of God and the other to Gibeah and in Gibeah toward the sunrise. 44 And eighteen
the field. thousand men of Benjamin fell. All these were brave
32 And the children of Benjamin said, They men. 45 And they turned and fled toward the
are being struck down before us, just like at first. wilderness toward the rock of Rimmon. And they
But the children of Israel said, Let us run away picked off five thousand of them in the highways,
and draw them from the city into the highways. and pursued the rest of them to Gidom and killed
33 And all the men of Israel rose up out of their two thousand of them.
place and put themselves in array at Baal-Tamar, 46 So that the total number of the Benjamites
and those of Israel waiting in ambush came out of who fell that day was twenty-five thousand
20:23 A different and humbler question than Phinehas that was the priest in the days of
that of v 18. The Lord sent them, but it Joshua (Josh 22:13), the events of these
resulted in further great bloodshed and last three chapters took place not long
defeat (v 24). It seems that God was using after Joshuas death.
the occasion to punish all Israel, or at least Your hand God had not told them this
to teach them some severe lessons. This is before.
not stated in this chapter, but there is 20:35 Even with a numerical superiority of
enough reason in other parts of Judges to 15 to 1 (vs 15,17), it was the Lord who had
cause us to think so. to give them the victory. No doubt the
20:26 They humbled themselves still Benjamites were fierce and skillful fighters,
further to seek the Lord and He heard them. but it is probable also that they had less
Offerings notes at Leviticus chapters reluctance to kill their fellow Israelites than
1-3. their fellow Israelites had to kill them. But
20:28 Phinehas if this is the same at last almost the whole of the armed men
JUDGES 20:47 326
swordsmen. All these were brave men. 47 But six women and the children. 11 And this is what you
hundred men turned and fled into the wilderness to must do: utterly destroy every male and every
the rock Rimmon, and stayed at the rock Rimmon woman that has lain with a man. 12 And they
for four months. 48 And the men of Israel turned found four hundred young virgins among the
back on the children of Benjamin, and struck them inhabitants of Jabesh Gilead who had not known a
down with the edge of the sword, both the men of man by lying with him. And they brought them to
every city and the cattle and all that was the camp at Shiloh, which is in the land of Canaan.
encountered. They also set on fire all the cities 13 And the whole congregation sent some men
that they came to. to speak to the children of Benjamin who were at
the rock Rimmon, and to proclaim peace to them.
21 Now the men of Israel had made an oath in
Mizpeh, saying, None of us will give his
daughter to Benjamin in marriage.
14 And at that time Benjamin came out again; and
they gave to them in marriage those women of
Jabesh Gilead whom they had saved alive. But still
2 And the people came to the house of God, they were not sufficient for them.
and stayed there until evening before God and 15 And the people were grieved for Benjamin,
raised their voices and wept bitterly. 3 And they because the LORD had made a gap in the tribes of
said, O LORD God of Israel, why has this Israel. 16 Then the elders of the congregation
happened in Israel, that today there should be one said, What shall we do about wives for those who
tribe lacking in Israel? are left, since the women in Benjamin have been
4 And it came about the next day that the people destroyed? 17 And they said, There must be an
rose early and built there an altar and offered burnt inheritance for those of Benjamin who have es-
offerings and peace offerings. 5 And the children caped, so that a tribe of Israel is not destroyed.
of Israel said, Among all the tribes of Israel who is 18 However, we must not give them our daughters
there who did not come up with the congregation in marriage, for the children of Israel have sworn,
to the LORD? For they had made a great oath saying, Cursed be the one who gives anyone in
concerning the one who did not come to Mizpeh to marriage to Benjamin. 19 Then they said, Look,
the LORD, saying, He shall surely be put to death. there is an annual feast of the LORD in Shiloh in a
6 And the children of Israel were grieved for place to the north of Bethel, to the east of the
Benjamin their brother and said, Today one tribe highway that goes up from Bethel to Shechem and
is cut off from Israel. 7 What shall we do about to the south of Lebonah.
wives for those who are left, since we have sworn 20 So they commanded the children of Ben-
by the LORD that we will not give them our daugh- jamin, saying, Go and lie in wait in the vineyards
ters in marriage? 8 And they said, Which of the 21 and watch, and when the daughters of Shiloh
tribes of Israel did not come up to Mizpeh to the come out to take part in the dances, then come out
LORD? And, lo and behold, no one from Jabesh- of the vineyards and each man catch a wife for
Gilead had come to the camp for the assembly. himself from the daughters of Shiloh, and go to the
9 For the people were numbered, and, lo and land of Benjamin. 22 And it shall come about, when
behold, none of the inhabitants of Jabesh-Gilead their fathers or their brothers come to us to com-
were there. plain, that we will say to them, Do this favour to
10 And the congregation sent twelve thousand them for our sakes; because we did not take a wife
of the bravest men there and commanded them, for each man in battle. And you did not give wives
saying, Go and strike down the inhabitants of to them at this time, that you should be guilty.
Jabesh-Gilead with the edge of the sword, with the 23 And the children of Benjamin did so, and
of Benjamin were destroyed. 21:2 The people came to the house of God
20:48 Because of the sin of a few vile men or the people went to Bethel.
in Gibeah and the senseless defense of 21:2-4 Verses 6,15. The experience of civil
them by the Benjamites, more than 65,000 war resulted in some brokenness of spirit
men lost their lives (vs 21,25,35), Gibeah a flower that blossomed from the muck of
and other cities were destroyed with their the occasion, great good in the midst of a
population of many thousands more terrible disaster (compare Ps 51:17).
(vs 37,48), and a whole tribe was almost 21:5 Death they considered that failing
obliterated (v 47; 21:3). Is not the de- to do ones duty in that time of crisis was as
fense of wickedness a very costly matter? worthy of death as the defense of
The reason it is so costly is this: those who wickedness. Compare 5:23; 8:15-17.
defend wickedness share in the guilt of those 21:10,11 This was in fulfillment of the vow
they defend and will have God fighting of v 5.
against them. 21:18 Verse 1.
21:1 Note on vows at 11:30,31. This one 21:21 Shiloh this was in the territory of
had a curse on anyone who broke it (v 18). Ephraim.
327 JUDGES 21:25
they caught some of those who were dancing 24 And the children of Israel left there at that
and took wives for themselves, according to their time, each man to his tribe and to his family, and
number. And they went away and returned to each man left there and went to his inheritance.
their inheritance and repaired the cities and lived 25 In those days there was no king in Israel.
in them. Everyone did what was right in his own eyes.
21:25 Right in his own eyes they had no authority and restraint now will behave as
earthly king and did not submit to their people did then.
heavenly King. They forsook the Word of But in the gloom of these final words of
God, did not bow to its authority, and did as the book and in the darkness of the times
they pleased. The result was the events let us not forget the bright beams of faith
recorded in this book of Judges. This is that shone here and there. Four persons
one of the saddest accounts of human fail- from Judges are named among the heroes
ure in the Bible, indeed in the whole litera- of faith in Hebrews chapter 11 more than
ture of the world. It is a story of failure we from any other book except Genesis. And
see anytime, anywhere when men do as in the midst of the sinful behavior of His
they see fit instead of doing as God sees people, Gods grace and compassion and
fit. Human nature has not improved since mercy shine even brighter than they
the days of Judges and those who cast off otherwise might have done.
RUTH
Author and date:
Ancient Jewish tradition indicates Samuel as the author, but there is no proof either for or against
this, and there is no certainty about the time of writing.
Themes:
One theme is the kindness and love between individuals and the resulting rewards. Another theme
is how a foreign woman joined the people of Israel by faith in the one true God and became an
important person in their history, an ancestress of king David and the Lord Jesus Christ. Another
theme is the office of kinsman-redeemer. The kinsman-redeemer is a type or picture of Christ. See
the note at 2:20. This redeemer had to be a blood relative. Christ our Redeemer became man (Heb
2:9-18), and so our relative. The kinsman-redeemer had to have enough means to purchase a
persons lost possession (Ruth 4:2-10). Christ alone was able to pay the price of redemption for us
(Ps 49:7-9; 1 Pet 1:18,19). The kinsman-redeemer had to be willing to pay the price of redemption
(Ruth 4:4,6,9). Christ was willing to pay the price for us (Matt 20:28; John 10:11,17,18). The
kinsman-redeemer had to be willing to marry the wife of the dead relative. In a spiritual sense Christ
fulfills this also. See Rom 7:1-4.
Contents :
A Jewish family tragedy ................................................................................ 1:1-5
Ruth chooses Naomi and Naomis God ............................................................. 1:6-18
Naomi and Ruth arrive in Bethlehem ............................................................... 1:19-22
Ruth in the fields of Boaz .............................................................................. 2:1-23
Naomi makes plans for Ruth .......................................................................... 3:1-6
Boaz, the kinsman-redeemer ......................................................................... 3:7-18
Boaz buys back the lost possession
and marries Ruth ................................................................................ 4:1-13
Ruth becomes the ancestress of king David ..................................................... 4:13-21
329 RUTH 1:17
1 Now it came about in the days when the
judges ruled, that there was a famine in the
land. And a certain man of Bethlehem in Judah
9 May the LORD grant that each of you find rest
in the house of her husband. Then she kissed
them; and they raised their voice and wept.
went to live for a time in the country of Moab, he 10 And they said to her, We will certainly
and his wife and his two sons. 2 And the mans return with you to your people.
name was Elimelech and his wifes name was Naomi, 11 And Naomi said, Turn back, my daughters.
and the names of his two sons were Mahlon and Why will you go with me? Are there any more
Chilion. They were Ephrathites of Bethlehem in sons still in my womb, that they may become your
Judah, and they came into the country of Moab husbands? 12 Turn back, my daughters. Go on
and stayed there. your way. For I am too old to get a husband. If I
3 And Naomis husband Elimelech died, and she should say, I have hope, if even tonight I would
and her two sons were left. 4 And they married have a husband and would also bear sons, 13 would
two of the women of Moab. The name of one was you wait for them until they were grown up? Would
Orpah and the name of the other was Ruth. And you refrain from marrying for them? No, my daugh-
they stayed there about ten years. 5 And both ters; for I am very much grieved for your sakes
Mahlon and Chilion also died, and the woman was that the hand of the LORD has gone out against
left without her two sons and her husband. me.
6 Then she arose with her daughters-in-law to 14 And they raised their voice and wept again.
return home from the country of Moab, for she And Orpah kissed her mother-in-law but Ruth clung
had heard in the country of Moab that the LORD to her.
had visited his people by providing food for them. 15 And Naomi said, Look, your sister-in-law
7 Therefore she, and her two daughters-in-law with has gone back to her people and to her gods. Go
her, left the place where she was and set out on back after your sister-in-law.
the road to return to the land of Judah. 16 And Ruth said, Do not ask me to leave you
8 And Naomi said to her two daughters-in-law, or to go back from following you, for where you go
Go. Each of you return to her mothers house. I will go, and where you stay I will stay. Your
May the LORD deal kindly with you, just as you people will be my people and your God my God.
have dealt with those now dead, and with me. 17 Where you die I will die, and there I will be
1:1 Ruled or judged (the Hebrew word expect God to be kind to us if we are not
means both of these). The judges led Is- kind to others. From one point of view this
rael for more than 300 years. book of Ruth is the story of kindness and
Famine in the land this famine is not its rewards (v 8; 2:11,12,15,20; 3:10).
mentioned in the book of Judges. It must On kindness see 1 Cor 13:4; Eph 4:22
have been very severe to cause people to 1:11 Husbands see Deut 25:5,6. An il-
leave their homes and inheritances and go lustration of this is found in Gen 38:6-11.
to another country. The cause of the fam- 1:13 Against me vs 20,21; Jud 2:15;
ine is not given here, but during the times Job 19:21. Naomi assumed that her suf-
of the judges the people often forsook God, fering in the famine in Bethlehem, and the
broke His laws and worshiped idols (Judges loss of her husband and both sons meant
2:16-19). It is no surprising thing that a that Gods hand was against her. But this
famine came on them (compare Lev may not have been so. See note at Job
26:25,26; Deut 28:15,23,24; 1 Kings 8:35; 6:4; 7:17-19; 19:21,22. Troubles that
2 Kings 8:1; Jer 14:10-12; 24:10; Ezek come to individuals may, it is true, be judg-
5:16; 14:21; Amos 8:11). ments of God, but they may be blessings in
1:2 Naomi a Hebrew name meaning disguise and intended for some great good.
Pleasant. Notes at Gen 50:20.
Ephrathites Bethlehem was located 1:15 Her gods the Moabites were idola-
in an area called Ephrathah Micah 5:2. ters. Chemosh was their principal god (notes
Moab note on Moab at Gen 19:36- at 1 Kings 11:7).
38. The Moabites, being descended from 1:16 My God this speaks well of both
Abrahams nephew Lot, were cousins of Ruth and Naomi of Ruth because she
the Israelites. showed unselfish loyalty and love to her
1:6-8 Providing food God gave rain and mother-in-law, of Naomi because evidently
good crops once more in Israel. she had lived in such a way that her daugh-
From. . .Moab evidently Naomi and ter-in-law was attracted to both her and the
her daughters-in-law at first agreed to go God she worshiped. Ruth left her home-
together to Judah, but after setting out on land, her father and mother (2:11) and
the journey Naomi changed her mind. their gods to go on into the unknown with
Possibly this was because the thought struck Naomi. This determination is an illustra-
her that there was probably no future in tion of what our attitude should be towards
Israel for these widowed Moabite women. the Lord Jesus Matt 4:18-22; Luke 14:33;
1:8 With me 2:11,12. Compare Ps John 6:66-68.
18:25,26; 62:12. We have no right to 1:17 2 Sam 15:21.
RUTH 1:18 330
buried. May the LORD deal harshly with me, and this?
worse also, if anything but death parts you and 6 And the servant who was in charge of the
me. 18 When Naomi saw that she was determined reapers answered and said, It is the Moabite girl
to go with her, then she said no more to her. who came back with Naomi from the country of
19 So the two of them went on until they came Moab. 7 And she said, Please let me glean and
to Bethlehem. And when they arrived in Bethehem, gather after the reapers among the sheaves. So
it came about that the whole city was stirred she came and has stayed from morning until now,
concerning them and they said, Is this Naomi? except that she sat for a while in the house.
20 And she said to them, Dont call me Naomi. 8 Then Boaz said to Ruth, Listen, my daugh-
Call me Mara, for the Almighty has dealt very bit- ter. Do not go to glean in another field and do not
terly with me. 21 I went out full, and the LORD has go away from here, but stay here close to my ser-
brought me home again empty. So why should you vant girls. 9 Keep your eyes on the field that they
call me Naomi, seeing the LORD has testified against are reaping and go after them. Have I not ordered
me and the Almighty has afflicted me? the young men not to touch you? And when you
22 So Naomi returned, and with her Ruth the are thirsty, go to the water pots and drink what the
Moabitess, her daughter-in-law, coming back from young men draw.
the country of Moab. And they arrived in Bethlehem 10 Then she prostrated herself, bowing down
at the beginning of the barley harvest. to the ground, and said to him, Why have you
looked on me with favour to take notice of me,
2 And Naomi had a kinsman on her husbands
side, a wealthy man of the family of Elimelech,
and his name was Boaz.
since I am a foreigner?
11 And Boaz answered and said to her, It has
been fully reported to me, all that you have done
2 And Ruth the Moabitess said to Naomi, Let for your mother-in-law since the death of your hus-
me now go to the field and glean heads of grain band, and how you have left your father and your
after someone who looks on me with favour. And mother and the land of your birth and have come
she said to her, Go, my daughter. to a people whom you have not known before this.
3 And she set out and went and gleaned in the 12 May the LORD repay you for your work and may
field after the reapers. And she happened to come a full reward be given to you by the LORD God of
to a part of the field belonging to Boaz, who was a Israel, under whose wings you have come to trust.
relative of Elimelech. 13 Then she said, Let me find favour in your
4 And just then Boaz came from Bethlehem and sight, my lord, for you have comforted me and
said to the reapers, The LORD be with you. And have spoken kindly to your maid servant, even
they answered him, The LORD bless you. though I am not like one of your maid servants.
5 Then Boaz said to his servant who was in 14 And Boaz said to her, At mealtime come here
charge of the reapers, Whose young woman is and eat bread and dip your pieces in the vinegar.
1:19 Naomi at least 10 years had passed poor (Ex 22:25; Ps 41:1; 82:3,4; Prov
since Naomi left Bethlehem (v 4), and she 14:21; Luke 6:20; Jam 2:5). Ruths sug-
was without husband or sons, and sorrow gestion shows that she and Naomi were
had doubtless left its mark on her face. without any means of support. It shows also
1:20 Mara this Hebrew word means bit- that she was willing to do the lowliest of jobs
ter. Naomi is saying Dont call me the because of her love for her mother-in-law
pleasant one, but the bitter one. This a thing all too rare in this world.
means that her experiences had filled her 2:3 Happened to come God guided her
with sorrow, not that she was bitter against there, as Naomi realized when she heard it
God. If she had been bitter against God, it (vs 19,20). God was answering the prayer
is very unlikely that Ruth would not have of Naomi in 1:8.
wanted Naomis God to be her God (v 16). 2:4 This was in the days of the judges when
On Mara see Ex 15:23-25. Israel was often sunk in sin, defeat and
Almighty in Hebrew Shaddai Gen apostasy (Jud 2:16-19). But there were
17:1. lamps in that darkness and Boaz was one
1:21 Empty when she left she had hus- of them as every believer should be (Matt
band, sons, and hope. 5:14,15; Phil 2:15). Evidently Boaz was a
Afflicted v 13; Job 30:11; Ps 88:7; man who honored God and was honored by
Lam 3:1. his workers and peers (4:11,12).
1:22 Beginning of barley harvest in Is- 2:11,12 1:8. A full reward 1 Sam 24:19;
rael in those days this would have been 26:23; Prov 25:21,22; 10:42; Luke 6:38;
sometime in March or April. Heb 6:10.
2:2 Grain see Lev 19:9,10; 23:22; Under whose wings 1:16; Ps 17:8;
Deut 24:19-21. God put these instructions 36:7; 57:1; 61:4; 63:7; 91:4; Matt 23:37.
in His law because He is concerned for the 2:13 Your maid servant Ruth obviously
331 RUTH 3:11
And she sat beside the reapers; and he served her wheat harvest. And she lived with her mother-in-
roasted grain, and she ate and was satisfied and law.
left.
15 And when she got up to glean, Boaz com-
manded his young men, saying, Let her glean
among the sheaves and do not embarrass her.
3 Then her mother-in-law Naomi said to her,
My daughter, shall I not look for a place for
you to rest, so that it will be well with you? 2 And
16 And also let some handfuls intentionally fall for now is not Boaz, with whose maid servants you
her and leave them, so that she can glean them. have been working, our relative? Look, tonight he
And do not rebuke her. will be winnowing barley in the threshing floor.
17 So she gleaned in the field until evening and 3 Therefore wash yourself and anoint yourself and
beat out what she had gleaned, and it was about dress yourself, and go down to the threshing floor.
an ephah of barley. 18 And she picked it up and But do not make your presence known to the man
went into the city, and her mother-in-law saw what until he has finished eating and drinking. 4 And let
she had gleaned. And she took it out and gave to it be like this: when he lies down, notice the place
her what she had left after she had been satisfied. where he is lying, and you go in and uncover his
19 And her mother-in-law said to her, Where feet and lie down; and he will tell you what you
did you glean today? And where did you work? should do.
Blessed be the one who took notice of you. And 5 And she said to her, I will do everything you
she told her mother-in-law whom she had worked tell me. 6 And she went down to the threshing
with and said, The name of the man with whom I floor and did everything that her mother-in-law had
worked today is Boaz. ordered her.
20 And Naomi said to her daughter-in-law, May 7 And when Boaz had eaten and drunk and his
he be blessed by the LORD, who has not ceased heart was merry, he went to lie down at the end of
being kind to the living and to the dead. And Naomi the heap of grain. And she came softly and uncov-
said to her, The man is a near relative of ours, ered his feet and lay down. 8 And it so happened
one of our closest kinsmen. at midnight that the man was startled, and he turned
21 And Ruth the Moabitess said, Also he said and saw a woman lying at his feet.
to me, Stay close to my young men until they have 9 And he said, Who are you? And she
finished all my harvest. answered, I am your maid servant Ruth. So
22 And Naomi said to her daughter-in-law Ruth, spread your covering over your maid servant, for
It is good, my daughter, that you go out with his you are a near kinsman.
maid servants, so that some men do not happen to 10 And he said, May you be blessed by the
meet you in another field. LORD, my daughter, for this last kindness you have
23 So she kept close to the maid servants of shown is greater than the first. You have not gone
Boaz to glean to the end of barley harvest and after the young men, whether poor or rich. 11 And
means herself. way consistent with justice and holiness.
2:15 Boaz was a kind man willing to give The Lord Jesus is the Goel of all those
more to the poor and needy than the law who trust under the shadow of His wings.
required (v 2). He is in great contrast to He redeems them from slavery to sin, re-
some men who want every grain for them- stores what they lost by sinning, gives them
selves. an inheritance with Himself, and avenges
2:17 Ephah an ephah equals about one them against their enemies.
half of a large bushel or 22 liters. 3:1,2 1:9; 2:20. For you to rest Naomi
2:19 It was obvious to Naomi that the owner means a home and family of her own.
of the field had left a large amount of grain 3:3,4 Naomi was not suggesting that Ruth
for Ruth to glean. should try to seduce Boaz. Both Boaz and
2:20 Being kind 1:8. Ruth were godly, moral people (v 11).
Closest kinsmen here is another large Naomis idea was that Ruth should appeal
theme in this small book. Closest kinsman to Boaz as her kinsman-redeemer (v 9;
is one word in Hebrew goel and could 2:20).
be translated kinsman-redeemer. This He- 3:9 Near kinsman in this way Ruth was
brew word appears in Ruth 2:20; 3:9,12,13; asking for his protective care as a husband.
4:1,3,6,8,14. In other places in the Old There was no brother of her husband living
Testament the word refers to a near relative to marry her in accordance with Deut 25:5-
who takes vengeance on anyone who had 10, so this responsibility passed to the
killed a member of the family. The goel nearest relative.
was not only a redeemer but an avenger. 3:10 The first 2:11,12.
The responsibilities of the goel are found 3:11-13 Boaz expresses his willingness to
in Lev 25:25-28,47-49; Num 35:19-21; marry her and buy the family property, but
Deut 25:5-10. He was to look after the best he would not be able to do so if the man
interests of his family and relatives in every who was a closer relative of Naomis family
RUTH 3:12 332
now, my daughter, dont be afraid. I will do for you the presence of those sitting here and in the
all that you need, for all the people in the city know presence of the elders of my people. If you will
that you are a virtuous woman. 12 And now it is redeem it, redeem it. But if you will not redeem it,
true that I am your near kinsman, but there is a then tell me, so that I may know. For there is no
kinsman nearer than I. 13 Stay tonight, and in the one besides you to redeem it, and I am after
morning it will be that if he acts as the kinsman- you. And he said, I will redeem it.
redeemer toward you, all right, let him redeem you. 5 Then Boaz said, On the day that you buy the
But if he will not act as the kinsman-redeemer field from the hand of Naomi, you must also buy it
toward you, then, as the LORD lives, I will act as from Ruth the Moabitess, the wife of the dead
the kinsman-redeemer toward you. Lie down until man, to raise up the name of the deceased on his
morning. inheritance. 6 And the kinsman said, I cannot
14 And she lay at his feet until morning, then redeem it for myself. If I did I would put my own
rose up before one could recognize another. And inheritance at risk. You redeem my right for your-
he said, Dont let it be known that a woman came self, for I cannot redeem it.
into the threshing floor. 7 Now this was the custom in former times in
15 He also said, Bring the veil that you have Israel concerning redeeming and exchanging land:
on and hold it out. And when she held it out, he to confirm anything a man took off his sandal and
measured six measures of barley and laid it on gave it to the one next to him. And this was a
her; and she went into the city. testimony in Israel.
16 And when she came to her mother-in-law, 8 Therefore the kinsman having said to Boaz,
she said, How did it go with you, my daughter? Buy it for yourself, he took off his sandal.
And she told her all that the man had done for her. 9 And Boaz said to the elders and to all the
17 And she said, He gave me these six mea- people, You are witnesses this day that I have
sures of barley, for he told me, Dont go to your bought from the hand of Naomi everything that
mother-in-law empty-handed. belonged to Elimelech, and everything that be-
18 Then said she, Sit quietly, my daughter, longed to Chilion and Mahlon. 10 Moreover, I have
until you know how the matter turns out. For the acquired Ruth the Moabitess, the former wife of
man will not rest until he has finished the matter Mahlon, to be my wife to raise up the name of the
this very day. deceased on his inheritance, so that the name of
the deceased is not cut off from among his breth-
4 Then Boaz went out to the gate and seated
himself there, and when the kinsman of whom
Boaz had spoken came by Boaz said to him, Come,
ren and from the gate of his place. You are
witnesses this day.
11 And all the people who were at the gate and
friend, turn aside, sit down here. And he turned the elders said, We are witnesses. May the LORD
aside and sat down. make the woman who will come into your house like
2 And he brought ten of the elders of the city Rachel and like Leah, the two who built the house
and said, Sit down here. And they sat down. of Israel. And may you be mighty in Ephratah and
3 And he said to the kinsman, Naomi, who has famous in Bethlehem, 12 and may your house be
returned from the country of Moab, is selling a plot like the house of Pharez, whom Tamar bore to Judah,
of land which belonged to our brother Elimelech. through the offspring which the LORD gives you by
4 And I thought to inform you and say, Buy it in this young woman.
wished to act as goel. name of Ruths first husband and become
3:14 Rom 14:17; 2 Cor 8:21. the heir not only of Elimelech and Naomi
4:1 Gen 34:20. but of the kinsmen-redeemer also, and so
4:2 This was a public transaction of official all the property of the kinsman would come
business. into the hands of the family of Elimelech
4:3 Selling it was the duty of the (compare Deut 25:5,6; Gen 38:9). This
kinsman-redeemer to see that the land was kinsman was not willing for this to happen.
kept in the family and not sold to 4:11 Rachel and Leah Jacobs two wives
outsiders. Naomis plan, of course, was not who between them had many children (Gen-
simply to sell the land but to obtain a good esis chapters 29,30; 35:16-18). In other
husband for Ruth. words, the elders are expressing the wish
Brother here means relative, as the that Boaz and Ruth might have a large
Hebrew word sometimes does. family.
4:5,6 My own inheritance he wanted 4:12 Judah Genesis chapter 38. Perez
Naomis property but he didnt want to marry became a leader of the tribe of Judah and
Ruth. If he married her and only one son an ancestor of Boaz, David, and the Lord
was born to them, that one would take the Jesus.
333 RUTH 4:22
13 So Boaz took Ruth and she became his wife. bosom and became its nurse. 17 And the neighbour
And when he went in to her, the LORD enabled her women gave him a name, saying, A son has been
to conceive, and she bore a son. 14 And the women born to Naomi. And they called his name Obed.
said to Naomi, Blessed be the LORD who has not He is the father of Jesse, the father of David.
left you this day without a kinsman, that his name 18 Now these are the generations of Pharez:
may be famous in Israel. 15 And may he renew Pharez begot Hezron, 19 and Hezron begot Ram,
you in your life and sustain you in your old age, for and Ram begot Amminadab, 20 and Amminadab
your daughter-in-law, who loves you, who is bet- begot Nahshon, and Nahshon begot Salmon,
ter to you than seven sons, has given him birth. 21 and Salmon begot Boaz, and Boaz begot Obed,
16 And Naomi took the child and laid it in her 22 and Obed begot Jesse, and Jesse begot David.
4:13 Conceive it is possible that Ruth, name doubtless revealed their desire that
like some other famous women in the Bible their son should become a true servant of
had been unable to have children (Gen God.
11:30; 29:31; 1 Sam 1:2,5; Luke 1:7). 4:18-21 Matt 1:3-6. Because of her kind-
She had none by her first husband. ness to her mother-in-law and her faith in
4:15 To say that Ruth was better to Naomi the God of Israel, this foreign widow
than seven sons was to say the highest thing became one of the ancestors, not only of
about her they could think of. King David, but of the Lord Jesus. Such is
4:17 Obed means servant. Giving this Gods great grace.
1 SAMUEL
Title:
Originally 1 Samuel and 2 Samuel were one book. When the Old Testament was translated into
Greek, the translators divided this one book into two.
Author and date:
The human author is unknown. See the note in the introduction to Judges on the authorship of the
books of the Bible. The author must have written after the death of Solomon, because 1 Sam 27:6
speaks of the kings of Judah, indicating some time after Judah and Israel had become separate
kingdoms. This did not happen until the time of Rehoboam, Solomons son (1 Kings chapter 12).
Themes:
The birth, life, and work of Samuel, the last and greatest of the judges (7:15-17); Israels rejection
of God as King, and the appointment of human kings to rule Israel; the early life of David up to the
death of king Saul. As with all parts of the Bible, there are many important spiritual lessons in this
book for believers now (2 Tim 3:16,17).
Contents:
Hannah, Samuels mother .............................................................................. 1:1-20
Samuels birth and childhood .......................................................................... 1:20-28
Hannahs song ............................................................................................. 2:1-10
Elis ungodly sons ......................................................................................... 2:12-17
God against the house of Eli .......................................................................... 2:27-36
God calls Samuel .......................................................................................... 3:1-21
Philistines take away the ark of the LORD ....................................................... 4:1-11
Death of Eli, birth of Ichabod ......................................................................... 4:12-22
The ark brings disaster to Philistine cities ......................................................... 5:1-12
Return of the ark to Israel ............................................................................ 6:1 - 7:1
Dedication of the people at Mizpah, and the
defeat of the Philistines ........................................................................... 7:2-13
The peoples desire for a king ........................................................................ 8:1-22
Saul and Samuel meet ................................................................................... 9:1-27
Samuel anoints Saul ..................................................................................... 10:1-8
Saul becomes king ........................................................................................ 10:9-27
Saul defeats the Ammonites .......................................................................... 11:1-15
Samuels final speech to the people ................................................................ 12:1-25
Saul offers a burnt offering, and is rebuked .................................................... 13:1-15
Soldiers without swords and spears ................................................................ 13:16-22
Jonathans great military exploit .................................................................... 14:1-14
Victory over the Philistines ............................................................................ 14:15-23
Sauls reckless vow and Jonathans danger ..................................................... 14:24-45
Sauls victories over enemies ......................................................................... 14:46-52
War against Amalekites ................................................................................ 15:1-33
Sauls disobedience ...................................................................................... 15:1-9
Gods message to Saul through Samuel,
God rejects Saul as king .......................................................................... 15:10-29
Samuel anoints David ................................................................................... 16:1-13
David in Sauls house .................................................................................... 16:14-23
David and Goliath ......................................................................................... 17:1-58
Sauls fear and jealousy of David ................................................................... 18:1-16
Saul hopes for Davids death ......................................................................... 18:17-25
335 1 SAMUEL
David marries Sauls daughter Michal .............................................................. 18:27
Saul tries to kill David .................................................................................... 19:1-11
Michal helps David escape ............................................................................. 19:12-17
Saul and his men prophesy ............................................................................ 19:19-24
David and Jonathan, a wonderful friendship .................................................. 20:1-42
David escapes to Nob; the priest helps him ..................................................... 21:1-9
David acts like a madman in Gath ................................................................... 21:10-15
David flees to Adullam and Mizpah ................................................................. 22:1-5
Saul kills the priests of Nob ............................................................................ 22:6-23
David saves the town of Keilah ...................................................................... 23:1-13
The men of Ziph betray David ........................................................................ 23:14-29
David spares Sauls life ................................................................................. 24:1-22
David, Nabal, and Abigail .............................................................................. 25:1-44
David spares Sauls life a second time ............................................................. 26:1-25
David goes back to the Philistines ................................................................... 27:1-12
Saul and the witch of Endor ........................................................................... 28:1-25
The Philistines send David back to Ziklag ......................................................... 29:1-11
David finds encouragement in the Lord ........................................................... 30:1-8
David recovers all ........................................................................................ 30:9-31
Death of Saul and Jonathan on Mt Gilboa ........................................................ 31:1-13
1 SAMUEL 1:1 336
1 Now there was a certain man of Ramathaim
Zophim in the hill country of Ephraim, and his
name was Elkanah. He was the son of Jeroham,
LORD. 10 And she was in bitterness of soul, and
prayed to the LORD and wept much. 11 And she
made a vow and said, O LORD of hosts, if you will
the son of Elihu, the son of Tohu, the son of Zuph, indeed look on the affliction of your maidservant,
an Ephrathite. 2 And he had two wives. The name and remember me and not forget your maidser-
of one was Hannah and the name of the other vant, but give to your maidservant a male child,
Peninnah. And Peninnah had children, but Hannah then I will give him to the LORD for all the days of
had no children. his life, and no razor will come on his head.
3 And yearly this man went up out of his city to 12 And as she continued praying before the
worship and to sacrifice to the LORD of hosts in LORD, it so happened that Eli noticed her mouth.
Shiloh. And the two sons of Eli, Hophni and 13 Now Hannah had spoken in her heart; only her
Phinehas, the priests of the LORD, were there. lips moved, but her voice was not heard. So Eli
4 And when the time came that Elkanah made an thought she was drunk. 14 And Eli said to her,
offering, he gave portions to his wife Peninnah and How long are you going to be drunk? Put your
to all her sons and her daughters, 5 but he gave a wine away from you.
double portion to Hannah, for he loved Hannah. 15 And Hannah answered and said, No, my
But the LORD had shut up her womb. 6 And also lord, I am a woman of a sorrowful spirit. I have not
her rival provoked her severely to irritate her, drunk either wine or strong drink, but have poured
because the LORD had shut up her womb. 7 And it out my soul before the LORD. 16 Do not regard
happened year by year when she went up to the your maidservant as a wicked woman, for I have
house of the LORD, that she provoked her. been speaking out of the abundance of my
Therefore she wept, and did not eat. complaint and grief.
8 Then her husband Elkanah said to her, 17 Then Eli answered and said, Go in peace,
Hannah, why are you weeping? And why arent and may the God of Israel grant you your petition
you eating? And why is your heart grieved? Am I that you have asked of him.
not better to you than ten sons? 18 And she said, Let your maidservant find
9 So Hannah got up after they had eaten in favour in your sight. So the woman went her way,
Shiloh and after they had drunk. Now Eli the priest and ate, and her appearance was no longer sad.
was sitting on a seat by a post of the temple of the 19 And they rose up early in the morning and
1:1 Ramathaim called Ramah in v 19. 1:9 Temple here this word indicates the
Elkanah was descended from Levi. See tabernacle. The temple had not yet been
1 Chron 6:16,26-28. built, but the tabernacle could be called a
1:2 Two wives see note at Gen 30:1. temple, because it was a holy sanctuary
1:3 Ex 34:23; Deut 12:5-7; Josh 18:1. where God was worshipped.
The tabernacle and the ark of the covenant 1:10-20 Hannahs sorrow drove her to prayer
were at Shiloh (4:3). (sorrow can result in much good if it causes
LORD of hosts in Hebrew Jehovah a person to do that). And here she prayed
Tsabaoth. This is the first mention in to the one true God who knows our sorrows,
Scripture of this great title. It is used in the has compassion on us, and can hear our
Bible 281 times, very frequently by the prayers (Ex 2:23-25; Ps 6:6-9; 38:9;
prophets Isaiah, Jeremiah, Haggai, 102:19,20). Her example shows how to
Zechariah and Malachi. It indicates God in pray effectively she was in a right rela-
His almighty power, who marshals all the tionship with God; she had a deep burden
resources of creation to accomplish His own (vs 10,13,15); her petition was specific
glorious purposes. In the Old Testament (v 11); she wanted to use what God gave
hosts may refer both to earthly armies (Ex her for His glory, not for her own selfish
12:41 where the people of Israel coming satisfaction (v 11); she had faith
out of Egypt are called the LORDs armies (vs 17-19); and she acknowledged Gods
or hosts), and to heavenly bodies (2 Kings answer when it came (v 20).
17:16; Isa 34:4; 45:12), and to angels 1:11 I will give him to the LORD our
(Ps 103:21; 148:2). God, Jehovah of children will be in the best hands when given
hosts, is the absolute ruler of all. He has to God.
created the universe for His glory, and to No razor Num 6:1-5; Jud 13:5.
fulfill His plans He exercises control over 1:13,14 Acts 2:4,13. How easily the best
every kind of host, whether earthly or actions may be misunderstood by others.
heavenly (compare Dan 4:34,35). Note on Josh 22:10-34.
Priests note at Ex 28:1. 1:15 Ps 42:3-4; 62:8; Lam 2:11,19.
1:4 Deut 12:17,18. 1:17 Jud 18:6; 1 Sam 25:35; 2 Kings
1:5 Gen 11:30; 29:31. God is sovereign 5:19; Mark 5:34.
in these matters and has His own good 1:18 Answered prayer will brighten up the
purposes in what He does. face (Ps 34:4,5).
1:6-7 Verse 2; Gen 2:23,24. 1:19 Knew note at Gen 4:1.
337 1 SAMUEL 2:8
worshipped before the LORD, and returned and
came to their house at Ramah. And Elkanah knew
his wife Hannah, and the LORD remembered her.
2 And Hannah prayed, and said,
My heart rejoices in the LORD.
My horn is exalted in the LORD:
20 Therefore it came about in due time, after my mouth is opened wide against
Hannah had conceived, that she bore a son. And my enemies,
she called his name Samuel, saying, Because I because I rejoice in your salvation.
asked the LORD for him. 2 There is no one holy like the LORD,
21 And the man Elkanah and all his household for there is no one besides you,
went up to offer to the LORD the yearly sacrifice nor is there any rock like our God.
and his vow. 22 But Hannah did not go up, for she
3 Do not any longer speak so exceedingly
said to her husband, I will not go up until the child
proudly,
is weaned, and then I will take him, so that he may
or let arrogance come out of your mouth.
appear before the LORD and stay there
For the LORD is a God of knowledge,
permanently.
and by him actions are weighed.
23 And her husband Elkanah said to her, Do
what seems good to you. Wait until you have 4 The bows of the mighty men are broken,
weaned him. Only may the LORD confirm his word. and those who stumbled are clothed
So the woman stayed at home, and nursed her with strength.
son until she weaned him. 5 Those who were full have hired
24 And when she had weaned him, she took him themselves out for bread,
up with her, with three bulls and one ephah of flour and those who were hungry cease
and a bottle of wine, and brought him to the house to be so.
of the LORD in Shiloh; and the child was young. While the barren has given birth to seven,
25 And they killed a bull, and brought the child to she who has many children has become
Eli. feeble.
26 And she said, Oh my lord, as your soul 6 The LORD kills, and makes alive.
lives, my lord, I am the woman who stood near you He brings down to the grave, and raises up.
here, praying to the LORD. 27 I prayed for this 7 The LORD makes poor, and makes rich;
child, and the LORD has granted me my request he brings low, and lifts up.
which I asked from him. 28 Therefore I have also 8 He raises the poor up from the dust,
given him to the LORD. As long as he lives he will and lifts the beggar up from the ash
be given to the LORD. And he worshipped the heap to set them among princes,
LORD there. and to make them inherit the throne of glory.
Remembered Gen 30:22. her son. Ps 9:2; 32:11; 33:1; 105:3.
1:20 Samuel probably means Heard of God. Horn in the Bible this often symbolizes
1:21 Vow Lev 7:16; 22:21; Num 15:3,8; power, authority, strength, honor. Here it
30:2; Deut 12:11; Ps 65:1; 76:11; Eccl 5:4,5. means strength.
1:22 Verses 11,29; 2:11. 2:2 Holy note at Lev 20:7.
1:24,25 Num 15:8-10. On the meanings of Rock note at Deut 32:4.
the various sacrifices see notes on the first 2:3 Arrogance a thing God hates (Prov
chapter of Leviticus. 3:34; 6:16,17; James 4:6.
With three bulls this could also be God of knowledge 16:7; Ps 139:1-4;
translated A three-year-old bull. Prov 16:2; 24:12; Jer 17:10; Heb 4:13.
Ephah probably about one half bushel. 2:4 Ps 18:39; 46:9; 76:3; Eph 6:10-13;
1:27,28 She was obviously a godly Heb 11:32-34.
woman, and she was faithful to her 2:5 God by his grace can completely reverse
promises to God, unlike many who make conditions among men. Gods power and
vows and do not perform them. Unlike sovereignty over the earth are declared in
s o m a n y, H a n n a h w a s c o n c e r n e d w i t h the verses which follow.
what her son could do for God, not what 2:6 Deut 32:39; Isa 26:19; John 5:28,29;
h e m i g h t e ve n t u a l l y d o f o r h e r. T h i s Rev 1:18.
gift of Hannah to God had a profound Grave in Hebrew Sheol. See note
effect for good on the life of the whole on Gen 37:35.
nation. When believers give gifts to God 2:7,8 Deut 8:17-18; Job 5:11; Ps 113:7,8;
He accepts and uses them. James 1:9,10; 2:5; 4:10.
2:1-10 Compare Hannahs song of praise Pillars of the earth this does not mean
with that of Mary in Luke 1:46-55. This song there is some sort of foundation on which
shows a good grasp of important theological the planet rests. It is poetic language which
truth and no little poetical ability. declares God as the Creator, and suggests
2:1 Rejoices in the Lord, not merely in a good purpose in creation.
1 SAMUEL 2:9 338
For the pillars of the earth are the LORDs, priest; for he will not have boiled meat from you,
and he has set the world on them. but raw.
9 He will keep the feet of his saints, 16 And if anyone said to him, Let them first
and the wicked will be silent in darkness; burn the fat, and then take as much as your soul
for no man will prevail by strength. desires, then he would answer him, No, but you
10 The enemies of the LORD will be must give it to me now. If not, I will take it by
broken to pieces. force.
He will thunder on them from the heavens. 17 Therefore the sin of the young men was
The LORD will judge the ends of the earth, very great in the eyes of the LORD; for men
and he will give strength to his king, despised the offering of the LORD.
and exalt the horn of his anointed. 18 But Samuel ministered before the LORD, a
11 And Elkanah went to Ramah to his house. child wearing a linen ephod. 19 Moreover his mother
And the child ministered to the LORD in the would make him a little robe, and bring it to him
presence of Eli the priest. from year to year, when she came up with her
12 Now the sons of Eli were wicked scoundrels. husband to offer the yearly sacrifice. 20 And Eli
They did not know the LORD. 13 And the priests blessed Elkanah and his wife and said, The LORD
custom with the people was this: when anyone give you offspring by this woman for the gift which
offered a sacrifice, the priests servant would come is given to the LORD. And they went to their own
while the meat was boiling, with a three-pronged home. 21 And the LORD looked after Hannah, and
fork in his hand, 14 and he would stick it into the she conceived and bore three sons and two daugh-
pan or kettle or cauldron or pot. All that the fork ters. And the child Samuel grew before the LORD.
brought up the priest took for himself. This is how 22 Now Eli was very old, and heard all that his
they did in Shiloh to all the Israelites who came sons did to all Israel, and how they lay with the
there. 15 Also before they burned the fat, the women who assembled at the door of the taber-
priests servant would come and say to the man nacle of the congregation. 23 And he said to them,
who was sacrificing, Give meat to roast for the Why do you such things? For I hear of your evil
2:9 Keep Ps 37:23-24; 91:11,12; their greed than for their piety.
94:18; 121:3; John 10:28; 1 Pet 1:5. 2:17 If they had no respect for the Lord they
Darkness Matt 8:12; 22:13; 25:30; certainly would have no respect for His
Jude 13. offerings or for His people. Lack of the fear
Strength 17:47; Ps 33:16,17; Zech of God (Gen 20:11; Ps 34:11-14) accounts
4:6. for many of the sad and sinful things that
2:10 Thunder 7:10; 12:17; 2 Sam go on today in some Christian circles.
22:14; Ps 18:13; Isa 66:6. 2:18 Ministered Samuel was a mere boy,
Judge Ps 96:13; 98:9; Acts 17:31. so his work must have been of a simple
King, Anointed Hannah speaks as nature. Nevertheless, it was a ministry
a prophetess. When she spoke there was before the Lord. The simplest task can be
as yet no king in Israel, and up to that time a ministry to the Lord if done in an attitude
only priests had been anointed. The of devotion to Him (2 Kings 3:11; Ps 84:10;
Hebrew noun anointed (masheeakh) Matt 10:42). Before Samuel did great things
comes into English as Messiah. This is the in Israel he learned as a child to do small
first use of this noun in the Bible. things faithfully. See Luke 16:10.
2:11 Ministered 2:18; 3:1. Ephod note at Ex 28:31-35.
2:12 Did not know they knew about the 2:19 The robe Samuels mother lovingly
LORD, but they had no spiritual experience brought him each year was not the ephod
of Him. (v 18), but a garment for every day use.
LORD if they had known Him they 2:20,21 1:11,27,28. Acts of faith and
would not have turned out to be wicked. This devotion such as Hannahs will always be
terrible condemnation of Elis sons should rewarded if not in this world, then certainly
be a lesson to every believer. They were in the next. God loves to be gracious to His
brought up at the center of the worship of people. Hannah gave one son to God and
God, but they had no regard for the Lord. received five children in return. Compare
Believers must be careful to teach their Luke 6:38.
children respect for God (Eph 6:4). Before the LORD what better place
2:13,14 See Lev 7:31-36; 10:14,15; Deut on earth to grow up in? Or to live in
18:1-5. (Ps 31:20; 140:13)?
2:15,16 Fat the fat was to be burned as 2:22 Verse 12. Because of the evil lives of
an offering to God before the priests Elis sons Samuel was in some danger of
received their portion (Lev 3:16; 4:10,26, learning a corrupt life style. But God guarded
31,35; 7:28,30,31; 17:6). Alas, like the lad and kept him pure for His service
these wicked sons of Eli, many who profess (v 9).
to be servants of God are known more for 2:23-25 It seems that Eli was an indulgent
339 1 SAMUEL 2:35
actions from all this people. 24 No, my sons, for it is 30 Therefore the LORD God of Israel says, I
not a good report that I hear. You make the LORDs indeed said that your household and the household
people to transgress. 25 If one man sins against of your father, would walk before me forever; but
another, the judge will judge him, but if a man sins now the LORD says, Be it far from me. For those
against the LORD, who will plead for him? However who honour me I will honour, and those who despise
they did not listen to the voice of their father, me will be lightly esteemed. 31 See, the days are
because the LORD had determined to kill them. coming when I will cut off your arm, and the arm of
26 And the child Samuel grew and was in favour your fathers household, so that there will not be
with both the LORD and also with men. an old man in your house. 32 And you will see an
27 And a man of God came to Eli and said to him, enemy in my dwelling, among all the wealth which
Thus says the LORD, Did I not plainly reveal God will give Israel; and there will never be an old
myself to the household of your father, when they man in your house. 33 And every man of you
were in Egypt in Pharaohs house? 28 And did I not whom I do not cut off from my altar, will be to
choose him out of all the tribes of Israel to be my cause your eyes to perish, and to grieve your heart.
priest, to make offerings on my altar, to burn in- And all the issue of your house will die in the flower
cense, to wear an ephod before me? And did I not of their age.
give to the house of your father all the offerings 34 And this will be a sign to you: it will come on
made by fire from the children of Israel? 29 Why your two sons, on Hophni and Phinehas. In one
do you kick at my sacrifice and at my offering, day both of them will die. 35 And I will raise up a
which I have commanded in my dwelling, and honour faithful priest for myself who will act in accordance
your sons above me, to make yourselves fat with with what is in my heart and in my mind, and I will
the best of all the offerings of my people Israel? firmly establish a house for him; and he will walk
parent who had not trained his children scorned Gods offerings by their sinful
properly and had let them do as they actions (v 16), Eli did so by letting them
pleased (v 29). They had been guilty of behave as they did. Eli did not stand up for
persistent wickedness (vs 12-17), but as far God against his sinning sons and thus hon-
as we can tell from the record Eli did not so ored them over God. Also it seems Eli ate
much as rebuke them until he heard of their of the offerings his sons obtained in their
sexual immorality. When his rebuke came, greed. Let us beware of putting blood
it was far too mild. The penalty under the relationship above righteousness. Let us
law for such sins as theirs, as Eli should have beware of a weak acceptance of evil in our
known, was death, not a mild rebuke. See own families (see 3:13). Such things may
Ex 21:36. Those parents who will not bring lead to disaster for ourselves and for the
up their children in the fear and admonition work of God. Compare Jud 20:14,48.
of the Lord, who let them have their own 2:30 Ex 29:9; Leviticus chapters 8 and 9;
way, will spoil them and bring grief to Numbers chapters 16 and 17; 25:13. God
themselves (1 Kings 1:6; Prov 19:18; was not breaking his promise to the house
22:6,15; 23:13; 29:15). of Aaron. He is saying that because of their
2:25 Who will plead compare 1 Tim 2:5; sinful behavior the family of Eli would no
1 John 2:1. longer have a part in that ministry. See
The LORD had determined compare also Lev 10:1-3. God never breaks His
Ex 7:1-5; 11:9; Josh 11:20. promises (Titus 1:2). But some of His prom-
Kill Ezek 18:4,30-32. God delights ises are based on conditions, that is, based
in mercy, but He will certainly punish on the behavior of those to whom the
persistent sin and rebellion. promises are given. Compare Lev 26:3;
2:26 Verse 21; 3:19. Compare Luke Deut 28:1,2; Isa 1:19,20.
2:20,52. Note the contrast between the Honour v 29; Ps 91:15; 112:9;
family of Eli and the family of Elkanah. Gods Prov 22:4; John 12:26. What are all the
blessing was denied the sons of the high honors men may give compared with the
priest and granted to the son of the humble honor God gives?
Levite. The most important thing for the 2:31-35 The sins of Eli and his family must
blessing of ones children is not wealth or have their consequences. It was too late to
position or power, but humble faithfulness change anything. The whole future of this
to God. family was to be a sad one because of those
2:27 Man of God a name often given to sins (Ex 34:7). This was worked out in the
prophets in the Bible 9:6,10; Deut 33:1; death of Elis sons (4:11), the destruction
Josh 14:6; 1 Kings 13:1,6-8; 17:18,24; of the priests at Nob (22:18,19), and
2 Kings 4:7. Solomons removal of Abiathar from office
Household of your father Aaron (1 Kings 2:26,27).
(Ex 4:27-30). 2:35 Faithful priest 2 Sam 8:17; 1 Kings
2:28 Ex 28:1-4; 30:7,8; Lev 8:5-9. 1:8,26; 2:35; Heb 2:17; 5:5,6; 7:23-28).
2:29 You here in Hebrew is plural and Anointed one the king of Israel
includes both Eli and his sons. The sons (2:10).
1 SAMUEL 2:36 340
before my anointed one forever. 36 And it will 8 And the LORD called Samuel again the third
come about that everyone who is left in your house time. And he arose and went to Eli and said, Here
will come and bow down to him for a piece of silver I am, for you called me. And Eli perceived that the
and a morsel of bread, and will say, Please assign LORD had called the child.
me to one of the priests duties so that I can eat a 9 Therefore Eli said to Samuel, Go, lie down;
piece of bread. and it shall be if he calls you, that you must say,
Speak, LORD, for your servant is listening. So
3 And the child Samuel ministered to the LORD
in the presence of Eli. And the word of the
LORD was rare in those days; visions were not
Samuel went and lay down in his place.
10 And the LORD came and stood and called as
at other times, Samuel, Samuel.
frequent. Then Samuel answered, Speak, for your
2 And it came about at that time, when Eli was servant is listening.
lying down in his place (and his eyes had begun to 11 And the LORD said to Samuel, Look, I will do
grow dim, so that he could not see), 3 and before a thing in Israel which will cause both ears of
the lamp of God had gone out in the sanctuary of everyone who hears it to tingle. 12 In that day I
the LORD where the ark of God was, and Samuel will perform against Eli everything that I have spo-
was lying down to sleep, 4 that the LORD called ken concerning his house. When I begin I will also
Samuel. And he answered, Here I am. 5 And he make an end. 13 For I have told him that I will
ran to Eli and said, Here I am, for you called me. judge his house forever for the sin which he knows;
And he said, I did not call. Lie down again. because his sons made themselves vile, and he did
And he went and lay down. not restrain them. 14 And therefore I have sworn
6 And the LORD called yet again, Samuel. to the house of Eli, that the sin of Elis house will
And Samuel arose and went to Eli, and said, Here never be purged with sacrifice or offering.
I am, for you called me. 15 And Samuel lay there until the morning, then
And he answered, I did not call, my son. Lie opened the doors of the house of the LORD. And
down again. Samuel was afraid to tell Eli the vision. 16 Then Eli
7 Now Samuel did not yet know the LORD, and called Samuel and said, Samuel, my son. And he
the word of the LORD had not yet been revealed answered, Here I am.
to him. 17 And he said, What is the thing that the
2:36 God is gracious and long-suffering, but are in the same condition, not realizing that
He has His own ways of humbling those who to know God is essential to salvation,
are unfaithful to Him. indeed, is salvation (John 17:3; Eph 4:18;
3:1 Ministered there is emphasis on this. 2 Thess 1:8; 1 John 5:20).
Here is the third time it is said (2:11,18). Revealed Num 12:6; Amos 3:7. This
Rare the ritual of religion went on but means that Samuel had not yet been called
God was not often sending messages to the to begin his ministry as a prophet.
people. Perhaps this was because there 3:8 Third time when God chooses a
were so few who wanted to hear God or obey person He will keep calling until that person
Him. Remember that this was at the close understands.
of the years described in Judges when 3:9 Ps 85:8; Hab 2:1. The Lord is always
everyone did as he pleased (Jud 21:25). ready to speak to those who are ready to
Visions note at Gen 15:1; etc. hear and obey (though He may sometimes
3:3 LampEx 25:31-37; 27:20,21; Lev test them by silence).
24:2-4. 3:10 Samuel compare Isa 45:3. God
Sanctuary note at 1:9; Ex 25:8. This knows each of our names and everything
was the tent of meeting (2:22), the else about us (Ps 139:1-4).
tabernacle. Samuel did not sleep in the Most 3:11-14 God chose to give His message
Holy Place. He would not have been through a mere boy. Those who are old and
permitted even to enter there (Heb 9:7). experienced in Gods service should not think
He was in the tabernacle which contained themselves superior and look down on the
the ark, but in the outer room which was young (Ps 8:2; Matt 21:15,16; Jer 1:6-8;
called the Holy Place. 1 Tim 4:12).
3:4 God speaks to men and He always takes 3:12 2:27-36.
the initiative Gen 3:8,9; 12:1; 28:12,13; 3:13 2:12,17,22,29. By not restraining his
Ex 3:4; Josh 1:1; Jer 1:4,5; Matt 9:9; sons Eli became a partaker of their sins and
Acts 9:1-4; Rom 3:11. as guilty as they.
3:5,6 Eli was slow to understand spiritual 3:14 Num 15:30; Isa 22:14; Matt 12:32;
things. Gal 6:7,8; Heb 10:26-31. When people go
3:7 Samuel was not willfully ignorant of the on knowingly, willfully persisting in sin, there
Lord as Elis sons were (2:12). He knew many comes a time when God determines to judge
things about the Lord, was willing to learn them and closes the door to forgiveness.
more, but as yet had no direct spiritual 3:17 We should all want to know everything
experience with God. Many religious people God has said. Contrast 2 Chron 25:16; etc.
341 1 SAMUEL 4:11
LORD said to you? Please do not hide it from me. 4 So the people sent men to Shiloh to bring from
May God deal harshly with you, and more also, if there the ark of the covenant of the LORD of hosts,
you hide anything from me of all the things that he who dwells between the cherubim. And the two
said to you. 18 And Samuel told him everything sons of Eli, Hophni and Phinehas, were there with
and hid nothing from him. And he said, It is the the ark of the covenant of God.
LORD. Let him do what seems good to him. 5 And when the ark of the covenant of the
19 And Samuel grew, and the LORD was with LORD came into the camp, all Israel shouted with a
him and let none of his words fall to the ground. great shout, so that the earth reechoed. 6 And
20 And all Israel, from Dan to Beersheba, knew when the Philistines heard the sound of the shout,
that Samuel was established to be a prophet of they said, What is the meaning of the sound of
the LORD. 21 And the LORD appeared again in this great shout in the camp of the Hebrews? And
Shiloh; for the LORD revealed himself to Samuel in they learned that the ark of the LORD had come
Shiloh by the word of the LORD. into the camp.
7 And the Philistines were afraid, for they said,
4 And the word of Samuel came to all Israel.
Now Israel went out to battle against the
Philistines and camped beside Ebenezer; and the
God has come into the camp. And they said,
Woe to us! For there has never been such a thing
before. 8 Woe to us! Who will deliver us out of the
Philistines camped in Aphek. 2 And the Philistines hands of these mighty gods? These are the gods
put themselves in array against Israel. And when who struck the Egyptians with all the plagues in the
they joined battle, Israel was defeated by the wilderness. 9 Be strong, and act like men, O
Philistines, and the Philistines killed about four Philistines, so that you do not become slaves to the
thousand of the army in the field. 3 And when the Hebrews, as they have been to you. Act like men,
people came into the camp, the elders of Israel and fight.
said, Why has the LORD caused us to be 10 And the Philistines fought, and Israel was
defeated by the Philistines today? Let us bring the defeated, and each man fled to his tent. And there
ark of the covenant of the LORD from Shiloh for us, was a very great slaughter, for thirty thousand
so that, when it comes among us, it may save us foot soldiers of Israel fell. 11 And the ark of God
from the hands of our enemies. was taken, and the two sons of Eli, Hophni and
3:18 Everything servants of God should God could do. The ark had been a symbol
never cut and trim Gods message for of the Lords presence, but this truth had
people, but declare the Word of God as it been perverted and the people thought
is. Samuels fear (v 15) did not prevent that the mere presence of the ark,
him from doing so. Compare Acts 20:20,27. presided over by Elis evil sons Hophni and
Good to him Eli accepted humbly what Phinehas, would bring them victory. It did
God had to say, and bowed meekly before not, and thinking it would do so was a very
His judgment. His character was a mixture vain and foolish thing. If God is not with
of godliness and weakness. His people, nothing on earth can bring them
3:19 With him Gen 21:22; 39:2; Jud 1:5. victory. That which merely symbolizes Gods
Fall to the ground none of Samuels presence can never accomplish what Gods
words failed to be fulfilled. This was the mark presence accomplishes. Compare Davids
of every true prophet (Deut 18:21,22). attitude in 2 Sam 15:25. Note on the ark
3:20 Dan was in the far north of Israel, at Ex 25:10-16. Note on the cherubim at
Beersheba in the far south. Gen 3:24; Ex 25:18-20.
3:21 Observe that God reveals Himself to 4:5 Shouted did they vainly imagine that
individuals through His Word. And those to their shout would accomplish what God did
whom the Word comes have the at Jericho (Josh 6:16,20)? If God is not
responsibility to declare it to others. Gods with His people nothing that seemed to work
revelation of Himself to Samuel was not for before will work again.
Samuel alone. 4:6,7 This kind of superstition was to be
4:1 The first part of this verse relates to expected among the Philistines who did not
3:21. know the true God. They did not know that
Philistines note at Gen 10:14. When if God was not already with Israel in the
Israel conquered Canaan they did not drive battle, the ark could not bring Him there.
out the Philistines (Josh 13:1,2). They were Let us all know that in these New Testament
a source of trouble to Israel for a great many times no ritual, no ceremony, no relic, no
years. symbol, nor any other such thing that men
4:2 Israels defeats were always because can perform can bring God to men.
of Israels sins (Josh 7:4,5,11; Jud 4:8 The Philistines knew something of Gods
2:10-15). mighty acts in Egypt (6:6; Ex 9:16; Josh
4:3,4 The elders did well to inquire into the 2:8-10).
reason for the defeat. However, they did 4:9 To you Jud 10:7; 13:1.
not wait for an answer from God, but 4:10 Verse 2; Deut 28:15,25.
expected the ark to do for them what only 4:11 Ark Ex 25:10-22; Ps 78:56-64.
1 SAMUEL 4:12 342
Phinehas, were killed. about the time of her death the women who stood
12 And a man of Benjamin ran from the camp near her said to her, Dont be afraid; for you have
and came to Shiloh the same day with his clothes given birth to a son. But she did not answer or pay
torn and with dust on his head. 13 And when he attention.
arrived, there Eli sat on a seat by the roadside 21 And she named the child Ichabod, saying,
watching, for his heart trembled for the ark of God. The glory has departed from Israel, because the
And when the man came into the city and told what ark of God had been taken, and because of her
had happened, the whole city cried out. father-in-law and her husband. 22 And she said,
14 And when Eli heard the sound of the crying, The glory has departed from Israel, for the ark of
he said, What is the meaning of this uproar? God has been taken.
And the man came quickly and told Eli. 15 Now Eli
was ninety-eight years old and his eyes were dim,
so that he could not see. 16 And the man said to
Eli, I am the one who came from the battle lines.
5 And the Philistines took the ark of God and
brought it from Ebenezer to Ashdod. 2 When
the Philistines brought the ark of God, they took it
Just today I ran from the lines. And he said, What into the house of Dagon and set it near Dagon.
is happening there, my son? 3 And when the people of Ashdod arose early the
17 And the messenger answered and said, next day, there was Dagon fallen on his face to the
Israel has fled before the Philistines, and also there ground before the ark of the LORD. And they picked
has been a great slaughter among the people, and Dagon up and set him in his place again. 4 And
your two sons also, Hophni and Phinehas, are dead, when they arose early the next morning, there
and the ark of God has been taken. was Dagon fallen on his face to the ground before
18 And it happened, when he made mention of the ark of the LORD, and the head of Dagon and
the ark of God, that Eli fell from the seat back- both palms of his hands were severed and lying on
wards at the side of the gate, and his neck broke the threshold. Only Dagons body was left to him.
and he died, for he was an old man, and heavy. 5 Therefore to this day neither the priests of Dagon,
And he had judged Israel forty years. nor anyone who comes into Dagons temple, will
19 And his daughter-in-law, the wife of step on the threshold of Dagon in Ashdod.
Phinehas, was pregnant and about to give birth. 6 But the hand of the LORD was heavy on the
And when she heard the news that the ark of God people of Ashdod, and he destroyed them and
had been taken, and that her father-in-law and plagued them with tumours, both Ashdod and its
her husband were dead, she bowed down and gave territories. 7 And when the men of Ashdod saw
birth, for her labour pains came on her. 20 And that, they said, The ark of the God of Israel shall
Were killed 2:34. God always fulfills 10). The Philistines were ready to give Je-
His word. hovah God a place beside their own god.
4:12 Dust Josh 7:6; 2 Sam 1:2; Neh Their thought probably was that all gods were
9:1; Job 1:20; 2:12. worthy of respect. Or that all gods, all reli-
4:13-18 It is not said that Eli feared for his gions were good. This is an idea very com-
sons but only for the ark of God. He had mon today. But the one true God will never
already accepted Gods word about the agree to it. See Ex 20:1-6; 1 Kings 18:21;
death of his sons and knew he could not Ps 115:1-8; Isa 44:6,7; 46:9; Jer 16:20;
change that (2:34; 3:18). But the capture 1 Cor 8:4-6; 2 Cor 6:14-18.
of the ark was such a shock that it killed 5:3 On his face compare Ps 97:7; Isa
him. It is not likely that he agreed with the 46:5-9. The Philistines learned nothing
foolish act recorded in v 4. In v 18 he is from the collapse of Dagon. When gods
included among the judges of Israel. prove powerless and worthless why not cast
4:18 Judged or led. The Hebrew word them away? When God would tear down
has both meanings. the things we trust in, do we try to put them
4:21,22 Ichabod means no glory or, again in their place?
possibly, where is glory? Gods presence 5:4 Since the Philistines would not learn the
rested above the ark of the covenant in the first time, Jehovah gave them a second and
Most Holy Place (holy of holies) in the a stronger lesson. He was the mighty God,
tabernacle Ex 25:22; Ps 80:1; 99:1. their Dagon was helpless and false.
When God permitted the ark to be taken it In different ways the true God has
was a sign that His glory was departing. demonstrated this same truth again and
Compare Ps 78:61. The ark never returned again in human history concerning the gods
to Shiloh. But God had not left His people and idols men have chosen.
and later His glory filled the temple Solomon 5:5 To this day even then they did not
built (1 Kings 8:10,11). forsake the worship of this false and power-
5:1 Ashdod was one of the major cities of less god. Such is the hold that idolatry and
the Philistines. false religion can have on people.
5:2 Dagon the chief god of the 5:6,7 God continued to judge Dagon and
Philistines (Jud 16:23-25; 1 Chron 10:8- his worshipers. Compare Ex 12:12.
343 1 SAMUEL 6:16
not stay with us, for his hand is severe on us and of your tumours, and models of your rats that are
on our god Dagon. 8 So they sent men and ruining the land, and you shall give glory to the God
gathered all the lords of the Philistines to them, of Israel. Perhaps he will relax his hand from you
and said, What shall we do with the ark of the God and from your gods and from your land. 6 Why
of Israel? And they answered, Let the ark of the then do you harden your hearts, as the Egyptians
God of Israel be carried around to Gath. And they and Pharaoh hardened their hearts? When he had
carried the ark of the God of Israel around there. worked wonderfully among them, did they not let
9 And it happened, after they had carried it the people go, and did they not depart?
around there, that the hand of the LORD was 7 Now therefore make a new cart, and take
against the city, causing very great destruction. two milk cows on which a yoke has never come,
And he plagued the men of the city, both small and and tie the cows to the cart, and take their calves
great, and they had tumours in their secret parts. home from them. 8 And take the ark of the LORD
10 Therefore they sent the ark of God to Ekron. and lay it on the cart, and put the gold articles,
And it came about, as the ark of God came to Ekron, which you are sending back to him as a trespass
that the Ekronites cried out, saying, They have offering, in a box by its side, and send it away, so
brought the ark of the God of Israel around to us, that it may go its own way. 9 And see, if it goes up
to kill us and our people. by the road of its own territory to Beth-Shemesh,
11 So they sent men and gathered together all then he has done us this great harm. But if not,
the lords of the Philistines, and said, Send away then we will know that it is not his hand that struck
the ark of the God of Israel, and let it go again to its us, but that it happened to us by chance.
own place, so that it does not kill us and our people. 10 And the men did so. They took two milk cows
For there was death and destruction throughout and tied them to the cart, and shut up their calves
the whole city. The hand of God was very heavy at home. 11 And they placed the ark of the LORD
there. 12 And the men who did not die were plagued on the cart, and the box with the gold rats and the
with the tumours, and the cry of the city went up models of their tumours. 12 And the cows took the
to heaven. straight way on the road to Beth-Shemesh and
went along the highway, lowing as they went, and
6 And the ark of the LORD was in the country of
the Philistines for seven months. 2 And the
Philistines called for the priests and those who
did not turn aside to the right hand or to the left.
And the lords of the Philistines went after them to
the border of Beth-Shemesh.
practiced divination, saying, What shall we do 13 And the people of Beth-Shemesh were
with the ark of the LORD? Tell us how we should reaping their wheat harvest in the valley, and they
send it to its place. raised their eyes and saw the ark, and rejoiced to
3 And they said, If you send away the ark of see it. 14 And the cart came into the field of Joshua,
the God of Israel, do not send it empty, but by all a Bethshemite, and stood there where there was
means send back a trespass offering to him. Then a great stone. And they chopped up the wood of
you will be healed, and it shall be known to you why the cart, and offered the cows as a burnt offering
his hand is not removed from you. to the LORD. 15 And the Levites took down the ark
4 Then they said, What should the trespass of the LORD, and the box that was with it, in which
offering be which we send back to him? They were the gold articles, and put them on the great
answered, Five gold tumours and five gold rats, stone. And the same day the men of Beth-Shemesh
in accordance with the number of the lords of the offered burnt offerings and offered sacrifices to
Philistines, for the same plague was on you all and the LORD. 16 And when the five lords of the Philis-
on your lords. 5 Therefore you must make models tines saw it, they returned to Ekron the same day.
5:8 Instead of admitting that their god was in tumors (5:6).
false and that the LORD (Jehovah) was the 6:6 4:8; Josh 2:10. Good advice, but far
true and living God, they preferred to get better advice would have been to cast all
rid of the evidence. How like men in gen- their gods away and serve Jehovah alone.
eral! He that is, God.
5:9-12 All this happened but it seems there 6:7-9 Even yet they were not sure that the
was no repentance, no abandoning of plague which struck them was from
idolatry, no seeking of the true God. Jehovah. This final test should have
Compare Rev 9:20. Such is fallen man. convinced them beyond doubt.
6:2 Divination Deut 18:9-15; Isa 2:6. 6:9 Beth-Shemesh was a town in Judah near
6:3-6 There was a recognition that they had the border of Philistine-held territory.
dishonored the God of Israel and were 6:14 Burnt offering notes at Leviticus
being punished for it. chapter 1.
6:5 The plague which came on the Philistines 6:15 Levites in the days of Joshua, Beth-
was probably brought by rats, and it resulted Shemesh had been assigned to the Levites
1 SAMUEL 6:17 344
17 And these are the gold tumours which the And all the house of Israel mourned and sought
Philistines sent back as a trespass offering to the the LORD. 3 And Samuel spoke to the whole house
LORD: one for Ashdod, one for Gaza, one for of Israel, saying, If you return to the LORD with
Askelon, one for Gath, one for Ekron, 18 and the all your hearts, then put away the strange gods
gold rats in accordance with the number of all the and Ashtaroth from among you, and prepare your
cities of the Philistines belonging to the five lords, hearts for the LORD and serve him only. Then he
both fortified cities and country villages. These will deliver you out of the hands of the Philistines.
things came to the great stone of Abel, on which 4 Then the children of Israel put away the Baals
they set down the ark of the LORD. This stone and Ashtaroth, and served only the LORD.
remains to this day in the field of Joshua, the 5 And Samuel said, Gather all Israel to Mizpeh
Bethshemite. 19 And the LORD struck the men of and I will pray to the LORD for you. 6 And they
Beth-Shemesh, because they had looked into the gathered together at Mizpeh and drew water and
ark of the LORD. He struck fifty thousand and poured it out before the LORD, and fasted on that
seventy of the people. And the people lamented, day, and said there, We have sinned against the
because the LORD had struck down many of the LORD. And Samuel judged the children of Israel in
people with a great slaughter. 20 And the men of Mizpeh.
Beth-Shemesh said, Who is able to stand before 7 And when the Philistines heard that the
this holy LORD God? And to whom shall he go up children of Israel were gathered together to Mizpeh,
from us? 21 And they sent messengers to the the lords of the Philistines went up against Israel.
inhabitants of Kirjath Jearim, saying, The And when the children of Israel heard it, they
Philistines have brought back the ark of the LORD. were afraid of the Philistines. 8 And the children of
Come down and take it up to you. Israel said to Samuel, Do not stop crying out to
the LORD our God for us, that he will save us out of
7 And the men of Kirjath-Jearim came, took
up the ark of the LORD and brought it into the
house of Abinadab on the hill, and set apart Eleazar
the hands of the Philistines. 9 And Samuel took a
sucking lamb and offered it as a whole burnt offer-
ing to the LORD. And Samuel cried out to the LORD
his son to keep the ark of the LORD. for Israel, and the LORD heard him.
2 And it happened that the ark stayed in Kirjath- 10 And as Samuel was offering up the burnt
Jearim for a long time, for it was twenty years. offering, the Philistines drew near to battle against
as a place to live (Josh 21:13-16). idolatry, and too weak to stand against
6:18 Of course, the Joshua here is not the either their enemies or their own sins. Seek-
one who had been the leader of Israel. ing the Lord was the very best thing to do
6:19 There was joy at the return of the ark and held promise for the future. Compare
(v 13), but, on the part of some, a lack of 2 Chron 7:14; Isa 55:6,7; Jer 29:12-14.
reverence which God punished severely. God 7:3 They who seek the Lord must be willing
wants us to rejoice in all He has given us, to put away those things which displease
but we must never lose our reverence for Him. Otherwise they will get nowhere.
the holy things of God. Here God was teaching Observe that though Israel sought the Lord
His people a lesson concerning His holy they still had their idols of other gods.
nature. See Num 4:5,15,20; 2 Sam 6:7; Compare Josh 24:14,15; Jud 2:11-13.
1 Chron 13:9,10. Ashtoreth a goddess worshiped widely
Fifty thousand and seventy some at that time by the nations around Israel.
manuscripts have seventy. Note at 1 Kings 11:5.
6:20 Holy Ex 15:11; Lev 11:44,45; 20:7 7:5 Because they were willing to put away
(note); Ps 29:2; Isa 6:3; 2 Cor 7:1; false gods Samuel was able to intercede for
Heb 12:14; Rev 4:8. The men of Beth- them and lead them further into fuller
Shemesh had learned, at least to some repentance and spiritual life. Samuel was
extent, the lesson God taught. But they the great intercessor for Gods people in
were afraid to have the ark near them, just those days (7:8,9; 8:6; 12:17-19,23;
as the Philistines had been. But God does 15:11; Ps 99:6; Jer 15:1).
not teach us about holiness so that we might 7:6 Poured it out may speak of pouring
put Him at a distance, but that near Him we out of the heart (1:15; Ps 42:4; 62:8;
might learn to be holy ourselves. Lam 2:19).
6:21 Kirjath Jearim was a town about 14 Judged or led (the Hebrew word
kilometers from Beth-Shemesh. It was also means both). Samuel was now recognized
called Baalah (Josh 15:9; 2 Sam 6:2). as judge or leader over Israel. He was the
7:2 The ark was not removed from Kiriath last and the greatest of those so recognized.
Jearim until after David became king, more 7:8 12:19-24.
than 20 years after this. The 20 years here 7:9 Burnt offering notes at Leviticus
probably takes the story forward to the time chapter 1.
of repentance indicated by v 4. Heard Ps 99:6; Jer 15:1.
Sought Israel was in a low condition, 7:10 2:10; Josh 10:10; 2 Sam 22:14,15;
oppressed by the Philistines, guilty of Ps 18:13,14; 29:3,4.
345 1 SAMUEL 8:5
Israel. But on that day the LORD thundered with a life. 16 And he went from year to year in circuit to
great thunder on the Philistines and routed them; Bethel and Gilgal and Mizpeh, and judged Israel in
and they were struck down before Israel. 11 And all those places. 17 Then he would return to Ramah,
the men of Israel went out of Mizpeh and pursued for his house was there, and he judged Israel
the Philistines and struck them down until they came there, and there he built an altar to the LORD.
below Beth-Car.
12 Then Samuel took a stone and set it
between Mizpeh and Shen, and called its name
Ebenezer, saying, Thus far the LORD has helped
8 And it came about, when Samuel was old,
that he made his sons judges over Israel.
2 Now the name of his firstborn was Joel and the
us. 13 So the Philistines were subdued, and they name of his second, Abiah. They were judges in
did not come any more into the territory of Israel. Beersheba. 3 And his sons did not walk in his ways,
And the hand of the LORD was against the Philis- but turned aside after dishonest gain and took
tines all the days of Samuel. 14 And the cities which bribes and perverted judgment.
the Philistines had taken from Israel were restored 4 Then all the elders of Israel gathered together
to Israel, from Ekron to Gath, and Israel freed their and came to Samuel at Ramah, 5 and said to him,
territories from the hands of the Philistines. And Look, you are old, and your sons do not walk in
there was peace between Israel and the Amorites. your ways. Now make a king for us to judge us like
15 And Samuel judged Israel all the days of his all the nations.
7:12 Stone erecting of stones as Some people when put in a position of
memorials (not as objects of worship) was authority, like Samuels sons, fail miserably.
a common practice (Gen 28:18; 35:14; They give in to the temptations of corruption
Josh 4:9; 24:26). Ebenezer means stone and greed.
of help. 8:5 Israel refused to learn from history. Their
7:13 Any more they did not at that time insecurity and defeats were due to their own
try to counterattack. Later they came again sin and rejection of Gods authority, but they
(9:16; 10:5; etc). blamed Samuels age and the character of
7:14 Victory and peace were a result of his sons. They thought that an established
repentance and faith (vs 4,6). human leadership, like other nations had,
7:17 Ramah 1:1,19. would be the cure for all their problems
Altar the ark was gone from Shiloh, (v 20). But to desire what all the other
never to return there. The town of Ramah nations have was both a great mistake and
became the center of Samuels ministry and, a great sin (v 7; Hos 13:10,11). Gods
therefore, of the spiritual life of Israel. The people were to be a separate, unique, holy
Hebrew word Ramah means a height. people, unlike any other on earth (Ex
8:1 Deut 1:16; 16:18,19. Samuel was now 19:5,6; Deut 7:6). The same is true of be-
too old for all the travel and work involved lievers now (1 Pet 2:9). It is not their
in judging Israel. He was a great man and business to desire to be like the people
much used by God, but here he made a big around them who do not know God.
mistake. No doubt he sincerely thought that 8:5-22 The request for a king and the es-
his sons were fit to act as judges, but they tablishment of the kingdom teach us many
were not. Perhaps because of his constant important lessons.
traveling ministry he had failed to bring them (a) The system of kings was not Gods
up as he should have done. Everyone in ideal, and it actually symbolized the peoples
Gods ministry should be careful about their rejection of God (v 7).
children, and they need to pray for (b) God gave them what they wanted. He
discernment, especially in assessing the even chose their king for them. God does
character of members of their own families. not force His will on us. He may let us have
8:3-5 It was partly due to the unfaithfulness our way, but it will not bring the blessing He
of Samuels sons that the people wanted a wants us to have. Compare Ps 78:29-31;
king. The peoples unfaithfulness to the 106:15.
Lord is not to be excused on this account. (c) They had to pay a price for their
At the same time we need to realize the willfulness. God warned them where their
bad effects people such as Samuels sons desire would lead, but they would not listen
can have upon others. (vs 9-19).
8:3 His ways the Old Testament gives (d) God did not withdraw His grace from
many examples of the failure of family them because of their failure. Gods
succession in the leadership of Gods people blessings are given in grace, often when His
Gideon and Abimelech (Jud 8:28 9:1); people badly fail. He continues to deal with
Eli and his sons (2:12); Samuel and his His people even when they foolishly choose
sons; David and his sons (2 Sam 15:12; their own way.
1 Kings 1:5); Solomon and Rehoboam (e) Although the system of kings was not
(1 Kings 11:43); etc. Gods first choice for the people, in His grace
Perverted judgment they were the He worked out His purposes through
exact opposite of what judges should be (Ex individual kings such as David, Hezekiah,
23:6-8; Deut 16:19; Ps 15:5; psalm 82). Josiah, and others.
1 SAMUEL 8:6 346
6 But the thing displeased Samuel, when they because of your king whom you choose for your-
said, Give us a king to judge us. And Samuel selves, and the LORD will not hear you in that day.
prayed to the LORD. 7 And the LORD said to 19 Nevertheless the people refused to obey
Samuel, Listen to the voice of the people in all that the voice of Samuel, and said, No, but we will
they say to you, for they have not rejected you, have a king over us, 20 so that we also may be like
but they have rejected me, so that I should not all the nations, and so that our king may judge us
reign over them. 8 They are doing to you in and go out before us and fight our battles.
accordance with all the deeds which they have done 21 And Samuel heard all the words of the people,
since the day that I brought them up from Egypt to and he repeated them in the ears of the LORD.
this day, in which they have forsaken me and served 22 And the LORD said to Samuel, Listen to their
other gods. 9 Now therefore listen to their voice, voice and make a king for them. And Samuel said
but yet protest solemnly to them and show them to the men of Israel, Each of you go to his city.
the kind of king who will reign over them.
10 And Samuel told all the words of the LORD
to the people who had asked a king from him.
11 And he said, This will be the kind of king who will
9 Now there was a man of Benjamin whose name
was Kish, the son of Abiel, the son of Zeror,
the son of Bechorath, the son of Aphiah, a
reign over you: he will take your sons and appoint Benjamite, a strong and brave man. 2 And he had
them for himself, for his chariots, and to be his a son whose name was Saul, a choice young man
horsemen; and some will run in front of his chariots. and impressive, and there was no more impressive
12 And he will appoint for himself leaders over person among the children of Israel than he. From
thousands and leaders over fifties, and will set them his shoulders up he was taller than any of the
to plow his ground and to reap his harvest and to people.
make his weapons of war and equipment for his 3 And the donkeys of Sauls father Kish were
chariots. 13 And he will take your daughters to be lost. And Kish said to his son Saul, Take now one
perfumers and cooks and bakers. 14 And he will of the servants with you and get up and go look
take the best of your fields and your vineyards and for the donkeys. 4 And he passed through the hill
your olive groves, and give them to his servants. country of Ephraim and passed through the land of
15 And he will take the tenth of your seed grain Shalisha, but they did not find them. Then they
and of your vineyards, and give them to his passed through the land of Shalim, but they were
officers and to his servants. not there. And he passed through the land of the
16 And he will take your male and female Benjamites, but they did not find them.
servants and the best of your young men and your 5 When they came to the land of Zuph, Saul
donkeys, and put them to his work. 17 He will take said to his servant who was with him, Come on
the tenth of your sheep. And you will become his and lets go back, or my father will stop being
servants. 18 And you shall cry out in that day concerned for the donkeys and start worrying
(f) Perhaps the most surprising thing of 8:9 God does not let His people abandon a
all is that by Gods grace Israels kingdom good way without warning them.
became in some measure a picture of Gods 8:11 14:52; 2 Chron 1:14.
kingdom, and its king a type of the Lord 8:12 22:7.
Jesus as King (2 Sam 7:12-16; Ps 2:7; 8:14 1 Kings 21:7,15; Micah 2:2.
45:1,6; 89:33-37; Isa 9:6,7; Matt 1:1; 8:15 17:25.
2:2; Luke 1:32,33; Rev 3:21; 19:11-16). 8:18 He would let them suffer the conse-
But perhaps this is not so surprising after quences of their foolish and sinful choice.
all, considering that mans greatest acts of See Gal 6:7. We cannot demand our own
wickedness brought forth Gods greatest act way and then rightly expect God to keep us
of love and mercy the cross of Christ. from the sad results of it.
8:6 12:17. 8:20 Battles but see Josh 5:14;
8:7 10:19. Up until then God had been King 10:14,42; 23:3! In spiritual matters see
in Israel (12:12). They had the ideal form Rom 8:31; 1 Cor 15:57; Gal 3:3.
of government not democracy, not aris- 8:22 Verse 7; Hos 13:11.
tocracy, not plutocracy, not monarchy, not 9:1 In this chapter and the next we have
the dictatorship of the proletariat, but the record of how Samuel found Saul and
theocracy the rule of God. If the system anointed him to be the first king of Israel.
failed in any way, this was not because God 9:2 There is no mention here of Sauls
is not the perfect ruler, but because the inner character. God chose for the people
people continually rejected His authority and as their king a man after their own heart, a
broke His laws, and often descended into man who looked the part (10:23,24).
anarchy (Jud 21:25). Here Israel rejects Contrast this with Gods choice of a man after
Gods rule altogether. Let us as individuals His own heart (16:7,12).
be careful that we do not do the same thing. 9:3 Saul was sent after donkeys; David looked
Compare Luke 19:14; Rom 14:9. after sheep (16:11-13; Ps 78:71,72).
347 1 SAMUEL 9:23
about us. 14 And they went up into the city. And when
6 And the servant said to him, Look now, there they entered the city, there Samuel came out
is a man of God in this city, and he is held in opposite them to go up to the high place.
honour. All that he says takes place without fail. 15 Now a day before Saul came the LORD had
Now lets go there. Perhaps he can show us the spoken in Samuels ear, saying, 16 About this time
way that we should go. tomorrow I will send a man to you from the region
7 Then said Saul to his servant, But, look, if we of Benjamin, and you shall anoint him to be the
go, what shall we take the man? For the bread is leader over my people Israel, so that he may save
gone from our sacks, and there is no present to my people out of the hands of the Philistines. For
take to the man of God. What do we have? I have looked on my people, because their cry has
8 And the servant answered Saul again and come to me.
said, Look, I have in hand a fourth of a shekel of 17 And when Samuel saw Saul, the LORD said
silver. I will give that to the man of God to tell us to him, See the man whom I spoke to you about.
our way. 9 Previously in Israel when a man went to This is the one who will reign over my people.
inquire from God, he spoke like this: Come and let 18 Then Saul drew near to Samuel in the gate,
us go to the seer, for one who is now called a and said, Please tell me where the seers house
prophet was previously called a seer. is.
10 Then said Saul to his servant, Well said. 19 And Samuel answered Saul and said, I am
Come, lets go. So they went to the city where the the seer. Go up ahead of me to the high place, for
man of God was. you shall eat with me today. And tomorrow I will let
11 As they went up the hill to the city, they you go, and will tell you all that is in your heart.
found some young women coming out to draw 20 And as for your donkeys that were lost three
water and said to them, Is the seer here? days ago, do not set your mind on them, for they
12 And they answered them and said, He is. are found. And on whom is all the desire of Israel?
Look, he is in front of you. Hurry now, for today he Is it not on you, and on all your fathers house?
has come to the city, because there is a sacrifice of 21 And Saul answered and said, Am I not a
the people today in the high place. 13 As soon as Benjamite, of the smallest of the tribes of Israel?
you have come into the city, you will meet him be- And is not my family the least of all the families of
fore he goes up to the high place to eat. For the the tribe of Benjamin? Why then do you speak so?
people will not eat until he comes, because he 22 And Samuel took Saul and his servant and
blesses the sacrifice. And afterwards those who brought them into the hall and had them sit in the
have been invited eat. So now go on up, for about chief place among those who had been invited,
now you will find him. who were about thirty persons. 23 And Samuel
9:6 This city probably Ramah, Samuels people wanted a king He would choose one
home town. The servant knew what Saul, for them (Deut 17:14,15). This does not
apparently, did not. See v 18. mean, however, that Saul was Gods ideal
Man of God see 2:27. person to be king. God chose him in anger
Takes place 3:19; Deut 18:21,22; with Israel (Hos 13:11); that is, God gave
Jer 28:9. them Saul with judgment and punishment
9:7 It was right that the people should have in His mind. Note at v 2.
a sense of obligation in material things to 9:16 Cry 8:19,20; Ex 2:23-25.
the prophet who ministered to them. On 9:17 An example of how God revealed things
his part, the true prophet did not look for to a seer.
any material reward. He ministered only 9:18 Let us learn something of Saul by this.
because the Lord had called him. In the Samuel was the most famous man in
Bible those who played prophet for what they Israel, a great spiritual leader who traveled
could get are condemned (Ezek 13:17-19; widely in the land, including the territory of
Micah 3:5,11). Benjamin. Saul lived in Gibeah (10:26), not
9:8 Fourth of a shekel about 3 grams. far from Samuels town. Yet it seems Saul
9:9 The word seer in Hebrew (as in had never heard of Samuel (v 6), and he
English) comes from the verb to see. What certainly did not recognize him. His interest
the seer saw was the truth God revealed in in spiritual matters must have been very
whatever way God chose to reveal it. They small indeed.
were enlightened to know God and to 9:19 In your heart this is another thing
receive messages from Him. Nine persons that God may give a seer to see. But not
in the Bible are called seers. Samuel was always 8:1-3; 16:6,7.
the first and doubtless the greatest. The 9:20 Found a seer could see such things
others were Zadok, Gad, Heman, Iddo, as this also.
Hanani, Asaph, Jeduthun, and Amos. All Desire 8:5,20.
the true prophets were also seers. 9:21 At first, Saul seemed humble and
9:12 Note at Lev 26:30. without personal ambition (10:21-23;
9:15-17 God had promised that when the 15:17). He started well enough. What is
1 SAMUEL 9:24 348
said to the cook, Bring the portion which I gave 3 Then you shall go on from there and come to
you, of which I said to you, put it near you. the plain of Tabor, and there three men will meet
24 And the cook took up the leg and what was you going up to God to Bethel, one carrying three
on it and set it before Saul. And Samuel said, See young goats, another carrying three loaves of
what has been keep for you. Put it in front of you bread, and another carrying a wineskin full of wine.
and eat. Because it has been kept for you for this 4 And they will greet you and give you two loaves
time, since I said that I have invited the people. of bread, which you are to take from their hands.
So Saul ate with Samuel that day. 5 After that you will come to the hill of God,
25 And when they had come down from the where the garrison of the Philistines is. And it will
high place into the city, Samuel spoke with Saul on happen, when you have come there to the city,
the roof of the house. 26 And they arose early that you will meet a group of prophets coming down
and about the break of day, it happened that Samuel from the high place with a harp and a tambourine
called to Saul on the roof of the house, saying, and a flute and a lyre before them, and they will
Arise, so that I may send you away. And Saul prophesy. 6 And the Spirit of the LORD will come
arose, and both of them, he and Samuel, went on you, and you will prophesy with them and will be
outside. 27 As they were going down to the end changed into another man. 7 And let it be like this:
of the city, Samuel said to Saul, Tell the servant to when these signs come to you, do for yourself as
go on ahead of us, (and he went on) but you the occasion demands; for God is with you.
stand still for a while, so that I may tell you the 8 And you shall go down before me to Gilgal.
word of God. And, look, I will come down to you, to offer burnt
offerings and to sacrifice sacrifices of peace offer-
10 Then Samuel took a flask of oil and poured
it on his head and kissed him and said, Is
it not because the LORD has anointed you to be
ings. You must wait seven days until I come to you
and tell you what you are to do.
9 And it happened when he had turned his back
the leader over his inheritance? 2 When you have to go away from Samuel, that God gave him
left me today, then you will find two men by Rachels another heart. And all those signs took place that
tomb on the border of Benjamin at Zelzah; and day. 10 And when they came to the hill, there a
they will say to you, The donkeys which you went company of prophets met him, and the Spirit of
to seek are found, and, look, your father has God came on him, and he prophesied among them.
stopped caring about the donkeys and is anxious 11 And it came about, when all who knew him
about you, saying, What shall I do about my son? previously saw that now he prophesied among the
more important, however, is how a person 10:6 Spirit 11:6; Num 11:25-29; Jud
finishes. 14:6. This sign in particular would confirm
9:27 The word of God this was the work Saul as being anointed by God to be king.
of a seer, and the work of Samuels whole Changed Saul was a shy farmers son
life from childhood (3:18) to old age (11:5), not interested in national events.
(15:16). He became a warrior able to command an
10:1 Anointing with oil spoke of Gods anoint- army and lead a nation. When God chooses
ing. Saul was declared king on three a person for any task He equips him for
separate occasions. Here at Ramah the that task. Saul miserably failed to be the
anointing was private and no one but Samuel kind of leader he should and could have
observed it. At Mizpah there was a public been, but this was not because God had
proclamation (10:17-24), and later still at not given him the ability for leadership.
Gilgal Saul was confirmed as king 10:7 Do do whatever would establish him
(11:12-15). Samuel accepted Saul as king as king.
although, in doing so, his own public posi- With you Josh 1:5; Jud 6:12.
tion and that of his family was eclipsed. How 10:8 This was a test for Saul which he failed
important it is that Gods servants should 13:8-10.
be ready to step aside and fade into the Peace offerings see Lev 3:1.
background when Gods time comes, and 10:9 Took place this confirmed to Saul
allow others to take the prominent position. that Samuel was a true prophet and had
Compare John 3:30. given him Gods message. When God
Inheritance Gods inheritance is His appoints a person to a task He wants that
people. See Ex 34:9; Deut 4:20; Ps 33:12. person to know that He has done so.
10:2-7 Saul had not known Samuel and could 10:10 Verses 5,6. It is not revealed what
not know whether he delivered Gods mes- sort of prophesying this was. It was done to
sage. Samuel gave him three signs which the accompaniment of music and among a
would show that Samuel was a true prophet group of prophets (v 5). Perhaps in this case
of God and that Saul should believe his it was simply praising God under the influ-
message. ence of the Holy Spirit. Compare 1 Chron
10:5 Hill of God or Gibeah v 26; 11:4. 25:1.
Prophets note at Gen 20:7. 10:11,12 The Spirit of God had begun His
349 1 SAMUEL 11:5
prophets, that the people said to one another, be found. 22 Therefore they inquired of the LORD
What is this that has happened to the son of further, Has the man come here yet?
Kish? Is Saul also among the prophets? 12 And And the LORD answered, Look, he has hidden
someone from that place answered and said, But himself among the baggage.
who is their father? 23 And they ran and brought him there. And
Therefore it became a proverb, Is Saul also when he stood up among the people, he was taller
among the prophets? 13 And when he had than any of the people from his shoulders on up.
finished prophesying, he came to the high place. 24 And Samuel said to all the people, See the one
14 And Sauls uncle said to him and to his whom the LORD has chosen; for there is no one
servant, Where did you go? like him among all the people. And all the people
And he said, To look for the donkeys. And shouted and said, God save the king!
when we did not see them anywhere, we went to 25 Then Samuel told the people the plan of the
Samuel. kingdom, and wrote it in a book and laid it up
15 And Sauls uncle said, Please tell me what before the LORD. And Samuel sent all the people
Samuel said to you. away, each man to his house.
16 And Saul said to his uncle, He told us plainly 26 And Saul also went home to Gibeah, and a
that the donkeys were found. But he did not tell band of men, whose hearts God had touched, went
him about the subject of the kingdom, which Samuel with him. 27 But some wicked fellows said, How
spoke about. will this man save us? And they despised him, and
17 And Samuel called the people together to brought him no presents. But he kept silent.
the LORD at Mizpeh, 18 and said to the children of
Israel, Thus says the LORD God of Israel, I brought
Israel up out of Egypt, and delivered you out of
the hands of the Egyptians and out of the hands of
11 Then Nahash the Ammonite came up and
camped against Jabesh-Gilead, and all the
men of Jabesh said to Nahash, Make a covenant
all the kingdoms and of those who oppressed you. with us, and we will serve you.
19 And today you have rejected your God, who 2 And Nahash the Ammonite answered them, I
himself saved you out of all your disasters and will make a covenant with you on this condition:
your distresses, and you have said to him, No, but that I may gouge out all of your right eyes, and so
set a king over us. Now therefore present your- bring disgrace on all of Israel.
selves before the LORD by your tribes and by your 3 And the elders of Jabesh said to him, Give us
thousands. seven days respite, so that we can send messeng-
20 And when Samuel had caused all the tribes ers to all the territories of Israel. And then, if there
of Israel to come near, the tribe of Benjamin was is no one to save us, we will come out to you.
taken. 21 When he had caused the tribe of 4 Then the messengers came to Gibeah of Saul
Benjamin to come near by their families, the family and told the news in the hearing of the people, and
of Matri was taken, and Saul the son of Kish was all the people raised their voices and wept. 5 And
taken. But when they looked for him, he could not just then Saul came from the field behind his oxen,
work of making Saul a different person, and 10:26 Touched when God plans a new
people noticed it with great surprise. work He will raise up men to do it.
10:16 Kingdom it would probably have 10:27 Wicked fellows when God does a
sounded absurd to Sauls uncle. new thing there will always be those who
10:18 Jud 6:8,9. scornfully oppose it. Compare Acts 2:13.
10:19 8:6-8; 12:12. Save us compare Matt 27:41-43.
10:20 Apart from God speaking through His 11:1 The Ammonites were the descendants
prophets, Israel had two methods of of Lot (Gen 19:36-38; Deut 2:19), and
determining Gods will in public matters therefore related to Israel. But they were
casting lots (14:42; Josh 18:6-10; Neh enemies of Gods people (Jud 3:13; 11:
10:34), and the Urim and Thummin (Ex 4-32). Jabesh-Gilead was a town east of
28:30). In this case they probably cast lots. the Jordan river and north of Ammon.
Only Samuel knew at this time that God had 11:2 Any sort of treaty with evil people results
chosen Saul as king. This event was for the in some kind of loss (Ex 34:12; 1 Kings
purpose of revealing it to the nation. 20:34,42; 2 Chron 18:1; 2 Cor 6:14-18).
10:22 Saul was initially a shy and retiring 11:3 Apparently the Ammonites thought no
person. Gods Spirit made him a different one would be willing to come to help. Israel
person (v 6), but the old still struggled with was at war with the Philistines.
the new. 11:4 Gibeah was in Benjamin and Benjamin
10:24 No one like him in physical had close family ties with the people of
appearance and personality. The people Jabesh (Jud 21:12-14).
were delighted with Gods choice at first. 11:5 Was Saul more interested in farming
10:25 Plan see Deut 17:14-20. than in being king?
1 SAMUEL 11:6 350
and Saul said, What is wrong with the people that 15 And all the people went to Gilgal, and there they
they are weeping? And they told him the news made Saul king before the LORD in Gilgal, and there
about the men of Jabesh. they offered sacrifices of peace offerings before
6 And the Spirit of God came on Saul when he the LORD, and there Saul and all the men of Israel
heard that news, and his anger burned greatly. rejoiced greatly.
7 And he took a yoke of oxen and cut them in
pieces and sent them throughout all the territories
of Israel by the hands of messengers, saying, So
will it be done to the oxen of the one who does not
12 And Samuel said to all Israel, See, I have
listened to your voice in all that you said to
me, and have set a king over you. 2 And now, look,
come out after Saul and after Samuel. And the the king walks before you. And I am old and gray,
fear of the LORD fell on the people, and they came and, see, my sons are with you. And I have walked
out as one man. 8 And when he counted them in before you from my childhood to this day. 3 Look,
Bezek, the children of Israel were three hundred here I am. Testify against me before the LORD and
thousand and the men of Judah thirty thousand. before his anointed. Whose ox have I taken? Or
9 And they said to the messengers who had whose donkey have I taken? Or whom have I
come, This is what you are to say to the men of defrauded? Whom have I oppressed? Or from
Jabesh-Gilead, Tomorrow, by the time the sun is whose hand have I received any bribe to blind my
hot, you will have help. And the messengers came eyes with it? Tell me and I will return it to you.
and told this to the men of Jabesh; and they were 4 And they said, You have not defrauded us or
glad. 10 Therefore the men of Jabesh said to oppressed us, and you have not taken anything
Nahash, Tomorrow we will come out to you, and from anyones hand.
you can do with us all that seems good to you. 5 And he said to them, The LORD is a witness
11 And on the next day this occurred: Saul put against you, and his anointed is a witness today,
the people in three groups, and they came into the that you have not found anything in my hand.
middle of the camp in the morning watch, and killed And they answered, He is a witness.
the Ammonites until the heat of the day. And it 6 And Samuel said to the people, It is the
came about that those who remained were LORD who appointed Moses and Aaron, and who
scattered, so that no two of them were left brought your fathers up out of the land of Egypt.
together. 7 Now therefore stand there, so that I may reason
12 And the people said to Samuel, Who is the with you in the LORDs presence about all the
one who said, Shall Saul reign over us? Bring the righteous acts of the LORD, which he has done for
men so we can put them to death. you and for your fathers.
13 And Saul said, Not a a man will be put to 8 After Jacob had come into Egypt, and your
death this day, for today the LORD has worked fathers had cried to the LORD, then the LORD sent
deliverance in Israel. Moses and Aaron, who brought your fathers out of
14 Then said Samuel to the people, Come and Egypt and caused them to live in this place.
let us go to Gilgal and renew the kingdom there. 9 And when they forgot the LORD their God,
11:6 The Spirit of God now propelled Saul of government to Saul, he retires from his
into the forefront of the national life of administrative responsibilities, but not his
Israel. work as spiritual leader.
11:7 Fear of the LORD to fulfill His You 8:5-7; 10:24.
purposes, God can as easily move a whole 12:2 3:10,19,20; 8:1,5.
people as He can one man. 12:3 Samuel is saying that he has not used
11:8 Bezek was west of the Jordan, but not his position of leadership to oppress the
far from Jabesh east of the Jordan. people or to make gain for himself.
11:11 Morning watch nights were divided Compare Pauls speech to the elders of the
into three watches. The third was from church of Ephesus in Acts 20:17-35. In every
2 to 6 A.M. age the chuch desperately needs these
11:12 10:27. kinds of leaders.
11:13 Once more Saul shows modesty. 12:4,5 A great testimony to Samuels good
11:14,15 10:8,25. Though here Saul is con- character.
firmed as king, in the chapter which follows 12:5 Anointed Saul.
Samuel teaches the people that God was 12:6 Because they testified to his good char-
still the Ruler over Israel, and that both they acter he can go on. If religious leaders are
and king Saul must obey God (vs 13-15). known to be bad men, they should keep
11:15 Peace offerings see Leviticus their mouths shut until they are willing to
chapter 3. repent and serve God from the heart.
Rejoiced greatly they had gotten their 12:7 Compare Micah 6:1-5.
way and everything seemed to be going well. 12:8 Ex 2:23-25; 3:10; 4:14-16.
12:1 Israel in this chapter, which gives 12:9 The people could find no fault with
Samuels speech on handing over the reins Samuels life, but the reverse was not the
351 1 SAMUEL 12:24
he sold them into the hands of Sisera, commander 16 Now therefore stand there and see the great
of the army of Hazor, and into the hands of the thing which the LORD will do before your eyes.
Philistines and into the hands of the king of Moab 17 Is it not wheat harvest today? I will call to the
and they fought against them. 10 And they cried LORD, and he will send thunder and rain, so that
to the LORD and said, We have sinned, because you may perceive and see that great is your wick-
we have forsaken the LORD and have served the edness which you have done in the sight of the
Baals and Ashtaroth. But now deliver us out of the LORD in asking a king for yourselves.
hands of our enemies, and we will serve you. 18 So Samuel called to the LORD, and the LORD
11 And the LORD sent Jerubbaal and Bedan and sent thunder and rain that day. And all the people
Jephthah and Samuel, and delivered you out of greatly feared the LORD and Samuel.
the hands of your enemies on every side, and you 19 And all the people said to Samuel, Pray for
lived in safety. your servants to the LORD your God, so that we
12 And when you saw that Nahash the king of do not die, for to all our sins we have added this
the children of Ammon came against you, you said evil of asking for a king for ourselves.
to me, No, but a king shall reign over us, when the 20 And Samuel said to the people, Do not be
LORD your God was your king. 13 Now therefore afraid. You have done all this wickedness, yet do
see the king whom you have chosen and whom not turn aside from following the LORD, but serve
you have desired. And, see, the LORD has set a the LORD with all your heart, 21 and do not turn
king over you. 14 If you will fear the LORD and aside. For then you would go after vain things,
serve him and obey his voice, and not rebel against which cannot profit or deliver, for they are vain.
the commandments of the LORD, then both you 22 For the LORD will not forsake his people for his
and also the king who reigns over you will continue great names sake, because it has pleased the LORD
following the LORD your God. 15 But if you will not to make you his people. 23 Moreover, as for me,
obey the voice of the LORD, but rebel against the God forbid that I should sin against the LORD by
commandments of the LORD, then the hand of the ceasing to pray for you; but I will teach you the
LORD will be against you, as it was against your good and the right way. 24 Only fear the LORD
fathers. and serve him in truth with all your heart. For
case. The history of Israel was full of cannot be changed, believers should not
rebellion against God. despair but go forward with God and let Him
Forgot Deut 32:18; Jud 3:7; Ps work things out for the best.
106:21. 12:21 Ps 115:3-8; Isa 41:29; 44:17-20;
12:10 Jud 2:4,12,13; 3:7,15; 10:10,15,16. Jer 16:19; Hab 2:18,19.
12:11 7:13; Jud 4:6; 6:31,32; 7:1; 11:1. 12:22 His great names sake Gods repu-
Jerubbaal Gideon. tation was (and is) bound up with His people
Bedan possibly another name for (Num 14:13-16; Ps 23:3; 25:11; Isa 48:9;
Barak. Jer 14:21; Ezek 20:9). What they do
12:12 God was your King 8:6,7; Jud 8:23. affects what others think of Him.
12:14,15 LORD Samuel is saying that His peopleDeut 7:6-11; 31:6; 1 Kings
Jehovah God is still the Ruler and will exer- 6:13; Isa 43:21.
cise His authority over them. Notes on fear 12:23 Ceasing not doing something God
of God at Gen 20:11; Ps 34:11-14; requires (sins of omission) is just as much
111:10; Prov 1:7. sin as doing what God forbids (sins of com-
Fathers Samuel clearly warns the mission). See Num 32:23; Deut 23:3,4;
people that simply having a king will not Matt 25:24-27,41-46; 1 Tim 5:8. Both kinds
be the answer to their problems. Political of sin are against the LORD. See Ps 51:4.
changes will never be effective if people Teach Samuel was old and no longer
rebel against God. There is never any the administrative leader of the people. But
solution to the problems of Gods people God still had a spiritual ministry for him.
apart from obedience to Him and He could still pray and teach. And if the
submission to His will. time ever came when he could no longer
12:16,17 God was willing to give striking evi- teach, he could still pray. There is ministry
dence at the word of Samuel to demonstrate for every believer in Christ, though the min-
how evil the motive of the people had been. istry of many may be hidden from the eyes
12:18 Called Ps 99:5. of others.
Samuel compare Ex 14:31. 12:24 Fear v 14; Deut 10:12.
12:19 The people now recognized their sin, Great things Ex 14:31; Deut 4:32;
but it was too late. When men have made 10:21; 11:7; Josh 24:17,18. By consid-
a choice they have to face the consequences ering the great things God has done for His
of it. people their hearts may be moved to grati-
12:20 Do not be afraid if people have tude, praise, and obedience. Consider what
faith and an obedient heart, God can turn great things God has done through Christ
even evil into blessing. Compare Gen for believers now, as recorded in the New
50:20. If a bad choice has been made and Testament!
1 SAMUEL 12:25 352
consider what great things he has done for you. of the Hebrews went over the Jordan to the re-
25 But if you continue to do wickedly, you will be gion of Gad and Gilead. As for Saul, he was still in
swept away, both you and your king. Gilgal, and all the people followed him trembling.
8 And he waited seven days in accordance with
13 Saul reigned one year; and when he had
reigned two years over Israel, 2 Saul chose
for himself three thousand men of Israel. Of these
the time that Samuel had set, but Samuel did not
come to Gilgal, and the people were scattering from
him. 9 And Saul said, Bring a burnt offering here
two thousand were with Saul in Michmash and in to me, and peace offerings. And he offered the
Bethel mountain, and a thousand were with burnt offering. 10 And it came about that as soon
Jonathan in Gibeah of Benjamin. And he sent the as he had finished offering the burnt offering,
rest of the people away, each one to his tent. suddenly Samuel came, and Saul went out to meet
3 And Jonathan struck the garrison of the Phi- him to greet him.
listines that was in Geba, and the Philistines heard 11 And Samuel said, What have you done?
of it. And Saul blew the trumpet throughout the And Saul said, Because I saw that the people
whole land, saying, Let the Hebrews hear. 4 And were scattering from me, and that you did not
all Israel heard it said that Saul had struck a gar- come within the appointed days, and that the
rison of the Philistines, and also that Israel had Philistines had gathered together at Michmash,
become odious to the Philistines. And the people 12 therefore I said, Now the Philistines will come
were called together after Saul to Gilgal. down on me to Gilgal, and I have not sought the
5 And the Philistines gathered together to fight LORDs favour. So I forced myself and offered a
with Israel, thirty thousand chariots and six thou- burnt offering.
sand horsemen and people as numerous as the 13 And Samuel said to Saul, You have done
sand on the seashore, and they came up and foolishly. You have not kept the commandment of
camped at Michmash, east of Beth-Aven. 6 When the LORD your God, which he commanded you. If
the men of Israel saw that they were in a tight you had, now the LORD would have established
place (for the people were hard pressed), then the your kingdom in Israel forever. 14 But now your
people hid themselves in caves and in thickets and kingdom will not continue. The LORD has sought
in rocks and in high places and in pits. 7 And some for himself a man after his own heart, and the
12:25 31:1-7; Josh 24:20. 13:13 Saul had some good qualities, but here
13:1 Some manuscripts of the Greek trans- are two great weaknesses. He was foolish
lation of the Hebrew Old Testament (26:21), and he lacked an obedient heart
(Septuagint) have Sauls age here as thirty (15:10,11,24). Many people there are who
when he became king. The Hebrew here cannot be trusted with leadership because
does not have the word generally used for of these two failings. In our study of Saul
one, and has the plural for year. So some we can see many ways in which a leader may
scholars think the first line of the text should fail and make himself unfit for leadership.
read Saul was thirty years old when he Commanded you through Samuel
began to reign. Acts 13:21 says that Saul (9:27; 10:8).
reigned for forty years. Forever Saul was tested as to his
13:2 Jonathan Sauls oldest son (14:49). worthiness for the office of king, and he
13:3 Trumpet Num 10:9; Jer 4:19. failed, as God knew he would fail.
Hebrews another name for Israelites 13:14 15:28; 16:1; Ps 89:20; Acts 13:22.
(Gen 10:21; 14:13). From the context we can understand that a
13:4 Odious Gen 34:30; Ex 5:21; 2 Sam man after (or according to) Gods heart is a
10:6; 16:21. person who will be spiritually wise and
13:5 Thirty some ancient manuscripts obedient, and not like Saul who was foolish
have three. Since there were only 6000 and disobedient. But no doubt it will be
charioteers 3000 chariots seems more profitable for us to consider in more detail
likely. In any case, theirs was a mighty why God regarded David as a man after His
army, superior to Israels. own heart. We can see why David was such
Beth-Aven that is, Bethel. a man by studying his history and the
13:6,7 Their joy and confidence in their king psalms he wrote. In general it means that
(8:20; 11:15) seems to have evaporated. David knew something of the heart of God
13:8 Samuel 10:8. and tried to keep his heart in harmony with
13:9 Samuels instructions had been very what he knew. But more specific qualities
clear and they had been given at a time and attitudes of heart can be mentioned.
when he had given three signs that God was Let us strive to obtain the following
speaking through him (10:1-7). qualities and heart attitudes seen in David,
13:12 Favour we cannot gain the Lords and earnestly pray that God will produce
favor by disobedience (15:22,23). them in us. And let us remember that David
Forced myself he was compelled only did not have such qualities and attitudes by
by his fear, rash spirit, and lack of nature. He was a fallen human being with a
confidence in God. sinful nature just like the rest of the human
353 1 SAMUEL 14:1
LORD has commanded him to be the leader over Philistines said, So that the Hebrews cannot make
his people, because you have not kept what the swords or spears for themselves. 20 But all the
LORD commanded you. Israelites would go down to the Philistines, so that
15 And Samuel arose and went up from Gilgal to each one could sharpen his plowshare and his sickle
Gibeah of Benjamin. And Saul counted the people and his axe and his mattock. 21 And there was a
who were present with him, about six hundred sharpening charge for the mattocks and for the
men. sickles and for the forks and for the axes and to set
16 And Saul and his son Jonathan and the the points of the goads.
people who were present with them, stayed in 22 So it came about on the day of battle that
Gibeah of Benjamin, but the Philistines were there was neither sword nor spear found in the
camping at Michmash. 17 And the raiders came out hand of any of the people who were with Saul and
of the camp of the Philistines in three groups; one Jonathan, but they were found with Saul and with
group turned toward the road that goes to his son Jonathan. 23 And an outpost of the
Ophrah, to the region of Shual, 18 and another Philistines went out to the pass of Michmash.
group turned toward Beth-Horon, and another
14
group turned toward the border that overlooks the Now one day it came about that Jonathan
valley of Zeboim toward the wilderness. the son of Saul said to the young man who
19 Now there was no blacksmith to be found was his armour bearer, Come and let us go over
throughout the whole land of Israel, for the to the Philistines outpost that is on the other side.
race, and this he himself understood quite work, Gods people, Gods house Ps 8:1;
well (Ps 51:5). His sins were his own, his 16:3; 18:1; 26:8; 27:4; 34:3; 51:13;
good qualities were produced in him by the 119:97,127; 2 Sam 24:17; etc. We may
Spirit of God, with, of course, Davids say that this love was at the center of his
cooperation. being, governing his whole course of life.
(a) David had great confidence and trust (j) David had the fear of the Lord which
in God, not in himself 1 Sam 17:37,47; made him spiritually wise and obedient
Ps 18:2; 23:1-6; 28:7; 44:6-8; 56:4; etc. Ps 5:7; 19:9; 34:11-14; 119:63,120; etc.
(b) David always praised God for what (k) David showed his love and gratitude
was accomplished, not himself Ps 9:1; toward God by both words and deeds Ps
28:7; 33:1-3; 34:1; 56:4; etc. 30:12; 35:18; 119:62; 2 Sam 24:24;
(c) David wanted glory and honor to be 1 Chron 29:2-5; etc.
given to God, not to himself 1 Sam 17:26, (l) David was teachable. He longed to
36,46; Ps 25:11; 29:1,2; 31:3; 34:3; understand Gods truth and Gods ways and
115:1; etc. walk in them, and was willing to examine
(d) David wanted to obey Gods will, not himself and correct anything he saw to be
his own Ps 143:10; 1 Sam 23:2; 2 Sam wrong Ps 25:4; 27:11; 43:3; 86:11;
5:19,22,23; etc. 119:59; 139:23,24.
(e) David delighted in the Word of God (m) David was a man of prayer who ac-
and made it his business to know it and knowledged his need and helplessness and
obey it Ps 12:6; 17:4; 19:9-11; 56:10; opened his heart and life to God to meet
119:11,16,17, 67,74,89,101,105,133,148, his need, a man who nourished his spiritual
160,162,172 (assuming here that David life in the presence of God Ps 5:3,7;
wrote psalm 119); 130:5. 40:17; 42:1,2; 51:11; etc (his psalms
(f) David was a man of integrity, faithful are full of this and innumerable references
in the tasks given him to do, whether it was might be given).
tending sheep or ruling a kingdom 1 Sam (n) He loved Gods holiness and wanted
17:34,35; 1 Kings 9:4; Ps 78:70-72. his whole life to be conformed to it Ps
Dishonesty, unfaithfulness, lying, crooked- 19:13,14; 24:3,4; 29:2; 30:4; 51:7-
ness of any kind were all hateful to him 10; 103:1,3; 119:11,133; 145:21.
Ps 15:1-5; 26:4,5; 101:1-8; etc. He Such are some of the qualities which made
knew that God was a God of truth and David a man after Gods own heart. Others
faithfulness and determined that he would could be added to this list but these are
be a man of truth and faithfulness Ps enough to show why God was pleased with
25:5; 26:3; 31:5; 51:6; 86:11; etc. him.
(g) David did not strive to gain position 13:15 13:2,4,6,7. Fear had made many
or power (as is the usual way of men), even hundreds run away.
though God had chosen him to be king. He 13:19-21 The Philistines believed in total
patiently waited for Gods time and Gods disarmament for Israel, not for them-
way 1 Sam 24:4-7; 26:7-11; 31:15; etc. selves. Of course this gave them a tre-
(h) David was a humble man who was mendous advantage in any battle between
aware of his weakness and helplessness and the two nations.
tried to keep himself free of that pride and 13:22 Two swords for a whole nation! But
arrogance which God hates 2 Sam 12:7- they had bows and arrows and spears, etc.
13; Ps 25:7,11; 40:17; 51:1-17; 131:1,2; etc. 14:1 The first 23 verses of this chapter record
(i) David loved God, Gods name, Gods one of the great individual military exploits in
1 SAMUEL 14:2 354
But he did not tell his father. And Jonathan said to his armour bearer, Come
2 And Saul was staying in the outskirts of Gibeah up after me, for the LORD has delivered them into
under a pomegranate tree which is in Migron, and the hands of Israel.
the people who were with him were about six 13 And Jonathan climbed up on his hands and
hundred men. 3 And Ahiah, the son of Ahitub, on his feet, and his armour bearer after him. And
Ichabods brother, the son of Phinehas, the son of the Philistines fell before Jonathan, and his armour
Eli, the LORDs priest in Shiloh, was wearing an bearer killed some after him. 14 And about twenty
ephod. And the people did not know that Jonathan men fell in that first attack which Jonathan and his
had gone. armour bearer made, within about half an acre of
4 And on the pass by which Jonathan sought to land, which a yoke of oxen might plow.
reach the Philistines outpost, there was a rocky 15 And there was trembling in the camp, in the
crag on one side and a rocky crag on the other field, and among all the people. The garrison and
side. The name of one was Bozez, and the name the raiders also trembled, and the earth quaked,
of the other Seneh. 5 The one crag was situated so it became a very great trembling.
toward the north opposite Michmash, and the other 16 And Sauls watchmen in Gibeah of Benjamin
toward the south, opposite Gibeah. looked, and saw the mob melting away, moving
6 And Jonathan said to the young man who here and there. 17 Then Saul said to the people
was his armour bearer, Come, and let us go who were with him, Make a count now and see
over to the outpost of these uncircumcised men. who has gone from us. And when they had made
It may be that the LORD will work for us, for a count, it was seen that Jonathan and his armour
nothing can prevent the LORD from saving bearer were not there.
whether by many or by few. 18 And Saul said to Ahiah, Bring here the ark
7 And his armour bearer said to him, Do all that of God. For at that time the ark of God was with
is in your heart. Turn yourself forward. See, I am the children of Israel. 19 And it came about, while
with you according to your desire. Saul was talking to the priest, that the noise in the
8 Then Jonathan said, Look, we will cross over camp of the Philistines went on and increased. And
to these men, and we will let ourselves be seen by Saul said to the priest, Withdraw your hand.
them. 9 If they speak to us like this: Wait until we 20 And Saul and all the people who were with
come to you, then we will stand still in our place him assembled and went to the battle, and they
and not go up to them. 10 But if they speak like saw that every mans sword was against his fellow
this: Come up to us, then we will go up, for the soldier, and that there was very great confusion.
LORD has delivered them into our hands. And that 21 Moreover the Hebrews who had previously been
will be a sign to us. with the Philistines, who had gone up with them to
11 And both of them let themselves be seen by the camp from the surrounding countryside, they
the outpost of the Philistines, and the Philistines also turned and came to be with the Israelites who
said, Look, the Hebrews have come out of the were with Saul and Jonathan. 22 Likewise all the
holes where they have hidden themselves. 12 And men of Israel who had hidden themselves in the hill
the men of the outpost responded to Jonathan country of Ephraim, when they heard that the
and his armour bearer and said, Come up to us, Philistines had fled, they also followed close behind
and we will tell you something. them in the battle. 23 So the LORD saved Israel
the Bible. but faith looks to God, not at difficulties.
14:3 EphodEx 28:6-8. 14:14 Half an acre in Hebrew half a
14:6 Uncircumcised the Philistines were yoke. A yoke was the amount of land a
not in covenant relationship with God (Gen yoke of oxen could plow in one day.
17:9-14), and they had no right to remain 14:15 Great trembling all this because
in the land. All of Canaan as far as the of the faith of one man. See also 7:10;
Mediterranean Sea had been given to Josh 10:9,11; Ps 18:6-15.
Israel (Josh 1:2-5; 13:2). 14:18 Sauls intention was to find Gods will
Few if it is God who works He can for the present occasion. Compare 23:9-11;
accomplish His purpose with very small, very 30:7,8. Like Saul some people want to find
frail instruments (17:46,47; Lev 26:8; Jud Gods will when there is the prospect of some
7:4,7; 2 Chron 14:11). What God wants success or other, but think little of seeking
to see is not large numbers but faith and Him simply to know their duty.
obedience. Jonathans faith made him bold. 14:19 It seems Saul decided to pursue the
14:10 6:9; Gen 24:14; Jud 6:36-40. Philistines without waiting to see what God
14:11 Hebrews 13:3. would say. Such action was typical of Saul.
14:12 LORD has delivered Jonathans 14:20 Jud 7:22; 2 Chron 20:23.
dependence was not on his skill and ability 14:23 The LORD 11:13; Ex 14:30; Josh
but on God. 23:4,5; 2 Chron 32:22; Ps 3:16-19;
14:13 Feet the terrain was very difficult, 44:6,7; Hos 1:7.
355 1 SAMUEL 14:44
that day, and the battle passed over to Beth-Aven. bring here to me his ox and each man his sheep,
24 And the men of Israel were in distress that and slaughter them here and eat, and not sin
day, because Saul had put the people under an against the LORD by eating meat with the blood.
oath, saying, Cursed be the man who eats any And each man from all the people brought his ox
food until evening, so that I may take vengeance with him that night and slaughtered it there.
on my enemies. So none of the people tasted any 35 And Saul built an altar to the LORD. This was
food. the first altar that he built to the LORD.
25 And all the people of the land came into the 36 And Saul said, Let us go down after the
woods, and there was honey on the ground. Philistines by night, and plunder them until the
26 And when the people came into the woods, morning light, and let us not leave a man of them.
they saw the honey dripping, but no man put his And they said, Do whatever seems good to
hand to his mouth, because the people were afraid you. Then the priest said, Let us here draw near
of the oath. 27 But Jonathan did not hear when his to God.
father charged the people with the oath, so he put 37 And Saul asked counsel from God, Shall I go
out the end of the staff that was in his hand, and down after the Philistines? Will you deliver them
dipped it in a honeycomb and put his hand to his into the hands of Israel? But the LORD did not
mouth, and his eyes shone. 28 Then one of the answer him that day.
people responded and said, Your father strictly 38 And Saul said, Draw near here, all you
charged the people with an oath, saying, Cursed leaders of the people, and find out and see how
be the man who eats any food today. And the this sin has happened today. 39 For, as the LORD
people were faint. who saves Israel lives, even if it is in my son
29 Then said Jonathan, My father has troubled Jonathan, he shall surely die. But there was not
the land. Please see how my eyes have shone, a man among all the people who answered him.
because I tasted a little of this honey. 30 How 40 Then he said to all Israel, You be on one
much more they could have done, if the people side, and I and my son Jonathan will be on the
today had eaten freely of the plunder of their en- other side.
emies which they found! For would there not have And the people said to Saul, Do what seems
been now a much greater slaughter among the good to you.
Philistines? 41 Therefore Saul said to the LORD God of
31 And they struck down the Philistines that Israel, Give a perfect lot. And Saul and Jonathan
day from Michmash to Aijalon, and the people were taken, but the people were cleared.
became very faint. 32 And the people fell on the 42 And Saul said, Cast lots between me and
plunder and took sheep and oxen and calves and my son Jonathan. And Jonathan was taken.
slaughtered them on the ground, and the people 43 Then Saul said to Jonathan, Tell me what you
ate them with the blood. 33 Then they told Saul, have done.
saying, Look, the people are sinning against the And Jonathan told him, saying, I just tasted a
LORD, by eating meat with the blood. little honey with the end of the staff that was in my
And he said, You have transgressed. Roll a hand, and, look, I must die!
great stone to me today. 34 And Saul said, Scatter 44 And Saul answered, God do so and more
among the people and say to them, Each man must also, for you shall surely die, Jonathan.
Beth-Aven Bethel. eating blood.
14:24 Oath Saul again shows a rash and 14:36 Having gone through the forms of
foolish spirit. His oath may have had an devotion, Sauls self-confidence returns, his
appearance of spiritual devotion, but it fear abates. He is ready to rush after the
meant that the strength of the army Philistines without seeking Gods will. He
was sapped before the day was over (vs needed the priests reminder to enquire of
28,31). God.
14:27 His eyes shone even a little 14:37 The LORD did not answer even
nourishment brought strength to a tired though Sauls oath was a foolish one, an
man vs 29,30. oath was an oath, and God heard it, and
14:29 Troubled one rash oath brought the people were bound by it (v 24). See
trouble to the whole country, and showed Eccl 5:2-7. Far better to make no oaths
once again that Saul was not fit to be king. (Matt 5:33-37). For another very foolish
14:32 Blood forbidden by God (Gen oath see Jud 11:30,31.
9 : 4 ; Lev 3:17; Deut 12:23,24; Acts 14:39 Saul adds another vow to his original
15:19,20). one. This one too went unfulfilled.
14:35 The first Saul was not suddenly 14:41,42 Casting lots to find Gods will was
becoming spiritual and devoted to God. a common practice then Josh 7:14; 18:6;
Evidently he was much worried that God 1 Chron 24:5.
would forsake his army because of its sin in 14:44 It would have been better for Saul if
1 SAMUEL 14:45 356
45 And the people said to Saul, Shall Jonathan came up from Egypt. 3 Now go and attack Amalek
die, who has accomplished this great deliverance in and utterly destroy all that they have. Do not spare
Israel? God forbid! As the LORD lives, not one them, but kill both man and woman, infant and
hair of his head will fall to the ground, for he has sucking child, ox and sheep, camel and donkey.
worked with God today. So the people rescued 4 And Saul gathered the people together and
Jonathan, so that he did not die. counted them in Telaim, two hundred thousand foot
46 Then Saul went up from following the Philis- soldiers and ten thousand men of Judah. 5 And
tines, and the Philistines went to their own place. Saul came to a city of Amalek and set an ambush in
47 So Saul took the kingdom over Israel, and the valley. 6 And Saul said to the Kenites, Go,
fought against all his enemies on every side, against depart, get away from among the Amalekites, or I
Moab and against the children of Ammon and will destroy you with them. For you showed
against Edom and against the kings of Zobah and kindness to all the children of Israel when they
against the Philistines, and wherever he turned, came up out of Egypt. So the Kenites went away
he troubled them. 48 And he gathered an army from among the Amalekites.
and attacked the Amalekites, and delivered Israel 7 And Saul struck down the Amalekites from
out of the hands of those who plundered them. Havilah until you come to Shur, which is east of
49 Now Sauls sons were Jonathan and Ishui Egypt. 8 And he took Agag the king of the
and Melchishua. And these were the names of his Amalekites alive, and utterly destroyed all the
two daughters: the name of the firstborn was people with the edge of the sword. 9 But Saul and
Merab and the name of the younger was Michal. the people spared Agag and the best of the sheep
50 And Sauls wifes name was Ahinoam, the and of the oxen and of the fat animals and the
daughter of Ahimaaz. And the name of the lambs and all that was good, and were not willing
commander of his army was Abner, the son of Ner, to utterly destroy them, but they utterly destroyed
Sauls uncle. 51 And Kish was the father of Saul, everything that was despised and worthless.
and Ner the father of Abner was the son of Abiel. 10 Then the word of the LORD came to Samuel,
52 And the war against the Philistines was saying, 11 I regret that I have appointed Saul to
severe all the days of Saul, and when Saul saw any be king, for he has turned back from following me
strong man or any valiant man, he took him for his and has not carried out my commandments. And
service. Samuel was troubled and cried out to the LORD all
night.
15 And Samuel said to Saul, The Lord sent me
to anoint you to be king over his people,
over Israel. Now therefore listen to the message
12 And Samuel rose early in the morning to meet
Saul, and it was told Samuel, saying, Saul came to
Carmel, and, look, he set up a monument for
from the voice of the LORD. 2 Thus says the LORD himself, and has turned and proceeded to go down
of hosts, I remember what Amalek did to Israel, to Gilgal.
how he opposed him along the way when Israel 13 And Samuel came to Saul, and Saul said to
he had been as determined to put Agag to 15:8 This refers to the chief town of the
death as he was to kill Jonathan (15:8). Amalekites (v 5). There were Amalekites
14:45 The men decided that if it came to a living in other places whom Saul did not
matter of oaths they too could make them. destroy (27:8; 31:1,18; 2 Sam 1:1;
14:46 The confusion of the previous incident 8:11,12).
meant that a great opportunity to crush the 15:9 Once again we see that Saul was the
Philistines was lost. kind of person who did what he pleased
14:47,48 Israel was surrounded by enemies. regardless of Gods commands (10:8;
Moab and Ammon were to the east beyond 13:8,9). Disobedience to God cost him a
the Jordan river. Edom was south, Zobah great deal, as it will anyone, any time.
north, the Philistines west. 15:11 I regret Gen 6:6; 2 Sam 24:16;
14:49 Ishvi he was also known as Ps 78:40; Hos 11:8; Matt 23:37; Luke
Ish-bosheth and Esh-Baal. 19:41,42; Eph 4:30.
14:52 Service 8:11,12. Troubled the prophets in tune with
15:1 9:16. Gods mind experienced something of what
15:2 See Ex 17:8-16; Num 24:20; Deut God felt. See Jer 4:19-26; 6:11.
25:17-19. The time had come for God to 15:12 Carmel not Mt Carmel in the north
punish this wicked people. Notes on such of Israel, but a town south of Hebron.
punishment at Gen 6:7; 15:16; Lev 18:24; Monument for himself by this Saul
Deut 13:12-18. showed again that he was on the slippery
15:3 Similar to instructions God gave about slope to ruin (Matt 23:12; Luke 14:11;
Jericho Josh 6:17-21. 18:14). God does not give success that we
15:6 The Kenites were a Midianite tribe might glorify ourselves.
living to the south of Israel in the desert. 15:13 A show of outward spirituality that
Moses father-in-law was a Kenite. covered deception.
357 1 SAMUEL 15:31
him, May you be blessed by the LORD. I have 22 And Samuel said, Has the LORD as great
carried out the commandment of the LORD. delight in burnt offerings and sacrifices, as in
14 And Samuel said, Then what is the meaning obeying the voice of the LORD? Look, to obey is
of this bleating of the sheep in my ears, and the better than sacrifice, and to listen is better than
lowing of the oxen which I hear? the fat of rams. 23 For rebellion is like the sin of
15 And Saul said, They have brought them witchcraft, and stubbornness is like wickedness
from the Amalekites, for the people spared the and idolatry. Because you have rejected the word
best of the sheep and of the oxen to sacrifice to of the LORD, he has also rejected you as king.
the LORD your God; and the rest we have utterly 24 And Saul said to Samuel, I have sinned, for
destroyed. I have transgressed the commandment of the Lord,
16 Then Samuel said to Saul, Stop! Now I will and your words, because I feared the people, and
tell you what the LORD said to me tonight. obeyed their voice. 25 Now therefore, please
And he said to him, Speak on. pardon my sin and return with me, so that I may
17 And Samuel said, When you were little in worship the LORD.
your own sight, were you not made the head of 26 And Samuel said to Saul, I will not return
the tribes of Israel, and did not the LORD anoint with you, for you have rejected the word of the
you king over Israel? 18 And the LORD sent you on LORD, and the LORD has rejected you as king over
a journey and said, Go and utterly destroy those Israel.
sinners the Amalekites, and fight against them until 27 And as Samuel turned around to go away,
they are no more. 19 Why then did you not obey Saul clutched the edge of his robe, and it tore.
the voice of the LORD, but fell on the plunder and 28 And Samuel said to him, Today the LORD has
did evil in the sight of the LORD? torn the kingdom of Israel from you and has given
20 And Saul said to Samuel, Yes, I have obeyed it to a neighbour of yours who is better than you.
the voice of the LORD, and have gone the way 29 And also the Strength of Israel will not lie or
which the LORD sent me, and have brought Agag repent, for he is not a man that he should repent.
the king of Amalek, and have utterly destroyed the 30 Then he said, I have sinned. Yet please
Amalekites. 21 But the people took some of the honour me now before the elders of my people and
plunder, sheep and oxen, the choicest of the things before Israel, and return with me, so that I may
which should have been utterly destroyed, to worship the LORD your God. 31 So Samuel
sacrifice to the LORD your God in Gilgal. followed Saul back, and Saul worshipped the LORD.
15:14 Fire can be hidden for a time, but Gods command. To ignore Gods commands
what about the smoke? What good is a and do ones own will is really a kind of
mask of piety when evidence of idolatry worship of oneself.
disobedience cries out all around? Rejected anyone unwilling for Gods
15:15 Saul, the leader who was responsible rule over himself is not fit to rule others.
for everything, tries to put the blame on his 15:24 Confession with repentance is a fine
men (vs 21,24). Compare Gen 3:12,13. thing. Confession without repentance is
15:17 Little a comparison of 9:21 and worse than useless. See Ex 10:16,17. And
10:22 with 15:12 gives us an example of true repentance does not include an excuse
how power and position can corrupt a leader. for sin as Saul makes here. Compare with
15:18 Verse 3. this Davids simple, heartfelt statements in
15:19 Not obey 13:13. 2 Sam 12:13 and Ps 51:3,4.
15:20,21 Saul seemed to think that partial 15:25 Pardon in this too Saul seems
obedience would be acceptable to God. lacking in true repentance he asks for
Actually partial obedience is disobedience. Samuels forgiveness, not Gods.
God did not send him to bring back Agag Worship judging from all that is said
and those animals. His command was to about him Saul was never much interested
destroy all and everything. in worshiping God, and here, too, he had
To sacrifice to escape from the charge other motives (v 30).
of disobedience Saul again makes a show 15:28 Better 13:14; 16:1,13; 28:17,18.
of piety. 15:29 Num 23:19; Isa 40:8; Titus 1:2;
15:22 These are words we should all write Jam 1:17.
on our hearts and read daily. Outward ritual 15:30 Honour Matt 23:5-7; John 5:44;
can never take the place of heart obedi- 12:43; Rom 2:29. Saul had his eyes on
ence Ps 50:7-23; 51:16,17; Prov 21:3; people, not on God. He was afraid that Samuel
Isa 1:11-17; Jer 7:22,23; Hosea 6:6; and all Israel would reject him, and thought
Micah 6:6-8; Mark 12:33; Heb 10:6-9. that a little honor from men might help him to
15:23 Witchcraft see Lev 19:26; Deut retain his position. He is an example of the
18:9-12. kind of person we often see in Christian circles
Stubbornness 12:14,15. The one today. Contrast all this with Davids concern
thing above all Saul should not have done with his inner being (Ps 51:10).
he did. He stubbornly rebelled against 15:31 Samuel loved Saul (v 11; 16:1), and
1 SAMUEL 15:32 358
32 Then Samuel said, Bring me Agag the king with me to the sacrifice. And he consecrated Jesse
of the Amalekites. And Agag came to him weakly. and his sons and called them to the sacrifice.
And Agag said, Surely the bitterness of death 6 And it came about, when they arrived, that
is past. he looked at Eliab and said, Surely the LORDs
33 And Samuel said, Just as your sword has anointed is before him.
made women childless, so will your mother be child- 7 But the LORD said to Samuel, Do not look at
less among women. And Samuel cut Agag to pieces his appearance, or at the height of his stature,
before the LORD in Gilgal. because I have refused him. For the LORD does
34 Then Samuel went to Ramah, and Saul went not see as man sees; for man looks at the outward
up to his house at Gibeah of Saul. 35 And Samuel appearance, but the LORD looks at the heart.
did not come again to see Saul until the day of his 8 Then Jesse called Abinadab and had him pass
death. Nevertheless Samuel grieved for Saul, and in front of Samuel. And he said, Neither has the
the LORD regretted that he had made Saul king over LORD chosen this one. 9 Then Jesse had Shammah
Israel. pass by. And he said, Neither has the LORD
chosen this one. 10 And Jesse had seven of his
16 And the LORD said to Samuel, How long
will you grieve for Saul, since I have
rejected him as king over Israel? Fill your horn with
sons pass in front of Samuel. And Samuel said to
Jesse, The LORD has not chosen these.
11 And Samuel said to Jesse, Are all your
oil, and go. I am sending you to Jesse the children here?
Bethlehemite, for I have chosen a king for myself And he said, There still remains the youngest,
among his sons. and, see, he is tending the sheep.
2 And Samuel said, How can I go? If Saul hears And Samuel said to Jesse, Send and bring him,
of it, he will kill me. for we will not sit down until he has come here.
And the LORD said, Take a heifer with you and 12 And he sent and brought him in. Now he was
say, I have come to sacrifice to the LORD. 3 And ruddy, and with a fine appearance and handsome
call Jesse to the sacrifice, and I will tell you what features. And the LORD said, Arise, anoint him,
you must do, and you shall anoint for me the one for this is the one.
whom I name to you. 13 Then Samuel took the horn of oil and anointed
4 And Samuel did what the LORD said, and went him in the midst of his brothers. And the Spirit of
to Bethlehem. And the elders of the town trembled the LORD came on David from that day onwards.
at his coming, and said, Do you come in peace? So Samuel got up and went to Ramah.
5 And he said, In peace. I have come to sacri 14 But the Spirit of the LORD left Saul, and an
fice to the LORD. Consecrate yourselves, and come evil spirit from the LORD troubled him.
gave in to his desperate request. always welcome. Did the elders at Bethlehem
15:32 Perhaps Samuels reason for going have a guilty conscience about something?
with Saul was not to honor him but to finish 16:5 Consecrate Ex 19:10,14; Leviticus
the work God gave Saul to do. chapter 15; Num 19:11-22.
15:33 Gen 9:6; Ex 21:23-25; Deut 19:21; 16:6 Even Samuel the seer could be deceived
Jud 1:7. This was absolute justice at work. by outward appearances. See 9:19.
15:35 Though Samuel loved Saul he refused 16:7 1 Kings 8:39; 1 Chron 28:9; Ps
to have fellowship with him because Saul 139:1-4; Luke 16:15; Heb 4:13.
was disobedient and rejected by God. 16:11 Tending the sheep the one the
Compare 1 Cor 5:1,2,9-11. Lord chose to shepherd Israel was a shep-
16:1 How long it was right for Samuel to herd Ps 78:71,72. He is a small picture
mourn. God Himself was grieved (15:35). of another who has a shepherds heart (John
But he had mourned enough and there was 10:11-16; Heb 13:20).
work to do. No servant of God should let 16:12 But God did not choose him for his
his grief keep him from fulfilling his respon- handsome looks (13:14).
sibilities in Gods service. 16:13 Brothers Samuel knew why he
Jesse Ruth 4:18-22. anointed David (v 1), but as far as we know
16:2 Sauls instability was apparently quite he did not give the reason at that time.
obvious. He had become treacherous and David knew, of course, that he was being
vindictive (19:1,9-11; 22:18,19). It is set apart for some special purpose. Observe
unlikely that Samuel was afraid to die. He that the Spirit of God Himself anointed David
wondered, though, how he would be able to to be king as He had Saul (10:10).
obey Gods command. 16:14 LORD Gods Spirit had anointed
16:3 I will tell you what you must do Saul to be king. He was now rejected as
when we set out to obey God we can expect king and so the Spirit departed from him.
His constant guidance (Ps 25:9; Prov 3:6; This has nothing to do with the question of
Isa 30:21; 58:10,11). whether Saul was saved or lost as an
16:4 Evidently the visit of a prophet was not individual. It has to do only with his position
359 1 SAMUEL 17:15
15 And Sauls servants said to him, Look now, took a stand on a hill on one side, and Israel took a
an evil spirit from God is troubling you. 16 Let our stand on a hill on the other side, with a valley
lord now command your servants, who are before between them.
you, to seek for a man who plays the harp skillfully. 4 And a champion came out of the camp of the
And it will be like this : when the evil spirit from God Philistines, named Goliath, of Gath, whose height
is on you, he will play the harp with his hand, and was six cubits and a span. 5 And he had a bronze
you will get well. helmet on his head, and he was wearing a coat of
17 And Saul said to his servants, Find me now mail, and the weight of the coat was five thousand
a man who can play well, and bring him to me. shekels of bronze. 6 And he had bronze shin
18 Then one of the servants answered and said, guards on his legs, and a bronze javelin between
Look, I have seen a son of Jesse the Bethlehemite, his shoulders. 7 And the staff of his spear was like
who is skillful in playing. And he is a strong man a weavers beam, and his spears head weighed
and a brave warrior, and prudent in speech and six hundred shekels of iron. And one carrying a
handsome, and the LORD is with him. shield went before him.
19 Therefore Saul sent messengers to Jesse, 8 And he stood and cried out to the armies of
and said, Send me your son David who is with the Israel and said to them, Why have you come out
sheep. 20 And Jesse took a donkey, loaded it to set your battle in array? Am I not a Philistine,
with bread, and a wineskin of wine and a young and you servants of Saul? Choose a man for
goat, and sent them to Saul by his son David. yourselves, and let him come down to me. 9 If he
21 And David came to Saul, and stood before is able to fight with me and kill me, then we will be
him. And he loved him greatly, and he became his your servants, but if I prevail against him and kill
armour bearer. 22 And Saul sent word to Jesse, him, then you will be our servants and serve us.
saying, Please let David stay here with me, for he 10 And the Philistine said, Today I defy the armies
has found favour in my sight. of Israel. Give me a man, so that we can fight
23 And it would come about, whenever the evil together. 11 When Saul and all Israel heard those
spirit from God was on Saul, that David would take words of the Philistine, they were dismayed and
a harp and play it with his hand. So Saul would be greatly afraid.
refreshed and be well, and the evil spirit would 12 Now David was the son of that Ephrathite of
leave him. Bethlehem-Judah, whose name was Jesse. And
Jesse had eight sons. And in the days of Saul he
17 Now the Philistines gathered their armies
together to battle, and assembled at
Shochoh, which belongs to Judah, and camped
passed for an old man among men. 13 And the
three oldest sons of Jesse went and followed Saul
to the battle; and the names of his three sons who
between Shochoh and Azekah, in Ephes-Dammim. went to the battle were Eliab the firstborn, and
2 And Saul and the men of Israel gathered together next to him Abinadab, and the third Shammah.
and camped at the valley of Elah, and set the battle 14 And David was the youngest, and the three
in array against the Philistines. 3 And the Philistines oldest followed Saul. 15 But David went back and
as king. it in the world) has evil influences on those
Evil spirit or injurious spirit 18:10; who listen to it.
Jud 9:23; 1 Kings 22:19-23; Job 1:12; 17:1 Shocoh west of Bethlehem near the
2:6; Mark 5:11-13; 2 Cor 12:7. Evil spirits border between Israel and the Philistines.
cannot do as they please. They need Gods 17:4 Num 13:32,33. Six cubits and a
permission for their activities (even men span slightly less than three meters.
know how to keep dangerous dogs on 17:5 Five thousand shekels nearly 57
leashes or chains). It seems God kilograms.
sometimes sends evil spirits in judgment 17:7 Six hundred shekels about 7
on men to punish them for their sin. kilograms.
Troubled a thing evil spirits delight to 17:8,9 In ancient days it sometimes happened
do (Job 2:7; Mark 5:1-5; 9:20-22; Luke that chosen representatives of opposing
13:11,16). With Saul it seems the torment armies met in combat to decide the issue
took the form of mental anguish. between the armies.
16:18 This was Gods way of bringing David 17:10 Goliath was defying not only Israel
to the kings court and eventually into great but the God of Israel. But it seems only
popularity in Israel. David understood this fully and took it to
16:20 Prov 18:16. heart vs 26,36,45.
16:21 Prov 22:29. Armour bearer probably 17:11 If the leader is afraid, what can be
it was after David defeated Goliath that this expected of his men?
took place. 17:12 Ephrathite the area around
16:23 Good music can have good influences Bethlehem was called Ephratha (Mic 5:2).
on the mind. Evil music (and there is much of 17:15 16:11.
1 SAMUEL 17:16 360
forth from Saul to tend his fathers sheep at saying, So it will be done for the man who kills him.
Bethlehem. 28 And his oldest brother Eliab was listening
16 And the Philistine drew near morning and when he spoke to the men, and Eliabs anger burned
evening, and presented himself for forty days. against David, and he said, Why did you come
17 And Jesse said to his son David, Take now down here? And with whom have you left those
for your brothers an ephah of this parched grain few sheep in the wilderness? I know your pride
and these ten loaves, and run to the camp to your and the wickedness of your heart, for you have
brothers. 18 And take along these ten cheeses to come down to see the battle.
the captain of their thousand, and see about the 29 And David said, What have I done now?
welfare of your brothers, and bring some token Cant I speak a word? 30 And he turned away
from them. 19 Now Saul and they, and all the men from him toward another man and spoke in the
of Israel, were in the valley of Elah, fighting with same way, and the people answered him with the
the Philistines. same words as before. 31 And when the words
20 And David rose up early in the morning, and David spoke were overheard, they reported them
left the sheep with a keeper, and took the things to Saul; and he sent for him.
and went, just as Jesse had ordered him. And he 32 And David said to Saul, Let no mans heart
came to the lines just as the army was going out to fail because of him. Your servant will go and fight
the fight and were shouting the war cry. 21 For with this Philistine.
Israel and the Philistines had drawn up the battle 33 And Saul said to David, You are not able to
lines, army against army. 22 And David left his go against this Philistine to fight with him, for you
baggage in the hands of the baggage keeper, and are only a youth, and he is a warrior from his
ran in among the troops and came and greeted his youth.
brothers. 23 And as he talked with them, suddenly 34 And David said to Saul, Your servant was
there came the champion, the Philistine of Gath, tending his fathers sheep, and when a lion or a
named Goliath, from the armies of the Philistines, bear came and took a lamb out of the flock, 35 I
and spoke those same words, and David heard went after it and attacked it, and rescued the lamb
them. 24 And when all the men of Israel saw the from its mouth. And when it rose against me, I
man, they fled from him and were very afraid. caught it by its beard and struck it and killed it.
25 And the men of Israel said, Did you see that 36 Your servant killed both the lion and the bear.
man who came up? He comes up to defy Israel. And this uncircumcised Philistine will become like
And it so happens that the man who kills him will be one of them, since he has defied the armies of the
given great riches by the king. And he will give him living God. 37 David also said, The LORD who
his daughter, and make his fathers household free delivered me from the paw of the lion and from the
in Israel. paw of the bear, will deliver me from the hand of
26 And David spoke to the men who were this Philistine. And Saul said to David, Go, and
standing near him, saying, What will be done for the LORD be with you.
the man who kills this Philistine, and takes away 38 And Saul put his tunic on David, and put a
this reproach from Israel? For who is this bronze helmet on his head and dressed him in a
uncircumcised Philistine, that he should defy the coat of mail. 39 And David fastened his sword over
armies of the living God? his tunic and tried to walk around, for he had not
27 And the people answered him like this, tested it. And David said to Saul, I cannot go with
17:17 Ephah probably about one half in Eliab? Compare Gen 37:3-11. He had
bushel. been passed by and David, his younger
17:20 Even in the exciting prospect of visit- brother, had been anointed (16:6,7,13).
ing the battlefield David did not forget his 17:29-32 David did not allow ill-will and
sheep. He was faithful in small matters discouraging words from his brother to hinder
before he was faithful in large matters (Luke his faith.
16:10). 17:32 16:18; Deut 20:1-4.
17:25 Saul was afraid to fight, but by 17:33 In any venture of faith there may be
making promises of great reward tried to those who speak words of discouragement.
find someone else willing to fight. What Saul did not realize was that David
17:26 God David saw the main point was trusting God for victory, not himself.
right away. To him it was disgraceful that 17:34-37 Past experiences of Gods help
the people of the true and living God should gave confidence that God would help him
cringe in fear from someone who did not now.
know God. He here revealed one of the 17:38,39 Davids trust was in God. He did
reasons why he was a man after Gods own not need someone elses armor and weapon.
heart 13:14. He was willing, as we all should be, to go
17:28 Anger his language was very forward in the abilities God had given him
scornful, very unfair. Was jealousy at work rather than to try to imitate others with
361 1 SAMUEL 18:1
these, for I have not tested them. And David took 50 So David prevailed over the Philistine with a
them off. 40 And he took his staff in his hand, and sling and with a stone, and struck the Philistine and
chose for himself five smooth stones out of the killed him. But there was no sword in Davids hand.
brook and put them in a shepherds bag which he 51 Therefore David ran and stood over the
had, in a pouch. And his sling was in his hand, and Philistine, and seized his sword and drew it out of
he drew near to the Philistine. its scabbard, and killed him and cut off his head
41 And the Philistine came on and drew near to with it.
David, and the man who was carrying the shield And when the Philistines saw their champion
went before him. 42 And when the Philistine looked was dead, they fled. 52 And the men of Israel and
and saw David, he disdained him, for he was only a Judah arose and shouted, and pursued the
youth, and ruddy and with a handsome Philistines to the entrance of the valley and to the
appearance. 43 And the Philistine said to David, gates of Ekron. And the Philistines wounded men
Am I a dog, that you come to me with staves? fell down along the way to Shaaraim, even to Gath
And the Philistine cursed David by his gods. 44 And and to Ekron. 53 And the children of Israel
the Philistine said to David, Come to me, and I will returned from pursuing, the Philistines and
give your flesh to the birds of the air and to the plundered their tents. 54 And David took the head
beasts of the field. of the Philistine and brought it to Jerusalem, but he
45 Then David said to the Philistine, You come put his weapons in his tent.
to me with a sword and with a spear and with a 55 Now when Saul saw David go forth against
shield, but I come to you in the name of the LORD the Philistine, he said to Abner, the captain of the
of hosts, the God of the armies of Israel, whom host, Abner, whose son is this young man? And
you have defied. 46 Today the LORD will deliver Abner said, As your soul lives, O king, I do not
you into my hands, and I will strike you down and know.
take off your head, and today give the carcasses 56 And the king said, Find out whose son the
of the armies of the Philistines to the birds of the air young man is.
and to the wild beasts of the earth, so that the 57 And as David returned from the slaughter of
whole world may know that there is a God in Israel. the Philistine, Abner took him and brought him
47 And all this assembly will know that the LORD before Saul, with the head of the Philistine in his
does not save with sword and spear, for the battle hand.
is the LORDs and he will give you into our hands. 58 And Saul said to him, Whose son are you,
48 And it came about, when the Philistine came young man?
on up and drew near to meet David, that David ran And David answered, I am the son of your
quickly toward the army to meet the Philistine. servant Jesse the Bethlehemite.
49 And David put his hand in his bag and took from
there a stone and slung it, and struck the Philistine
in his forehead, so that the stone sank into his
forehead. And he fell on his face to the ground.
18 And it came about, when he had finished
speaking with Saul, that the soul of
Jonathan was knit with the soul of David, and
different abilities. 17:46 World may know this was Davids
17:40 David was not a small boy with a boys great desire, the desire of all Gods true
sling. He had already killed fierce wild servants. This fight between two men was
animals with his bare hands (vs 34,35), and to have far-reaching results.
the sling could be a deadly weapon of war 17:47 14:6; 2 Chron 20:15; Ps 33:16,17;
(Jud 20:16; 2 Kings 3:25; 2 Chron 26:14). 34:2; 44:4-8; Zech 4:6; 1 Tim 6:12.
With such slings stones weighing up to 500 17:48 David ran quickly confident and
grams could be hurled at speeds up to 150 eager for victory and the glory of Gods
kilometers an hour. name.
17:42 Youth this is a translation of a 17:51 Heb 11:34. The power of faith can
Hebrew word that could mean a boy, or a equally well overcome other kinds of
grown-up young man. In v 55 David is called enemies Rom 8:37; 1 Cor 15:57; 2 Cor
a young man. 2:14; Jam 4:7.
17:43 Cursed David well knew that 17:55-58 Saul knew David (16:18-23). But
Goliaths gods were powerless and he did he had forgotten Davids family background.
not fear any curses uttered in their name. Remember, he was much troubled in mind
17:45 Spear Goliaths trust was in his (16:14), and occupied with his own fears.
own strength and weapons. Davids trust 18:1 Jonathan 20:17; 2 Sam 1:26.
was in God, and that made all the difference. Sauls oldest son was a great warrior
Against such a superior force Goliath had himself and a man of faith (14:1-15). He
not the slightest chance of victory. recognized in David a kindred spirit and a
Name of the LORD of hosts 2 Chron man superior to himself (he had not dared
14:11; 32:8; Ps 9:10; 20:7,8; 124:8; to go against Goliath). He was filled with
Prov 18:10. admiration for David.
1 SAMUEL 18:2 362
Jonathan loved him as his own soul. 2 And Saul presence twice.
took him that day, and would no longer let him go 12 And Saul was afraid of David, because the
home to his fathers house. 3 Then Jonathan and LORD was with him, and had departed from Saul.
David made a covenant, because he loved him as 13 Therefore Saul removed him from his presence,
his own soul. 4 And Jonathan stripped himself of and made him his captain over a thousand; and he
the robe he had on and gave it to David, and his went out and came in before the people. 14 And
tunic, even to his sword and his bow and his belt. David conducted himself wisely in all his ways, and
5 And David went out wherever Saul sent him, the LORD was with him. 15 Therefore, when Saul
and conducted himself wisely. And Saul appointed saw that he conducted himself very wisely, he was
him over the warriors, and he was accepted in the afraid of him. 16 But all Israel and Judah loved
sight of all the people, and also in the sight of Sauls David, because he went out and came in before
servants. them.
6 And it so happened when David was returning 17 And Saul said to David, See my elder daugh-
from killing the Philistine, as they were coming, the ter Merab. I will give her to you as your wife. Only
women came out of all cities of Israel, singing and serve me bravely, and fight the LORDs battles.
dancing, to meet king Saul, with tambourines, with For Saul said to himself, Let not my hand be on
joy, and with musical instruments. 7 And the women him, but let the hand of the Philistines be on him.
responded to each other as they played, and said, 18 And David said to Saul, Who am I? And
what is my life, or my fathers family in Israel, that
Saul has slain his thousands,
I should be a son-in-law of the king? 19 But it
and David his tens of thousands.
came about at the time when Sauls daughter Merab
8 And Saul became very angry, for the saying should have been given to David, that she was
displeased him, and he said, They have given given as a wife to Adriel the Meholathite.
credit to David for tens of thousands, and to me 20 And Sauls daughter Michal loved David. And
they have given credit for only thousands. And they told Saul, and the thing pleased him. 21 And
what more can he have but the kingdom? 9 And Saul said, I will give her to him, so that she may
Saul kept an eye on David from that day on. be a snare to him, and that the hand of the
10 And it so happened on the next day that the Philistines may be against him. Therefore Saul
evil spirit from God came on Saul, and he proph- said to David a second time, Today you will be-
esied inside the house. And David was playing the come my son-in-law.
harp with his hand, as at other times, and there 22 And Saul commanded his servants, saying,
was a javelin in Sauls hand. 11 And Saul threw the Speak with David secretly and say, Look, the king
javelin, for he said to himself, I will strike David to delights in you, and all his servants love you. So
the wall with it. And David escaped from his now become the kings son-in-law.
18:3,4 Jonathans love caused him to make 13:13,14.
a covenant (19:1; 20:8,13-16,41,42; 18:10 Evil or injurious.
23:18); to give David prized possessions From God note at 16:14.
(v 4); to do anything possible to help him Prophesied note at Gen 20:7.
(20:4); to risk his own life for David (20:30- Evidently Saul was uttering words under the
35; 23:16); and to willingly take second control of the evil spirit. This is a debased
place to David (23:17,18). Jonathan was kind of prophesying which is common
more than a great warrior he was a true enough in the world.
friend, absolutely loyal to the end. The 18:11 19:10; 20:33. Since Saul was acting
friendship of these two men of God is an under the control of the evil spirit this was
example of what true, sanctified friendship doubtless an attempt by Satan to thwart
can be in Gods service. And Jonathans Gods plan for David and the future of
attitude to David is a picture of what ours Israel. But God enabled David to escape.
should be for the Son of David, the Lord 18:12 16:13,14,18; 18:15,29.
Jesus Christ. Our love for Him should cause 18:13 The ungodly always want to get rid of
us to give everything we have to Him and to the godly by some means or other. Saul
gladly do anything possible in His service. hoped David would be killed in battle
18:5 God was training David for his future (vs 17,21,25).
position as king. A person who is going to 18:14-16 Sauls plan resulted in the
be in authority should first learn to be complete opposite of what he had hoped,
under authority. for it resulted in even further success and
Wisely or successfully (as it could popularity for David. Compare Ps 33:10,11;
be translated) vs 14,30; Gen 39:3,23; 37:12,13. Note at Gen 50:20.
2 Kings 18:7; 2 Chron 20:20; Ps 1:3. 18:17 See Sauls promise at 17:23. He had
18:8,9 Saul adds to his other sins the not fulfilled it. But breaking his word was
destructive sin of envy. On envy see Prov nothing to a man like Saul.
14:30; 27:4; Dan 6:3,4; Matt 27:18; 18:18 Verse 23; 9:21. Unlike Saul David
Acts 7:9; 13:45; 17:5; Jam 3:16; Rom remained modest to the end (2 Sam
363 1 SAMUEL 19:17
23 And Sauls servants spoke those words in against his servant, against David, because he has
the ears of David. And David said, Does it seem a not sinned against you, and because his actions
light thing to you to be a kings son-in-law, since I toward you have been very good. 5 For he put his
am a poor man and lightly esteemed? life in jeopardy and killed the Philistine, and the
24 And Sauls servants told him, saying, This is LORD accomplished a great deliverance for all Israel.
the way David spoke. You saw it and rejoiced. Why then will you sin
25 And Saul said, You shall tell David this: The against innocent blood, to kill David without a
king does not want any dowry except a hundred cause?
foreskins of the Philistines, to take vengeance on 6 And Saul listened to the voice of Jonathan,
the kings enemies. But Saul thought to make and Saul gave his oath, As the LORD lives, he will
David fall by the hand of the Philistines. not be killed.
26 And when his servants told David these 7 And Jonathan called David, and Jonathan told
words, it pleased David well to become the kings him all those things. And Jonathan brought David
son-in-law. Before the days had expired, 27 David to Saul, and he was in his presence, as in times
arose and went, he and his men, and killed two past.
hundred men of the Philistines. And David brought 8 And there was war again, and David went out
their foreskins, and they gave them in full number and fought with the Philistines, and killed them in a
to the king, so that he could become the kings great slaughter; and they fled from him.
son-in-law. And Saul gave him his daughter Michal 9 And the evil spirit from the LORD was on Saul
as his wife. as he sat in his house with his javelin in his hand,
28 And Saul saw and knew that the LORD was and David was playing the harp with his hand.
with David, and that Sauls daughter Michal loved 10 And Saul tried to strike David to the wall with the
him. 29 And Saul was even more afraid of David, javelin, but he slipped away from Sauls presence,
and Saul became Davids permanent enemy. and Saul struck the javelin into the wall. And David
30 Then the leaders of the Philistines came out fled and escaped that night.
to battle, and after they came out, it happened 11 And Saul sent messengers to Davids house
that David conducted himself more wisely than all to watch him and to kill him in the morning. And
the servants of Saul, so that his name was highly Davids wife Michal told him, saying, If you do not
honoured. save your life tonight, tomorrow you will be killed.
12 So Michal let David down through a window, and
19 And Saul told his son Jonathan, and all his
servants, that they should kill David. 2 But
Sauls son Jonathan greatly delighted in David, and
he went out and fled and escaped. 13 And Michal
took an idol and laid it in the bed, and put a rug of
goats hair at its head, and covered it with a cloth.
Jonathan told David, saying, My father Saul is 14 And when Saul sent messengers to take
seeking to kill you. Now therefore, please watch David, she said, He is sick.
out for yourself until morning, and stay in a secret 15 And Saul again sent the messengers to see
place and hide yourself. 3 And I will go out and David, saying, Bring him up to me on the bed, so
stand beside my father in the field where you are, that I can kill him. 16 And when the messengers
and I will talk with my father about you. And I will went in, they saw that there was an idol in the
tell you what I find out. bed, with a rug of goats hair at its head.
4 And Jonathan spoke well of David to his 17 And Saul said to Michal, Why have you
father Saul, and said to him, May the king not sin deceived me so, and sent my enemy away, so that
7:18). 19:6 Saul was quick to make oaths, but not
18:23 Poor man it was the custom in to keep them (14:24,44). He was, like
Israel for the bridegroom to pay a dowry to Reuben (Gen 49:4), unstable as water.
the parents of the bride (Gen 34:12; Ex 19:9 Evil or injurious 16:14; 18:10.
22:16). Saul names the price in v 25, hop- 19:10 18:11.
ing for Davids death. 19:11 Morning David wrote a whole psalm
18:27 The Philistines were enemies of Gods about this event psalm 59. In it he claims
people and had no right to be in the land God as his refuge and is able to praise God
with Israel (Josh 1:4; 13:1,2; 23:4,5). in faith.
Israel was not to treat the idolatrous nations 19:12 Saul hoped that by giving Michal to
of Canaan with any respect or pity, but rather David he would be killed (18:25). Instead,
to destroy them (Deut 7:16). See note at she becomes a means of his escape. Note
15:2. at 18:14-16.
18:30 David conducted himself more wisely 19:13 Idol in Hebrew teraphim. It is
or David met with more success. not recorded where Michal obtained this idol.
19:1,2 Kill 18:10,11,25. 19:14 Josh 2:4,5.
Greatly delighted 18:1. 19:17 Michal was as quick to lie as Saul to
1 SAMUEL 19:18 364
he has escaped? LORD lives, and as your soul lives, there is but a
And Michal answered Saul, He told me, Let step between me and death.
me go; why should I kill you? 4 Then said Jonathan to David, I will do for you
18 So David fled and escaped and came to whatever your soul desires.
Samuel at Ramah, and told him all that Saul had 5 And David said to Jonathan, Look, tomorrow
done to him. And he and Samuel went and stayed is the new moon, and I should not fail to sit down to
in Naioth. 19 And it was told Saul, saying, Look, eat with the king. But let me go, so I can hide
David is at Naioth in Ramah. 20 And Saul sent myself in the field until evening of the third day.
messengers to take David, and when they saw the 6 If your father misses me at all, then say, David
group of the prophets prophesying, and Samuel earnestly asked leave from me so he could run to
standing there as their leader, the Spirit of God his city Bethlehem, for there is a yearly sacrifice
came on the messengers of Saul, and they also there for all the family. 7 If he speaks like this, It
prophesied. 21 And when it was told Saul, he sent is well, your servant will be safe. But if he becomes
other messengers, and they also prophesied. And very angry, then be sure that he is set on evil.
Saul sent messengers again the third time, and 8 Therefore you shall deal kindly with your servant.
they also prophesied. 22 Then he also went to For you have brought your servant into a covenant
Ramah, and came to a great well that is in Sechu, of the LORD with you. However, if there is any
and asked and said, Where are Samuel and iniquity in me, kill me yourself; for why should you
David? And someone said, Look, they are at bring me to your father?
Naioth in Ramah. 9 And Jonathan said, Far be it from you! For if
23 And he went there, to Naioth in Ramah. And I knew for a fact that my father was set on bringing
the Spirit of God came on him also, and he went on, evil on you, then would I not tell you about it?
prophesying, until he came to Naioth in Ramah. 10 Then said David to Jonathan, Who well tell
24 And he stripped off his clothes also, and proph- me? Or what if your father answers you roughly?
esied before Samuel, like the others, and lay down 11 And Jonathan said to David, Come, and let
naked all that day and all that night. Therefore us go out into the field. And both of them went
they say, Is Saul also among the prophets? out into the field.
12 And Jonathan said to David, The LORD God
20 And David fled from Naioth in Ramah, and
came and said to Jonathan, What have I
done? What is my wickedness, and what is my sin
of Israel be witness! When I have sounded out my
father about this time tomorrow, or on the third
day, and see that the situation is good for David,
before your father, that he seeks my life? then if I do not send word to you, and tell it to you,
2 And he said to him, God forbid! You will not 13 the LORD do harm and much more to Jonathan.
die. Look, my father will do nothing either great or But if it pleases my father to do you harm, then I
small without telling me, and why should my father will tell you about it and send you away, so that
hide this thing from me? It is not so. you may go in peace. And may the LORD be with
3 And David again solemnly swore, saying, Your you, as he has been with my father. 14 And you
father certainly knows that I have found favour in shall not only show me the kindness of the LORD
your eyes, and he says, Dont let Jonathan know while I am still alive, so that I do not die, 15 but
this, or he will be grieved. But as surely as the also you shall never cut off your kindness from my
make oaths. Night to enable His servants to es-
19:18 7:17. cape, God can overpower any enemy and
19:20 10:5,6,10. make him unable to do any harm. Notes at
19:23 Note at 10:10. He went to kill David Gen 31:7; 50:20.
and yet here he is prophesying. By this we 20:1 The event recorded in 19:24 gave David
can see that a certain kind of prophesying, the opportunity to escape to his friend.
even by the Spirit of God (as here), had 20:2 Jonathans loyalty to his father made
nothing to do with the character or life style him try to think the best of him. In spite of
of the person who did it, and was no mark what Saul had said to him (19:1), he could
of spirituality. See also Num 24:2; John not believe that his father could have such
11:49-51. evil intentions against David.
19:24 Samuel this is the last time we 20:5 New moon Num 10:10 (note);
read of Samuel until his death in 25:1. 28:11-15. The new moon, the beginning
After Saul became king he retired from of the month of the lunar calendar used by
administrative responsibilities to Ramah, but Israel, was a special festival time.
he went out on occasion to deliver Gods 20:6 Apparently once a year families came
message. It seems he lived his last years together to observe a new moon festival.
with a company of prophets (v 20), no 20:8 Covenant 18:3.
doubt passing on to younger men the truth 20:13-15 Jonathan recognized that one day
he himself had learned. Compare 2 Tim 2:2. David would be king. See 23:16,17. It was
365 1 SAMUEL 20:42
household; no, not when the LORD has cut off your eyes, please let me go and see my brothers.
every one of Davids enemies from the face of the Therefore he has not come to the kings table.
earth. 30 Then Sauls anger burned against Jonathan,
16 So Jonathan made a covenant with the and he said to him, You son of the perverse
house of David, saying, May the LORD demand rebellious woman, do I not know that you have
an account at the hand of Davids enemies. chosen the son of Jesse to your own shame, and
17 And Jonathan had David take an oath again, to the shame of your mothers nakedness? 31 For
because he loved him; for he loved him as he loved as long as the son of Jesse lives on the earth,
his own soul. neither you nor your kingdom will be established.
18 Then Jonathan said to David, Tomorrow is Therefore now send and bring him to me; for he
the new moon, and you will be missed, because shall surely die.
your seat will be empty. 19 And when you have 32 And Jonathan answered Saul his father, and
stayed here three days, then you must go down said to him, Why should he be killed? What has he
quickly and come to the place where you hid done? 33 And Saul hurled a javelin at him to strike
yourself on the day of the incident, and remain by him. So Jonathan knew that his father was
the stone Ezel. 20 And I will shoot three arrows to determined to kill David.
the side of it, as though I shot at a mark. 21 And, 34 So Jonathan arose from the table in fierce
look, I will send a lad, saying, Go, find the arrows. anger, and ate no food on the second day of the
If I plainly say to the lad, See, the arrows are on month, for he was grieved for David, because his
this side of you; pick them up, then you come; for father had dishonoured him.
there is peace for you, and no harm, as sure as 35 And it came about in the morning, that
the LORD lives. 22 But if I say this to the young Jonathan went out into the field at the time
man: See, the arrows are beyond you, go your appointed with David, and a small lad was with
way, for the LORD is sending you away. 23 And as him. 36 And he said to his lad, Run, find now the
for the matter which you and I have spoken about, arrows which I am about to shoot. And as the lad
look, the LORD is witness between you and me ran, he shot an arrow beyond him. 37 And when
forever. the lad went to the place of the arrow which
24 So David hid himself in the field. And when Jonathan had shot, Jonathan cried out after the
the new moon came, the king sat down to eat food. lad and said, Is not the arrow beyond you?
25 And the king sat on his chair, as at other times, 38 And Jonathan cried out after the lad, Hurry! Be
the chair by the wall. And Jonathan got up, and quick! Dont stop! And Jonathans lad gathered
Abner sat down at Sauls side, but Davids place up the arrows and came to his master. 39 But the
was empty. 26 Nevertheless Saul did not say lad did not know anything; only Jonathan and David
anything that day, for he thought, Something has knew the matter. 40 And Jonathan gave his
happened to him. He is not clean, surely he is not weapons to his lad, and said to him, Go, carry
clean. 27 And it happened on the next day, which them to the city.
was the second day of the month, that Davids 41 As soon as the lad had gone, David arose
place was empty. And Saul said to his son Jonathan, from the south side of the place, and prostrated
Why has not the son of Jesse come to eat, either himself to the ground and bowed down three times.
yesterday or today? And they kissed one another and wept together,
28 And Jonathan answered Saul, David but Davids grief was greater.
earnestly asked leave from me to go to Bethlehem. 42 And Jonathan said to David, Go in peace,
29 And he said, Please let me go, for our family has for both of us have sworn in the name of the
a sacrifice in the city, and my brother has ordered LORD, saying, The LORD is a witness between
me to be there. And now, if I have found favour in me and you, and between my offspring and your
not uncommon in ancient times for kings did not appear on the second day, Saul knew
come newly to the throne to kill all who could there was another reason for his absence.
be rivals (1 Kings 15:29; 16:11; 2 Kings 20:30-33 Anger v 7. In his anger, Saul
10:7; 11:1). uses the most bitter language against his
20:16 If the first covenant was one of friend- son, and is ready to kill him to satisfy his
ship (v 42), this was one of allegiance to own jealousy. Uncontrolled jealousy is
the future king. murderous Prov 27:4.
20:17 18:1. 20:32 Envy and hatred do not need good
20:23 Spoken about vs 14-17. reasons to kill. Compare Matt 27:22,23.
20:26 Not clean Lev 7:20,21; 11:24,25, 20:36,37 Verses 20-22.
39,40; Deut 23:10,11. Ceremonial unclean- 20:41 Bowed David showed honor to a
ness made a person ineligible to take part true and loyal friend.
in a sacrificial feast. However, the unclean- 20:42 Departed this marks the start of
ness lasted for only a day, so when David a long period during which David was a
1 SAMUEL 21:1 366
offspring forever. And he arose and departed; chief of Sauls shepherds.
and Jonathan went into the city. 8 And David said to Ahimelech, And is there not
here a spear or a sword on hand? For I have not
21 Then David went to Nob to Ahimelech the
priest, and Ahimelech was afraid at the
meeting with David, and said to him, Why are you
brought my sword or my weapons with me,
because the kings business required haste.
9 And the priest said, The sword of Goliath the
alone, and no one with you? Philistine, whom you killed in the valley of Elah,
2 And David said to Ahimelech the priest, The look, it is here wrapped in a cloth behind the ephod.
king gave me orders about a matter and said to If you wish to take that, take it, for there is none
me, Let no one know anything of the matter about here except that.
which I am sending you, and what I have And David said, There is none like that. Give
commanded you. And I have directed my servants it to me.
to such and such a place. 3 So now what do you 10 And David arose and fled that day for fear
have on hand? Give five loaves of bread into my of Saul, and went to Achish the king of Gath.
hand, or whatever is there. 11 And the servants of Achish said to him, Is not
4 And the priest answered David and said, this David the king of the land? Did they not sing
There is no ordinary bread at hand, but there is one to another about him in dances, saying, Saul
consecrated bread; if the young men have kept has killed his thousands, and David his tens of
themselves at least from women. thousands?
5 And David answered the priest and said to 12 And David took these words to his heart,
him, Certainly women have been kept from us and was very afraid of Achish the king of Gath.
about these three days, since I came away, and 13 And he changed his behaviour before them and
the vessels of the young men are holy. And the pretended to be insane in their hands, and made
bread is, in a manner of speaking, ordinary, yes, marks on the doors of the gate and let his spit run
even though it has been consecrated today in the down on his beard.
vessel. 6 So the priest gave him consecrated 14 Then Achish said to his servants, Look, you
bread. For there was no bread there except the see the man is mad. Why then have you brought
Showbread, that had been taken from the presence him to me? 15 Do I have a lack of madmen, that you
of the LORD, in order to put hot bread on the day have brought this fellow to play the madman in my
when it was taken away. presence? Should this fellow come into my house?
7 Now a man who was one of Sauls servants
was there that day, detained before the LORD,
and his name was Doeg. He was an Edomite, the 22 So David left there and escaped to the
cave Adullam. And when his brothers and
fugitive from Saul. reveals that his faith had not failed (Ps 52:8,9).
21:1 Nob was a town of priests (22:19) very 21:9 17:54.
near Jerusalem. 21:10 Gath one of the five major cities
21:2 Why did David invent this story? There of the Philistines. Psalm 34 was written by
seems to be two possibilities. Perhaps his David after his experience with Achish.
faith and courage failed him. He may have Achish is called Abimelech in the title of
feared that if he told the truth Ahimelech psalm 34. Abimelech was probably a title
would not help him but report him to Saul. of successive kings as Pharaoh was of
Or it could be that David was trying to Egypts kings. David, anointed to be king,
protect Ahimelech. He may have thought is here in exile. Often it may appear that
that Saul would spare him if he was not God leads His people in ways opposed to
knowingly involved in Davids escape. In the fulfilling of His purposes, but all is part
either case, this deception was both wrong of His preparation. Consider the experiences
and unnecessary. God does not need of Joseph in Genesis chapters 37-50.
mans tricks to fulfill His purposes, but 21:12 Afraid very brave men can be
people often seems to think otherwise. afraid in certain situations.
See notes at Gen 12:13; 27:18-26. 21:13 This trick also was not necessary, but
21:4 Verse 6; Ex 25:30; Lev 24:5-9. This a man alone and afraid may act strangely
bread had been offered to God and so was on the spur of the moment. Later he
only for the priests. acknowledged that his escape was Gods
Kept themselves from women that gracious answer to his prayer (Ps
is, ceremonially clean (Ex 19:15; Lev 15:18). 34:4,6,17,19).
21:6 See Matt 12:3-7. There the Lord Jesus 22:1 Adullam Gen 38:1; 2 Sam 23:13.
showed that compassion is more important This was situated in the hills southwest of
than the letter of the ceremonial law. Bethlehem. David spent considerable time
21:7 Doeg went and reported the matter to in the area and may have written psalms
Saul (22:9,10). This became the occasion of 57 and 142 while there. See 24:3,4, and
Davids writing psalm 52. In that psalm he the titles of those psalms.
367 1 SAMUEL 22:19
all his fathers household heard it, they went down the sword of Goliath the Philistine.
there to him. 2 And everyone who was in distress, 11 Then the king sent men to summon Ahimelech
and everyone who was in debt, and everyone the priest, the son of Ahitub, and all his fathers
who was discontented, gathered around him and household, the priests who were in Nob. And all of
he became their leader. And about four hundred them came to the king. 12 And Saul said, Listen
men were with him. now, you son of Ahitub.
3 And David went from there to Mizpeh in Moab, And he answered, Here I am, my lord.
and said to the king of Moab, Please let my father 13 And Saul said to him, Why have you
and my mother come over and be with you, until I conspired against me, you and the son of Jesse, in
know what God is going to do for me. 4 And he that you gave him bread and a sword, and
brought them before the king of Moab, and they consulted God for him, so that he would rise up
lived with him all the time that David was in the against me to lie in ambush, as it is today?
stronghold. 14 Then Ahimelech answered the king and said,
5 And the prophet Gad said to David, Do not And among all your servants who is as faithful as
remain in the stronghold. Leave and go into the David, who is the kings son-in-law, and goes on
land of Judah. Then David departed and came your orders, and is honoured in your house?
into the forest of Hareth. 15 Did I just begin consulting God for him today?
6 When Saul heard that David and the men who Be it far from me. Let not the king impute anything
were with him had been discovered (now Saul was to his servant or to the whole household of my
staying in Gibeah under a tree in Ramah, with his father, for your servant knew nothing whatever
spear in his hand, and all his servants were standing of all this.
around him). 7 Then Saul said to his servants who 16 And the king said, You shall surely die,
were standing around him, Listen now, you Ahimelech, you, and all your fathers household.
Benjamites! Is the son of Jesse giving each one of 17 And the king said to the guardsmen who
you fields and vineyards, and making you all stood around him, Turn and kill the priests of the
captains of thousands, and captains of hundreds, LORD, because their hand also is with David, and
8 so that all of you have conspired against me, and because they knew when he fled, and did not tell it
no one tells me that my son has made a treaty with to me. But the servants of the king would not put
the son of Jesse, and none of you is sorry for me, forth their hand to attack the priests of the LORD.
or reveals to me that my son has stirred up my 18 And the king said to Doeg, You turn and
servant against me, to lie in ambush, as it is attack the priests. And Doeg the Edomite turned
today? and attacked the priests, and on that day killed
9 Then Doeg the Edomite, who had been eighty-five persons who wore a linen ephod.
appointed over the servants of Saul, answered 19 And he struck Nob, the city of the priests, with
and said, I saw the son of Jesse coming to Nob, to the edge of the sword, both men and women,
Ahimelech the son of Ahitub. 10 And he consulted children and infants, and oxen and donkeys and
the LORD for him, and gave him food and gave him sheep, with the edge of the sword.
Brothers compare 17:28. By now aspect of Sauls character self-pity.
everyone recognized Davids ability. As it is today totally false.
22:2 Discontented those unhappy with 22:9 Doeg 21:1,7. In psalm 52 (written
Sauls reign. about Doeg) David says Doeg plotted
22:3 Moab Davids ancestress, Ruth, was destruction, loved harmful words, and prac-
a Moabite (Ruth 1:4; 4:13,21,22). ticed deceit. What Doeg said to Saul was
22:5 Gad the first mention of an impor- true but not the whole truth, and it created
tant prophet in Davids time. See 2 Sam a false impression. To practice deceit it is
24:11; 1 Chron 29:29; 2 Chron 29:25. not always necessary to tell lies hiding
Go God knew just where David should part of the truth can be just as effective.
be to escape Saul, and informed him through Both ways of deceiving are hateful to God.
Gad. This was in answer to Davids prayer (Ps 22:14,15 This was true. Often those in
142:6). See also Ps 56:4; 118:6; Rom 8:31. authority prefer to believe deceptive words
22:7 Saul appeals for loyalty on two grounds rather than the plain truth.
tribal connection (Saul was from Benjamin, 22:16-19 Reveals Saul totally corrupted by
David from Judah), and worldly matters power and envy.
(property and power). Alas, caste and money 22:17 Sauls guards were right in their
are often still the chief considerations today, refusal to obey. When the choice is between
even in Christian circles. True servants of obeying God or man, God must be obeyed.
God should avoid these considerations like Compare Acts 4:19; 5:29.
they would the plague. 22:18 See 2:31.
22:8 Conspired Sauls disordered mind 22:19 Saul was not willing to kill Gods
sees enemies behind every bush. enemies (15:9), but Gods priests were a
Sorry for me another disagreeable different matter.
1 SAMUEL 22:20 368
20 And one of the sons of Ahimelech the son of Bring the ephod here. 10 Then David said, O
Ahitub, named Abiathar, escaped and fled after LORD God of Israel, your servant has heard for
David. 21 And Abiathar told David that Saul had certain that Saul is seeking to come to Keilah, to
killed the LORDs priests. 22 And David said to destroy the city on account of me. 11 Will the men
Abiathar, I knew that day, when Doeg the Edomite of Keilah deliver me into his hands? Will Saul come
was there, that he would surely tell Saul. I have down, as your servant has heard? O LORD God of
brought about the death of all the persons of your Israel, I beseech you, tell your servant.
fathers household. 23 You stay with me. Dont be And the LORD said, He will come down.
afraid, for the one who is seeking my life is seeking 12 Then David said, Will the men of Keilah
your life, but you will be safe with me. deliver me and my men into the hands of Saul?
And the LORD said, They will deliver you up.
23 Then they told David, saying, Look, the
Philistines are fighting against Keilah and
they are robbing the threshing floors. 2 Therefore
13 Then David and his men, who were about six
hundred, arose and departed from Keilah and went
wherever they could go. And it was told Saul that
David consulted the LORD, saying, Shall I go and David had escaped from Keilah, and he decided not
attack these Philistines? And the LORD said to to go there.
David, Go and attack the Philistines, and save 14 And David stayed in the desert in
Keilah. strongholds, and remained in a mountain in the
3 And Davids men said to him, Look, we are desert of Ziph. And Saul looked for him every day,
afraid here in Judah. How much more then if we go but God did not delivered him into his hands.
to Keilah against the armies of the Philistines? 15 And David saw that Saul had come out to
4 Then David consulted the LORD yet again. seek his life; and David was in the desert of Ziph in
And the LORD answered him and said, Arise, go a wooded area. 16 And Sauls son Jonathan arose
down to Keilah, for I will deliver the Philistines into and went to David in the woods, and strengthened
your hands. 5 So David and his men went to Keilah his hand in God. 17 And he said to him, Do not be
and fought with the Philistines, and brought away afraid, for the hand of my father Saul will not find
their cattle, and struck them down with a great you. And you will be king over Israel, and I will be
slaughter. So David saved the inhabitants of Keilah. next to you. And my father Saul also knows this.
6 And it so happened, when Abiathar the son of 18 And the two of them made a covenant before
Ahimelech fled to David to Keilah, that he came the LORD, and David stayed in the woods, and
down with an ephod in his hand. Jonathan went to his house.
7 And it was told Saul that David had gone to 19 Then the Ziphites came up to Saul at Gibeah,
Keilah. And Saul said, God has delivered him into saying, Is not David hiding himself among us in
my hands, for by entering a town that has gates strongholds in the woods, in the hill of Hachilah,
and bars, he is closed in. 8 And Saul called all the which is south of Jeshimon? 20 Now therefore, O
people together to war, to go down to Keilah, to king, come down whenever it pleases you to come
besiege David and his men. down, and our part will be to deliver him into the
9 And David knew that Saul was plotting evil kings hand.
against him, and he said to Abiathar the priest, 21 And Saul said, May you be blessed by the
22:20 23:6,9; 1 Kings 2:26,27. 23:7 God God had departed from Saul
22:22 Davids meaning may be that he made (16:14), and the kingdom had been stripped
a mistake in not dealing with Doeg at the from him (15:28). But he still vainly imag-
time. Or it may be he meant that his very ined God is working with him in his murder-
appeal to Ahimelech for help resulted in this ous designs! Another illustration of Jer 17:9.
tragedy. 23:9-12 Verse 6. An example of using the
23:1 Keilah a town belonging to Israel Urim and Thummin.
near the Philistine border. 23:13 Six hundred 22:2. Davids men
23:2 Consulted 2 Sam 5:19,23. David were growing in number.
made a practice of finding Gods will before 23:14 26:2; Ps 32:7.
acting. Observe that David, though 23:16,17 Jonathan arose and went to
persecuted by Saul, is concerned for others, David note at 18:3,4.
and desires to help them, leaving his own 23:18 18:3; 20:12-17; 2 Sam 9:1; 21:7.
situation in the hands of the Lord. 23:19,20 At this time David wrote psalm 54
23:4 When others were in doubt David by inspiration of Gods Spirit, in which he
sought confirmation of Gods will. revealed the character of his enemies (v 3),
23:6 In Israel in those days it was possible and declared his own trust in God (vs 4,7).
to find Gods will by means of the Urim and 23:21 The LORD v 7. The men of Ziph
Thummin in the ephod. Note at Ex 28:30. would not be blessed by trying to destroy
In these days the Holy Spirit is willing to Gods anointed! Saul had no right even to
infallibly guide the earnest believer. take Gods name on his lips. Compare
369 1 SAMUEL 24:16
LORD, for you have compassion on me. 22 Please good to you. Then David got up, and stealthily
go, make further preparations, and find out and cut off the edge of Sauls robe.
take a look at his place, where his feet take him 5 And it so happened afterwards that David
and who has seen him there, for I have been told was conscience-stricken, because he had cut off
that he is very cunning. 23 Therefore look and the edge of Sauls robe. 6 And he said to his men,
learn about all the lurking places where he hides The LORD forbid that I should do this thing to my
himself, and come back to me with definite informa- master, the LORDs anointed, to stretch out my
tion, and I will go with you. And it will be, if he is in hand against him, since he is the anointed of the
the land, that I will search him out through all the LORD. 7 So David held back his men with these
thousands of Judah. words and did not allow them to rise against Saul.
24 And they arose and went to Ziph before Then Saul arose, left the cave and went on his
Saul, but David and his men were in the desert of way.
Maon, in the plain south of Jeshimon. 25 And Saul 8 Afterwards David also stood up and went out
and his men went to look for him. And they told of the cave, and cried out after Saul, saying, My
David, so he came down to the rock and stayed in lord the king! And when Saul looked behind him,
the desert of Maon. And when Saul heard that, David bent over with his face toward the ground
he pursued David in the desert of Maon. and bowed down. 9 And David said to Saul, Why
26 And Saul went on one side of the mountain, do you listen to mens words, saying, Look, David
and David and his men on the other side of the is seeking to harm you? 10 Look, today your eyes
mountain, and David was hurrying to get away for have seen how the LORD delivered you into my
fear of Saul, for Saul and his men were surrounding hands in the cave. And some told me to kill you,
David and his men to take them. 27 But a messen- but I spared you, and said, I will not stretch out my
ger came to Saul, saying, Hurry and come, for the hand against my lord, for he is the LORDs anointed.
Philistines have invaded the land. 28 Therefore 11 Moreover, my father, look, yes, see the
Saul returned from pursuing David, and went edge of your robe in my hand. Because in my
against the Philistines. So they called that place cutting off the edge of your robe and not killing
Sela Hammahlekoth. 29 And David went up from you, you can know and understand that there is
there and stayed in strongholds at Engedi. no evil or rebellion in my hand, and that I have not
sinned against you. Yet you hunt my life to take it.
24 And it happened, when Saul returned from
pursuing the Philistines, that it was told him,
saying, Look, David is in the desert of Engedi.
12 The LORD will judge between me and you, and
the LORD will take vengeance for me on you. But
my hand will not be against you. 13 As the proverb
2 Then Saul took three thousand chosen men out of the ancients says, Wickedness comes from the
of all Israel, and went to look for David and his men wicked, but my hand will not be against you.
at the Rocks of the Wild Goats. 14 After whom has the king of Israel come out?
3 And he came to the sheepfolds on the way, Whom are you pursuing? After a dead dog, after a
where there was a cave, and Saul went in to re- flea. 15 Therefore may the LORD be the judge,
lieve himself. And David and his men were sitting and judge between me and you, and see and plead
far back in the cave. 4 And Davids men said to my cause, and rescue me out of your hands.
him, See, this is the day about which the LORD 16 And it came about, when David had finished
said to you: Look, I will deliver your enemy into speaking these words to Saul, that Saul said, Is
your hands, so that you can do to him as seems this your voice, my son David? And Saul raised his
Ps 50:16,17; Isa 29:13. literally, Davids heart struck him.
23:26-29 God has many ways to protect His 24:6 26:11.
people. See Gen 37:22,26,27; 1 Kings 24:8 David showed that he was willing to sub-
18:13; Esther 6:1,2; Jer 38:7-10; Dan mit to Sauls authority and respect him as king.
3:25,26; 6:21-23; Acts 12:5-11. 24:9 22:13.
23:28 Sela Hammahlekoth means rock 24:11 Father 18:27.
of parting. 24:12 Judge v 15; Gen 31:53; Jud
24:3,4 The LORD said to you there is no 11:27; Job 5:8. David was confident that
record of God saying this to David. Gods God would work everything out according to
way for David to attain the throne was not perfect justice. Compare the behavior of
by murder and violence, and David knew it. the Lord Jesus (1 Pet 2:21-23).
His tender conscience was bothered even Vengeance Ex 21:23-25; Num 31:2;
by the simple act of cutting of the hem of Ps 94:1.
Sauls garment. Gods purposes must be 24:13 Compare Matt 7:16-20.
fulfilled in Gods way, and men should learn 24:16 Saul was mentally and emotionally
to wait on God in faith. See Ps 57:2 unstable, an example of the man in Jam
(possibly written at this time). 1:8. This was a result of his sin and
24:5 David was conscience-stricken disobedience as it so often is among
1 SAMUEL 24:17 370
voice and wept. 17 And he said to David, You are the time they were at Carmel we did them no harm,
more righteous than I, for you have treated me and nothing of theirs was missing. 8 Ask your young
well, but I have treated you badly. 18 And you men, and they will tell you. Therefore let our young
have showed today how you have treated me well, men find favour in your eyes, for we come on a
for when the LORD delivered me into your hands, good day. Please give to your servants, and to
you did not kill me. 19 For if a man finds his enemy, your son David, whatever you find at hand.
will he let him get away safely? Therefore the 9 And when Davids young men arrived, they
LORD reward you well for what you have done for spoke to Nabal all those words in the name of David,
me this day. 20 And now, look, I well know that and waited.
you will surely be king, and that the kingdom of 10 And Nabal answered Davids servants and
Israel will be established in your hands. 21 There- said, Who is David? And who is the son of Jesse?
fore now swear to me by the LORD that you will not There are many servants today, each man break-
cut off my offspring after me, and that you will not ing away from his master. 11 Shall I then take my
destroy my name out of my fathers house. bread and my water and my meat that I have
22 And David swore to Saul. And Saul went slaughtered for my shearers, and give it to men
home, but David and his men went up to the who are from I know not where?
stronghold. 12 So Davids young men turned around and
went on their way again, and came and told him all
25 And Samuel died, and all the Israelites
assembled and mourned for him and buried
him at his house in Ramah. And David arose and
these words. 13 And David said to his men, Each
one of you fasten on his sword. And each one of
them fastened on his sword, and David also
went down to the wilderness of Paran. fastened on his sword. And about four hundred
2 And there was a man in Maon whose posses- men followed David, and two hundred stayed with
sions were in Carmel, and the man was very rich. the baggage.
He had three thousand sheep, and a thousand 14 But one of the young men told Abigail, Nabals
goats, and he sheared his sheep in Carmel. 3 Now wife, saying, Look, David sent messengers from
the name of the man was Nabal, and the name of the wilderness to greet our master; and he
his wife was Abigail; and she was a woman of good screamed at them. 15 But the men were very
understanding, and of a beautiful appearance. But good to us, and we were not harmed, and while we
the man was mean and evil in his dealings; and he were in the fields we did not miss anything, as long
was a descendant of the house of Caleb. as we went about with them. 16 They were a wall
4 And David in the wilderness heard that Nabal to us both by night and day, all the time we were
was shearing his sheep. 5 And David sent out ten with them, keeping the sheep. 17 Now therefore
young men, and David said to the young men, Go know this and consider what you should do. For
up to Carmel and approach Nabal and greet him in something bad is being devised against our master
my name. 6 And you are to say this: Long life to and against his whole household, for he is such a
you! Peace be to you, and peace be to your wicked man that no one can speak to him.
household and peace be to all that you have! 18 Then Abigail hurried and took two hundred
7 And now I have heard that you have loaves and two wineskins of wine and five sheep
shearers. Now your shepherds were with us. All already dressed and five measures of roasted grain
human beings. His remorse here is an sinful nature is inherited by his descendants
example of false repentance. Afterwards (Gen 5:3; Ps 51:5), but not any spiritual
he again pursued David to kill him (26:1,2). qualities he may have attained by Gods
24:17 26:21. grace.
24:20 23:17. 25:7,8 David had not only refused to steal
24:21 20:14-17; 2 Sam 21:5-9. from Nabals shepherds, he kept others from
24:22 David had no confidence in Sauls stealing from them. He thought Nabal would
seeming repentance. recognize this and reward it.
25:1 Mourned they recognized Samuel 25:10,11 Nabal showed he was indeed a
as a great man and a great leader. Compare fool.
Gen 50:10; Num 20:29; Deut 34:8. 25:13 See vs 21,22. David had not taken
25:2 23:24. vengeance on Saul, but now determined to
25:3 Nabal means fool. See v 25, and personally avenge himself on Nabal a thing
note at Ps 14:1 where the same word is he knew was contrary to Gods Word. When
used in Hebrew. Very intelligent men can even a godly man gives in to bad passions
be fools in the Bible sense of the word. which arise from his sinful nature he is capable
Abigail means father of joy. of all manner of sin and foolishness. Not
Caleb it is sad that a descendant of one man on earth, except the Lord Jesus,
the faithful Caleb (Num 13:30; 14:24; Josh was ever fully consistent all his days.
14:6-14) should be a fool. Alas, a mans 25:18 Abigail realized that Davids anger
371 1 SAMUEL 25:39
and a hundred clusters of raisins and two hundred man has risen to pursue you and to seek your life.
cakes of figs, and placed them on donkeys. 19 And But the soul of my lord will be bound up in the
she said to her servants, Go on ahead of me. bundle of life with the LORD your God, but he will
See, I am coming after you. But she did not tell hurl away the souls of your enemies, as from the
her husband Nabal. pocket of a sling. 30 And it will be, when the LORD
20 And it so happened, as she rode on the does for my lord all the good that he has spoken
donkey, that she came down by a hidden place in concerning you, and appoints you ruler over
the hill, and there appeared David and his men Israel, 31 that this will not become a grief to you or
coming down opposite her, and she met them. reason for a troubled heart to my lord, that you
21 Now David had said, It certainly has been have shed blood needlessly or that my lord has
useless for me to guard all that this fellow has in taken vengeance for himself. And when the LORD
the wilderness, so that nothing was missed of all deals well with my lord, then remember your maid
that belonged to him. For he has repaid me evil for servant.
good. 22 May God do harm and more also to the 32 And David said to Abigail, Blessed be the
enemies of David, if, of all who belong to him, I LORD God of Israel who sent you today to meet
leave any male alive until morning light. me, 33 and may your discernment be blessed, and
23 And when Abigail saw David, she hurried may you be blessed, who have kept me today
and got down from the donkey, and prostrated from bloodshed and from taking vengeance for
herself before David and bowed down to the ground, myself with my own hand. 34 For indeed, as the
24 and fell at his feet and said, On me, my lord, let LORD God of Israel lives, who has kept me from
this blame be on me; and please let your maid harming you, unless you had hurried and come to
servant speak in your hearing, and listen to the meet me, by morning light there certainly would
words of your maidservant. 25 Please, may my not have been left to Nabal any male.
lord pay no attention to this wicked man Nabal, for 35 So David took from her hand what she had
he is just like his name. His name is Nabal, and brought him, and said to her, Go up in peace to
folly is with him. But I, your maid servant did not your house. See, I have listened to your voice and
see the young men of my lord, whom you sent. have accepted you.
26 Now therefore, my lord, as the LORD lives 36 And Abigail came to Nabal and saw that he
and as your soul lives, since the LORD has kept was holding a feast in his house, like the feast of a
you from bloodshed, and from taking vengeance king. And Nabals heart was merry within him, and
for yourself with your own hand, may your enemies he was very drunk. Therefore she told him
and those who seek to harm my lord, be like Nabal. nothing, little or much, until the morning light.
27 And now this present which your maidservant 37 But it came about in the morning, when the wine
has brought to my lord, let it be given to the young had gone out of Nabal, and his wife had told him
men who follow my lord. 28 Please forgive the these things, that his heart died within him and he
trespass of your maid servant, for the LORD will became like a stone. 38 And it happened about ten
certainly make a sure house for my lord, because days later that the LORD struck Nabal, and he
my lord is fighting the battles of the LORD, and no died.
evil has been found in you all your days. 29 Yet a 39 And when David heard that Nabal was dead,
could have terrible results and set out to 25:30 13:14; 15:28.
avert them. 25:31 Grief, troubled heart to a good
25:19 Husband in his folly he would have man with a tender conscience like David,
forbidden her to go. this would have been the result.
25:21 Ps 109:5. 25:32 David recognized her as a messenger
25:22 Even David who loved justice could of God and praises the One who sent her.
be moved to act unjustly, and resolved to All men should be this quick to praise God
kill many because of the insult of one. Oh, when kept from doing wrong.
what is man, even the best of men. 25:33,34 David fully confesses his evil in-
25:24 Prov 15:1. tention and immediately forsakes it the
25:26 Vengeance Lev 19:18; Num 31:2; mark of a spiritual man who wants Gods best.
Deut 32:35; Ps 94:1; Matt 5:39; Rom 25:38 Struck 2:6; Gen 38:7,10;
12:19; Heb 10:30. Lev 10:1,2; Num 16:31,35; Acts 5:4,5,10.
25:28 A sure house a royal dynasty. God can take vengeance on wicked men
Abigail had great perception. directly. To slay Nabal He did not need
Battles of the LORD against the Davids sword He has His own (Deut 32:41;
enemies of Israel. Ps 7:12; Jer 12:12). Gods judgment on
No evil to keep David from doing Nabal may well have confirmed David in his
wrong was a chief aim of her coming. view that God would deal with Saul also when
25:29 Ps 91:9,10; 121:7; Isa 25:4; Phil the time came. See 26:10.
1:6; 2 Tim 1:12. 25:39 Ps 7:15,16.
1 SAMUEL 25:40 372
he said, Blessed be the LORD who has pleaded Abner and the people lay all around him. 8 Then
my cause concerning the reproach at the hands of Abishai said to David, Today God has delivered
Nabal, and has kept his servant from evil. For the your enemy into your hands. Now therefore please
LORD has returned the wickedness of Nabal onto let me strike him with the spear into the ground at
his own head. And David sent a message to Abigail once, and I will not strike him the second time.
about taking her as his wife. 9 And David said to Abishai, Do not destroy
40 And when the servants of David had come him, for who can stretch out his hand against the
to Abigail to Carmel, they spoke to her, saying, LORDs anointed and be innocent? 10 David also
David sent us to you to take you as his wife. said, As the LORD lives, the LORD will strike him,
41 And she arose, and bowed down with her or his day to die will come, or he will go down to the
face to the ground, and said, See your maid battle and perish. 11 The LORD forbid that I should
servant. She will be a servant to wash the feet of stretch out my hand against the LORDs anointed.
the servants of my lord. 42 And Abigail hurriedly But please now take the spear that is at his head
got up and rode on a donkey, with her five maids and the jug of water, and let us go.
who attended her, and she followed the 12 So David took the spear and the jug of
messengers of David, and became his wife. water from near Sauls head and they went away.
43 David also took Ahinoam of Jezreel, and both of And no man saw it or knew it, and no one woke up,
them were his wives. 44 But Saul had given Michal for they were all asleep, because a deep sleep
his daughter, Davids wife, to Phalti the son of from the LORD had fallen on them.
Laish, who was from Gallim. 13 Then David went over to the other side and
stood on the top of a hill at a distance, with a wide
26 And the Ziphites came to Saul at Gibeah,
saying, Is not David hiding himself in the
hill of Hachilah, which is before Jeshimon?
space between them. 14 And David cried out to
the people and to Abner the son of Ner, saying,
Abner! Will you not answer?
2 Then Saul arose and went down to the Then Abner answered and said, Who are you
wilderness of Ziph, having three thousand chosen who calls to the king?
men of Israel with him, to seek David in the 15 And David said to Abner, Are you not a
wilderness of Ziph. 3 And Saul camped by the road brave man? Who is like you in Israel? Why then
at the hill of Hachilah, which is before Jeshimon. have you not guarded your lord the king? For one
But David stayed in the wilderness, and he saw of the people came in to destroy your lord the king.
that Saul came after him into the wilderness. 16 This thing you have done is not good. As the
4 David therefore sent out spies, and found out LORD lives, you deserve to die, because you have
that Saul had indeed arrived. not guarded your master, the LORDs anointed.
5 And David arose and came to the place where And now look! Where is the kings spear, and the
Saul was camping; and David saw the place where jug of water that was at his head?
Saul and Abner the son of Ner, the commander of 17 And Saul recognized Davids voice, and said,
his army, were lying. And Saul was lying inside the Is this your voice, my son David?
lines, and the people were camped all around him. And David said, It is my voice, my lord, O
6 Then David answered and said to Ahimelech the king. 18 And he said, Why does my lord pursue
Hittite and to Abishai the son of Zeruiah, the brother his servant like this? For what have I done? Or
to Joab, saying, Who will go down with me to Saul what evil is in my hands? 19 Now therefore please
at the camp? And Abishai said, I will go down with let my lord the king hear the words of his servant.
you. If the LORD has stirred you up against me, let him
7 So David and Abishai came to the people at accept an offering. But if it is the children of men,
night and saw that Saul lay sleeping inside the lines, may they be cursed before the LORD, for they
with his spear stuck in the ground at his head; and have driven me out today from living in the
25:42-44 Abigail became Davids third wife, also was a Hittite (2 Sam 11:3).
after Michal (18:27), and Ahinoam (27:3; Zeruiah an older sister of David.
30:5). Later he married five other women. 26:8,9 24:4-7. Davids first concern was not
In this he was not a good example but a for his own safety, but to be blameless
bad one (note at Gen 30:1). Eventually it before God.
brought great trouble on himself and his 26:10 25:38.
family. See 2 Samuel chapters 13 and 15 26:12 All asleep God gave David further
and 1 Kings 5-7. opportunity to prove his innocence to Saul.
26:1 23:19. See psalm 54, written when 26:17 24:16.
David heard that the Ziphites had betrayed 26:19 Driven me out men were trying to
him to Saul. drive David from Israel, the land of the one
26:2 Note at 24:16. true God, to another land where false gods
26:6 Hittite note at Gen 26:34,35. Uriah were worshiped. Compare the alarm of the
373 1 SAMUEL 28:1
inheritance of the LORD, saying, Go, serve other and he did not search any more for him.
gods. 20 Now therefore, do not let my blood fall 5 And David said to Achish, If I have now found
to the earth before the face of the LORD, for the favour in your eyes, let them give me a place in
king of Israel has come out to seek a flea, as when some town in the country, so that I can live there;
someone hunts a partridge in the mountains. for why should your servant live in the royal city
21 Then Saul said, I have sinned. Return, my with you?
son David, for I will no longer harm you, because 6 Then Achish gave him Ziklag that day. Therefore
my life was precious in your eyes today. Look, I Ziklag belongs to the kings of Judah to this day.
have played the fool and have erred exceedingly. 7 And the time that David lived in the country of
22 And David answered and said, See the the Philistines was a full year and four months.
kings spear! Let one of the young men come over 8 And David and his men went up and raided the
and get it. 23 The LORD repays every man Geshurites and the Gezrites and the Amalekites,
according to his righteousness and his faithfulness; for in former times those nations were the
for the LORD delivered you into my hand today, inhabitants of the land as you go to Shur, even as
but I would not stretch out my hand against the far as the land of Egypt. 9 And David attacked the
LORDs anointed. 24 And, look, as your life was land and left neither man nor woman alive, and
very valuable today in my eyes, so let my life be took away the sheep and the oxen and the donkeys
very valuable in the eyes of the LORD, and let him and the camels and the clothing, and turned back
deliver me out of all trouble. and came to Achish.
25 Then Saul said to David, May you be 10 And Achish said, Where have you made a
blessed, my son David! You will both do great things raid today?
and also prevail. So David went on his way, and And David said, Against the south of Judah
Saul returned to his place. and against the south of the Jerahmeelites and
against the south of the Kenites. 11 And David
27 And David said in his heart, I shall now
perish one day by the hand of Saul. There
is nothing better for me than to escape quickly to
saved neither man nor woman alive to bring news
to Gath, saying, Or they will tell about us, saying,
This is the way David acted, and this will be his
the land of the Philistines. Then Saul will despair of way all the time he lives in the country of the
seeking me any more in any territory of Israel. So Philistines.
I will escape out of his hands. 12 And Achish believed David, saying, He has
2 And David arose and crossed over with the made his people Israel to utterly abhor him;
six hundred men who were with him to Achish, the therefore he will be my servant forever.
son of Maoch, king of Gath. 3 And David stayed
with Achish at Gath, he and his men, each man with
his household, David with his two wives, Ahinoam
from Jezreel and Abigail from Carmel, Nabals wife.
28 And it came about in those days that the
Philistines gathered their armies together
for warfare to fight with Israel. And Achish said to
4 And it was told Saul that David had fled to Gath David, Know for certain that you will go out with
tribes of Reuben and Gad in Josh 22:24-27. to use him for his own purposes (v 12;
26:21 There are many ways to confess ones 28:1).
sins, but only one way is acceptable to God 27:3 This flight of David to the land of the
15:24,30; Ex 9:27; Num 22:34; Josh 7:20; Philistines and his attaching himself to
2 Sam 12:13; 24:10; Matt 27:4; Luke 15:21. Achish were completely unnecessary, and
See 2 Chron 7:14; Prov 28:13; Isa 55:7. involved David in further difficulties.
Return David did not trust him 27:5 David did not want to be under Achishs
(24:22). He well knew Sauls instability. control. He well knew Achish would direct
26:23 Ps 7:8; 18:25,26; 62:12; Rev 22:12. him to do things he would not wish to do.
26:25 Even Saul had to acknowledge Davids 27:8 David and his men had raided
greatness. As far as we know, Saul and common enemies of the Philistines and
David never met again after this parting. Israel.
27:1 David had no reason to trust Saul, but Amalekites Ex 17:16.
he had much reason to trust God more than 27:9 Deut 7:16; Josh 6:21; 8:1,2,24. Note
he did. This was a failure of faith, and was at Gen 6:7. In Davids case he had a further
contrary to what David had written and reason for destroying those people (v 11).
believed (Ps 54:4,7; 56:3,4; 57:2,3,7). 27:10 One failure (v 1) leads to another.
Even men of great faith may sometimes Even though Achish was an idolatrous king
waver under continual pressure and depress- of an enemy people, David was wrong to
ing circumstances. And do not all of us have practice this deception.
reason to use words such as are found in 28:1 27:2. David was in a very awkward
Mark 9:24? situation, faced with fighting against Gods
27:2 Achish had once driven David away people with their enemies. God in mercy
(21:10-15). Now he receives him, thinking delivered him from this (chapter 29).
1 SAMUEL 28:2 374
me to the battle, you and your men. up for you?
2 And David said to Achish, You will really find And he said, Bring up Samuel for me.
out what your servant can do. 12 And when the woman saw Samuel, she cried
And Achish said to David, Therefore I will make out with a loud voice. And the woman spoke to
you my bodyguard forever. Saul, saying, Why have you deceived me? For
3 Now Samuel was dead, and all Israel had you are Saul.
lamented him and buried him in Ramah, in his own 13 And the king said to her, Do not be afraid.
city. And Saul had put away mediums and spiritists For what did you see?
from the land. And the woman said to Saul, I saw gods
4 And the Philistines gathered together and ascending out of the earth.
came and camped in Shunem, and Saul gathered all 14 And he said to her, What is his appearance
Israel together and they camped in Gilboa. 5 And like ?
when Saul saw the army of the Philistines, he was And she said, An old man is coming up, and he
afraid and his heart greatly trembled. 6 And when is wrapped in a cloak. And Saul knew that it was
Saul inquired of the LORD, the LORD did not Samuel, and he bent over with his face toward the
answer him, not by dreams or by Urim or by ground and bowed down.
prophets. 7 Then Saul said to his servants, Seek 15 And Samuel said to Saul, Why have you
out for me a woman who is a medium, so that I may disturbed me, to bring me up?
go to her and consult her. And Saul answered, I am very distressed, for
And his servants said to him, Look, there is a the Philistines make war against me, and God has
woman at Endor who is a medium. departed from me and does not answer me any
8 And Saul disguised himself and put on different more, either by prophets or by dreams. Therefore
clothes, and he went, and two men with him, and I have called you, so that you may tell me what I
they came to the woman at night, and he said, should do.
Please use divination for me by a spirit, and bring 16 Then Samuel said, Then why do you consult
up for me the one whom I name to you. me, since the LORD has departed from you and
9 And the woman said to him, Look, you know has become your enemy? 17 And the LORD has
what Saul has done, how he has cut off mediums done for him just as he spoke through me. For the
and spiritists from the land. So why are you laying LORD has torn the kingdom from your hand and
a snare for my life, to cause my death? given it to your neighbour, to David, 18 because
10 And Saul swore to her by the LORD, saying, you did not obey the voice of the LORD, or
As the LORD lives, no punishment will come to you execute his fierce wrath on Amalek. Therefore
for this thing. the LORD has done this thing to you today.
11 Then the woman said, Whom shall I bring 19 Moreover the LORD will also deliver Israel, along
28:3 Strict instructions are given in the Old This time it cost him his life. See 1 Chron
Testament against trying to have dealings 10:13,14.
with the realm of spirits, and sorcerers and 28:12 It is not said that the woman brought
sorceresses were to be put to death. Notes up Samuel, only that she saw him. Samuels
at Ex 22:18; Deut 18:10-14. appearance was a great shock to her and
28:4 Shunem was in the plain of Megiddo, made her realize that this was Gods doing.
or Mageddon, also called Jezreel. Mt Gilboa It seems clear that the person who came
is a range of hills to the east of the plain. up was indeed Samuel. It is said that she
28:5 If Saul had kept close to the Lord he saw him, and the message he brought was
would not have been afraid of the later completely fulfilled. Spirit mediums
Philistines (Heb 13:6). can contact demons who impersonate
28:6 Did not answer Saul had demon- human beings, but there is no good reason
strated many times that he was disobedient to think they can contact any spirit of a
to God and wanted his own way. There comes human being who has died.
a time when God will no longer answer such 28:13 gods this was the impression the
people. If we ignore God we have no right event created in the mind of this
to expect Him to save us out of our troubles. superstitious woman. She thought some sort
See Ps 66:18; Prov 1:24-31; 15:29; Isa of divine beings were appearing.
1:15; 59:2; John 9:31; 1 John 3:21,22. 28:14 15:27.
This verse speaks of three ways God revealed 28:15 For the righteous, the realm of the
His will in Old Testament days. dead was a place of quietness and rest.
Dreams Gen 15:12; 28:12; Num 12:6. Compare Job 3:17; etc.
Urim Ex 28:30. 28:16 Enemy Sauls behavior had made
Prophets 15:16; Deut 18:18-22. God his enemy. See also Isa 63:10; Jer
28:7 Sauls disobedience was the reason 21:5; Lam 2:5.
God would not answer him. He shows his 28:18 15:20.
character by going further into disobedience. 28:19 Will be with me in deaths realm.
375 1 SAMUEL 30:6
with you, into the hands of the Philistines. And they sang to one another in dances, saying, Saul
tomorrow you and your sons will be with me. The killed his thousands, and David his ten of
LORD will also deliver the army of Israel into the thousands?
hand of the Philistines. 6 Then Achish called David and said to him, As
20 Then immediately Saul fell prostrate on the the LORD lives, you have certainly been upright,
ground, and was very afraid, because of the words and your going out and your coming in with me in
of Samuel. And there was no strength in him, for the army has been good in my sight, for I have not
he had not eaten any bread all day and all night. found evil in you from the day of your coming to me
21 And the woman came to Saul, and saw that to this day. However, you are not acceptable to
he was very troubled and said to him, Look, your the lords. 7 Therefore return now, and go in peace,
maidservant has obeyed your voice, and I have so that you do not displease the Philistine lords.
put my life in my hand, and have listened to your 8 And David said to Achish, But what have I
words which you spoke to me. 22 So now please done? And what have you found in your servant
listen also to the voice of your maidservant, and let as long as I have been with you to this day, that I
me set a piece of bread before you, and eat, so may not go fight against the enemies of my lord the
that you can have strength when you go on your king?
way. 9 And Achish answered and said to David, I
23 But he refused and said, I will not eat. But know that you are good in my sight, like an angel
his servants, together with the woman, pressed of God. However, the Philistine commanders have
him, and he listened to their voice. So he arose said, He shall not go up with us to the battle.
from the ground and sat on the bed. 10 So now rise up early in the morning with your
24 And the woman had a fat calf in the house, masters servants who have come with you, and
and she hurriedly killed it, and took flour and leave as soon as you are up early in the morning
kneaded it and baked unleavened bread with it. and have light.
25 And she brought it to Saul and to his servants, 11 So David and his men rose up early in the
and they ate. Then they got up and went away morning to leave and to return to the land of the
that night. Philistines. And the Philistines went up to Jezreel.
29 Now the Philistines gathered all their armies
together at Aphek, and the Israelites
camped by a spring which is in Jezreel. 2 And the
30 And it came about when David and his
men had come to Ziklag on the third day,
they saw that the Amalekites had invaded the
lords of the Philistines marched on, by hundreds south, and Ziklag, and had attacked Ziklag and
and by thousands, but David and his men marched burned it with fire, 2 and had taken captive the
on in the rear with Achish. women who had been in it. They did not kill any,
3 Then said the commanders of the Philistines, either great or small, but carried them off and
What are these Hebrews doing here? went on their way.
And Achish said to the Philistine commanders, 3 So David and his men came to the city and saw
Is this not David, the servant of Saul the king of that it had been burned with fire, and that their
Israel, who has been with me these days, or i ndeed wives and their sons and their daughters had been
these years? And I have found no fault in him since taken captive. 4 Then David and the people who
he deserted to me to this day. were with him raised their voice and wept, until
4 But the Philistine commanders were angry with they had no more power to weep. 5 And Davids
him, and the Philistine commanders said to him, two wives, Ahinoam from Jezreel and Abigail the
Make this fellow go back, so that he will return to wife of Nabal from Carmel, had been taken captive.
his place which you have assigned him, and do not 6 And David was greatly distressed, for the people
let him go down with us to fight. Otherwise in the spoke of stoning him, because the soul of every
battle he may become our enemy. For with what one of the people was grieved, each man for his
would he regain his masters favour, if not with the sons and for his daughters. But David
heads of these men? 5 Is this not David, of whom encouraged himself in the LORD his God.
29:1-7 Note at 28:1. This was Gods way of 30:1 Amalekites 15:2,7; 27:8.
saving David from the sin of fighting against 30:6 Spoke of stoning him this is an
Gods people. indication of the fickleness and unspirituality
29:5 18:7; 21:11. of some of the people who gathered around
29:8 David kept up his pretense of loyalty David. Compare Ex 17:4; Num 14:5,10;
to Achish. No doubt inwardly he was John 8:59.
rejoicing in this escape from going into Encouraged himself or found strength
battle against Israel. Ps 18:1,2; 27:1; 29:11; 37:39; 46:1.
1 SAMUEL 30:7 376
7 And David said to Abiathar the priest, taken for themselves. David recovered all. 20 And
Ahimelechs son, Please bring the ephod here to David took all the flocks and the herds, which they
me. And Abiathar brought the ephod there to drove ahead of the other livestock, and said, This
David. 8 And David consulted the LORD, saying, is Davids plunder.
Shall I pursue after this troop? Will I overtake 21 And David came to the two hundred men
them? who had been so weary that they could not follow
And he answered him, Pursue, for you will cer- David, whom they had stay at the brook Besor.
tainly overtake them, and without fail recover all. And they went out to meet David and to meet the
9 So David went, he and the six hundred men people who were with him. And when David came
who were with him, and came to the brook Besor, near the people, he greeted them. 22 Then all the
where those who were left behind stayed, 10 but wicked men and evil scoundrels among those who
David continued to pursue, he and four hundred had gone with David, answered and said, Because
men. But two hundred, who were so weary that they did not go with us, we will not give them any
they could not cross the brook Besor, stayed of the plunder that we have recovered, except to
behind. each man his wife and his children, so that they can
11 And they found an Egyptian in the field and lead them away and leave.
brought him to David, and gave him bread, and he 23 Then said David, My brethren, you must
ate, and they gave him water to drink, 12 and not do so with what has been given us by the
they gave him a piece of a cake of figs and two LORD, who has preserved us and delivered the
clusters of raisins. And when he had eaten, his troop that came against us into our hands. 24 And
spirit revived in him, for he had not eaten bread or who will listen to you in this matter? But the portion
drunk any water for three days and three nights. of the one who stayed with the baggage will be
13 And David said to him, To whom do you the same as the portion of the one who went down
belong? And where are you from? to the battle. They shall share alike. 25 And so it
And he said, I am a young man from Egypt, a was from that day on. He made it a statute and an
servant of an Amalekite. And my master left me, ordinance for Israel to this day.
because three days ago I fell sick. 14 We made a 26 And when David came to Ziklag, he sent
raid on the south of the Kerethites and on the some of the plunder to the elders of Judah, to his
territory which belongs to Judah and on the south friends, saying, Look, a present for you from the
of Caleb, and we burned Ziklag with fire. plunder from the enemies of the LORD.
15 And David said to him, Can you take me 27 He sent to those who were in Bethel, and
down to that troop? to those who were in south Ramoth, and to those
And he said, Swear to me by God that you will who were in Jattir, 28 and to those who were in
not kill me, or deliver me into the hands of my Aroer, and to those who were in Siphmoth, and
master, and I will take you down to that troop. to those who were in Eshtemoa, 29 and to those
16 And when he had brought him down, there who were in Rachal, and to those who were in
they were spread out all over the ground, eating the cities of the Jerahmeelites, and to those who
and drinking and dancing, because of all the great were in the cities of the Kenites, 30 and to those
plunder that they had taken out of the land of the who were in Hormah, and to those who were in
Philistines and out of the land of Judah. 17 And Korashan, and to those who were in Athach,
David struck them down from twilight to the evening 31 and to those who were in Hebron, and to all
of the next day, and not a man of them escaped, the places where David himself and his men had
except four hundred young men who rode on gone about.
camels and fled. 18 And David recovered all that
the Amalekites had carried away, and David rescued
his two wives. 19 And there was nothing of theirs
missing, either small or great, either sons or
31 Now the Philistines fought against Israel,
and the men of Israel fled from the
Philistines, and fell slain on Mount Gilboa.
daughters, or plunder, or anything that they had 2 And the Philistines closely pursued Saul and his
30:7,8 23:2,4,9. leader has to beware of such people trying
30:18-20 This was in accordance with Gods to join his ranks.
good promise in v 8. When believers lose 30:24 Num 31:25-27; Josh 22:8. Not every
ground in the spiritual life, by Gods grace it person could be on the front line, but every
is possible for them to regain it (Ps 51:12; one had a task that deserved reward when
Isa 57:17-19; Jer 30:17; Joel 2:25; Gal faithfully done. This is true now with believers.
6:1; Rev 2:4,5). Actually David gained 30:26 An unselfish, gracious, and wise thing
more than he had before; he took all that to do.
had belonged to the Amalekites. 31:1-13 2 Sam 1:6-10; 1 Chron 10:1-12.
30:22 Evil scoundrels v 6; 22:2. Every 31:2 Sauls sons one son, Ish Bosheth,
377 1 SAMUEL 31:13
sons, and the Philistines killed Jonathan and they abandoned the cities and fled. And the
Abinadab and Melchishua, Sauls sons. 3 And the Philistines came and stayed in them.
battle went heavily against Saul, and the archers 8 And it came about the next day when the
hit him, and he was badly wounded by the Philistines came to strip the slain, that they found
archers. Saul and his three sons fallen on Mount Gilboa.
4 Then Saul said to his armour bearer, Draw 9 And they cut off his head and stripped off his
your sword and pierce me through with it, or these armour, and sent word into the land of the
uncircumcised men will come and pierce me through Philistines all around, to proclaim it in the temple of
and abuse me. But his armour bearer would not, their idols and among the people. 10 And they put
for he was very afraid. Therefore Saul took a his armour in the temple of Ashtaroth and fastened
sword and fell on it. 5 And when his armour bearer his body to the wall of Beth-Shan.
saw that Saul was dead, he also fell on his sword 11 And when the inhabitants of Jabesh-Gilead
and died with him. 6 So Saul and his three sons and heard what the Philistines had done to Saul, 12 all
his armour bearer and all his men died together the valiant men arose and travelled all night, and
that same day. took the body of Saul and the bodies of his sons
7 And when the men of Israel who were on the from the wall of Beth-Shan, and came to Jabesh
other side of the valley, and those who were on and burned them there. 13 And they took their
the other side of the Jordan, saw that the men of bones and buried them under a tree at Jabesh,
Israel fled, and that Saul and his sons were dead, and fasted seven days.
survived and became king for a little while Israel, and so they ignorantly attributed it
(2 Sam 2:8,9). to their gods. Compare Jud 16:23,24.
31:4 Uncircumcised 14:6. 31:10 Ashtaroth note at 1 Kings
31:6 All his men Sauls close associates 11:5.
in the kingdom. 31:11-13 They remembered how Saul had
31:9 Idols they did not realize that their delivered them (11:1-13), and showed their
victory was a result of Gods judgment on gratitude in this way.
2 SAMUEL
Author and date:
See the introduction to 1 Samuel.
Themes:
Davids reign over Judah and Israel, its success and glory; Gods covenant with David; Davids sin
and punishment.
Contents:
David learns of the death of Saul and Jonathan ............................................... 1:1-16
Davids lament ............................................................................................. 1:17-27
David begins his reign over Judah .................................................................. 2:1-7
War with Abner ........................................................................................... 2:8-32
Davids sons born in Hebron .......................................................................... 3:2-5
Abner comes over to Davids side ................................................................... 3:6-21
Joab kills Abner ............................................................................................ 3:21-29
Murder of Sauls son Ish-Bosheth ................................................................... 4:1-12
David becomes king over all Israel ................................................................. 5:1-5
David conquers Jerusalem and makes home there ............................................ 5:6-16
David defeats the Philistines .......................................................................... 5:17-25
David brings the ark to Jerusalem .................................................................. 6:1-23
Davids desire to build a temple ...................................................................... 7:1-7
Gods covenant with David ............................................................................ 7:8-16
Davids prayer ............................................................................................. 7:17-29
Davids wars, his officials .............................................................................. 8:1-18
David and Jonathans son Mephibosheth ......................................................... 9:1-13
David defeats the Ammonites and Syrians ....................................................... 10:1-19
Davids sin with Bathsheba ............................................................................ 11:1 - 12:23
The sin ................................................................................................... 11:2-5
Nathan rebukes David, Davids punishment ................................................ 12:1-14
The punishment begins ............................................................................. 12:15-23
The birth of Solomon .................................................................................... 12:24,25
Davids family problems ................................................................................. 13:1 - 18:33
His punishment continues, Amnon dishonors Tamar ...................................... 13:1-22
Absalom kills Amnon and runs away ........................................................... 13:23-39
Absalom returns ...................................................................................... 14:1-33
Absaloms plot against David ..................................................................... 15:1-37
Zibas story ............................................................................................. 16:1-4
Shimei curses David ................................................................................. 16:5-13
Two advisors Hushai and Ahithophel ........................................................ 16:15 - 17:14
The priests send word to David about Absaloms plans ................................. 17:15-22
Ahithophels suicide .................................................................................. 17:23
Absaloms death, Davids grief ................................................................... 18:1-33
Joabs advice ............................................................................................... 19:1-8
David returns to Jerusalem ........................................................................... 19:9-43
Shebas rebellion crushed .............................................................................. 20:1-26
A famine and the Gibeonites revenge on Sauls descendants ............................ 21:1-14
Wars with the Philistines ............................................................................... 21:15-22
Davids song of praise ................................................................................... 22:1-51
Davids final words ....................................................................................... 23:1-7
Davids mighty warriors ................................................................................. 23:8-39
Davids sin in numbering the people ................................................................ 24:1-10
The result of Davids sin, the plague ............................................................... 24:11-17
David builds an altar and offers sacrifice ......................................................... 24:18-25
379 2 SAMUEL 1:22
1 Now it came about after the death of Saul,
when David had returned from the slaughter
of the Amalekites, that David stayed two days in
the LORDs people and for the house of Israel,
because they had fallen by the sword.
13 And David said to the young man who told
Ziklag. 2 On the third day it happened that a man him, Where are you from?
appeared who had come from the camp of Saul And he answered, I am the son of a foreigner,
with his clothes torn and dust on his head. And it an Amalekite.
was like this: when he came to David, he dropped 14 And David said to him, Why were you not
to the ground and prostrated himself. afraid to stretch out your hand to destroy the
3 And David said to him, Where are you coming LORDs anointed?
from? 15 And David called one of the young men and
And he said to him, I have escaped from the said, Go near and attack him. And he struck him
camp of Israel. so that he died. 16 And David said to him, Your
4 And David said to him, How did things go? blood be on your own head, for your mouth has
Please tell me. testified against you, saying, I have killed the
And he answered, The people fled from the LORDs anointed.
battle, and also many of the people fell and are 17 And David mourned with this lamentation
dead, and also Saul and his son Jonathan are dead. over Saul and over his son Jonathan 18 (also he
5 And David said to the young man who told instructed them to teach the children of Judah this
him, How do you know that Saul and his son song of the bow. Look, it is written in the book of
Jonathan are dead? Jasher):
6 And the young man who told him said, By 19 The beauty of Israel is slain on your
chance I happened to be on Mount Gilboa, and high places.
saw Saul leaning on his spear. And, lo and behold, How the mighty have fallen!
the chariots and horsemen followed him closely. 20 Tell it not in Gath!
7 And when he looked behind him, he saw me and Proclaim it not in the streets of
called to me. And I answered, Here I am. Ashkelon!
8 And he said to me, Who are you? Lest the daughters of the Philistines
And I answered him, I am an Amalekite. rejoice,
9 And he said to me, Please stand over me and lest the daughters of the uncircumcised
kill me, for agony has seized me, because my life is triumph.
still wholly in me.
10 So I stood over him and killed him, because 21 You mountains of Gilboa,
I was sure that he could not live after he had fallen. may there be no dew or rain on you,
And I took the crown that was on his head and the or fields yielding offerings;
bracelet that was on his arm, and I have brought for there the shield of the mighty was
them here to my lord. defiled, the shield of Saul,
11 Then David took hold of his clothes and tore not anointed with oil.
them, as did all the men who were with him. 22 From the blood of the slain,
12 And they mourned and wept and fasted until from the fat of the mighty,
evening, for Saul and for his son Jonathan and for the bow of Jonathan did not turn back,
1:1 Death of Saul 1 Sam 31:6. the office of king in Israel was a sacred
Ziklag 1 Sam 30:1,26. appointment from God, and only God should
1:2 13:19; 15:32; 1 Sam 4:12. remove the king He had appointed.
1:6-10 This man fabricated this story, 1:16 On your own head Lev 20:9; Deut
hoping, it seems, to gain Davids favor. He 22:30; Josh 2:19; 1 Kings 2:37; Ezek
thought David would reward him if he 18:13; 33:4,5; Matt 27:24,25; Acts 18:6;
presented himself as Sauls executioner. 20:26.
Compare 1 Sam 31:1-7; 1 Chron 10:1-12. 1:17 Lamentation Jer 7:29; Ezek
1:10 Crown he thought, no doubt, David 19:1,14; 26:17; 27:2,32; 28:12; 32:2.
would be exceptionally pleased with this. God has no pleasure in the death of the
1:11 3:31; 13:30,31; Gen 37:34; Job 2:12. wicked, or in disasters which He must justly
1:12 David did not gloat at his enemys send, and He sometimes inspired His
death. Compare Prov 24:17,18. The servants to lament. See notes at Gen 6:6,7;
sincerity of his grief can be seen in the Jer 4:19-26; 48:36-39; Luke 19:41-44.
poetical lament which follows (vs 19-27). 1:18 Jasher Josh 10:13.
Sauls death freed David from his troubles, 1:19 Beauty this refers to Gods
but David well knew that there are far more appointed leaders of Israel.
important matters than being freed from 1:20 1 Sam 31:8-10. David is here
personal difficulties and dangers. concerned with the glory of the true God.
1:14 1 Sam 24:6; 26:9,11,16. To David 1:22 1 Sam 18:7.
2 SAMUEL 1:23 380
and the sword of Saul did not return they lived in the towns of Hebron. 4 And the men
empty. of Judah came and there they anointed David king
23 Saul and Jonathan were loved and over the house of Judah. And they told David,
pleasant in their lives, saying that the men of Jabesh-Gilead were the
and in their death they were not ones who buried Saul.
divided. 5 And David sent messengers to the men of
They were swifter than eagles; Jabesh-Gilead and said to them, May you be
they were stronger than lions. blessed by the LORD, because you have showed
24 You daughters of Israel, this kindness to your lord, to Saul, and have buried
weep over Saul, him. 6 And now the LORD show kindness and faith-
who clothed you in scarlet, fulness to you. And I too will repay you for this
with fine things, kindness, because you have done this thing.
who put ornaments of gold on your 7 Therefore now let your hands be strong and be
apparel. valiant, for your master Saul is dead, and also the
house of Judah has anointed me king over them.
25 How the mighty have fallen in the 8 But Abner the son of Ner, the commander of
midst of the battle! Sauls army, took Ish-bosheth, the son of Saul, and
O Jonathan, you were slain on your brought him over to Mahanaim, 9 and made him
high places. king over Gilead and over the Ashurites and over
26 I am distressed for you, my brother Jezreel and over Ephraim and over Benjamin and
Jonathan! over all Israel.
Very pleasant have you been to me. 10 Sauls son Ish-bosheth was forty years old
Your love to me was wonderful, when he began to reign over Israel, and he reigned
surpassing the love of women. two years. But the house of Judah followed David.
11 And the time that David was king in Hebron over
27 How the mighty have fallen, the house of Judah was seven years and six
and the weapons of war perished! months.
12 And Abner the son of Ner, and the servants
2 And it came about after this that David
inquired of the LORD, saying, Shall I go up to
any of the cities of Judah?
of Ish-bosheth the son of Saul, went out from
Mahanaim to Gibeon. 13 And Joab the son of
Zeruiah and the servants of David went out, and
And the LORD said to him, Go up. they all met by the pool of Gibeon. And they sat
And David said, Where shall I go up? down, the one group on the one side of the pool,
And he said, To Hebron. and the other on the other side of the pool.
2 So David went up there, and his two wives 14 And Abner said to Joab, Let the young
also, Ahinoam from Jezreel and Abigail, Nabals wife, men now get up and have a contest in front of us.
from Carmel. 3 And David took along his men who And Joab said, Let them get up.
were with him, each man with his household; and 15 Then they got up and went over by count,
1:23 Pleasant true in full measure of 2:8,9 Abner was Sauls close relative
Jonathan, in some measure of Saul. Sauls 1 Sam 14:50,51. We are not told here that
behavior toward his own people would not Abner sought Gods will in this. David was
have been the same as it was toward David Gods man to be king of all Israel and Abner
whom he considered his chief rival. knew it 3:9,10. It seems Abner was
1:26 1 Sam 18:1-4. Jonathans pure and holy playing power-politics, and putting family
friendship for David caused him to exalt connections ahead of Gods will. This caused
David and deny himself the opportunity to trouble then, and it will cause trouble now.
be king (23:15-18). This is what struck David Ashurites (v 9) or Asher.
as being so exceptional, so wonderful. 2:11 5:5.
2:1 Inquired this was always Davids 2:12 Mahanaim was east of the Jordan river,
practice 1 Sam 23:2,4,9-12; Ps 5:8; Gibeon was west of the river in the territory
25:4,5; 27:11; 31:3; etc. This is one of Benjamin.
principal reason he met with such success. 2:13 Joab was Davids nephew (1 Chron
Hebron an important city about 30 2:13-16). He was a very capable general
kilometers south of Jerusalem. of Davids army, but a hard and bloodthirsty
2:3 1 Sam 27:2,3. man (3:27; 18:14; 20:9,10).
2:4 King 1 Sam 16:13. 2:14 This suggestion perhaps meant they
Jabesh-Gilead 31:11-13. should try to settle their differences by
2:5-7 David was trying to unite the whole letting representatives of each side fight.
country behind him, beginning with the Compare 1 Sam 17:8-10.
people of Jabesh who had been strong 2:15,16 The fight between these represen-
supporters of Saul. tatives resulted in the death of all of them,
381 2 SAMUEL 3:7
twelve from Benjamin, which belonged to be then, before you order the people to return
Ish-bosheth the son of Saul, and twelve of the from following their brethren?
servants of David. 16 And each of them took hold 27 And Joab said, As God lives, unless you
of his opponents head, and thrust his sword into had spoken, surely then in the morning each one of
his opponents side. So they fell down together. the people would have gone up from following his
Therefore that place was called Helkath Hazzurim. brother.
It is in Gibeon. 28 So Joab blew a trumpet, and all the people
17 And there was a very severe battle that stood still and did not pursue Israel any more or
day, and Abner and the men of Israel were fight any more.
defeated by the servants of David. 29 And Abner and his men walked all that night
18 And there were three sons of Zeruiah there, through the plain, and crossed the Jordan and went
Joab and Abishai and Asahel. And Asahel was as through the whole of Bithron and came to Mahanaim.
light on his feet as a wild gazelle. 19 And Asahel 30 And Joab returned from following Abner.
pursued Abner, and did not turn to the right or to And when he had gathered all the people together,
the left from following Abner. 20 Then Abner looked nineteen men of Davids servants and Asahel were
behind him, and said, Are you Asahel? missing. 31 But the servants of David had struck
And he answered, I am. down many of Benjamin, and of Abners men, so
21 And Abner said to him, Turn aside to your that three hundred and seventy men died. 32 And
right or to your left, and seize one of the young they took up Asahel and buried him in the tomb of
men and take his armour. But Asahel would not his father, which was in Bethlehem. And Joab and
turn aside from following him. his men went all night, and came to Hebron at break
22 And once more Abner said to Asahel, Turn of day.
aside from following me. Why should I strike you to
the ground? Then how could I hold up my face to
your brother Joab?
23 However he refused to turn aside, so Abner
3 Now there was a long war between the house
of Saul and the house of David, but David
became stronger and stronger, and the house of
struck him in the stomach with the butt end of the Saul became weaker and weaker.
spear, so that the spear came out at his back. And 2 And sons were born to David in Hebron, and
he fell down there and died in the same place. And his firstborn was Amnon, of Ahinoam from Jezreel;
it came about that everyone who came to the 3 and his second, Kileab, of Abigail the wife of
place where Asahel fell and died stood still. Nabal, from Carmel; and the third, Absalom, the
24 Joab and Abishai also pursued Abner, and son of Maacah the daughter of Talmai king of
the sun went down when they came to the hill of Geshur; 4 and the fourth, Adonijah the son of
Ammah, that lies before Giah by the way of the Haggith; and the fifth, Shephatiah the son of Abital;
wilderness of Gibeon. 25 And the children of 5 and the sixth, Ithream, by Davids wife Eglah.
Benjamin gathered together behind Abner and These were born to David in Hebron.
became one band and stood on the top of a hill. 6 And it came about, while there was war
26 Then Abner called to Joab, and said, Will between the house of Saul and the house of David,
the sword devour forever? Dont you know that it that Abner was making himself strong in the house
will result in bitterness in the end? How long will it of Saul. 7 And Saul had a concubine, whose name
and so nothing was settled between the two valley, the Arabah.
factions. Bithron the meaning of this Hebrew
Helkath Hazzurim this means Field word is uncertain. It may possibly mean
of daggers or Field of hostilities. morning or ravine.
2:17 Battle between the two armies. 3:1 This was a sad and unnecessary war
2:18 Zeruiah she was an older sister of brought about by personal rivalries and a
David. desire to cling to power on the part of the
2:21-23 Abner knew that further trouble family of Saul.
would result if he killed Asahel. In fact it 3:2-5 Polygamy is not Gods instructions for
resulted in Abners own death (3:27). men. See note at Gen 30:1. Of Davids six
2:26 Abner was trying to avert civil war sons born in Hebron, none was outstand-
between the tribes. He was a more peace- ing, and three at least, Amnon, Absalom
able man than Joab. It was he who and Adonijah, were self-seeking, scheming
suggested the representative combat to men who died in sad circumstances
settle their differences (v 14), and he who (chapters 13-18; 1 Kings chapters 1 and 2).
later made overtures of peace to David 3:7 Abner denied this accusation in the next
(3:12). But his action in vs 8,9 was the real verse, but it could have been true. Taking
source of this trouble. a kings concubine was, in the eyes of the
2:29 The plain here means the Jordan people, practically the equivalent of taking
2 SAMUEL 3:8 382
was Rizpah, the daughter of Aiah. And Ish- to speak in the ears of David all that seemed good
bosheth said to Abner, Why have you gone in to to Israel and that seemed good to the whole house
my fathers concubine? of Benjamin. 20 So Abner came to David at Hebron,
8 Then Abner was very angry at the words of and twenty men came with him. And David made
Ish-bosheth, and said, Am I a dogs head, who a feast for Abner and the men who were with him.
against Judah am showing kindness today to the 21 And Abner said to David, I will arise and go and
house of your father Saul, to his brethren and to gather all Israel to my lord the king, so that they
his friends, and have not delivered you into the may make a treaty with you, and that you may
hand of David, that you charge me today with a reign over all that your heart desires. And David
fault concerning this woman? 9 So may God do sent Abner away, and he went in peace.
harm to Abner, and more also, unless I do for 22 And just then the servants of David and
David just as the LORD has sworn to him, 10 to Joab came from pursuing a troop, and brought in
transfer the kingdom from the house of Saul and to great plunder with them. But Abner was not with
establish the throne of David over Israel and over David in Hebron, for he had sent him away, and he
Judah, from Dan to Beersheba. 11 And he could had gone in peace. 23 When Joab and all the army
not answer Abner another word, because he was that was with him had come, they told Joab, say-
afraid of him. ing, Abner the son of Ner came to the king, and he
12 And Abner sent messengers on his behalf to has sent him away, and he has gone in peace.
David, saying, Whose land is this? I say make 24 Then Joab came to the king and said, What
your treaty with me, and see that my hand will be have you done? See, Abner came to you! Why
with you, to bring all Israel over to you. have you sent him away? And he is already gone!
13 And David said, Good! I will make a treaty 25 You know Abner the son of Ner. He came to
with you. But one thing I require of you, that is, deceive you and to find out your going out and
you will not see my face unless you first bring Sauls your coming in, and to learn all that you are doing.
daughter Michal, when you come to see my face. 26 And when Joab came away from David, he
14 And David sent messengers to Sauls son sent messengers after Abner, who brought him back
Ish-bosheth, saying, Deliver my wife Michal to from the well of Sirah. But David did not know this.
me, whom I betrothed to myself for a hundred 27 And when Abner returned to Hebron, Joab took
foreskins of the Philistines. him aside in the gate to speak with him quietly and
15 And Ish-bosheth sent men and took her stabbed him there in the stomach, so that he died,
from her husband, from Phaltiel the son of Laish. because of the blood of his brother Asahel.
16 And her husband went along with her, weeping 28 And afterwards, when David heard this, he
behind her to Bahurim. Then Abner said to him, said, Before the LORD I and my kingdom are
Go, return. And he returned. forever innocent of the blood of Abner the son of
17 And Abner spoke with the elders of Israel, Ner. 29 May it rest on the head of Joab, and on all
saying, In times past you were seeking for David his fathers house, and may the house of Joab
to be king over you. 18 Now then do it. For the never fail to have someone who has a discharge or
LORD has spoken of David, saying, By the hand of who is a leper or who leans on a cane or who falls
my servant David I will save my people Israel from by the sword or who lacks bread.
the hand of the Philistines, and from the hand of all 30 So Joab and Abishai his brother killed Abner,
their enemies. because he had killed their brother Asahel at Gibeon
19 And Abner also spoke in the ears of the in the battle.
people of Benjamin, and Abner also went to Hebron 31 And David said to Joab and to all the people
his throne (16:20-22; 1 Kings 2:22). And people of Gilead.
Abner had been strengthening his own 3:19 Abner knew that the tribe of Benjamin
position (v 6). could be the greatest stumbling-block to an
3:9,10 1 Sam 15:28; 23:16,17. Since Abner agreement with David.
knew this he had no business making 3:22 All went smoothly and peaceably until
Ish-Bosheth king (2:8,9). Ish-Bosheth was a Joab arrived.
weak man, Abner the real power behind him. 3:25 This was a completely false charge.
3:10 Dan to Beersheba the most northern 3:27 2:23; 20:9,10; 1 Kings 2:5. Joab
town in the land to the most southern town. had no right whatever to take personal ven-
3:12 Did Abner think the land belonged to geance (Lev 19:18; Num 31:2). Compare
the two of them? Where did this leave God Prov 20:22; 24:29; Rom 12:17,19.
in Abners thinking? But see Lev 25:23; 3:28 David did not know what Joab intended
Ex 19:5; Ps 24:1. to do (v 26).
3:13,14 1 Sam 18:20,25,27; 25:44. 3:29 1 Kings 2:31-33.
3:17 Ish-Bosheth had little support in Israel A leper see note at Lev 13:2.
except for the tribe of Benjamin and the 3:31 1:11.
383 2 SAMUEL 5:2
who were with him, Tear your clothes, and tie on news came from Jezreel about Saul and Jonathan,
sackcloth and mourn in front of Abner. And king and his nurse picked him up and fled; and it so
David himself followed the bier. 32 And they buried happened that as she hurried to get away, he fell
Abner in Hebron, and the king raised his voice and and became lame. And his name was
wept at the grave of Abner; and all the people Mephibosheth.
wept. 5 And the sons of Rimmon the Beerothite,
33 And the king lamented over Abner and said, Rechab and Baanah, went and in the heat of the
day arrived at the house of Ish-bosheth, who lay
Should Abner have died as a fool dies?
on a bed at noon. 6 And they came there into the
34 Your hands were not bound,
middle of the house, as if to get wheat, and they
nor your feet put into fetters.
stabbed him in the stomach. Then Rechab and his
You fell as a man falls before wicked men.
brother Baanah escaped. 7 For when they came
And again all the people wept over him.
into the house, he lay on his bed in his bedroom,
35 And when all the people came to have David
and they struck him and killed him and beheaded
eat food while it was still day, David took an oath,
him, and took his head and travelled through the
saying, May God do harm to me, and more also,
plain all night. 8 And they brought the head of
if I taste bread or anything else until the sun sets.
Ish-bosheth to David at Hebron and said to the
36 And all the people took note of it, and it
king, See the head of Ish-bosheth the son of Saul
pleased them, just as whatever the king did pleased
your enemy who sought your life. And the LORD
all the people. 37 For all the people and all Israel
has taken vengeance on Saul and on his offspring,
understood that day that it was not the idea of the
for my lord the king.
king to kill Abner the son of Ner.
9 And David answered Rechab and his brother
38 And the king said to his servants, Do you
Baanah, the sons of Rimmon the Beerothite, and
not know that a prince and a great man has fallen
said to them, As the LORD lives, who has
today in Israel? 39 And today I am weak, even
redeemed my soul out of all adversity, 10 when
though the anointed king, and these men, the sons
someone told me, saying, Look, Saul is dead,
of Zeruiah, are too hard for me. The LORD will
thinking he had brought good news, I took hold of
repay the evildoer in accordance with his
him and killed him in Ziklag. He thought that I
wickedness.
would give him a reward for his news. 11 When
wicked men have killed a righteous person in his
4 And when Sauls son heard that Abner was
dead in Hebron, his hands became weak, and
all the Israelites were troubled. 2 And Sauls son
own house on his bed, shall I not much more
certainly now require his blood from your hand and
take you away from the earth?
had two men who were captains of bands. The 12 And David gave an order to his young men,
name of one was Baanah, and the name of the and they killed them and cut off their hands and
other Rechab. They were the sons of Rimmon, a their feet, and hung them up over the pool in
Beerothite, of the children of Benjamin (for Beeroth Hebron. But they took the head of Ish-bosheth
also was reckoned part of Benjamin. 3 And the and buried it in the tomb of Abner in Hebron.
Beerothites fled to Gittaim, and have been staying
5
there until this day). Then all the tribes of Israel came to David at
4 And Jonathan, Sauls son, had a son who was Hebron and spoke, saying, Look, we are your
lame in his feet. He was five years old when the bone and your flesh. 2 Also in time past, when Saul
3:32 In spite of living in violent times and one strong leader.
frequently engaging in warfare, David had 4:4 Mephibosheth was next in line in the
a tender heart, like Gods (1 Sam 13:14; house of Saul for the throne of Israel. David
Ps 35:11-14). later dealt very kindly with him (9:1-13).
3:33 1:17. 4:8 They actually thought David would be
3:37 One reason for Davids public display pleased with their murder of Ish-Bosheth,
of sorrow was to convince them of this. and reward them. They claimed Gods
3:39 Too hard David admits his weak- approval upon their deed, though they were
ness to deal with Joab and Abishai as he not concerned for Gods interests. Some
should have done. David should have people who pursue their own ends still like
judged Joabs crime and removed him from to make a show of piety by bringing Gods
any position of leadership, difficult as that name into their talk.
might have been to accomplish. Because 4:9,10 1:2-16.
he did not do so, others later lost their lives 4:11,12 Treachery and murder received their
at Joabs murderous hand. just reward.
Repay v 29. David, feeling his weak- 5:1 The tribes that is, leaders who
ness, left it to God to deal with Joab. represented all the tribes (v 3).
4:1 Troubled they had lost Abner, their 5:2 1 Sam 13:13,14; 16:1,13; 18:5,13,
2 SAMUEL 5:3 384
was king over us, you were the one who led Israel David perceived that the LORD had established
out and brought them in. And the LORD said to him king over Israel, and that he had exalted his
you, You will shepherd my people Israel and you kingdom for his people Israels sake.
will be a ruler over Israel. 13 And David took for himself more concubines
3 So all the elders of Israel came to the king at and wives from Jerusalem, after he had come from
Hebron, and king David made a covenant with them Hebron, and more sons and daughters were born
in Hebron before the LORD, and they anointed to David. 14 And these are the names of those
David king over Israel. who were born to him in Jerusalem: Shammuah
4 David was thirty years old when he began to and Shobab and Nathan and Solomon 15 and
reign, and he reigned forty years. 5 In Hebron he Ibhar and Elishua and Nepheg and Japhia 16 and
reigned over Judah seven years and six months, Elishama and Eliada and Eliphalet.
and in Jerusalem he reigned thirty-three years over 17 But when the Philistines heard that they had
all Israel and Judah. anointed David king over Israel, all the Philistines
6 And the king and his men went to Jerusalem came up to search for David. And David heard of
to the Jebusites, the inhabitants of the land. They it, and went down to the stronghold. 18 And the
spoke to David, saying, You will not come in here, Philistines came and spread out in the valley of
for the blind and the lame will turn you away, Rephaim. 19 And David inquired of the LORD,
thinking, David cannot get in here. saying, Shall I go up to the Philistines? Will you
7 Nevertheless David took the stronghold of Zion, deliver them into my hands?
that is, the city of David. And the LORD said to David, Go up, for I will
8 And David said on that day, Anyone who certainly deliver the Philistines into your hands.
would strike down the Jebusites, and those lame 20 And David came to Baal-Perazim and David
and the blind, whom Davids soul loathes, should defeated them there, and said, The LORD has
go up by the water channel. Therefore they said, broken out against my enemies before me, like
The blind and the lame shall not come into the waters break out. Therefore he called the name
house. of that place Baal-Perazim. 21 And they left their
9 So David lived in the fortress, and called it the idols there, and David and his men burned them.
city of David. And David built all around from Millo 22 And the Philistines came up again and spread
and inward. 10 And David went on to become out in the valley of Rephaim. 23 And when David
great, and the LORD God of hosts was with him. inquired of the LORD, he said, You shall not go up,
11 And Hiram king of Tyre sent messengers to but circle around behind them, and come on them
David, and cedar trees and carpenters and opposite the mulberry trees. 24 And it is to be like
masons; and they built David a house. 12 And this: when you hear the sound of marching in the
16,30; 23:17; 25:26-31. In Old Testa- 5:11 Hiram 1 Kings 5:1-18; 2 Chron
ment times the term shepherd was 2:1-12. Tyre was a city on the Mediterranean
applied not only to religious leaders, but coast north of Israel.
frequently to civil rulers, the kings (Ps 78:70- 5:12 David recognized that God had
72; Isa 44:28; Jer 2:8; Ezek 34:1-4). established him as king, not for his per-
5:3 2:4; 1 Sam 16:13. sonal benefit, but for the benefit of the
5:4 Thirty Gen 41:46; Luke 3:23. All of people whom he was to shepherd. Happy
Davids previous life with its trials, troubles, any people who have such a leader, civil or
and tribulations, its victories and successes, religious. Compare Mark 9:35; 10:44,45;
was Gods preparation for the throne. 1 Cor 10:33; 2 Cor 4:5. Alas, that so
5:6-10 1 Chron 11:4-9. many in Christian circles seek position and
5:6 Jerusalem was more centrally located in power for their own sake, and have no re-
the land than Hebron, and on the border gard for the people whom they should serve.
between Judah and Benjamin, and so was 5:13 No doubt this was the custom of kings
the ideal place for Davids capital city (v 9). in those days, but it was forbidden in Gods
It was an ancient city (Gen 14:16) that had law Deut 17:14-17. Note at 3:2-5.
been briefly taken at the time of Joshua, 5:17 The stronghold possibly refers to
but Israel had not been able to keep it in some place in the desert area of southern
their possession (Jud 1:8,21; Josh 15:63). Judah where he had found refuge from Saul
Jerusalem was easy to defend because it (1 Sam 22:4; 23:14).
was on high ground surrounded on three 5:19 2:1; 1 Sam 23:2,6.
sides by deep valleys. So the Jebusites 5:20 Baal-Perazim means The Lord who
thought they could taunt David. breaks out.
5:8 1 Chron 11:6. 5:21 They burned these idols which the
5:10 LORD God of hosts note at 1 Sam Philistines had carried into battle 1 Chron
1:3. 14:12.
With him 3:1; 7:9; Gen 37:2,21,23; 5:23 Inquired a believer should make
Josh 1:5; Ps 18:39; 46:7,11; Matt 1:23. no plans without this.
5:11-25 1 Chron 14:1-16. 5:24 Marching angelic forces going with
385 2 SAMUEL 6:18
tops of the mulberry trees, then you must move 9 And David was afraid of the LORD that day,
quickly, for then the LORD will go out before you to and said, How will the ark of the LORD come to
strike the army of the Philistines. 25 And David did me? 10 So David would not move the ark of the
just as the LORD commanded him, and struck down LORD to him in the city of David, but David carried
the Philistines from Geba until you come to Gazer. it aside into the house of Obed-Edom the Gittite.
11 And the ark of the LORD stayed in the house of
6 David again gathered together all the chosen
men of Israel, thirty thousand, 2 and David
arose and went with all the people who were with
Obed-Edom the Gittite for three months, and the
LORD blessed Obed-Edom and all his household.
12 And it was told king David, saying, The LORD
him from Baalah of Judah to bring up from there has blessed the house of Obed-Edom and all that
the ark of God, the name of which is called by the belongs to him, because of the ark of God. So
name of the LORD of hosts that dwells between David went and joyfully brought up the ark of God
the cherubim. 3 And they set the ark of God on a from the house of Obed-Edom into the city of David.
new cart and brought it from the house of Abinadab 13 And it was like this: when those who were
that was in Gibeah. And Uzzah and Ahio, the sons carrying the ark of the LORD had gone six paces,
of Abinadab, were leading the new cart. 4 And he sacrificed an ox and another fat animal, 14 and
they brought it out of the house of Abinadab which David danced before the LORD with all his might;
was at Gibeah with the ark of God, and Ahio was and David was wearing a linen ephod. 15 So David,
walking in front of the ark. 5 And David and all the and all the house of Israel, brought up the ark of
house of Israel played before the LORD on all kinds the LORD with shouting and with the sound of the
of instruments made of fir wood and on harps and trumpet.
on lyres and on tambourines and on castanets and 16 And as the ark of the LORD came into the
on cymbals. city of David, Sauls daughter Michal looked through
6 And when they came to Nachons threshing a window and saw king David leaping and dancing
floor, Uzzah put out his hand to the ark of God and in the presence of the LORD, and she despised him
took hold of it, because the oxen were shaking it. in her heart.
7 And the anger of the LORD burned against Uzzah, 17 And they brought in the ark of the LORD and
and God struck him there for his error; and there set it in its place, in the middle of the tent that
he died by the ark of God. David had pitched for it. And David offered burnt
8 And David was displeased, because the LORD offerings and peace offerings before the LORD.
broke out against Uzzah, and he called the name of 18 And as soon as David had finished offering burnt
the place Perez Uzzah, its name to this day. offerings and peace offerings, he blessed the
David. Compare Ex 23:23; 33:2; Ps 34:7; obedience to His instructions. Compare Lev
35:5; 68:17; 91:11; Isa 37:36; 63:9; 10:1-3; Num 15:30-36; Josh 7:25,26;
Matt 26:53; Heb 1:14. Acts 5:1-11. Notes on Gods anger at Num
5:25 A distance of nearly 30 kilometers. 25:3; Ps 90:7-11; etc.
6:1-11 1 Chron 13:1-14. 6:8 David was angry and perplexed at Gods
6:2 Ark of God note at Ex 25:10-16. dealings (this temptation comes to all of us
Baalah of Judah another name for at times). Joy (v 5) was turned to gloom.
Kiriath-Jearim (Josh 15:9). The ark had He had wanted to honor God but he had not
been left there during Sauls reign (1 Sam done it in Gods way. He later admitted that
7:1). he had not inquired of the Lord about it
6:3 God had given instructions as to how (1 Chron 15:13). The way of obedience may
the ark was to be carried (Num 4:4-6,15; be harder, but it is the only way God will
7:9). David used the same method used accept. Perez Uzzah means breaking out
by the Philistines (1 Sam 6:7,8). The result against Uzzah.
was disastrous. Gods work must be done 6:9-12 David was afraid that wherever the
in Gods way to obtain Gods blessing. ark went there would be danger and trouble.
6:5 Compare psalm 150. Gods blessing the household of Obed-Edom
Playing before the LORD on all kinds of showed him this was not so. So David went
instruments made of fir wood or it could and got the ark. He had now realized his
be translated celebrating with all their might error in method and used Gods way. See
before the LORD, with songs (see note on 1 Chron 15:1,2,11-15.
Hebrew at Ps 14:7). 6:12 City of David 5:7.
6:6 Took hold of this was plainly forbid- 6:14,15 Obedience to Gods instruction
den by God in Num 4:15,19,20. brought restored joy.
6:7 God struck him 1 Sam 6:19. It may 6:16 Michal the carnal and worldly can-
seem to some people that Uzzahs not stand to see others zealous for God.
punishment was too severe, but God is the Note at Ps 69:9.
one who must determine such matters. He 6:17 Offerings notes at Leviticus
sometimes has to use stern measures to chapters 1 and 3.
emphasize the importance of holiness and 6:18 1 Kings 8:14,15.
2 SAMUEL 6:19 386
people in the name of the LORD of hosts. 19 And 4 But it happened that night that the word of
he gave out to each one among all the people, the LORD came to Nathan, saying,
among the whole multitude of Israel, to the women 5 Go and tell my servant David, Thus says the
as well as to the men, a cake of bread and a good LORD: Will you build me a house for me to live in?
piece of meat and a raisin cake. So all the people 6 For I have not lived in any house since the time
departed, each one to his house. that I brought up the children of Israel out of Egypt
20 Then David returned to bless his household. to this day, but have moved about with a tent and
And Michal the daughter of Saul came out to meet with a tabernacle. 7 In any place I have travelled
David and said, How glorious was the king of with all the children of Israel did I speak a word with
Israel today, who uncovered himself today in the any of the leaders of the tribes of Israel, whom I
eyes of his servants maids, as one of the commanded to shepherd my people Israel, saying,
worthless fellows shamelessly uncovers himself! Why do you not build me a house of cedar?
21 And David said to Michal, It was in the 8 Now therefore you shall say this to my
presence of the LORD, who chose me instead of servant David: Thus says the LORD of hosts, I
your father and instead of all his household, to took you from the pasture, from following the sheep,
appoint me ruler over the people of the LORD, to be ruler over my people, over Israel, 9 and I
over Israel. Therefore I will celebrate before the have been with you wherever you went, and have
LORD. 22 And I will be still more insignificant than cut off all your enemies from your sight, and have
this and will be lowered in my own eyes, but I will be made you a great name, like the name of the great
held in honour by the maidservants of whom you men who are in the earth. 10 Moreover I will
have spoken. provide a place for my people Israel, and will plant
23 Therefore Michal the daughter of Saul had them, so that they can live in a place of their own
no child to the day of her death. and move no more. Nor will the children of wicked-
ness afflict them any more, as before, 11 even
7 And it came about, when the king lived in his
house and the LORD had given him rest all
around from all his enemies, 2 that the king said to
from the time that I commanded judges to be over
my people Israel, for I have caused you to rest
from all your enemies.
Nathan the prophet, See now, I live in a house of Also the LORD tells you that he will make a
cedar, but the ark of God dwells within tent house for you. 12 And when your days are fulfilled,
curtains. and you sleep with your ancestors, after you I will
3 And Nathan said to the king, Go, do all that appoint your offspring, who comes forth from your
is in your heart, for the LORD is with you. body, and I will establish his kingdom. 13 He will
6:20 Uncovered David had not worn his speak rashly.
royal robes (v 14), only ordinary clothing, 7:4-7 God was satisfied with His tent. He
and Michal thought he had been very (with His people) was a pilgrim on earth
undignified in the expression of his joy and (v 6. Think of it!). The tent was an
zeal for God. She little realized there are adequate symbol of His presence with
things more important than human dignity. Israel. He had not desired a temple, had
6:21,22 The LORD David was thinking not asked for one.
only of God, not what people might think of 7:4-11 God preferred to do something for
him. The dignity of his office did not appeal David, rather than have David build a temple
to him as did lowly, humble rejoicing in God. for Him (vs 9,11). He had already done
7:1-29 1 Chron 17:1-27. great things for David (vs 8,9). Now He
7:2 Nathan 12:1; 1 Kings 1:8,22; would do still greater things for him and for
1 Chron 29:29; 2 Chron 9:29. Israel (vs 9-11).
Tent note at Ex 25:8. David recog- 7:10 Afflict refers to the oppression
nized God as the heavenly king of Israel Israel experienced in Egypt and later in their
(Ps 10:16; 24:7,8). The ark which sym- own land during the times of the Judges.
bolized Gods presence was in a tent (6:17), 7:11 Judges or leaders the Hebrew
while David the earthly king lived in a fine word means both.
palace. A person as concerned with Gods You David wanted to build a material
glory as David could not but think this was house for God. God would build a house
unfitting. He wanted to build a magnificent for David a royal dynasty. This promise
temple for God (1 Chron 22:1-5; 28:2). to David was not based on conditions and it
This desire was good, but David was not finds its final fulfilment in the Lord Jesus
permitted to build the temple (1 Kings Christ, the Son of David and the inheritor
8:17-19; 2 Chron 22:7,8). Each of Gods of Davids throne (Ps 89:27-29; Matt 1:1;
servants has his own work which God has Luke 1:32,33,69; Acts 2:30; 13:23; Rom
given and will not be able to do the work 1:2,3; Rev 3:7; 22:16).
committed to someone else. 7:12 Offspring Solomon (1 Kings 1:29-40).
7:3 Nathan said this without getting Gods 7:13 See 1 Kings chapter 6. God here gives
thoughts about it. Even great prophets may His approval for the building of a temple.
387 2 SAMUEL 7:29
build a house for my name, and I will establish with our ears. 23 And what one nation in the earth
the throne of his kingdom forever. 14 I will be is like your people, like Israel, whom God went to
his father, and he will be my son. If he commits redeem as a people for himself and to make a name
iniquity, I will discipline him with the rod of men for himself, and to do great and awe-inspiring things
and with the blows of the children of men, 15 but for yourself, for your land, before your people,
my mercy will not depart from him, as I took it whom you redeemed for yourself from Egypt, from
from Saul, whom I put away before you. 16 And the nations and their gods? 24 For you have
your house and your kingdom will be established established for yourself your people Israel to be
forever before you; your throne will be established your people forever, and you, LORD, have
forever. become their God.
17 Nathan spoke to David in accordance with 25 And now, O LORD God, establish forever
all these words and in accordance with this whole the word that you have spoken concerning your
vision. servant and concerning his house, and do as you
18 Then king David went in and sat before the have said. 26 And let your name be magnified for
LORD, and he said, Who am I, O Lord God? And ever, saying, The LORD of hosts is the God over
what is my house, that you have brought me this Israel; and let the house of your servant David be
far? 19 And even this was a small thing in your established before you.
sight, O Lord God, but you have also spoken of 27 For you, O LORD of hosts, God of Israel,
your servants house for a great time to come. have made a revelation to your servant, saying, I
And is this the custom of man, O Lord God? will build you a house. Therefore your servant has
20 And what more can David say to you? For found it in his heart to pray this prayer to you.
you, Lord God, know your servant. 21 For your 28 And now, O Lord God, you are God, and your
words sake, and in accordance with your own heart, words are true, and you have promised this good-
you have done all these great things, to make your ness to your servant. 29 Therefore now let it please
servant know them. you to bless the house of your servant, that it may
22 Therefore you are great, O LORD God, for continue forever before you, for you, O Lord God,
there is no one like you, nor is there any God have said it. And let the house of your servant be
besides you, according to all that we have heard blessed with your blessing forever.
He had not asked men to build one for Him, The rod of men God uses other men
but He would permit it and use the temple to chastise His people. See Ps 66:10-12.
as a picture to set forth certain aspects of Later He chastised Solomon in this way
the spiritual work of Christ (Eph 2:19-22; 1 Kings 11:9,14,23,26.
etc). See note on something similar at 7:15 Saul 1 Sam 15:23,28; 16:14.
1 Sam 8:5-22. 7:18 Who am I Ex 3:11; Jud 6:15;
Throne of his kingdom Solomons Jer 1:6; John 1:27; Eph 3:8; Luke
kingdom was the nation of Israel. He had 17:10; Matt 23:12.
no other. 7:20 1 Sam 16:7; Ps 139:1-4; John 2:24,25.
Forever v 16; 2 Sam 22:51; 1 Kings 7:21 Your words sake probably means
2:4,45; Isa 9:7; Jer 17:25; 33:14-18; here all the promises God had made
Luke 1:33. Is it necessary that Christ reign concerning Israel.
on earth over the nation Israel to fulfil this 7:22 LORD God in Hebrew, Jehovah
promise? Bible commentators are divided Elohim.
about this. Some think that this promise No one like you a truth emphasized
and others such as Isa 9:7; 11:1-9; 32:1- everywhere in the Bible Ex 15:11; Deut
5 have only a spiritual fulfilment in the 3:24; 1 Sam 2:2; Ps 86:10; Isa 44:6,8;
Church. Others think there will be some 45:18,22; 1 Cor 8:4-6; 1 Tim 6:15,16.
kind of literal fulfilment, that the nation of 7:23 Deut 4:7,32-38; 10:21; 15:15; Josh
Israel, brought back to God, will occupy the 21:43-45
central position during a thou- sand-year 7:24 Gen 17:7; Ex 6:7; 19:6; Deut
reign of Christ on earth. Certainly it seems 10:15; 26:18; 32:6; Isa 43:21. Observe
both David and Solomon thought that God that the nation Israel is Gods people forever.
was referring to a literal kingdom on earth Compare Jer 31:35-40; 33:17-26.
(vs 24-26; 2 Chron 6:16,17). And it seems 7:27 Effective prayer will be based on Gods
that Christs disciples, after receiving revelation of His will. Compare 1 John
instruction by Christ Himself for forty days 5:14,15.
about the kingdom of God, also thought so 7:28 True or trustworthy Ex 34:6;
(Acts 1:3,6). Certainly the writer of these Deut 7:9; Ps 36:5; Titus 1:2; Rev 1:5;
notes thinks so. See also notes at Isa 19:11.
2:1-4; Rev 20:4-6; etc. 7:29 Blessing notes at Gen 12:2,3;
7:14 Discipline Deut 8:5; Prov 3:11,12; 24:35; Num 6:22-27; Deut 28:1,2;
Heb 12:5-11; Rev 3:19. Ps 1:1,2.
2 SAMUEL 8:1 388
8 And after this it came about that David
defeated the Philistines and subdued them,
and David took Methegammah out of the hands of
11 And these king David dedicated to the LORD,
with the silver and gold that he had dedicated from
all the nations which he subdued, 12 from Syria
the Philistines. and from Moab and from the children of Ammon
2 And he defeated Moab, and measured them and from the Philistines and from Amalek and from
with a cord, making them lie down on the ground. the plunder from Hadadezer, son of Rehob, king of
He measured those to be put to death with two Zobah.
cord lengths, and those to be kept alive with one 13 And David got a name for himself when he
full cord length. And so the Moabites became returned from striking down eighteen thousand of
subject to David and brought tribute. the Syrians in the Valley of Salt.
3 David also defeated Hadadezer, the son of 14 And he put garrisons in Edom. He put these
Rehob, king of Zobah, as he went to recover his garrisons throughout the whole of Edom and all the
border at the river Euphrates. 4 And David took Edomites became subject to David. And the LORD
from him a thousand chariots and seven hundred preserved David wherever he went.
horsemen and twenty thousand foot soldiers, and 15 And David reigned over all Israel, and David
David hamstrung all the chariot horses, except executed judgment and justice to all his people.
what he kept of them for a hundred chariots. 16 And Joab the son of Zeruiah was over the
5 And when the Syrians of Damascus came to army, and Jehoshaphat the son of Ahilud was re-
help Hadadezer king of Zobah, David killed twenty- corder, 17 and Zadok the son of Ahitub and Ahime-
two thousand of the Syrian men. 6 Then David put lech the son of Abiathar were the priests, and
garrisons in Syria of Damascus, and the Syrians Seraiah was the scribe, 18 and Benaiah the son of
became subject to David and brought tribute. And Jehoiada was over both the Kerethites and the
the LORD preserved David wherever he went. Pelethites, and Davids sons were chief ministers.
7 And David took the shields of gold that were
on the servants of Hadadezer, and brought them
to Jerusalem. 8 And king David brought a great
amount of bronze from Betah and from Berothai,
9 And David said, Is there still anyone left of
the house of Saul, that I may show him
kindness for Jonathans sake?
cities of Hadadezer. 2 And in the household of Saul there was a
9 When Toi king of Hamath heard that David servant whose name was Ziba. And when they
had defeated the whole army of Hadadezer, had called him to David, the king said to him, Are
10 then Toi sent his son Joram to king David to you Ziba?
greet him and to bless him, because he had fought And he said, Your servant.
against Hadadezer and defeated him, for Hadadezer 3 And the king said, Is no one of the house of
had waged wars with Toi. And Joram brought with Saul still left, that I may show the kindness of God
him silver articles and gold articles and bronze to him?
articles. And Ziba said to the king, Jonathan still has
8:1-14 1 Chron 18:1-13. to enrich themselves.
8:2 Moab Gen 19:37. Davids great- 8:13 A name 7:9. Valley of Salt
grandmother was a Moabite (Ruth 1:4; Probably just south of the Dead Sea.
4:13,21,22), and previously David had a 8:14 The Edomites were descended from
friendly relationship with Moab (1 Sam Esau, son of Isaac (Gen 25:21-26).
22:3,4). 8:15 In psalm 101 David records his principles
8:3 1 Sam 14:47. Zobah a kingdom on of just administration in the kingdom of
Israels northern border. Israel. Psalm 15 gives some of his inspired
Euphrates river Gods promise to views on personal conduct. David did more
Abraham was of a land that extended as than make resolutions or write about justice;
far as the Euphrates (Gen 15:18-21; Deut he practiced what he preached.
1:7; 11:24; Josh 1:4). 8:16 Joab 2:13. Note at 3:39.
8:4 Hamstrung Josh 11:9. 8:18 Kerethites 1 Sam 30:14. They lived
8:5 Damascus capital of Syria and later in the south of the land of Canaan near the
a continual enemy of Israel. Philistines. Nothing is known for certain
8:6 3:18; 5:10. about the origins of this people.
8:9 Hamath a kingdom north of Zobah. Pelethites possibly (but not certainly)
8:11 These were later used in the construc- comes from the word Philistine. Men from
tion of the temple (1 Kings 7:51). Observe these alien nations composed a private army
that David did not enrich himself by his or bodyguard for king David.
position and his victories. He gave to God 9:1 Jonathans sake 1 Sam 20:14-17,42.
what he could have kept for himself. How 9:2 Ziba 16:1-4; 19:17,29.
different from many today who keep for 9:3 Lame 4:4. Mephibosheth was five
themselves what they should give to God, years old when Saul and Jonathan were
or even steal from funds given to Gods work killed, and now he was a young man with a
389 2 SAMUEL 10:10
a son, who is lame in his feet.
4 And the king said to him, Where is he?
And Ziba said to the king, See, he is in the
10 And it came about after this that the king
of the children of Ammon died and Hanun
his son reigned in his stead. 2 Then David said, I
house of Machir, the son of Ammiel, in Lodebar. will show kindness to Hanun the son of Nahash, as
5 Then king David sent men and had him brought his father showed kindness to me. And David sent
from the house of Machir, the son of Ammiel, from to comfort him through his servants about his
Lodebar. 6 Now when Mephibosheth, the son of father. And Davids servants came into the land of
Jonathan, the son of Saul, came to David, he went the children of Ammon.
down on his face and prostrated himself. 3 And the leaders of the children of Ammon said
And David said, Mephibosheth! to Hanun their lord, Do you think that David is
And he answered, See your servant! honouring your father, because he has sent
7 And David said to him, Do not be afraid, for comforters to you? Has not David sent his
I will certainly show you kindness for your father servants to you to explore the city, and to spy it
Jonathans sake, and will restore to you all the land out and to overthrow it? 4 Wherefore Hanun took
of your grandfather Saul, and you will eat bread at Davids servants and shaved off one half of their
my table permanently. beards and cut off their cloaks in the middle at their
8 And he bowed down and said, What is your hips, and sent them away.
servant, that you should look on such a dead dog 5 When they told it to David, he sent someone
as I? to meet them, because the men were greatly
9 Then the king called for Ziba, Sauls servant, ashamed. And the king said, Stay at Jericho until
and said to him, I have given all that belonged to your beards are grown, and then return.
Saul and to his whole household to your masters 6 And when the children of Ammon saw that
grandson. 10 You, therefore, and your sons and they had become odious to David, the children of
your servants, shall till the land for him and bring in Ammon sent agents and hired the Syrians of
the harvests, so that your masters grandson may Beth-Rehob and the Syrians of Zoba, twenty thou-
have food to eat. However Mephibosheth, your sand foot soldiers, and a thousand men from king
masters grandson, will always eat food at my table. Maacah, and twelve thousand men from Ishtob.
Now Ziba had fifteen sons and twenty servants. 7 And when David heard of it, he sent Joab and
11 Then Ziba said to the king, Your servant will all the army of the mighty men. 8 And the children
act in accordance with all that my lord the king has of Ammon came out and drew up battle lines at the
commanded his servant to do. entrance of the gate, and the Syrians of Zoba and
The king said, As for Mephibosheth, he will eat of Rehob and Ishtob and Maacah were by
at my table, like one of the kings sons. themselves in the field.
12 And Mephibosheth had a young son, whose 9 When Joab saw that there were two battle
name was Micha. And all who lived in the house of fronts against him, in the front and in the rear, he
Ziba were servants of Mephibosheth. selected some of all the choice men of Israel and
13 So Mephibosheth lived in Jerusalem, for he put them in array against the Syrians, 10 and the
regularly ate at the kings table. And he was lame rest of the people he put into the hands of his
in both of his feet. brother Abishai, so that he could put them in array
son of his own (v 12). Many years elapsed shows grace to fallen and sinful men.
before David fulfilled his obligation to Compare Eph 4:32; 1 John 2:12.
Jonathan. Mephibosheth was in a distant 9:8 The name Mephibosheth means
place (v 4), and David had been busy destroyer of shame. He was not ashamed
establishing his kingdom and warring with to accept the grace and kindness of a king.
his enemies. Nor should sinful men be ashamed to
9:4 Machir he seems to have been a kind- accept the grace of the heavenly king (Rom
hearted and God-fearing man. He befriended 1:16; 2 Tim 1:8). But because of pride
the dead Jonathans crippled son who had many cannot endure the thought of being
fallen on hard times. Later he helped David completely cast on the mercy and grace of
when he fled from Absalom (17:27-29). God for salvation.
Lo-Debar a town east of the Jordan 9:11 Like one of the kings sons 1 John
river and deep into Gilead. 3:1; Rev 3:20.
9:7 Afraid he had probably heard that 10:1-19 1 Chron 19:1-19.
kings often exterminated any in the family 10:2 We have no record of the kindness
of the previous monarch who could be a Nahash showed David. But this reveals a
rival for the throne. very good quality in David gratitude.
Kindness for. . .Jonathans sake here 10:6 Odious Gen 34:30; 1 Sam 13:4;
is a beautiful picture which suggests how God 27:12.
2 SAMUEL 10:11 390
against the children of Ammon. 11 And he said, If thousand horsemen, and struck down Shobach,
the Syrians are too strong for me, then you help the captain of their host, who died there. 19 And
me, but if the children of Ammon are too strong for when all the kings who were subject to Hadarezer
you, then I will come and help you. 12 Be saw that they were defeated before Israel, they
courageous, and let us be strong for our people made peace with Israel and became subject to them.
and for the cities of our God. And may the LORD So the Syrians were afraid to help the children of
do what seems good to him. Ammon any more.
13 And Joab and the people who were with him
drew near to the battle against the Syrians, and
they fled before him. 14 And when the children of
Ammon saw that the Syrians had fled, then they
11 And this happened at the turn of the year,
at the time when kings go forth to battle:
David sent out Joab and his servants with him and
also fled before Abishai and entered the city. So all Israel. And they destroyed the children of
Joab returned from the children of Ammon and came Ammon and besieged Rabbah. But David still stayed
to Jerusalem. at Jerusalem.
15 And when the Syrians saw that they were 2 And it so happened one evening that David
defeated before Israel, they gathered themselves arose from his bed and walked on the roof of the
together. 16 And Hadarezer sent men and brought kings house, and from the roof he saw a woman
the Syrians who were beyond the river. And they bathing. And the woman was very beautiful in
came to Helam, and Shobach the captain of the appearance. 3 And David sent and inquired about
host of Hadarezer was leading them. the woman. And someone said, Is not this
17 And when it was told David, he gathered all Bathsheba, the daughter of Eliam, the wife of Uriah
Israel together and crossed over the Jordan and the Hittite? 4 And David sent messengers, and
came to Helam. And the Syrians set themselves in took her; and she came in to him, and he lay with
array against David and fought with him. 18 And her, for she was purified from her uncleanness.
the Syrians fled before Israel, and David killed Then she returned to her house. 5 And the woman
seven hundred charioteers of the Syrians and forty conceived, and sent and told David and said, I am
10:12 May the LORD though Joab was a Bible, not that we should follow it, but that
hard, bloodthirsty man, he was brave and we might avoid it. See 1 Cor 10:1-13.
made some acknowledgment of God. 11:2 He saw see Job 31:1. Compare
10:13 1 Kings 20:13-21. Davids behavior with Josephs (Gen
10:16 The river Euphrates (8:3). 39:7-12). Later David rightly accepted the
10:18 In the parallel account in 1 Chron blame for the sin recorded in this chapter
19:18 the number of charioteers is recorded (see psalm 51), but this does not excuse
as seven thousand. This is one example Bathsheba. She must have realized that
of several differences in numbers between the courtyard of her house was in full view
the books of Samuel, Kings, and Chronicles. of the roof of Davids palace. Bathsheba is
There were no printing presses in those days not explicitly accused of trying to tempt
or any sort of duplicating machines. David, but she did not resist the sin of adul-
Manuscripts had to be laboriously copied by tery with him (v 4), and was willing to marry
hand. Although great care, really amazing him as soon as possible (v 27). Surely she
care, was taken to copy accurately, minor was not entirely without guilt in all this.
copying errors were sometimes made. It 11:3 Wife when David found out that
was particularly easy to make mistakes in Bathsheba was another mans wife, his one
copying numbers. There is no doctrine of business should have been to forget her. Even
the Bible the least affected by any such the lust he felt for her was sin (Ex 20:17).
mistakes in copying, and we can only marvel Uriah this man was not an unknown
at the accuracy of the manuscripts as a soldier, but one of the 37 greatest heroes
whole which were transmitted over many in Davids army (23:39). At that very
centuries and copied again and again. moment he was in the battle against the
11:1 Stayed at Jerusalem because David Ammonites (vs 6,7).
did not go with the army he fell into temp- 11:4 Ancient heathen kings had their
tation and great sin. We see in this chapter harems and brought anyone they wanted
once again that the Bible does not try to into them. But Gods standards for His
hide the sins and failures of Gods people, people are different (Lev 18:1-4), and David
but tells things just as they were. Compare knew this. Under Gods law Davids (and
Gen 9:21; 12:13; 27:18-26; Ex 32:2-4; Bathshebas) sin was worthy of death (Lev
Num 20:12; Judges chapter 16; etc. From 20:10). In the New Testament such sins
this account of Davids sin we can learn that are seen to be worthy of eternal damnation
even the greatest men of faith may fall to a 1 Cor 6:9,10; Rev 21:8.
very low level. From the next chapter we Uncleanness Lev 15:19-30.
can learn that God forgives the worst of sins 11:5 Her sin would soon be evident to Uriah.
if there is genuine repentance. We should Bathsheba leaves the solution of this prob-
remember that bad example is put in the lem to David.
391 2 SAMUEL 12:1
pregnant. of the people of the servants of David fell. And
6 And David sent word to Joab, saying, Send Uriah the Hittite also died.
me Uriah the Hittite. And Joab sent Uriah to David. 18 Then Joab sent a man to tell David
7 And when Uriah came to him, David asked him everything concerning the war, 19 and ordered
how Joab did and how the people did and how the the messenger, saying, When you have finished
war prospered. 8 Then David said to Uriah, Go telling the matters of the war to the king, 20 then
down to your house and wash your feet. And if it so happens that the kings anger is aroused and
Uriah left the kings house, and a gift from the king he says to you, Why did you approach so near to
followed him. 9 But Uriah slept at the door of the the city while you were fighting? Did you not know
kings house with all the servants of his lord, and that they would shoot from the wall? 21 Who struck
did not go down to his house. down Abimelech the son of Jerubbesheth? Did not
10 And when they told David, saying, Uriah a woman hurl a piece of a millstone on him from the
did not go down to his house, David said to Uriah, wall, so that he died in Thebez? Why did you go
Did you not come from your journey? Why then near the wall? Then you say, Your servant Uriah
did you not go down to your house? the Hittite also is dead.
11 And Uriah said to David, The ark and Israel 22 So the messenger went, and came and told
and Judah are staying in tents, and my lord Joab David all that Joab had sent by him. 23 And the
and the servants of my lord are camped in the messenger said to David, The men certainly pre-
open fields. Shall I then go to my house to eat and vailed against us, and came out to us in the field,
to drink, and to lie with my wife? As you live, and but we pressed them even to the entrance of the
as your soul lives, I will not do this thing. gate. 24 And the archers shot from the wall at
12 And David said to Uriah, Wait here today your servants; and some of the kings servants
also, and tomorrow I will let you depart. So Uriah are dead, and your servant Uriah the Hittite also is
stayed in Jerusalem that day, and the next day. dead.
13 And when David called him, he ate and drank 25 Then David said to the messenger, This is
before him, and David made him drunk. And at what you are to say to Joab: Do not let this thing
evening he went out to lie on his bed with the distress you, for the sword consumes one as well
servants of his lord, but he did not go down to his as another. Strengthen your battle against the
house. city, and overthrow it, and encourage him.
14 And it came about in the morning that David 26 And when the wife of Uriah heard that Uriah
wrote a letter to Joab, and sent it by the hand of her husband was dead, she mourned for her
Uriah. 15 And he wrote in the letter, saying, Set husband. 27 And when the mourning was past,
Uriah in the forefront of the hottest battle and David sent and had her brought to his house, and
draw back from him, so that he may be struck down she became his wife, and bore him a son. But the
and die. thing that David had done displeased the LORD.
16 And it came about, when Joab looked the
city over, that he assigned Uriah to a place where
he knew that valiant men were. 17 And the men of
the city came out and fought with Joab, and some
12 And the LORD sent Nathan to David. And
he came to him and said to him, There
were two men in one city, the one rich and the
11:11 Observe Uriahs devotion to duty. It meant that he was responsible for the
is in glaring contrast to Davids behavior. killing of others in his own army. Oh where
He did not want to enjoy himself while his does sin end once it has begun?
fellow soldiers were experiencing rough 11:21 Jerubbesheth Gideon. He was
conditions and in danger. also called Jerubbaal.
11:13 David thought drunkenness would Thebez Jud 9:50-54.
overcome Uriahs sense of responsibility and Uriah Joab was sure that any anger
loyalty to his fellow soldiers. But it did not. David might feel over the loss of men would
11:14,15 David sent by Uriah the orders for evaporate at the news of Uriahs death.
Uriahs own murder. For murder it certainly Verse 25 shows that Joabs confidence in
was (12:9). This incident throws further light this matter was well founded.
on the character of Joab. Apparently David 11:27 The haste with which the marriage was
was confident that Joab would have no arranged would indicate that the mourning
scruples about being involved in another was little more than a show.
murder. We can learn from all this how one Displeased the LORD 12:9. When a
sin leads to another and may involve more man does as he pleases we may be sure
and more people. Trying to cover one sin that it displeases God and that there will
usually results in lies and deception, and eventually be sad consequences. God had
sometimes more violent sin. Altogether appointed David to shepherd the people
David broke three of Gods most important (5:2; 7:8), not to steal their wives, or
commandments (Ex 20:13,14,17). murder them.
11:17 Davids way of getting rid of Uriah 12:1 The LORD sent it is a great mercy
2 SAMUEL 12:2 392
other poor. 2 The rich man had a great many and gave you the house of Israel and of Judah.
flocks and herds, 3 but the poor man had nothing, And as if that was too little, in addition I would
except one little ewe lamb, which he had bought have given to you other such things. 9 Why have
and nourished. And it grew up with him and with you despised the commandment of the LORD, to
his children. It ate from his own food and drank do evil in his sight? You have killed Uriah the Hittite
from his own cup and lay in his bosom, and was like with the sword, and have taken his wife to be your
a daughter to him. wife, having killed him with the sword of the
4 And a traveller came to the rich man, and he children of Ammon. 10 Now therefore the sword
spared his own flock and his own herd, refusing to will never depart from your house, because you
take from them to prepare for the traveller who have despised me, and have taken the wife of
had come to him, but took the poor mans lamb and Uriah the Hittite to be your wife.
prepared it for the man who had come to him. 11 Thus says the LORD: See, I will raise up evil
5 And Davids anger burned greatly against the against you from your own house, and before your
man, and he said to Nathan, As the LORD lives, eyes I will take your wives and give them to your
the man who has done this thing shall surely die! neighbour, and he will lie with your wives in the
6 And he shall restore the lamb fourfold, because sight of this sun. 12 For you did it secretly, but I will
he did this thing, and because he had no pity. do this thing before all Israel, and before the sun.
7 And Nathan said to David, You are the man. 13 And David said to Nathan, I have sinned
Thus says the LORD God of Israel: I anointed you against the LORD.
king over Israel, and I delivered you out of the And Nathan said to David, The LORD has also
hands of Saul, 8 and I gave you your masters put away your sin. You will not die. 14 However,
house, and your masters wives into your bosom, because by this deed you have given great
that God does not quickly abandon men in who had shown him continual grace (vs 7,8).
their sin but seeks to bring them to repen- Despised the commandment Isa
tance. This visit of Nathan took place a 5:24; Ezek 20:13; Amos 2:4; Mal 1:6. By
considerable time after Davids sin with his actions David showed this attitude
Bathsheba. A child had already been born toward Gods Word (compare Num 15:31).
to them. David still had not repented. If David had been asked he would have
Nathan once Nathan had come from said, no doubt, that he loved Gods Word,
the Lord with a message of great blessing and usually he did love it, but he had slipped
(7:4-17). Now his message is of judgment away from this love.
and disaster. Gods messengers must be You have killed Uriah fell in battle,
ready to speak forth whatever God gives but David ordered his death, and this was
them to speak. Nathan was a truly spiritual the same as killing him with his own hand
man who was willing to declare to the king (11:14-17).
his sin. We all need someone like Nathan 12:10 The sword later on three of Davids
who will fearlessly point out what may be sons were killed (13:28; 8:14,15; 1 Kings
wrong in our lives. 2:25). All this is another example of men
12:2-4 Parables and stories can sometimes (even Gods people) reaping what they sow
point to truths in a gripping way that catches (Gal 6:7).
those who listen before they realize they 12:11 Evil or disaster. Sin has conse-
are the persons in the parable. The Lord quences which cannot be averted in this life.
Jesus often used this method. If God does not chastise us for our sins it only
12:5 How easy it is to see faults in others shows we do not belong to Him (Heb 12:6-8).
and to ignore the same faults in ourselves. House Davids sin was against a
And how quick men are to condemn others household, trouble would come to him from
and excuse themselves (Rom 2:1,21-24). his own household.
David had a keen sense of justice (8:15; 12:12 Fulfilled by Absalom. See 16:20-22.
1 Sam 24:11-15), but it had been asleep 12:13 I have sinned note on confession
until Nathan aroused it with this story. at 1 Sam 26:21. David accepted the truth
12:6 Ex 22:1. David insisted on the penalty about himself and repented. The genuine-
of the law for others. ness of his repentance is clear from psalm
12:7 You are the man since David did 51 which he wrote at this time. David did
not see himself in the parable, Nathan fear- not count Nathan an enemy because he told
lessly and faithfully made the application. him the truth. See also Ps 141:5. He knew
12:8 Masters wives suggests Sauls that it is very beneficial to have someone
concubines may have been brought into who will speak the truth without fear or
Davids household. David had seven wives favor. Contrast all this with the attitude of
before he took Bathsheba (3:2-5; 1 Sam Ahab toward Elijah and Micaiah (1 Kings
19:11). This did not keep him from wanting 21:20; 22:8). See also Gal 4:16.
others. Polygamy is no barrier to lust and, You will not die because of Gods mercy
in fact, may be just the opposite. David was forgiven and would not suffer the
Judah 2:4; 5:2,3. just penalty of the law for his sin.
12:9 Davids sin had been against the God 12:14 To blaspheme this is one of the
393 2 SAMUEL 13:4
occasion to the enemies of the LORD to blaspheme, 24 And David comforted his wife Bathsheba,
the child who has been born to you will also surely and went in to her and lay with her; and she bore
die. a son, and he called his name Solomon. And the
15 And Nathan departed to his house. And the LORD loved him. 25 And he sent word by the hand
LORD struck the child that Uriahs wife bore to David, of Nathan the prophet, and he called his name
and it was very sick. 16 So David begged God for Jedidiah, because of the LORD.
the child, and David fasted and went in and lay all 26 And Joab fought against Rabbah, belonging
night on the ground. 17 And the elders of his to the children of Ammon, and took the royal city.
house arose and went to him to raise him up from 27 And Joab sent messengers to David and said, I
the ground, but he was not willing, and did not eat have fought against Rabbah, and have taken the
food with them. City of Waters. 28 Now therefore gather the rest
18 And it happened on the seventh day that of the people together and camp against the city
the child died. And the servants of David were and take it. Otherwise, if I take the city, it will be
afraid to tell him that the child was dead; for they called after my name.
said, Look, while the child was still alive, we spoke 29 And David gathered all the people together
to him, and he would not listen to our voice. How and went to Rabbah, and fought against it and
will we tell him the child is dead? Then he may harm took it. 30 And he took their kings crown from his
himself. head. Its weight was a talent of gold with the
19 But when David saw that his servants were precious stones; and it was placed on Davids head.
whispering, David understood that the child was And he brought plunder out of the city in great
dead. Therefore David said to his servants, Is the abundance. 31 And he brought out the people
child dead? who were in it, and put them to work with saws
And they said, He is dead. and with iron instruments and with iron axes, and
20 Then David arose from the ground, and made them go into the brick kiln. And this he did to
washed and anointed himself and changed his all the cities of the children of Ammon. So David
clothes, and came into the house of the LORD and and all the people returned to Jerusalem.
worshipped. Then he came to his own house, and
when he asked, they set food before him, and he
ate.
21 Then his servants said to him, What is this
13 And this is what happened after that:
Davids son Absalom had a beautiful sister,
whose name was Tamar; and Davids son Amnon
that you have done? You fasted and wept for the loved her.
child while it was alive, but when the child was 2 And Amnon was so distressed that he felt sick
dead, you got up and ate food. for his sister Tamar, for she was a virgin, and
22 And he said, While the child was still alive, I Amnon thought it hard for him to do anything to
fasted and wept, for I said, Who can tell whether her.
God will be gracious to me, so that the child may 3 But Amnon had a friend whose name was
live? 23 But now that he is dead, why should I Jonadab, the son of Davids brother Shimeah. And
fast? Can I bring him back again? I will go to him, Jonadab was a very shrewd man. 4 And he said
but he will not return to me. to him, Why are you, a son of the king, so haggard
sad results of the sins of Gods people (Ezek 12:24 Solomon 1 Chron 22:9,10. No
36:22; Rom 2:24). See also 1 Tim 5:14; reason is given here why God had a special
6:1; Titus 2:5,8; 1 Pet 2:12. affection for this one of Davids many sons.
Die though David was forgiven and Compare Deut 7:7,8; Rom 9:10-13.
the full penalty of the law was not carried 12:25 Jedidiah means one the LORD loves.
out, there were still consequences of his sin The name Solomon probably comes from
which he had to endure. See also vs 10,11. the Hebrew word for peace.
We cannot do as we please and then 12:26-31 These verses describe the end of
expect God to shield us from any trouble the campaign mentioned in chapter 11. It
that may result. probably took place between the time of
12:15 1 Sam 25:38. Davids adultery and his exposure by
12:16,17 David hoped God would change Nathan.
His mind (v 22). 12:30 Talent about 34 kilograms.
12:20 David humbly accepted Gods pun- Head placing the crown on Davids
ishment. head was a symbolic way of saying that
12:22 Isa 38:1-3; Joel 2:14; Jonah 3:9. henceforth he would be ruler of that land.
12:23 He will not return to me David 13:1 David in this chapter the prophecy of
meant he too would some day go into the 12:10 begins to be fulfilled. Amnon was the
realm of the dead, but that the child would son of Davids second wife Ahinoam. Absalom
not come back from there. Gen 37:35; and Tamar were born to his wife Maacah and
1 Sam 28:19; Job 7:8-10. so Amnon was their half brother. See 3:2-5.
2 SAMUEL 13:5 394
from day to day? Will you not tell me? Amnon said to her, Get up! Be gone!
And Amnon said to him, I love Tamar, my brother 16 And she said to him, No! because this evil
Absaloms sister. in sending me away is greater than the other that
5 And Jonadab said to him, Lie down on your you did to me. But he would not listen to her.
bed and pretend to be sick, and when your father 17 Then he called his servant who attended on him
comes to see you, say to him, Please let my sister and said, Now put this woman out from me, and
Tamar come and give me food, and prepare the bolt the door after her.
food in my sight, so that I may see it and eat it 18 And she had on a multi-coloured robe; for
from her hand. the kings daughters who were virgins wore such
6 So Amnon lay down and pretended to be sick, robes. Then his servant took her out and bolted
and when the king came to see him, Amnon said to the door after her. 19 And Tamar put ashes on her
the king, Please let my sister Tamar come and head, and tore her multi-coloured robe that she
make me a couple of cakes in my sight, so that I was wearing, and put her hand on her head, and
may eat from her hand. walked away, crying as she went.
7 Then David sent home to Tamar, saying, Go 20 And her brother Absalom said to her, Has
now to your brother Amnons house and prepare your brother Amnon been with you? But now keep
him food. 8 So Tamar went to her brother Amnons quiet, my sister. He is your brother. Do not take
house; and he was lying down. And she took flour this thing to heart. So Tamar remained desolate in
and kneaded it and made cakes in his sight, and her brother Absaloms house.
baked the cakes. 9 And she took a pan and served 21 But when king David heard of all these
them to him, but he refused to eat. things, he was very angry. 22 And Absalom did not
And Amnon said, Have everyone go out from speak to his brother Amnon anything, good or bad,
me. And every one of them went out from him. for Absalom hated Amnon, because he had forced
10 And Amnon said to Tamar, Bring the food into his sister Tamar.
the room, so that I may eat from your hand. And 23 And it came about two full years later that
Tamar took the cakes which she had made, and Absalom had sheep shearers in Baal-Hazor, which
brought them into the room to Amnon her brother. is near Ephraim, and Absalom invited all the kings
11 And when she had brought them to him to eat, sons. 24 And Absalom came to the king and said,
he took hold of her and said to her, Come lie with Look, now your servant has sheep shearers.
me, my sister. Please, will the king and his servants go with your
12 And she answered him, No, my brother, do servant?
not force me; for no such thing should be done in 25 And the king said to Absalom, No, my son,
Israel. Do not do this disgraceful thing. 13 And I, let us not all go now, or we will be a burden to you.
where would I get rid of my shame? And as for And he pressed him. However he would not go,
you, you would be like one of the fools in Israel. but blessed him.
Now therefore, please speak to the king, for he will 26 Then Absalom said, If not, please let my
not withhold me from you. 14 However he would brother Amnon go with us. And the king said to
not listen to her voice, and, being stronger than him, Why should he go with you? 27 But Absalom
she, forced her and lay with her. pressed him, so that he let Amnon and all the kings
15 Then Amnon hated her exceedingly, so that sons go with him.
the hatred with which he hated her was greater 28 Now Absalom had commanded his servants,
than the love with which he had loved her. And saying, You observe now when Amnons heart is
13:5 Jonadab said Ps 1:1. Jonadabs symbol of the loss of her virginity.
evil counsel resulted in rape, murder, and 13:21 David was angry but evidently did
rebellion, and great trouble and sorrow for nothing to punish Amnon. According to the
David. law of God, Amnons sin was worthy of death
13:7 David, completely unsuspecting, (Lev 20:17). It is possible that Davids
becomes an instrument in his sons hand remembrance of his own sexual sin made
to accomplish his evil purpose. him too lenient to Amnon. He well knew
13:12,13 She answered him Tamars the bad example he had set. Or it may be
words were based on Gods laws for Israel that David had always been reluctant to
which were public knowledge (Lev 18:9-11; discipline his children see 1 Kings 1:6. If
Deut 27:22). so, this could account for the sad way some
13:14 His love was only lust which turned of them turned out. See Prov 13:24;
to disgust when satisfied. 22:15; 23:13,14. Davids inaction at this
13:16 Amnon is a type of the utterly selfish time may well have been the cause of the
person who does not care what wrong he death of both Amnon and Absalom later on.
does to someone he says he loves. 13:22 Hated Lev 19:17,18; Matt
13:19 Tore a sign of great sorrow Gen 18:15,16; Luke 17:3; 1 John 3:15.
37:29; 1 Sam 4:12; Esther 4:1 here a 13:28 Though Amnons sin was worthy of
395 2 SAMUEL 14:11
merry with wine, and when I say to you, Strike
Amnon, then kill him. Do not be afraid. Have I not
commanded you? Be courageous and be valiant.
14 Now Joab, the son of Zeruiah, perceived
that the kings heart was toward Absalom.
2 And Joab sent to Tekoah and brought a wise
29 And the servants of Absalom did to Amnon as woman from there, and said to her, Please pre-
Absalom had commanded. Then all the kings sons tend to be a mourner and put on mourning clothes
arose, and each man got himself onto his mule and now, and do not anoint yourself with oil, but be like
fled. a woman who has been mourning for the dead for
30 And it came about, while they were on the a long time, 3 and go to the king and speak like this
way, that news came to David, saying, Absalom to him (then Joab put the words in her mouth).
has killed all the kings sons, and not one of them is 4 And when the woman of Tekoah spoke to the
left. 31 Then the king arose and tore his clothes king, she bowed down and prostrated herself on
and lay on the ground, and all his servants stood the ground and did obeisance, and said, Help, O
by with their clothes torn. king.
32 And Jonadab, the son of Davids brother 5 And the king said to her, What is troubling
Shimeah, answered and said, Let not my lord you?
suppose that they have killed all the young men, And she answered, I am indeed a widow
the kings sons; for only Amnon is dead. For this woman, for my husband is dead. 6 And your
has been determined in Absaloms mind from the maid servant had two sons, and the two of them
day that he forced his sister Tamar. 33 Now there- fought together in the field, and there was no
fore my lord the king should not take the thing to one to part them, and the one struck the other
his heart, to think that all the kings sons are dead, and killed him. 7 And, see, the whole family has
for only Amnon is dead. risen up against your maid servant, and said, Hand
34 And Absalom fled. And the young man who over the one who struck his brother, so that we
was on watch raised his eyes and looked, and saw can kill him, for the life of his brother whom he
many people coming by the way of the hillside killed; and we will destroy the heir also. And so
behind him. they would put out the burning coal that I have
35 And Jonadab said to the king, Look, the left, and not leave to my husband either name or
kings sons are coming. Its just like your servant survivor on the earth.
said. 8 And the king said to the woman, Go to your
36 And it came about, as soon as he finished house, and I will give a command concerning you.
speaking, that there were the kings sons coming 9 And the woman of Tekoah said to the king,
and raising their voices and weeping. And the king My lord, O king, may the guilt be on me, and on my
also and all his servants wept very bitterly. fathers house, and may the king and his throne be
37 But Absalom fled and went to Talmai, the son innocent.
of Ammihud, king of Geshur. And David mourned 10 And the king said, Whoever says anything
for his son every day. to you, bring him to me, and he will not touch you
38 So Absalom fled and went to Geshur, and any more.
was there three years. 39 And king David longed 11 Then she said, Please, let the king
to go to Absalom, for he was comforted concerning remember the LORD your God, so that you do not
Amnon, since he was dead. allow the avengers of blood to destroy any more,
death, Absalom had no right to take per- his own sins of adultery and murder.
sonal vengeance. Note at Ex 21:23-25; 13:39 Once again David does nothing to
Lev 19:18; Num 31:2. If others sin against make the wrong situation right. He longed
us, that does not give us the right to sin to go to Absalom, but he did not. Nor did
against them. he ask Absalom to return. Memory of ones
13:34 The last sentence of this verse is own sins sometimes tends to paralyze proper
found in the Septuagint, but not in the He- action.
brew manuscripts now available. 14:1,2 Joab 2:13. His motives here are
13:35 Like your servant said it seems unclear. It may be only that he saw David
the evil Jonadab (v 5) was trying to pass grieving for Absalom and wanted him to be
himself off as a wise counselor and happy.
comforter. 14:7 Hand over see Num 35:16-25;
13:37 Talmai Absaloms maternal grand- Deut 19:11-13.
father (3:3). He fled there because as a 14:8 Once more David speaks without
murderer there was no refuge for him in realizing he is involving himself. See 12:5,6.
Israel. Cities of refuge were only for those 14:9 Gen 43:9; 1 Sam 25:24; 1 Kings 1:52.
who had killed someone unintentionally 14:11 Avengers of blood Num 35:12; Deut
Num 35:9-26,31. 19:4-10. Absalom had fled probably be-
Mourned David was paying dearly for cause he feared an avenger would seek him.
2 SAMUEL 14:12 396
so they will not destroy my son. know all things that are in the earth.
And he said, As the LORD lives, not one hair of 21 And the king said to Joab, Look now, I will
your son will fall to the ground. do this thing. So go bring the young man Absalom
12 Then the woman said, Please let your maid back.
servant speak one word to my lord the king. 22 And Joab bowed down and prostrated him-
And he said, Speak. self on the ground, and thanked the king, and Joab
13 And the woman said, Why then have you said, Today your servant knows that I have found
thought such a thing against the people of God? favour in your sight, my lord, O king, because the
For the king speaks this like someone who is at king has fulfilled the request of his servant.
fault, because the king does not bring his banished 23 So Joab arose and went to Geshur and
one back home. 14 For we must die, and are like brought Absalom to Jerusalem. 24 And the king
water spilled on the ground, which cannot be said, Let him return to his own house, but do not
gathered up again. And God does not show let him see my face. So Absalom returned to his
favoritism, but he devises ways so that his own house, but did not see the kings face.
banished ones are not exiled from him. 15 Now 25 But in all Israel no one was so highly praised
the reason that I have come to speak of this thing for his handsome appearance as Absalom. From
to my lord the king is because the people have the sole of his foot to the crown of his head there
made me afraid, and your maid servant said, I will was no blemish in him. 26 And when he cut the hair
now speak to the king; it may be that the king will of his head (for he cut it at the end of each year;
perform the request of his maidservant. 16 For he cut it because the hair was heavy on him), he
the king will listen and deliver his maidservant out weighed the hair of his head at two hundred
of the hands of the man who would destroy me shekels by the kings weights.
and my son together from Gods inheritance. 27 And three sons were born to Absalom, and
17 Then your maid servant said, The word of my one daughter, whose name was Tamar. She was a
lord the king will now be comforting, for my lord the woman of beautiful appearance.
king is like an angel of God in discerning good and 28 So Absalom lived two full years in Jerusa-
bad. Therefore the LORD your God will be with lem, and did not see the kings face. 29 Therefore
you. Absalom sent for Joab to send him to the king, but
18 Then the king answered and said to the he would not come to him. And when he sent again
woman, Please do not hide from me what I am the second time, he would not come. 30 Therefore
going to ask you. he said to his servants, See, Joabs field is near
And the woman said, May my lord the king mine, and he has barley there. Go and set it on
now speak. fire. And Absaloms servants set the field on fire.
19 And the king said, Is not the hand of Joab 31 Then Joab arose and came to Absalom at his
with you in all this? house, and said to him, Why have your servants
And the woman answered and said, As your set my field on fire?
soul lives, my lord the king, no one can turn to the 32 And Absalom answered Joab, Look, I sent
right or to the left from anything that my lord the word to you, saying, Come here so I can send you
king has spoken; for it was your servant Joab who to the king to say, Why have I come from Geshur?
gave me orders and put all these words in the mouth It would be good for me to be there still. Now
of your maid servant. 20 Your servant Joab has therefore let me see the kings face. And if I am
done this to change the appearance of things. And guilty of anything, let him kill me.
my lord is wise, with wisdom like an angel of God, to 33 So Joab came to the king and told him. And
14:13 12:7. His banished one she trouble.
argues that if David is willing to pardon and 14:25 1 Sam 16:7.
protect the son of a strange woman, how 14:26 Two hundred shekels about 2.3
much more his own son. kilograms.
14:14 The woman emphasizes the mercy and 14:32 If I am guilty probably Absalom
grace of God rather than Gods justice, in order persuaded himself that he was completely
to move the king to behave in the same way. justified in killing Amnon. He wanted David
But she was wrong when she said God does to restore him to full favor. It is not
not take away life (Gen 6:7; 9:5,6; etc.). uncommon for men to justify themselves
14:17 Unfortunately this was not true. But after committing the worst sorts of crimes
she thought a little flattery might help. against Gods law.
14:22 Joabs part in all this is mysterious 14:33 Kissed reconciliation seems
vs 2,29. complete, but there has been no repentance
14:23 Geshur 13:37. on Absaloms part and his sin has not been
14:24 This was neither proper punishment dealt with. The next chapter reveals the
nor proper pardon. And it resulted in further further progress of sin in his heart.
397 2 SAMUEL 15:21
when he called for Absalom, he came to the king, Absalom, and they went in their innocence and
and bowed down with his face to the ground knew nothing of the plot. 12 And Absalom sent for
before the king, and the king kissed Absalom. Ahithophel the Gilonite, Davids counsellor, from his
city, from Giloh, when he was offering sacrifices.
15 And it came about after this that Absalom
prepared chariots and horses for himself,
and fifty men to run before him. 2 And Absalom
And the conspiracy was strong, for the number of
people with Absalom increased continually.
13 And a messenger came to David, saying,
would rise early and stand beside the gate road, The hearts of the men of Israel are after Absalom.
and it happened that when any man who had a 14 And David said to all his servants who were
controversy came to the king for judgment, then with him at Jerusalem, Arise, and let us flee; for
Absalom would call to him and say, What city are otherwise we will not escape from Absalom. Leave
you from? And he would say, Your servant is quickly, or he will come on us suddenly and bring
from one of the tribes of Israel. 3 And Absalom disaster on us, and strike the city with the edge of
would say to him, See, your claims are good and the sword.
right, but there is no representative of the king to 15 And the kings servants said to the king,
listen to you. 4 And Absalom would say, Oh that See, your servants are ready to do whatever my
I were made judge in the land, so that whoever lord the king chooses.
has any suit or case might come to me, and I could 16 And the king went out, and all his household
administer justice for him! after him. And the king left ten women, who were
5 And it happened that when any man came concubines, to keep the house. 17 And the king
near him to bow down to him, he would put out his went out, and all the people after him, and stopped
hand and take hold of him and kiss him. 6 And this in a place that was at a distance. 18 And all his
is the way Absalom acted to every Israelite who servants passed on beside him; and all the
came to the king for judgment. So Absalom stole Kerethites and all the Pelethites and all the Gittites,
the hearts of the men of Israel. six hundred men who followed him from Gath,
7 And this took place after forty years: Absalom passed on before the king.
said to the king, Please let me go and pay my vow 19 Then the king said to Ittai the Gittite, Why
in Hebron, which I have made to the LORD. 8 For are you also going with us? Return to your place,
your servant made a vow while I was staying at and stay with the king; for you are a foreigner and
Geshur in Syria, saying, If the LORD indeed brings also an exile. 20 You came only yesterday, and
me back to Jerusalem, then I will serve the LORD. shall I today make you go up and down with us
9 And the king said to him, Go in peace. So he while I go where I am going? Return, and take
arose and went to Hebron. back your brethren. May mercy and truth be with
10 But Absalom sent spies throughout all the you.
tribes of Israel, saying, As soon as you hear the 21 And Ittai answered the king and said, As
sound of the trumpet, then you shall say, Absalom the LORD lives, and as my lord the king lives, wher-
is reigning in Hebron! 11 And two hundred men ever my lord the king may be, whether for death or
from Jerusalem, who were invited, went with life, surely there your servant will also be.
15:1 As far as the record goes, no leader in 15:9 Apparently David was ignorant of what
Israel had ever used a chariot before. had been going on.
Absalom was now trying to make something 15:10 1 Kings 1:34; 2 Kings 9:13.
big of himself. 15:12 Verse 31; 1 Chron 27:33; Ps 3:1.
15:3 He was suggesting to the people that Ahitophel he was the grandfather of
king David cared nothing for their troubles Bathsheba (11:3; 23:34). We are not told
and complaints, but that he himself did. why he joined Absaloms rebellion. For all
15:4 If Absalom aspired to be a judge he we know he may have harbored resentment
should first have judged himself for the against David for Davids sin against
murder of his brother Amnon (13:28). Bathsheba (chapter 11). Ahitophels treach-
Often those who seek a high position are ery was probably the cause of Davids
least fit to hold it. Actually, Absalom wanted complaint in Ps 41:9; 55:12-14.
a higher office than judge (v 10). 15:13 Verse 6.
15:6 Compare Rom 16:18. 15:14 12:11; 13:28. David knew Absalom
15:7 Forty this could possibly mean after would not hesitate to kill.
Absaloms fortieth year. Some versions have 15:16 Concubines 5:13.
four here. That would mean four years 15:18 Pelethites note at 8:18.
after Absaloms return to Jerusalem. 15:19 Ittai 18:2. He was a Philistine,
15:8 Often when men are bent on evil they but showed more loyalty to David than many
make a show of piety and religion. Compare from Israel showed (v 21). When we are in
Isa 1:10-17. They want to think God is on their trouble we find out who our real friends are.
side. In Hebron is in the Septuagint, but not Prov 18:24.
in the available Hebrew manuscripts. 15:21 Ruth 1:17; Prov 17:17.
2 SAMUEL 15:22 398
22 And David said to Ittai, Go and pass by. you will be a burden to me. 34 But if you return to
And Ittai the Gittite and all his men, and all the little the city, and say to Absalom, I will be your
ones who were with him, passed by. servant, O king. Just as I have been your fathers
23 And the whole country wept with a loud servant before this, so now I will be your servant
voice. And all the people passed by, and the king also, then you can defeat the counsel of Ahithophel.
himself crossed over the brook Kidron, and all the 35 And have you not there with you Zadok and
people crossed over, on toward the wilderness. Abiathar the priests? Therefore let it be that what-
24 And Zadok also appeared, and all the Levites ever word you hear from the kings house, tell it to
were with him, carrying the ark of the covenant of Zadok and Abiathar the priests. 36 See, they have
God. And they set down the ark of God, and there with them their two sons, Zadoks son
Abiathar went up until all the people had passed Ahimaaz and Abiathars son Jonathan. And ev-
out of the city. erything you hear you must send to me by them.
25 And the king said to Zadok, Carry the ark 37 So Davids friend Hushai came into the city
of God back into the city. If I find favour in the as Absalom was arriving at Jerusalem.
eyes of the LORD, he will bring me again, and show
both it and his dwelling place to me. 26 But if he
says, I have no delight in you, see, here I am. Let
him do to me as seems good to him.
16 And when David had passed a little beyond
the top of the mount, Ziba, the servant of
Mephibosheth, appeared, meeting him with a couple
27 The king also said to Zadok the priest, Are of donkeys. On them were two hundred loaves of
you not a seer? Return to the city in peace, and bread and a hundred clusters of raisins and a
your two sons with you, your son Ahimaaz, and hundred summer fruits and a wineskin of wine.
Abiathars son Jonathan. 28 See, I will wait in the 2 And the king said to Ziba, What do you mean
plain of the wilderness, until word comes from you by these?
to inform me. 29 Therefore Zadok and Abiathar And Ziba said, The donkeys are for the kings
carried the ark of God back to Jerusalem and waited household to ride on, and the bread and summer
there. fruit for the young men to eat, and the wine for
30 And David went up by the ascent of Mount those who become faint in the wilderness to drink.
Olivet, and wept as he went up; and he had his 3 And the king said, And where is your masters
head covered, and went barefoot. And each man son?
among all the people who were with him covered And Ziba said to the king, See, he is staying in
his head, and they went up, weeping as they went. Jerusalem, for he said, Today the house of Israel
31 And someone told David, saying, Ahithophel is will restore the kingdom of my father to me.
among the conspirators with Absalom. 4 Then the king said to Ziba, See, all that
And David said, O LORD, I pray you, turn the belonged to Mephibosheth is yours.
counsel of Ahithophel into foolishness. And Ziba said, I humbly bow. May I find grace
32 And it came about that when David arrived in your sight, my lord, O king.
at the top of the mountain, where God was 5 And when king David came to Bahurim,
worshipped, Hushai the Archite appeared, coming suddenly a man of the family of the house of Saul
to meet him with his coat torn and dust on his head. came out, whose name was Shimei, the son of
33 David said to him, If you go on with me, then Gera. He came out, uttering curses as he came.
15:23 Kidron a valley just outside the 12:13; 27:18-26; Josh 2:5; 1 Sam 27:10.
southeast wall of Jerusalem. God is always perfectly able to work His will
15:24 Zadok 8:17. among men altogether without mans tricks.
Ark note at Ex 25:10-16. 16:1 Ziba 9:2-13.
15:25 David knew that the ark was only a 16:3 Masters son Sauls grandson
symbol of Gods presence and that Gods Mephibosheth. In Hebrew son indicated a
presence could go with him regardless of wider range of relationships than in English.
where the ark was. Compare this with When David returned, Mephibosheth gave
Israels superstition in 1 Sam 4:3. him an altogether different explanation than
15:26 David also knew that the only impor- Zibas (19:25-28). Which man told David
tant factor was Gods favor, and that he was the truth? The Bible does not say and David
unworthy of that favor. himself did not know (19:29).
15:27 Seer note at 1 Sam 9:9. 16:4 David was too quick to believe Ziba,
15:31 This prayer God answered 17:14,23. and later changed this decision (19:16-23;
15:32 Hushai v 37; 1 Chron 27:33. 1 Kings 2:8,9,44-46; Ex 22:28).
15:34 God would have answered Davids 16:5-8 Evidently Shimei thought David was
prayer without David urging Hushai to be finished forever and wanted to give him a
deceitful to Absalom. See notes at Gen kick while he was down.
399 2 SAMUEL 17:6
6 And he hurled stones at David, and at all the 17 And Absalom said to Hushai, Is this your
servants of king David. And all the people and all kindness to your friend? Why did you not go with
the mighty men were at his right hand and at his your friend?
left. 18 And Hushai said to Absalom, No; but I will
7 And as Shimei cursed he said, Get out! Get belong to the one whom the LORD and this people
out! You man of blood, you wicked scoundrel! and all the men of Israel choose, and I will stay with
8 The LORD has brought back onto you all the him. 19 And besides, whom should I serve? Should
blood of the house of Saul, in whose stead you I not serve in the presence of his son? As I have
have reigned, and the LORD has handed over the served in your fathers presence, so I will be in
kingdom to the hands of your son Absalom. And, your presence.
see, you are caught in your wickedness, because 20 Then Absalom said to Ahithophel, Give your
you are a man of blood. counsel. What shall we do?
9 Then Abishai, the son of Zeruiah, said to the 21 And Ahithophel said to Absalom, Go in to
king, Why should this dead dog curse my lord the your fathers concubines, whom he left to keep the
king? Please let me go over and take off his head. house, and all Israel will hear that you are
10 And the king said, What have I to do with abhorrent to your father. Then the hands of all
you, you sons of Zeruiah? So let him curse, who are with you will be strengthened. 22 So
because the LORD has said to him, Curse David. they spread a tent for Absalom on the roof of the
Who then will say, Why have you done so? house, and Absalom went in to his fathers concu-
11 And David said to Abishai, and to all his bines in the sight of all Israel.
servants, Look, my son, who came out of my 23 And the counsel of Ahithophel, which he gave
body, is seeking my life. How much more now may in those days, was as if a man had inquired of the
this Benjamite do it ? Leave him alone and let him word of God. All the counsel of Ahithophel both
curse, for the LORD has told him to do it. 12 It may with David and with Absalom was like that.
be that the LORD will look on my suffering, and
that the LORD will repay me with good for his
cursing this day.
13 And as David and his men proceeded on the
17 Moreover Ahithophel said to Absalom, Let
me now choose twelve thousand men, and
I will arise and pursue David tonight. 2 And I will
road, Shimei went along on the hillside opposite come on him while he is weary and his hands weak,
him and uttered curses as he went, and hurled and I will put fear into him. And all the people who
stones at him and threw dust. 14 And the king, are with him will flee, and I will strike down only the
and all the people who were with him, arrived at king. 3 And I will bring all the people back to you.
their stopping place exhausted, and they refreshed When all return, except the man you are seeking,
themselves there. all the people will be in peace. 4 And the sugges-
15 And Absalom, and all the people, the men of tion pleased Absalom and all the elders of Israel.
Israel, came to Jerusalem, and Ahithophel was with 5 Then Absalom said, Now call Hushai the Archite
him. 16 And this happened when Hushai the Archite, too, and let us hear what he says also. 6 And
Davids friend, came to Absalom: Hushai said to when Hushai came to Absalom, Absalom spoke to
Absalom, God save the king! God save the king! him, saying, Ahithophel has spoken like this. Shall
16:8 Saul Shimei perhaps was referring evidently deceived him and put his mind at
to the events of 21:1-9, which probably took rest (15:34).
place before the events in this chapter. 16:21,22 Concubines 12:11,12. This
16:9 19:21; 1 Sam 26:8. was a symbolic act showing that Absalom
16:10 3:39; 19:22. was claiming the throne. Note on 3:7.
16:11 David knew that though he was 17:1 Both David and Absalom recognized
innocent in the matter of Sauls household, the wisdom of Ahitophel (16:23).
he had shed the innocent blood of others 17:4 From a military point of view his advice
(11:14-17; 12:9,10). was shrewd and, if followed, might well have
16:12 Deut 23:5; Neh 13:2; Prov 20:22; succeeded.
Heb 12:10,11. 17:5 Absalom said 15:32-34. God was
16:14 Sometime during his flight from beginning to answer Davids prayer of
Absalom, perhaps here, David wrote psalm 15:31.
3 and (probably) psalm 63. Both psalms 17:5-13 Hushai shows his knowledge of
show Davids great confidence in God in a Absaloms character and state of mind, and
time of danger. how to use them to help David. Absalom
16:15 15:12. was in doubt what to do, was afraid of his
16:16 15:32,33,37. fathers skill in battle, wanted to be thought
16:17-19 Did Absalom suspect that Hushais a great man, and liked a big show (15:1;
heart was with David? Hushais answer 18:18).
2 SAMUEL 17:7 400
we follow his suggestion? If not, you speak out. wells mouth, and scattered crushed grain on it;
7 And Hushai said to Absalom, The counsel and the matter was not known.
that Ahithophel has given is not good at this time. 20 And when Absaloms servants came to the
8 For, said Hushai, you know your father and his woman at the house, they said, Where are
men, that they are mighty men, and their minds Ahimaaz and Jonathan?
are embittered. They are like a bear robbed of its And the woman said to them, They have gone
cubs in the field. And your father is a warrior, and over the water brook. And when they had looked
will not spend the night with the people. 9 Look, he and could not find them, they returned to
is hidden now in some cave or in some other place. Jerusalem.
And when some of your men fall at the first attack, 21 And it came about, after they had left, that
it will happen that whoever hears it will say, There they came up out of the well, and went and told
is a slaughter among the people who follow Absalom. king David and said to David, Arise and quickly
10 And even the one who is valiant, whose heart cross over the water, for this is what Ahithophel
is like the heart of a lion, will melt away. For all counselled against you. 22 Then David and all the
Israel knows that your father is a mighty man and people who were with him arose and crossed the
that those who are with him are valiant men. Jordan. At the morning light there was not a one
11 Therefore, I counsel that all Israel should of them who had not gone over the Jordan.
be gathered to you, from Dan to Beersheba, in 23 And when Ahithophel saw that his counsel
number like the sand that is by the sea, and that was not followed, he saddled his donkey and got
you personally go to the battle. 12 So we can up and went to his house in his city, put his
come on him in some place, wherever he is to be household in order, and hanged himself and died.
found, and we will fall on him like dew falls on the And he was buried in the tomb of his father.
ground; and neither he nor all the men who are 24 Then David came to Mahanaim. And Absalom
with him, not one, will be left. 13 Moreover, if he crossed the Jordan, he and all the men of Israel
has gone into a city, then all Israel can bring ropes with him. 25 And Absalom made Amasa commander
to that city, and we will draw it into the river until of the army instead of Joab. This Amasa was the
not even a small stone will be found there. son of a man whose name was Ithra, an Israelite
14 And Absalom and all the men of Israel said, who went in to Abigail the daughter of Nahash, the
The counsel of Hushai the Archite is better than sister of Joabs mother Zeruiah. 26 So Israel and
the counsel of Ahithophel. For the LORD had Absalom camped in the land of Gilead.
ordained that the good counsel of Ahithophel be 27 And this is what happened when David came
defeated, to the intent that the LORD might bring to Mahanaim: Shobi, the son of Nahash of Rabbah
disaster on Absalom. of the children of Ammon, and Machir, the son of
15 Then Hushai said to Zadok and to Abiathar Ammiel of Lo-debar, and Barzillai, the Gileadite of
the priests, This is the counsel Ahithophel gave to Rogelim, 28 brought beds and basins and clay pots
Absalom and the elders of Israel, and this is what I and wheat and barley and flour and roasted grain
counselled. 16 Now therefore send quickly and tell and beans and lentils and parched pulse, 29 and
David, saying, Do not spend tonight in the plains honey and butter and sheep and cheese from cows
of the wilderness, but quickly cross over the milk, for David and for the people who were with
Jordan, so that the king and all the people who are him to eat, for they said, The people are hungry
with him will not be destroyed. and weary and thirsty in the wilderness.
17 Now Jonathan and Ahimaaz were staying
at Enrogel, for they could not be seen entering
the city. And a servant girl went and reported to
them, and they went and told king David.
18 And David counted the people who were
with him, and appointed captains of
thousands and captains of hundreds over them.
18 However a lad saw them and told Absalom. 2 And David sent out a third of the people under
But both of them went away quickly, and at the hand of Joab, and a third part under the hand
Bahurim came to a mans house who had a well in of Abishai the son of Zeruiah, Joabs brother, and a
his compound, and they went down into it. 19 And third part under the hand of Ittai the Gittite. And
the woman took a covering and spread it over the the king said to the people, I myself will certainly
17:14-17 15:27-36. Lord (Ps 34:11-14; 111:10; Prov 1:7;
17:19,20 Josh 2:4-6. Note at 15:34. 1 Cor 1:19,20). He was not the last wise
17:23 Hanged himself he realized that man to end up in suicide.
if Hushais advice was followed rather than 17:24 2:8,9; 19:32; Gen 32:2.
his own, probably David would be victorious. 17:25 Amasa was Davids nephew.
Ahitophel is an example of the uselessness 17:27,28 God can provide for His own, no
of human wisdom without the fear of the matter where they may have to flee.
401 2 SAMUEL 18:28
go out with you also. 16 And Joab blew the trumpet, and the people
3 But the people answered, You should not go returned from pursuing Israel, because Joab was
out. For if we flee, they will not be concerned restraining the people. 17 And they took Absalom
about us. Even if half of us die, they will not be and threw him into a large pit in the forest and laid
concerned about us. But now you are worth ten a very great heap of stones on him. And all Israel
thousand of us. Therefore it is better now that fled, each one to his tent.
you help us from the city. 18 Now Absalom in his lifetime had taken a pillar
4 And the king said to them, I will do what and set it up for himself in the kings valley, for he
seems best to you. And the king stood at the side said, I have no son to keep my name in remem-
of the gate, and all the people came out by brance. And he called the pillar after his own name,
hundreds and by thousands. 5 And the king gave and to this day it is called Absaloms Monument.
a command to Joab and Abishai and Ittai, saying, 19 Then Ahimaaz, the son of Zadok, said Let
For my sake deal gently with the young man, with me run now, and take to the king the news of how
Absalom. And all the people heard the king giving the LORD has avenged him, delivering him from his
all the officers this order concerning Absalom. enemies.
6 So the people went out into the field against 20 And Joab said to him, You shall not take the
Israel, and the battle was in the forest of Ephraim. news today, but you can take news another day.
7 There the people of Israel were defeated before But today you shall not take any news, because
the servants of David, and that day there was a the kings son is dead.
great slaughter of twenty thousand men. 8 For 21 Then said Joab to Cushi, Go tell the king
the battle there scattered over the whole country- what you have seen. And Cushi bowed to Joab
side, and the forest devoured more people that and ran off.
day than the sword devoured. 22 Then Ahimaaz, the son of Zadok, said to
9 And Absalom met the servants of David. And Joab once again, However that may be, please let
Absalom was riding on a mule, and the mule went me also run after Cushi.
under the thick branches of a great oak, and his And Joab said, Why will you run, my son, since
head was caught in the oak, and he was taken up you have no news ready?
between heaven and earth, and the mule that had 23 However that may be, he said, let me
been under him went away. run.
10 And a certain man saw it and told Joab and And he said to him, Run. Then Ahimaaz ran by
said, Look, I saw Absalom hanging in an oak. the road through the plain, and outran Cushi.
11 And Joab said to the man who told him, 24 And David was sitting between the two
And, lo and behold, you saw him! And why didnt gates. And the watchman went up to the roof
you strike him there to the ground? And I would over the gate by the wall, and raised his eyes and
have given you ten shekels of silver and a belt. looked, and saw a man running alone. 25 And the
12 And the man said to Joab, Even if I got a watchman shouted and told the king.
thousand shekels of silver in my hand, I still would And the king said, If he is alone, there is news
not put out my hand against the kings son, for in in his mouth. And he kept on coming and drew
our hearing the king ordered you and Abishai and near.
Ittai, saying, Beware that no one touches the 26 And the watchman saw another man
young man Absalom. 13 Or if I had acted deceit- running, and the watchman called out to the
fully, endangering my own life (for nothing is gatekeeper, and said, Look! Another man run-
hidden from the king), you would have kept ning alone.
yourself away from me. And the king said, He also brings news.
14 Then said Joab, I cant wait around like this 27 And the watchman said, I think the running
with you. And he took three sharp stakes in his of the one in front is like the way Zadoks son
hand, and thrust them into the heart of Absalom, Ahimaaz runs.
while he was still alive in the middle of the oak. And the king said, He is a good man, and
15 And ten young men who carried Joabs armour comes with good news.
surrounded Absalom, and struck and killed him. 28 And Ahimaaz called out and said to the king,
18:5 Absaloms rebellion did not destroy kilograms. Some people are not for sale at
Davids love for him (13:37,38; 19:29,33). any price, but others, alas, will do almost
18:11 Strike him Joabs murderous char- anything for money, even small amounts
acter is revealed once more v 14. Note at of money.
2:13. 18:15 12:10.
Ten shekels about 115 grams. 18:18 Absaloms three sons (14:27) must
18:12 A thousand shekels about 11 have died before he erected this pillar.
2 SAMUEL 18:29 402
All is well. And he prostrated himself on his face concubines, 6 by loving your enemies and hating
on the ground before the king and said, Blessed your friends. For today you have shown that you
be the LORD your God, who has handed over the have no concern for leaders or servants. For
men who lifted up their hand against my lord the today I understand that if Absalom had lived, and
king. all of us had died today, then it would have pleased
29 And the king said, Is the young man Absalom you well. 7 Now therefore get up! Go out and
safe? speak to the hearts of your servants. For I swear
And Ahimaaz answered, When Joab sent the by the LORD, if you do not go out, not one will stay
kings servant, and me your servant, I saw a with you tonight. And that will be worse for you
great tumult, but I did not know what it was. than all the bad things that have happened to you
30 And the king said to him, Turn aside, and from your youth until now.
stand here. And he turned aside and stood still. 8 Then the king arose and sat in the gate. And
31 And just then Cushi arrived, and Cushi said, they told all the people, saying, Look, the king is
News, my lord the king! For today the LORD has sitting in the gate. And all the people came before
avenged you on all those who rose up against you. the king, for Israel had fled, each man to his tent.
32 And the king said to Cushi, Is the young 9 And all the people, throughout all the tribes
man Absalom safe? of Israel, were quarreling, saying, The king saved
And Cushi answered, May the enemies of my us from the hands of our enemies, and delivered us
lord the king, and all who rise against you to harm from the hands of the Philistines, and now he has
you, be as that young man is. fled from the land, because of Absalom. 10 And
33 And the king was very moved, and went up Absalom, whom we anointed over us, is dead in
to the room over the gate, and wept. And as he battle. Now therefore why do you not speak a
went, he was saying this: O my son Absalom! My word about bringing the king back?
son, my son Absalom! Would to God I had died for 11 And King David sent to Zadok and to
you! O Absalom, my son, my son! Abiathar the priests, saying, Speak to the elders
of Judah and say, Why are you the last to bring
19 And it was told Joab, See, the king is weep-
ing and mourning for Absalom. 2 And the
victory that day was turned into mourning, for all
the king back to his house, since the words of all
Israel have come to the king, to his house? 12 You
are my brethren, you are my bones and my flesh.
the people. For the people heard it told that day Why then are you the last to bring back the king?
how the king was grieved for his son. 3 And that 13 And you are to say to Amasa, Are you not of
day the people came by stealth into the city, like my bone and of my flesh? God do harm to me, and
people steal away ashamed when they flee in battle. more also, if you do not become commander of the
4 And the king covered his face, and the king army before me continually in place of Joab.
cried out with a loud voice, O my son Absalom! O 14 And he turned the hearts of all the men of
Absalom, my son, my son! Judah as one man so that they sent this word to
5 And Joab came into the house to the king and the king: Return and all your servants. 15 So the
said, Today you have brought shame to the faces king came back and arrived at the Jordan. And
of all your servants, who saved your life today, Judah came to Gilgal, going to meet the king to
and the lives of your sons and of your daughters conduct the king over the Jordan.
and the lives of your wives and the lives of your 16 And Shimei the son of Gera, a Benjamite,
18:33 In Davids pathetic sorrow over his rebellion had started.
son there was the guilty knowledge that his 19:9 The people remembered, too late to
own sin had a part in all that had happened avert a tragedy, what David had done for
(12:9-12). them.
19:5-7 Joab. . .said Joabs blunt rebuke 19:10 They confess that the rebellion was
of David was justified and saved the situa- far more than the one man Absalom and a
tion. David was so taken up with his own few of his friends usurping power.
grief that he expressed no appreciation to 19:12 David is signifying that he will not seek
those who had fought for him. One of vengeance on those who followed Absalom.
Davids fine qualities was that he could 19:13 Amasa 17:25. Joab, as com-
receive criticism in the right spirit, and face mander of the army, had fought faithfully
up to his own failings. in Davids best interests. But David could
19:9-15 David did not immediately march no longer endure his murderous ways, since
back to Jerusalem at the head of his they had now touched his own family.
victorious army. Absaloms revolt had 19:14 Turned the hearts Davids
produced disunity among the people of attitude to those who had rebelled against
Israel, and David wanted to win their loyalty him was gentle. He did not try to use force
and approval before he returned. In to regain his place of authority. He waited
particular he appealed to Judah where the to be asked.
403 2 SAMUEL 19:40
who was from Bahurim, hurried and came down God. So do whatever is good in your eyes. 28 For
with the men of Judah to meet king David. all of my fathers house were but dead men before
17 And there were a thousand men of Benjamin my lord the king. Yet you placed your servant
with him, and Ziba the servant of the house of among those who eat at your own table. What
Saul, and his fifteen sons and his twenty servants right, therefore, do I have to cry any more to the
with him. And they went over the Jordan before king?
the king. 18 And they went over to ferry the kings 29 And the king said to him, Why speak any
household across, and to do whatever he thought more of your matters? I have said, You and Ziba
good. shall divide the land.
And Shimei, the son of Gera, fell down before 30 And Mephibosheth said to the king, Let him
the king when he had crossed the Jordan, 19 and even take all of it, since my lord the king has come
said to the king, Let not my lord hold me guilty, and back in peace to his own house.
do not remember what your servant did perversely 31 And Barzillai, the Gileadite, came down from
the day that my lord the king went out of Rogelim and crossed the Jordan with the king, to
Jerusalem, so that the king should take it to his conduct him over the Jordan. 32 Now Barzillai was
heart. 20 For your servant knows that I have a very old man, eighty years of age; and he had
sinned. Therefore, see, today I have come the provided for the king while he was staying at
first of all the house of Joseph to come down to Mahanaim, for he was a very great man. 33 And
meet my lord the king. the king said to Barzillai, You come over with me,
21 But Abishai the son of Zeruiah answered and and I will provide for you with me in Jerusalem.
said, Shall not Shimei be put to death for this, 34 And Barzillai said to the king, How long do I
because he cursed the Lords anointed? have to live, that I should go up with the king to
22 And David said, What is there between me Jerusalem? 35 Today I am eighty years old, and
and you, you sons of Zeruiah, that today you should can I discern between good and bad? Can your
be my adversaries? Should any man be put to servant taste what I eat or what I drink? Can I any
death today in Israel? For do I not know today longer hear the voice of singing men and singing
that I am king over Israel? 23 Therefore the king women? Why then should your servant be a
said to Shimei, You will not die. And the king burden to my lord the king? 36 Your servant will go
swore to him. a little way over the Jordan with the king, but why
24 And Mephibosheth, the grandson of Saul, should the king repay me with such a reward?
came down to meet the king, and he had not taken 37 Please let your servant turn back again, so that
care of his feet or trimmed his beard or washed his I may die in my own city and be buried by the
clothes from the day the king departed until the grave of my father and my mother. But see your
day he came back in peace. 25 And it came about, servant Kimham. Let him go over with my lord the
when he came to Jerusalem to meet the king, that king, and do for him whatever seems good to you.
the king said to him, Why did you not come with 38 And the king answered, Kimham shall go
me, Mephibosheth? over with me, and I will do for him whatever seems
26 And he answered, My lord the king, my good to you. And I will do for you whatever you
servant deceived me. For your servant said, I will ask me.
saddle a donkey for myself so that I may ride on it, 39 And all the people crossed the Jordan. And
and go to the king, because your servant is lame. when the king had crossed, the king kissed Barzillai
27 And he has slandered your servant to my lord and blessed him; and he returned to his own place.
the king. But my lord the king is like an angel of 40 Then the king went on to Gilgal, and Kimham
19:17 Ziba 3:19-21; 9:2-10; 16:1-4. 1 Kings 2:8,9.
19:18-20 Shimei admits his sin (16:5-8). 19:24 9:6-10.
Such people will do anything to save their 19:26-30 He answered there is a ring
unworthy necks. of truth in Mephibosheths words and
House of Joseph the tribes of Ephraim behavior, but we cannot be certain whether
and Manasseh here signify all the northern it was he or Ziba who was telling the truth
tribes of Israel. (16:3,4).
19:21 The law did not demand death for 19:29 David himself did not know whom to
the sin of cursing a ruler (Ex 22:28). Abishai believe. Often leaders of Gods people,
was the same sort of man as his brother hearing conflicting stories, find themselves
Joab. David lumps them together more in a similar position.
than once (3:39; 16:10). 19:31 17:27-29; 1 Kings 2:7.
19:22 It was time to show mercy to enemies 19:37 Kimham may have been Barzillais son.
and David knew it. 19:38 David showed the fine quality of
19:23 David did not trust Shimei, but he gratitude for help received.
kept this oath as long as he lived. See 19:40 Verses 9-14.
2 SAMUEL 19:41 404
went on with him, and all the people of Judah and set time which David had fixed for him.
also half the people of Israel conducted the king. 6 And David said to Abishai, Now Sheba, the
41 And then all the men of Israel came to the son of Bichri, will do us more harm than Absalom
king and said to the king, Why have our brethren did. Take your lords servants and pursue him, so
the men of Judah stolen you away and brought the that he does not get away into fortified cities and
king and his household and all Davids men with escape us. 7 And Joabs men and the Kerethites
him, over the Jordan? and the Pelethites and all the mighty men went out
42 And all the men of Judah answered the men after him, and they left Jerusalem to pursue Sheba
of Israel, Because the king is a close relative of the son of Bichri.
ours. Why then are you angry about this matter? 8 When they were at the great stone which is
Have we eaten at all at the kings expense ? Or has in Gibeon, Amasa came to meet them. And Joab
he given us any gift? was dressed in his military tunic, and over it was a
43 And the men of Israel answered the men of belt with a sword fastened to his waist in its
Judah and said, We have ten parts in the king, so scabbard. And as he went on it fell out.
we also have more right to David than you. Why 9 And Joab said to Amasa, Are you in good
then did you despise us? Was it not our advice first health, my brother? And Joab took Amasa by the
to bring back our king? beard with the right hand to kiss him. 10 But Amasa
And the words of the men of Judah were fiercer paid no attention to the sword that was in Joabs
than the words of the men of Israel. hand, so he struck him with it in the stomach, and
spilled out his bowels onto the ground and did not
20
And there happened to be a wicked man strike him again. And he died. Then Joab and his
there, whose name was Sheba. He was brother Abishai pursued Sheba, the son of Bichri.
the son of Bichri, a Benjamite. And he blew a 11 And one of Joabs men stood near him and
trumpet and said, We have no part in David, nor said, Whoever favours Joab and whoever is for
do we have an inheritance in the son of Jesse. David, let him go after Joab. 12 And Amasa was
Every man to his tents, O Israel! wallowing in blood in the middle of the highway.
2 So every man of Israel went away David and And when the man saw that all the people stood
followed Sheba, the son of Bichri. But the men of still, he moved Amasa out of the highway into the
Judah stayed with their king, from the Jordan to field and threw a cloth over him, seeing that
Jerusalem. everyone who came near him stood still. 13 When
3 And David came to his house at Jerusalem, he had been moved out of the highway, all the
and the king took the ten women, his concubines people went on after Joab to pursue Sheba the
whom he had left to keep the house, and put them son of Bichri.
under guard and provided for them, but he did not 14 And he went through all the tribes of Israel
go in to them. So they were confined to the day of to Abel, and to Beth-Maachah and all the Berites,
their death, living as widows. and they were gathered together and also went
4 Then the king said to Amasa, Assemble the after him. 15 And they came and besieged him in
men of Judah for me within three days, and you be Abel of Beth-Maachah, and they threw up a mound
present here. 5 So Amasa went to assemble the against the city, and it stood by the wall; and all the
men of Judah, but he stayed away longer than the people who were with Joab battered the wall to
19:41-43 The men of the northern tribes of (Num 14:10; 1 Sam 30:6; Matt 27:20-26).
Israel had spoken before the men of Judah 20:3 15:16; 16:21,22.
of bringing David back (v 11), but Judah 20:4 Amasa David did what he said he
performed the ceremony of bringing him would do in 19:13. He ignored Joab.
over Jordan. In the argument which 20:5 The set time no reason is given for
resulted, Israel claimed their right on the this. Perhaps the men of Judah were
ground of numbers (v 43), Judah claimed hesitant about following a new commander.
theirs on the ground of relationship (v 42). They showed their loyalty to Joab in
What should have been a time of united vs 11,13,15.
rejoicing became an occasion for jealousy 20:6 David turned for help again to one of
and dissension. the sons of Zeruiah who were too much
20:1 Wicked man Prov 15:18; 16:28; for him, whom he had called adversaries
17:14,19; 20:3; 28:25. There will always (19:21,22). Indeed they were adversaries
be someone ready to promote dissension of everything gentle, humble, and spiritual.
among Gods people, for his own ends. 20:7 Pelethites 8:18.
20:2 A brief time before (19:43) the men of 20:9 Kiss him the hypocrites way
these northern tribes insisted they had ten (Matt 26:49).
shares in David. Now they say they have none. 20:10 2:23; 3:27; 18:14; 1 Kings 2:5.
The affection of the masses is a fickle thing 20:14 Maacah in the far north of the land.
405 2 SAMUEL 21:8
bring it down. 16 Then a wise woman cried out
from the city, Listen! Listen! Please say to Joab,
Come near here, so that I may speak with you.
21 Then there was a famine in the days of
David for three years, year after year, and
David inquired of the LORD. And the LORD
17 And when he had come near her, the woman answered, It is on account of Saul and on account
said, Are you Joab? of his house of bloodshed, because he killed the
And he answered, I am. Gibeonites.
Then she said to him, Listen to the words of 2 And the king called the Gibeonites and spoke
your maid servant. to them. Now the Gibeonites were not a part of
And he answered, I am listening. the children of Israel, but of the remnant of the
18 Then she spoke, saying, In olden times they Amorites. And the children of Israel had sworn to
used to speak, saying, They will surely ask counsel spare them, but Saul sought to strike them down in
at Abel and so they ended any dispute. 19 I am his zeal for the children of Israel and Judah.
one of the peaceable and faithful in Israel. You 3 Therefore David said to the Gibeonites, What
are seeking to destroy a city and a mother in Israel. shall I do for you? And how shall I make
Why would you swallow up the inheritance of the atonement, so that you may bless the inheritance
Lord? of the LORD?
20 And Joab answered and said, Far be it, far 4 And the Gibeonites said to him, For us it is
be it from me, that I should swallow up or destroy. not a matter of silver or gold with Saul or with his
21 The case is not like that; but a man from mount house; nor should any man in Israel be put to death
Ephraim, Sheba by name, the son of Bichri, has for us.
raised his hand against the king, against David. And he said, I will do for you whatever you
Only hand him over, and I will depart from the city. say.
And the woman said to Joab, Look, his head 5 And they answered the king, As for the man
will be thrown to you over the wall. 22 Then the who consumed us, and who planned that we should
woman went to all the people in her wisdom. And be ruined with no place remaining for us in any of
they cut off the head of Sheba, the son of Bichri, the territories of Israel, 6 let seven men among his
and threw it out to Joab. And he blew a trumpet, offspring be handed over to us, and we will hang
and they withdrew from the city, each man to his them up before the LORD in Gibeah of Saul, the
tent. And Joab returned to Jerusalem to the king. chosen of the LORD.
23 Now Joab was over all the army of Israel, And the king said, I will hand them over.
and Benaiah the son of Jehoiada was over the 7 But the king spared Mephibosheth, the son of
Kerethites and over the Pelethites, 24 and Adoram Jonathan, the son of Saul, because of the LORDs
was over the tribute, and Jehoshaphat the son of oath that was between them, between David and
Ahilud was recorder, 25 and Sheva was scribe, Jonathan, the son of Saul. 8 But the king took the
and Zadok and Abiathar were the priests, 26 and two sons of Rizpah, the daughter of Aiah, whom
Ira the Jairite also was a minister under David. she bore to Saul, Armoni and Mephibosheth, and
20:19 Mother in the Bible towns and Inheritance the land of Israel.
cities are sometimes spoken of using the 21:5,6 Gen 9:5,6; Num 25:4; 35:31.
female gender (Ps 137:8; Isa 1:8; 23:10, Saul himself was dead, so retribution was
12; Jer 50:12; Gal 4:26; Rev 17:5,18; etc). made on his descendants. Many more than
20:22 Jerusalem and the king accepted seven Gibeonites had been killed, but they
Joab again as commander of the army were willing to accept the death of seven of
(v 23). Joab was not the kind of person one Sauls descendants as a just retribution. Was
could shunt aside. David had tried and failed. it right for Sauls descendants to pay the
20:23-25 8:15-18; 1 Chron 18:14-17. penalty of sin committed by Saul? In this
Adoram (v 24) a variant of Adoniram. case it was right, for God accepted it and
21:1 Famine observe that God sent a stopped the famine (v 14), and certainly we
famine because of the nations sin. Putting may say that God would not have done so if
the Gibeonites to death violated the prom- the action by David had not been right. At
ise Joshua made to them (Josh 9:3-21). first sight this all seems contrary to Gods
The sin was Sauls, but the trouble came to word in Ezekiel chapter 18. But there sin is
all. Compare Josh 7:1,11. God dealt with regarded as a personal matter; in Sauls
the nation as a unit. And the nation had case God regarded it as a national matter,
not confessed and dealt with this sin. as in the case of Achan. Also, for all we
21:2 Gibeonites Josh 9:15,18-26. know, it may be that Sauls descendants had
21:3 Atonement when wrong has been guilty knowledge of Sauls wicked deed, were
done it has to be put right. Otherwise Gods one with him in it, were wicked people
blessing should not be expected (Ex 22:1- themselves.
15; Lev 6:4,5; 24:18,21; 1 Sam 12:3; 21:7 1 Sam 18:3; 20:12-17; 23:18;
2 Sam 12:6; Luke 19:8). 2 Sam 4:4; 9:10.
2 SAMUEL 21:9 406
the five sons of Michal the daughter of Saul, whom Goliath the Gittite, the shaft of whose spear was
she brought up for Adriel, the son of Barzillai, the like a weavers beam.
Meholathite, 9 and he delivered them into the hands 20 And there was another battle in Gath, where
of the Gibeonites. And they hanged them on the there was a man of great stature, who had six
hill before the LORD. And all seven of them fell fingers on each hand, and six toes on each foot,
together, and were put to death during the first twenty-four in number, and he too had been born
days of harvest, in the beginning of the barley to a giant. 21 And when he defied Israel, Jonathan,
harvest. the son of Shimeah the brother of David, killed him.
10 And Rizpah, the daughter of Aiah, took 22 These four were born to a giant in Gath, and
sackcloth and spread it for herself on the rock there, fell by the hand of David and by the hand of his
from the beginning of harvest until rain fell on them servants.
from the sky, and did not let either the birds of the
air come on them by day or the beasts of the field
by night. 11 And it was told David what Rizpah the 22 And David spoke to the LORD the words of
this song on the day that the LORD
delivered him out of the hands of all his enemies
daughter of Aiah, the concubine of Saul, had done.
12 And David went and took the bones of Saul and and out of the hands of Saul,
the bones of Jonathan his son from the men of 2 And he said,
Jabesh Gilead, who had stolen them from the street The LORD is my rock, and my fortress,
of Beth-Shan, where the Philistines had hanged and my deliverer,
them after the Philistines had killed Saul in Gilboa. 3 My God, my rock.
13 And David brought the bones of Saul and the In him I will trust.
bones of Jonathan his son up from there; and they He is my shield, and the horn of
gathered the bones of those who had been hanged. my salvation, my high tower,
14 And they buried the bones of Saul and his and my refuge, my saviour.
son Jonathan in the country of Benjamin in Zelah, You save me from violence.
in the tomb of his father Kish, and they did all that 4 I will call on the LORD,
the king commanded. And after that God heard who is worthy to be praised,
prayer for the land. and I will be saved from my enemies.
15 Once again the Philistines were at war with
Israel, and David went down, and his servants with 5 When the waves of death came around me,
him, and fought against the Philistines, and David the floods of ungodly men made me
became exhausted. 16 And Ishbi-benob, who was afraid.
one of the descendants of a giant, and the weight 6 The sorrows of hell came all around me;
of whose spear was three hundred bronze shekels the snares of death were before me.
in weight, and who was girded with a new sword, 7 In my distress I called to the LORD,
said he would kill David. 17 But Abishai, the son of and cried out to my God;
Zeruiah, helped him, and struck the Philistine and and he hear my voice from his temple,
killed him. Then Davids men swore to him, saying, and my cry came into his ears.
You shall no longer go out with us to battle, so that 8 Then the earth shook and trembled;
you do not extinguish the light of Israel. the foundations of heaven moved and
18 And it happened after this, that again there shook, because he was angry.
was a battle with the Philistines at Gob. Then 9 There went up a smoke out of his
Sibbechai, the Hushathite, killed Saph, who was nostrils,
one of the descendants of a giant. and devouring fire out of his mouth.
19 And again there was a battle in Gob with Coals were kindled by it.
the Philistines, where Elhanan, the son of Jaare- 10 And he bowed the heavens and came down,
oregim, a Bethlehemite, killed the brother of and darkness was under his feet.
21:10 Rain God sent rain in answer to prayer 22:1 Ex 15:1; Jud 5:1; Rev 15:2-4.
(v14), because just retribution had been made. 22:2-51 Apart from a few slight changes
21:12 1 Sam 31:8-13. this song is the same as Ps 18:2-50. See
21:14 After that God heard prayer 24:25; notes there. It was written just after the
Josh 7:26; 2 Chron 7:13,14. victories recorded in 2 Sam 8:1-14, before
21:16 Three hundred shekels about 3:5 Davids sin with Bathsheba. Chapters 21-23
kilograms. of this book (for the most part) refer to
21:17 Light 18:3; 1 Kings 11:36. David events before those recorded in chapter 20.
was like a light to Israel only because God 22:6 Hell in Hebrew Sheol note at
was a light to him (22:29). Gen 37:35.
407 2 SAMUEL 22:47
11 And he rode on a cherub and flew, and the LORD will light up my darkness.
and he was seen on the wings of the wind. 30 For by you I have run through a troop.
12 And he made darkness canopies By my God I have leaped over a wall.
around him, dark waters, 31 As for God, his way is perfect.
and thick clouds of the skies. The word of the LORD is tested.
13 Through the brightness before him coals He is a shield to all those who trust in him.
of fire were kindled. 32 For who is God, except the LORD?
14 The LORD thundered from heaven, And who is a rock, except our God?
and the Most High uttered his voice.
15 And he sent out arrows, and scattered 33 God is my strength and power,
them; lightning, and routed them. and he makes my way perfect.
16 And the channels of the sea appeared, 34 He makes my feet like the feet of
the foundations of the earth were a deer, and sets me on my high places.
uncovered, at the rebuke of the LORD, 35 He teaches my hands to war,
at the blast of the breath of his nostrils. so that a bow of bronze is broken
by my arms.
17 He sent from above; he took me;
36 You have also given me the shield
he drew me out of many waters.
of your salvation;
18 He delivered me from my strong enemy,
and your gentleness has made me great.
and from those who hated me,
37 You have enlarged the place of my
for they were too strong for me.
steps under me;
19 They confronted me in the day of my
and my feet did not slip.
calamity,
but the LORD was my support. 38 I pursued my enemies, and destroyed
20 And he brought me out into a spacious them, and did not turn back until
place. I had made an end of them.
He delivered me because he delighted 39 And I made an end of them, and crushed
in me. them, so that they could not rise;
yes, they fell under my feet.
21 The LORD has rewarded me in accordance 40 For you have clothed me with strength
with my righteousness; for battle.
in accordance with the cleanness of my You have subdued under me those who
hands he has repaid me. rose up against me.
22 For I have kept the ways of the LORD, 41 You have also given me the necks of
and have not wickedly departed from my enemies,
my God. so that I could destroy those who
23 For all his judgments were before me; hate me.
and as for his statutes, 42 They looked, but there was no one
I did not depart from them. to save;
24 And I was blameless before him, even to the LORD, but he did not
and have kept myself from my iniquity. answer them.
25 Therefore the LORD has repaid me in 43 Then I beat them as small as the dust
accordance with my righteousness, of the earth.
in accordance with my cleanness in I stamped them like the mire of the
his eyes. street, and scattered them around.
26 With the merciful you show yourself 44 You have also delivered me from the
merciful, strivings of my people.
and with the blameless man you You have kept me as head of the nations.
show yourself to be blameless. A people that I did not know serve me.
27 With the pure you show yourself pure, 45 Foreigners submit themselves to me.
and with the twisters you show yourself As soon as they hear, they become
able to twist. obedient to me.
28 And you will save the afflicted people; 46 Foreigners lose heart and are afraid
but your eyes are on the haughty, from their strongholds.
whom you will bring down. 47 The LORD lives; and blessed be my rock,
29 For you are my lamp, O LORD, and exalted be the God of the rock
2 SAMUEL 22:48 408
of my salvation. desire, will he not make it grow?
48 It is God who avenges me and who 6 But wicked men, all of them, will be
brings down the people under me, like thorns thrown aside because
49 And who brings me out from my enemies. they cannot be taken by hand,
And you have lifted me up on high 7 and the man who touches them must be
above those who rose up against me. armed with iron and the shaft of a spear;
You have delivered me from the violent and they will be utterly burned with
man. fire in the same place.
50 Therefore I will give thanks to you,
8 These are the names of the mighty men
O LORD, among the nations,
whom David had: The Tachmonite who sat in the
and I will sing praises to your name.
seat, chief among the captains; he was called Adino
51 He is the tower of salvation for
the Eznite. He lifted up his spear against eight
his king,
hundred, whom he killed at one time. 9 And after
and shows mercy to his anointed,
him was Eleazar, the son of Dodo the Ahohite, one
to David and to his seed forever.
of the three mighty men with David when they
defied the Philistines who were gathered together
23 Now these are the last words of David.
David the son of Jesse said,
there to battle, and the men of Israel had drawn
back. 10 He arose and struck down the Philistines
and the man who was raised up on high, until his hand was weary, and his hand stuck to the
the anointed of the God of Jacob, sword. And the LORD accomplished a great
and the sweet psalmist of Israel, said, victory that day; and the people returned after
him only to plunder.
2 The Spirit of the LORD spoke by me,
and his word was in my tongue. 11 And after him was Shammah, the son of
3 The God of Israel spoke, Agee the Hararite. And the Philistines were gath-
the Rock of Israel said to me, ered together in a band where there was a piece of
He who rules over men must be just, ground full of lentils. And the people fled from the
ruling in the fear of God. Philistines, 12 but he stood in the middle of the
4 And he will be like the light of ground and defended it and killed the Philistines;
the morning, when the sun rises, and the LORD accomplished a great victory.
a morning without clouds; 13 And at harvest time three of the thirty chief
like the tender grass springing out men went down and came to David at the cave of
of the earth by clear shining Adullam; and the Philistine troops were camping in
after rain. the valley of Rephaim. 14 And David was then in
5 Although my house is not so with God; a stronghold, and the garrison of the Philistines
still he has made an everlasting covenant was then in Bethlehem. 15 And David felt a longing
with me, ordered in all things, and said, Oh that someone would give me a drink
and sure. of the water from the well at Bethlehem, which is
As for all my salvation and all my by the gate! 16 And the three mighty men broke
23:1 Last words the first seven verses Desire Ps 37:4.
of this chapter were words David spoke by 23:6 Isa 9:18; 10:17; Mic 7:4; Nah 1:10;
inspiration (the Hebrew means this) toward Mal 4:1; Matt 13:41,42; Heb 6:8; Rev 21:8.
the end of his life. From v 8 the narrative 23:8-39 Mighty men 1 Chron 11:10-41.
returns to events much earlier in his life. Davids day was a time of much warfare.
Anointed 1 Sam 16:12,13. Here his most notable warriors are singled
Sweet psalmist seventy-three of the out for honor. It is not unlikely there will be
psalms are attributed to David, and he something similar at Christs return, for
probably wrote several more of them. those who have fought in His spiritual battles.
23:2 Matt 22:43; 2 Tim 3:16; 2 Pet 1:21. See 2 Tim 4:7,8.
When David declared the Word of God he was 23:9 Three two groups of three and
conscious of the inspiration of Gods Spirit. one group of thirty are referred to (vs 8-12,
23:3 Rock note at Deut 32:4. 13-23, 23-39).
Just this was always Davids aim. See 23:12 If those engaged in spiritual warfare
Ps 101. would show this courage and determination
Fear of God notes at Gen 20:11; there would be more victories.
Ps 34:11-14; 111:10; Prov 1:7. 23:13 Three a different three from those
23:4 Light 21:17; Prov 4:18. An unjust in vs 8-12. Of these three, only Abishai
ruler is all black clouds and darkness, and Benaiah are named.
without rain. 23:14 1 Sam 22:4,5.
23:5 Covenant 7:12; Ps 89:29; Isa 55:3. 23:16,17 In Davids eyes their action was
409 2 SAMUEL 24:2
through the army of the Philistines, and drew 24 Asahel, the brother of Joab, was one of the
water from the well at Bethlehem that was by the thirty; as were Elhanan, the son of Dodo of
gate, and took it and brought it to David. Bethlehem, 25 Shammah the Harodite, Elika the
However he would not drink it, but poured it out to Harodite, 26 Helez the Paltite, Ira, the son of
the LORD. Ikkesh the Tekoite, 27 Abiezer the Anethothite,
17 And he said, Far be it from me, O LORD, Mebunnai the Hushathite, 28 Zalmon the Ahohite,
that I should do this! Is not this the blood of the Maharai the Netophathite, 29 Heleb the son of
men who went in jeopardy of their lives? So he Baanah, a Netophathite, Ittai, the son of Ribai from
would not drink it. These things these three mighty Gibeah of the children of Benjamin, 30 Benaiah the
men did. Pirathonite, Hiddai, from the brooks of Gaash,
18 And Abishai, the brother of Joab, the son of 31 Abi-Albon the Arbathite, Azmaveth the
Zeruiah, was chief among three. And he lifted up Barhumite, 32 Eliahba the Shaalbonite, of the sons
his spear against three hundred and killed them, of Jashen, Jonathan, 33 Shammah the Hararite,
and had a name among the three. 19 Was he not Ahiam, the son of Sharar the Hararite, 34 Eliphelet,
the most honoured of the three? Therefore he the son of Ahasbai, the son of the Maachathite,
was their captain. However he did not attain to Eliam, the son of Ahithophel the Gilonite, 35 Hezrai
the level of the first three. the Carmelite, Paarai the Arbite, 36 Igal, the son
20 And there was Benaiah, the son of of Nathan of Zobah, Bani the Gadite, 37 Zelek the
Jehoiada, the son of a valiant man, of Kabzeel, Ammonite, Nahari the Beerothite, armour bearer
who did many deeds. He killed two lion-like men of to Joab, the son of Zeruiah, 38 Ira an Ithrite,
Moab. He also went down and killed a lion in the Gareb an Ithrite, 39 Uriah the Hittite: thirty-seven
middle of a pit in a time of snow. 21 And he killed an in all.
Egyptian, an impressive man; and the Egyptian had
a spear in his hand, but Benaiah went down to him
with a staff and pulled the spear out of the
Egyptians hand and killed him with his own spear.
24 And again the anger of the LORD burned
against Israel, and he moved David against
them to say, Go, count Israel and Judah.
22 These things Benaiah the son of Jehoiada did, 2 For the king said to Joab the commander of
and had a name among three mighty men. 23 He the army, who was with him, Go now through all
was more honoured than the thirty, but he did not the tribes of Israel, from Dan to Beersheba, and
attain to the level of the first three. And David count the people, so that I may know the number
appointed him over his guard. of the people.
like a sacrifice of their lives. And the blood work His will in anything, He may use any
of sacrifices was to be poured out or instrument He chooses. See 1 Kings 22:19-
sprinkled around the altar Ex 29:12; Lev 23; Job 1:6-12; 2:6; Isa 10:5,6; Jer
1:5; 4:7; 17:10. 51:20-23; Hab 1:6; Acts 2:23; 4:28;
23:18 2:18; 10:10; 8:2; 19:21; 1 Sam 26:6. Rev 17:17. God is the sovereign ruler of
23:20 8:18; 20:23. the universe and rules justly and righteously
23:23 First three the three mentioned over the nations (Ps 22:28; 47:2; 93:1;
in vs 8-12. 97:1). God does not tempt any man to do
23:24 Asahel 2:18. wrong (Jam 1:13,14), and taking a census
23:34 Eliam the father of Bathsheba. itself was not wrong (in Num 1:1-3 God Him-
23:39 Uriah the husband of Bathsheba self ordered a census to be taken). But God,
whom David later had killed (11:14,15; in accordance with His wise will, permits Satan
12:9). to tempt men, and taking a census from
Thirty-seven the names of replace- wrong motives was wrong. And the verses
ments for those who died are probably which follow make it clear that David
included in this list. Notice that Uriah demanded a census from wrong motives.
appears in this list but Joab does not. 24:2 From Dan to Beersheba an expres-
24:1-25 1 Chron 21:1-27. sion meaning from one end of the country
24:1 Anger notes at Num 25:3; Ps to the other. Like saying from Kashmir to
90:7-11. The specific reason for Gods Cape Comorin.
anger here is not given, but we may be sure That I may know this suggests David
there was a good reason for it. God is never wanted to take pride in the number of his
angry without good reason. fighting men, or that for success he had
Moved 1 Chron 21:1 says that Satan begun to depend on them instead of on
moved David to take a census of Israel. God. It seems that he forgot, for the time,
Gods will was the root cause, Satans work that the power and security of Israel were
in Davids mind was the immediate cause. not in arms and soldiers, but in God. He
Behind the act of Satan stood the purpose was acting contrary to the mind he himself
of God in judgment. When God determines had shown more than once 22:2-4, 47-
to test someone, or send punishment, or 51; 1 Sam 17:26,37,45-47; Ps 33:16-20.
2 SAMUEL 24:3 410
3 And Joab said to the king, Now may the LORD: I offer you three things. Choose one of
LORD your God add a hundredfold to the people, them, so that I may do it to you.
however many they may be, so that the eyes of 13 So Gad came to David and told him and said
my lord the king may see it. But why does my lord to him, Shall seven years of famine come to you in
the king delight in this thing? your land? Or will you flee three months before
4 However the kings word prevailed against your enemies, while they pursue you? Or shall
Joab, and against the officers of the army. And there be three days of plague in your land? Now
Joab and the officers of the army went out from find out and see what answer I should take back to
the presence of the king, to count the people of the one who sent me.
Israel. 14 And David said to Gad, I am in great
5 And they crossed the Jordan and camped in distress. Let us fall now into the hands of the
Aroer, on the right side of the city that lies in the LORD, for his mercies are great. But do not let me
middle of the river valley of Gad, and toward Jazer. fall into the hands of man.
6 Then they came to Gilead, and to the land of 15 So the LORD sent a plague on Israel from
Tahtim-Hodshi, and they came to Dan-Jaan, and morning to the time appointed, and seventy
around to Sidon, 7 and came to the stronghold of thousand men of the people, from Dan even to
Tyre, and to all the cities of the Hivites and of the Beersheba, died. 16 And when the angel stretched
Canaanites. And they went out to the south of out his hand over Jerusalem to destroy it, the LORD
Judah, to Beersheba. relented concerning the disaster, and said to the
8 So when they had gone through all the land, angel who was destroying the people, It is enough.
they came to Jerusalem at the end of nine months Now hold back your hand. And the angel of the
and twenty days. LORD was by the threshing place of Araunah the
9 And Joab handed over to the king the sum of Jebusite.
the number of the people. And there were in Israel 17 And David spoke to the LORD when he saw
eight hundred thousand valiant men who drew the the angel that struck down the people, and said,
sword, and the men of Judah were five hundred Look, I have sinned, and I have done wickedly.
thousand men. But these sheep, what have they done? I pray
10 And David was struck to the heart after he you, let your hand be against me and against my
had counted the people. And David said to the fathers house.
LORD, I have sinned greatly in what I have done. 18 And Gad came to David that day and said to
And now, I beg you, O LORD, take away the him, Go up, erect an altar to the LORD in the
wickedness of your servant, for I have acted very threshing floor of Araunah the Jebusite. 19 And
foolishly. David, in accordance with the word of Gad, went
11 And when David was up in the morning, the up as the LORD commanded. 20 And Araunah
word of the LORD came to the prophet Gad, Davids looked and saw the king and his servants coming
seer, saying, 12 Go and tell David, Thus says the on toward him, and Araunah went out and
24:3 Even Joab, unspiritual man that he was, God deal directly with him and the people
recognized the folly of Davids action. rather than indirectly through famine or
24:4 David does not give a reason for enemies.
wanting a census. Did he realize himself 24:14 Mercies Ex 34:6; Ps 103:8-13.
that his motives were wrong? In any case, 24:15 Seventy thousand remember that
he stubbornly rejected Joabs criticism, and Gods anger burned against the whole
insisted on having his own way. Gods nation (v 1).
servants should learn to weigh humbly and 24:16 Angel Ex 12:23; 33:2; 2 Kings
carefully any criticism of their actions. It 19:35; Ps 35:5,6; 78:49.
could save them much trouble. Relented Davids choice to put
24:10 Sinned now David fully realized himself and the people in Gods hand was a
that his motives in making a census were good one. It once again brought out Gods
sinful. He repented, and no doubt was compassion.
forgiven. But there were serious 24:17 Sheep David may not have been
consequences of his sinning. aware that God was angry with the whole
24:11 Gad 1 Sam 9:9; 22:5. nation. In any case, he is willing to take
Seer note at 1 Sam 9:9. the whole blame for the disaster if only the
24:12,13 Compare 12:9-14. Confession people could be spared. Though he had
and forgiveness do not mean that Gods sinned he was still a true shepherd
chastisement will not come. Famine, defeat (Ps 78:71,72).
by enemies, and plague were three of the 24:18 Gad the angel of the Lord sent
means God threatened to use to punish a him. See 1 Chron 21:18.
disobedient people (Deut 28:15-25; Jer Altar for the purpose of offering
14:12; Ezek 14:21). David chose to have sacrifices which God had appointed (v 25).
411 2 SAMUEL 24:25
prostrated himself before the king with his face on the king. And Araunah said to the king, The LORD
the ground. your God accept you.
21 And Araunah said, Why has my lord the 24 And the king said to Araunah, No, but I
king come to his servant? must buy it from you at a price, for I will not
And David said, To buy the threshing floor from offer burnt offerings to the LORD my God from
you, to build an altar to the LORD, so that the what costs me nothing. So David bought the
plague may be held back from the people. threshing floor and the oxen for fifty shekels of
22 And Araunah said to David, May my lord the silver.
king take and offer up whatever seems good to 25 And David built an altar there to the LORD,
him. Look, here are oxen for burnt sacrifice, and and offered burnt offerings and peace offerings.
threshing sledges and the yokes of the oxen for So the LORD heard prayer for the land, and the
wood. 23 O king, all these things Araunah gives to plague was held back from Israel.
Jebusite 5:6. David paid 50 shekels of silver for the
24:21 Held back compare Num 16:44- threshing floor and oxen. He paid 600 shek-
50. For the significance of sacrifices under els of gold for the area which contained the
the law see notes at Lev 1:2. threshing floor (1 Chron 21:25; 22:1).
24:24 Alas, that many of Gods people are 24:25 These offerings spoke of dedication
willing to give their worst to God, or that which to God and reconciliation after sinning
costs them the least (Mal 1:13,14). In this against Him. See notes at Leviticus
way they show that their love for Him is very chapters 1 and 3. After the events of this
small or non-existent. Note and references chapter, the people might well have prayed
on giving at 2 Cor 9:15. the prayer of Moses (psalm 90). It is a
Fifty shekels about 0.6 kilogram. fitting commentary on this chapter.
1 KINGS
Title:
Originally 1 Kings and 2 Kings were one book (in the Hebrew Bible). The translators of the Septuagint
(the Greek translation of the Old Testament) divided the one book into two.
Author, date:
According to ancient Jewish tradition the author was the prophet Jeremiah, but there is no proof for
this. It was probably written shortly after the Jews went into captivity in Babylon.
Themes:
This book continues the history of the kings who ruled the people of Israel from David to Jehoshaphat
and Ahaziah. Some important events recorded here are the construction of the temple by Solomon,
the division of the tribes of Israel into two kingdoms, the rapid descent of the northern kingdom into
idolatry and corruption, and the remarkable ministry of the prophet Elijah. The events in 1 Kings
cover a period of 118 years.
Cont,ents :
Solomon as king ........................................................................................... 1:1 - 11:43
Davids last days and Adonijahs
attempt to become king ....................................................................... 1:1-10
Solomon chosen by David and God ............................................................ 1:11-40
Davids final instructions to Solomon ........................................................... 2:1-9
Davids death .......................................................................................... 2:10,11
The beginning of Solomons rule and the
elimination of wicked enemies ............................................................... 2:12-46
Solomon marries Pharaohs daughter .......................................................... 3:1
Solomons love for God ............................................................................. 3:2
Solomons request for wisdom ................................................................... 3:3-9
God gives Solomon wisdom and more ......................................................... 3:10-15
One baby, two mothers, Solomons wise decision ......................................... 3:16-28
Solomon organizes the kingdom ................................................................. 4:1-28
Solomons wisdom .................................................................................... 4:29-34
Solomon prepares to build the temple ......................................................... 5:1-18
Solomon builds the temple and his palace .................................................... 6:1 - 7:51
The dedication of the temple ..................................................................... 8:1-66
The ark and the cloud .............................................................................. 8:1-11
Solomons speech to the people ................................................................. 8:12-21
Solomons prayer ..................................................................................... 8:22-53
Gods promise to Solomon ......................................................................... 9:1-9
Other works of Solomon ........................................................................... 9:10-28
The visit of the queen of Sheba ................................................................. 10:1-13
Solomons wealth ..................................................................................... 10:14-29
Solomons fall into sin and Gods message to him .......................................... 11:1-13
Solomons enemies Hadad, Rezon, Jeroboam .............................................. 11:14-40
Solomons death ...................................................................................... 11:41-43
The division of the kingdom ........................................................................... 12:1-24
Jeroboam creates a false, idolatrous religion ................................................... 12:25-33
Prophecies against Jeroboam ........................................................................ 13:1 - 14:20
The man of God from Judah ...................................................................... 13:1-34
The prophet Ahijah predicts the
destruction of Jeroboams dynasty ........................................................ 14:1-20
413 1 KINGS
Judahs bad king Rehoboam .......................................................................... 14:21-31
Judahs bad king Abijah ................................................................................ 15:1-8
Judahs good king Asa .................................................................................. 15:9-24
Israels evil king Nadab ................................................................................. 15:25-32
Israels evil king Baasha ................................................................................ 15:33 - 16:7
Israels evil king Elah ..................................................................................... 16:8-14
Israels evil king Zimri .................................................................................... 16:15-20
Israels evil king Omri .................................................................................... 16:21-28
Israels evil king Ahab, Jezebel, and Elijahs ministry ......................................... 16:29 - 22:40
The sudden appearance of Elijah ............................................................... 17:1
Elijah fed by the ravens ........................................................................... 17:2-6
Elijah and the widow of Zarephath ............................................................. 17:7-24
Obadiah takes Elijah to Ahab .................................................................... 18:1-15
Elijah and Baals prophets on Carmel .......................................................... 18:16-41
Elijahs prayer for rain .............................................................................. 18:42-46
Elijahs depression and flight to Sinai .......................................................... 19:1-9
The Lords encouragement and instruction to Elijah ...................................... 19:10-18
Elijah goes to Elisha ................................................................................. 19:19-21
Ben-Hadads defeat at Samaria ................................................................. 20:1-34
Gods message to Ahab ............................................................................ 20:35-43
Ahab covets Naboths vineyard ................................................................. 21:1-4
Jezebels way of getting the vineyard ........................................................ 21:4-16
Elijah gives Gods message to Ahab ............................................................ 21:7-29
Good king Jehoshaphat and evil Ahab ........................................................ 22:1-28
Lying prophets join hands ......................................................................... 22:6,10-12
The prophet Micaiah tells the truth ............................................................ 22:13-28
The death of Ahab, Micaiahs word is fulfilled .............................................. 22:29-40
Judahs good king Jehoshaphat ..................................................................... 22:41-50
Israels evil king Ahaziah ............................................................................... 22:51-53
1 KINGS 1:1 414
1 Now king David was old and advanced in years,
and they put covers over him, but he did not
keep warm. 2 Therefore his servants said to him,
11 Therefore Nathan spoke to Bathsheba, the
mother of Solomon, saying, Have you not heard
that Adonijah, the son of Haggith, has become
Let a young virgin be sought for my lord the king, king, and our lord David does not know it? 12 Now
and let her attend the king and take care of him, therefore come, please let me give you counsel, so
and let her lie in your bosom, so that my lord the that you may save your own life and the life of
king may keep warm. your son Solomon. 13 Go and approach king David
3 So they looked for a beautiful girl throughout and say to him, My lord the king, did you not swear
all the territories of Israel, and found Abishag, a to your maid servant, saying, Your son Solomon
Shunammite, and brought her to the king. 4 And shall certainly reign after me, and he shall sit on my
the girl was very beautiful, and took care of the throne? Why then has Adonijah become king?
king and ministered to him, but the king did not 14 Look, while you are still talking there with the
know her. king, I also will come in after you, and confirm your
5 Then Adonijah, the son of Haggith, exalted words.
himself, saying, I will be king, and he prepared 15 And Bathsheba went in to the king in his
chariots and horsemen for himself, and fifty men to room. And the king was very old, and Abishag the
run before him. 6 And his father had not displeased Shunammite ministered to the king. 16 And
him at any time by saying, Why have you done Bathsheba bowed and prostrated herself to the
so? And he also was a very handsome man; and king.
his mother bore him after Absalom. And the king said, What do you wish?
7 And he conferred with Joab the son of 17 And she said to him, My lord, you swore by
Zeruiah, and with Abiathar the priest; and they the LORD your God to your maid servant, saying,
followed Adonijah and helped him. 8 But Zadok Your son Solomon shall certainly reign after me,
the priest, and Benaiah the son of Jehoiada, and and he shall sit on my throne. 18 And now, look,
Nathan the prophet, and Shimei, and Rei, and Adonijah has become king, and now, my lord the
Davids mighty men, were not with Adonijah. king, you do not know it. 19 And he has
9 And Adonijah slaughtered sheep and oxen slaughtered oxen and fat cattle and sheep in
and fat cattle at the stone of Zoheleth, which is by abundance, and has invited all the sons of the king,
En-rogel, and invited all his brothers, the kings and Abiathar the priest, and Joab the commander
sons, and all the men of Judah, the kings servants. of the army, but he has not invited your servant
10 But he did not invite Nathan the prophet and Solomon. 20 And as for you, my lord the king, the
Benaiah and the mighty men, and Solomon his eyes of all Israel are on you, that you should tell
brother. them who will sit on the throne of my lord the king
1:1 Years David was about seventy years On bringing up children see Prov 13:24;
old (2 Sam 5:4). 19:18; 22:15; 23:13,14; 29:15,17;
1:3 Shunam Josh 19:17,18; 1 Sam Eph 6:4; 1 Tim 3:4,5; Heb 12:5-11.
28:4; 2 Kings 4:8. 1:7 Joab the commander of the army
1:4 Know note at Gen 4:1. (2 Sam 8:16).
1:5 Adonijah he was the fourth son of Helped him power lovers will usually
David. Haggith was one of the wives of David find a following of some kind or other.
(2 Sam 3:4). But both Amnon and Absalom 1:8 Benaiah captain of Davids
were dead, and probably Kileab also (after bodyguard (2 Sam 8:18).
his birth nothing is written about him Shimei and Rei or perhaps it could
anywhere). Evidently Adonijah thought he be translated Shimei and his friends. It is
should be next in line for the throne of very unlikely that this means the Shimei of
Israel. 2:8,9 and 2 Sam 16:5-9.
Exalted himself he (and all Israel) 1:9 En-Rogel just outside the wall of
knew that God had chosen Solomon to be Jerusalem to the southeast.
king after David. See 1 Chron 28:5-7. But 1:10 Solomon 2 Sam 12:24,25.
Adonijah was not willing to accept this. Now 1:11 Bathsheba 2 Sam 11:3,27.
Christians do not have the right to put Adonijah had not actually ascended the
themselves forward to grasp power and throne, but his conspiracy was well supported
position. See Jer 45:5; Matt 10:38,39; and certain to succeed unless something was
16:24,25; 20:25-28. done.
Run before him like Absalom (2 Sam 1:13 This promise is not recorded in the
15:1). Bible, but David says in v 30 that he had
1:6 Not displeased him parents who let made it. And God had made it clear to David
their children do what they please, instead that Solomon was the one to be Davids
of disciplining them and bringing them up successor (1 Chron 22:6-10; 28:5-7). One
in the fear of the Lord, will be storing up main difference between Adonijah and
trouble and sorrow for later years. David is Solomon is that Adonijah exalted himself
now once again reaping what he had sown. (v 5), but God appointed Solomon.
415 1 KINGS 1:48
after him. 21 Otherwise it shall come about, when Israel and over Judah.
my lord the king sleeps with his fathers, that I and 36 And Benaiah, the son of Jehoiada, answered
my son Solomon will be regarded as offenders. the king, and said, Amen! May the LORD God of
22 And, then, while she was still talking with the my lord the king say so too. 37 As the LORD has
king, Nathan the prophet also came in. 23 And been with my lord the king, even so may he be with
they told the king, saying, Look, Nathan the Solomon, and make his throne greater than the
prophet. And when he had come in before the throne of my lord king David.
king, he bowed down before the king with his face 38 So Zadok the priest and Nathan the prophet
to the ground. and Benaiah the son of Jehoiada, and the
24 And Nathan said, My lord the king, have Kerethites and the Pelethites, went down and had
you said Adonijah shall reign after me, and he shall Solomon ride on king Davids mule, and brought him
sit on my throne? 25 For he has gone down this to Gihon. 39 And Zadok the priest took a horn of oil
day, and slaughtered oxen and fat cattle and sheep out of the tabernacle and anointed Solomon. And
in abundance, and has invited all the kings sons they blew the trumpet, and all the people said,
and the officers of the army and Abiathar the God save king Solomon! 40 And all the people
priest, and, see, they are eating and drinking in his came up after him, and the people were playing on
presence, and they are saying, God save king flutes and rejoicing with great joy, so that the earth
Adonijah! 26 But he has not invited me, me your split with their noise.
servant, or Zadok the priest or Benaiah the son of 41 And Adonijah and all the guests who were
Jehoiada or your servant Solomon. 27 Is this thing with him heard it as they finished eating. And
done by my lord the king? And have you not told when Joab heard the sound of the trumpet, he
your servant who would sit on the throne of my said, Why is that noise of uproar coming from the
lord the king after him? city?
28 Then king David answered and said, Call 42 And while he was still speaking, suddenly
Bathsheba for me. And she came into the kings Jonathan the son of Abiathar the priest came, and
presence, and stood before the king. Adonijah said to him, Come in, for you are a brave
29 And the king took an oath and said, As the man, and bring good news.
LORD lives, who has redeemed my soul out of all 43 And Jonathan answered and said to
distress, 30 just as I swore to you by the LORD Adonijah, On the contrary. Our lord king David
God of Israel, saying, Solomon your son shall cer- has made Solomon king. 44 And the king has sent
tainly reign after me, and he shall sit on my throne with him Zadok the priest and Nathan the prophet
in my stead, just so I will certainly do today. and Benaiah the son of Jehoiada, and the
31 Then Bathsheba bowed with her face to the Kerethites and the Pelethites, and they had him
earth and prostrated herself to the king, and said, ride on the kings mule. 45 And Zadok the priest
May my lord king David live forever. and Nathan the prophet have anointed him king in
32 And king David said, Call Zadok the priest Gihon. And they have come up from there
for me, and Nathan the prophet, and Benaiah the rejoicing, so that the city is in an uproar again. This
son of Jehoiada. And they came before the king. is the noise that you heard. 46 And also Solomon
33 And the king said to them, Take with you the is seated on the throne of the kingdom. 47 And,
servants of your lord, and have my son Solomon moreover, the kings servants have come to
ride on my own mule, and bring him down to Gihon, congratulate our lord king David, saying, May God
34 and have Zadok the priest and Nathan the make the name of Solomon better than your name,
prophet anoint him king there over Israel, and blow and make his throne greater than your throne.
with the trumpet, and say, God save king Solomon. And the king bowed down on the bed. 48 And also
35 Then you shall come up after him, that he may the king has said, Blessed be the LORD God of
come and sit on my throne. For he shall be king in Israel, who has given one to sit on my throne
my place, for I have appointed him to be ruler over today, with my eyes seeing it.
1:21 She was afraid that Adonijah would put 1:38 Pelethites note at 2 Sam 8:18.
to death any potential rivals for the throne. 1:39 Anointing with oil indicated that God
1:24 Nathan could be blunt when that was was setting apart a person to be king.
needed (2 Sam 12:7). He could also be 1:41 Gihon was not far from En-Rogel and
diplomatic and shrewd. He well knew that loud noise from one place would carry to
David had not chosen Adonijah. the other.
1:29 Distress 2 Sam 4:9; Ps 34:6. 1:48 Who has given someone to sit on my
1:30 Verse 13. throne 2 Sam 7:12; Ps 132:11,12.
1:33 Gihon a spring on the slope of David did what he could to see that Solomon
Mt Zion. succeeded him, but he knew that it was Gods
1:34 1 Sam 10:1; 16:3,12; 2 Sam 15:10. doing.
1 KINGS 1:49 416
49 And all the guests who were with Adonijah commanders of the armies of Israel, to Abner the
were afraid and rose up, and every man went his son of Ner, and to Amasa the son of Jether. He
way. 50 And Adonijah was afraid because of killed them, shedding the blood of war in peace,
Solomon, and arose and went and took hold of the and putting the blood of war on his belt that was
horns of the altar. 51 And it was told Solomon, around his waist, and on his shoes that were on his
saying, Look, Adonijah is afraid of king Solomon, feet. 6 Therefore act according to your wisdom,
for, see, he has taken hold of the horns of the and do not let his gray head go down to the grave
altar, saying, Let king Solomon swear to me today in peace.
that he will not kill his servant with the sword. 7 But show kindness to the sons of Barzillai the
52 And Solomon said, If he shows himself a Gileadite, and let them be among those who eat at
worthy man, not a hair of his will fall to the ground, your table, for so they came to me when I fled
but if wickedness is found in him, he will die. because of Absalom your brother.
53 So king Solomon sent men, and they brought 8 And, look, you have with you Shimei the son
him down from the altar. And he came and bowed of Gera, a Benjamite of Bahurim, who cursed me
down to king Solomon, and Solomon said to him, with a terrible curse on the day when I went to
Go to your house. Mahanaim. But he came down to meet me at the
Jordan, and I swore to him by the LORD, saying,
2 Now Davids time to die drew near, and he
gave a charge to his son Solomon, saying,
2 I am going the way of all the earth, therefore
I will not put you to death with the sword. 9 Now
therefore do not consider him innocent, for you
are a wise man, and know what you ought to do to
be strong, and show yourself a man, 3 and keep him, and bring his gray head down to the grave
the charge of the LORD your God to walk in his with blood.
ways, to keep his statutes and his commandments 10 So David slept with his ancestors, and was
and his judgments and his testimonies, as it is buried in the city of David. 11 And the time that
written in the law of Moses, that you may prosper David reigned over Israel was forty years. He
in all that you do and wherever you turn, 4 so that reigned seven years in Hebron, and he reigned
the LORD may fulfil his word which he spoke thirty-three years in Jerusalem. 12 Then Solomon
concerning me, saying, If your children are careful sat on the throne of his father David, and his
about their way, to walk before me in truth with all kingdom was firmly established.
their heart and with all their soul, you will not lack 13 And Adonijah, the son of Haggith, came to
(he said) a man on the throne of Israel. Bathsheba, the mother of Solomon. And she said,
5 Moreover, you know also what Joab the son Do you come peaceably?
of Zeruiah did to me, and what he did to the two And he said, Peaceably. 14 He also said,
1:49 When Adonijahs attempt to be king himself had been too weak to do. David
failed he suddenly lost his supporters. As knew that if Joab lived he could be a
so often among men, fear destroyed any continual source of trouble to Solomons
loyalty they may have had. reign.
1:50 Horns Ex 27:2. By this action Grave in Hebrew Sheol (also v 9)
Adonijah was seeking sanctuary and safety note at Gen 37:35.
in Gods place of worship a custom 2:7 2 Sam 17:27-29; 19:31-38.
common in many times and places. 2:8 Shimei 2 Sam 16:5-8; 19:18-23.
2:1 Time to die compare Deut 31:1-8; 2:9 Innocent Shimei could not be
Josh 23:1-16; 1 Sam 12:1-25. considered innocent. See Ex 22:28. David
2:2 Be strong Deut 31:6,23; Josh 1:6,7; knew that Shimei too could be a source of
23:4. trouble to the new king. For the sake of a
2:3 His ways Deut 4:5,6; 10:12,13; peaceful reign it was better, David thought,
17:18-20; Josh 1:7. to rid the kingdom of such people as Joab
2:4 His word see 2 Sam 7:11-16. and Shimei. See notes on psalm 101.
With all their heart Deut 4:29; 6:5; Compare Luke 19:27; etc.
10:12; 30:6. Both Solomon and most of 2:10 Slept a choice of word by the Holy
his successors on the throne failed to do Spirit which indicated death, but this word
this, and eventually disaster overtook the may also suggest, as some think, survival
people of Israel. But the promise to David after death. For those who sleep wake
was not canceled. Christ, the Son of David, again. See Dan 12:2. It is the body which
will fulfil it. slept, the spirit went into the unseen
2:5 He killed them 2 Sam 3:27-39; world.
20:4-10. See also 18:9-14. Joab was a City of David 2 Sam 5:6,7; Acts 2:29.
skillful general but a hard and bloodthirsty 2:11 2 Sam 5:4,5. His reign was from about
man. David was never able to deal with 1010 to 970 B.C.
him as he should have. 2:13 1:5. Peaceably Adonijah had not
2:6 David wanted Solomon to do what he shown himself to be a man of peace and
417 1 KINGS 2:32
I have something to say to you. today. 25 And king Solomon sent orders to Benaiah
And she said, Speak. the son of Jehoiada; and he struck him down, and
15 And he said, You know that the kingdom Adonijah died.
was mine, and that all Israel was looking to me to 26 And the king said to Abiathar the priest, Go
be king. However the kingdom has turned around to Anathoth, to your own fields, for you are
and become my brothers, for it was his from the worthy of death. But I will not put you to death at
LORD. 16 And now I make one request of you. Do this time, because you carried the ark of the LORD
not deny me. God in front of my father David, and because you
And she said to him, Speak. suffered in everything my father suffered. 27 So
17 And he said, Please speak to Solomon the Solomon dismissed Abiathar from being a priest to
king (for he will not refuse you) that he may give the LORD in fulfilment of the word of the LORD,
Abishag the Shunammite to me as my wife. which he spoke in Shiloh concerning the house of
18 And Bathsheba said, Very well. I will speak Eli.
for you to the king. 28 Then news came to Joab, for Joab had
19 So Bathsheba went to king Solomon to speak turned after Adonijah, though he had not turned
to him for Adonijah. And the king rose up to meet after Absalom. And Joab fled to the tabernacle of
her, and bowed down to her, and sat down on his the LORD, and took hold of the horns of the altar.
throne, and had a seat placed for the kings mother; 29 And it was told king Solomon that Joab had fled
and she sat at his right hand. to the tabernacle of the LORD, and was there by
20 Then she said, I will make one small request the altar. Then Solomon sent Benaiah the son of
of you. Please do not refuse me. Jehoiada, saying, Go, strike him down.
And the king said to her, Ask, my mother, for I 30 And Benaiah came to the tabernacle of the
will not refuse you. LORD, and said to him, This is what the king says,
21And she said, Let Abishag the Shunammite Come out.
be given to your brother Adonijah as his wife. And he said, No, but I will die here.
22 And king Solomon answered and said to his And Benaiah brought word back to the king,
mother, And why are you asking Abishag the saying, This is what Joab says, and this is what
Shunammite for Adonijah? Ask the kingdom for him he answered me.
also, for he is my older brother. Ask it for him and 31 And the king said to him, Do as he has said,
for Abiathar the priest and for Joab the son of and strike him down and bury him, so that you can
Zeruiah. remove from me and from my fathers house the
23 Then king Solomon swore by the LORD, innocent blood which Joab shed. 32 And the LORD
saying, God do harm to me, and more also, if will bring back his blood onto his own head. He
Adonijah has not spoken this word against his own struck down two men more righteous and better
life. 24 Now therefore, as the LORD lives, who than he, and killed them with the sword, my father
has established me and placed me on the throne of David being unaware of it, Abner the son of Ner,
my father David, and who has founded a house for commander of the army of Israel, and Amasa the
me, as he promised, Adonijah will be put to death son of Jether, commander of the army of Judah.
Bathsheba had reason to doubt his purpose Suffered 1 Sam 22:20-23; 23:6-9;
in coming. 30:7; 2 Sam 17:15; 19:11.
2:15 He may have thought that as the 2:27 1 Sam 2:27-36.
oldest living son of David, the kingdom was 2:28 Altar 1:50.
his. However, the kingdom was really Gods 2:29 Strike him down Joab was guilty of
and He had not given it to Adonijah. murder and rebellion, sins worthy of death
2:17 Abishag 1:3,4. This request was under the law. He had no right to seek
not a simple, innocent one. See v 22. asylum in Gods place of worship. Asylum
2:19 Right hand place of honor. Eph of any kind was only for those who acci-
1:20,21, etc. dentally killed someone. See Ex 21:12-17.
2:22 Kingdom for him obviously Abishag It is no use at any time for the guilty to try
was regarded as Davids concubine or wife, to find safety under the shelter of religion,
and Adonijahs desire to marry her was the without repentance. God will not spare such.
same as making a claim to the throne. See See Ezek 9:1-6. There is refuge in God
2 Sam 3:7; 12:8; 16:21. only for the truly repentant and believing.
2:23 See 1:52. Adonijah had proved 2:31 Remove. . .innocent blood this was
unworthy. a very important concept. The guilt of one
2:24 Promised 2 Sam 7:11-13; 1 Chron leader could cling to a whole nation and
22:10. cause great trouble. Compare 2 Sam 21:1.
2:26 Abiathar 1:7,25. He deserved to See also Joshua chapter 7.
die because he, with Adonijah, was in re- 2:32 Bring back his blood Gen 9:6; Deut
bellion against Gods appointed king and 32:40,41; Jud 9:24,57; 2 Sam
so against God Himself. 3:27,29,39; 20:9,10; Ps 7:15,16;
1 KINGS 2:33 418
33 Therefore their blood will return onto the head me, The word I have heard is good. 43 Why then
of Joab, and onto the head of his offspring have you not kept the oath you swore by the
forever, but there will be peace from the LORD LORD, and the command that I gave you?
forever on David, and on his offspring, and on his 44 Moreover the king said to Shimei, You know
house, and on his throne. all the evil that you did to my father David which
34 So Benaiah, the son of Jehoiada, went up your heart is aware of; therefore the LORD will
and struck him down and killed him. And he was bring back your evil on your own head, 45 and king
buried in his own house in the wilderness. 35 And Solomon will be blessed, and the throne of David
in his place the king put Benaiah, the son of will be established before the LORD forever.
Jehoiada, over the army, and the king put Zadok 46 So the king gave a command to Benaiah the
the priest in the place of Abiathar. son of Jehoiada, and he went out and struck him
36 And the king sent and called for Shimei and down, and Shimei died.
said to him, Build a house for yourself in Jerusa- And the kingdom was established in the hand of
lem, and live there, and do not go anywhere from Solomon.
there. 37 For this is the way it will be: on the day
you go out and cross the brook Kidron, you may
know for certain that you will surely die; your blood
will be on your own head.
3 And Solomon made an alliance with Pharaoh
king of Egypt, and took Pharaohs daughter in
marriage and brought her into the city of David,
38 And Shimei said to the king, The word is until he had finished building his own house and the
good. Your servant will do just as my lord the king house of the LORD and the wall around Jerusalem.
has said. And Shimei lived in Jerusalem many days. 2 However the people sacrificed on the high places,
39 And it so happened at the end of three years, because up to that time there was no house built
that two of Shimeis servants ran away to Achish, for the name of the LORD. 3 And Solomon loved
son of Maachah king of Gath. And they told Shimei, the LORD, walking in the statutes of his father
saying, Look, your servants are in Gath. 40 And David. However he sacrificed and burned incense
Shimei arose and saddled his donkey and went to on the high places.
Gath to Achish to seek his servants. So Shimei 4 And the king went to Gibeon to sacrifice there,
went and brought his servants from Gath. for that was the great high place. Solomon offered
41 And it was told Solomon that Shimei had gone a thousand burnt offerings on that altar. 5 In Gibeon
from Jerusalem to Gath, and had returned. 42 And the LORD appeared to Solomon in a dream at night
the king sent and called for Shimei and said to him, and God said, Ask. What shall I give you?
Did I not make you swear by the LORD, and 6 And Solomon said, You have shown great
solemnly warned you, saying, Know for certain mercy to your servant David my father, because
that on the day you go out and travel around he walked before you in truth and in righteousness,
anywhere, you shall surely die? And you said to and in integrity of heart with you; and you have
Jer 25:14; Gal 6:7. 3:4-15 2 Chron 1:3-13.
2:33 Only by cleansing the kingdom from 3:4 Gibeon Josh 9:3-27; 18:25; 21:17.
guilt could peace be expected. The reason for Gibeons importance was that
2:37 A wise way of making Shimei himself the tabernacle and bronze altar (Ex 25:8,9;
responsible for whether he was to live or die. 27:1,2) were there 1 Chron 21:29;
2:44 Evil that you did 2 Sam 16:5-13. 2 Chron 1:2-6.
Bring back v 32. 3:5 Dream notes at Gen 15:12; Num
2:45 Verses 32,33. 12:6; Deut 13:1.
2:46 The death of two potential troublemak- Ask. What shall I give you God loves
ers helped to make Solomons position stable. to give good gifts to men (Rom 8:32;
3:1 Marriage this cemented a political James 1:17; John 3:16; etc). If God prom-
alliance. ised to give us the one thing we asked for,
City of David 2 Sam 5:6,7. what would we ask? Wisdom, as Solomon
3:2 The high places were shrines used in idol asked? Riches? Power? Humility? Love?
worship by the people of Canaan before the Purity? The thing we asked for would reveal
Israelites entered the land. The Israelites used what kind of people we are. Is it spiritual
them as places in which to worship Jehovah blessings we would ask for? Then see Eph
the true God. But this violated the law (Deut 1:3. We should understand what these
7:5; 12:3-6,13,14). Later in history they spiritual blessings are and ask for them all.
forsook Jehovah and worshipped idols and In our asking God does not limit us to one
false gods on the high places. thing, but we should always be very careful
3:3 Solomon loved the Lord, but he failed what we ask for.
in this one matter early in his reign. This 3:6 Solomon said the prayer which
seed of disobedience or carelessness follows shows Solomon at his spiritual best.
regarding Gods laws came to full and Integrity of heart notes at Ps 18:20-26.
terrible flower in his later years 11:4-8. Given him a son 1:48; 2 Sam 7:8-16.
419 1 KINGS 3:28
kept for him this great kindness, and you have birth that this woman also gave birth. And we
given him a son to sit on his throne, as it is this day. were together. No stranger was with us in the
7 And now, O LORD my God, you have made house just the two of us in the house. 19 And
your servant king in place of my father David, and this womans child died during the night, because
I am but a little child. I do not know how to go out she lay on top of it. 20 And she got up at midnight
or come in. 8 And your servant is among your and took my son from my side, while your maid-
people whom you have chosen, a great people, servant was sleeping, and put it in her bosom, and
who are so many they cannot be numbered or put her dead child in my bosom. 21 And when I
counted. 9 Therefore give your servant an arose in the morning to nurse my child, see, it was
understanding heart to judge your people, so that dead. But in the morning when I looked at
I may discern between good and bad, for who is this child, see, it was not my son, the one I had
able to judge this your so great people? borne.
10 And the speech (that Solomon had asked 22 And the other woman said, No, but the
this thing) pleased the Lord. 11 And God said to living one is my son, and the dead one is your
him, Because you have asked this thing, and have son. And this one said, No, but the dead one is
not asked for yourself long life and have not asked your son, and the living one is my son. Thus they
the life of your enemies, but have asked for your- spoke before the king.
self understanding to discern judgment, 12 see, I 23 Then the king said, The one says, This living
have done according to your words; I have given one is my son. Your son is the dead one. And the
you a wise and understanding heart, so that there other says, No, but your son is the dead one, and
was no one like you before you, and after you no my son is the living one. 24 And the king said,
one will arise like you. 13 And I have also given you Bring me a sword. And they brought a sword into
what you have not asked, both riches and honour, the kings presence. 25 And the king said, Divide
so that all your days there will not be any among the living child in two, and give half to the one and
the kings like you. 14 And if you will walk in my half to the other.
ways to keep my statutes and my commandments, 26 Then the woman whose son was alive spoke
as your father David walked, then I will prolong to the king, for she was moved with compassion for
your days. her son, and she said, O my lord, give her the
15 And Solomon awoke and saw that it was a living child, and do not at all kill him! But the other
dream. And he came to Jerusalem and stood had said,
before the ark of the covenant of the LORD, and Let it be neither mine nor yours, but divide it.
offered up burnt offerings and offered peace 27 Then the king answered and said, Give her
offerings, and made a feast for all his servants. the living child, and do not at all kill him. She is his
16 Then two women, prostitutes, came to the mother.
king and stood before him. 17 And the one woman 28 And all Israel heard of the judgment which
said, O my lord, I and this woman live in one house. the king had given, and they feared the king, for
And I gave birth to a child, with her in the house. they saw that the wisdom of God was in him, to
18 And it came about the third day after I gave give judgment.
3:7 I am but a little child compare Jer 3:11 Solomon had not asked for the things
1:6,7. At the beginning of his reign so many kings would have asked for. We
Solomon was probably about 20 years old. should all be very careful what we ask God
He felt incapable of leading Gods people. for. Compare Ps 106:15.
In a way this made him more capable, 3:12,13 I have done according to your
because he cast himself on God who is able words Matt 7:7-11; 1 John 5:14,15.
to make men capable for anything. Wise 4:29-34; 10:23,27; 1 Chron
3:8 Cannot be numbered Gen 13:16; 29:12. If our lives and requests please God
15:5; 22:17; Ex 19:6; Deut 7:6. He may give us far more than we asked or
Solomon asked for wisdom that he might thought. Compare Eph 3:20.
carry out his duties in governing, not that 3:14 Verse 6. David was far from perfect
he might gain a reputation for wisdom or and he sinned grievously in the matter of
use his wisdom for his own ends. Bathsheba and Uriah. But on the whole he
3:9 Understanding heart 2 Sam 14:17; was obedient to Gods laws.
Dan 2:21; Heb 5:14. Prolong your days under the law a
Who is able 2 Cor 2:16; 3:5,6. long life was a reward for obedience to God.
Possibly Solomons desire for wisdom was 3:15 Ark note at Ex 25:10-22.
produced, or at least encouraged, by Davids Offerings notes on Leviticus chapters
words to him in 1 Chron 22:12. 1 and 3.
3:10 This was a prayer God delighted to 3:16 People in Israel could bring a case di-
answer. It was for the right thing and came rectly to the king. In this particular case
out of right motives. Compare Jam 1:5; 4:3. Solomon began to show the wisdom God
1 KINGS 4:1 420
4 So king Solomon was king over all Israel.
2 And these were the officials he had: Azariah
the son of Zadok the priest, 3 Elihoreph and Ahiah,
official who was in that land.
20 In number Judah and Israel were as many
as the sand which is by the sea, eating and drinking
the sons of Shisha, scribes, and Jehoshaphat the and rejoicing. 21 And Solomon reigned over all
son of Ahilud, the recorder. 4 And Benaiah the son kingdoms from the Euphrates River to the land of
of Jehoiada was over the army, and Zadok and the Philistines, and to the border of Egypt; they
Abiathar were the priests. 5 And Azariah the son brought tribute and served Solomon all the days of
of Nathan was over the officers, and Zabud the their life. 22 And Solomons provision for one day
son of Nathan was the principal officer, and the was thirty measures of fine flour, and sixty mea-
kings friend, 6 and Ahishar was over the sures of meal, 23 ten fat oxen and twenty oxen
household, and Adoniram the son of Abda was over from the pastures, and a hundred sheep, besides
the labour force. deer and roebucks and gazelles and fatted fowl.
7 And Solomon had twelve officials over all 24 For he had dominion over all the region on this
Israel, who provided food for the king and his side of the River, from Tiphsah to Azzah, over all
household, each one providing this in his appointed the kings on this side of the River. And he had
month in a year. 8 And these were their names: peace on all sides around him. 25 And Judah and
The son of Hur, in Mount Ephraim; 9 the son of Israel lived in safety all the days of Solomon, each
Dekar, in Makaz and in Shaalbim and in Beth man under his vine and under his fig tree, from Dan
Shemesh and Elon-beth-hanan; 10 the son of to Beersheba.
Hesed, in Aruboth he had Sochoh and all the 26 And Solomon had forty thousand stalls of
land of Hepher; 11 the son of Abinadab, in all the horses for his chariots, and twelve thousand horse-
region of Dor (his wife was Taphath, the daughter men. 27 And those officials provided food for king
of Solomon); 12 Baana the son of Ahilud he had Solomon, and for all who came to king Solomons
Taanach and Megiddo and all Beth Shean, which is table, each man in his month. They lacked nothing.
near Zartanah below Jezreel, from Beth Shean to 28 They also brought barley and hay for the horses
Abel Meholah and beyond Jokneam; 13 the son of and steeds where they were, each man according
Geber, in Ramoth Gilead he had the towns of Jair to his charge.
the son of Manasseh which are in Gilead, and his 29 And God gave Solomon exceedingly great
was the region of Argob, which is in Bashan, sixty wisdom and understanding and largeness of heart,
great cities with walls and bars of brass; as great as the sand on the seashore. 30 And
14 Ahinadab the son of Iddo had Mahanaim, Solomons wisdom surpassed the wisdom of all the
15 Ahimaaz, in Naphtali (also he married Basmath, people of the East country, and all the wisdom of
the daughter of Solomon); 16 Baanah the son of Egypt. 31 For he was wiser than all men, wiser
Hushai was in Asher and in Aloth; 17 Jehoshaphat than Ethan the Ezrahite and Heman and Chalcol
the son of Paruah, in Issachar; 18 Shimei the son and Darda, the sons of Mahol. And his fame was in
of Elah, in Benjamin; 19 Geber the son of Uri was all nations around Israel. 32 And he uttered three
in the country of Gilead, the land of Sihon king of thousand proverbs, and his songs were a
the Amorites and of Og king of Bashan, the only thousand and five. 33 And he spoke of trees, from
had given him. have been very large.
4:4 Benaiah 2:27,35. Measure in Hebrew kor about six
4:6 Labour force 9:15; 2 Sam 20:24. to ten bushels (depending on the size of
Non-Israelites who had been captured in the bushel), or 220 liters.
battle, or some of the original Canaanites 4:25 Two of the things people want most
who remained in the land, became servants peace and prosperity.
or slaves in Israel. Compare Josh 9:22-27. 4:26 10:26. In this Solomon violated the
See Deut 20:17. Note on slavery at Ex 21:2. instructions given in Deut 17:16.
4:7 Household see 1 Sam 8:10-18. Forty thousand some Septuagint
4:8 Son of Hur or Ben-Hur. In Hebrew manuscripts have four (see also 2 Chron
ben means son. 9:25). Hebrew manuscripts available now
4:18 This was not the Shimei of 2:8,44. have forty.
4:19 Bashan Deut 3:8-10. 4:29 3:12; 4:20.
4:20 Rejoicing they were prosperous 4:30 The East Hebrews generally
(v 25) and at peace (5:4). But before too regarded this as the area east of the
long some in Israel began to feel the Jordan river and Dead Sea extending to
burden of supporting the kings household Babylonia on the Euphrates river.
and royal court 12:4. 4:31 Wiser than all men wiser than any
4:21 River this was the full extent of the until the Lord Jesus came (Luke 11:31).
land promised to Abrahams descendants (Gen 4:32 Prov 1:1; Eccl 12:9; Song of Songs
15:18). Only David and Solomon, of all the 1:1.
kings of Israel, ruled so much territory. 4:33 Solomons wisdom was primarily a
4:22 Solomons retinue in his palace must knowledge of God, an understanding of
421 1 KINGS 6:3
the cedar tree in Lebanon to the hyssop that springs there. Then you can take them away. And you
out of the wall. He also spoke of animals and of shall fulfill my desire of providing food for my
birds and of creeping things and of fish. 34 And household.
some from every people came to hear the wisdom 10 So Hiram gave Solomon cedar and fir logs, as
of Solomon, from all the kings of the earth who had many as he wanted. 11 And Solomon gave Hiram
heard of his wisdom. twenty thousand measures of wheat as food for
his household, and twenty measures of pressed
5 And Hiram king of Tyre sent his servants to
Solomon, for he had heard that they had
anointed him king in the place of his father. For
olive oil. Solomon gave this year by year to Hiram.
12 So the LORD gave Solomon wisdom, as he
had promised him. And there was peace between
Hiram had always loved David. Hiram and Solomon, and the two of them made a
2 And Solomon sent word to Hiram, saying, treaty together. 13 Then king Solomon raised up a
3 You know that my father David could not build a labour force from all Israel, and the labour force
house for the name of the LORD his God because was thirty thousand men. 14 And he sent them to
of the wars which surrounded him on every side, Lebanon in shifts, ten thousand a month. They
until the LORD put them under the soles of his were one month in Lebanon, and two months at
feet. 4 But now the LORD my God has given me home. Adoniram was in charge of the labour force.
rest on every side, so that there is neither adver- 15 Solomon had seventy thousand who carried
sary nor evil event. 5 And, see, I purpose to build burdens, and eighty thousand who quarried stones
a house for the name of the LORD my God, as the in the mountains, 16 besides thirty-three hundred
LORD spoke to my father David, saying, Your son, from among the chief deputies of Solomon who
whom I will set on your throne in your place, will supervised the people who were labouring in the
build a house for my name. 6 Now therefore, give work. 17 And the king gave orders, and they
orders for cutting cedar trees for me out of Lebanon. brought great stones, costly stones, cut stones,
And my servants will be with your servants, and I to lay the foundation of the house. 18 And
will pay the wages of your servants in accordance Solomons builders and Hirams builders, and the
with all you determine. For you know that there is men from Gebal, one cut them. So they prepared
no one among us who can skillfully cut timber like timber and stones to build the house.
the Sidonians.
7 And when Hiram heard the words of Solomon,
it came about that he greatly rejoiced, and said,
Blessed be the LORD this day, who has given to
6 And it came about in the four hundred and
eightieth year after the children of Israel had
come out of the land of Egypt, in the fourth year of
David a wise son over this great people. Solomons reign over Israel, in the month Zif, which
8 And Hiram sent word to Solomon, saying, is the second month, that he began to build the
I have considered the things about which you sent house of the LORD. 2 The length of the house
me word. I will do everything you want about which king Solomon built for the LORD was sixty
cedar logs and fir logs. 9 My servants will bring cubits, and its width was twenty cubits, and its
them down from Lebanon to the sea, and I will height was thirty cubits. 3 And the length of the
have them sent on by sea in rafts to the place you portico before the main room of the house was
appoint for me, and I will have them separate them twenty cubits, in accordance with the breadth of
people, an ability to administer the king- willing to praise Him. Whether he had a
dom, etc, but included such matters as mere head knowledge or true faith in Him,
these. we do not know.
4:34 1 Kings 10:1; 2 Chron 9:23. 5:12 Solomons wisdom was seen in part in
Earth that is, the civilized world known the way he dealt with neighboring countries.
by the people of Israel in those days. This 5:13 Note at 4:6. Those conscripted were non-
would have been Egypt, parts of Arabia, and Israelites living in the land. Solomon did not
nations of western Asia, and possibly a few conscript any Israelites for labor. See 9:22,23.
well-known countries somewhat more distant. 5:15-18 The work was great and required a
5:1 Hiram 2 Sam 5:11. great number of people.
5:2-11 2 Chron 2:3-16. 5:18 Men from Gebal the KJV has
5:3 Under. . .his feet for Davids desire stonesquarers here, a very unlikely
to build Gods temple see 2 Sam 7:1-5. For meaning of the Hebrew.
the reason why he could not do so see 6:1-28 2 Chron 3:1-13.
1 Chron 22:8; 28:2,3. 6:1 Fourth year 966 B.C. The temple
5:4 4:24. Solomon built remained standing until 586
5:5 2 Sam 7:12,13. B.C. when the Babylonians destroyed it.
5:6 Lebanon was famous for its cedar trees. 6:2 T h e t e m p l e b u i l d i n g f o l l o w e d t h e
5:7 LORD the king of an idolatrous pattern of the tabernacle, but most
people knew the name Jehovah and was dimensions were doubled. It was about
1 KINGS 6:4 422
the house, and its width before the house was ten and open flowers. Everything was of cedar. No
cubits. 4 And he made windows of beveled frames stone was seen. 19 And he prepared the
for the house. sanctuary on the inside of the house, to place there
5 Against the wall of the house he built cham- the ark of the covenant of the LORD. 20 And the
bers all around the surrounding walls of the house, inner sanctuary was twenty cubits long and twenty
both of the main room and the sanctuary. And he cubits wide and twenty cubits high. And he
made chambers all around. 6 The lowest chamber overlaid the inside of the house with pure gold, and
was five cubits wide, and the middle chamber was likewise overlaid the altar made of cedar. 21 So
six cubits wide, and the third was seven cubits Solomon overlaid the inside of the house with pure
wide. For he made narrow ledges around the out- gold. And he made a partition with gold chains in
side so that the beams would not be fastened into front of the sanctuary, and he overlaid the
the walls of the house. 7 And the house, while it sanctuary with gold.
was being built, was made of stone prepared be- 22 And he overlaid the whole house with gold
fore it was brought there, so that there was nei- until he finished the entire house. He also overlaid
ther hammer nor axe nor any other iron tool heard with gold the entire altar which was by the
in the house, while it was being built. 8 The door sanctuary.
for the middle chamber was on the right side of the 23 And he made two cherubs of olive wood for
house, and they went up by winding stairs to the the inside of the sanctuary, ten cubits high.
middle chamber, and from the middle to the third. 24 And one wing of a cherub was five cubits, and
9 So he built the house and finished it, and the other wing of a cherub was five cubits. There
covered the house with beams and cedar boards. were ten cubits from one end of the one wing to
10 And then he built chambers against the entire the end of the other. 25 The other cherub was also
house, five cubits high, and they rested on the ten cubits. Both cherubs were of one measure and
house with cedar timber. one size. 26 The height of the one cherub was ten
11 And the word of the LORD came to Solomon, cubits, and so was the height of the other cherub.
saying, 12 Concerning this house which you are 27 And he placed the cherubs inside the inner
building: If you will walk in my statutes, and house. And the wings of the cherubs were
administer my judgments, and keep all my stretched out, so that the wing of the one touched
commandments to walk in them, then I will perform the one wall, and the wing of the other cherub
my word with you, which I spoke to your father touched the other wall, and their wings touched
David. 13 And I will dwell among the children of one another in the middle of the house. 28 And he
Israel, and will not forsake my people Israel. overlaid the cherubs with gold. 29 And he carved
14 So Solomon built the house and finished it. all the surrounding walls of the house with carved
15 And he made the inside walls of the house with figures of cherubs and palm trees and open flowers,
cedar boards, from the floor of the house to the both inside the sanctuary and outside.
ceiling, and he paneled them on the inside with 30 And he overlaid the floor of the house with gold,
wood, and covered the floor of the house with fir both inside the sanctuary and outside.
planks. 16 And at the rear of the house he built a 31 And for the entrance of the sanctuary he
twenty-cubit room, from floor to ceiling, with cedar made doors of olive wood. The lintel and the side
boards. He built it inside as the sanctuary, as the posts were one-fifth of the wall. 32 The two doors
Most Holy Place. 17 And before it the house, that were of olive wood, and he carved on them
is, the temple, was forty cubits long. 18 And the carvings of cherubs and palm trees and open
cedar of the house was carved inside with buds flowers, and overlaid them with gold and spread
27 meters long and 9 meters wide. A cubit continuing presence with them was based
is about 18 inches. on their obedience to the covenant made
6:11 Word of the LORD came 12:22; at Sinai. Note at Ex 19:5,6.
13:20; 16:1,7; 17:2; 21:17; Jer 1:4; 6:16 Most Holy Place Ex 26:33; Lev
Ezek 3:16. This means that God sent His 16:2.
message to him, perhaps directly in a vision 6:17 House the holy place. See Ex
or dream, perhaps through a prophet. 26:35; Heb 9:1-5.
6:12 The message revealed that God was 6:18 1 Kings 7:24.
more concerned with what Solomon was than 6:19 Sanctuary v 16.
with what Solomon built. The character of Ark note at Ex 25:10-22.
His people and their attitude toward His Word 6:20 Cubits about 9 meters by 9 meters.
are of more importance to God than any 6:21 Gold a huge amount of gold was
work they may undertake to do. used in the temple vs 22,28,30; 7:48-50.
I will perform my word 2 Sam 7:5-16. 6:23 Cherubs notes at Gen 3:24;
6:13 I will dwell note at Ex 25:8. His Ex 25:18-20.
423 1 KINGS 7:24
gold on the cherubs and on the palm trees. 33 So courtyard. 10 And the foundation was of choice
for the door of the temple he also made posts of stones, great stones, stones of ten cubits and
olive wood, one-fourth of the wall. 34 And the two stones of eight cubits. 11 And above were choice
doors were of fir wood. The two leaves of one stones, according to the measure of cut stones,
door were folding, and the two leaves of the other and cedars. 12 And the great court all around was
door were folding. 35 And he carved on them with three rows of cut stones, and a row of cedar
cherubs and palm trees and open flowers, and over- beams, both for the inner court of the house of the
laid them with gold, fitted on the carved work. LORD, and for the hall of the house.
36 And he built the inner courtyard with three rows 13 And king Solomon sent and brought Hiram
of cut stone, and a row of cedar beams. from Tyre. 14 He was a widows son of the tribe of
37 The foundation of the house of the LORD Naphtali and his father was a man of Tyre, a worker
was laid in the fourth year, in the month Zif, 38 and in bronze. And he was filled with wisdom and
the house throughout all its parts and according to understanding and skill for work in all kinds of bronze
all its plans was finished in the eleventh year, in the workmanship. And he came to king Solomon and
month Bul, which is the eighth month. So he was did all his work.
seven years in building it. 15 For he cast two pillars of bronze, each
eighteen cubits high; and it took a measuring line
7 But Solomon was building his own house
thirteen years, and he finished his whole house.
2 He also built the house of the Forest of Lebanon.
of twelve cubits to go around either of them.
16 And he made two capitals of molten bronze, to
set on the tops of the pillars. The height of the one
Its length was a hundred cubits and its width fifty capital was five cubits and the height of the other
cubits and its height thirty cubits. It rested on four capital was five cubits; 17 and he made a filigree
rows of cedar pillars, with cedar beams on the of checkered work, and wreaths of chain work, for
pillars. 3 And it was paneled with cedar above the the capitals which were on the top of the pillars,
beams, which rested on forty-five pillars, fifteen in seven for one capital and seven for the other
a row. 4 And there were window frames in three capital. 18 So he made the pillars, and two rows of
rows, and window was opposite window in three pomegranates all around on the one filigree, to
ranks. 5 And all the doors and doorposts were cover the capitals that were on the top, and did
square, with the window frames; and window was the same for the other capital. 19 And the capitals
opposite window in three ranks. that were on the top of the pillars were of lily work
6 And he made a hall of pillars. Its length was in the hall, four cubits. 20 And the capitals on the
fifty cubits and its width thirty cubits. And a porch two pillars also had pomegranates above, near
was in front of them, and pillars and a threshold the rounded part which was by the filigree. And
were in front of them. there were two hundred pomegranates in rows
7 Then he made a hall for the throne where he around on the other capital. 21 And he set up the
would judge, the Hall of Judgment; and it was pillars in the hall of the temple; and he set up the
paneled with cedar from one side of the floor to the right pillar, and called its name Jachin, and he set
other. 8 And his house where he lived had another up the left pillar, and called its name Boaz. 22 And
court inward from the hall, which was of the same on the top of the pillars was lily work. So the work
workmanship. Solomon also made a house like this of the pillars was finished.
hall for Pharaohs daughter, whom he had taken as 23 And he made a molten sea, ten cubits from
his wife. one brim to the other. It was completely circular,
9 All these were of choice stones, according to and its height was five cubits; and it took a
the measure of cut stones, sawed with saws, measuring line of thirty cubits to go around it.
inside and outside, from the foundation to the 24 And all around under its brim there were gourds
coping, and so on the outside toward the great surrounding it, ten to a cubit, surrounding the sea.
6:36 There was both an inner and an outer also the administrative headquarters of the
courtyard (7:12). The inner one was for the kingdom. Probably for this reason it was
priests only (2 Chron 4:9). made larger than the temple.
6:37 Fourth year 6:1. The month Zif (or 7:13 This takes the narrative back into chap-
Ziv) included parts of what we call April and ter 6 before Solomon built his own palace.
May; Bul parts of October and November. 7:21 Jachin may mean He (God)
7:1 Solomons palace was larger than the establishes.
temple (6:2) and so took longer to build Boaz may mean Strength or In Him
(6:38). See v7. (God) is strength.
7:7 Judge the people could bring 7:23 Sea compare the basin in the
difficult cases directly to the king. An courtyard of the tabernacle (Ex 30:17-21).
example is in 3:16. Solomons palace was This sea, as well as the oxen it stood on (v
1 KINGS 7:25 424
The gourds were cast in two rows, when it was cubits; and one laver rested on each of the ten
cast. stands. 39 And he put five stands on the right side
25 It stood on twelve oxen, three looking of the house, and five on the left side of the house,
toward the north, and three looking toward the and he set the sea on the right side of the house
west, and three looking toward the south, and three eastward toward the south. 40 And Hiram made
looking toward the east. And the sea was set over the lavers and the shovels and the basins.
them, and all their back parts were toward the So Hiram finished doing all the work that he
inside. 26 And it was a hand breadth thick, and its made for king Solomon for the house of the LORD:
brim was made like the brim of a cup, like a lily 41 The two pillars and the two bowls of the capitals
blossom. It held two thousand baths. that were on the top of the two pillars, and the two
27 And he made ten stands of bronze. Four filigrees to cover the two bowls of the capitals which
cubits was the length of each stand, and its width were on the top of the pillars, 42 and four hundred
four cubits, and its height three cubits. 28 And the pomegranates for the two filigrees, two rows of
work of the stands was like this: they had borders, pomegranates for each filigree, to cover the two
and the borders were between the ledges; 29 and bowls of the capitals that were on the pillars,
on the borders that were between the ledges were 43 and the ten stands and ten lavers on the stands,
lions, oxen, and cherubs, and on the ledges there 44 and one sea and twelve oxen under the sea,
was an upper support. And below the lions and 45 and the pots and the shovels and the basins.
oxen were certain additions made of thin work. And all these vessels, which Hiram made for king
30 And every stand had four bronze wheels and Solomon for the house of the LORD, were of
axles of bronze, and its four corners had supports. burnished bronze.
Under the laver were molten supports, at the side 46 The king cast them in the plain of Jordan, in
of every addition. 31 And its opening inside the the clay ground between Succoth and Zarthan.
crown and above was a cubit, but its opening was 47 And Solomon left all the vessels unweighed,
round like the work of the stand, a cubit and an because they were so very many, and the weight
half; and also on its opening were engravings with of the bronze was not found out.
their borders. They were square, not round. 48 And Solomon made all the vessels that
32 And under the borders were four wheels, and belonged to the house of the LORD: the altar of
the axle of the wheels were joined to the stand, gold and the table of gold, on which was the
and the height of a wheel was a cubit and half a Showbread, 49 and the lampstands of pure gold,
cubit. 33 And the design of the wheels was like the five on the right side, and five on the left, before
design of a chariot wheel. Their axles and their the inner sanctuary, with the flowers and the lamps
rims and their hubs and their spokes were all cast and the tongs of gold, 50 and the bowls and the
metal. snuffers and the basins and the spoons and the
34 And there were four supports at the four censers of pure gold, and the hinges of gold, both
corners of one stand, and the supports were one for the doors of the inner house, the Most Holy
with the stand itself. 35 And on the top of the Place, and for the doors of the house, that is, of
stand there was a circular shape half a cubit high, the temple.
and on the top of the stand its ledges and its 51 So all the work that king Solomon made for
borders were one with it. 36 And on the plates of the house of the LORD was finished. And Solomon
its ledges, and on its borders, he engraved brought in the things which David his father had
cherubs, lions and palm trees, in proportion to each dedicated. He put the silver and the gold, and the
one, and additions all around. 37 In this way he articles among the treasures of the house of the
made the ten stands. All of them had one casting, LORD.
one measure, and one size.
38 Then he made ten lavers of bronze. One
laver held forty baths, and each laver was four 8 Then Solomon assembled the elders of Israel
and all the heads of the tribes, the chief of the
25), was made of bronze. 7:49 Lampstands Ex 25:31-38. In the
7:26 Two thousand baths about 11,500 tabernacle there was only one lampstand.
gallons or 44 kiloliters. 7:50 Censers all these articles were for
7:27 On these stands were placed the the work of the Holy Place.
basins of v 38. These basins contained water 7:51 Dedicated 2 Sam 8:9-12; 1 Chron
for washing parts of the animal sacrifices 18:7-11.
(Lev 1:9,13; 2 Chron 4:6). Treasures 15:18; 2 Kings 12:18;
7:38 Forty baths about 880 liters. 1 Chron 9:26; 26:20-26; 28:12.
7:45 For work around the altar. See Ex 27:1-3. 8:1 Ark note at Ex 25:10-22. David had
7:48 Altar of gold Ex 30:1-6. brought the ark to Jerusalem. See 2 Samuel
Table Ex 25:23-30. chapter 6.
425 1 KINGS 8:24
fathers of the children of Israel, to king Solomon in would dwell in the thick darkness. 13 I have surely
Jerusalem, that they might bring up the ark of the built you a house to dwell in, a settled place for you
covenant of the LORD from the city of David, which to stay in forever.
is Zion. 2 And all the men of Israel assembled in 14 And the king turned his face around, and
king Solomons presence at the feast in the month blessed all the congregation of Israel (and all the
Ethanim, which is the seventh month. congregation of Israel stood), 15 and he said,
3 And all the elders of Israel came, and the Blessed is the LORD God of Israel, who spoke
priests took up the ark, 4 and they brought up the with his mouth to my father David, and with his
ark of the LORD, and the tabernacle of the hand has fulfilled it, saying, 16 Since the day that
congregation and all the holy articles that were in I brought my people Israel out of Egypt, I did not
the tabernacle. The priests and the Levites brought choose any city from all the tribes of Israel to build
these up. 5 And king Solomon, and all the a house, that my name might be in it; but I chose
congregation of Israel, who were assembled in his David to be over my people Israel.
presence, were with him before the ark, sacrificing 17 And it was in the heart of my father David
sheep and oxen that were so many they could not to build a house for the name of the LORD God of
be counted or numbered. Israel. 18 And the LORD said to my father David,
6 And the priests brought in the ark of the Because it was in your heart to build a house to my
covenant of the LORD to its place, into the inner name, you did well that it was in your heart.
sanctuary of the house, to the Most Holy Place, 19 Nevertheless you shall not build the house, but
under the wings of the cherubs. 7 For the your son who will come from your body will build the
cherubs spread out their two wings over the place house for my name.
of the ark, and the cherubs covered the ark and 20 And the LORD has fulfilled his word that he
the its poles from above. 8 And they drew out the spoke, and I have risen up in the place of my father
poles, so that the ends of the staves were seen David and sit on the throne of Israel, as the LORD
out in the Holy Place before the inner sanctuary, promised, and have built a house for the name of
but they were not seen outside. And they are the LORD God of Israel. 21 And I have made there
there to this day. 9 There was nothing in the ark a place for the ark, in which is the covenant of the
except the two tablets of stone, which Moses put LORD, which he made with our fathers when he
there at Horeb, when the LORD made a covenant brought them out of the land of Egypt.
with the children of Israel when they came out of 22 And Solomon stood before the altar of the
the land of Egypt. LORD in the presence of all the congregation of
10 And it came about, when the priests had Israel, and spread out his hands toward heaven,
come out of the Holy Place, that the cloud filled the 23 and said,
house of the LORD, 11 so that the priests could LORD God of Israel, there is no God like you, in
not stand to minister because of the cloud, for the heaven above, or on earth below, who keeps
glory of the LORD had filled the house of the LORD. covenant and mercy with your servants who walk
12 Then Solomon said, The LORD said that he before you with all their heart. 24 You have kept
8:2 Feast the Feast of Tabernacles (1 Cor 6:19). And the church as a whole is
(2 Chron 7:8-10). Note at Lev 23:33-36. called a holy temple (Eph 2:21). And Gods
8:4 Tabernacle 3:4. glory is bound up with each believer and
8:5 All these sacrifices symbolized Christ the whole church (John 17:10; etc).
(Lev 1:2), just as the ark, the tent, and the 8:12 Darkness compare Ex 20:21; Deut
temple did. 5:22; 2 Sam 22:12; Ps 97:2.
8:6 Ex 26:33,34. 8:13 Forever 2 Sam 7:13; Ps 132:13,14.
8:7 Cherubs Ex 25:18-20. 8:14 Verse 55; 2 Sam 6:18. Note at Num
8:9 Tablets Ex 25:16; 34:1; 40:20. 6:22-27.
See Heb 9:4. This reveals that by Solomons 8:16 2 Sam 7:4-6,8.
day the pot of manna and Aarons rod had 8:17 2 Sam 7:2,3; 1 Chron 17:1,2.
been lost. 8:19 5:3-5; 2 Sam 7:5,12,13; 1 Chron
Horeb Sinai. 22:8-10.
8:10,11 Glory of the LORD compare 8:20 1 Chron 28:5,6.
Ex 40:34,35. This cloud was the visible sign 8:21 Covenant Ex 19:5.
of Gods presence with His people. Note at 8:22 Stood in prayer the state of the
Ex 25:8. The temple took the place of the heart is the important thing, not the
tabernacle, and like the tabernacle, it spoke posture of the body. The prayer which
of the Lord Jesus. Compare John 2:18-21. follows is the longest public prayer recorded
Jesus who was the temple of God in the Bible.
contained the glory of God in full measure 8:23 Like you Ex 15:11; Deut 7:9; 1 Sam
John 1:14,18; Heb 1:3. Individual 2:2; 2 Sam 7:22; Ps 86:8-10; Isa 44:6,7.
believers are also called the temple of God Covenant and mercy other gods are
1 KINGS 8:25 426
with your servant David my father what you before the enemy, because they have sinned against
promised him. You spoke also with your mouth, you, and turn back to you and confess your name,
and have fulfilled it with your hand, as it is today. and pray and plead with you in this house, 34 then
25 Therefore, now, LORD God of Israel, keep hear in heaven, and forgive the sin of your people
with your servant, my father David, what you Israel, and bring them back to the land which you
promised him, saying, You will not lack a man in my gave to their fathers.
sight to sit on the throne of Israel; so that your 35 When the heavens are shut up and there is
children might be careful about their way, so that no rain, because they have sinned against you, if
they walk in my presence as you have walked in my they pray toward this place, and confess your name
presence. 26 And now, O God of Israel, I pray and turn from their sin, when you afflict them,
you, let your word which you spoke to your 36 then hear in heaven and forgive the sin of your
servant, my father David, come true. servants, and of your people Israel. So teach them
27 But will God indeed dwell on the earth? Look, the good way in which they should walk, and give
the heavens and heaven of heavens cannot rain on your land, which you have given to your
contain you. How much less this house that I have people as an inheritance.
built! 28 Yet have regard for the prayer of your 37 If there is famine in the land, if there is
servant and for his supplication, O LORD my God, pestilence, blight, mildew, locust, or if there is the
to listen to the cry and to the prayer which your caterpillar, if their enemy besieges them in the land
servant prays before you today, 29 that your of their cities, whatever plague, whatever disease
eyes may be open toward this house night and there may be, 38 whatever prayer and supplica-
day, toward this place of which you have said, My tion is made by any man, or by all your people
name will be there, that you may listen to the prayer Israel, each one knowing the plague of his own
which your servant makes toward this place. heart, spreading out his hands toward this house,
30 And listen to the supplication of your servant 39 then hear in heaven, your dwelling place, and
and of your people Israel, when they pray toward forgive, and act and give to every man according
this place, and hear in heaven, your dwelling place; to his ways, whose heart you know (for you, you
and when you hear, forgive. alone, know the hearts of all the children of men),
31 If any man sins against his neighbour, and 40 so that they may fear you all the days that they
he is put under oath to cause him to swear, and the live in the land which you gave to our fathers.
oath comes before your altar in this house, 41 Also, as for the foreigner, who is not of
32 then hear in heaven and act and judge your your people Israel, but comes from a far country
servants, condemning the wicked, to bring his con- for your names sake 42 (for they will hear of your
duct on his own head; and justifying the righteous, great name, and of your strong hand and of your
to give him according to his righteousness. stretched out arm), when he comes and prays
33 When your people Israel are struck down toward this house, 43 hear in heaven, your dwelling
unable either to make covenants or to keep too would happen (Lev 26:19; Deut
them, or to show mercy (Ps 115:2-8). 11:16,17; 28:23.
8:25 2 Sam 7:12,16. 8:36 Teach them Ps 25:4,5; 27:11;
8:27 2 Chron 2:6; Ps 139:7-16; Isa 66:1; 94:12.
Jer 23:24; Acts 7:49; 17:24,25. Solomon Give rain it is the true God, the
and the human authors of the Bible knew Creator of the universe alone who gives rain,
something of the grandeur of God. Because and not some imagined rain god (Lev 26:4;
the visible sign of Gods presence appeared Job 5:10; Ps 68:9; 147:8; Acts 14:17).
in tabernacle or temple, that did not make 8:37 Lev 26:16,25,26; Deut 28:21-23,
them have small views of God, or cause 38-42; 2 Chron 20:9; Joel 1:1-4.
them to think that the whole of God could 8:38 Plague or it could be translated
be contained in space. affliction or trouble or sickness.
8:29 9:3. Compare Jer 17:9. The Hebrew word has all
8:30 Dwelling place Solomon knew that in these meanings.
relationship to Israel, Jerusalem was Gods 8:39 1 Sam 2:3; 16:7; 1 Chron 28:9; Ps
dwelling place, in relationship to the world Israel 11:4; Jer 17:10; John 2:24,25.
was His dwelling place, in relationship to the 8:40 Fear notes at Gen 20:11; Ps
universe, heaven was His dwelling place. 34:11-14; 111:10; Prov 1:7. In the
8:31 Solomon looks into the future, knows that Bible to fear God is to regard Him with awe,
the people will sin, and begs God for mercy. and to honor, believe, and obey Him.
8:32 Deut 25:1; Ezek 18:20. 8:41 Solomon wanted the God of Israel to
8:33,34 Bring them back evidently, be known as the God of all people, as
Solomon knew from the Word of God that indeed, in some sense, He is (Isa 44:6;
this would happen (Lev 26:17,40-42; Deut Jer 32:26,27).
28:25,48). 8:42 They will hear Ex 13:3; Deut 3:24.
8:35 No rain Solomon could know this 8:43 Josh 4:23,24; 1 Sam 17:46; 2 Kings
427 1 KINGS 8:64
place, and do according to all that the stranger people of the earth, to be your inheritance, as you
calls to you for, so that all peoples of the earth may spoke through Moses your servant, when you
know your name, to fear you, as your people brought our fathers out of Egypt, O Lord God.
Israel do, and so that they may know that this 54 And it came about, that when Solomon had
house, which I have built, is called by your name. made an end of praying all this prayer and
44 If your people go out to battle against their supplication to the LORD, he arose from before the
enemy, wherever you send them, and pray to the altar of the LORD, from kneeling on his knees with
LORD toward the city which you have chosen, and his hands spread up to heaven. 55 And he stood
toward the house that I have built for your name, and blessed all the congregation of Israel with a
45 then in heaven hear their prayer and their loud voice, saying,
supplication, and maintain their cause. 56 Blessed be the LORD who has given rest to
46 If they sin against you (for there is no one his people Israel, in accordance with all that he
who does not sin), and you are angry with them promised. Not one word has failed of all his good
and hand them over to the enemy, so that they promise which he promised by the hand of Moses
carry them away captives to the land of the his servant. 57 The LORD our God be with us, as
enemy, far or near, 47 and if they turn their he was with our fathers. Let him not leave us or
hearts back to you in the land where they were forsake us. 58 So may he incline our hearts to him,
carried captives, and repent and plead with you in to walk in all his ways, and to keep his
the land of those who carried them away commandments and his statutes and his judgments,
captives, saying, We have sinned and have done which he commanded our fathers. 59 And may
wrong; we have committed wickedness, 48 and these my words, with which I have made
so turn back to you with all their heart and with all supplication before the LORD, be near to the LORD
their soul, in the land of their enemies who led them our God day and night, so that he maintains the
away captive, and pray to you toward their land, cause of his servant, and the cause of his people
which you gave to their fathers, the city which you Israel at all times, as each day requires, 60 so that
have chosen and the house which I have built for all the peoples of the earth may know that the
your name, 49 then in heaven, your dwelling place, LORD is God, and that there is no one else. 61 Let
hear their prayer and their supplication, and your heart, therefore, be perfect with the LORD
maintain their cause, 50 and forgive your people our God, to walk in his statutes, and to keep his
who have sinned against you and all their commandments, as at this day.
transgressions in which they have transgressed 62 And the king, and all Israel with him, offered
against you, and grant them compassion in the sacrifice before the LORD. 63 And Solomon offered
presence of those who carried them away captive, a sacrifice of peace offerings, which he offered to
so that they may have compassion on them; 51 for the LORD, twenty-two thousand oxen and a
they are your people and your inheritance, whom hundred and twenty thousand sheep. So the king
you brought out of Egypt, from the midst of the and all the children of Israel dedicated the house of
iron furnace; 52 that your eyes may be open to the LORD.
the supplication of your servant, and to the 64 The same day the king consecrated the middle
supplication of your people Israel, to listen to them of the courtyard that was in front of the house of
in everything about which they call to you. the LORD; for there he offered burnt offerings and
53 For you separated them from among all the grain offerings and the fat of the peace offerings,
19:19; Ps 102:15. 8:54 2 Chron 6:13.
8:44 2 Chron 14:11,12. 8:55 Verse 14.
8:46 Sin Ps 130:3,4; Prov 20:9; Rom 8:56 Josh 21:45; 23:14,15; 1 Chron 22:18.
3:23; 1 John 1:8-10. No promise of God will ever fail Titus 1:2.
Captives Lev 26:34-39; Deut 28:36,64; 8:57 Gen 48:21; Josh 1:5; 1 Sam 12:22.
Jer 29:10-14. In his prayer of confession for 8:58 Our hearts Solomon knew that if
the people Daniel used almost these exact men are to turn their hearts to God, God
words (Dan 9:5). must do a work of grace in them. See Ps
8:48 Deut 4:29; 1 Sam 7:3,4; Neh 1:9; 119:36. Compare Ps 51:10; 2 Tim 2:25.
Jer 29:13,14. 8:59 Solomon wanted his prayer to have a
8:50 2 Kings 25:28; 2 Chron 30:9; continuing effect.
Ps 106:46; Dan 1:9. 8:61 He could know from portions of Gods
8:51 Your people Ex 19:4; Deut 7:6; 9:29. Word such as Leviticus chapter 26 and
Furnace Deut 4:20. Compare Ps 66:10-12. Deuteronomy chapter 28 that the only way
8:53 Inheritance Ex 34:9; Deut 4:20; to blessing was obedience, and that
1 Sam 10:1; 2 Kings 21:14; Ps 33:12; 78:71; disobedience meant disaster.
Eph 1:18. Gods choosing of a people for 8:63 Peace offerings Leviticus chapter 3.
Himself is a theme which runs throughout the 8:64 Notes on these offerings at Leviticus
Bible and finds its consummation in the church. chapters 1-3.
1 KINGS 8:65 428
because the bronze altar that was before the LORD worship them, 7 then I will cut off Israel from the
was too small to take the burnt offerings and meat land which I have given them; and this house,
offerings and the fat of the peace offerings. which I have consecrated for my name, I will cast
65 And at that time Solomon, and all Israel with from my sight; and Israel will become a proverb
him, a great congregation from the entering in of and a byword among all peoples. 8 And as for this
Hamath to the river of Egypt, celebrated a feast house, which is exalted, every one who passes by
before the LORD our God, seven days, then seven it will be astonished and will hiss, and will say, Why
days more, fourteen days. 66 On the eighth day has the LORD done like this to this land and to this
he sent the people away; and they spoke a bless- house? 9 And they will answer, Because they
ing on the king, and went to their tents joyful and forsook the LORD their God, who brought their
glad of heart for all the good that the LORD had fathers out of the land of Egypt, and have taken
done for David his servant, and for Israel his people. hold of other gods and have worshipped them and
served them; therefore the LORD has brought on
9
And it came about, when Solomon had them all this evil.
finished the building of the house of the LORD 10 And it came about at the end of twenty
and the kings house, and had done all of Solomons years, when Solomon had built the two houses,
desire that he delighted in, 2 that the LORD the house of the LORD and the kings house
appeared to Solomon the second time, as he had 11 (now Hiram, the king of Tyre, had provided
appeared to him at Gibeon. Solomon with cedar trees and pine trees and with
3 And the LORD said to him, I have heard your gold, according to all his desire), that then king
prayer and your supplication, that you have made Solomon gave Hiram twenty towns in the land of
before me. I have consecrated this house, which Galilee. 12 And Hiram came out from Tyre to see
you have built, to put my name there forever, and the towns which Solomon had given him, and they
my eyes and my heart will be there perpetually. did not please him. 13 And he said, What towns
4 And if you will walk before me, as your father are these which you have given me, my brother?
David walked, in integrity of heart and in And he called them the Land of Cabul, their name
uprightness, to do according to all that I have to this day. 14 And Hiram had sent to the king a
commanded you, and will keep my statutes and my hundred and twenty talents of gold.
judgments, 5 then I will establish the throne of 15 And this is the reason for the forced labour
your kingdom over Israel forever, as I promised to which king Solomon raised: to build the house of
your father David, saying, You will not lack a man the LORD and his own house, and Millo and the wall
on the throne of Israel. of Jerusalem and Hazor and Megiddo and Gezer.
6 But if you at all turn away from following me, 16 For Pharaoh king of Egypt had come up and
you or your children, and do not keep my taken Gezer and burned it with fire, and killed the
commandments and my statutes which I have set Canaanites who lived in the city, and given it as a
before you, but go and serve other gods and present to his daughter, Solomons wife. 17 And
8:65 Feast v 2. 9:8,9 Deut 29:24-28; Jer 22:8,9.
Hamath this was in the far north of 9:10 6:37,38; 7:1; 9:1.
Israel. 9:11 Hiram 5:1. He had provided Solomon
River of Egypt or Wadi of Egypt with wood, labor, and gold (5:6-11; 9:14).
this does not indicate the River Nile, but a That is, Solomon went into debt to finish his
stream on the southern border of Israel, great building projects. He paid the debt by
between Israel and Egypt. giving this territory. In other words, part of
8:66 The eighth day after the second the land God had given Israel Solomon
period of seven days. handed over to an idolatrous nation. Com-
Joyful it is a recognition of the pare Lev 25:23,24. It is easy to go into debt,
goodness of God which brings joy (Ex 18:9; not so easy to pay; and it increases the
2 Chron 6:41; Neh 9:25; 1 Pet 1:3-9). burden of those involved in it. Rom 13:8 is
9:1 Compare Eccl 2:4-10. always a good principle to follow. 2 Chron
9:2 3:5. 8:2 tells of the return of these cities, the
9:3 8:29; 2 Chron 6:40. loan presumably having been repaid.
9:4 2:4; 3:14; 8:25,61. 9:13 Cabul probably means good for
9:5 2 Sam 7:12,16; 1 Chron 22:10; Luke nothing. It appears that Solomon used his
1:32,33. worldly wisdom to get the best of Hiram. If
9:6 2 Sam 7:14-16; 1 Chron 28:9; 2 Chron so, in this matter he behaved in a way that
7:19,20. brought no honor to either himself or to God.
9:7 The land Lev 18:24-28; 26:33; Deut In fact, just the opposite.
4:26,27; 28:37; 2 Kings 17:23; Jer 7:2-15; 9:14 A hundred and twenty talents about
24:9; Ps 44:14. Gods people cannot ignore 4 metric tons (4,000 kilograms).
Gods desires for them and live as they 9:15 Forced labour note at 4:6.
please and experience Gods blessings. 9:16 Gezer Josh 16:10. Daughter3:1.
429 1 KINGS 10:13
Solomon built Gezer, and lower Beth-Horon 18 and very large retinue, with camels carrying spices, and
Baalath and Tadmor in the wilderness, in the land, very much gold and precious stones. And when
19 and all the storage cities that Solomon had, and she had come to Solomon, she spoke with him of all
cities for his chariots and cities for his horsemen, that was in her heart. 3 And Solomon answered all
and what Solomon desired to build in Jerusalem, her questions. There was nothing hidden from the
and in Lebanon and in all the land of his dominion. king, which he did not tell her. 4 And when the
20 And all the people who were left of the queen of Sheba had seen all of Solomons wisdom,
Amorites, Hittites, Perizzites, Hivites and Jebusites, and the house that he had built, 5 and the food of
who were not of the children of Israel, 21 their his table, and the seating of his servants, and the
children who were left after them in the land, whom attendance of his ministers and their apparel, and
the children of Israel were also not able to destroy his cupbearers, and his ascent by which he went
completely, these Solomon conscripted as forced up to the house of the LORD, there was no more
slave labourers to this day. 22 But Solomon did not spirit in her.
make any slaves of the children of Israel, but they 6 And she said to the king, It was a true report
were warriors and his servants and his officials that I heard in my own land of your acts and of
and his captains, and those in charge of his chari- your wisdom. 7 However I did not believe the
ots and his horsemen. 23 These were the chief reports, until I came and my eyes saw it; and,
officials who were over Solomons work, five look, the half was not told me. Your wisdom and
hundred and fifty, who supervised the people who prosperity exceeds the fame which I heard. 8 Happy
did the work. are your men, happy are these your servants,
24 And Pharaohs daughter came up from the who stand continually before you and who hear
city of David to her house which Solomon had built your wisdom. 9 Blessed be the LORD your God,
for her. Then he built Millo. who delighted in you, to set you on the throne of
25 And three times in a year Solomon offered Israel. Because the LORD loved Israel forever, he
burnt offerings and peace offerings on the altar made you king, to maintain judgment and justice.
which he built to the LORD, and he burned incense 10 And she gave the king a hundred and twenty
on the altar that was before the LORD. So he talents of gold, and a very large amount of spices,
finished the house. and precious stones; such an abundance of spices
26 And king Solomon made a fleet of ships in as these which the queen of Sheba gave to king
Ezion-geber, which is near Elath, on the shore of Solomon never again came in.
the Red Sea, in the land of Edom. 27 And Hiram 11 And also the fleet of Hiram, that brought
sent his servants in the fleet, sailors who had gold from Ophir, brought in from Ophir a great
knowledge of the sea, with the servants of quantity of almug trees, and precious stones.
Solomon. 28 And they came to Ophir, and brought 12 And with the almug trees the king made pillars
gold from there, four hundred and twenty talents, for the house of the LORD, and for the kings house,
and brought it to king Solomon. also harps and lyres for singers. No such almug
trees came in again, or have been seen to this day.
10 And when the queen of Sheba heard of
the fame of Solomon concerning the name
of the LORD, she came to test him with hard
13 And king Solomon gave to the queen of Sheba
all she desired, whatever she asked, besides what
Solomon gave her from his royal bounty. So she
questions. 2 And she came to Jerusalem with a turned and went to her own country, she and her
9:19 Verse 1; 10:26. Four hundred and twenty talents about
9:20,21 Ex 3:8; Deut 7:1; Josh 15:63; 14.5 metric tons (14,500 kilograms).
17:12,13; Jud 1:21-29,35; 3:1. 10:1 Queen Matt 12:42.
9:22,23 Lev 25:39. Samuels predictions Sheba a land in southwestern Arabia.
now began to be fulfilled 1 Sam 8:10-18. LORD she had heard that Jehovah
9:25 Ex 23:14-17; Leviticus chapters 1-3; was the one who had made Solomon wise
Deut 16:16. and blessed him.
9:26 Ezion-Geber the most southern spot 10:3 3:12; 4:29-31.
in Israel, this port enabled Solomon to trade 10:9 Blessed be the LORD 2 Chron 2:11.
by sea with the countries to the south and Solomon had expressed a desire that those
east of Israel, including, possibly, India. of other nations might come to know more
9:27 Hiram v 12. Evidently he recovered of the God of Israel (8:41-43). God used
from his discontent, or else thought he could Solomons fame in wisdom to help bring this
get his gold back (v 14), by helping Solomon. about. See also v 24.
9:28 The location of Ophir is not known. Justice Ps 11:7; 33:5; 72:2; 99:4;
Probably it was in Arabia, or along the east 103:6.
coast of Africa. It was famous for gold 10:10 Hundred and twenty talents 9:14.
2 Chron 8:18; Job 28:16; Ps 45:9; Isa 13:12. 10:11 9:27,28.
1 KINGS 10:14 430
servants. and armour, and spices, horses, and mules, so much
14 Now the weight of gold that came to Solomon year by year.
in one year was six hundred and sixty-six talents 26 And Solomon amassed chariots and
of gold, 15 beside what he had from the horsemen, and he had a thousand four hundred
merchants, and of the trade of the spice merchants, chariots, and twelve thousand horsemen, whom
and of all the kings of Arabia, and of the governors he stationed in the chariot cities, and with the king
of the country. at Jerusalem. 27 And the king made silver as com-
16 And king Solomon made two hundred large mon as stones in Jerusalem, and he made cedars
shields of beaten gold; six hundred shekels of as abundant as the sycamore trees that are in the
gold went into one shield. 17 And he made three lowlands. 28 And Solomon had horses brought
hundred small shields of beaten gold. Three from Egypt, and linen yarn. The kings merchants
minas of gold went into each shield. And the king obtained the linen yarn at a price. 29 And a chariot
put them in the house of the Forest of Lebanon. was imported from Egypt for six hundred shekels
18 Moreover the king made a great throne of of silver, and a horse for a hundred and fifty; and
ivory, and overlaid it with the best gold. 19 The so for all the kings of the Hittites, and for the kings
throne had six steps, and the top of the throne of Syria; they brought them out by their means.
was round at the back, and there were armrests
on each side at the place of the seat, and two lions
stood beside the armrests. 20 And twelve lions
stood there on one side and on the other on the six
11 But king Solomon loved many foreign
women along with the daughter of
Pharaoh: women of the Moabites, Ammonites,
steps. Nothing like it was made in any kingdom. Edomites, Sidonians, and Hittites, 2 of the nations
21 And all king Solomons drinking vessels were of concerning which the LORD said to the children of
gold, and all the vessels of the house of the Forest Israel, You must not go in to them and they must
of Lebanon were of pure gold; none were of not come in to you, for they will surely turn your
silver; it was not considered valuable in the days heart away after their gods. Solomon held fast to
of Solomon. 22 For the king had at sea the ships of them in love. 3 And he had seven hundred wives,
Tarshish with the ships of Hiram. Once in three princesses, and three hundred concubines; and his
years the ships of Tarshish came in, bringing gold wives turned away his heart. 4 For it came about,
and silver, ivory, and apes, and peacocks. when Solomon was old, that his wives turned his
23 So king Solomon exceeded all the kings of heart away after other gods, and his heart was
the earth for riches and for wisdom. 24 And the not perfect with the LORD his God, as the heart of
whole world sought audience with Solomon, to his father David had been. 5 For Solomon went
hear his wisdom, which God had put in his heart. after Ashtoreth, the goddess of the Sidonians, and
25 And each one of them brought his present: after Milcom, the abomination of the Ammonites.
vessels of silver and vessels of gold, and garments, 6 And Solomon did evil in the sight of the LORD,
10:14 This was a violation of Deut 17:17. to holiness of life. Compare Ps 51:10-12;
Six hundred and sixty-six talents of gold is Gal 5:16.) Taking many wives was forbid-
more than 22 metric tons (more than 22,000 den to kings in Deut 17:17. And God
kilograms). warned His people repeatedly not to marry
10:16 shekels or bekas. A beka was those who practiced idolatry. See Ex 34:16;
about a half shekel. Deut 7:1-4; Josh 23:12,13.
10:17 7:2. Three minas about 1.7 11:3 Of what value is the greatest wisdom if
kilograms. we are unable to govern our own desires?
10:22 9:26-28. Turned away his heart Deut 17:17;
10:23 Did all this splendor, wealth, and Neh 13:26; Prov 31:3.
wisdom make Solomon a happy man? See 11:4 David though David sinned griev-
Eccl 1:2,12-14,18; 2:9-11. Did these things ously in the matter of Bathsheba (2 Samuel
make the people of Israel happy? Not at chapter 11), he repented and remained
all. See 12:1-4. steadfast in his worship of the one true God.
10:24 Verses 1,9. 11:5 Ashtoreth Jud 2:13; 10:6. In 2 Kings
10:26 4:26; 9:19. A violation of Deut 17:16. 23:13 she is called a vile goddess. In
10:29 Israel became a center for trade be- Canaan she was regarded as the wife of Baal.
tween peoples in the south and in the north. She was the goddess of war and fertility and
Six hundred shekels about 7 kilograms. was worshipped with sexual rites. She was
11:1 Women now begins the sad story associated with the evening star. In Babylon
of Solomons decline and terrible sin. His she was Ishtar; to the Greeks, Astarte or
wisdom was no safeguard against the sins Aphrodite; to the Romans, Venus.
of the flesh. The wise also may be carried Milcom another name for the god
away by lust, and human wisdom out of Molech (also v 33). Here he is called an
touch with God may fall into incredible folly. abomination. Sometimes children were
(Walking in the Spirit of God is the only way burned in the fire as an offering to him.
431 1 KINGS 11:28
and did not fully follow the LORD, as his father provided for him, and gave him land.
David had done. 19 And Hadad found great favour in the sight
7 Then Solomon built a high place for Chemosh, of Pharaoh, so that he gave him the sister of his
the abomination of Moab, in the hill that is east of own wife, the sister of Tahpenes the queen, as his
Jerusalem, and for Molech, the abomination of the wife. 20 And the sister of Tahpenes bore him
children of Ammon. 8 And he did the same for all Genubath his son, whom Tahpenes weaned in
his foreign wives, who burned incense and Pharaohs house. And Genubath was in Pharaohs
sacrificed to their gods. household among the sons of Pharaoh.
9 And the LORD was angry with Solomon, 21 And when Hadad heard in Egypt that David
because his heart had turned from the LORD God slept with his ancestors, and that Joab the
of Israel, who had appeared to him twice, 10 and commander of the army was dead, Hadad said to
had commanded him concerning this thing, that he Pharaoh, Let me depart, so that I may go to my
should not follow other gods. But he did not own country.
observe what the LORD commanded. 11Therefore 22 Then Pharaoh said to him, But what have
the LORD said to Solomon, Since you have done you lacked with me, that, lo and behold, you seek
this, and have not kept my covenant and my stat- to go to your own country?
utes, which I commanded you, I will surely tear the And he answered, Nothing. But let me go in
kingdom away from you, and give it to your ser- any case.
vant. 12 However, I will not do it in your days, for 23 And God stirred up another adversary against
the sake of your father David; but I will tear it out Solomon, Rezon the son of Eliadah, who fled from
of the hand of your son. 13 However, I will not tear his lord Hadadezer, king of Zobah. 24 And he
away the whole kingdom, but will give one tribe to gathered men around him, and became captain over
your son for the sake of my servant David, and for a band, when David killed those of Zobah. And
the sake of Jerusalem which I have chosen. they went to Damascus, and lived there and reigned
14 And the LORD stirred up an adversary to in Damascus. 25 And he was an adversary to Israel
Solomon, Hadad the Edomite. He was of the royal all the days of Solomon, besides the mischief that
house of Edom. 15 For it so happened, when David Hadad did. And he hated Israel, and reigned over
was in Edom, and Joab the commander of the army Syria.
had gone up to bury the slain, after he had struck 26 And Jeroboam the son of Nebat, an
down every male in Edom 16 (for six months Joab Ephrathite of Zereda, Solomons servant, whose
remained there with all Israel, until he had cut off mothers name was Zeruah, a widow woman, also
every male in Edom), 17 that Hadad fled, he and lifted up his hand against the king.
certain Edomites among his fathers servants with 27 And this was the reason that he lifted up his
him, to go to Egypt; Hadad being still a little child. hand against the king: Solomon built Millo, and
18 And they arose out of Midian and came to Paran, closed the breaches of the city of David his father.
and they took men with them out of Paran and 28 And the man Jeroboam was a strong and brave
they came to Egypt, to Pharaoh king of Egypt, who man. And Solomon, seeing that the young man
gave him a house, and ordered that food be was industrious, put him in charge of the whole
See 2 Kings 16:3; 17:17; 21:6; Lev 11:13 One tribe Judah (12:20).
18:21; 20;2-5. Jerusalem 9:3.
11:7 Chemosh or better, Kemosh. He, 11:14-25 God raised up two adversaries
too, was an abomination (2 Kings 23:13). against Solomon Hadad of Edom and
That is, he was detestable to the true God, Rezon of Syria, one in the southeast, the
though worshipped by people. Judging from other in the northeast. Raising up enemies
2 Kings 3:26,27 this god of Moab was some- to oppose His people was frequently a way
times worshipped with human sacrifices. God expressed His anger against them
11:8 The gods mentioned above were only because of their sins (Deut 28:15,49,50;
a few among many which Solomon allowed Jud 2:10-23; 2 Sam 12:10; 2 Chron
to be brought into Gods land and Gods 36:15-17; Isa 10:5,6; Jer 1:15,16). There
city. And with them, we have good reason is reason to think God still acts in a similar
to think, came a whole host of demons. way among the nations.
When Solomon lost the fear of God he lost 11:15 2 Sam 8:14.
much of his wisdom, at least in spiritual 11:21 Note at 2:10.
matters Ps 111:10; Prov 1:7. 11:23 Zobah 2 Sam 8:3. Damascus was,
11:9 Angry notes at Num 25:3; Ps 90:7-11. and remains, the capital of Syria.
Appeared 3:5; 9:2. 11:26 Jeroboam v 40; 12:2,20.
11:10 9:6,7; Ex 20:3-6. 11:28 Labour force note at 4:6.
11:11 Verses 29-31; 12:16,20. Joseph Jeroboam was from the tribe
11:12 Because of Gods promise to David in of Ephraim (v 26) descended from Joseph
2 Sam 7:14-16. (Gen 41:50-52).
1 KINGS 11:29 432
labour force of the house of Joseph. enduring house, as I built for David, and will give
29 And it came about at that time, as Jeroboam Israel to you. 39 And I will afflict Davids descen-
was going out of Jerusalem, that the prophet dants because of this, but not forever.
Ahijah, the Shilonite, met him in the road. And he 40 Therefore Solomon sought to kill Jeroboam.
was wearing a new cloak; and the two of them And Jeroboam arose and fled to Egypt, to Shishak,
were alone in the field. 30 And Ahijah took hold of king of Egypt, and was in Egypt until the death of
the new garment he was wearing and tore it in Solomon.
twelve pieces, 31 and said to Jeroboam, Take ten 41 And the rest of the acts of Solomon and all
pieces. For thus says the LORD, the God of Israel, that he did, and his wisdom, are they not written in
Look, I will tear the kingdom out of the hand of the book of The Acts of Solomon? 42 And the time
Solomon, and will give ten tribes to you 32 (but he that Solomon reigned in Jerusalem over all Israel
will have one tribe for my servant Davids sake, was forty years. 43 And Solomon slept with his
and for Jerusalems sake, the city which I have ancestors, and was buried in the city of his father
chosen out of all the tribes of Israel), 33 because David. And his son Rehoboam reigned in his place.
they have forsaken me, and have worshipped
Ashtoreth the goddess of the Sidonians, Chemosh
the god of the Moabites, and Milcom the god of the
children of Ammon, and have not walked in my
12 And Rehoboam went to Shechem, for all
Israel had come to Shechem to make him
king. 2 And it came about when Jeroboam, the son
ways, to do that which is right in my eyes and to of Nebat, who was still in Egypt, heard this (for
keep my statutes and my judgments, as his father Jeroboam had fled from the presence of king
David did. Solomon, and he lived in Egypt), 3 that they sent
34 However I will not take the whole kingdom word and called him. And Jeroboam and all the
out of his hand, but I will make him ruler all the days congregation of Israel came and spoke to
of his life for the sake of my servant David, whom Rehoboam, saying, 4 Your father made our yoke
I chose, because he kept my commandments and hard. Now therefore lighten the hard service of
my statutes. 35 But I will take the kingdom out of your father and his heavy yoke which he put on us,
his sons hand, and will give it to you, ten tribes. and we will serve you.
36 And I will give one tribe to his son, so that my 5 And he said to them, Depart for three days,
servant David will always have a light before me in then come back to me. And the people departed.
Jerusalem, the city which I have chosen for myself 6 And king Rehoboam conferred with the old
to put my name there. 37 And I will take you, and men who stood before his father Solomon while he
you will reign in all ways just as your soul desires was still living, and said, How do you advise me to
and will be king over Israel. 38 And if you will listen answer this people?
to all that I command you, and walk in my ways and 7 And they spoke to him, saying, If you will be
do what is right in my sight, to keep my statutes a servant to this people today and serve them,
and my commandments, as my servant David did, and answer them, speaking good words to them,
this will happen: I will be with you and build you an then they will be your servants forever.
11:29 12:15; 14:2. There were many to Jeroboam and northern tribes just as it
prophets in Bible times about whom we know did to the kingdom of Judah and its rulers.
almost nothing. Ahijah was one of these. 11:41 The Acts of Solomon no man
11:30 Compare 1 Sam 15:27,28. knows what has become of this book.
11:31 Verses 11-13. These ten tribes were 11:43 Slept note at 2:10. Rehoboam
the whole of the nation except Judah, means enlarger of the people, or the
Simeon, and Levi. Originally Simeon had no people are enlarged. This must have been
separate territory but had been allotted land Solomons hope when he named him. But
inside Judahs boundaries (Josh 19:1-9). the exact opposite happened. Sin is the
Levi had no territory of its own but lived in great crusher of human hopes.
cities scattered throughout the land (Josh 12:1-19 2 Chron 10:1-19.
13:14; 21:41). The division of the northern 12:1 Shechem Gen 12:6; 33:18-20;
tribes from Judah had its roots in Solomons Josh 8:30-35; Jud 9:6. It was located in
sin. But previously there had been trouble the territory of Ephraim. See 11:26.
between these two sections of the country. 12:4 1 Sam 8:10-18. Solomons demand
See 2 Samuel chapter 2; 19:40-43; 20:1,2. for provisions and his huge building projects
11:35 12:16,17. were a burden evidently felt by many people
11:36 Light that is, the house of David (4:7,22-25; 6:38; 7:1; 9:15-19).
would continue. God would not put out that 12:6 1 Kings 4:1-7.
lamp. 12:7 Servant God appointed kings to
11:38 God gave the same promises to serve the people, not to lord it over them.
Jeroboam that He gave to Solomon (2:3,4; Compare Mark 10:42-45; 1 Pet 5:1-4. The
3:14; 6:12,13). Gods covenant applied elders gave very good advice.
433 1 KINGS 12:28
8 But he rejected the counsel of the old men, with stones, and he died. Therefore king Rehoboam
which they had given him, and conferred with the hurriedly mounted his chariot to flee to Jerusalem.
young men who had grown up with him and who 19 So Israel is in rebellion against the house of
stood before him. 9 And he said to them, What David to this day.
advice do you give to us to answer this people, 20 And it happened that when all Israel heard
who have spoken to me, saying, Lighten the yoke that Jeroboam had come back, they sent and called
which your father put on us? him to the congregation and made him king over all
10 And the young men who had grown up with Israel. Only the tribe of Judah followed the house
him spoke to him, saying, Speak to this people of David, no one else.
who spoke to you like this and said Your father 21 And when Rehoboam arrived in Jerusalem,
made our yoke heavy, but you lighten it for us, he assembled all the house of Judah, with the tribe
and tell them this: My little finger will be thicker of Benjamin, a hundred and eighty thousand
than my fathers waist. 11 And now, though my chosen men who were warriors, to fight against
father put a heavy yoke on you, I will add to your the house of Israel, to bring the kingdom back to
yoke. My father punished you with whips, but I will Rehoboam, the son of Solomon.
punish you with scorpions. 22 But the word of God came to Shemaiah, the
12 So Jeroboam and all the people came to man of God, saying, 23 Speak to Rehoboam, the
Rehoboam the third day, as the king had appointed, son of Solomon, king of Judah, and to all the house
saying, Come back to me on the third day. 13 And of Judah and Benjamin, and to the rest of the
the king answered the people roughly, and rejected people, saying, 24 Thus says the LORD, You shall
the old mens counsel that they gave him, 14 and not go up, or fight against your brethren the chil-
spoke to them in accordance with the counsel of dren of Israel. Each man is to go back to his house,
the young men, saying, My father made your yoke for this thing is from me. So they listened to the
heavy, but I will add to your yoke. And my father word of the LORD, and turned around and went
punished you with whips, but I will punish you with back, in accordance with the word of the LORD.
scorpions. 15 So the king did not listen to the people, 25 Then Jeroboam built Shechem in mount
for the turn of events was from the LORD, that he Ephraim and lived in it, and went out from there
might fulfil his word which the LORD spoke by Ahijah and built Penuel.
the Shilonite to Jeroboam, the son of Nebat. 26 And Jeroboam said in his heart, Now the
16 So when all Israel saw that the king did not kingdom may return to the house of David, 27 if
listen to them, the people answered the king, this people go up to offer sacrifice in the house of
saying, What part do we have in David? We have the LORD at Jerusalem. Then the heart of this
no inheritance in the son of Jesse. To your tents, people will turn back to their lord, to Rehoboam
O Israel! Now see to your own house, David! So king of Judah, and they will kill me and go back to
Israel departed to their tents. Rehoboam king of Judah.
17 But as for the children of Israel who lived in 28 Then the king took counsel and made two
the cities of Judah, Rehoboam reigned over them. gold calves, and said to the people, It is too much
18 Then king Rehoboam sent Adoram, who was for you to go up to Jerusalem. See your gods, O
over the forced labour, and all Israel pelted him Israel, who brought you up out of the land of Egypt!
12:8-11 Rehoboam rejected the counsel 12:18 Rehoboam, of course, was reluctant
of experience and wisdom and allowed him- to see 10 tribes slip away from his authority.
self to be led into a ruinous policy. This 12:20 11:13,32,36; 2 Kings 17:21.
advice was to make the burdens of the 12:21-24 2 Chron 11:1-4.
people heavier, and to punish them more 12:22 Shemaiah 2 Chron 12:5-8,15.
if they failed in carrying them. Youth may 12:24 Is from me v 15.
sometimes be wise (see Job 32:6-9), but 12:25 Shechem and Peniel were ancient
in this case they were extremely foolish. cities (Gen 32:30,31; Jud 8:8,17; 9:45-49.
But behind their foolishness and Penuel or Peniel.
Rehoboams acceptance of their advice, 12:27 Jeroboam was aware of the unifying
God stood, working out His purpose (v 15). force of religion with its central place of wor-
12:15 God can use even the foolishness and ship. He cared nothing about obedience to
the evil acts of men to accomplish His will. Gods laws; he wanted only to cling to power.
The supreme example of this is the cross. 12:28 Ex 32:4-8; 2 Kings 10:29; 17:16;
See note at Gen 50:20. Hos 8:4-7; Ex 20:3-6,23. Jeroboam gave
12:16 Israel the ten northern tribes. them a form of worship of their own which
Part 2 Sam 20:1. would keep them from going to Jerusalem.
12:17 In the cities of Judah people from Now too there are many forms of worship
the 10 northern tribes who had come to live and religions which keep people from wor-
there. See 2 Chron 11:14-17. shiping the true God.
1 KINGS 12:29 434
29 And he placed one in Bethel and the other he by the word of the LORD, and said, O altar, altar!
put in Dan. 30 And this thing became a sin, for the Thus says the LORD: Look, a child will be born to
people went to worship before the one, to Dan. the house of David, Josiah by name; and he will
31 And he made houses on high places, and offer on you the priests of the high places who
made priests of the lowest of the people, who were burn incense on you, and mens bones will be burned
not of the sons of Levi. 32 And Jeroboam ordained on you. 3 And he gave a sign the same day,
a feast in the eighth month, on the fifteenth day of saying, This is the sign which the LORD has
the month, like the feast that is in Judah, and he spoken: Look, the altar will split apart and the
made offerings on the altar. He did this in Bethel, ashes on it will spill out.
offering sacrifices to the calves that he had made. 4 Then this happened: when king Jeroboam
And he placed in Bethel the priests of the high heard the words of the man of God who cried out
places which he had made. 33 So he made offer- against the altar in Bethel, he put out his hand from
ings on the altar in Bethel, which he had made, on the altar, saying, Seize him! And his hand, which
the fifteenth day of the eighth month, in the month he stretched out against him, withered, so that he
which he had chosen in his own heart, and could not pull it back to him. 5 And the altar split
ordained a feast for the children of Israel, and he apart and the ashes spilled out of the altar, in
made offerings on the altar and burned incense. accordance with the sign which the man of God had
given by the word of the LORD.
13 And just then a man of God came to Bethel
from Judah by the word of the LORD; and
Jeroboam was standing by the altar to burn
6 And the king answered and said to the man of
God, Please plead with the face of the LORD your
God, and pray for me, that my hand may be
incense. 2 And the man cried out against the altar restored to me. And the man of God pleaded with
12:29 Bethel this town was about 20 from the true God, are among the most
kilometers north of Jerusalem, near the serious and deadly of all sins. Compare
border between Ephraim and Benjamin. Matt 23:13-15.
Dan in the far north of Israel. 13:1 Man of God often, as here, means
12:30 Israel had just complaints against a prophet. He is not named. Sometimes
Rehoboam, but they allowed their objections God commits great and difficult work to those
to move them to accept the leadership of who are comparatively unknown. Compare
an evil man, Jeroboam, who led them to 1 Cor 1:12-29.
spiritual ruin. A wrong reaction to injustice Judah then considered enemy terri-
or troubles of other kinds can lead people tory by Jeroboam.
into still worse troubles. To burn incense 12:32. Compare
12:31 High places note at 3:2. 1 Sam 13:8-14. Jeroboam little knew that
Levi Ex 29:9; 40:15; Num 3:9,10; his religion made him hateful to God. God
18:1-7. In his determination to hold power now reveals this through His prophet.
he cared not at all how many of Gods laws 13:2 Josiah a prophecy which was not
he violated, or what spiritual damage he fulfilled for nearly 300 years. But then it was
did to Gods people. What but ruin can be fulfilled to the letter 2 Kings 23:15-20. It
the end of such a course, anytime, was unusual for prophecies of the future to
anywhere? give the name of an individual. Besides
12:32,33 He had chosen compare Lev Josiah only Cyrus (Isa 44:28) and Solomon
23:33,34; Num 29:12. Jeroboam was were so named. In Old Testament prophecy
inventing a substitute religion, complete with the Lord Jesus was clearly revealed and many
places of worship, a priesthood, sacrifices, titles were given to Him (such as Immanuel
and festivals. But the whole thing was an and those names in Isa 9:6), but it is not
abomination to the one true God (14:9-11), said that His name would be Jesus.
because it violated His laws and ignored His 13:3 God gave evidence to Jeroboam and
desires altogether. Let us learn that not all to the nation that the prophet was declaring
religions are good, and not all ways lead to the Word of God. It was important for them
God in fact, some ways lead directly away to know this, for Israel was at a very critical
from Him. Jeroboams religion was like this. stage in its history. Compare Ex 4:1-9;
He completely corrupted Israel, and his Deut 18:21,22; Heb 2:4.
deeds had a profound effect on all their later 13:4 Seize him Jeroboam did not want
history. messages from God. Political power was
Ever after this, Jeroboam is remembered his delight.
in the Bible for his wickedness in leading 13:6 Pray how like Pharaoh in Egypt,
Israel into sin 15:30,34; 16:2,19,26,31; and, for that matter, many people today.
22:52; 2 Kings 3:3; 10:29; etc. The sins Many want healing without repenting of their
of Jeroboam are mentioned more than 20 sins, and help from God without obedience
times in the Old Testament surely some to God. But what is more important
sort of record for an individual. Sins in the healing of the hand or healing of the inner
sphere of religion, sins which keep people person? Jeroboam should have been crying
435 1 KINGS 13:25
the LORD, and the kings hand was restored to him with you in this place, 17 because it was said to me
and became as it was before. by the word of the LORD, You shall not eat bread
7 And the king said to the man of God, Come or drink water there, or return by the way that you
home with me and refresh yourself, and I will give go.
you a reward. 18 He said to him, I am also a prophet, just as
8 And the man of God said to the king, Even if you are; and an angel spoke to me by the word of
you would give me half your house, I would not go the LORD, saying, Bring him back with you into
in with you, nor would I eat bread or drink water in your house, so that he can eat bread and drink
this place, 9 because this is what the word of the water. But he lied to him.
LORD commanded me, saying, Eat no bread and 19 So he went back with him, and ate bread in
drink no water, and do not return by the same way his house and drank water. 20 And it came about,
that you go. 10 So he went another way, and did as they sat at the table, that the word of the LORD
not return by the way that he came to Bethel. came to the prophet who brought him back,
11 Now an old prophet lived in Bethel, and his 21 and he cried out to the man of God who came
sons came and told him all the deeds that the man from Judah, saying, Thus says the LORD, Be-
of God had done that day in Bethel, and they told cause you have disobeyed the word spoken by the
their father the words which he had spoken to the mouth of the LORD, and have not kept the com-
king. 12 And their father said to them, What way mandment which the LORD your God commanded
did he go? For his sons saw the way the man of you, 22 but came back and ate bread and drank
God who came from Judah had gone. 13 And he water in the place concerning which the LORD said
said to his sons, Saddle the donkey for me. So to you, Eat no bread and drink no water, your
they saddled the donkey for him, and he rode on it. dead body will not go to the tomb of your fathers.
14 And went after the man of God and found 23 And it came about after he ate bread and
him sitting under an oak. And he said to him, Are after he drank, he saddled the donkey for him,
you the man of God who came from Judah? that is, for the prophet whom he brought back.
And he said, I am. 24 And as the man was going, a lion met him in the
15 Then he said to him, Come home with me, road and killed him. And his dead body was thrown
and eat bread. down in the road, and the donkey stood by it, and
16 And he said, I cannot return with you or go the lion stood by the body. 25 And men appeared,
in with you, and I will not eat bread or drink water passing by, and saw the body thrown down in the
out for prayer for his withered heart. Hos 1:2; Acts 10:9-14.
13:7 Reward possibly an attempt to 13:18 Lied to him he was not the last
corrupt this prophet and use him for his own person to tell lies in the name of God. We
ends. make a big mistake if we ignore what God
13:8-10 The prophet had received his has revealed to us and let others get our
instructions from God, and he was firm in guidance for us. Observe that temptations
his determination to follow them completely. and testings may come in Gods name.
So far so good. These may be among the most difficult to
13:11 This old prophet sets out to ruin the overcome.
prophet from Judah (v 18). His motive is 13:19 How important it is to hold firm in
not stated. It may have been envy (and obedience to what God has said.
envy is deadly). Perhaps he reasoned like 13:20 This old man had the true prophetic
this I am a prophet and live right here in gift.
Bethel. Why did God bring a prophet from 13:21 This man of God should have
Judah to give His message. Why am I realized that God would not change His
passed over? Or it may have been simply instructions, that his obedience was being
that this old prophet was a backslidden tested. Once God has told us to do
failure and was pleased to see other proph- something we must do it, even though a
ets fail too. Who can say for sure? (Jer world of prophets and all our family and
17:9). But we know there are such people friends try to turn us from Gods will. If we
in the world and among Gods people. do not we will experience great loss.
13:15 Verse 7. The testing of this prophet 13:22 Disobedience in what men might
came a second time. Temptations once regard as a small matter may result in the
overcome may cause us to fall when they destruction of our whole ministry, may
come again. Continual vigilance is the price indeed cost us our lives. No disobedience
of victory (Eph 6:18; 1 Pet 5:8; etc). Sa- is small in Gods eyes, and little matters
tan knows an individuals weakness and will may bring great tests. Compare Luke 16:10.
bring the same temptations again and again For the terrible results of another act of
throughout a persons life. disobedience see Rom 5:12,15,17-19.
13:16 Verse 9. Sometimes the command of 13:24 The donkey did not run away, the lion
God may seem strange and unreasonable did not attack the donkey evidence to
to His servants. Compare Ezek 4:12-14; those who saw it that this was an act of God.
1 KINGS 13:26 436
road, and the lion standing by the body; and they
came and told it in the city where the old prophet
lived.
14 At that time Abijah, the son of Jeroboam,
fell sick. 2 And Jeroboam said to his wife,
Please arise and disguise yourself, so that you will
26 And when the prophet who had brought him not be recognized as the wife of Jeroboam, and go
back from the way heard this, he said, It is the to Shiloh. See, Ahijah the prophet is there, who
man of God, who was disobedient to the word of told me that I would be king over this people.
the LORD. Therefore the LORD has delivered him 3 And take ten loaves and cakes and a jar of honey
to the lion, which has torn him and killed him, in with you, and go to him. He will tell you what is to
accordance with the word of the LORD, which he become of the child.
spoke to him. 4 And Jeroboams wife did so. She arose and
27 And he spoke to his sons, saying, Saddle went to Shiloh, and came to the house of Ahijah.
the donkey for me. And they saddled it for him. Now Ahijah could not see, for his eyes were set
28 And he went and found his body thrown down in because of his age. 5 And the LORD said to Ahijah,
the road, and the donkey and the lion standing by Now the wife of Jeroboam is coming to ask some-
the body. The lion had not eaten the body, nor thing of you for her son, for he is sick. You are to
torn the donkey. 29 And the prophet took up the say such and such to her; for it shall be, when she
body of the man of God, and laid it on the donkey comes in, that she will pretend to be another
and brought it back, and the old prophet came to woman.
the city to mourn and to bury him. 30 And he laid 6 And so it was that when Ahijah heard the
his body in his own grave, and they mourned over sound of her feet, as she came in the door, he
him, saying, Alas, my brother! said, Come in, you wife of Jeroboam. Why do
31 And it came about, after he had buried him, you pretend to be someone else? For I have
that he spoke to his sons, saying, When I am been sent to you with bad news. 7 Go, tell
dead, then bury me in the tomb where the man of Jeroboam, Thus says the LORD God of Israel,
God is buried. Lay my bones beside his bones; Because I exalted you from among the people,
32 for the thing which he cried out by the word of and made you ruler over my people Israel, 8 and
the LORD against the altar in Bethel, and against tore the kingdom away from the house of David
all the houses of the high places which are in the and gave it to you, and yet you have not been like
cities of Samaria, will surely come true. my servant David who kept my commandments
33 After this incident Jeroboam did not turn and who followed me with all his heart to do only
from his evil way, but again made priests for the what was right in my eyes, 9 but have done evil
high places from the lowest of the people. He above all who were before you, for you have gone
consecrated whoever had the desire to be a priest, and made other gods and cast metal idols for your-
and he became one of the priests of the high self to provoke me to anger, and have thrust me
places. 34 And this thing became sin to the house behind your back, 10 therefore, look, I will bring
of Jeroboam, even to cut it off, and to destroy it disaster on the house of Jeroboam, and will cut
from the face of the earth. off every male person from Jeroboam, both bond
13:26 A man of God died for one act of dis- position. Gods desire had nothing to do
obedience, but the lying prophet and wicked with it. So instead of the best men leading
Jeroboam lived on. Strange appear the ways the spiritual life of the nation, the worst men
of God to men (Isa 55:8,9; Rom 11:33,34), pressed forward. So now. If Gods call is
and none of us will understand all He does not the sole criterion, men after money,
on earth. But we should learn not to judge power, and position will strive for places and
peoples character by what happens to them, leadership in Christian circles. Compare Jud
by the measure of their present punishment 17:11; 18:20.
or lack of it. Some faithful children of God 13:34 Destroy it 14:10; 15:29; 2 Kings
suffer greatly and die young. Many rascals chapter 9.
live on untroubled, and seem to prosper (Ps 14:1,2 13:6. Like many people in every
73:3-12). But the end is not yet Rev 22:12. generation Jeroboam was ready to seek God
13:29,30 It seems this strange old man was for something he wanted, but was not
genuinely sorry. He had ruined his brother, willing to forsake his sins.
and his heart was saddened and troubled. Ahijah 11:29-31.
Perhaps, when he started out to test him, 14:5 Compare 1 Sam 9:15-17; 2 Kings 6:32.
he did not think it would result in the young 14:7,8 11:28-38.
mans death. 14:9 Evil 12:28-33. Anger notes
13:32 2 Kings 23:15-18. at Num 25:3; Ps 90:7-11.
13:33 Did not turn miracles and proph- Have thrust me behind your back Neh
ecies do not change the human heart. 9:26; Ps 50:17; Jer 2:27; 32:33; Ezek
Jeroboam went ahead as before (12:31-33). 23:35. This is how some people dare to treat
Desire the priesthood was thrown open Almighty God, the Creator of the universe!
to those who were looking for such a 14:10 15:29.
437 1 KINGS 14:31
and free in Israel, and will sweep away the rest of in Judah. Rehoboam was forty-one years old when
the house of Jeroboam, as a man sweeps away he began to reign, and he reigned seventeen years
dung, until it is all gone. 11 Those who belong to in Jerusalem, the city which the LORD chose out of
Jeroboam who die in the city will be eaten by the all the tribes of Israel, to put his name there. And
dogs, and those who die in the field will be eaten his mothers name was Naamah. She was an
by the birds of the air; for the LORD has spoken Ammonite.
it. 22 And Judah did evil in the sight of the LORD,
12 So arise. Go to your own house. And and provoked him to jealousy with their sins which
when your feet enter the city, the child will die. they committed, above all that their fathers had
13 And all Israel will mourn for him and bury him, for done. 23 For they also built for themselves high
he alone of those who belong to Jeroboam will places and made idols and idolatrous groves, on
come to the grave, because in him there is found every high hill and under every green tree. 24 And
some good thing toward the LORD God of Israel in there were even male shrine prostitutes in the
the house of Jeroboam. land, and they behaved in accordance with all the
14 Moreover the LORD will raise up for himself abominations of the nations which the LORD drove
a king over Israel who will cut off the house of out before the children of Israel.
Jeroboam that day. And what now? 15 For the 25 And this occurred in the fifth year of king
LORD will strike Israel. It will be like a reed shaken Rehoboam: Shishak, king of Egypt, came up against
in the water. And he will root up Israel out of this Jerusalem, 26 and took away the treasures of the
good land, which he gave to their fathers, and will house of the LORD and the treasures of the kings
scatter them beyond the River, because they have house. He took them all away, and took away all
made their idolatrous groves, provoking the LORD the shields of gold which Solomon had made.
to anger. 16 And he will give Israel up because of 27 And in their place king Rehoboam made bronze
the sins of Jeroboam, who sinned and who caused shields, and committed them into the hands of the
Israel to sin. chief of the guard, who kept the door of the kings
17 And Jeroboams wife arose and left and came house. 28 And the custom was that whenever
to Tirzah, and when she came to the threshold of the king went into the house of the LORD, the
the door, the child died. 18 And they buried him, guard carried them, and later brought them back
and all Israel mourned for him, in accordance with into the guard room.
the word of the LORD which he spoke through his 29 Now the rest of the acts of Rehoboam, and
servant Ahijah the prophet. all that he did, are they not written in the book of
19 And the rest of the acts of Jeroboam, how The Annals of the Kings of Judah? 30 And there
he made war, and how he reigned, see, they are was war between Rehoboam and Jeroboam all
written in the book of The Annals of the Kings of their days. 31 And Rehoboam slept with his
Israel. 20 And Jeroboam reigned for twenty-two ancestors, and was buried among his ancestors in
years. Then he slept with his ancestors, and Nadab the city of David. And his mothers name was
his son reigned in his place. Naamah. She was an Ammonite. And Abijam his
21 And Rehoboam the son of Solomon reigned son reigned in his place.
14:11 God had warned that this was one of 14:20 Slept note at 2:10. Nadab 15:25.
the penalties of disobedience to His 14:21 Rehoboam 11:32,36,43.
covenant (Deut 28:26). Ammonite Rehoboam was the off-
14:12,13 Some good thing see note at spring of a forbidden marriage 11:1,2.
13:26. In this case, considering the de- 14:22 Evil see 2 Chron 12:1,14.
struction to come on the house of Jeroboam, Jealousy Ex 20:3-6.
the death of this boy was a merciful act of 14:23 Deut 12:2; 16:22.
God. It may be so in a great many cases, 14:24 Prostitutes groups of both male
as far as we know. Compare Isa 57:1,2. and female prostitutes were kept at various
14:14 15:27-29. places of worship in the old Canaanite
14:15,16 Strike Israel Deut 28:63,64; religion. Now Judah adopted this detestable
29:25-28; 2 Kings 17:21-23. custom and made it a part of their worship.
The River the Euphrates. God had warned them about this in Deut
Idolatrous groves or Asherah poles 20:18; 23:17.
note at Jud 3:7. 14:25-31 This was because God was
Sins of Jeroboam 12:28-33. punishing the people for their sins (2 Chron
14:17 Tirzah the first capital of the north- 12:1,2). See note at 11:14-25.
ern kingdom of Israel. 14:26 Solomon had made 10:16,17.
14:19 Annals these were not the books 14:29 Annals note at 14:19.
of Chronicles, but earlier records. No man 14:31 Slept note at 2:10. Abijam
knows what has become of them. Abijah.
1 KINGS 15:1 438
15 Now in the eighteenth year of king
Jeroboam, the son of Nebat, Abijam
became king over Judah. 2 He reigned three years
in a grove; and Asa destroyed her idol, and burned
it by the brook Kidron. 14 But the high places were
not removed. Nevertheless Asas heart was per-
in Jerusalem. And his mothers name was Maachah. fect with the LORD all his days. 15 And he brought
She was the daughter of Abishalom. into the house of the LORD the things which his
3 And he walked in all the sins of his father, father had dedicated, and the things which he
which he had done before him, and his heart was himself had dedicated, silver and gold and utensils.
not perfect with the LORD his God, like the heart 16 And there was war between Asa and Baasha,
of David his father. 4 Nevertheless for Davids king of Israel, all their days. 17 And Baasha, king
sake the LORD his God gave him a lamp in of Israel, went up against Judah, and built Ramah,
Jerusalem, to set up his son after him, and to not allowing anyone to go out or come in to Asa,
establish Jerusalem, 5 because David did what king of Judah.
was right in the eyes of the LORD, and did not 18 Then Asa took all the silver and the gold that
turn aside from anything that he commanded him were left in the treasures of the house of the
all the days of his life, except in the matter of LORD and the treasuries of the kings house, and
Uriah the Hittite. entrusted them into the hands of his servants; and
6 And there was war between Rehoboam and king Asa sent them to Ben-Hadad, the son of
Jeroboam all the days of his life. 7 Now the rest of Tabrimon, the son of Hezion, king of Syria, who
the acts of Abijam and all that he did, are they not lived at Damascus, saying, 19 There is a treaty
written in the book of The Annals of the Kings of between me and you, and between my father and
Judah? And there was war between Abijam and your father. See, I have sent you a present of
Jeroboam. 8 And Abijam slept with his ancestors, silver and gold. Come and break your treaty with
and they buried him in the city of David; and Asa Baasha, king of Israel, so that he will leave me.
his son reigned in his place. 20 So Ben-Hadad listened to king Asa, and sent
9 And in the twentieth year of Jeroboam, king the commanders of the armies which he had against
of Israel, Asa became king over Judah. 10 And he the cities of Israel and attacked Ijon and Dan and
reigned forty-one years in Jerusalem. And his Abel-Beth-Maachah, and all Kinneroth, with all the
mothers name was Maachah. She was the land of Naphtali. 21 And it came about, when Baasha
daughter of Abishalom. heard this, that he stopped the building of Ramah,
11 And Asa did what was right in the eyes of and lived in Tirzah. 22 Then king Asa made a
the LORD, like David his father had done. 12 And proclamation throughout all Judah. No one was
he took away the male shrine prostitutes from the exempt; and they took away the stones of Ramah
land, and removed all the idols that his fathers had and its timber, with which Baasha had built, and
made. 13 And he also removed his mother Maachah with them king Asa built Geba of Benjamin and
from being queen, because she had made an idol Mizpah.
15:2 Three years many of the kings of Abijah is recorded in 2 Chron 13:2-22.
Israel and Judah were insignificant and their 15:8 Slept note at 2:10.
reigns brief. 15:11 Asa among the kings of Judah he
Abishalom a different way of spelling was rated a good king. It may surprise us
Absalom. that evil men sometimes have good sons,
15:3 Father 14:21-24; 2 Chron 12:1. and good men evil sons. More about Asa
His heart this was the root reason for at 2 Chronicles chapters 15 and 16.
his many sins. 15:12,13 Asa dealt with the sin in his own home
15:4 Lamp 11:36. also. This is where obedience to the Lord and
15:5 Hittite 2 Sam 11:2-4,14-17; our witness must always begin. Compare Jud
12:9,10; 1 Kings 9:4; 14:8. Does this 6:24-27; Josh 24:15; Gen 35:1-4. And this
mean that Davids adultery with Bathsheba is often where failure is most evident 1 Sam
and murder of Uriah were his only sins? 8:1-5; 2 Sam 13:21,39; 1 Kings 1:6.
Obviously not. His numbering of Israel, for Idol in a grove probably a wooden
example, was sin and brought punishment idol or pole representing the goddess
(2 Sam 24:1,10). But David was a man af- Asherah.
ter Gods own heart (1 Sam 13:14), and he 15:16 The division of Israel into two parts was
earnestly sought God and tried to do Gods a source of continual trouble to both of them.
will all his life. When he failed he repented 15:17 Ramah a town only about eight
and confessed and forsook his sin. Only kilometers north of Jerusalem.
in the case of Uriah and Bathsheba did he 15:18,19 Treaty surely it was a mistake
fail to do so. Many months went by without on Asas part to look to an idolatrous
repentance and God had to send Nathan nation for security against his enemies. It
the prophet to rebuke him (2 Sam 12:1,7). reveals a weakness in his faith. See 2 Chron
15:6 14:30. 16:7. Note also at Isa 31:1.
15:7 Annals note at 14:19. More about 15:21 Tirzah15:17.
439 1 KINGS 16:15
23 All the rest of the acts of Asa, and all his caused my people Israel to sin, to provoke me to
might, and all that he did, and the cities which he anger with their sins, 3 look, I will consume Baasha
built, are they not written in the book of The and his house, and will make your house like the
Annals of the Kings of Judah? Nevertheless, in the house of Jeroboam, the son of Nebat. 4 Those
time of his old age he was diseased in his feet. who belong to Baasha who die in the city will be
24 And Asa slept with his ancestors, and was bur- eaten by the dogs, and those of his who die in the
ied among his ancestors in the city of his father fields will be eaten by the birds of the air.
David. And Jehoshaphat his son reigned in his place. 5 Now the rest of the acts of Baasha, and what
25 And Nadab, the son of Jeroboam, began to he did, and his might, are they not written in the
reign over Israel in the second year of Asa, king of book of The Annals of the Kings of Israel? 6 So
Judah, and reigned over Israel two years. 26 And Baasha slept with his ancestors and was buried in
he did evil in the sight of the LORD, and walked in Tirzah, and Elah his son reigned in his place.
the way of his father and in his sin with which he 7 And also the word of the LORD had come
made Israel to sin. through the prophet Jehu, the son of Hanani,
27 And Baasha, the son of Ahijah, of the house against Baasha and against his house, because of
of Issachar, conspired against him and Baasha struck all the evil that he did in the sight of the LORD, in
him down at Gibbethon, which belonged to the provoking him to anger with the work of his hands,
Philistines; for Nadab and all Israel laid siege to in being like the house of Jeroboam, and because
Gibbethon. 28 And in the third year of Asa, king of he killed him.
Judah, Baasha killed him and reigned in his place. 8 In the twenty-sixth year of Asa, king of Judah,
29 And this happened when he became king: Elah, the son of Baasha, began to reign over Israel
he struck down all the house of Jeroboam. He did in Tirzah, and he reigned two years.
not leave to Jeroboam any who breathed, until he 9 And his servant Zimri, commander of half his
had destroyed him, in accordance with the word of chariots, conspired against him while he was in
the LORD, which he spoke by his servant Ahijah Tirzah, drinking himself drunk in the house of Arza,
the Shilonite, 30 because of the sins of Jeroboam the steward of his house in Tirzah. 10 And Zimri
which he committed, and which he caused Israel to went in and struck him and killed him in the twenty-
commit, because of his provocation with which he seventh year of Asa, king of Judah, and reigned in
provoked the LORD God of Israel to anger. his place.
31 Now the rest of the acts of Nadab, and all 11 And it happened when he began to reign, as
that he did, are they not written in the book of soon as he sat on his throne, that he killed all the
The Annals of the Kings of Israel? 32 And there house of Baasha. He did not leave him a single
was war between Asa and Baasha, king of Israel, male person, none of his relatives or of his friends.
all their days. 12 Thus did Zimri destroy all the house of Baasha,
33 In the third year of Asa, king of Judah, in accordance with the word of the LORD, which he
Baasha, the son of Ahijah, began to reign over all spoke against Baasha by Jehu the prophet,
Israel in Tirzah, and he reigned twenty-four years. 13 because of all the sins of Baasha, and the sins
34 And he did evil in the sight of the LORD and of his son Elah, which they committed and which
walked in the way of Jeroboam, and in his sin with they made Israel commit, in provoking the LORD
which he caused Israel to sin. God of Israel to anger with their worthless idols.
14 Now the rest of the acts of Elah and all that
16 Then the word of the LORD came to Jehu,
the son of Hanani, against Baasha,
saying, 2 Because I exalted you from the dust
he did, are they not written in the book of The
Annals of the Kings of Israel?
15 In the twenty-seventh year of Asa, king of
and made you ruler over my people Israel, and you Judah, Zimri reigned seven days in Tirzah. And the
have walked in the way of Jeroboam and have people were camped against Gibbethon, which
15:23 Annals 14:19. 16:3,4 14:10,11.
Diseased 2 Chron 16:12-14. 16:5 Annals 14:19.
15:24 Slept note at 2:10. 16:6 Slept note at 2:10.
15:26 12:28-33; 13:33,34. 16:7 Baasha was the instrument of Gods
15:27-29 14:9,10. judgment on Jeroboams house, but was
15:30 12:28-33. guilty of sin in what he did.
15:31 Annals 14:19. 16:13 Anger Num 25:3.
16:1 Jehu this was a prophet about whom Worthless idols 12:28,29; Ps 115:4-8.
we know very little, and not, of course, the 16:15-23 Factions split the kingdom and
Jehu of 2 Kings chapter 9 who later became caused havoc. Zimri, Omri and Tibni were
king of Israel. all rivals for the throne. It all came about
16:2 12:25-33; 14:7; 15:34. because of sin, disobedience, and lust for
1 KINGS 16:16 440
belonged to the Philistines. 16 And the people 26 For he walked in all the way of Jeroboam, the
who were camped heard this said: Zimri has son of Nebat, and in his sin with which he caused
conspired, and has also killed the king. Therefore Israel to sin, to provoke the LORD God of Israel to
that day all Israel made Omri, the commander of anger with their worthless idols.
the army, king over Israel in the camp. 17 And 27 Now the rest of the deeds of Omri which he
Omri went up from Gibbethon, and all Israel with did, and his might that he showed, are they not
him, and they besieged Tirzah. 18 And it happened written in the book of The Annals of the Kings of
that when Zimri saw that the city was taken, he Israel? 28 So Omri slept with his ancestors and
went into the citadel of the kings house, and burned was buried in Samaria, and his son Ahab reigned in
down the kings house over himself with fire, and his place.
died, 19 because of his sins which he committed in 29 And in the thirty-eighth year of Asa, king of
doing evil in the sight of the LORD, in walking in the Judah, Ahab, the son of Omri, began to reign over
way of Jeroboam, and in his sin which he Israel, and Ahab, the son of Omri, reigned over
committed, to cause Israel to sin. 20 Now the rest Israel in Samaria twenty-two years. 30 And Ahab,
of the acts of Zimri, and his plot which he carried the son of Omri, did more evil in the sight of the
out, are they not written in the book of The Annals LORD than all who were before him. 31 And it
of the Kings of Israel? came about, as if it were a light thing for him to
21 Then the people of Israel were divided into walk in the sins of Jeroboam, the son of Nebat,
two parts. Half of the people followed Tibni, the that he took Jezebel, the daughter of Ethbaal,
son of Ginath, to make him king, and half followed king of the Sidonians, as his wife, and went and
Omri. 22 But the people who followed Omri served Baal and worshipped him. 32 And he set up
prevailed against the people who followed Tibni, an altar for Baal in the house of Baal, which he had
the son of Ginath. So Tibni died, and Omri reigned. built in Samaria. 33 And Ahab made an idolatrous
23 In the thirty-first year of Asa, king of Judah, grove, and Ahab did more to provoke the LORD
Omri began to reign over Israel, and he reigned God of Israel to anger than all the kings of Israel
twelve years. He reigned six years in Tirzah. who were before him.
24 And he bought the hill of Samaria from Shemer 34 In his days Hiel, the Bethelite, built Jericho.
for two talents of silver, and built on the hill, and He laid its foundation at the cost of his firstborn
called the name of the city which he built, Samaria, Abiram, and set up its gates at the cost of his
after the name of Shemer, owner of the hill. youngest son Segub, in accordance with the word
25 But Omri did evil in the eyes of the LORD, of the LORD, which he spoke by Joshua the son
doing more evil than all who were before him. of Nun.
power. Selfish struggles for position and behavior. Is there not here a principle
power in Christian circles can be just as i n G o d s d e a l i n g s w i t h t h e nations of
disastrous. Wise men will avoid them. earth? Usually does He not let come to
16:19 12:28-33; 14:16; 15:26,34. power the kind of leaders and rulers that
16:20 Annals 14:19. the people as a whole deserve?
16:23 Tirzah 14:17. Sometimes, in mercy, He may give them
16:24 Omri built Samaria and established better ones than they deserve, but never
it as the new capital of the northern kingdom worse ones.
of Israel. The northern kingdom was even 16:31 Jezebel was one of the most wicked
called Samaria at times (21:1; Isa 10:10; women recorded in history (18:4,13,19;
Amos 6:1). 19:2,3; 21:5-15,25). This marriage of
Two talents about 70 kilograms. Ahab was in contempt of Gods law
16:25-28 From a secular point of view Omri Deut 7:1-5.
was one of the northern kingdoms most Baal note at Jud 2:11.
successful kings. But the writer dismisses 16:32 2 Kings 10:21-27. We read of no
him with a few verses. Gods standards are temple he built for Jehovah the one true
different from mans. Omri denied Gods God.
covenant and followed Jeroboam. In Gods 16:33 Grove or Asherah pole note at
sight he was an evil failure. Compare Luke Jud 3:7.
16:15. Anger Num 25:3; Deut 4:25;
16:25 To say he was worse than Jeroboam Ps 90:7-11. Ahab made Baal worship the
was to condemn him utterly. predominant religion of the northern
16:26 12:28-33. kingdom.
16:30 J e r o b o a m w a s b a d , O m r i w a s 16:34 Josh 6:26. Jericho had continued in
worse, Ahab the worst of all. Why did existence as a village without walls and
God permit such kings to rule His people? gates (Josh 18:21; Jud 1:16; 3:13;
He was justly giving them the rulers they 2 Sam 10:5). Hiel decided to rebuild it as a
deserved because of their own evil city with walls and gates.
441 1 KINGS 17:18
17 And Elijah the Tishbite, who was of the
inhabitants of Gilead, said to Ahab, As
the LORD God of Israel lives, before whom I stand,
that I can drink. 11 And as she was going to bring
it, he called to her and said, Please bring me a
piece of bread in your hand.
there will be no dew or rain these years, except by 12 And she said, As the LORD your God lives,
my word. I do not have a loaf, but only a handful of flour in
2 And the word of the LORD came to him, a barrel, and a little oil in a jug. And, look, I am
saying, 3 Go from here, and turn eastward, and gathering two sticks, so that I can go in and
hide yourself by the brook Kerith, that is east of prepare it for myself and my son, so that we can
the Jordan. 4 And it is to be like this: you will drink eat it, and die.
from the brook; and I have commanded the ravens 13 And Elijah said to her, Do not be afraid. Go
to feed you there. and do as you have said, but with it make for me a
5 So he went and did according to the word of little cake first, and bring it to me, and afterwards
the LORD, for he went and stayed by the brook make for yourself and for your son. 14 For thus
Kerith, that is east of the Jordan. 6 And the says the LORD God of Israel, The barrel of flour
ravens brought him bread and meat in the morning, will not be exhausted, and the jug of oil will not fail,
and bread and meat in the evening; and he drank until the day that the LORD sends rain on the
from the brook. earth.
7 And after a while it happened that the brook 15 And she went and did according to the word
dried up, because there had been no rain in the of Elijah. And she, and he, and her household, ate
land. 8 And the word of the LORD came to him, for many days. 16 And the barrel of flour was not
saying, 9 Arise, go to Zarephath, which belongs exhausted, and the jug of oil did not fail, in
to Sidon, and stay there. See, I have commanded accordance with the word of the LORD which he
a widow woman there to provide for you. 10 So he spoke by Elijah.
arose and went to Zarephath. And when he came 17 And it came about after these things, that
to the gate of the city, just then the widow woman the son of the woman, the mistress of the house,
was there gathering sticks. And he called to her fell sick, and his sickness was so severe, that there
and said, Please bring me a little water in a jar, so was no breath left in him. 18 And she said to Elijah,
17:1 Deut 28:23,24; 1 Kings 18:1; Luke in a supernatural way but used natural
4:25,26; Jam 5:17; Rev 11:6. Elijah was means. Observe Gods sovereignty over
one of the greatest figures of the Old Testa- creation, and how He may use any means
ment. Moses and Elijah, representing the He pleases to meet His peoples needs.
law and the prophets, appeared with the Lord Compare Ex 16:4,13-18; 17:1-7. See 2
Jesus on the mount of transfiguration (Matt Cor 9:8; Phil 4:19.
17:3; Luke 9:31). John the Baptist, the 17:7 Dried up surely this tested Elijahs
forerunner of the Lord Jesus, came in the faith. We should learn, as he did, that if
spirit of Elijah (Matt 11:13,14; 17:11-13; one source of supply dries up God will provide
Mark 9:11-13; Luke 1:17). And it seems another for His servants (Ps 23:1). We
that Elijah will appear again before the should learn to trust God Himself and not
second coming of Christ (Mal 4:6). His name the means God may use to help us.
means Jehovah is my God. His home was 17:9 Zarephath a town between Tyre and
east of the Jordan river. Sidon on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea.
Before whom I stand servants stood God sent Elijah far from his home, far from
in the presence of a ruler to obey his the ravens, and out of the territory ruled by
orders. So Elijah remained in the presence Ahab, to a poor non-Israelite. See Luke
of the heavenly King waiting for His word. 4:25,26.
He lived consciously in Gods presence with Commanded v. 4. God can move on
an attitude of obedience, as ever believer human hearts also to fulfill His will and to
today should do. meet the needs of His people, even without
No dew or rain because of the false their knowing it.
worship of the people God was sending them 17:10,11 Elijah recognized her as the one
drought and famine in judgment. Compare God had appointed to meet his needs.
Lev 26:3,4,18,19; Deut 28:15,22-24; 17:12 To meet the needs of His servants
2 Sam 21:1; 2 Kings 6:24,25. Baal, the God often passes by the rich and uses the
god Israel was worshiping in the place of poor. Compare 2 Cor 8:1-4.
Jehovah, was thought to be the god who 17:13 Here was an opportunity for her to
gave fertile fields and rain from heaven. The learn of the power of the miracle-working
true God was proving to the people through God of Israel, and she believed and
Elijah that He Himself, Jehovah, had control experienced it (v 15). We all may have
of rain and fields and that Baal was power- such opportunities. See Luke 6:38.
less. Compare Ex 12:12. 17:18 She thought, perhaps, that Elijah had
17:3 Hide his life was in danger from discovered her past sin and had spoken of
the murderous pair of Ahab and Jezebel. them to God. And she believed that the
17:4 Ravens God supplied Elijahs needs death of her son was a punishment for her
1 KINGS 17:19 442
What have I to do with you, O man of God? Have that we do not lose all the animals. 6 So they
you come to me to call my sin to remembrance, and divided the land between them to survey it; Ahab
to kill my son? went one way by himself, and Obadiah went
19 And he said to her, Give me your son. And another way by himself.
he took him from her bosom, and carried him up 7 And as Obadiah was on the way, suddenly
into the upper room where he was staying, and laid Elijah met him, and Obadiah knew him and pros-
him on his own bed. 20 And he cried out to the trated himself and said, Are you my master Elijah?
LORD and said, O LORD my God, have you also 8 And he answered him, I am. Go, tell your
brought disaster on the widow with whom I am master, Look, Elijah is here.
staying, by killing her son? 21 And he stretched 9 And he said, What sin have I done, that you
himself on the child three times, and cried out to would deliver your servant into the hands of Ahab
the LORD and said, O LORD my God, I pray you, to kill me? 10 As the LORD your God lives, there is
let this childs soul come back into him. no nation or kingdom where my master has not
22 And the LORD heard the voice of Elijah, and sent to seek you; and when they said, He is not
the soul of the child came back into him, and he there , he made that kingdom and nation swear
revived. 23 And Elijah took the child, and brought that they could not find you. 11 And now you say,
him down from the room into the house and handed Go, tell your master, Look, Elijah is here. 12 And it
him to his mother, and Elijah said, See, your son is will happen, as soon as I have gone from you, that
living. the Spirit of the LORD will carry you I dont know
24 And the woman said to Elijah, Now by this where; and so when I go and tell Ahab, and he
I know that you are a man of God, and that the cannot find you, he will kill me. But I your servant
word of the LORD in your mouth is truth. have feared the LORD from my youth. 13 Was it
not told my master what I did when Jezebel killed
18 And it came about after many days, that
the word of the LORD came to Elijah in the
third year, saying, Go, appear to Ahab, and I will
the prophets of the LORD, how I hid a hundred of
the LORDs prophets by fifties in a cave, and fed
them with bread and water? 14 And now you say,
send rain on the earth. 2 And Elijah went to Go, tell your master, Look, Elijah is here ; and he
appear to Ahab. will kill me.
And there was a severe famine in Samaria. 15 And Elijah said, As the LORD of hosts lives,
3 And Ahab called Obadiah, who was over his before whom I stand, I will surely appear to him
house. (Now Obadiah feared the LORD greatly; today.
4 for it happened, when Jezebel cut off the proph- 16 So Obadiah went to meet Ahab and told him,
ets of the LORD, that Obadiah took a hundred and Ahab went to meet Elijah. 17 And it came
prophets and hid them by fifties in a cave, and fed about, when Ahab saw Elijah, that Ahab said to
them with bread and water.) 5 And Ahab said to him, Are you the one who is troubling Israel?
Obadiah, Go throughout the land, to all the springs 18 And he answered, I have not troubled
of water and to all the streams. Perhaps we may Israel, but you, and your fathers house, in that
find grass to keep the horses and mules alive, so you have forsaken the commandments of the LORD,
sin. This was not true, as we can see from 18:3 Obadiah not the prophet of the
what follows. same name, but a steward in Ahabs house.
17:20 Elijah was as puzzled as the widow. 18:4 Jezebel 16:31.
Gods servants often find themselves in Hid them God sometimes may
puzzling circumstances. Compare 2 Cor 4:8. make use of individuals in high positions to
17:22 This is the first recorded raising of preserve His people. Compare Est 4:14.
the dead in the Bible. And it happened, not 18:12 2 Kings 2:16; Ezek 3:12,14; Acts 8:39.
in Israel, not among believers in Judah, but 18:13 Hundred there were groups of
to the son of a poor widow of another prophets then as in Samuels day (1 Sam
nation. Such is Gods grace. 10:5,10). See 1 Kings 20:35; 2 Kings 2:7,15.
17:24 In faith this woman leaped ahead of 18:15 LORD of hosts note at 1 Sam 1:3.
the people of Israel who had rejected both 18:17 One who is troubling Israel it was
Elijah and God who spoke through him. Ahab who was the real troubler of Israel.
18:1 I will send rain there had been no God sent Elijah to help preserve Israel in
repentance in Israel, but God in sovereign spite of men like Ahab. The great troublers
grace, decided to send rain anyway, so that of mankind are sinful men, sinful leaders,
the land and the nation would not be totally not those who rebuke sin and demand
destroyed. repentance. Compare Josh 7:24-26; Acts
18:2 Observe Elijahs unquestioning obedi- 17:6; 24:5. Compare Ahabs attitude,
ence in everything (17:5,10; 18:36; when faced with famine, with Davids attitude
19:15,19). A possibility of danger in meet- (2 Sam 21:1).
ing Ahab did not deter him. Truly he stood 18:18 Baals 16:30-33. Note on Baal at
as a servant in the presence of God (17:1). Jud 2:11.
443 1 KINGS 18:33
and have followed the Baals. 19 Now therefore 26 And they took the bull which was given them,
send and gather in my presence at Mount Carmel and they prepared it, and called on the name of
all Israel, and the four hundred and fifty prophets Baal from morning to noon, saying, O Baal,
of Baal and the four hundred prophets of the groves answer us! But there was no voice or anyone
who eat at Jezebels table. who answered. And they leaped on the altar which
20 So Ahab sent to all the children of Israel, and was made.
gathered the prophets together at mount Carmel. 27 And at noon it came about that Elijah mocked
21 And Elijah came to all the people, and said, them and said, Call with a loud voice, for he is a
How long will you limp between two opinions? If god! Either he is conversing, or is pursuing
the LORD is God, follow him, but if Baal, then someone, or is on a journey. Or perhaps he is
follow him. asleep and must be awakened! 28 And they called
And the people did not answer him a word. out with a loud voice, and cut themselves accord-
22 Then Elijah said to the people, I, I alone, ing to their custom with knives and lances until the
remain a prophet of the LORD, but Baals prophets blood gushed out on them. 29 And it came about,
are four hundred and fifty men. 23 Therefore let when noon was past, and they had prophesied
them give us two bulls; and let them choose one until the time of the offering of the evening
bull for themselves, and cut it in pieces and lay it sacrifice, that there was no voice, or anyone to
on wood, and put no fire under it. And I will pre- answer, or anyone who paid attention.
pare the other bull and lay it on wood, and put no 30 And Elijah said to all the people, Come near
fire under it. 24 And you call on the name of your to me. And all the people came near to him. And
gods, and I will call on the name of the LORD; and he repaired the altar of the LORD that had been
the God who answers by fire, let him be God. torn down. 31 And Elijah took twelve stones,
And all the people answered and said, It is well according to the number of the tribes of the sons
spoken. of Jacob, to whom the word of the LORD came,
25 And Elijah said to the prophets of Baal, You saying, Your name will be Israel. 32 And with the
choose one bull for yourselves, and prepare it first, stones he built an altar in the name of the LORD,
for there are many of you; and call on the name of and he made a trench around the altar, large enough
your gods. But do not put any fire under it. to hold two measures of seed. 33 And he put the
18:19 Carmel a long flat-topped range words, let the true God reveal Himself by a
of high hills running to the coast of the miracle. Elijah knew that the LORD
Mediterranean Sea. Of the groves (Jehovah) could do this (Lev 9:24), and that
Asherah. Note at Jud 3:7. Baal could not. The people could see that
Table Jezebel was using part of the the challenge was a perfectly fair test. Note
wealth of Israel, the people of God to on fire as a symbol for God at Ex 3:2.
provide for these false prophets of a false 18:26 Answered Baal did not answer
god. Note on false prophets at Gen 20:11; because he could not. He was like all the
Deut 13:1; 18:20; Jer 14:14. gods of men (Ps 96:5; 115:4-7; Isa
18:20 Ahab was willing to accept the 41:22-24; 44:6,15-26; Hab 2:18-20).
challenge. After all, it seemed that the odds Leaped trying to arouse their deity to
were 850 to 1 against Elijah. For a similar action.
contest see note at Ex 7:11. 18:27 Mocked how bold, how confident
18:21 Ex 32:26; Josh 24:15; 2 Kings 17:41; in God was Elijah!
Matt 6:24. Men must decide what is true 18:28 Blood gushed a desperate
and what they will follow. Many people attempt to get their god to respond.
consider it broad-minded and tolerant to try 18:29 Prophesied here means shout-
to accept every outlook on life as legitimate ing words under the influence of evil spirits
or good. And some like to think that all or in the heat of their own spirits. See notes
religions are good, and that all gods are at Num 11:25; Gen 20:7; etc.
one. Elijah and the God of the Bible, the Evening sacrifice Ex 29:38-41.
only true and living God, will have no part in Attention it is tragic and pathetic in
such thinking. They knew that to worship the extreme that men will make such
Baal was to reject the true God, to follow the efforts to get the attention of gods who can
true God meant to reject Baal. Israel could never hear them, when they could call to
not succeed in its attempt to have both. So the true God, the Creator, who answers prayer
it is now. Those who want to worship and (Ps 65:2).
serve the God and Father of the Lord Jesus 18:30 That had been torn down people
Christ must reject all other gods. See also had expressed contempt for the worship of
Josh 24:14,15; 2 Kings 17:32,33; Isa 42:8. the true God.
18:22 19:10,14. Elijah felt how alone he 18:31 Gen 32:28; 35:10.
was. Compare Ps 12:1. His meaning is 18:32 Altar he wanted everyone to know
that he was the only one to make a public that his life and ministry was related to
stand to fight against false religion. Jehovah the God of Israel.
18:24 The God who answers by fire in other 18:33 This was to show the undeniable
1 KINGS 18:34 444
wood in order, and cut the bull in pieces and laid it 42 So Ahab went up to eat and to drink. And Elijah
on the wood, and said, Fill four barrels with water, went up to the top of Carmel, and threw himself
and pour it on the burnt sacrifice and on the wood. down on the ground, and put his face between his
34 And he said, Do it a second time. And knees, 43 and said to his servant, Go up now.
they did it a second time. And he said, Do it a Look toward the sea. And he went up and looked,
third time. And they did it a third time. 35 And the and said, There is nothing. And seven times he
water ran around the altar; and he also filled the said, Go back.
trench with water. 44 And it came about at the seventh time that
36 And it came about at the time of the offering he said, Look, a little cloud is rising from the sea,
of the evening sacrifice, that Elijah the prophet like a mans hand.
came near, and said, LORD God of Abraham, Isaac, And he said, Go up, say to Ahab, Prepare
and of Israel, let it be known today that you are your chariot, and go down, so that the rain does
God in Israel, and that I am your servant, and not stop you.
that I have done all these things at your word. 45 And in the meantime it came about that the
37 Answer me, O LORD, answer me, so that this sky was black with clouds and wind, and there was
people may know that you are the LORD God, and a great rain. And Ahab rode and went to Jezreel.
that you have turned their heart back again. 46 And the hand of the LORD was on Elijah, and he
38 Then the fire of the LORD fell, and tucked up his robe and ran before Ahab to the
consumed the burnt sacrifice, and the wood and entrance of Jezreel.
the stones and the dust, and licked up the water
that was in the trench.
39 And when all the people saw it, they fell on
their faces, and said, The LORD, he is the God!
19 And Ahab told Jezebel all that Elijah had
done, and the whole account of how he
had killed all the prophets with the sword. 2 Then
The LORD, he is the God! Jezebel sent a messenger to Elijah, saying, So let
40 And Elijah said to them, Seize the prophets the gods do harm to me, and more also, if I do not
of Baal! Dont let one of them escape! And they make your life like the life of one of them by
seized them, and Elijah brought them down to the tomorrow about this time.
brook Kishon and killed them there. 3 And when he saw that, he arose and went for
41 And Elijah said to Ahab, Go up, eat and his life, and came to Beersheba, which belonged to
drink; for there is a sound of abundance of rain. Judah, and left his servant there. 4 But he himself
genuineness of the miracle which followed. to prevent the slaughter of Baals prophets.
18:36 Contrast Elijahs brief believing prayer Now he departs at Elijahs word. It seems he
with the long frantic praying of the false was temporarily overwhelmed by the events
prophets. See Matt 6:7,8. he had seen. Overwhelmed, but not repen-
LORD God of Abraham Ex 4:5; etc, tant, as we know from what follows. Miracles
the covenant God of Israel. by themselves do not produce repentance,
18:37 Observe the object Elijah had in mind do not change mans sinful heart. This is
he did not want to put on a spectacular show, abundantly clear from the ministry of the Lord
or call attention to himself, or gain any kind Jesus on earth. See notes at Matt 8:1-4;
of personal benefit. His desire was that Luke 16:31; John 2:11.
people might know who the true God is. This 18:43 Seven times see Elijahs perse-
most important matter is everywhere empha- verance in prayer. Compare Luke 11:5-10;
sized in the Bible Ex 9:16; Josh 4:24; etc. 18:1-8.
18:38 Verse 24. Observe the willingness of 18:45 See Jam 5:16-18; Mark 11:22-25.
God to reveal Himself when there is 18:46 Hand of the LORD Elijah was given
obedience and believing prayer. Compare strength beyond his own and was able to
John 14:21,23. outrun the chariot of the king. Compare
Fire note at 3:2. Isa 40:29-31; Col 1:29.
18:39 Verses 21,24,37. The object of this 19:1 Jezebel 16:31. Killed 18:40.
contest (v 37) was achieved. But the re- 19:3 Went for his life Elijah at times
sults were not permanent. Before long the revealed great courage, as we know from
people and their rulers forsook God again. chapter 18. Now he is probably suffering a
See 2 Kings 17:7-17. complete emotional letdown (as often
18:40 Killed them this was in accordance happens after a great victory). Anyone may
with Gods law for the nation (Deut 13:5, experience fear in certain circumstances, and
13-18; 18:20). It was a just punishment Elijah was a man with the same emotions as
on men who led Gods people into the other men (Jam 3:17). Gods servants may
wickedness of false worship. be bold and fearless in God, weak and
18:41 Sound of abundance of rain there fearful in themselves (for example, compare
was as yet no cloud. This was the language Matt 26:69-74; Acts 4:8-13).
of faith (17:1). 19:4 Num 11:15; Jonah 4:3,8. See notes
18:42 Ahab went up the king did nothing on depression at psalm 42.
445 1 KINGS 19:19
went a days journey into the desert, and came to the LORD. But the LORD was not in the wind. And
a juniper tree and sat down under it, and requested after the wind an earthquake came, but the LORD
for himself that he might die, and said, It is enough. was not in the earthquake. 12 And after the
Now, O LORD, take away my life, for I am not earthquake a fire appeared, but the LORD was
better than my fathers. not in the fire. And after the fire came a still small
5 And as he lay down and slept under the voice. 13 And it came about, when Elijah heard it,
juniper tree, suddenly an angel touched him, and that he covered his face in his cloak and went out
said to him, Arise and eat. and stood in the entrance of the cave.
6 And he looked, and there appeared a cake And then a voice came to him and said, What
baked on the coals, and a jar of water at his head. are you doing here, Elijah?
And he ate and drank and lay down again. 14 And he said, I have been very jealous for
7 And the angel of the LORD came again a the LORD God of hosts, because the children of
second time and touched him, and said, Arise and Israel have forsaken your covenant, thrown down
eat, because the journey is too great for you. your altars, and killed your prophets with the sword.
8 And he arose and ate and drank, and in the And I, I alone, am left; and they seek to take my
strength of that food travelled forty days and forty life.
nights to Horeb, the mountain of God. 9 And he 15 And the LORD said to him, Go, return on
came there to a cave, and spent the night there. your way to the wilderness of Damascus, and when
And suddenly the word of the LORD came to him you arrive, anoint Hazael to be king over Syria.
and said to him, What are you doing here, Elijah? 16 And you shall anoint Jehu, the son of Nimshi, to
10 And he said, I have been very jealous for be king over Israel, and you shall anoint Elisha,
the LORD God of hosts, for the children of Israel the son of Shaphat, of Abel-Meholah to be prophet
have forsaken your covenant, thrown down your in your place. 17 And it will come about that the
altars, and killed your prophets with the sword. one who escapes the sword of Hazael Jehu will kill,
And I, I alone, am left; and they seek to take my and the one who escapes from the sword of Jehu
life. Elisha will kill. 18 Yet I have left seven thousand for
11 And he said, Go out and stand on the myself in Israel, all the knees which have not bowed
mountain before the LORD. And suddenly the to Baal, and every mouth which has not kissed
LORD passed by, and a great and strong wind split him.
the mountains, and broke the rocks in pieces before 19 So he left there and found Elisha, the son of
Not better perhaps God permitted this people in spectacular ways, in windstorm,
experience that Elijah might learn this. Had quake and fire (18:38; Ex 19:16-19; Job 38:1;
he been thinking he was better than Ps 18:6-15; Isa 29:6). But Elijah had already
others? This temptation may come to Gods seen enough of the spectacular. He needed
servants. They may begin to think that God to find calm and peace. Perhaps he needed
has used them in a great way because they to understand better that God can accom-
are better than other men. They should not plish His purposes in quiet and gentle ways
give in to this temptation. See Rom 3:9,10; also. Compare Isa 42:1-4. God does not
Luke 18:9; Phil 2:3. need to speak to people in a voice of thun-
19:5 Angel note at Gen 16:7; etc. der, with the power of miraculous activity.
19:6 This shows Gods tender care for His 19:14 Apparently Elijah did not understand
servant. Compare 17:4,9. See Ps 23:1. what God was trying to teach him. Do we?
19:7 Angel of the LORD Gen 16:7. The 19:15,16 Elijah did not carry out these com-
Son of God came to Elijah. mands as far as we know. Elisha went to
Journey God knew the journey Elijah Hazael (2 Kings 8:8-15), and sent another
planned, but He had not told him to make to anoint Jehu (2 Kings 9:1-10). Elijah did
it. Elijah, even while running away from seek out Elisha but did not, it seems, liter-
danger, without Gods orders, is still under ally anoint him. The mention of Elisha here
Gods gracious care. This is grace. Jonahs indicates that Elijahs ministry was coming
history gives a similar (but not exact) case. to an end. He had been given his work and
19:8 Horeb Mount Sinai (Ex 3:1,12; had almost finished it. Now he must appoint
19:1-3). It is about 400 kilometers south his successor. Compare Moses and Joshua
of Beersheba. (Deut 31:1,2,7,8).
19:9 What are you doing here in other 19:17 God was going to send judgment on
words, what are you seeking, Elijah? Are Israel.
you merely running away from trouble and 19:18 Seven thousand Elijah was not as
danger? alone as he thought (v 14). God always
19:10 Elijah is still in the pit of depression. has a few people who remain faithful to Him,
He feels his ministry has come to nothing, however evil the state of society may be
and that only death awaits him. (Isa 1:9; Rom 11:4,5; Matt 16:18). This
I alone 18:22. is one of the great lessons of church history.
19:11,12 Sometimes God did come to His 19:19 Plowing often God calls His servants
1 KINGS 19:20 446
Shaphat, who was plowing with twelve yoke of for to your servant at first I will do, but this thing I
oxen in front of him, and he with the twelfth; and am not able to do. And the messengers departed
Elijah passed by him and threw his mantle on him. and brought word back to him.
20 And he left the oxen and ran after Elijah, and 10 And Ben-Hadad sent to him, and said, The
said, Please let me kiss my father and my mother, gods do harm to me, and more also, if the dust of
and then I will follow you. Samaria is enough for handfuls for all the people
And he said to him, Go back again, for what who follow me.
have I done to you? 11 And the king of Israel answered and said,
21 And he went back from him, and took a yoke Tell him, The one who puts on his armour should
of oxen and slaughtered them, and boiled their not boast like the one who takes it off.
flesh with the implements of the oxen, and gave it 12 And it came about, when Ben-Hadad heard
to the people, and they ate. Then he arose and this message, as he was drinking, he and the kings
went after Elijah, and ministered to him. in the tents, that he said to his servants, Set
yourselves in array. And they set themselves in
20 And Ben-Hadad, the king of Syria,
gathered all his army together, and there
were thirty-two kings with him, and horses and
array against the city.
13 And then a prophet came to Ahab, king of
Israel, saying, Thus says the LORD: Have you
chariots; and he went up and besieged Samaria seen all this great multitude? Look, I will deliver it
and made war against it. 2 And he sent messen- into your hands today, and you will know that I am
gers to Ahab, king of Israel, into the city, and said the LORD.
to him, Thus says Ben-hadad: 3 Your silver and 14 And Ahab said, By whom?
your gold are mine. Also your most beautiful wives And he said, Thus says the LORD, By the
and children are mine. young men of the rulers of the provinces.
4 And the king of Israel answered and said, My Then he said, Who should begin the battle?
lord, O king, in accordance with your word, I am And he answered, You.
yours, and all that I have. 15 Then he counted the young men of the rulers
5 And the messengers came again and said, of the provinces, and they were two hundred and
Thus speaks Ben-Hadad, saying, I have sent men thirty-two. And after them he counted all the
to you, saying, You must hand over to me your people, all the children of Israel. There were seven
silver and your gold and your wives and your thousand. 16 And they went out at noon. But
children. 6 So I will send my servants to you Ben-Hadad was drinking himself drunk in the tents,
tomorrow about this time, and they will search your he and the kings, the thirty-two kings who were
house, and the houses of your servants; and it helping him. 17 And the young men of the rulers of
shall be that whatever is desirable in your eyes, the provinces went out first. And Ben-Hadad sent
they will lay hands on it and take it away. out observers, and they told him, saying, Men
7 Then the king of Israel called all the elders of have come out of Samaria.
the land, and said, Please observe and see how 18 And he said, If they have come out for
this man is looking for trouble; for he sent men to peace, take them alive; or if they have come out
me for my wives and for my children, and for my for war, take them alive.
silver and for my gold; and I did not refuse him. 19 So these young men of the rulers of the
8 And all the elders and all the people said to provinces came out of the city, with the army which
him, Do not listen to him or agree. followed them. 20 And each one of them killed his
9 Therefore he said to the messengers of man; and the Syrians fled, and Israel pursued them;
Ben-Hadad, Tell my lord the king, All that you sent and Ben-Hadad, the king of Syria, escaped on a
when they are engaged in the simple, 20:6 A further demand which would have
common tasks of life (Matt 4:8; 9:9). meant a complete surrender of the city.
Mantle a mantle is a long, loose, 20:11 Prov 27:1.
sleeveless cloak. Throwing his mantle on 20:13 Thus says the LORD we see here
Elisha was possibly Elijahs way of anointing the greatness of Gods grace in sending a
him. prophet with a message of victory to an evil
19:20 Go back Elijah had not asked ruler like Ahab. This does not mean that
Elisha to come with him. God approved of Ahabs life and conduct.
19:21 Elisha was eager for Gods service, It indicates that the time for the destruction
even lowly service (2 Kings 3:11). He burned of Samaria had not yet come.
his bridges behind him destroyed his You will know 18:37.
means of livelihood, and went forth for God. 20:15 Ahab was willing to follow Gods
Compare Mark 1:16-20. instructions if it meant victory in battle, but
20:1 Ben-Hadad15:9,10,18-20,33. not if it required him to repent and change
20:4 Ahab saw no hope of victory. his way of living.
447 1 KINGS 20:40
horse with the horsemen. 21 And the king of Israel are merciful kings. Please let us wrap sackcloth
went out, and attacked the horses and chariots around our waists, and ropes on our heads, and go
and killed the Syrians in a great slaughter. out to the king of Israel. Perhaps he will save your
22 And the prophet came to the king of Israel, life.
and said to him, Go, strengthen yourself, and 32 So they wrapped sackcloth around their
observe and watch what you do; for at the turn of waists, and put ropes on their heads, and came to
the year the king of Syria will come up against you. the king of Israel and said, Your servant Ben-
23 And the servants of the king of Syria said to Hadad says, Please let me live.
him, Their gods are gods of the hills, therefore And he said, Is he still alive? He is my brother.
they were stronger than we. But let us fight against 33 Now the men were watching carefully whether
them on the plain, and surely we will be stronger any sign would come from him, and quickly caught
than they. 24 And do this thing: remove each one it, and they said, Your brother Ben-Hadad.
of the kings from his position, and put captains in Then he said, Go, bring him. Then Ben-Hadad
their place, 25 and recruit an army for yourself, came out to him; and he had him come up into the
like the army that you lost, horse for horse, and chariot.
chariot for chariot; and we will fight against them 34 And Ben-Hadad said to him, I will give back
in the plain, and surely we will be stronger than the cities which my father took from your father.
they. And he listened to their voice and did so. And you can make market streets for yourself in
26 And this occurred at the turn of the year: Damascus, as my father made in Samaria.
Ben-Hadad recruited the Syrians, and went up to Then Ahab said, I will send you away with this
Aphek to fight against Israel. 27 And the children treaty. So he made a treaty with him, and sent
of Israel were counted, and were all present, and him away.
went against them, and the children of Israel 35 And a certain man of the sons of the proph-
camped before them like two little flocks of young ets said to his neighbour at the word of the LORD,
goats; but the Syrians filled the countryside. Please strike me. And the man refused to strike
28 And a man of God came and spoke to the him.
king of Israel, and said, Thus says the LORD, 36 Then he said to him, Because you have not
Because the Syrians have said, The LORD is God obeyed the voice of the LORD, look, as soon as you
of the hills, but he is not God of the valleys, there- have gone away from me, a lion will kill you. And as
fore I will deliver all this great multitude into your soon as he went away from him, a lion found him and
hands, and you will know that I am the LORD. killed him.
29 And they camped opposite one another 37 Then he found another man and said, Please
seven days. And it happened that on the seventh strike me. And the man struck him, striking and
day the battle was joined, and the children of Is- wounding him. 38 So the prophet left and waited
rael killed a hundred thousand foot soldiers of the for the king by the road, and disguised himself with
Syrians in one day. 30 But the rest fled to Aphek, ashes on his face. 39 And when the king passed
into the city, and there a wall fell on twenty-seven by, he called out to the king and said, Your servant
thousand of the men who were left. And Ben- went out into the middle of the battle, and, see, a
Hadad fled and came into the city, into an inner man turned aside and brought a man to me and
room. said, Guard this man. If for any reason he is
31 And his servants said to him, Look now, we missing, then it will be your life for his life, or else
have heard that the kings of the house of Israel you must pay a talent of silver. 40 And as your
20:22 Ahab was given a year to prepare, submission, surrender.
also to repent and seek God if he would. 20:34 Ahab had no understanding of Gods
Alas, he did not. Word, or the reason why God had given him
20:23 Hills this was a superstitious idea victory. For his own ends he entered into a
that various gods had control of various covenant with the evil Ben-Hadad, an
areas of land. Little did they know that Israels alliance which was to cause the people of
God was the possessor of heaven and earth. Israel further suffering.
20:27 Compare Josh 11:1-5; Jud 6:3-5; 20:35 Sons of the prophets means a
1 Sam 13:5. community of prophets (2 Kings 2:3,5,7,15;
20:28 Man of God vs 13,23. 4:1; etc).
You will know one of Gods purposes 20:36 Presumably it was clear to both men
revealed in His acts is that men might know that God was speaking and that the one
who He is. This is seen throughout the Bible was consciously disobedient. Compare
Ex 6:7; 9:16; etc. 13:23,24.
20:31 Sackcloth a sign of mourning, a 20:39 Talent about 34 kilograms.
symbol of disaster. Or else an ordinary soldier could not
20:32 Your servant words indicating pay 34 kilograms of silver, and so must suf-
1 KINGS 20:41 448
servant was busy here and there, the prisoner 7 And his wife Jezebel said to him, Do you now
disappeared. rule over Israel? Get up and eat food, and let your
And the king of Israel said to him, So shall your heart be merry. I will give you the vineyard of
judgment be. You yourself have decided it. Naboth the Jezreelite.
41 And he quickly took the ashes from his face, 8 So she wrote letters in Ahabs name and sealed
and the king of Israel recognized him, that he was them with his seal, and sent the letters to the
one of the prophets. 42 And he said to him, Thus elders and to the nobles who lived in Naboths city
says the LORD, Because you have let a man whom with him. 9 And she wrote in the letters, saying,
I had appointed to utter destruction go out of your Proclaim a fast, and set Naboth at the front of the
hand, your life will go for his life, and your people people, 10 And set two men, scoundrels, before
for his people. 43 And the king of Israel went to him, to testify against him, saying, You cursed
his house sullen and angry, and came to Samaria. God and the king. And then take him out and
stone him, so that he dies.
21 And this occurred after these things:
Naboth the Jezreelite had a vineyard which
was in Jezreel, close to the palace of Ahab, king of
11 And the men of his city, the elders and the
nobles who were residents of his city, did as Jezebel
had sent orders to them, and as it was written in
Samaria. 2 And for it I will give to you a better the letters which she had sent to them. 12 They
vineyard than it. proclaimed a fast, and set Naboth at the front of
3 And Naboth said to Ahab, The LORD forbid the people. 13 And two men came in, scoundrels,
me that I should give the inheritance of my fathers and sat in front of him, and the scoundrels testified
to you. against him, against Naboth, in the presence of
4 And Ahab came into his house sullen and the people, saying, Naboth cursed God and the
angry because of the word which Naboth the king. Then they took him out of the city, and
Jezreelite had spoken to him, because he had said, pelted him with stones; and he died. 14 Then they
I will not give you the inheritance of my fathers. sent word to Jezebel, saying, Naboth has been
And he lay down on his bed and turned his face stoned, and is dead.
away, and would not eat food. 15 And it came about, when Jezebel heard that
5 But his wife Jezebel came to him and said to Naboth had been stoned and was dead, that
him, Why is your spirit so sad that you arent eating Jezebel said to Ahab, Arise, take possession of
any food? the vineyard of Naboth the Jezreelite, which he
6 And he said to her, Because I spoke to Naboth refused to give you for money; for Naboth is not
the Jezreelite and said to him, Give me your alive, but dead. 16 And this happened when Ahab
vineyard for money. Or, if it pleases you, I will give heard that Naboth was dead: Ahab got up to go
you another vineyard for it. And he answered, down to the vineyard of Naboth the Jezreelite, to
I will not give you my vineyard. take possession of it.
fer the sentence of death. In giving this child who cannot get what he wants.
verdict Ahab condemned himself. Compare 21:7 Jezebel note at 16:31. Compared
2 Sam 12:5-7. to Jezebel Ahab, evil as he was, appears
20:42 God had delivered Ben-Hadad to Ahab, almost righteous.
not that he might make a treaty with him, but 21:9 Proclaim a fast days of fasting were
that he might destroy an enemy of Israel. called in times of disaster to seek Gods
Ahabs act appears kind and merciful, but face for its cause and to plead for His mercy.
actually was merely weakness, and an attempt Compare Jud 20:26,27; 2 Chron 20:2-4.
to gain personal advantage. And he did not Jezebel was using religion to put a man to
seek God about it. God knows when to show death and gain her own ends. She was not
mercy, and when to severely punish. the last to do such things.
21:1 The capital of the northern kingdom 21:10 Scoundrels there are always some
was the city of Samaria, but Ahab also willing to lie to destroy others. See Matt
maintained a residence at Jezreel, about 26:59-61.
forty kilometers from Samaria. So that he dies the penalty for curs-
21:3 Lev 25:23; Num 36:7. ing God (Lev 24:15,16). Evidently, Naboths
21:4 By coveting Naboths vineyard Ahab was sons were killed at the same time (2 Kings
breaking one of the most important of Gods 9:26). They wished to be sure no heir was
commandments Ex 20:17. His coveting left to claim the property. See the awful
led on to murder. Compare Jam 4:1,2. On destructive power of covetousness, of the
coveting see Ps 119:36; Isa 57:17; Jer love of property, of the desire for forbidden
6:13; Mark 7:22,23; Luke 12:15; Rom things. What murders it has been guilty of!
1:29; Eph 5:3; Col 3:5; 1 Thess 2:5; What disasters it has caused in the world!
1 Tim 6:6,7; Heb 13:5; 2 Pet 2:3. What multitudes it has led to everlasting
Would not eat Ahab was like a spoiled punishment!
449 1 KINGS 22:6
17 And the word of the LORD came to Elijah the acted very abominably in following idols, in all things
Tishbite, saying, 18 Arise, go down to meet Ahab, just like the Amorites did, whom the LORD drove
king of Israel, who is in Samaria. See, he is in the out before the children of Israel.
vineyard of Naboth, where he has gone down to 27 And it came about, when Ahab heard those
possess it. 19 And you shall speak to him, saying, words, that he tore his clothes, and put sackcloth
Thus says the LORD, Have you killed, and also on his body and fasted and lay in sackcloth, and
taken possession? And you shall speak to him, walked around slowly.
saying, Thus says the LORD, In the place where 28 And the word of the LORD came to Elijah the
dogs licked the blood of Naboth dogs will lick your Tishbite, saying, 29 Do you see how Ahab is
blood, even yours. humbling himself before me? Because he is
20 And Ahab said to Elijah, Have you found humbling himself before me, I will not bring the
me, O my enemy? disaster in his days, but in his sons days I will bring
And he answered, I have found you, because the disaster on his house.
you have sold yourself to do evil in the sight of the
LORD. 21 Look, I will bring disaster on you, and will
sweep away your descendants, and will cut off
from Ahab every male, both slave and free in
22 And they continued for three years
without war between Syria and Israel.
2 And it came about in the third year that
Israel, 22 and will make your house like the house Jehoshaphat, the king of Judah, came down to the
of Jeroboam, the son of Nebat, and like the house king of Israel. 3 And the king of Israel said to his
of Baasha, the son of Ahijah, because of the servants, Do you know that Ramoth in Gilead is
provocation with which you have provoked me to ours, and we are quiet and not taking it out of the
anger, and caused Israel to sin. hand of the king of Syria?
23 And the LORD has spoken about Jezebel 4 And he said to Jehoshaphat, Will you go with
also, saying, The dogs will eat Jezebel by the wall me to fight at Ramoth Gilead?
of Jezreel. 24 The one belonging to Ahab who dies And Jehoshaphat said to the king of Israel, I
in the city the dogs will eat, and the one who dies in am as you are, my people as your people, my
the field the birds of the air will eat. horses as your horses. 5 And Jehoshaphat said to
25 But there was no one like Ahab, who sold the king of Israel, Please consult the word of the
himself to commit wickedness in the sight of the LORD today.
LORD, whom his wife Jezebel stirred up. 26 And he 6 Then the king of Israel gathered the prophets
21:17 Ps 9:12; Num 31:3; Deut 32:41,42. punishment but could not, in justice, cancel it.
Naboth was dead, but God was not. 22:1-35 2 Chron 18:1-34.
21:18 Heb 4:13. 22:2 Jehoshaphat was allied with Ahab king
21:19 Ahab did not kill Naboth with his own of Israel by marriage (2 Chron 18:1). Ahabs
hand, but he was, nevertheless, guilty of daughter, Athaliah, married Jehoram, son of
murder. Compare 2 Sam 12:9. If we go Jehoshaphat. The results of this were very
along with what others do we share their guilt. grave for the whole nation of Judah. The
21:20 O my enemy Ahab counted as wicked influence of the house of Ahab
enemies those who told him the truth. See permeated Judah through Athaliah. See
22:8. Compare 2 Sam 12:13. 2 Kings 8:16-18; 2 Chron 22:1-3,10. So
Sold yourself when men rush after the because of the foolishness of a good man
things of this world they may think they are (Jehoshaphat v 43), great evil came to
receiving some gain, but actually they are sell- Gods people. Wrong marriage alliances can
ing themselves. And to buy themselves back bring much harm to the people of God. So
will be beyond their power. So Mark 8:36,37. God has given us 2 Cor 6:14-18.
21:21,22 14:10,11; 16:3,4. None of these 22:3 Ramoth Deut 4:43; Josh 21:38.
kings learned proper lessons from the 22:4 Jehoshaphat was a godly man (v 43),
history of their predecessors. but he made a very bad mistake in allying
21:23 2 Kings 9:10,30-37. himself with the evil Ahab, and Gods anger
21:24 14:11; 16:4. came on him because of it. See 2 Chron
21:25 16:30-33; 21:20. Bad as Ahab was, l9:1-3.
Jezebel was worse. 22:5 Word of the LORD v 43. But he did
21:26 Amorites Gen 15:16; Lev not seek Gods counsel when he married off
18:25-30; Josh 24:15. his son to Ahabs daughter. And he did not
21:27 Ahab displayed the outward signs of pay any attention to the counsel that God
mourning and repentance. sent through Micaiah in the following verses.
21:29 Ahabs repentance was shallow, as can What use is there in asking for Gods coun-
be seen from events which follow, yet God took sel if there is no determination to follow it?
notice of it. He is a God of great grace, and 22:6 Prophets in that apostate system
would much rather show mercy than punish of religion (see 12:28-33) there were those
(Ex 34:6,7; Ps 86:15; Isa 30:18; 55:7; who professed to speak in Gods name.
Ezek 18:31,32). In this case He delayed the These called by Ahab were men-pleasers who
1 KINGS 22:7 450
together, about four hundred men, and said to 15 So he came to the king. And the king said to
them, Should I go against Ramoth-Gilead to battle, him, Micaiah, should we go against Ramoth-Gilead
or should I refrain? to battle, or should we refrain?
And they said, Go up, for the LORD will deliver And he answered him, Go, and prosper, for
it into the hands of the king. the LORD will deliver it into the hands of the king.
7 And Jehoshaphat said, Is there not here a 16 And the king said to him, How many times
prophet of the LORD besides, that we might shall I make you swear to tell me nothing but what
consult him? is true in the name of the LORD?
8 And the king of Israel said to Jehoshaphat, 17 And he said, I saw all Israel scattered on
There is yet one man, Micaiah, the son of Imlah, the hills, like sheep that have no shepherd. And
by whom we can consult the LORD. But I hate him, the LORD said, These have no master. Let each
because he does not prophesy good concerning one of them return to his house in peace.
me, but disaster. 18 And the king of Israel said to Jehoshaphat,
And Jehoshaphat said, May the king not say Did I not tell you that he would prophesy no good
so. concerning me, but disaster?
9 Then the king of Israel called an officer and 19 And Micaiah said, Hear, therefore, the word
said, Bring here Micaiah the son of Imlah, quickly. of the LORD. I saw the LORD sitting on his throne,
10 And the king of Israel and Jehoshaphat the and all the host of heaven standing by him at his
king of Judah, having put on their robes, each sat right hand and at his left. 20 And the LORD said,
on his throne at the threshing floor at the entrance Who will entice Ahab, so that he goes up and falls
of the gate of Samaria, and all the prophets at Ramoth-Gilead? And one said this, and another
prophesied before them. 11 And Zedekiah, the son said that. 21 And a spirit came forward and stood
of Kenaanah, had made iron horns for himself, and before the LORD, and said, I will entice him.
he said, Thus says the LORD, With these you will 22 And the LORD said to him, How? And he said,
gore the Syrians, until you make an end of them. I will go out and I will be a lying spirit in the mouths
12 And all the prophets prophesied so, saying, of all his prophets. And he said, You will entice
Go up to Ramoth-Gilead, and prosper, for the LORD him, and also succeed. Go and do so.
will deliver it into the kings hands. 23 Now therefore, look, the LORD has put a
13 And the messenger who had gone to call lying spirit in the mouths of all these your
Micaiah spoke to him, saying, Look now, the prophets, and the LORD has spoken disaster
messages of the prophets with one accord declare concerning you.
good to the king. Please let your message be like 24 But Zedekiah, the son of Kenaanah, went
one of their messages, and speak what is good. near, and struck Micaiah on the cheek, and said,
14 And Micaiah said, As the LORD lives, I will Which way did the Spirit of the LORD go from me
speak jut what the LORD says to me. to speak to you?
spoke what they thought Ahab wanted to hear. 22:14 This is the only business of a true
There are many such people in the world prophet.
today. Compare Gal 1:10; 2 Tim 4:1-3; 22:15 Micaiah spoke in a mocking way which
Isa 30:10. On false prophets see Deut Ahab immediately saw (v 16).
18:10; Jer 14:14. 22:16 Verse 8. Ahab spoke so because of
22:7 Jehoshaphat was uneasy about these the presence of Jehoshaphat.
prophets (and he did well to be), and wanted 22:17 Ahab said he wanted the truth, though
a more sure word. he did not (see another example of this in
22:8 I hate him see 18:17; 21:20. Jeremiah chapters 42 and 43. Men
Ahab did not want the truth; he wanted frequently deceive themselves in a similar
messages which pleased him. This is the manner). In this case Micaiah gave the truth
way men in general fall into great spiritual to him straight.
deception and perish in their sins. 22:19-23 God is sovereign and even evil
Compare 2 Thess 2:9-12. spirits can operate only within the bounds
22:9 Micaiah except for this one incident of His will and wise purposes (1 Chron 21:1;
(which is repeated in 2 Chron 18:7-27) noth- Job 1:6; Matt 8:28-32; etc). God had de-
ing else is recorded about this remarkable cided to bring disaster on Ahab and this was
man. There are many great servants of God the method He chose. When individuals
in history about whom we now know nothing. love to hear lies and reject the truth, God
22:11,12 These were all lies spoken in the will permit others to tell them the lies they
name of God. Let us beware of such. This want to hear. This is God acting in perfect
is how Satan ensnares men, keeps them in justice. See Ps 18:25,26. Compare Jud 9:23;
bondage and destroys them (John 8:44). 1 Sam 16:14; Ezek 14:9; 2 Thess 2:11.
22:13 Did they think Gods true prophets 22:24 From me no doubt many people
could invent their own messages? How little think they have the Spirit of God when they
are Gods true servants understood! do not.
451 1 KINGS 22:50
25 And Micaiah said, Look, you will see in and they buried the king in Samaria. 38 And
that day, when you go into an inner room to someone washed the chariot in the pool of Samaria.
hide yourself. And the dogs licked up his blood, and they washed
26 And the king of Israel said, Take Micaiah, his armour, in accordance with the word of the
and return him to Amon, the governor of the city, LORD which he had spoken.
and to Joash, the kings son, 27 and say, Thus 39 Now the rest of the acts of Ahab, and all
says the king: put this fellow in the prison, and that he did, and the ivory house which he made,
feed him with bread of affliction and with water of and all the cities that he built, are they not written
affliction, until I come in peace. in the book of The Annals of the Kings of Israel?
28 And Micaiah said, If you return at all in peace, 40 So Ahab slept with his ancestors, and his son
the LORD has not spoken by me. And he said, Ahaziah reigned in his place.
Listen, O people, every one of you. 41 And Jehoshaphat, the son of Asa, began to
29 So the king of Israel and Jehoshaphat, the reign over Judah in the fourth year of Ahab, king
king of Judah, went up to Ramoth-Gilead. 30 And of Israel. 42 Jehoshaphat was thirty-five years
the king of Israel said to Jehoshaphat, I will old when he began to reign, and he reigned twenty-
disguise myself and enter the battle, but you put five years in Jerusalem. And his mothers name
on your robes. And the king of Israel disguised was Azubah. She was the daughter of Shilhi.
himself and went into the battle. 43 And he walked in all the ways of Asa his father.
31 But the king of Syria commanded his He did not turn aside from it, doing what was right
thirty-two captains who had charge of his chariots, in the eyes of the LORD. However the high places
saying, Do not fight with either small or great, but were not taken away, for the people still offered
only with the king of Israel. 32 And it happened and burnt incense on the high places. 44 And
that when the captains of the chariots saw Jehoshaphat made peace with the king of Israel.
Jehoshaphat, they said, Surely it is the king of 45 Now the rest of the acts of Jehoshaphat,
Israel; and they turned aside to fight against him, and his might that he showed, and how he made
and Jehoshaphat cried out. 33 And it came about, war, are they not written in the book of The Annals
when the captains of the chariots saw that it was of the Kings of Judah? 46 And he removed from
not the king of Israel, that they turned back from the land the rest of the male temple prostitutes
pursuing him. who had remained in the days of his father Asa.
34 And a certain man drew a bow at random, 47 There was then no king in Edom. A deputy was
and hit the king of Israel between the joints of the king.
armour. Therefore he said to the driver of his 48 Jehoshaphat had ships of Tarshish go to Ophir
chariot, Turn around and take me out of the battle, for gold, but they did not go; for the ships were
for I am wounded. 35 And the battle increased broken at Ezion-Geber. 49 Then Ahaziah, the son
that day, and the king was propped up in his chariot of Ahab, said to Jehoshaphat, Let my servants
facing the Syrians, and at evening he died. And go with your servants in the ships. But Jehoshaphat
the blood ran out of the wound into the middle of would not.
the chariot. 36 And about sunset a cry went 50 And Jehoshaphat slept with his ancestors,
throughout the army, saying, Every man to his and was buried among his ancestors in the city of
city, and every man to his own country. David his father, and his son Jehoram reigned in his
37 So the king died and was brought to Samaria, place.
22:25 Micaiah indicates that Zedekiah will him rather than the message God sent, and
try to hide from the danger that would come he had to suffer the consequences. The
to him. random shot was not mere accident. God
22:27 Prison this is Micaiahs reward for is sovereign over all circumstances, and can
telling the truth. This is a not uncommon guide the flight of an arrow as easily as He
suffering of Gods true servants (2 Chron can do anything else.
16:10; Jer 20:2; 37:15; Matt 14:3; 22:38 21:17-19.
Acts 12:3,4; 16:22-24; Heb 11:35-38). 22:39 Ahab was a great builder in the
22:28 Deut 18:21,22. material realm, a great destroyer in the spiri-
22:29 Verses 3,4. tual realm.
22:30 Ahab, it appears, was worried by Annals 14:19.
Micaiahs prophecy. But did he not realize 22:40 Slept note at 2:10.
that God can see through all disguises? See 22:41-43 2 Chron 20:31-33.
Heb 4:13. How great is the folly of men in 22:43 Asa 15:11-14.
the games they try to play with God! High places note at 3:2.
22:33 God showed mercy to His foolish 22:46 Note at 14:24.
servant. 22:48,49 This was Gods judgment for his
22:34-38 Ahab could not escape the alliance with the evil Ahab 2 Chron
judgment of God. He chose what pleased 20:35-37.
1 KINGS 22:51 452
51 Ahaziah, the son of Ahab, began to reign the way of his mother and in the way of Jeroboam,
over Israel in Samaria the seventeenth year of the son of Nebat, who caused Israel to sin. 53 For
Jehoshaphat king of Judah, and reigned two years he served Baal and worshipped him, and provoked
over Israel. 52 And he did evil in the sight of the the LORD God of Israel to anger, as his father had
LORD, and walked in the way of his father and in done in everything.
22:52,53 12:28-33; 16:30-32; 21:25,26. Angernotes at Num 25:3; Ps 90:7-11.
2 KINGS
Author and date:
See the introduction to 1 Kings.
Themes:
Events in the history of the kingdoms of Israel and Judah until the destruction of both, the remark-
able ministry of the prophet Elisha, times of revival in Judah, the exile of Israel to Assyria, the fall of
Jerusalem. The events recorded in 2 Kings took place over a period of 266 years.
Contents:
King Ahaziahs accident ................................................................................. 1:1-6
Elijah, the kings captains, the kings death ...................................................... 1:6-18
Elijah goes bodily into heaven ........................................................................ 2:1-12
Elisha becomes Elijahs successor ................................................................... 2:13-18
Elisha heals the bitter water .......................................................................... 2:19-22
Elisha, the young men, and the bears ............................................................ 2:23-25
Israels bad king Jehoram and Judahs good king
Jehoshaphat join hands against Moab ................................................... 3:1-27
Elishas miracles ........................................................................................... 4:1 - 6:23
Oil for a widow ........................................................................................ 4:1-7
Raising the dead son of the Shunammite .................................................... 4:8-37
Pot of stew ............................................................................................. 4:38-41
Feeding a hundred men ............................................................................ 4:42-44
Healing of Naamans leprosy ..................................................................... 5:1-19
Bringing leprosy on Gehazi ........................................................................ 5:20-27
Making the axe head float ........................................................................ 6:1-7
Capturing the Arameans ........................................................................... 6:8-23
Israels war with Ben-Hadad and a miraculous deliverance ................................. 6:24 - 7:20
The Shunammite womans land restored .......................................................... 8:1-8
Elishas mission to Hazael .............................................................................. 8:7-15
Judahs evil king Jehoram .............................................................................. 8:16-24
Judahs evil king Ahaziah ............................................................................... 8:25-29
Jehu becomes king over Israel and reigns ....................................................... 9:1 - 10:36
A prophet anoints Jehu ............................................................................ 9:1-13
Jehu kills Joram and Ahaziah ..................................................................... 9:14-28
The death of Jezebel ............................................................................... 9:30-37
Jehu kills all of Ahabs descendants ............................................................ 10:1-17
Jehu destroys Baal worship in Israel .......................................................... 10:18-28
Jehus failure, sin, and death .................................................................... 10:29-36
Judahs evil queen Athaliah ........................................................................... 11:1-16
Joash becomes king at age 7 ......................................................................... 11:17-21
Judahs good king Joash ............................................................................... 12:1-21
Joashs reforms ....................................................................................... 12:1-16
Joashs wrong step .................................................................................. 12:17,18
Israels evil king Jehoahaz ............................................................................. 13:1-9
Israels evil king Jehoash ............................................................................... 13:10-25
Death of Elisha ........................................................................................ 13:20
Judahs good king Amaziah ............................................................................ 14:1-22
Israels evil king Jeroboam II ......................................................................... 14:23-29
Judahs good king Azariah (Uzziah) ................................................................. 15:1-7
Four evil kings in Israel Zechariah, Shallum,
Menachem, Pekahiah ........................................................................... 15:8-26
2 KINGS 454
The Assyrians capture part of Israel ............................................................... 15:27-31
Judahs good king Jotham ............................................................................. 15:32-38
Judahs evil king Ahaz ................................................................................... 16:1-20
Israels last king, the evil Hoshea ................................................................... 17:1,2
The destruction of the northern kingdom and
the exile of the Israelites ..................................................................... 17:3-6
The reason for Israels destruction and exile ................................................... 17:7-23
Foreigners settle in Israel .............................................................................. 17:24-41
Judahs good king Hezekiah ........................................................................... 18:1 - 20:21
Hezekiahs reforms and victories ................................................................ 18:1-8
Sennacherib attacks Judah ....................................................................... 18:13-16
Sennacheribs army comes to Jerusalem ..................................................... 18:17-37
Isaiah predicts Jerusalems deliverance ...................................................... 19:1-7
Hezekiahs prayer .................................................................................... 19:14-19
Isaiah sends another message to Hezekiah ................................................. 19:20-34
The destruction of Sennacheribs army ....................................................... 19:35,36
Hezekiahs illness and healing .................................................................... 20:1-11
Hezekiah and the envoys from Babylon ...................................................... 20:12-20
Judahs wicked king Manasseh ....................................................................... 21:1-18
Judahs evil king Amon .................................................................................. 21:19-26
Judahs good king Josiah ............................................................................... 22:1 - 23:30
The repair of the temple ........................................................................... 22:3-7
The book of the law of God found .............................................................. 22:8-20
Josiahs reforms ...................................................................................... 23:1-24
Judahs evil king Jehoahaz ............................................................................ 23:31,32
Egypt subdues Judah ................................................................................... 23:33-35
Judahs evil king Jehoiakim, the first invasion
of the Babylonians .............................................................................. 23:36 - 24:7
Judahs evil king Jehoiachin, the first deportation
of the Jews to Babylon ........................................................................ 24:8-17
Judahs evil king Zedekiah, the destruction
of Jerusalem, and the peoples deportation ............................................ 24:18 - 25:21
Gedaliah is appointed governor of Judah ........................................................ 25:22-26
Jehoiachins time in Babylon ........................................................................... 25:27-30
455 2 KINGS 1:17
1 Moab rebelled against Israel, after the
death of Ahab. 2 And Ahaziah fell down
through a lattice in his upper room that was in
to him, Man of God, the king says, Come down.
10 And Elijah answered and said to the captain
of fifty, If I am a man of God, then may fire come
Samaria and was injured. And he sent messengers, down from heaven, and consume you and your
saying to them, Go, inquire of Baalzebub, the god fifty. And fire came down from heaven and
of Ekron, whether I will recover from this injury. consumed him and his fifty.
3 But the angel of the LORD said to Elijah the 11 And he also sent to him another captain of
Tishbite, Arise, go up to meet the messengers of fifty with his fifty. And he answered and said to
the king of Samaria, and say to them, Is it him, Man of God, the king says, Come down
because you think there is no God in Israel, that quickly.
you go to inquire of Baalzebub the god of Ekron? 12 And Elijah answered and said to them, If I
4 Now therefore thus says the LORD, You will not am a man of God, may fire come down from heaven,
come down from that bed on which you have gone and consume you and your fifty. And the fire of
up, but will surely die. And Elijah departed. God came down from heaven and consumed him
5 And when the messengers returned to and his fifty.
Ahaziah, he said to them, Why have you now 13 And again he sent a captain of a third fifty
returned? with his fifty. And the third captain of fifty went
6 And they said to him, A man came up to meet up, and came and fell on his knees before Elijah,
us, and said to us, Go, return to the king who sent and pled with him and said to him, Man of God,
you and say to him, Thus says the Lord, Is it please let my life, and the life of these fifty of your
because you think there is no God in Israel, that servants, be precious in your sight. 14 See, fire
you send to inquire of Baalzebub, the god of Ekron? came down from heaven, and burned up the two
Therefore you will not come down from that bed on captains of the former fifties with their fifties;
which you have gone up, but will surely die. therefore let my life now be precious in your sight.
7 And he said to them, What kind of man was 15 And the angel of the LORD said to Elijah,
he who came up to meet you, and told you these Go down with him. Do not be afraid of him. And
words? he arose and went down with him to the king.
8 And they answered him, He was a hairy
man, and had a leather belt fastened around his 16 And he said to the king, Thus says the LORD:
waist. You have sent messengers to inquire of Baalzebub,
And he said, It is Elijah the Tishbite. the god of Ekron. Is it because you think there is
9 Then the king sent a captain of fifty with his no God in Israel to inquire of his word? Therefore
fifty men to Elijah. And he went up to him; and he you will not come down from that bed on which you
appeared sitting on the top of a hill. And he spoke have gone up, but will surely die. 17 So he died
1:1 Moab Gen 19:37; Num 22:1-7; Gods prophet. He wanted either to kill him
2 Sam 8:2. or force him to change his prophecy, hoping
Death of Ahab 1 Kings 22:40. thereby to escape the force of the prophecy
1:2 Ahaziah Ahabs son who became already uttered. The superstitious idea that
king. this was possible was not uncommon in
Baalzebub the name means Lord of those days.
the flies. One of the gods of the Philistines 1:10 This was a contest between the true
(Ekron was a Philistine city) was named Baal- God and His spokesman and an unbelieving
Zebul, which means Baal the prince. king who looked to false gods. In the
Apparently Jewish writers changed his name circumstances it was important for God to
in ridicule. Later the Jews applied the name demonstrate His reality and power. Compare
to Satan. See Mark 3:22. the contest between Moses and Pharaoh.
1:3 Angel of the LORD note at Gen 16:7. Notes at Ex 7:11-17; 12:12.
Elijah 1 Kings 17:1. The king sent Fire Num 16:35; 1 Kings 18:36-38;
his messengers, God sent His. Ahaziahs Rev 11:5; 20:9. God does not always
sin in trying to consult a false god was very choose the way of fiery judgment (compare
great. Obviously he wanted nothing to do Luke 9:54,55), but He does so when it is
with the God of Israel, the one true God. necessary and wise to do so.
God calls for an exclusive allegiance from 1:12 Since Ahaziah would not stop the
His people (Ex 20:1-6; Josh 24:15; 1 Kings contest, neither would Elijah.
18:21; Matt 6:24; 2 Cor 6:14-18). Is it 1:13 The third captain had more sense than
not because people think there is no true the king he could see who the winner of
God that they rush after false gods and idols? the contest was.
1:4 Ezek 18:10-13. 1:16 Because of Ahaziahs senseless
1:8 Compare Matt 3:4. John came in the stubbornness 102 men of Israel died, but
spirit and power of Elijah (Luke 1:17). the message remained the same.
1:9 The king wanted to show authority over 1:17 Every word of God will be fulfilled
2 KINGS 1:18 456
according to the word of the LORD which Elijah had 6 And Elijah said to him, Please wait here, for
spoken. And because he had no son, Jehoram the LORD has sent me to the Jordan.
became king in his place, in the second year of And he said, As the LORD lives, and as your
Jehoram, the son of Jehoshaphat, king of Judah. soul lives, I will not leave you. And the two of
18 Now the rest of the acts of Ahaziah which he them went on.
did, are they not written in the book of The Annals 7 And fifty men of the sons of the prophets
of the Kings of Israel? went and stood at a distance to watch. And the
two of them stood by the Jordan. 8 And Elijah took
2 And it happened, when the LORD would take
Elijah up into heaven in a whirlwind, that Elijah
went with Elisha from Gilgal. 2 And Elijah said to
his cloak and folded it, and struck the waters, and
they were divided left and right, so that the two of
them went over on dry ground.
Elisha, Please wait here, for the LORD has sent 9 And it happened, when they had crossed,
me to Bethel. that Elijah said to Elisha, Ask what I should do for
And Elisha said to him, As the LORD lives, and you, before I am taken away from you.
as your soul lives, I will not leave you. So they And Elisha said, Please, may a double portion
went down to Bethel. of your spirit be on me.
3 And the sons of the prophets who were at 10 And he said, You have asked a hard thing.
Bethel came out to Elisha, and said to him, Do you Nevertheless, if you see me when I am taken from
know that the LORD will take away your master you, it will be so to you; but if not, it will not be so.
from over you today? 11 And it came about as they still walked on and
And he said, Yes, I know it. Be silent. talked, that, suddenly, a chariot of fire and horses
4 And Elijah said to him, Elisha, please wait of fire appeared and separated the two of them;
here, for the LORD has sent me to Jericho. and Elijah went up in a whirlwind into heaven.
And he said, As the LORD lives, and as your 12 And Elisha saw it and cried out, My father, my
soul lives, I will not leave you. So they came to father! The chariot of Israel and its horsemen!
Jericho. And he saw him no more; and he took hold of his
5 And the sons of the prophets who were at own clothes and tore them in two pieces.
Jericho came to Elisha, and said to him, Do you 13 He also took up the cloak of Elijah that had
know that the LORD will take away your master fallen from him, and went back and stood by the
from over you today? bank of the Jordan. 14 And he took the cloak of
And he answered, Yes, I know it. Be silent. Elijah that had fallen from him, and struck the
1 Sam 15:29; Isa 44:26; 46:11; Matt 5:18. double portion of Elijahs spirit was needed
Jehoram or Joram. He was for him to serve as a prophet, that he was
Ahaziahs younger brother. twice as weak and needy as Elijah. Or
1:18 Annals 1 Kings 14:19. perhaps he was inspired by God to utter this
2:1 Up into heaven apparently God had request without understanding himself the
revealed this to Elijah, Elisha, and others reason for it. On desiring gifts from God
(vs 3,5). see 1 Kings 3:5,9-12; 1 Cor 12:31.
2:2 Wait here said possibly to test Elisha. 2:10 Elijah recognizes that Elishas request
If so, Elisha was equal to the test. See is not his to grant, and leaves it to God.
1 Kings 19:20,21. Compare Matt 4:20,22; But Elisha must be with him to the very end
19:27; Luke 9:62; 24:28,29; John 6:67-69. (v 3).
2:3 Prophets see 1 Sam 10:5; 19:10; 2:11 Fire 6:17; Ps 68:17. Elijah had
1 Kings 18:4; 20:35. always been under Gods protection. Here
2:8 Compare Ex 14:16,21,22; Josh 3:7-17. was the visible sign of that.
God demonstrated publicly once again that Went up only two persons in the whole
He was the true God and that Elijah was His Bible were taken to heaven without dying,
prophet. See 1 Kings 18:36,37; 2 Kings Elijah and Enoch (Gen 5:24; Heb 11:5).
1:10. This is what Elijahs ministry was all In this they are a picture of a great many in
about. the future 1 Cor 15:51,52; 1 Thess
2:9 Ask what I should do for you three 4:16-18.
times, it seems, Elijah had tested Elisha. 2:12 13:14. Tore Gen 37:29; Job 1:20.
Three times Elisha had declared his deter- Elijahs departure was a grief to Elisha. He
mination to stay with Elijah to the end, was not glad to see him gone so that he
regardless of what might happen. His faith himself might be in the limelight.
and devotion now have the promise of re- 2:13 Verse 8. The cloak was a symbol that
ward. Compare Mark 10:28-30. Deut 21:17 Elisha was Elijahs successor. See 1 Kings
reveals that a double portion was the 19:19.
share of the heir. Elisha was the spiritual 2:14 Elisha acted in faith and was willing to
heir of Elijah. He was not asking to be twice act in the sight of those who may have been
as spiritual as Elijah, but that he should be watching. He believed that according to
his successor as prophet. Perhaps he felt a Elijahs word (v 10), he now had a double
457 2 KINGS 3:8
waters and said, Where is the LORD God of Elijah? the city, and mocked him and said to him, Go up,
And when he also had struck the waters, they were you bald head! Go up, you bald head! 24 And he
divided left and right, and Elisha went over. turned back and looked at them, and pronounced a
15 And when the sons of the prophets who curse on them in the name of the LORD. And two
were watching at Jericho saw him, they said, The female bears came out of the woods, and tore
spirit of Elijah is resting on Elisha. And they came forty-two of the youths. 25 And he went from
to meet him, and bowed down to the ground there to mount Carmel, and from there he returned
before him. 16 And they said to him, See now, to Samaria.
there are fifty strong men with your servants.
Please let them go and look for your master. Per-
haps the Spirit of the LORD has taken him up, and
thrown him on some mountain or into some valley.
3 Now Jehoram, the son of Ahab, began to reign
over Israel in Samaria in the eighteenth year
of Jehoshaphat, king of Judah, and he reigned
And he said, You must not send. twelve years. 2 And he did evil in the sight of the
17 And when they urged him until he was LORD, but not like his father and like his mother;
ashamed, he said, Send. So they sent fifty men, for he put away the image of Baal that his father
and they looked for three days, but did not find had made. 3 Nevertheless he clung to the sins of
him. 18 And when they came back to him (for he Jeroboam the son of Nebat, who caused Israel to
waited at Jericho) he said to them, Did I not tell sin; he did not departed from them.
you not to go? 4 And Mesha, king of Moab, was a sheep owner,
19 And the men of the city said to Elisha, Please and paid tribute of a hundred thousand lambs and
look, the situation of this city is pleasant, as my a hundred thousand rams, with the wool, to the
lord sees. But the water is bad, and the ground is king of Israel. 5 But it happened when Ahab was
barren. dead, that the king of Moab rebelled against the
20 And he said, Bring me a new jar, and put king of Israel. 6 And king Jehoram went out of
salt in it. And they brought it to him. Samaria at that same time, and counted all Israel.
21 And he went out to the spring of water, and 7 And he went and sent word to Jehoshaphat, the
threw the salt in there, and said, Thus says the king of Judah, saying, The king of Moab has
LORD, I have healed this water. From it there will rebelled against me. Will you go with me against
be no more death or barren land. 22 So the water Moab to fight?
has been healed to this day, according to the word And he said, I will go up. I am as you are, my
of Elisha which he spoke. people as your people, and my horses as your
23 And he went up from there to Bethel, and as horses.
he was going up on the road, youths came out of 8 And he said, Which way should we go up?
portion of Elijahs spirit. Now God publicly apostate religion introduced by Jeroboam
reveals by this miracle that Elisha was His (1 Kings 12:32,33; Amos 7:13).
chosen prophet. It has been estimated that 2:24 A curse God Himself had already
Elishas ministry was twice as long as Elijahs, pronounced a curse against such. See Deut
and the number of his recorded miracles is 28:15,45. Elisha was anointed by the Spirit
double that of Elijahs. of God and his response to the ridicule of
2:15 Bowed down an open recognition these young men was in complete harmony
that Elisha was Elijahs successor. with the Law of God.
2:16 Compare 18:12. It seems they did Bears came a fulfillment of Lev
not believe that a man in the body could be 26:21,22. Sometimes God has to judge
taken completely out of the world. harshly in order to emphasize how serious
2:19 The city Jericho. it is to show contempt for His Word and His
2:21 Healed compare Ex 15:25,26. servants. It can never be a light matter to
Notice it was the Lord who healed the belittle the things of God. See what the
waters, not the salt. Salt was but a symbol book of Proverbs has to say on the subject
of Gods covenant with Israel (Lev 2:13; 1:22-27; 3:33,34; 9:12; 19:29;
Num 18:19). 21:11; 29:8; 30:17.
2:23 Youths these were not children. The 3:2 Like his father his father was Ahab
same Hebrew word is used of Joseph at the who had been the worst of Israels kings
age of 17 (Gen 37:2), and Absalom after (1 Kings 16:30-34; 21:25,26), and his
he was grown to full manhood (2 Sam 18:5). mother was Jezebel, one of the worst women
Another Hebrew word is translated youths in history.
in v 24. This word is used of Daniel and his 3:3 1 Kings 12:28-33; 14:9,16.
friends in Dan 1:4,10,13,15,17. The insults 3:7 Jehoshaphat note at 1 Kings 22:2,4.
of these young people expressed their Apparently Jehoshaphat had learned
scornful rejection of God and all that Elijah nothing from his experience with Ahab and
and Elisha stood for. Bethel (where this the rebuke of the prophets (2 Chron 18:1;
happened) was the center of the wicked 19:1,2; 20:35-37). The marriage alliance
2 KINGS 3:9 458
And he answered, The way through the 20 And it came about in the morning, when the
wilderness of Edom. grain offering was offered, that water appeared
9 So the king of Israel and the king of Judah and coming by the way from Edom, and the region was
the king of Edom went and circled around on a filled with water.
seven days march; and there was no water for the 21 And when all the Moabites heard that the
army and for the livestock that followed them. kings had come up to fight against them, they gath-
10 And the king of Israel said, Alas, that the ered all who were able to put on armour, and older,
LORD has called these three kings together to and stood at the border. 22 And they rose up early
deliver them into the hands of Moab! in the morning, and the sun was shining on the
11 But Jehoshaphat said, Is there not here a water, and the water on the other side appeared
prophet of the LORD, so that we can inquire of the to the Moabites as red as blood. 23 And they said,
LORD through him? This is blood! The kings have surely been killed,
And one of the servants of the king of Israel and have struck one another down. Now
answered and said, Elisha the son of Shaphat, therefore, Moab, to the plunder!
who poured water on the hands of Elijah, is here. 24 And when they came to the camp of Israel,
12 And Jehoshaphat said, The word of the the Israelites rose up and attacked the Moabites,
LORD is with him. So the king of Israel and so that they fled before them. And they advanced,
Jehoshaphat and the king of Edom went down to striking down the Moabites, even into their
him. country. 25 And they broke down the cities, and
13 And Elisha said to the king of Israel, What each man threw his stone on every good piece of
have I to do with you? You go to the prophets of land and filled it up, and they stopped all the wells
your father and to the prophets of your mother. of water, and felled all the good trees. Only in
And the king of Israel said to him, No, for the Kir-Haraseth did they leave its stones. However
LORD has called these three kings together to the slingers went around it and attacked it.
deliver them into the hands of Moab. 26 And when the king of Moab saw that the
14 And Elisha said, As the LORD of hosts lives, battle was too fierce for him, he took with him seven
before whom I stand, if it were not that I respect hundred men who drew swords, to break through
the presence of Jehoshaphat the king of Judah, I to the king of Edom, but they could not. 27 Then
would not even look at you or see you. 15 But now he took his oldest son, who would have reigned in
bring me a musician. And it happened when the his place, and offered him as a burnt offering on
musician played, that the hand of the LORD came the wall. And there was great indignation against
on him. 16 And he said, Thus says the LORD: Israel; and they departed from him, and returned
Make this valley full of ditches. 17 For thus says to their own land.
the LORD: You will not see wind, nor will you see
rain, yet that valley will be filled with water, so that
you may drink, both you, and your livestock and
your animals. 18 And this is but a small thing in the
4 Now a certain woman of the wives of the sons
of the prophets cried out to Elisha, saying,
Your servant my husband is dead. And you know
sight of the LORD. He will also deliver the Moabites that your servant feared the LORD. And the
into your hands. 19 And you shall defeat every creditor has come to take my two sons to be slaves
fortified city, and every choice city, and shall fell for himself.
every good tree, and stop up all the wells of water, 2 And Elisha said to her, What shall I do for
and ruin every good piece of land with stones. you? Tell me, what do you have in the house?
he had made with the house of Ahab 3:15 1 Sam 16:23. Musician played
continued to pervert his judgment and lead note at 1 Chron 25:1.
him into evil compromise. 3:18 Small Gen 18:14; Jer 32:17,27;
3:9 King of Edom Edom was controlled Mark 10:27. Doing miracles is easier for
by Judah and this king had been appointed God than digging ditches is for men.
by the king of Judah. 3:20 Offering Ex 29:38-40.
3:11 Inquire of the LORD 1 Kings 22:7. 3:27 Sacrifice the god of Moab was
Elisha 1 Kings 19:21. Chemosh. Note at 1 Kings 11:7. By this
Who poured water on the hands of Elijah sacrifice Moabs king lost his son and gained
this indicates that he acted as Elijahs nothing. Men can get no profit by abomi-
personal servant. nable worship of detestable gods, only loss.
3:13 1 Kings 22:6. Elisha knew that the 4:1 Prophets 2:3,5. Feared the LORD
king of Israel had no love for the true God, notes at Gen 20:11; Ps 34:11-14;
and was only consulting him because he was 111:10; Prov 1:7.
in trouble. 4:2 What shall I do for you a desire to
3:14 LORD of hosts note at 1 Sam 1:3. help others is one of the marks of a true
Jehoshaphat 2 Chron 17:1-6. servant of God. Compare Matt 24:45-51;
459 2 KINGS 4:25
And she said,Your maidservant does not have be done for you? Would you be spoken for to the
anything in the house, except a pot of oil. king, or to the commander of the army?
3 Then he said, Go outside, borrow utensils And she answered, I live among my own
from all your neighbours, empty utensils. Do not people.
borrow a few. 4 And when you have come in, you 14 And he said, What then is to be done for
must shut the door behind you and behind your her?
sons, and pour out the oil into all those utensils, And Gehazi answered, She has no child at all,
and put aside what is full. and her husband is old.
5 So she went from him and shut the door behind 15 And he said, Call her. And when he called
her and behind her sons, who had brought the her, she stood in the door. 16 And he said, About
utensils to her, and she poured out the oil. 6 And this season next year you will embrace a son.
it came about, when the utensils were full, that she And she said, No, my lord, you man of God, do
said to her son, Bring me another utensil. not lie to your maid servant.
And he said to her, There is not another 17 And the woman conceived, and bore a son
utensil. And the oil stopped. at that season the next year as Elisha had said to
7 Then she came and told the man of God. And her.
he said, Go, sell the oil and pay your debt, and 18 And the child grew; and it happened one
you and your children live off the rest. day that he went out to his father to the reapers.
8 And one day it came about that Elisha passed 19 And he said to his father, My head! My head!
over to Shunem, where there was a great woman; And he said to a lad, Carry him to his mother.
and she urged him to eat bread. And so it was, 20 And when he had picked him up and brought
that whenever he passed by, he turned in there to him to his mother, he sat on her knees until noon
eat bread. 9 And she said to her husband, Look and then died. 21 And she went up and laid him on
now, I perceive that this is a holy man of God, who the bed of the man of God, and shut the door
is always passing by us. 10 Please let us make a behind him and went out.
little room on the wall, and let us place there a bed 22 And she called to her husband and said,
and a table and a stool and a candlestick for him. Please send one of the young men to me, and one
And it shall be that whenever he comes to us, he of the donkeys, so that I may hurry to the man of
can turn in there. God, and come back.
11 And one day it happened that he came there, 23 And he said, Why will you go to him today?
and went into the room and lay there, 12 and said It is neither new moon nor Sabbath.
to Gehazi, his servant, Call this Shunammite. And And she said, It is well.
when he had called her, she stood before him. 24 Then she saddled a donkey and said to her
13 And he said to him, Now tell her, Look, you servant, Drive, and go forward. Do not slow the
have taken all this care to look after us, what is to pace for me, unless I tell you. 25 So she went and
25:34-36; Acts 3:6; 20:33-35; Jam 1:27. things that are truly great.
4:3-6 God was ready to perform a miracle 4:9 I perceive Matt 7:15-20; 1 John 4:1.
for this poor widow. She experienced the Holy man of God see the splendid
miracle only by her obedience and faith. name Elisha had earned. Man of God was a
Unbelief or disobedience would have robbed usual way of designating a prophet.
her of Gods miraculous provision. Notice 4:12 Gehazi vs 29-31; 5:20-27; 8:4,5.
that she was to shut the door while pouring 4:13 What v 2. The woman was content
the oil. This was not a public miracle to and was not looking for favors from the
prove to Israel that Jehovah was God. It mighty. Compare 1 Tim 6:6-8; Heb 13:5.
was a private miracle demonstrating Gods 4:16 Gen 18:10-14.
compassion and faithfulness to His servant. 4:20 Here was a severe test of this great
Many are the miracles of provision God has womans faith. The verses which follow show
shown in secret to His believers. Gods people her faith was equal to the test.
have a shepherd who provides for them (Ps 4:21,22 She did not reason that when a
23:1; 37:25; 2 Cor 9:8; Phil 4:19). person is dead he is dead, and nothing can
4:8 Great woman the Hebrew word be done about it. She believed God could
translated great can mean great in any work a miracle through Elisha. Compare Heb
sense in age, size, position, wealth, 11:35.
family background. It may mean wealthy 4:23 Why the husband was a different
here, but the greatness of this womans char- sort of person from his wife. It was her
acter is revealed in the following verses. She suggestion, not his, to help Elisha (vs 8-10).
wanted to help the servants of God He seemed to care little for his son (v 19),
(vs 8-10); she was a woman of spiritual and after the boys death he could not imagine
perception (v 9); she was humble and why his wife wanted to go to Elisha.
undemanding (v 13); she had a large faith New moon, Sabbath Num 10:10;
(vs 22-37). Let us seek greatness in these 28:9,11; 2 Chron 23:31.
2 KINGS 4:26 460
came to the man of God at mount Carmel. And it and the child opened his eyes.
came about, when the man of God saw her at a 36 And he called Gehazi and said, Call this
distance, that he said to Gehazi his servant, Shunammite. So he called her. And when she had
Look, there is that Shunammite. 26 Please run come in to him, he said, Take up your son.
now to meet her, and say to her, Is it well with 37 Then she went in and prostrated herself at his
you? Is it well with your husband? Is it well with feet, bowing down to the ground, and took up her
the child? son and went out.
And she answered, It is well. 38 And Elisha went back to Gilgal. And there
27 And when she came to the man of God on was a famine in the land. And the sons of the
the hill, she took hold of his feet, but Gehazi came prophets were sitting before him, and he said to
near to thrust her away. And the man of God said, his servant, Put on the large pot, and cook stew
Let her alone, for her soul is troubled in her, and for the sons of the prophets.
the LORD has hidden it from me and has not told 39 And someone went out into the field to gather
me. herbs, and found a wild vine, and gathered his lap
28 Then she said, Did I ask a son from my lord? full of wild gourds from it, and came and shredded
Did I not say, Do not deceive me? them into the pot of stew, for they did not know
29 Then he said to Gehazi, Tuck up your robe what they were. 40 So they poured out the stew
in your belt, and take my staff in your hand, and go for the men to eat. And it came about, as they
your way. If you meet anyone do not greet him, were eating the stew, that they cried out and said,
and if anyone greets you, do not reply; and lay my O man of God, there is death in the pot! And
staff on the face of the child. they could not eat it.
30 And the mother of the child said, As the 41 But he said, Then bring flour. And he threw
LORD lives, and as your soul lives, I will not leave it into the pot and said, Pour it out for the people,
you. And he arose and followed her. so they may eat. And there was no harm in the
31 And Gehazi passed on before them and laid pot.
the staff on the face of the child, but there was 42 And a man came from Baal Shalisha, and
neither sound nor response. Therefore he went brought the man of God bread from the firstfruits,
back to meet him, and told him, saying, The child twenty loaves of barley, and full heads of grain in
did not wake up. its husk. And he said, Give it to the people, so
32 And when he came into the house, Elisha that they may eat.
saw that the child was dead, and had been laid on 43 And his servant said, What, should I set
his bed. 33 Therefore he went in and shut the door this before a hundred men?
behind the two of them, and prayed to the LORD. He said again, Give it to the people, so that
34 And he went up and lay on the child, and put his they may eat. For thus says the LORD: They will
mouth on his mouth, and his eyes on his eyes, and eat, and leave some of it. 44 So he set it before
his hands on his hands, and he stretched himself them, and they ate, and left some of it, according
on the child. And the flesh of the child became to the word of the LORD.
warm. 35 Then he got off and walked to and fro in
the house, and went up and stretched himself on
him. And the child sneezed seven times, 5 Now Naaman, commander of the army of the
king of Syria, was a great and highly respected
She said evidently her husband was Gods anger on His peoples sins (Lev
not the kind of person she could share her 26:18-20; Deut 28:15,23,24; 2 Sam 21:1;
thoughts with. 1 Kings 8:35-39).
4:26 Being a woman of discernment, she 4:39,40 Death in the pot because of a
would not share her thoughts with Gehazi poisonous plant put in the stew. In times
either, and she had no confidence he could of famine people search for anything that
do anything (vs 29,30). might be eaten whether they know what it is
4:27 Her soul is troubled Gods good or not.
gifts can lead us into trial and grief. But the 4:41 Compare 2:21. God will provide for
end was not yet. His servants even if He has to perform a
The LORD has hidden it God does miracle to do so. Ps 33:18,19; 37:18,19.
not tell His servants everything, only what 4:42 Another way which God uses to provide
they need to know. for His servants. God can provide their
4:30 This was language Elisha could well necessities in famine as easily as in years
understand. See 2:2,4,6. of plenty.
4:33 1 Kings 17:19-22; Matt 6:6; 9:25; 4:43,44 A miracle of the same kind as that
Luke 8:51; Acts 9:40. of Matt 14:13-21.
4:37 1 Kings 17:23; Heb 11:35. Great 5:1 Namaan Luke 4:27.
faith receives great rewards. Victory Syria was not Gods chosen
4:38 Famine famine was an evidence of nation as Israel was. It was an idolatrous
461 2 KINGS 5:16
man with his master, because by him the LORD had Naaman came with his horses and with his chariot,
given victory to Syria. He was also a valiant and stood at the door of the house of Elisha.
warrior, but he was a leper. 10 And Elisha sent a messenger to him, saying, Go
2 And the Syrians had gone out in raiding bands, and wash in the Jordan seven times, and your flesh
and had brought a little girl captive from the land of will be restored to you, and you will be clean.
Israel; and she waited on Naamans wife. 3 And 11 But Naaman was angry and went away, and
she said to her mistress, Would God my lord were said, Look, I thought he will surely come out to
with the prophet who is in Samaria! For he would me, and stand and call on the name of the LORD his
heal him of his leprosy. God, and wave his hand over the place and heal
4 And he went in and told his lord, saying, Thus the leprosy. 12 Are not Abana and Pharpar, rivers
and thus is what the girl who is from the land of of Damascus, better than all the waters of Israel?
Israel said. 5 And the king of Syria said, Go now, May I not wash in them and be clean? So he turned
and I will send a letter to the king of Israel. And he and went away in a rage.
departed, and took with him ten talents of silver 13 And his servants came near, and spoke to
and six thousand pieces of gold and ten changes him and said, My father, if the prophet had told
of clothing. 6 And he brought the letter to the king you to do some great thing, would you not have
of Israel, which said: Now when this letter comes done it ? How much more then, when he says to
to you, see, with it I have sent Naaman my ser- you, Wash and be clean? 14 Then he went down
vant to you, that you may heal him of his leprosy. and dipped seven times in the Jordan, in
7 And it came about, when the king of Israel accordance with the word of the man of God, and
had read the letter, that he tore his clothes and his flesh was restored like the flesh of a little child,
said, Am I God, to kill and to make alive, that this and he was clean.
man sends word to me to heal a man of his lep- 15 And he returned to the man of God, he and
rosy? Therefore please consider, and see how he all his company, and came and stood before him,
is seeking grounds for a quarrel against me. and said, Look, now I know that there is no God in
8 And it came about when Elisha the man of God all the earth, except in Israel. Therefore now please
heard that the king of Israel had torn his clothes, accept a gift from your servant.
he sent word to the king, saying, Why did you 16 But he said, As the LORD lives, before
tear your clothes? Let him come now to me, and he whom I stand, I will not accept any. And he urged
will know that there is a prophet in Israel. 9 So him to take it, but he refused.
nation usually hostile to Israel. They would or do any spiritual good whatever. In this it
have attributed their victories to the power was like all other rivers in the world. None of
of their gods. But observe it was the LORD them anywhere have any spiritual power. God
(Jehovah) who gave them victory. God is is the healer (Ex 15:26; Deut 32:39). When
sovereign over the world and works His will Namaan was healed it was faith and obedi-
among all nations (Dan 4:35). ence to Gods word given through His prophet
Leper see note at Lev 13:2. that brought the healing.
5:3 Prophet Elisha. 5:11,12 Namaan had pre-conceived ideas
5:5 Silver ten talents equals about 340 of how the prophet should heal him. He
kilograms. was not ready yet for childlike obedience.
Gold 6000 shekels equals about 70 It seems also that his pride was offended.
kilograms. Obviously this was an extremely He thought surely Elisha would come out to
valuable gift. It indicates how serious him after all, he was a great man in Syria.
Namaans disease was and how much he Pride can rob men of Gods blessings (Jam
longed to be rid of it. King Omri had 4:6,10; Mark 10:15).
purchased the whole hill of Samaria for two 5:14 Faith and humble obedience gain from
talents of silver (1 Kings 16:24). God what nothing else ever can.
5:7 Tore his clothes 2 Sam 13:31; 5:15 This foreign idolater learned what
1 Kings 21:27; Est 4:1,3; Job 1:20; 2:8. Israel as a nation had not learned (1 Kings
The captive girl (vs 2,3) knew more than the 18:21, etc). They were rushing after other
king of Israel about Elisha and Gods power gods, he was about to abandon his. This
working through him. It is often true that knowledge Namaan gained was a far greater
the meek and lowly know important things gift of God than the healing of his body.
about God that the high and mighty are Compare John 17:3.
ignorant of. The king could think only that 5:16 Elisha did not serve God for the gifts
the Syrians had some sinister plot in mind. he might get. This one gift from Namaan
5:8 Why this was a rebuke to the unbelief would have made him a rich man (v 5), but
and ignorance of the king. Elisha was not interested in obtaining wealth,
5:10 Elisha did not even come out to see or even by gifts others wanted to give him.
meet this great man (v 1). How unlike Balaam and many others since
Jordan the waters of the Jordan had (2 Pet 2:15. See Pauls warning to Timothy
no power to heal the body, cleanse from sin, in 1 Tim 6:6-11).
2 KINGS 5:17 462
17 And Naaman said, Then, please, shall not go, and they departed. 25 But he went in and
two mules load of earth be given to your servant? stood before his master.
For from now on your servant will offer neither And Elisha said to him, Where are you coming
burnt offering nor sacrifice to other gods, but to from, Gehazi?
the LORD. 18 In this thing the LORD pardon your And he said, Your servant did not go anywhere.
servant, that when my master goes into the house 26 And he said to him, Did not my heart go with
of Rimmon to worship there, and he leans on my you, when the man turned back from his chariot to
hand, and I bow in the house of Rimmon. When I meet you? Is it a time to accept money and to
bow down in the house of Rimmon, the LORD accept clothes, and olive groves and vineyards and
pardon your servant in this thing. sheep and oxen, and male and female servants?
19 And he said to him, Go in peace. So he 27 Therefore the leprosy of Naaman will cling to
departed from him a little distance. you and to your offspring forever. And he went
20 But Gehazi, the servant of Elisha the man of out from his presence a leper as white as snow.
God, said, Look, my master has let this Syrian
Naaman off lightly, by not accepting from his hands
what he brought. But, as the LORD lives, I will run
after him and take something from him.
6 And the sons of the prophets said to Elisha,
Now look, the place where we are living with
you is too small for us. 2 Please let us go to the
21 So Gehazi went after Naaman. And when Jordan, and each man take a beam from there,
Naaman saw him running after him, he got down and let us make a place for ourselves there, where
from the chariot to meet him, and said, Is all well? we can live.
22 And he said, All is well. My master has sent And he answered, Go.
me, saying, Look, just now two young men of the 3 And one of them said, Please be willing to
sons of the prophets have come to me from Mount go with your servants.
Ephraim. Please give them a talent of silver and And he answered, I will go.
two changes of clothing. 4 So he went with them. And when they came
23 And Naaman said, Be pleased to take two to the Jordan, they cut down trees. 5 But as one
talents. And he urged him, and tied up two talents of them was felling a tree, the axe head fell into
of silver in two bags, with two changes of clothing, the water, and he cried out and said, Alas,
and placed them on two of his servants, and they master! For it was borrowed.
carried them in front of him. 24 And when he 6 And the man of God said, Where did it fall?
came to the tower, he took them from their hand And he showed him the place. And he cut down a
and stored them in the house, and he let the men stick and threw it in there, and the iron floated up.
5:17 Earth to make an altar in Dam- to themselves.
ascus. It seems he did not understand that 5:24 The cover-up begins. Compare Achan
the earth of Israel was no more sacred for (Josh 7:1,11,12,21).
this purpose than earth anywhere else. 5:25 The attempt to cover up wrongdoing
5:18 Namaan knew that bowing to another usually leads to more lying, all of which is
god would not be right, but did not see how hateful to God (Prov 6:16-19. See also Prov
he could escape when the king with him 28:13).
bowed. 5:26 Did not my heart go God enabled
5:19 Elisha did not try to be Namaans Elisha to know what Gehazi had been doing.
conscience, but left it to him to work out his He had an ability to see things others could
own problem. not see. Compare 6:17. Of course, it may
5:20 Gehazi is typical of all those who seek be possible for men to hide their sins from
personal gain through the service of God. other men. But God sees what is going on
He was eager for money. The mind of Gehazi and in His time and way will expose and
is often seen in Christian circles today. It punish it (Ps 90:8; 139:1-7; Heb 4:13).
leads to Gods judgment (Matt 6:24; Luke 5:27 It is as though Elisha was saying You
12:15; 1 Tim 6:5,9). Man of God, flee wanted something belonging to Namaan,
these things! Beware of greed, of trying to did you? Take, then, his leprosy!
make gain from your position, of taking gifts 6:1 Prophets 2:3,5; 4:1,38. Evidently,
God does not want you to have. Those part of Elishas ministry was training these
things can ruin your ministry and your life. prophets for Gods service.
5:22 Getting what he wanted involved Gehazi 6:5 It was borrowed here is a problem
in lying and misrepresenting his master. that can always arise with borrowed things
One sin, as often happens, led to another. they can be lost or ruined. And this can
He loved money more than truth, like so produce hard feelings in the lender. One
many today. When they who say they are should be just as careful with borrowed things
servants of Christ are greedy for money as with ones own or even more so. And
and twist the facts to get it, they are any loss should be paid for by the borrower.
misrepresenting Christ, bringing harm to His See Ex 22:14.
work on earth, and eventually great harm 6:6,7 Through the prophet God showed His
463 2 KINGS 6:29
7 So he said, Lift it out for yourself. And he this people with blindness. And he struck them
stretched out his hand and took it. with blindness in accordance with the word of Elisha.
8 Then the king of Syria was at war against 19 And Elisha said to them, This is not the
Israel, and he took counsel with his servants, way, nor is this the city. Follow me, and I will take
saying, My camp will be in such and such a place. you to the man you are looking for. But he led
9 And the man of God sent word to the king of them to Samaria.
Israel, saying, Beware that you do not pass that 20 And it came about, when they came into
place, for the Syrians have come down there. Samaria, that Elisha said, LORD, open the eyes of
10 And the king of Israel sent men to the place these men, so that they can see. And the LORD
about which the man of God had told him and warned opened their eyes, and they looked and saw that
him, and saved himself there, not once or twice. they were in the middle of Samaria.
11 Therefore the heart of the king of Syria was 21And when he saw them, the king of Israel
greatly troubled about this thing, and he called his said to Elisha, My father, shall I strike them down?
servants and said to them, Will you not tell me Shall I strike them down?
which of us is for the king of Israel? 22 And he answered, You shall not strike them
12 And one of his servants said, No one, my down. Would you strike down those whom you
lord, O king; but Elisha, the prophet who is in take captive with your sword and with your bow?
Israel, tells the king of Israel the words that you Set food and water before them, that they may
speak in your bedroom. eat and drink and go to their master. 23 And he
13 And he said, Go and find out where he is, prepared a great feast for them. And when they
so that I can send men and bring him. And it was had eaten and drunk, he sent them away, and
told him as follows: See, he is in Dothan. they went to their master. So the bands of Syria
14 Therefore he sent horses and chariots and a no longer came into the land of Israel.
large army there, and they came at night and 24 But after this it happened that Ben-Hadad
surrounded the city. king of Syria gathered all his army, and went up
15 And when the servant of the man of God and besieged Samaria. 25 And there was a great
rose early and went out, he saw an army surrounding famine in Samaria, and, see, they besieged it until
the city with both horses and chariots. And his an asss head was sold for eighty pieces of silver,
servant said to him, Alas, my master! What shall and the fourth of a kab of doves dung for five
we do? pieces of silver.
16 And he answered, Do not be afraid, for 26 And as the king of Israel was passing by on
those who are with us are more than those who the wall, a woman cried out to him, saying, Help,
are with them. my lord, O king.
17 And Elisha prayed and said, LORD, I pray 27 And he said, If the Lord does not help you,
you, open his eyes, so that he can see. And the from where shall I help you? From the barn floor or
LORD opened the eyes of the young man, and he from the winepress? 28 And the king said to her,
looked an saw that the mountain was full of horses What is troubling you?
and chariots of fire around Elisha. And she answered, This woman said to me,
18 And when they came down to him, Elisha Give your son so that we can eat him today, and
prayed to the LORD and said, I pray you, strike we will eat my son tomorrow. 29 So we boiled my
concern for even small matters which not to destroy these men, but to prove to
affected His servants. Compare Matt 10:30. them that God was defending Israel. For
6:9 There 5:26. God revealed to Elisha the time being they learned their lesson.
the movements of the Syrian army. 6:24 After this often kings do not grasp
6:11 The king thought there was a traitor in the lessons of history. See 1 Kings chapter 20.
their midst sending information to Israel. 6:25 Eighty shekels equals about one kilo-
6:16 With us are more see 2 Chron 32:7,8; gram. In times of famine there are usually
Ps 18:16-18; 34:7; 55:16-19; 68:17; those who make profit from the suffering of
91:11; Matt 26:53; Rom 8:31; Heb 1:14. others and in this way show the baseness
6:17 See 5:26. Fire 2:11,12. God guards of their character.
all of His servants. He has all the angels of A kab probably about 0.3 liter.
heaven available for this purpose. It is not Of doves dung or this could be trans-
possible for anyone to capture any servant lated of seed pods. There may have been
of God or do any physical harm to him with- a plant or its fruit called doves dung,
out Gods permission and wise purpose. strange as the name might seem to us.
6:18 Blindness Gen 19:11; Acts Five shekels about 55 grams.
13:10,11. God may use such means to 6:28,29 God told them such things would
protect His people and to further His work. happen if they did not obey Him. See Lev
6:22,23 The purpose of Elishas actions was 26:27-29; Deut 28:52-57.
2 KINGS 6:30 464
son and ate him. And the next day I said to her, save us alive, we will live; and if they kill us, we will
Give your son so that we can eat him. And she but die.
has hidden her son. 5 And they rose at twilight to go to the camp of
30 And when the king heard the words of the the Syrians, and when they arrived at the outskirts
woman, it came about that he tore his clothes, and of the Syrian camp, there was no one there. 6 For
he passed by on the wall, and the people looked the Lord had caused the army of the Syrians to
and there inside he had sackcloth on his body. hear a sound of chariots and a sound of horses,
31 Then he said, May God do harm to me and the sound of a large army. And they said to one
more also, if the head of Elisha the son of Shaphat another,
remains on him today. Look, the king of Israel has hired against us
32 But Elisha was sitting in his house, and the the kings of the Hittites and the kings of the Egyp-
elders were sitting with him. And the king sent a tians, to attack us. 7 Therefore they arose and
man from his presence, but before the messenger fled at twilight, and left their tents and their horses
came to him, he said to the elders, Do you see and their donkeys, the camp just as it was, and
how this son of a murderer has sent someone to fled for their life.
take off my head? Look, when the messenger 8 And when these lepers came to the outskirts
comes, shut the door and hold him fast at the door. of the camp, they went into one tent, and ate and
Is not the sound of his masters feet behind him? drank, and carried silver and gold and clothes from
33 And while he was still talking with them, there there and went and hid it, and came back, and
was the messenger coming down to him. And the entered another tent, and carried things from there
king said, Look, this disaster is from the LORD. also, and went and hid them.
Why should I wait for the LORD any longer? 9 Then they said to one another, We are not
behaving well. Today is a day of good news, and
7 Then Elisha said, Hear the word of the LORD!
Thus says the LORD: Tomorrow about this
time a measure of fine flour will be sold for a shekel
we are keeping silent. If we wait till morning light,
some punishment will come on us. Therefore come
now, lets go and tell the kings household.
and two measures of barley for a shekel, in the 10 So they came and called to the gatekeepers
gate of Samaria. of the city and told them, saying, We went to the
2 Then an officer on whose hand the king was camp of the Syrians, and, see, there was no one
leaning answered the man of God and said, Look, there, not a human sound, but horses tied up and
even if the LORD made windows in heaven, could donkeys tied up, and the tents as they were.
this thing be? 11 And the gatekeeper called out, and they
And he said, Look, you will see it with your reported it inside the kings house.
eyes, but will not eat of it. 12 And the king arose in the night and said to
3 And there were four men with leprosy at the his servants, I will now tell you what the Syrians
entrance of the gate, and they said to one are doing to us. They know that we are hungry, so
another, Why should we sit here until we die? 4 If they have gone out of the camp to hide themselves
we say, We will go into the city, then the famine is in the field, saying, When they come out of the
in the city, and we will die there. And if we still sit city, we will capture them alive, and get into the
here, we will die also. Therefore, come now and city.
lets go over to the camp of the Syrians. If they 13 And one of his servants answered and said,
6:30 Sackcloth Gen 37:34; 1 Kings 7.3 liters.
21:27; Est 4:1,2; Job 16:15. A shekel about 11 grams. Compare
6:31 Compare 1 Kings 18:10,16; 21:20. 6:25. Elisha is predicting an end, at least a
Elisha by his prayers, walk with God, and temporary end, of the famine.
counsel to the king (6:9,10) was the great- 7:2 Not eat v 17. Possibly his death was
est human protector of the kingdom. It was Gods judgment for his unbelief.
madness for the king to blame him for 7:3 Leprosy note at Lev 13:2.
something that resulted from the unbelief Gate excluded from the city (Lev
and disobedience of himself and the people. 13:46; Num 5:2,3).
Such is fallen human nature. And such has 7:6 The LORD had caused God has many
been and still is the experience of many of ways of protecting His people and working
Gods servants. His sovereign will.
6:33 Why should I wait. . .any longer A sound of chariots 6:17.
Jehoram was an evil man (3:1-3), and was 7:9 Not behaving well it is never right to
seeking to kill the greatest man in Israel. keep good news from those who might ben-
He had not been waiting for the Lord in efit from it. Compare Mark 16:15; Acts 20:20.
repentance and faith. 7:12 The king did not believe Elishas word
7:1 Measure this measure was about in v 1.
465 2 KINGS 8:12
Please let some men take five of the horses that with her household and stayed in the land of the
remain, which are left in the city. Look, they may Philistines for seven years.
become like all the multitude of Israel who are left 3 And it came about at the end of the seven
in it; yes, I say, they may become just like the years that the woman returned from the land of
whole multitude of the Israelites who have the Philistines, and she went to cry out to the king
perished. But let us send them and see. for her house and for her land. 4 And the king was
14 So they took two chariot horses, and the talking with Gehazi the servant of the man of God,
king sent them after the army of the Syrians, saying, Please tell me all the great things that
saying, Go and see. 15 And they went after Elisha has done. 5 And it so happened that as he
them to the Jordan, and saw the whole road was was telling the king how he had restored a dead
full of clothes and articles which the Syrians had body to life, that suddenly the woman whose son
thrown away in their haste. And the messengers he had restored to life, cried out to the king for her
returned and told the king. 16 And the people house and for her land.
went out and plundered the tents of the Syrians. And Gehazi said, My lord, O king, this is the
So a measure of fine flour was sold for a shekel, woman, and this is her son whom Elisha restored
and two measures of barley for a shekel, in accor- to life. 6 And when the king asked the woman, she
dance with the word of the LORD. told him. So the king appointed an officer for her,
17 And the king appointed the officer on whose saying, Restore all that was hers, and all the
hand he leaned to have charge of the gate; and produce of the field from the day that she left the
the people trampled on him in the gate, and he land until now.
died, as the man of God had said, who spoke when 7 And Elisha came to Damascus. And Ben-Hadad
the king came down to him. 18 And it happened the king of Syria was sick, and it was told him,
just as the man of God had spoken to the king, saying, The man of God has come here. 8 And the
saying, There will be two measures of barley for a king said to Hazael, Take a present in your hand,
shekel and a measure of fine flour for a shekel, and go, meet the man of God and ask the LORD
tomorrow about this time in the gate of Samaria. through him, saying, Will I recover from this
19 And that officer had answered the man of God disease?
and said, Now, look, even if the LORD made 9 So Hazael went to meet him and took a present
windows in heaven, might such a thing be? And with him, some of every good thing in Damascus,
he had said, Look, you will see it with your eyes, forty camels loads, and came and stood before
but will not eat of it. 20 And so it happened to him; him and said, Your son Ben-Hadad, king of Syria,
for the people trampled on him in the gate, and he has sent me to you, saying, Will I recover from
died. this disease?
10 And Elisha said to him, Go, say to him, You
8 Then Elisha spoke to the woman whose son he
had restored to life, saying, Arise, and go
with your household, and stay for a time wherever
may certainly recover, however the LORD has
revealed to me that he will surely die. 11 And he
fixed his gaze steadily, until he was ashamed. And
you can stay, for the LORD has called for a famine; the man of God wept.
and also it will come on the land for seven years. 12 And Hazael said, Why is my lord weeping?
2 And the woman arose and acted in accordance And he answered, Because I know the evil that
with the word of the man of God, and she went you will do to the children of Israel. You will set
7:16 Verse 1. To fulfill His word God put a 8:8 Interesting that this idolatrous king
strong army to flight. God would move wanted to consult Jehovah the God of
heaven and earth, if He needed to, to do Israel. The story of Namaan, the commander
what He has said. of his army, perhaps had a profound effect
7:17-19 Verse 2; Isa 44:26. on him.
8:1 Restored to life the son of the woman 8:9 A present it is unlikely that Elisha
of Shunem (4:18-35). accepted any part of this. See 5:16.
Famine 2 Sam 21:1; 1 Kings 8:37; 8:10 Recover Elishas meaning seems
17:1; 2 Kings 6:25; Ps 105:16; Haggai to be that Ben Hadads illness was not to
1:11. God has often sent famine because death. If left alone he would recover. But
of the disobedience and wickedness of Elisha knew what Hazael would do (vs 14,15).
people. Possibly the Hebrew may also be translated
8:4 King which king is not stated. Go and say, You will certainly not recover,
Jehoram was familiar with many of Elishas for the LORD, etc.
great works. This king may have been Jehu 8:12 10:32,33; 12:17; 13:3,7; Amos
who succeeded Jehoram. 1:3,4. Hazael is a terrible warning of the
8:7 In this foreign capital Elisha was famous depths to which a man can sink when he
for his miraculous deeds. refuses the control of God (Jer 17:9).
2 KINGS 8:13 466
their strongholds on fire, and you will kill their young Annals of the Kings of Judah? 24 And Joram slept
men with the sword, and will dash their children with his ancestors and was buried among his
down, and rip open their pregnant women. ancestors in the city of David, and Ahaziah his son
13 And Hazael said, But what! Is your servant reigned in his place.
a dog that he would do this great thing? 25 In the twelfth year of Joram, the son of
And Elisha answered, The Lord has revealed Ahab king of Israel, Ahaziah the son of Jehoram
to me that you will be king over Syria. king of Judah began to reign. 26 Ahaziah was
14 So he left Elisha and came to his master, who twenty-two years old when he began to reign and
said to him, What did Elisha say to you? And he he reigned one year in Jerusalem. And his mothers
answered, He told me that you would surely name was Athaliah, the daughter of Omri king of
recover. 15 And it came about the next day that Israel. 27 And he walked in the way of the house
he took a thick cloth and dipped it in water, and of Ahab, and did evil in the sight of the LORD, as
spread it on his face, so that he died, and Hazael the house of Ahab had done ; for he was a
reigned in his place. son-in-law of the house of Ahab.
16 And in the fifth year of Joram the son of 28 And he went with Joram, the son of Ahab, to
Ahab king of Israel, Jehoshaphat being then king the war against Hazael, king of Syria, in Ramoth-
of Judah, Jehoram the son of Jehoshaphat king of Gilead, and the Syrians wounded Joram. 29 And
Judah began to reign. 17 He was thirty-two years king Joram went back to Jezreel to be healed of the
old when he began to reign, and he reigned eight wounds which the Syrians had given him at Ramah,
years in Jerusalem. 18 And he walked in the way when he fought against Hazael king of Syria. And
of the kings of Israel, as the house of Ahab had Ahaziah the son of Jehoram, king of Judah, went
done, for his wife was Ahabs daughter. And he did down to see Joram, the son of Ahab, in Jezreel,
evil in the sight of the LORD. 19 Yet, for the sake because he was sick.
of his servant David, the LORD would not destroy
Judah, since he promised him to give to him, and to
his descendants, a perpetual light.
20 In his days Edom revolted from under the
9 And Elisha the prophet called one of the sons
of the prophets, and said to him, Tuck up
your robe in your belt, and take this flask of oil in
hand of Judah, and made a king over themselves. your hand and go to Ramoth-Gilead. 2 And when
21 So Joram went over to Zair, and all the chariots you arrive there, look for Jehu, the son of
went with him; and he rose at night and attacked Jehoshaphat, the son of Nimshi, and go in and
the Edomites who surrounded him, and the have him stand up among his brethren, and take
captains of the chariots; and the people fled to him to an inner room. 3 Then take the flask of oil,
their tents. 22 Yet Edom revolted from under the and pour the oil on his head, and say, Thus says
hand of Judah to this day. Then Libnah revolted at the LORD, I have anointed you king over Israel.
the same time. Then open the door and flee, and do not wait.
23 And the rest of the acts of Joram and all that 4 So the young man, the young man the
he did, are they not written in the book of the prophet, went to Ramoth-Gilead. 5 And when he
8:13 1 Kings 19:15. God would use Hazaels 22:47. For some time Judah had controlled
elevation to the throne to punish His Edom and appointed their rulers. When Gods
disobedient people. people went astray from Him it always
8:16-24 2 Chron 21:1-20. resulted in trouble. Compare Jud 2:11-23.
8:16 Joram 1:17; 3:1. Jehoram shared 8:21 Joram Jehoram.
the throne with his father for some five years 8:24-29 2 Chron 22:1-7.
before he became the sole king of Judah. 8:24 Slept note at 1 Kings 2:10.
8:18 Kings of Israel 1 Kings 12:28-33; City of David 2 Sam 5:6,7.
21:25,26. 8:26 Omri 1 Kings 16:23-26.
Ahabs daughter 2 Chron 18:1. The 8:27 Verse 18; 2 Chron 18:1.
marriage of Jehoram son of Jehoshaphat 8:28 Hazael v 15.
to Athaliah daughter of Ahab was a tragedy 8:29 9:15,16. Ramah or Ramoth.
for Judah. Those who arranged it probably 9:1-10 2 Chron 22:7-9.
meant to encourage peace and cooperation 9:1 Prophets 1 Sam 10:5; 2 Kings 2:3,5;
between Israel and Judah, but it led to the 6:1.
corruption and degradation of Judah. Oil oil was used to anoint leaders
Failure to live according to Gods standards (1 Sam 10:1; 16:1; 1 Kings 1:39).
always has serious consequences. Every 9:2 1 Kings 19:16,17. This Jehu was not
believer should be very careful about the prophet who had the same name (1 Kings
marriage alliances. See 2 Cor 6:14-18. 16:1); and this Jehoshaphat was not the
8:19 2 Sam 7:12-15; 1 Kings 11:36; 15:4; same as the king of Judah (8:16).
Ps 132:17. 9:4 Gilead Ramoth Gilead was east of
8:20 Edom Gen 25:30; 27:40; 1 Kings the Jordan river, nearly 100 kilometers from
467 2 KINGS 9:25
arrived, there were the commanders of the army from the city to go to tell it in Jezreel. 16 So Jehu
sitting, and he said, I have a message for you, O rode in a chariot and went to Jezreel, for Joram lay
commander! there. And Ahaziah king of Judah had come down
And Jehu said, To which one of all of us? to see Joram.
And he said, To you, O commander. 17 And a watchman stood on the tower in
6 And he arose and went into the house; and Jezreel, and he saw the troop of Jehu as he was
he poured the oil on his head, and said to him, coming, and said, I see a troop.
Thus says the LORD God of Israel, I have anointed And Joram said, Take a horseman and send
you king over the people of the LORD, over Israel. him to meet them, and have him say, Is it peace?
7 And you shall strike the house of Ahab your 18 So someone went on horseback to meet him,
master, so that I may avenge the blood of my and said, Thus says the king, Is it peace?
servants the prophets, and the blood of all the And Jehu said, What have you to do with
servants of the LORD, at the hand of Jezebel. peace? Turn in behind me. And the watchman
8 For the whole house of Ahab will perish; and I will reported this, saying, The messenger went to
cut off from Ahab every male person, both bond them, but he is not coming back.
and free in Israel. 9 And I will make the house of 19 Then he sent out a second man on horse-
Ahab like the house of Jeroboam the son of Nebat, back, who went to them and said, Thus says the
and like the house of Baasha the son of Ahijah. king, Is it peace?
10 And the dogs will eat Jezebel in the plot of ground And Jehu answered, What have you to do with
in Jezreel, and there will be no one to bury her. peace? Turn in behind me.
And he opened the door and fled. 20 And the watchman reported this, saying,
11 Then Jehu came out to the servants of his He also went to them, and is not coming back.
lord; and one of them said to him, Is all well? Why And the driving is like the driving of Jehu the son of
did this mad fellow come to you? Nimshi; for he drives furiously.
And he said to them, You know the man and 21 And Joram said, Make ready. And his chariot
his talk. was made ready. And Joram king of Israel and
12 And they said, That is not true! Tell us now. Ahaziah king of Judah set out, each in his chariot,
And he said, Thus and thus he told me, saying, and they went out against Jehu, and met him in the
Thus says the LORD: I have anointed you king plot of ground of Naboth the Jezreelite. 22 And it
over Israel. came about when Joram saw Jehu that he said, Is
13 Then each one of them hurriedly took his it peace, Jehu? And he answered, What peace,
cloak, and put it under him on the top of the stairs, as long as the acts of prostitution of your mother
and blew with trumpets, saying, Jehu is king! Jezebel and her acts of witchcraft are so many?
14 So Jehu, the son of Jehoshaphat, the son of 23 And Joram turned his hands and fled, and
Nimshi, conspired against Joram. (Now Joram had said to Ahaziah, There is treachery, Ahaziah!
been guarding Ramoth-Gilead, he and all Israel, 24 And Jehu drew a bow with his full strength,
because of Hazael king of Syria. 15 But king Joram and hit Jehoram between his shoulders, and the
had returned to Jezreel to be healed of the wounds arrow went out through his heart, and he sank
which the Syrians had given him, when he fought down in his chariot. 25 Then Jehu said to Bidkar his
with Hazael king of Syria.) And Jehu said, If you captain, Take him up and throw him in the plot of
are so minded, then let no one go out or escape ground of Naboth the Jezreelite; for remember
Samaria. 9:13 Trumpets 2 Sam 15:10; 1 Kings
9:7 Ahab Jehu knew what Ahab had done 1:34.
and that Gods vengeance would come on 9:15 Joram or Jehoram.
Ahabs house. See vs 25,26. Jezreel 8:29. This was nearly 75
Avenge note at Num 31:2,3. kilometers from Ramoth.
9:8 10:17; 1 Kings 14:10; 21:21. There 9:21 Naboth 1 Kings 21:1-7, 15-21;
was not one of Ahabs descendants who was 2 Chron 22:7.
righteous and God-fearing, who deserved 9:22 Jezebel 1 Kings 16:30-33; 18:19;
to be spared. 21:25. All idolatry and all witchcraft are
Every male person in Hebrew, him detestable to God, and He will see to it that
who urinates against the wall. no individual, no nation practicing them will
9:9 1 Kings 14:10,11; 15:29; 16:3,4,11,12. know permanent peace Ex 22:18;
9:10 Jezebel note at 1 Kings 16:31. Deuteronomy chapter 13; 18:10-13; 1 Sam
9:11 Mad fellow Gods prophets (and 15:23; Gal 5:20; Isa 48:22; 57:21.
even His Son) were sometimes regarded as 9:23 11:14. They who are traitors toward
crazy by sinful, worldly people Jer God, should not be surprised when men rise
29:26,27; Hos 9:7; Mark 3:21; John against them. Compare Ps 18:25,26.
10:20; Acts 26:24. 9:25 1 Kings 21:1,19-22.
2 KINGS 9:26 468
when you and I were riding together behind his Samaria, to the rulers of Jezreel, to the elders and
father Ahab that the LORD laid this burden on him: to those who brought up Ahabs children, saying,
26 I have certainly seen yesterday the blood of 2 Now as soon as this letter reaches you, since
Naboth and the blood of his sons, says the LORD, your masters sons are with you, and there are
and I will repay you in this plot, says the LORD. with you chariots and horses, also a fortified city
Now, therefore, take him and throw him into that and weapons, 3 choose the best and most worthy
plot of ground, in accordance with the word of the of your masters sons, and set him on his fathers
LORD. throne, and fight for your masters house.
27 But when Ahaziah the king of Judah saw 4 But they were exceedingly afraid, and said,
this, he fled by the way of the garden house. And Look, two kings did not stand before him. How
Jehu followed him, and said, Strike him down too, then shall we stand?
in the chariot. And they did so at the ascent to 5 And the one who was in charge of the house,
Gur, which is at Ibleam. And he fled to Megiddo, and the one who was over the city and the elders,
and died there. 28 And his servants carried him in and those who brought up the children, sent word
a chariot to Jerusalem, and buried him in his tomb to Jehu, saying, We are your servants and will do
with his ancestors in the city of David. 29 And in all that you tell us. We will not make any king. You
the eleventh year of Joram, the son of Ahab, do what is good in your eyes.
Ahaziah began to reign over Judah. 6 Then a second time he wrote a letter to them,
30 And when Jehu came to Jezreel, Jezebel saying, If you are mine, and if you will listen to my
heard of it, and she painted her eyes and adorned voice, take the heads of the men, your masters
her head, and looked out at a window. 31 And as sons, and come to me to Jezreel by this time
Jehu came in at the gate, she said, Did Zimri, who tomorrow. Now the kings sons, seventy persons,
killed his master, have peace? were with the chief men of the city who brought
32 And he raised his face to the window, and them up. 7 And it came about, when the letter
said, Who is on my side? Who? And two or three came to them, that they took the kings sons, and
eunuchs looked out at him. 33 And he said, Throw killed the seventy persons, and put their heads in
her down. So they threw her down; and some of baskets and sent them to him at Jezreel. 8 And a
her blood splattered on the wall and on the horses; messenger came and told him, saying, They have
and he trampled her under foot. brought the heads of the kings sons.
34 And when he had come in, he ate and drank, And he said, Lay them in two heaps at the
and said, Go, see now to that cursed woman, and entrance of the gate until morning.
bury her, for she is a kings daughter. 35 And they 9 And in the morning it came about that he went
went to bury her, but they found no more of her out and stood, and said to all the people, You are
than the skull and the feet and the palms of her righteous. See, I conspired against my master,
hands. 36 Therefore they came back and told him. and killed him. But who killed all these? 10 Know
And he said, This is the word of the LORD, which now that not a word of the LORD, which the LORD
he spoke through his servant Elijah the Tishbite, spoke concerning the house of Ahab, will fall to the
saying, In the plot of ground at Jezreel dogs will earth; for the LORD has done what he said through
eat the flesh of Jezebel. 37 And the corpse of his servant Elijah. 11 So Jehu killed all who
Jezebel will be like dung on the surface of the ground remained of the house of Ahab in Jezreel, and all
in the plot at Jezreel, so that they will not say, This his chief men and his relatives and his priests, until
is Jezebel. he left no one remaining to him.
12 And he arose and departed and came to
10 And Ahab had seventy sons in Samaria.
And Jehu wrote letters and sent them to
Samaria. And when he was at the shearing house
on the way, 13 Jehu met with the relatives of
9:26 1 Kings 21:13; Gal 6:7,8. Isa 5:25; Jer 8:2; 9:22; 16:4; 25:33;
9:27 2 Chron 22:7-9. By way of the garden Luke 16:15.
house or up the road to Beth-Haggan. 10:1 Samaria this was the capital of the
9:30 Jer 4:30; Ezek 23:36-40. Paint and northern kingdom of Israel, and Jehu had
well-arranged hair cannot keep Gods to control this city to be sure of controlling
judgment away from women of depraved the kingdom.
heart. Compare Isa 3:16-24. 10:3 The meaning was Submit, if you are
9:31 Zimri had murdered king Elah 1 Kings not willing to fight.
16:9,10. 10:4 9:24,27.
9:34 1 Kings 16:31. 10:7 9:8,9; 1 Kings 21:21.
9:36 1 Kings 21:23. Every word of God will 10:9 He put the responsibility for these
be fulfilled Isa 44:26. murders on the leading men of Samaria.
9:37 In this way God showed His hatred of 10:10 1 Kings 21:19-29.
all Jezebel delighted in. Compare Ps 83:9,10; 10:13 8:24,29.
469 2 KINGS 10:34
Ahaziah, king of Judah, and said, Who are you? went into the house of Baal, and said to the
And they answered, We are Ahaziahs worshippers of Baal, Search and see that there
relatives, and we are going down to greet the are none of the servants of the LORD with you
children of the king and the children of the queen. here, but only the worshippers of Baal. 24 And
14 And he said, Take them alive! And they when they went in to offer sacrifices and burnt
took them alive, forty-two men, then killed them at offerings, Jehu appointed eighty men outside, and
the pit of the shearing house. He did not leave any said, If any of the men whom I have brought into
of them. your hands escapes, the life of the one who lets
15 And when he left there, he met Jehonadab him go will be required for his life.
the son of Rechab coming to meet him, and he 25 And it came about, as soon as he finished
greeted him and said to him, Is your heart right, offering the burnt offering, that Jehu said to the
as my heart is with your heart? guard and to the captains, Go in, and kill them!
And Jehonadab answered, It is. Do not let anyone get out. And they struck them
Jehu said, If it is, give me your hand. And he with the edge of the sword, and the guard and the
gave him his hand, and Jehu took him up to him captains threw them out, and went into the inner
into the chariot. 16 And he said, Come with me shrine of the house of Baal. 26 And they brought
and see my zeal for the LORD. So they had him the images out of the house of Baal and burned
ride in his chariot. them. 27 And they broke down the image of Baal,
17 And when he came to Samaria, he killed all and tore down the house of Baal and made it a
who were left of Ahabs family in Samaria, until he latrine, as it is to this day.
had destroyed him, in accordance with the saying 28 Thus Jehu destroyed Baal out of Israel.
of the LORD which he spoke to Elijah. 29 However Jehu did not depart from the sins of
18 And Jehu gathered all the people together, Jeroboam the son of Nebat, who caused Israel to
and said to them, Ahab served Baal a little, but sin, that is, the golden calves at Bethel and at Dan.
Jehu will serve him much. 19 Now therefore call to 30 And the LORD said to Jehu, Because you
me all the prophets of Baal, all his servants, and all have done well in carrying out what is right in my
his priests. Do not let one be missing. For I have a eyes, and have done to the house of Ahab in
great sacrifice to make to Baal. Whoever is miss- accordance with all that was in my heart, your
ing will not live. But Jehu did this deceptively, for offspring will sit on the throne of Israel to the fourth
the purpose of destroying the worshippers of Baal. generation. 31 But Jehu was not careful to walk in
20 And Jehu said, Proclaim a solemn assembly the law of the LORD God of Israel with all his heart,
for Baal. And they proclaimed it. 21 And Jehu for he did not depart from the sins of Jeroboam,
sent word through all Israel. And all the ministers who caused Israel to sin.
of Baal came, so that there was not a man who did 32 In those days the LORD began to cut away
not come. And they came into the house of Baal, parts of Israel, and Hazael defeated them in all the
and the house of Baal was filled from one end to territories of Israel, 33 from the Jordan eastward,
the other. 22 And he said to the one in charge of all the land of Gilead, the Gadites and the
the wardrobe, Bring out robes for all the worship- Reubenites and the Manassites from Aroer, which
pers of Baal. And he brought out robes for them. is by the river Arnon, Gilead and Bashan.
23 And Jehu and Jehonadab the son of Rechab 34 Now the rest of the acts of Jehu, and all that
10:15 Rechab Jer 35:6-19. 10:29 1 Kings 12:26-32; 13:33,34. Jehu
10:16 1 Kings 19:10 it would seem from himself, though professing great zeal for
Jehus later actions that his zeal for the LORD, Jehovah, was guilty of false worship and of
which he apparently so much wanted others to following the evil Jeroboam.
see, was more for his own advancement than 10:30 To the fourth generation the four
for Gods glory. Let us be careful against using were Jehoahaz, Joash, Jeroboam II,
the service of God for selfish ends. Zechariah.
10:17 Verse 10. 10:31 Jehu showed great energy in destroying
10:18 Baal 1 Kings 16:30-33. Note at evil, but was not equally concerned in building
Jud 2:11. up what was good. There is an important
10:19 Men often think (mistakenly) that they principle here. Gods servants are called not
must use deceitful means to accomplish only to condemn error, but to follow and
Gods purposes. Compare Gen 27:18-26; encourage what is true and edifying. A mainly
Josh 2:4-6; 1 Sam 21:2,13; etc. negative ministry is of little lasting value.
10:28 The worship of this false god was a 10:32,33 Hazael 8:12; Amos 1:3-5.
disgrace to the people of Israel, and Jehu When His people are unbelieving and dis-
did well to root it out. But the people did obedient, God knows how to cut them down
not turn back to the Lord. A work of destruc- to size.
tion is not the same as a work of creation. 10:34 Annals 1 Kings 14:19.
2 KINGS 10:35 470
he did and all his might, are they not written in the would go off duty on the Sabbath, and came to
book of The Annals of the Kings of Israel? Jehoiada the priest. 10 And the priest gave to the
35 And Jehu slept with his ancestors; and they captains over hundreds king Davids spears and
buried him in Samaria. And Jehoahaz his son reigned shields, that were in the temple of the LORD.
in his place. 36 And the time that Jehu reigned 11 And the guards stood, each man with his
over Israel in Samaria was twenty-eight years. weapons in his hand, all around the king, from the
right corner of the temple to the left corner of the
11 And when Athaliah, the mother of Ahaziah,
saw that her son was dead, she arose and
destroyed all the royal offspring. 2 But Jehosheba,
temple, along by the altar and the temple.
12 And he brought out the kings son, and put
the crown on him and gave him the Testimony;
the daughter of king Joram, sister of Ahaziah, took and they made him king and anointed him, and
Joash the son of Ahaziah, and stole him away from clapped their hands and said, God save the king!
among the kings sons who were killed. And they 13 And when Athaliah heard the voice of the
hid him from Athaliah, him and his nurse, in a guards and of the people, she came to the people
bedroom, so that he was not killed. 3 And he was into the temple of the LORD. 14 And when she
with her hidden at the house of the LORD for six looked, there stood the king by a pillar, as the
years. And Athaliah reigned over the land. custom was, and the leaders and the trumpeters
4 And the seventh year Jehoiada sent men and by the king, and all the people of the land rejoicing
brought the rulers over hundreds, with the and blowing with trumpets. And Athaliah tore her
captains and the guard, brought them to him into clothes and cried out, Treason! Treason!
the house of the LORD, and made a covenant with 15 But Jehoiada the priest gave a command to
them, and took an oath from them in the house of the captains of the hundreds, the officers of the
the LORD, and showed them the kings son. 5 And army, saying to them, Take her out of the area,
he commanded them, saying, This is what you and kill with the sword anyone who follows her.
must do: a third of you who come on duty on the For the priest had said, Do not let her be killed in
Sabbath shall keep watch over the kings house, the house of the LORD. 16 And they seized her;
6 and a third will be at the Sur gate, and a third at and she arrived at the path by which the horses
the gate behind the guard. So you must keep came to the kings house, and she was killed there.
watch over the house, that it be not broken into. 17 And Jehoiada made a covenant between
7 And two-thirds of all of you who go off duty on the LORD and the king and the people, that they
the Sabbath, shall keep watch over the house of would be the LORDs people; also between the king
the LORD, around the king. 8 And you shall and the people. 18 And all the people of the land
surround the king, each man with his weapons in went into the house of Baal and broke it down.
his hand. And whoever comes near your ranks They completely smashed his altars and his images
must be killed. And you shall be with the king as he and killed Mattan, the priest of Baal, before the
goes out and as he comes in. altars. And Jehoiada the priest appointed officers
9 And the captains over the hundreds acted in over the house of the LORD. 19 And he took the
accordance with everything that Jehoiada the priest rulers over hundreds and the captains and the
commanded, and each one took his men who were guard, and all the people of the land, and they
to come on duty on the Sabbath, with those who brought the king down from the house of the LORD,
10:35 Slept note at 1 Kings 2:10. 11:4 Jehoiada this man was Jehoshebas
11:1-20 2 Chron 22:10-23:21. husband and a priest (2 Chron 22:11).
11:1 Athaliah 8:18,26; 9:27. Son Joash.
The royal offspring this was the royal 11:10 2 Sam 8:7; 1 Chron 18:7.
house of David. See Gods promise to David 11:12 Testimony Deut 17:18-20.
in 2 Sam 7:11,16; 2 Kings 8:19. Satan used Anointed 1 Sam 9:16; 16:1; 1 Kings
this evil woman in an attempt to destroy Davids 1:34,39.
family line and leave Gods word unfulfilled. 11:14 See note at 9:23.
Athaliahs attack was principally on her own 11:17 Josh 24:25; 1 Sam 10:25; 2 Chron
grandchildren, and was for the sole purpose of 15:12-15; 24:15,16. Jehoiada was a godly
seizing power for herself. She was not the last man who had the best interests of the
person to side with Satan for powers sake. people in his heart (2 Chron 24:15,16). And
And many wicked persons since Athaliah have he knew there could be no lasting good for
tried to destroy the purposes of God. But none the people if they forsook the true God.
have succeeded, and none ever will. 11:18 Deut 12:2,3; 1 Kings 18:40; 2 Kings
11:2 Jehosheba God always has instru- 10:11,26,27. Baal worship had been
ments to accomplish His will. Compare Ex introduced into Judah probably by king
1:22-2:10; Matt 2:13-16. Joash was only a Jehoram and his wife Athaliah (8:16-18).
year old at this time. Compare v 3 with v 21. 11:19 2 Kings 11:4-6.
471 2 KINGS 12:17
and came by the road of the Gate of the Guard to no more money from the people, and not to repair
the kings house. And he sat on the throne of the the damaged places in the house themselves.
kings. 20 And all the people of the land rejoiced, 9 But Jehoiada the priest took a chest and bored
and the city was quiet, for they had killed Athaliah a hole in its lid, and set it beside the altar, on the
with the sword beside the kings house. right side as one comes into the house of the LORD;
21 Jehoash was seven years old when he and the priests who were doorkeepers put in it all
began to reign. the money that was brought into the house of the
LORD. 10 And so it was that whenever they saw
12 Jehoash began to reign in the seventh year
of Jehu, and he reigned forty years in
Jerusalem. And his mothers name was Zibiah. She
there was much money in the chest, the kings
scribe and the high priest came up and put it in
bags, and counted the money that was found in
was from Beersheba. 2 And Jehoash did what was the house of the LORD. 11 And they gave the
right in the sight of the LORD all the days in which counted money into the hands of those who did
Jehoiada the priest instructed him. 3 But the high the work, who had the oversight of the house of
places were not taken away. The people still the LORD; and they paid it out to the carpenters
sacrificed and burnt incense on the high places. and builders who worked on the house of the
4 And Jehoash said to the priests, All the money LORD, 12 and to masons and stone cutters, and to
of the dedicated things that is brought into the buy timber and cut stone to repair the damaged
house of the LORD, each mans census money, the places in the house of the LORD, and for all that
money from each mans assessment, and all the was paid out for the house to repair it.
money any mans heart prompts him to bring into 13 However, no silver bowls, snuffers, basins,
the house of the LORD, 5 let the priests them- trumpets, no gold or silver articles were made for
selves take it, each one from his acquaintances, the house of the LORD, from the money that was
and let them repair the damaged places of the brought into the house of the LORD, 14 but they
house, wherever any damage may be found. gave it to the workmen, and made repairs to the
6 But it so happened that by the twenty-third house of the LORD with it. 15 Moreover, they did
year of king Jehoash the priests had not repaired not demand an account with the men into whose
the damaged places in the house. 7 Then king hands they delivered the money to be given to
Jehoash called for Jehoiada the priest and the other workmen, for they dealt faithfully. 16 The money
priests, and said to them, Why are you not for trespass offerings and money for sin offerings
repairing the damaged places of the house? Now was not brought into the house of the LORD. It
therefore accept no more money from your belonged to the priests.
acquaintances, but deliver it for the damaged places 17 Then Hazael king of Syria went up and fought
in the house. 8 And the priests agreed to receive against Gath and took it; and Hazael set his face to
11:20 Rejoiced Prov 11:10; 28:12; had happened to the money the priests had
29:2. been receiving for the work? And where was
11:21 Jehoash (also vs 2,4,6,7,18) their zeal for Gods service? How vital it is
Joash. that Christian workers, and all of Gods
12:1-14 2 Chron 24:1-14. people, should be completely honest in
12:2 2 Kings 11:4. Joash did right as long money matters. To misuse money given for
as he was under the instruction of Jehoiada, the work of God is to steal from God. And
but later forsook the truth he knew (2 Chron to be lacking in zeal for God and His work is
24:17-27). Blessed are they who faithfully to show the smallness of our love for Him.
serve God to the end of their lives 2 Tim 12:9 Chest Mark 12:41; Luke 21:1.
4:6,7; Heb 3:14; 6:11,12; Rev 2:10,26. 12:11-14 With proper supervision the work
12:3 1 Kings 3:2; 15:14; 22:43. At this went ahead and funds collected were used
time on these high places they worshiped in a proper way. The money for repair work
Jehovah and not false gods. Even so, this was not spent on something else.
was not according to Gods instructions for 12:15 Faithfully 22:7; 1 Cor 4:2. How
worship Ex 20:24; Num 33:52; Deut 7:5; important this is in the work of God. It cannot
12:3,5,8,13,14. be overemphasized. God is a God of truth
12:4 Census money Ex 30:11-16; and demands truth in our hearts (Ps 31:5;
38:25,26; Num 2:32. 51:6). If we lack honesty we have no right to
Mans heart prompts him Lev expect blessing or reward from God, and we
22:18-23; Deut 16:10. might well wonder if we know God at all.
12:6 The temple had been finished in 959 12:16 Lev 4:24,29; 5:15-18; 7:7; Num
B.C. The 23rd year of Joash was 835. The 4:9,19.
date when Joash spoke the words of v 4 is 12:17-21 2 Chron 24:23-26 reveals that
not known, but evidently a considerable these events occurred after Joash murdered
length of time had gone by and no repairs the son of Jehoiada.
had been made. The question arises, what 12:17 Hazael 8:9-13; 10:32,33.
2 KINGS 12:18 472
go up to Jerusalem. 18 And Jehoash king of Judah who caused Israel to sin, but walked in them; and
took all the sacred things that Jehoshaphat and also the idolatrous grove in Samaria remained.
Jehoram and Ahaziah, his forefathers, kings of 7 For he left of the people of Jehoahaz only
Judah, had dedicated, and his own sacred things, fifty horsemen and ten chariots and ten thousand
and all the gold that was found in the treasuries of foot soldiers; for the king of Syria had destroyed
the house of the LORD and in the kings house, and them and had made them like the dust of
sent it to Hazael king of Syria; and he went away threshing.
from Jerusalem. 8 Now the rest of the acts of Jehoahaz, and all
19 And the rest of the acts of Joash, and all that he did and his might, are they not written in
that he did, are they not written in the book of the book of The Annals of the Kings of Israel?
The Annals of the Kings of Judah? 20 And his 9 And Jehoahaz slept with his ancestors; and they
servants arose and made a conspiracy, and killed buried him in Samaria. And his son Joash reigned in
Joash in the house of Millo, on the way down to his place.
Silla. 21 For Jozachar the son of Shimeath and 10 In the thirty-seventh year of Joash, king of
Jehozabad the son of Shomer, his servants, struck Judah, Jehoash the son of Jehoahaz began to reign
him, and he died; and they buried him with his over Israel in Samaria, and he reigned for sixteen
ancestors in the city of David. And his son Amaziah years. 11 And he did what was evil in the sight of
reigned in his place. the LORD. He did not depart from all the sins of
Jeroboam the son of Nebat, who caused Israel to
13 In the twenty-third year of Joash, the son
of Ahaziah, king of Judah, Jehoahaz the
son of Jehu began to reign over Israel in Samaria,
sin, but he walked in them.
12 And the rest of the acts of Joash and all that
he did, and his might, with which he fought against
and he reigned for seventeen years. 2 And he did Amaziah king of Judah, are they not written in the
what was evil in the sight of the LORD, and book of The Annals of the Kings of Israel? 13 And
followed the sins of Jeroboam the son of Nebat, Joash slept with his ancestors; and Jeroboam sat
who caused Israel to sin. He did not depart from on his throne. And Joash was buried in Samaria
them. 3 And the anger of the LORD burned against with the kings of Israel.
Israel, and he delivered them into the hands of 14 Now Elisha had fallen sick with his sickness,
Hazael king of Syria, and into the hands of Ben of which he died. And Joash the king of Israel
Hadad the son of Hazael, all their days. came down to him, and wept over his face and
4 And Jehoahaz pleaded with the LORD, and said, O my father, my father, the chariot of Israel
the LORD listened to him, for he saw the oppres- and its horsemen.
sion of Israel; because the king of Syria oppressed 15 And Elisha said to him, Take bow and
them. 5 And the LORD gave Israel a saviour, so arrows. And he took bow and arrows. 16 And he
that they escaped from under the hand of the said to the king of Israel, Put your hand on the
Syrians; and the children of Israel lived in their bow. And he put his hand on it, and Elisha put his
tents as before. 6 Nevertheless they did not hands on the kings hands.
depart from the sins of the house of Jeroboam, 17 And he said, Open the east window. And
12:18 1 Kings 15:18; 2 Kings 16:8; repentance. Compare Joel 2:18,19; Rom 2:4.
18:15,16. Using Gods property to bribe Grove or Asherah pole note at
Gods enemies was surely both wrong and Judges 3:7.
unnecessary. It showed a lack of faith in 13:7 Verse 22; 8:12; 10:32; Amos 1:3.
Gods protection. What Joash needed to do 13:8 Annals 1 Kings 14:19.
was repent and turn to God with all his 13:9 Slept note at 1 Kings 2:10.
heart. 13:11 1 Kings 12:26-33.
12:19 Annals 1 Kings 14:19. 13:14 Sickness Elisha was a great
12:20 Killed Joash the reason for this is prophet, a faithful man of God. He did
seen in 2 Chron 24:25. miracles for others (4:32-37; etc.), but there
12:21 City of David 2 Sam 5:6,7. was no miracle for him when he fell ill.
13:2 1 Kings 12:26-33. Compare 1 Tim 5:23; 2 Tim 4:20. Jehoash,
13:3 A n g e r n o t e s a t N u m 2 5 : 3 ; king of Israel, like many godless men, had
Ps 90:7-11. respect for Gods prophet. But though he
Hazael 8:11,12; 10:32,33. used the same words to Elisha that Elisha
Ben-Hadad v 24. had used to Elijah (2:10), he did not have
13:4 Verse 26,27; Ex 3:7,9; Jud 2:14-18; their faith. Many today can use the
2 Chron 33:10-13; Ps 78:38,39; language of Bible-believing Christians
103:13,14; Isa 55:6,7. without believing the Bible.
13:5 Saviour possibly Jehoahazs son 13:17 East window facing the area
Jehoash (v 25). controlled by Syria beyond the Jordan river.
13:6 Gods goodness did not lead them to Aphek 1 Kings 20:26.
473 2 KINGS 14:13
he opened it. Then Elisha said, Shoot. And he mothers name was Jehoaddan. She was from
shot. And he said, The arrow of the LORDs Jerusalem. 3 And he did what was right in the
deliverance, and the arrow of deliverance from sight of the LORD, but not like David his father. He
Syria. For you shall strike down the Syrians in did everything as his father Joash had done.
Aphek until you have destroyed them. 4 However the high places were not taken away.
18 And he said, Take the arrows. And he took The people still sacrificed and burnt incense on the
them. And he said to the king of Israel, Strike the high places.
ground. And he struck three times and stopped. 5 And it came about, as soon as the kingdom
19 And the man of God was angry with him and was established in his hands, that he killed his
said, You should have struck five or six times. Then servants who had killed his father the king. 6 But
you would have struck Syria until you had destroyed he did not kill the children of the murderers, in
it, but now you will strike Syria only three times. accordance with what is written in the book of the
20 And Elisha died; and they buried him. law of Moses, in which the LORD gave a command,
And the raiding bands of the Moabites invaded saying, The fathers shall not be put to death for
the land at the beginning of the year. 21 And it so the children, nor the children be put to death for
happened when they were burying a man, that the fathers; but each man shall be put to death for
suddenly they saw a band of men, and they threw his own sin.
the man into the tomb of Elisha; and when the man 7 He killed ten thousand Edomites in the Valley
dropped down and touched the bones of Elisha, he of Salt, and took Selah in a battle and called its
came to life and stood up on his feet. name Joktheel, as it is to this day.
22 But Hazael king of Syria oppressed Israel all 8 Then Amaziah sent messengers to Jehoash,
the days of Jehoahaz. 23 And the LORD was the son of Jehoahaz son of Jehu, king of Israel,
gracious to them and had compassion on them, saying, Come, let us look one another in the face.
and showed regard for them, because of his 9 And Jehoash the king of Israel sent word to
covenant with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, and Amaziah king of Judah, saying, The thistle that
would not destroy them or cast them from his was in Lebanon sent word to the cedar that was in
presence as yet. Lebanon, saying, Give your daughter in marriage
24 So Hazael king of Syria died, and Ben Hadad to my son. And a wild beast that was in Lebanon
his son reigned in his place. 25 And Jehoash the passed by and trampled down the thistle. 10 You
son of Jehoahaz took back out of the hands of Ben have indeed defeated Edom, and your heart has
Hadad the son of Hazael the cities which he had lifted you up. Glory in this, but stay at home, for
taken by war out of the hands of Jehoahaz his why should you meddle with trouble so that you
father. Three times Joash defeated him and fall, you, and Judah with you?
recovered the cities of Israel. 11 But Amaziah would not listen. Therefore
Jehoash king of Israel went up, and he and Amaziah
14 In the second year of Joash son of
Jehoahaz, king of Israel, Amaziah the son
of Joash became king of Judah. 2 He was twenty-
king of Judah looked one another in the face at
Beth-Shemesh, which belongs to Judah. 12 And
Judah was defeated by Israel, and they all fled to
five years old when he began to reign, and he their tents. 13 And Jehoash king of Israel captured
reigned twenty-nine years in Jerusalem. And his Amaziah king of Judah, the son of Jehoash the son
13:19 Verse 25. 14:1-6 2 Chron 25:1-4.
13:21 Elishas bones had no power in them- 14:1 Joash or Jehoash.
selves to raise the dead or to do anything 14:3 David worshiped Jehovah, the only true
else. They were dead and death cannot God, and had nothing to do with gods.
give life. The power to raise the dead was, Amaziah did not follow that example. See
and is, in the God Elisha served. God was 2 Chron 25:14-16.
reminding the people of this. Compare 14:4 High places 12:3.
1 Sam 2:6; John 5:21. 14:5 12:20.
13:22 8:12,13; 10:32,33. 14:6 Deut 24:16; Jer 31:29,30; Ezek
13:23 Compassion Ex 34:6; Deut 32:36; 18:1-32.
Jud 2:18; Ps 86:15; Isa 49:15; Matt 9:36. 14:7 2 Sam 8:13; 1 Chron 18:12; Ps 60.
Covenant Gen 13:16,17; 17:2-7; 14:8-14 2 Chron 25:17-24.
Ex 2:24,25. 14:8 Face he meant face to face in battle.
13:25 10:32,33; 12:17; 13:18,19; 14:9 Jehoash thinks of himself as a mighty
14:25. God gave these victories and a cedar, Amaziah as a tiny thistle.
further period of prosperity to Israel to give 14:10 Prov 16:18.
the nation the opportunity to repent, but 14:11 Beth-Shemesh a town about 25
Israel did not learn its lesson. Later God kilometers west of Jerusalem.
punished them and removed them from the 14:12 Amaziahs defeat was a punishment from
land altogether 17:1-23. God for his idolatry. See 2 Chron 25:14-16,20.
2 KINGS 14:14 474
of Ahaziah, at Beth-Shemesh, and came to who caused Israel to sin. 25 He restored the
Jerusalem and broke down the wall of Jerusalem territory of Israel from the entrance of Hamath to
from the Gate of Ephraim to the Corner Gate, four the Sea of the Plain, in accordance with the word
hundred cubits. 14 He took all the gold and silver, of the LORD God of Israel, which he spoke through
and all the articles that were found in the house of his servant Jonah, the son of Amittai, the prophet,
the LORD and in the treasuries of the kings house, who was from Gath-Hepher.
and hostages, and returned to Samaria. 26 For the LORD saw that the suffering of
15 Now the rest of the acts of Jehoash which Israel was very bitter; for there was no one either
he did, and his might and how he fought with slave or free to come to the help of Israel. 27 And
Amaziah king of Judah, are they not written in the the LORD did not say that he would blot out the
book of The Annals of the Kings of Israel? 16 And name of Israel from under heaven, but he saved
Jehoash slept with his ancestors, and was buried in them by the hands of Jeroboam the son of Joash.
Samaria with the kings of Israel, and his son 28 Now the rest of the acts of Jeroboam, and
Jeroboam reigned in his place. all that he did and his might, how he made war and
17 And Amaziah the son of Joash, king of Judah, how he recovered Damascus and Hamath, which
lived fifteen years after the death of Jehoash son had belonged to Judah, for Israel, are they not
of Jehoahaz, king of Israel. 18 And the rest of the written in the book of The Annals of the Kings of
acts of Amaziah, are they not written in the book Israel? 29 And Jeroboam slept with his ancestors,
of The Annals of the Kings of Judah? with the kings of Israel, and his son Zachariah
19 Now they made a conspiracy against him in reigned in his place.
Jerusalem, and he fled to Lachish, but they sent
15
men after him to Lachish and killed him there. In the twenty-seventh year of Jeroboam,
20 And they brought him on horses, and he was king of Israel, Azariah son of Amaziah, king
buried at Jerusalem with his ancestors in the city of of Judah, began to reign. 2 He was sixteen years
David. old when he began to reign, and he reigned fifty-
21 And all the people of Judah took Azariah, two years in Jerusalem. And his mothers name
who was sixteen years old, and made him king in was Jecholiah; she was from Jerusalem. 3 And he
place of his father Amaziah. 22 He built Elath and did what was right in the sight of the LORD, in
restored it to Judah, after the king slept with his accordance with all that his father Amaziah had
ancestors. done, 4 except that the high places were not
23 In the fifteenth year of Amaziah the son of removed. The people still sacrificed and burnt
Joash, king of Judah, Jeroboam the son of Joash, incense on the high places.
king of Israel, began to reign in Samaria, and he 5 And the LORD struck the king, so that he was
reigned forty-one years. 24 And he did what was a leper to the day of his death and lived in a house
evil in the sight of the LORD. He did not depart apart. And Jotham, the kings son, was over the
from all the sins of Jeroboam the son of Nebat, house, judging the people of the land.
14:15 Annals 1 Kings 14:19. of view Jeroboam II was a mighty king who
14:16 Slept 1 Kings 2:10. brought victory and prosperity to Israel. But
14:17-20 2 Chron 25:25-28. from a spiritual point of view he was a
14:19 2 Chron 25:27. disaster, even as the first Jeroboam had
14:21 2 Chron 26:1,2. Azariah is known been. Both Hosea and Amos prophesied
also as Uzziah. during his reign, and a reading of their books
14:22 Elath a seaport in the south on makes clear the sad spiritual condition of
the Gulf of Aquaba. the people during his rule.
14:23 1 Kings 12:26-33. 14:29 Slept 1 Kings 14:19.
14:25 10:32; 13:25. Hamath was in the 15:1 14:17,21. Azariah is called Uzziah in
extreme north of the land of Israel. The v 13, 2 Chron 26:1-4, and some other places.
Sea of the Plain is the Dead Sea. 15:3 14:3.
Jonah this was the prophet of the 15:4 12:3; 14:4.
book of Jonah. 15:5 Leper the reason why God afflicted
14:26 Saw 13:23. him like this is seen in 2 Chron 26:16-23.
Suffering because of the Syrians Observe that God at times may send
(8:12; 10:32,33; 13:3,4). disease as punishment. But because this
14:27 13:5,23. The fact that God used is so, we should not think that every person
Jeroboam does not mean he was a good who gets a disease is being punished by
man. It means God had mercy on the God. Note on leprosy at Lev 13:2.
people and used their leader to help them House apart Lev 13:46. Here this
even though he was a wicked man v 24. may indicate a house where he was relieved
14:28 From the military and secular point of responsibility.
475 2 KINGS 15:28
6 And the rest of the acts of Azariah and all that 18 And he did what was evil in the sight of the
he did, are they not written in the book of The LORD. All his days he did not depart from the sins
Annals of the Kings of Judah? 7 So Azariah slept of Jeroboam the son of Nebat, who caused Israel
with his ancestors; and they buried him with his to sin.
ancestors in the city of David; and his son Jotham 19 And Pul the king of Assyria came against the
reigned in his place. land; and Menahem gave Pul a thousand talents of
8 In the thirty-eighth year of Azariah, king of silver, so that he might join hands with him to
Judah, Zachariah the son of Jeroboam reigned over establish the kingdom in his hand. 20 And Menahem
Israel in Samaria six months. 9 And he did what exacted the money from Israel, from all the wealthy
was evil in the sight of the LORD, as his fathers men, fifty shekels of silver from each man, to give
had done. He did not depart from the sins of Jero- to the king of Assyria. So the king of Assyria turned
boam the son of Nebat, who caused Israel to sin. back and did not stay there in the land.
10 And Shallum the son of Jabesh conspired 21 And the rest of the acts of Menahem and all
against him, and struck him in front of the people that he did, are they not written in the book of The
and killed him, and reigned in his place. 11 And the Annals of the Kings of Israel? 22 And Menahem
rest of the acts of Zachariah, see, they are written slept with his ancestors, and his son Pekahiah
in the book of The Annals of the Kings of Israel. reigned in his place.
12 This was the word of the LORD which he spoke 23 In the fiftieth year of Azariah, king of Judah,
to Jehu, saying, Your sons will sit on the throne of Pekahiah, the son of Menahem, began to reign
Israel to the fourth generation. And so it over Israel in Samaria, and he reigned two years.
happened. 24 And he did what was evil in the sight of the
13 Shallum the son of Jabesh began to reign in LORD. He did not depart from the sins of Jeroboam
the thirty-ninth year of Uzziah king of Judah, and the son of Nebat, who caused Israel to sin. 25 But
he reigned a full month in Samaria. 14 For Menahem Pekah the son of Remaliah, a captain of his,
the son of Gadi went up from Tirzah and came to conspired against him and struck him down in
Samaria, and struck down Shallum the son of Jabesh Samaria, in the citadel of the kings house, with
in Samaria and killed him, and reigned in his place. Argob and Arieh; and with him were fifty Gileadite
15 And the rest of the acts of Shallum, and the men. And he killed him, and reigned in his place.
conspiracy which he made, see, they are written 26 And the rest of the acts of Pekahiah and all
in the book of The Annals of the Kings of Israel. that he did, see, they are written in the book of
16 Then from Tirzah Menahem attacked Tiphsah, The Annals the Kings of Israel.
and all who were in it, and its territories. He 27 In the fifty-second year of Azariah, king of
attacked it because they did not open to him, and Judah, Pekah the son of Remaliah began to reign
he ripped open all the pregnant women in it. over Israel in Samaria, and he reigned twenty
17 In the thirty-ninth year of Azariah, king of years. 28 And he did what was evil in the sight of
Judah, Menahem the son of Gadi began to reign the LORD. He did not depart from the sins of Jero-
over Israel, and he reigned ten years in Samaria. boam the son of Nebat, who caused Israel to sin.
15:6 Annals 1 Kings 14:19. (1 Chron 5:26).
15:7 Slept note at 1 Kings 2:10. Assyria an ancient kingdom that lay
15:8 2 Kings 14:29; 5:1. to the northeast of Israel and controlled the
15:8-31 These verses present a picture of area which is now occupied by Iraq, Syria,
national confusion, of plots and murder, of swift and parts of Iran and Turkey. Its name was
succession of evil leaders. All this resulted derived from Asshur its national god and
from the fact that the nation would not honor also the name of one of its principal cities.
God and walk in His ways. The repeated refrain Its capital became Nineveh, a city founded
in these verses is the sins of Jeroboam the by Nimrod (Gen 10:11), and one of the
son of Nebat (vs 9,18,24,28). largest and most famous cities of ancient
15:9 1 Kings 12:28-33. times (see Jonah 1:2). Assyria reached its
15:10 Amos 7:9. greatest power and extent between 700-650
15:12 10:30. Zechariah was the last of B.C. Nineveh was destroyed in 612 B.C. and
Jehus descendants to occupy the throne. Assyria lost its power to the Babylonians.
Once more the Word of God was fulfilled to Thousand talents about 34,000
the letter. kilograms.
15:13 Uzziah is Azariah (v 1). 15:20 Fifty Shekels about 0.6 kilogram.
15:16 Women here was a man from Because of their sin the people of God had
Israel, Gods people, behaving as the cruel to send bribes to a heathen king to keep
and idolatrous king of Syria had behaved him away.
(8:12). 15:24 1 Kings 12:28-33.
15:18 1 Kings 12:28-33. 15:27 Isa 7:1.
15:19 Pul is another name for Tiglath-Pileser 15:28 Verses 9,18,24.
2 KINGS 15:29 476
29 In the days of Pekah, king of Israel, Tiglath sixteen years in Jerusalem. And he did not do
Pileser, king of Assyria, came and took Ijon and what was right in the sight of the LORD his God,
Abel Beth Maachah and Janoah and Kedesh and like his forefather David, 3 but he walked in the
Hazor and Gilead and Galilee, all the land of way of the kings of Israel. He even made his son
Naphtali, and carried them captive to Assyria. pass through the fire, in accordance with the
30 And Hoshea the son of Elah conspired against abominations of the nations whom the LORD drove
Pekah the son of Remaliah, and struck him down out from before the children of Israel. 4 And he
and killed him and reigned in his place, in the sacrificed and burnt incense in the high places and
twentieth year of Jotham the son of Uzziah. on the hills, and under every green tree.
31 And the rest of the acts of Pekah and all that 5 Then Rezin, king of Syria, and Pekah, son of
he did, see, they are written in the book of The Remaliah, king of Israel, came up to Jerusalem to
Annals of the Kings of Israel. fight, and they besieged Ahaz, but could not
32 In the second year of Pekah the son of overcome him. 6 At that time Rezin king of Syria
Remaliah, king of Israel, Jotham the son of Uzziah, recovered Elath for Syria, and drove the Jews from
king of Judah, began to reign. 33 He was twenty- Elath; and the Syrians came to Elath, and have
five years old when he began to reign, and he lived there to this day.
reigned sixteen years in Jerusalem. And his mothers 7 So Ahaz sent messengers to Tiglath Pileser,
name was Jerusha. She was the daughter of king of Assyria, saying, I am your servant and
Zadok. 34 And he did what was right in the sight of your son. Come up and save me out of the hand of
the LORD. He did everything just as his father the king of Syria, and out of the hand of the king of
Uzziah had done. 35 However the high places were Israel, who have risen up against me. 8 And Ahaz
not removed. The people still sacrificed and burned took the silver and gold that was found in the house
incense on the high places. He built the upper gate of the LORD, and in the treasuries of the kings
of the house of the LORD. house, and sent it as a present to the king of
36 Now the rest of the acts of Jotham and all Assyria. 9 And the king of Assyria listened to him;
that he did, are they not written in the book of The for the king of Assyria went up against Damascus
Annals of the Kings of Judah? 37 In those days the and took it, and carried its people captive to Kir,
LORD began to send Rezin the king of Syria, and and killed Rezin.
Pekah the son of Remaliah, against Judah. 38 And 10 And king Ahaz went to Damascus to meet
Jotham slept with his ancestors, and was buried Tiglath Pileser, king of Assyria, and saw an altar
with his ancestors in the city of David his father. that was at Damascus, and king Ahaz sent to Urijah
And his son Ahaz reigned in his place. the priest the design of the altar and its pattern, in
accordance with all its workmanship. 11 And Urijah
16 In the seventeenth year of Pekah, the son
of Remaliah, Ahaz the son of Jotham, king
of Judah, began to reign. 2 Ahaz was twenty
the priest built an altar in accordance with all that
king Ahaz had sent from Damascus. So Urijah the
priest made it before king Ahaz returned from
years old when he began to reign, and he reigned Damascus. 12 And when the king returned from
15:29 This was the beginning of the end of 16:7-16 2 Chron 28:16-25.
the northern kingdom of Israel. 16:7 Assyria note at 15:19. Tiglath
15:32-38 2 Chron 26:23 27:9. Pileser is the same as Pul in 15:19,29.
15:33 Slept note at 1 Kings 2:10. Save me king Ahaz had religion
15:34 15:3,4; 2 Chron 26:4,5. (vs 3,4), but did not have God. Those with-
15:35 Verse 3; 12:3; 14:4. out God have to look elsewhere for help.
15:37 16:5; Isa 7:1. They have to try to find their security in some
16:1-4 2 Chron 28:1-4. worldly power rather than in the Almighty.
16:1 Isa 1:1; 7:1. Compare Ahaz with Hezekiah (chapter 19).
16:2 14:3. Because of Ahaz Judah fell under the power
16:3 Pass through the fire this probably of Assyria until Hezekiah rebelled (18:7).
means burning them in the fire as a sacri- 16:8 12:17,18. Because there was no faith
fice Lev 18:21; Deut 12:31; 18:10; 2 and obedience in the leader of Gods people,
Kings 17:17; 21:6,11; Ps 106:37,38. once again Gods money was spent to bribe
Two nations near Israel who made such a heathen power.
abominable sacrifices were Moab and 16:9 Isa 7:16; Amos 1:3-5.
Ammon. The gods to whom they sacrificed 16:10-14 By this action Ahaz openly departs
were Chemosh and Molech. even further from the true God and His
16:4 High places 12:3; 1 Kings 3:2. worship. The altar built according to Gods
Tree 17:10; 1 Kings 14:23; Deut instructions (Ex 27:1-8) was put in a
12:12; Jer 2:20; 3:6; 17:2. secondary position, an altar designed for
16:5 15:37; 2 Chron 28:5,6; Isa 7:1-17. idolatrous worship in a foreign country is
16:6 14:22. given the first place, and Ahaz made his
477 2 KINGS 17:13
Damascus, the king saw the altar, and the king Samaria over Israel. He reigned nine years. 2 And
approached the altar and made an offering on it. he did what was evil in the sight of the LORD, but
13 And on the altar he burned his burnt offering not like the kings of Israel who were before him.
and his grain offering, and poured out his drink 3 Shalmaneser king of Assyria came up against
offering, and sprinkled the blood of his peace him, and Hoshea became his servant and paid him
offerings. 14 And also he took the bronze altar, tribute. 4 And the king of Assyria found out a
which was before the LORD, from the front of the conspiracy by Hoshea; for he had sent messen-
house, from between the altar and the house of gers to So, king of Egypt, and brought no tribute to
the LORD, and put it on the north side of the altar. the king of Assyria, as he had done year by year.
15 And king Ahaz commanded Urijah the priest, Therefore the king of Assyria shut him up and bound
saying, On the great altar burn the morning burnt him in prison. 5 Then the king of Assyria came up
offering and the evening grain offering, and the throughout the whole land, and went up to Samaria
kings burnt sacrifice and his grain offering, with and besieged it three years. 6 In the ninth year of
the burnt offering of all the people of the land and Hoshea, the king of Assyria captured Samaria and
their grain offering, and their drink offerings; and took Israel away into Assyria, and placed them in
sprinkle on it all the blood of the burnt offering, and Halah and in Habor by the river of Gozan and in the
all the blood of the sacrifice. And the bronze altar cities of the Medes.
will be for me to make inquiry. 16 Urijah the priest 7 Now this occured because the children of Israel
did so, in accordance with all that king Ahaz had sinned against the LORD their God who had
commanded. brought them up from the land of Egypt, from under
17 And king Ahaz cut off the panels from the the hand of Pharaoh king of Egypt, and they had
stands, and removed the lavers from them, and feared other gods, 8 and walked in the customs of
took the sea down from the bronze oxen that were the nations whom the LORD drove out from before
under it, and put it on a pavement of stones. the children of Israel, and those of the kings of
18 And he removed the pavilion for the Sabbath Israel which they had introduced. 9 And the children
that they had built in the house, and the kings of Israel secretly did those things that were not
outer entrance from the house of the LORD, on right against the LORD their God, and they built
account of the king of Assyria. high places for themselves in all their cities, from
19 Now the rest of the acts of Ahaz which he the watchmans tower to the fortified city. 10 And
did, are they not written in the book of The Annals they set up images and groves for themselves on
of the Kings of Judah? 20 And Ahaz slept with his every high hill and under every green tree, 11 and
ancestors, and was buried with his ancestors in the there they burnt incense on all the high places, like
city of David, and Hezekiah his son reigned in his the nations whom the LORD took away before
place. them, and did wicked things, provoking the LORD
to anger; 12 for they served idols, about which
17 In the twelfth year of Ahaz, king of Judah,
Hoshea the son of Elah began to reign in
the LORD had said to them, You shall not do this
thing. 13 Though the LORD testified against Israel
offerings on the new altar. So little did he Tiglath-Pileser (15:19,29).
have room in his religion for the true God. 17:4 When God has given up an individual
16:13 Burnt offering, etc Leviticus or a people to punishment, there will be no
chapters 1-3. help from human beings in trying to avert
16:15 Ahaz tried to shove God aside and it.
worship as he pleased. But in time of need To So, king or to Sais, to the king.
he wanted to get guidance from Gods altar 17:6 Israels captivity was the inevitable
(but not by seeking God Himself). Actually punishment for their sin, as the following
nothing is said anywhere in the Bible about verses make clear. See also Lev 26:33;
the altar being able to give guidance. Ahab Deut 28:63,64. All the curses God
was showing superstition, not faith. And pronounced on a disobedient people in
should anyone expect to get guidance from Deuteronomy chapter 28 came upon them.
God in time of need when they ignore God God always does exactly as He says He will
at all other times? do.
16:16 Commanded all too often those 17:7,8 Ex 20:1-5; Josh 23:16; Jud 6:10;
who should stand for truth and oppose error, 1 Kings 12:28-33; 16:31-33; 2 Kings 16:3.
weakly give in to a strong corrupt leader. 17:9 16:3,4; 1 Kings 3:2; 15:14.
16:17 1 Kings 7:23-28,38. Ahaz began to 17:10 Ex 34:12,13; 1 Kings 14:15,23.
destroy the work of Solomon. 17:11 Incense a symbol of prayer and
16:19 Annals 1 Kings 14:19. worship (Ex 30:7,34-38). If they follow the
16:20 Slept 1 Kings 2:10. depravity of their hearts men will misuse
City of David 2 Sam 5:6,7. and pervert all the holy things of God.
17:1 15:30. 17:12 Ex 20:3-5; 23:13; Lev 26:1.
17:3 18:9-12. Shalmaneser succeeded 17:13 All the seers during the time of
2 KINGS 17:14 478
and against Judah, through all the prophets and offspring of Israel, and afflicted them, and
through all the seers, saying, Turn from your evil delivered them into the hands of plunderers, until
ways and keep my commandments and my he had cast them out of his sight.
statutes, in accordance with all the law which I 21 For he tore Israel from the house of David;
commanded your fathers, and which I sent to you and they made Jeroboam the son of Nebat king.
by my servants the prophets. And Jeroboam drove Israel away from following
14 However, they would not hear, but hard- the LORD, and caused them to commit a great sin.
ened their necks, like the necks of their fathers 22 For the children of Israel walked in all the sins of
who did not believe in the LORD their God. 15 And Jeroboam which he did. They did not depart from
they rejected his statutes and his covenant that them, 23 until the LORD removed Israel out of his
he made with their fathers, and his testimonies sight, as he had said by all his servants the proph-
which he testified against them. And they followed ets. So Israel was taken away out of their own
vanity and became vain, and went after the land to Assyria, as it is to this day.
nations that were around them, concerning whom 24 And the king of Assyria brought people from
the LORD had commanded them not to do like them. Babylon and from Cuthah and from Ava and from
16 And they left all the commandments of the Hamath and from Sepharvaim, and placed them in
LORD their God, and made cast metal images for the cities of Samaria in place of the children of
themselves, two calves, and made a grove, and Israel. And they possessed Samaria, and lived in
worshipped all the starry host of heaven, and ser- its cities. 25 And it so happened, when they began
ved Baal. 17 And they caused their sons and their to live there, that they did not fear the LORD, so
daughters to pass through the fire, and used divi- the LORD sent lions among them, which killed some
nation and sorcery, and sold themselves to do evil of them. 26 Therefore they spoke to the king of
in the sight of the LORD, provoking him to anger. Assyria, saying, The nations which you have
18 Therefore the LORD was very angry with removed, and placed in the cities of Samaria, do
Israel, and removed them out of his sight. None not know the ways of the God of the land.
was left except the tribe of Judah alone. 19 Judah Therefore he has sent lions among them, and, lo
also did not keep the commandments of the LORD and behold, they are killing them, because they do
their God, but walked in the customs of Israel which know not the ways of the God of the land.
they made. 20 And the LORD rejected all the 27 Then the king of Assyria commanded,
Israels apostasy God raised up some of Judah 1 Kings 11:31,32.
the greatest men of God who ever lived: 17:19 16:3; 1 Kings 14:22,23. The fall of
the prophets Elijah, Elisha, Isaiah, Hosea, the northern kingdom of Israel should have
Amos, and others not so well known. He been a warning to Judah. But they did not
spoke through them repeatedly to warn and learn from that and became even worse than
exhort the people, but all to no avail. Israel (Jer 3:6-11; Ezek 16:51,52).
Nothing no promises, no threats, no Eventually they went the same way of pun-
punishment, no rewards nothing at all ishment and captivity. Do we learn from Bible
would keep them from following the desires history? See Rom 15:4; 1 Cor 10:1-12.
of their depraved hearts. In other words, We would make a big mistake if we
they were ordinary sinful people like all other thought we were, by nature, better than
people in the world. those sinful, stubborn and rebellious people
17:14 Ex 32:9; 33:3; Deut 9:23,24; Ps of Israel and Judah. See Rom 3:9. Verses
78:22; 106:24; Prov 29:1; Acts 7:51. 7-17 reveal what the heart of man is like.
17:15 Covenant Ex 19:5,6; 24:6-8. In words of the New Testament the people
Vain see Ps 115:8. whose actions are described here walked
Nations that were around Deut 12:29- after the flesh, followed their sinful
32. They did the exact opposite of all God natures (Gal 5:16-21). Now, as then, the
laid down in His Word as right behavior. only way to a life of victory over the sinful
17:16 Deut 4:15-19; 1 Kings 12:28; nature is knowing God, loving God, and walk-
14:15-23; 16:31. ing in the power of Gods Spirit (Rom 8:3,4;
A grove or Asherah pole note at Gal 5:16).
Jud 3:7. 17:20 10:32,33; 13:3,20; 15:29; 24:2;
Starry host a sin God said was worthy Jud 2:14.
of death. See Deut 17:2-5. 17:21 1 Kings 11:11,31; 12:20,28-33.
Baal note at Jud 2:11. 17:23 Verse 13; 1 Kings 14:14-16; Hos
17:17 Lev 19:26; Deut 18:10-12; 1 Kings 10:1-7; 11:5; Amos 5:27. This is the
21:22. origin of the Samaritans who appear in the
Through the fire note at 16:3. New Testament (Luke 9:52; 10:33; John
17:18 Angry notes on Gods anger at 4:9,39; Acts 8:5-9).
Num 25:3; Ps 90:7-11; etc. 17:25 The land belonged to Jehovah God
His sight away from Gods land into and He had given it to His people Israel.
exile. These foreign idolaters had no right to live
479 2 KINGS 18:4
saying, Take there one of the priests whom you who brought you up out of the land of Egypt with
brought from there; and let him go and live there, great power and a stretched out arm, and him you
and let him teach them the ways of the God of the shall worship, and to him you shall sacrifice.
land. 28 Then one of the priests whom they had 37 And you shall be careful to do the statutes and
taken away from Samaria came and lived in Bethel, the ordinances and the law and the commandment
and taught them how they should fear the LORD. which he wrote for you, forever. And you shall not
29 However each nation made gods of their fear other gods. 38 And you shall not forget the
own, and put them in the shrines of the high places covenant that I have made with you, nor shall you
which the Samaritans had made, each nation in the fear other gods. 39 But you shall fear the LORD
cities where they lived. 30 And the men of Babylon your God. Then he will deliver you out of the hand
made Succoth Benoth, and the men of Cuth made of all your enemies.
Nergal, and the men of Hamath made Ashima, 40 However they did not listen, but did accord-
31 and the Avites made Nibhaz and Tartak, and the ing to their former custom. 41 So these nations
Sepharvites burnt their children in fire to feared the LORD, and served their carved images,
Adrammelech and Anammelech, the gods of together with their children and their childrens
Sepharvaim. 32 So they feared the LORD, but children. As their fathers did, so they have done
made priests of the high places for themselves from to this day.
the lowest of them, who sacrificed for them in the
shrines of the high places. 33 They feared the
LORD, yet served their own gods, in accordance
with the custom of the nations whom they took
18 Now it came about in the third year of
Hoshea son of Elah, king of Israel, that
Hezekiah, the son of Ahaz, king of Judah, began to
away from there. reign. 2 He was twenty-five years old when he
34 To this day they practice the former began to reign, and he reigned twenty-nine years
customs. They do not fear the LORD, nor do they in Jerusalem. And his mothers name was Abi. She
follow their statutes or their ordinances, or the law was the daughter of Zachariah. 3 And he did what
and commandments which the LORD commanded was right in the sight of the LORD, in everything
the children of Jacob, whom he named Israel, just as his father David had done. 4 He removed
35 with whom the LORD made a covenant, and the high places and smashed the images and cut
charged them, saying, You shall not fear other down the groves, and broke in pieces the bronze
gods, nor bow down to them nor serve them nor serpent that Moses had made; for until those days
sacrifice to them. 36 But you shall fear the LORD the children of Israel had burned incense to it, and
there. When they did not even so much as over everything.
acknowledge Jehovah, they paid the 18:2 Twenty-nine years part of this time
penalty for it. he shared the throne with Ahaz. Some
17:28 Bethel 1 Kings 12:29,32. Bethel events in his reign are recorded in
had been a center of the apostate religion 2 Chronicles chapters 29-32 and Isaiah
founded by Jeroboam. chapters 36-39.
17:29 High places 1 Kings 12:31; 13:33. Abi or Abijah. Abijah means
17:32,33 Verse 41. It seems they believed Jehovah is father or Jehovah is my fa-
that all gods and all religions were good. ther. Perhaps Hezekiahs godliness and
They did not want to ignore Jehovah they good character resulted from his mothers
had found that to be dangerous (v 25). But example and training. Many men of God
they did not want to worship Him exclusively, owe a great deal to their godly mothers.
and in their blindness did not see the 18:3 No king in Israel and only a few in Judah
necessity of doing so. Compare 1 Kings are compared favorably in the Bible with
18:21; Matt 6:24. The true God does not David only Asa, Hezekiah, Josiah, and, to
accept the worship of those who try to some extent, Jehoshaphat.
worship other gods with Him (v 35-39). See 18:4 High places 1 Kings 3:2.
Ex 20:1-6; Jer 7:1-11; 2 Cor 6:14-18. But The groves or Asherah poles
men are very slow to understand this truth. 1 Kings 16:23.
The very dangerous lie of syncretism is widely Bronze serpent see Num 21:8,9. That
accepted by men in every era, including ours. which once had been a means of blessing
17:35-38 Ex 20:2-6,23; Deut 4:23; had become an idol. This is a tendency in
5:32,33; 6:12,13; 10:20; 22:20. human nature and we must learn to resist
17:39 Ex 23:22; Deut 20:1-4; 23:14. it. No means which God uses for our
18:1-3 2 Chron 29:1,2. blessing is to be worshiped, but only God
18:1 Ahaz, Hezekiahs father, was one of who gives the blessing. We must never idol-
the worst of Judahs kings (16:1-4), yet ize any form, pattern, thing, or man.
Hezekiah was one of the very best. Not one Nehushtan this sounds like the
of us needs to remain captive to ancestry Hebrew for bronze and snake and unclean
and background. Gods grace can triumph thing.
2 KINGS 18:5 480
he called it Nehushtan. of the LORD, and in the treasuries of the kings
5 He trusted in the LORD God of Israel, so that house.
after him there was no one like him among all the 16 At that time Hezekiah cut off the gold from
kings of Judah, nor were there any before him. the doors of the temple of the LORD, and from the
6 For he clung to the LORD, and did not turn away pillars which Hezekiah king of Judah had overlaid,
from following him, but kept his commandments, and gave it to the king of Assyria.
which the LORD commanded Moses. 7 And the 17 And the king of Assyria sent Tartan and
LORD was with him, and he was successful Rabsaris and Rabshakeh from Lachish with a great
wherever he went. And he rebelled against the army to king Hezekiah at Jerusalem. And they
king of Assyria, and did not serve him. 8 He went up and came to Jerusalem. And when they
defeated the Philistines, as far as Gaza and its had come up, they came and stood by the aque-
territories, from the watchmans tower to the duct of the upper pool, which is on the road to the
fortified city. Fullers Field. 18 And when they had called out for
9 And it came about in the fourth year of king the king, Eliakim the son of Hilkiah, who was over
Hezekiah, which was the seventh year of Hoshea the household, and Shebna the scribe and Joah
son of Elah, king of Israel, that Shalmaneser, king the son of Asaph the recorder, came out to them.
of Assyria, came up against Samaria and besieged 19 And Rabshakeh said to them, Say now to
it. 10 And at the end of three years they took it. Hezekiah, Thus says the great king, the king of
Samaria was taken in the sixth year of Hezekiah, Assyria: what is this hope you are trusting in?
that is, the ninth year of Hoshea king of Israel. 20 You say (but they are only vain words), I have
11 And the king of Assyria took Israel away to counsel and strength for the war. Now in whom do
Assyria, and put them in Halah and in Habor by the you trust, that you rebel against me? 21 Now, see,
river of Gozan, and in the cities of the Medes. you are trusting in the staff of that bruised reed,
12 This occurred because they did not obey the in Egypt, on which if a man leans, it will go into his
voice of the LORD their God, but transgressed his hand and pierce it. So is Pharaoh king of Egypt to
covenant and all that Moses the servant of the all who trust in him. 22 But if you say to me, We
LORD commanded, and would not hear or do them. trust in the LORD our God, is not he the one whose
13 Now in the fourteenth year of king Hezekiah, high places and whose altars Hezekiah has taken
Sennacherib, king of Assyria, came up against all away, and has said to Judah and Jerusalem, You
the fortified cities of Judah and took them. 14 And shall worship before this altar in Jerusalem?
Hezekiah, king of Judah, sent word to the king of 23 Now therefore, please give pledges to my
Assyria to Lachish, saying, I have done wrong. lord the king of Assyria, and I will deliver two
Withdraw from me. I will pay whatever you impose thousand horses to you, if you on your part are
on me. And the king of Assyria demanded from able to set riders on them. 24 How then will you
Hezekiah king of Judah three hundred talents of turn away the face of one of the least of the cap-
silver and thirty talents of gold. 15 And Hezekiah tains of my masters servants, and put your trust in
gave him all the silver that was found in the house Egypt for chariots and for horsemen? 25 Have I
18:5 A similar thing is said about Hezekiahs as the man in Mark 9:24 did?
great-grandson Josiah. See 23:25. Faith Talent one talent is about 34
is the quality in which Hezekiah excelled. kilograms.
Compare 19:14-19. 18:15,16 12:18; 16:8; 1 Kings 15:18,19.
18:6 Clung Deut 6:18; 10:20; 11:22; Giving Gods possessions to a foreign,
13:4. idolatrous king could not have been right,
18:7 Successful Gen 39:2,3; Josh 1:7; and it did not stop the king of Assyria.
1 Sam 18:14. 18:17 Jerusalem there are two other
Rebelled Judah had fallen under the accounts of what follows in the rest of this
power of Assyria during the reign of chapter and the following two chapters
Hezekiahs father (16:7-10). 2 Chronicles chapter 32 and Isaiah
18:8 Compare 2 Chron 28:18. When God chapters 36-39.
works with His people, sad and evil Fullers Field Isa 7:3.
conditions can be reversed. 18:19 Little did he know that Hezekiahs
18:9-11 17:3-6. trust was in the Creator of the universe
18:12 17:7-20. one who could send one angel and crush
18:13 2 Chron 32:1; Isa 36:1. the whole army of Assyria (v 5; 19:35).
18:14 Wrong Hezekiah refers to his 18:20-25 The object of this speech, begun
rebellion against Assyria (v 7). But he may with much sarcasm, was to destroy the
have been wrong in calling it wrong, since it peoples confidence so they would surrender
was a result of Gods working with him. Jerusalem without a fight. He says they
Hezekiah had a temporary failure of faith. should have no confidence in their army (vs
Do not we all have to confess sometimes 20,23,24), in any agreement they may have
481 2 KINGS 19:9
now come up against this place to destroy it, their country out of my hands, that the LORD should
without the LORD? The LORD said to me, Go up deliver Jerusalem out of my hand?
against this land and destroy it. 36 But the people kept silent and did not
26 Then Eliakim the son of Hilkiah and Shebna answer him a word, for the kings command was as
and Joah said to Rabshakeh, Please speak to your follows: Do not answer him.
servants in the Syrian language, for we under- 37 Then Eliakim the son of Hilkiah, who was
stand it ; and do not talk with us in the Jews over the household, and Shebna the scribe and
language in the hearing of the people who are on Joah, the son of Asaph, the recorder, came to
the wall. Hezekiah with their clothes torn and told him the
27 But Rabshakeh said to them, Has my mas- words of Rabshakeh.
ter sent me only to your master and to you, to
speak these words? Has he not sent me to the
men who are sitting on the wall, that they may eat
their own dung, and drink their own urine with you?
19 And it came about, when king Hezekiah
heard it, that he tore his clothes and
covered himself with sackcloth and went into the
28 Then Rabshakeh stood and shouted with a loud house of the LORD. 2 And he sent Eliakim, who was
voice in the Jews language and spoke, saying, over the household, and Shebna the scribe and
Hear the word of the great king, the king of Assyria. the elders of the priests, covered with sackcloth,
29 Thus says the king: Do not let Hezekiah deceive to Isaiah the prophet, the son of Amoz. 3 And they
you, for he will not be able to deliver you out of his said to him, Thus says Hezekiah: This day is a day
hand. 30 And do not let Hezekiah make you trust in of trouble and of rebuke and blasphemy; for the
the LORD, saying, The LORD will surely deliver us, children have come to the point of birth and there
and this city will not be delivered into the hands of is no strength to deliver them. 4 It may be the
the king of Assyria. LORD your God will hear all the words of Rabshakeh,
31 Do not listen to Hezekiah. For thus says the whom his master, the king of Assyria, has sent to
king of Assyria: Make peace with me through a reproach the living God, and will rebuke the words
gift and come out to me, and then each man of you which the LORD your God has heard. Therefore lift
eat from his own vine and each one from his fig up your prayer for the remnant that is left.
tree, and each one drink the water from his cistern, 5 So the servants of king Hezekiah came to
32 until I come and take you away to a land like Isaiah. 6 And Isaiah said to them, Thus shall you
your own land, a land of grain and wine, a land of say to your master: Thus says the LORD, Do not
bread and vineyards, a land of olive oil and of honey, be afraid of the words which you have heard, with
so that you may live and not die. And do not listen which the servants of the king of Assyria have
to Hezekiah, when he persuades you, saying, The blasphemed me. 7 Look, I will put a spirit in him,
LORD will deliver us. 33 Has any of the gods of the and he will hear a report and return to his own
nations ever delivered his land out of the hand of land; and I will cause him to fall by the sword in his
the king of Assyria? 34 Where are the gods of own land.
Hamath and of Arpad? Where are the gods of 8 So Rabshakeh returned and found the king of
Sepharvaim, Hena, and Ivah? Have they delivered Assyria warring against Libnah, for he had heard
Samaria out of my hands? 35 Among all the gods of that he had departed from Lachish.
the countries, who are those who have delivered 9 And when the king heard a report about
made with Egypt (vs 21,24), or in God agitation (Gen 37:34; 2 Sam 13:3;
(v 22). And he tried to convince them it was Job 2:12).
Gods will for them to surrender (v 25). 19:1-35 2 Chron 21:1-21; Isa 37:1-38.
18:27-35 The commander continued his 19:1 6:30; Gen 37:34; 1 Kings 21:27;
attempt to destroy the peoples confidence Est 4:1.
in both God and Hezekiah. He knew that if 19:2 Isaiah the first mention in the Bible
they surrendered their confidence they would of one of the greatest of all the prophets
surrender the city. This was what is known and the author of the book which bears his
in our day as psychological warfare. He put name.
the choice before them complete famine 19:3 No strength to deliver them words
(v 27) or plenty (v 31), death or life (v 32). which indicate pain, weakness, and crisis.
He tried to convince them that Jehovah was 19:4 Reproach 1 Sam 17:26,36,45.
as weak and useless as the gods of other Living God Deut 5:26; Josh 3:10;
nations Assyria had trampled on. And he 1 Sam 17:26; Ps 42:2; Jer 10:10.
emphasized the might of the Assyrians (the Remnant Isa 1:9; 10:20; 11:11.
most powerful nation in the world at that 19:6 Afraid Gen 15:1; Ex 14:13,14;
time). Josh 1:9. If men fear God they need not
18:36 The people did not forsake their fear men (Matt 10:26-31).
confidence. 19:7 Prov 21:1; 19:21.
18:37 Clothes torn a symbol of great 19:9 Verse 7.
2 KINGS 19:10 482
Tirhakah king of Ethiopia, Look, he has come out and laughs you to scorn.
to fight against you, he again sent messengers to The daughter of Jerusalem shakes her
Hezekiah, saying, 10 Thus shall you speak to head at you.
Hezekiah king of Judah, saying, Do not let your 22 Whom have you reproached and
God, in whom you trust, deceive you, saying, blasphemed?
Jerusalem will not be delivered into the hands of And against whom have you raised
the king of Assyria. 11 Look, you have heard what your voice,
the kings of Assyria have done to all lands, utterly and lifted up your eyes on high?
destroying them. And will you be delivered? Against the Holy One of Israel.
12 Have the gods of the nations delivered those 23 Through your messengers you have
which my fathers destroyed, Gozan, and Haran reproached the Lord, and have said,
and Rezeph, and the children of Eden who were in With my many chariots I have come
Thelasar? 13 Where is the king of Hamath and the up to the height of the mountains,
king of Arpad and the king of the city of Sepharvaim, to the sides of Lebanon,
of Hena and Ivah? and I cut down its tall cedar trees and
14 And Hezekiah received the letter from the its choice fir trees,
hands of the messengers and read it, and Hezekiah and I entered its most distant lodgings,
went up into the house of the LORD and spread it and its finest forest.
before the LORD. 15 And Hezekiah prayed before 24 I have dug and drunk foreign water,
the LORD and said, O LORD God of Israel, who and with the soles of my feet I have
dwells between the cherubim, you are God of all dried up all the rivers of besieged
the kingdoms of the earth, you alone. You have places.
made heaven and earth. 16 LORD, incline your
25 The LORD says,
ear, and hear. LORD, open your eyes and see,
Did you not heard long ago how I have
and hear the words Sennacherib has sent him to
done it,
reproach the living God.
and in ancient times that I have formed
17 It is true, LORD, the kings of Assyria have
this plan ?
destroyed the nations and their lands, 18 and
Now I have carried it out, so that you
have thrown their gods into the fire. For they
would be for turning fortified
were not gods, but the work of mens hands, wood
cities into heaps of ruins.
and stone. Therefore they have destroyed them.
26 Therefore their inhabitants had little
19 Now therefore, O LORD our God, I beg you,
power.
save us out of his hand, so that all the kingdoms of
They were dismayed and disgraced.
the earth may know that you are the LORD God,
They were like the grass of the field,
you only.
and like the green plant,
20 Then Isaiah the son of Amoz sent word to
like the grass on the housetops,
Hezekiah, saying, Thus says the LORD God of
and like grain blasted before it
Israel, I have heard what you have prayed to me
has grown up.
against Sennacherib king of Assyria. 21 This is the
27 But I know your dwelling place,
word that the LORD has spoken concerning him:
and your going out and your coming in,
The virgin daughter of Zion despises you, and your rage against me.
19:10-13 18:30-35. 14:17; 18:13; 46:11; Lam 2:13.
19:15 Cherubim Ex 25:22; Ps 80:1; 19:22 Reproached vs 4-6.
99:1. Holy One of Israel a phrase very
You alone Isa 43:10; 44:6; 45:5,21. common in Isaiah. See Isa 1:4.
Jehovah God was sovereign over Assyria 19:23,24 Here is the pride and arrogance so
also, though the Assyrians did not know it. common in worldly rulers and so hateful to God
19:16 Reproach v 4. Prov 3:34; 6:16,17; Isa 2:10-18.
19:18 Ps 115:4; Isa 44:9-20; Jer 10:3-5; Concerning the pride of Assyria see Isa 10:12.
Acts 17:29. 19:25 I have carried it out the Assyrians
19:19 Ex 9:16; Josh 4:24; 1 Sam 17:46; thought they had accomplished their
1 Kings 8:42,43; Ps 83:18. victories by their own military power and skill.
19:20 I have heard 20:5. Hezekiah was Actually they were like a mere rod in Gods
the kind of man God listened to, and his hand to accomplish His purposes (Isa
prayers were of the kind God could answer. 10:5,6,13-15). Compare Isa 45:1; Jer
If we want God to hear our prayers we must 51:20-23.
live in a way that is pleasing to God. 19:26 Ps 37:2; 129:6.
19:21 Virgin daughter Isa 47:1; Jer 19:27 Ps 139:2,3; Heb 4:13.
483 2 KINGS 20:6
28 Because your rage against me and 34 For I will defend this city to save it,
your arrogance have come up into for my own sake,
my ears, and for my servant Davids sake.
I will put my hook in your nose, 35 And it came about that night, that the angel
and my bridle in your mouth, of the LORD went out and struck down a hundred
and I will turn you back on the road and eighty-five thousand in the camp of the
by which you came. Assyrians. And when the people arose early in the
29 And this will be a sign to you, morning, there were all the dead bodies! 36 So
Hezekiah: Sennacherib king of Assyria departed. He set out
This year you will eat what grows by and returned, and lived at Nineveh.
itself, 37 And it happened that as he was worshipping
and in the second year what springs in the house of Nisroch his god, his sons
from it, Adrammelech and Sharezer struck him down with
and in the third year sow and reap and the sword, and escaped into the land of Armenia.
plant vineyards and eat its fruits. And his son Esarhaddon reigned in his place.
30 And the remnant of the house of Judah
that has escaped will once again
take root downward,
and bear fruit upward.
20 In those days Hezekiah became sick and
was near death. And the prophet Isaiah,
the son of Amoz, came to him and said to him,
31 For out of Jerusalem a remnant will Thus says the LORD: Set your house in order, for
go out, you are going to die and not live.
and those who escape will go out of 2 Then he turned his face to the wall, and
Mount Zion. prayed to the LORD, saying, 3 I beg you, O LORD,
The zeal of the LORD of hosts will remember now how I have walked before you in
do this. truth and with a perfect heart, and have done
what is good in your sight. And Hezekiah wept
32 Therefore thus says the LORD concerning
bitterly.
the king of Assyria:
4 And it so happened that before Isaiah had
He will not come into this city, gone out into the middle court, the word of the
or shoot an arrow there, LORD came to him, saying, 5 Turn back and tell
or come before it with shield, Hezekiah the leader of my people: Thus says the
or throw up an embankment against it. LORD, the God of your father David: I have heard
33 He will return by the way that he your prayer, I have seen your tears. Now I will
came, heal you. On the third day you will go up to the
and will not come into this city, house of the LORD. 6 And I will add fifteen years
says the LORD. to your days. And I will deliver you and this city
19:28 19:33,36; Ezek 19:9; 29:4; 38:4. God answered (v 20; 20:5). Let us strive
God can do just as He pleases with any to be like them in faith and in faithfulness.
nation or army on earth (Dan 4:34,35). 19:35 Angel of the LORD note at Gen
19:29 Evidently the Assyrians had taken the 16:7. To punish one nation for its sins God
harvest from the fields of Judah or may use the armies of another nation, but
destroyed it. The promise to Hezekiah is He does not need to use that means. See
that in the third year both the Assyrians and Isa 31:8. Compare Ex 12:29; 2 Sam
the effects of their invasion would be gone. 24:16; Rev 19:15,19-21.
19:30 Remnant v 4. Even in the most 19:36 Departed vs 7,28. Once again
perilous of times, even in the most Gods Word was completely fulfilled.
apostate of conditions, God always keeps Nineveh the capital of Assyria.
some people for Himself. 19:37 His sons this was the end of the
19:31 Zeal of the LORD Isa 9:7; 26:11; mighty monarch who dared to insult and
42:13; 59:17; 63:15. blaspheme the true God (vs 22,23).
19:32-34 God Himself, in His zeal for His 20:1-21 2 Chron 32:24-33; Isa 38:1-39:8.
people, would defend Jerusalem. This is 20:3 18:3-6. Compare Neh 5:19; 13:14,22;
what preserved the city, not Hezekiahs acts Ps 18:23-26.
of 18:13-15. 20:4 Word of the LORD came Jer 1:2;
19:34 Defend if God is our defense what Ezek 1:3; Jonah 1:1; Hag 1:1; Zech 1:1;
is there to fear (Rom 8:31; Heb 13:6)? etc.
Davids sake 1 Kings 11:13,36; 15:4. 20:5 I have heard 19:20; Ps 39:12;
David was the kind of man whom God wanted 56:8; 65:2.
to do things for, even after his death. Heal Ex 15:26; 1 Sam 2:6; Ps 103:3.
Hezekiah was the kind of man whose prayers 20:6 I will deliver these words seem to
2 KINGS 20:7 484
from the hands of the king of Assyria, and I will And Hezekiah said, They came from a far
defend this city for my own sake, and for my country, from Babylon.
servant Davids sake. 15 And he said, What did they see in your
7 And Isaiah said, Take a lump of figs. And house?
they took it and laid it on the boil, and he And Hezekiah answered, They saw everything
recovered. that is in my house. There is nothing among my
8 And Hezekiah said to Isaiah, What is the treasures that I did not show them.
sign that the LORD will heal me, and that I will go up 16 And Isaiah said to Hezekiah, Hear the word
to the house of the LORD on the third day? of the LORD. 17 See, the days are coming that all
9 And Isaiah said, This is the sign you have that is in your house, and what your fathers have
from the LORD, that the LORD will do what he has stored up to this day, will be carried into Babylon.
spoken: Shall the shadow go forward ten degrees, Nothing will be left, says the LORD. 18 And some
or go backward ten degrees? of your sons, your own offspring who will be born
10 And Hezekiah answered, It is an easy thing to you, will be taken away by them, and they will
for the shadow to go down ten degrees. No, but become eunuchs in the palace of the king of
let the shadow go backward ten degrees. Babylon.
11 And Isaiah the prophet cried out to the LORD, 19 Then Hezekiah said to Isaiah, The word of
and he brought the shadow ten degrees backward, the LORD which you have spoken is good. And he
from which it had gone down in the sundial of Ahaz. said, Is it not good, if there are peace and truth
12 At that time Berodach Baladan, the son of in my days?
Baladan, king of Babylon, sent letters and a present 20 And the rest of the acts of Hezekiah and all
to Hezekiah, for he heard that Hezekiah had been his might, and how he made a pool and a channel
sick. 13 And Hezekiah listened to them, and showed and brought water into the city, are they not
them all his treasure house, the silver and the gold written in the book of The Annals of the Kings of
and the spices and the valuable oil, and his armoury, Judah? 21 And Hezekiah slept with his ancestors,
and all that was found in his treasuries. There was and his son Manasseh reigned in his stead.
nothing in his house, or in all his dominion, that
Hezekiah did not show them.
14 Then Isaiah the prophet came to king
Hezekiah and said to him, What did these men
21 Manasseh was twelve years old when he
began to reign, and he reigned fifty-five
years in Jerusalem. And his mothers name was
say? And where did they come from to you? Hephzibah. 2 And he did what was evil in the sight
indicate that Hezekiahs illness and recov- influencing any part He wishes at any time.
ery preceded the events of the previous chap- See Josh 10:12-14.
ter. It appears that if Hezekiahs life had not 20:13 Treasure see 18:15. This indicates
been lengthened, he would not have been that the visit of the messengers from
alive when Sennacheribs army came against Babylon took place before the army of
Jerusalem. Also Manasseh, Judahs worst Assyria invaded Judah in 18:13. When the
king, would never have been born (20:1). Babylonians came there was still great
When God acts in answer to mans prayers it wealth in Jerusalem, and pride had entered
can have a profound effect on later events. the heart of Hezekiah (2 Chron 32:25-27).
20:7 Lump of figs God said He would 20:17,18 24:12-15; 25:7,13-15; 2 Chron
heal Hezekiah. But Gods prophet did not 33:11.
think that this excluded the use of human Eunuchs this word was sometimes
means of healing. God may use human used to mean those who served in a kings
remedies and medicines in His work of palace whether they were literal eunuchs or
healing, though He is in no way dependent not.
on them, and He may heal directly and 20:19 1 Sam 3:18.
altogether miraculously when He wishes. 20:20 Annals note at 1 Kings 14:19.
20:8 Sign note on signs at Isa 7:10,11. 20:21 Slept note at 1 Kings 2:10.
God did not rebuke Hezekiah for asking for 21:1-9 2 Chron 33:1-9. Manasseh reigned
a sign, but gave him one. See also Judges longer than any other king of Judah, and
6:17,36-40. during the first part of his reign he was the
20:10 Isa 38:8. This sundial was probably worst of all Judahs kings. At that time evil
the stairway of Ahaz, constructed in such a came to its dreadful climax in that
way that it revealed the time of day. As the kingdom. He finally repented (2 Chron
suns position in the sky moves to the west, 33:10-16), but his repentance could not
shadows cast by things on earth naturally undo all the evil he had done.
lengthen toward the east. For the shadows 21:1 Twelve if God had not added 15
to shorten would have been contrary to years to Hezekiahs life (20:6), Manasseh
nature, and, so, miraculous. God, who made would not have been born.
the heavens and the earth, has no difficulty 21:2 Instead of following his father, he
485 2 KINGS 21:25
of the LORD, following the abominations of the Jerusalem the measuring line of Samaria, and the
nations whom the LORD cast out before the plumb line of the house of Ahab, and I will wipe
children of Israel. 3 For he rebuilt the high places Jerusalem like a man wipes a dish, wiping it and
which his father Hezekiah had destroyed, and he turning it upside down. 14 And I will forsake the
raised up altars for Baal, and made a grove, like remnant of my inheritance, and deliver them into
Ahab king of Israel did, and he worshipped all the the hands of their enemies; and they will become a
starry host of heaven and served them. 4 And he prey and plunder to all their enemies, 15 because
built altars in the house of the LORD, of which the they have done what is evil in my sight and have
LORD said, In Jerusalem I will put my name. provoked me to anger, since the day their fathers
5 And he built altars for all the starry host of came out of Egypt to this day.
heaven in the two courts of the house of the LORD. 16 Moreover, Manasseh shed very much
6 And he made his son pass through the fire, and innocent blood until he filled Jerusalem from one
practiced witchcraft, and used divination, and had end to the other, besides his sin with which he
dealings with spiritists and mediums. He did much caused Judah to sin, doing what was evil in the
wickedness in the sight of the LORD, provoking him sight of the LORD.
to anger. 17 Now the rest of the acts of Manasseh and all
7 And a carved image of Asherah that he had that he did, and his sin that he committed, are
made, he set up in the temple of which the LORD they not written in the book of The Annals of the
said to David and to his son Solomon, I will put my Kings of Judah? 18 And Manasseh slept with his
name forever in this house and in Jerusalem, which ancestors, and was buried in the garden of his own
I have chosen out of all tribes of Israel. 8 Nor will house, in the garden of Uzza; and his son Amon
I make the feet of Israel move any more out of the reigned in his stead.
land which I gave their fathers, if only they will be 19 Amon was twenty-two years old when he
careful to do all that I have commanded them, and began to reign, and he reigned two years in Jerusa-
in accordance with all the law that my servant Moses lem. And his mothers name was Meshullemeth;
commanded them. 9 But they did not listen, and she was the daughter of Haruz of Jotbah. 20 And
Manasseh led them astray to do more evil than the he did what was evil in the sight of the LORD, as
nations whom the LORD destroyed before the his father Manasseh had done. 21 And he walked
children of Israel. in all the way in which his father walked, and served
10 And the LORD spoke by his servants the the idols that his father served and worshipped
prophets, saying, 11 Because Manasseh king of them, 22 and he forsook the LORD God of his
Judah has done these abominations, and has acted fathers, and did not walk in the way of the LORD.
more wickedly than all the Amorites who were 23 And the servants of Amon conspired against
before him, and has also caused Judah to sin with him, and killed the king in his own house. 24 And
his idols, 12 thus says the LORD God of Israel: the people of the land killed all those who had
See, I am going to bring such a disaster on conspired against king Amon, and the people of
Jerusalem and Judah that both ears of whoever the land made his son Josiah king in his place.
hears of it will tingle. 13 And I will stretch over 25 Now the rest of the acts of Amon which he
followed his grandfather (16:3). 21:11 Amorites Gen 15:16; 1 Kings 21:26.
21:3 High places 18:4; note at 1 Kings 21:12 Jer 15:4; 19:3; Hab 1:5.
3:2. 21:13 22:16-19; Isa 34:11; Amos 7:7-9,17.
Baal note at Jud 2:11. A grove Measuring line here this means
or Asherah pole Jud 3:7. preparing them for destruction.
Ahab 1 Kings 16:30-33. 21:14 I will forsake that is, He would not
Host Deut 17:2-5; 1 Kings 17:16. defend them from punishment (Jer 6:9).
21:4 Name 2 Sam 7:13; 1 Kings 8:29; He did not, and will never, forsake the
9:3. remnant of His people permanently (Isa
21:5 23:4,5,12. Compare Ezek 8:5-18. 54:6-8).
21:6 He seemed determined to do every- 21:15 Egypt see Deut 9:24; Jud 2:10-
thing that God hated and commanded not 23; 2 Kings 17:7-17.
to be done Lev 18:21; 19:26,31; 20:2; 21:16 24:3,4. After all that, was it possible
Deut 18:10-14. for Manasseh to repent, turn to the Lord
Through the fire note at 16:3. and be saved? See 2 Chron 33:11-16.
Anger notes at Num 25:3; Ps 90:7-11; 21:17 Annals 1 Kings 14:19.
etc. 21:18 Slept 1 Kings 2:10.
21:7 Deut 16:21. 21:19-24 2 Chron 23:21-25.
21:8 2 Sam 7:10. 21:22 He followed his fathers evil ways, but
21:9 Nations. . .destroyed Deut 12:29-31; not his good ways which Manasseh displayed
31:3; Josh 21:43-45; 24:15. after his repentance.
2 KINGS 21:26 486
did, are they not written in the book of The Annals that was found in the house, and have delivered it
of the Kings of Judah? 26 And he was buried in his into the hands of the workers who have the
tomb in the garden of Uzza, and his son Josiah oversight of the house of the LORD. 10 And
reigned in his stead. Shaphan the scribe told the king, saying, Hilkiah
the priest has delivered a book to me. And Shaphan
22 Josiah was eight years old when he began
to reign, and he reigned thirty-one years
in Jerusalem. And his mothers name was Jedidah.
read it in the kings presence.
11 And it came about that when the king heard
the words of the book of the law, he tore his
She was the daughter of Adaiah of Boscath. clothes. 12 And the king gave an order to Hilkiah
2 And he did what was right in the sight of the the priest and Ahikam, the son of Shaphan, and
LORD, and walked in all the way of his father David, Achbor, the son of Michaiah, and Shaphan the
and did not turn aside to the right or to the left. scribe, and Asahiah, a servant of the king, saying,
3 And it came about in the eighteenth year of 13 Go, inquire of the LORD for me and for the
king Josiah, that the king sent Shaphan the son of people and for all Judah, concerning the words of
Azaliah, the son of Meshullam, the scribe, to the this book that has been found; for great is the
house of the LORD, saying, 4 Go up to Hilkiah the wrath of the LORD that burns against us, because
high priest, that he may count the money which our fathers did not listen to the words of this book,
has been brought into the house of the LORD, to do according to all that which is written
which the doorkeepers have collected from the concerning us.
people; 5 and let them deliver it into the hands of 14 So Hilkiah the priest and Ahikam and Achbor
the workers who have the oversight of the house and Shaphan and Asahiah went to Huldah the
of the LORD, and let them give it to those who are prophetess, the wife of Shallum, the son of Tikvah,
doing the work which is going on in the house of the son of Harhas, keeper of the wardrobe (now
the LORD, repairing the damaged places in the she lived in Jerusalem in the second district), and
house, 6 to the carpenters and builders and ma- they spoke with her.
sons, and to buy timber and cut stone to repair the 15 And she said to them, Thus says the LORD
house. 7 However, no accounting needs to be made God of Israel: Tell the man who sent you to me,
with them about the money that was delivered into 16 thus says the LORD: See, I will bring disaster on
their hands, because they have dealt faithfully. this place and on its inhabitants, according to all
8 And Hilkiah the high priest said to Shaphan the words of the book which the king of Judah has
the scribe, I have found the book of the law in the read, 17 because they have forsaken me, and
house of the LORD. And Hilkiah gave the book to have burned incense to other gods, provoking me
Shaphan, and he read it. 9 And Shaphan the scribe to anger with all the works of their hands. Therefore
came to the king, bringing word back to the king, my wrath will burn against this place, and will not
and said, Your servants have collected the money be quenched. 18 But you shall say this to the king
22:1-20 2 Chron 34:1-28. appalled at the extent of their disobedience.
22:1 Josiah 1 Kings 13:2. Josiah was One reason many in Christian circles are not
one of the best of all Judahs kings, his disturbed at their own condition and the con-
father, Amon, one of the worst. Compare dition of the people is ignorance of the Word
18:1,2. Perhaps Josiahs mother made all of God, a lack of spiritual understanding of
the difference. Her name means beloved. it. Compare Rom 7:7; etc. When we are
22:2 David 18:3. enlightened to understand Gods Word, and
Or to the left Deut 5:32; Josh 1:7. when we take it seriously, we will see at once
22:4 12:4,9,10. The repairs in the reign of how far short of its standards we come.
Joash had been undertaken about 190 years 22:11 Tore 19:1; Gen 37:34; 2 Sam
before. 13:31.
22:7 12:15. Having honest and faithful men 22:12 Ahikam 25:22.
is a great blessing in any work of God, but 22:13 Lev 26:27,28; Deut 28:20,45-57.
often it seems that such men are very hard Notes on Gods anger at Num 25:3; Ps
to find. 90:7-11; etc.
22:8 Book of the law this phrase usually 22:14 Other women in the Bible who had
meant either the entire Pentateuch (the first the gift of prophecy were Miriam the sister
five books of the Bible), or the book of of Moses (Ex 15:20), Deborah (Jud 4:4),
Deuteronomy (Deut 31:24-26; 2 Chron Anna (Luke 2:36), and Philips daughters
34:14). (Acts 21:9). Both the prophets Jeremiah
22:11-13 The contents of the book of the and Zephaniah lived during the reign of
law seem to have been new to Josiah. This Josiah. But for some undisclosed reason
is an indication of the degraded state into Hilkiah and the others did not go to either
which the nation had sunk and how Gods of them.
law was disregarded during the long reign 22:16 See the references given in v 13.
of Manasseh. Josiah, reading the book, is 22:17 Deut 29:24-28.
487 2 KINGS 23:13
of Judah who sent you to inquire of the LORD: Judah had ordained to burn incense on the high
Thus says the LORD God of Israel concerning the places in the cities of Judah and in the places
words which you have heard, 19 because your around Jerusalem, also those who burned incense
heart was tender, and you have humbled yourself to Baal, to the sun and to the moon and to the
before the LORD when you heard what I spoke planets, and to all the starry host of heaven.
against this place and against its inhabitants, that 6 And he brought the Asherah pole from the house
they would become a desolation and a curse, and of the LORD outside Jerusalem to the brook Kidron,
you have torn your clothes and wept before me, and burned it at the brook Kidron, and ground it to
I have also heard you, says the LORD. powder and threw its ashes on the graves of the
20 Therefore, I will gather you to your ancestors, children of the people. 7 And he tore down the
and you will be gathered to your grave in peace, houses of the male shrine prostitutes that were by
and your eyes will not see all the disaster which I the house of the LORD, where the women wove
will bring on this place. And they brought back hangings for Asherah.
word to the king. 8 And he brought all the priests out of the cities
of Judah, and defiled the high places where the
23 And the king sent word, and they
gathered to him all the elders of Judah and
of Jerusalem. 2 And the king went up into the house
priests had burned incense, from Geba to
Beersheba, and broke down the high places at the
gates that were at the entrance of the Gate of
of the LORD,and with him went all the men of Judah Joshua, the governor of the city, which were on a
and all the inhabitants of Jerusalem, and the priests persons left at the city gate. 9 Nevertheless the
and the prophets and all the people, both small and priests of the high places did not come up to the
great. And in their hearing he read all the words of altar of the LORD in Jerusalem, but they ate of the
the book of the covenant which had been found in unleavened bread among their brethren.
the house of the LORD. 3 And the king stood by a 10 And he defiled Topheth, which is in the valley
pillar and made a covenant before the LORD, to of the children of Hinnom, so that no man might
follow the LORD, and to keep his commandments make his son or his daughter pass through the fire
and his testimonies and his statutes with all their to Molech. 11 And he took away the horses that
heart and all their soul, to perform the words of the kings of Judah had dedicated to the sun, at the
this covenant that were written in this book. And entrance of the house of the LORD, by the room of
all the people took their stand for the covenant. Nathan-Melech, an official, which was in the court,
4 And the king commanded Hilkiah the high and he burned the chariots of the sun with fire.
priest, and the priests of the second order and the 12 And the king broke down the altars that were
doorkeepers, to bring out of the temple of the LORD on the roof of the upper room of Ahaz, which the
all the articles that were made for Baal and for kings of Judah had made, and the altars which
Asherah and for all the starry host of heaven. Manasseh had made in the two courts of the house
And he burned them outside Jerusalem in the fields of the LORD. And he smashed them there and
of Kidron and took their ashes to Bethel. 5 And he threw their dust into the brook Kidron. 13 And the
put down the idolatrous priests, whom the kings of king defiled the high places that were before
22:19 A very important spiritual concept is Hosts 17:16; 21:3,5; Deut 17:2-5;
here 1 Kings 21:29; 2 Chron 7:14; Ezek 8:15,16.
33:12,13; Ps 51:17; Isa 57:15; 66:2; 23:6 Asherah note at Jud 3:7.
Matt 18:2,3; Jam 4:6. If we want God to 23:7 Note at 1 Kings 14:24.
hear us we must humble ourselves and be 23:8 High places 18:4; 21:3.
responsive to His Word John 15:7. 23:10 Lev 18:21; Deut 18:10; 1 Kings
22:20 20:19; 23:30. 11:5,7; Isa 30:33; Jer 7:31,32; 19:5,6;
23:2 22:8. Ezek 23:37-39.
23:3 Stood by a pillar 11:14. Fire note at 16:3.
Covenant the covenant God made with 23:11 Sun worship was absolutely forbidden
Israel through Moses Ex 19:5; 24:3-8; Deut 4:19. It is called detestable (Deut
Deut 4:1-6; 5:1-22. 17:2-5), which means that the true God
Took their stand they had done so at hates and despises it. See Rom 1:25. We
other times in their history (Ex 19:8; 24:3,7; must worship the Creator, not the things the
Deut 5:27; Josh 24:16-18,21,24; 2 Chron Creator has made.
15:12; 23:16,17. Compare Jer 42:5,6). 23:12 21:5. Though Manasseh repented
23:4 These must have been put there by toward the end of his reign and destroyed
Josiahs father Amon (21:21,22). Notes on Baal some of the places where idolatry had been,
and Ashtoreth at Jud 2:11; 1 Kings 11:5; 16:31. it would seem from this that he did not
23:5 Idolatrous priests compare 1 Kings destroy them all. Or else his son Amon
12:31; 13:33,34; Hos 10:5; Zeph 1:4. restored them.
High places 1 Kings 3:22. 23:13 See 1 Kings 11:5,7. These had
2 KINGS 23:14 488
Jerusalem, which were on the right of the Mount of priests of the high places who were there on the
Corruption, which Solomon the king of Israel had altars, and burned mens bones on them, and
built for Ashtoreth, the abomination of the returned to Jerusalem.
Sidonians, and for Chemosh, the abomination of 21 And the king commanded all the people, say-
the Moabites, and for Milcom, the abomination of ing, Keep the Passover to the LORD your God, as
the children of Ammon. 14 And he broke the images it is written in the book of this covenant. 22 Surely
in pieces and cut down the groves and filled their no such Passover was kept from the days of the
places with the bones of men. judges who judged Israel, nor in all the days of the
15 Moreover the altar that was at Bethel, and kings of Israel, nor of the kings of Judah. 23 But in
the high place which Jeroboam the son of Nebat, the eighteenth year of king Josiah, this Passover
who caused Israel to sin, had made, both that altar was held before the LORD in Jerusalem.
and the high place he broke down, and burned the 24 Moreover Josiah put away the spiritists and
high place and crushed it to powder, and burned the mediums and the images and the idols, and all
the grove. 16 And as Josiah turned around, he the abominations that were seen in the land of
saw the tombs that were there in the mountain, Judah and in Jerusalem, that he might carry out
and sent men and removed the bones from the the words of the law which were written in the
tombs, and burned them on the altar and polluted book that Hilkiah the priest had found in the house
it, according to the word of the LORD which the of the LORD. 25 And there was no king like him
man of God proclaimed, who proclaimed these before him, who turned to the LORD with all his
words. heart and with all his soul and with all his might,
17 Then he said, What is that tombstone that according to all the law of Moses; nor did any like
I see? And the men of the city told him, It is the him arise after him.
tomb of the man of God who came from Judah and 26 Nevertheless the LORD did not turn from the
proclaimed these things that you have done against fierceness of his great wrath, his anger which burned
the altar of Bethel. against Judah because of all the provocations with
18 And he said, Let him alone. Do not let which Manasseh had provoked him. 27 And the
anyone move his bones. So they let his bones LORD said, I will remove Judah also out of my
alone, with the bones of the prophet who came out sight, as I have removed Israel, and will cast off
of Samaria. this city Jerusalem which I have chosen, and the
19 And also all the shrines of the high places house of which I said, My name will be there.
that were in the cities of Samaria, which the kings 28 Now the rest of the acts of Josiah, and all
of Israel had made, provoking the LORD to anger, that he did, are they not written in the book of The
Josiah took away and did to them just as he had Annals of the Kings of Judah?
done everything in Bethel. 20 And he killed all the 29 In his days Pharaoh Neco king of Egypt went
remained there for three hundred years, this does not mean that either of these men
through the reigns of even the best of was sinless and perfect.
Judahs kings. 23:26 Anger notes at Num 25:3;
Milcom Molech. Ps 90:7-11.
23:14 Bones these would defile those Manasseh 21:11-13,15; Jer 15:4.
sites. Manasseh repented and was forgiven, but
23:15,16 1 Kings 12:28-33. Josiah thus there were consequences of his sins and the
fulfilled a prophecy uttered nearly three sins of the people which they had to bear.
hundred years before 1 Kings 13:2. Compare 2 Sam 12:10-14. For all the
23:17,18 1 Kings 13:1,30-32. thoroughness of Josiahs reformation, Judah
23:20 17:27,28,33,34. These were priests did not escape the judgment of God. The
of the apostate religious system that came people outwardly submitted to Josiahs work
into existence after the northern kingdom of reformation, but they did not take to heart
Israel had gone into captivity. his principles. This is clear from the book of
23:21 Passover Ex 12:3; Lev 23:5; Deut Jeremiah which was written in the days of
16:2-8; 2 Chron 35:1-19. Josiah and his sons (see Jer 3:6-10).
23:24 Spiritists Ex 22:18; Lev 19:31; Jehoahaz and Eliakim, Josiahs sons, both
20:6; Deut 18:10-12; 2 Kings 21:6; Isa did evil in the eyes of the Lord (vs 32,37).
8:19. 23:27 Israel 17:18-23; 18:11.
Images and idols notice that these Cast off but only for a time, not
also are called abominations. forever (Jer 30:18; 31:38-40).
23:25 Hezekiah and Josiah are the only two My Name 1 Kings 8:29; 2 Kings
kings of Judah who receive unqualified 21:4,7.
commendation in the Bible. Hezekiah was 23:28 Annals 1 Kings 14:19.
highly praised particularly for his faith 23:29 2 Chron 35:20-27. Assyria was being
(18:5), Josiah for his turning to God and for attacked by Babylon. Egypt went to help
his zeal for the law of Moses. Of course, Assyria because it feared the rising power
489 2 KINGS 24:13
up to the river Euphrates against the king of Assyria, his servant for three years. Then he turned and
and king Josiah went against him. And when Neco rebelled against him. 2 And the LORD sent against
saw him he killed him at Megiddo. 30 And his him raiding bands of the Chaldeans and bands of
servants took his dead body in a chariot from the Syrians and bands of the Moabites and bands
Megiddo, and brought him to Jerusalem and buried of the children of Ammon; and he sent them against
him in his own tomb. And the people of the land Judah to destroy it, in accordance with the word of
took Jehoahaz, the son of Josiah, and anointed the LORD which he spoke through his servants the
him and made him king in his fathers place. prophets. 3 Surely this came on Judah at the
31 Jehoahaz was twenty-three years old when command of the LORD, to remove them out of his
he began to reign, and he reigned three months in sight, because of the sins of Manasseh, for all that
Jerusalem. And his mothers name was Hamutal; he did, 4 and also for the innocent blood that he
she was the daughter of Jeremiah of Libnah. shed. For he filled Jerusalem with innocent blood,
32 And he did what was evil in the sight of the which the LORD would not pardon.
LORD, in everything just as his ancestors had done. 5 Now the rest of the acts of Jehoiakim, and all
33 And Pharaoh Neco put him in chains at Riblah in that he did, are they not written in the book of The
the land of Hamath, so that he might not reign in Annals of the Kings of Judah? 6 So Jehoiakim slept
Jerusalem, and he imposed on the land a fine of a with his ancestors, and his son Jehoiachin reigned
hundred talents of silver and a talent of gold. in his place.
34 And Pharaoh Neco made Eliakim the son of Josiah 7 And the king of Egypt no longer came again
king in place of his father Josiah, and changed his out of his land, for the king of Babylon had taken all
name to Jehoiakim, and took Jehoahaz away and that had been in the possession of the king of Egypt
went to Egypt, where he died. 35 And Jehoiakim from the river of Egypt to the river Euphrates.
gave the silver and the gold to Pharaoh, but he 8 Jehoiachin was eighteen years old when he
taxed the land to give the money in accordance began to reign, and he reigned in Jerusalem three
with the command of Pharaoh. He exacted the months. And his mothers name was Nehushta.
silver and the gold from the people of the land, She was the daughter of Elnathan of Jerusalem.
from each one according to his assessment, to give 9 And he did what was evil in the sight of the
it to Pharaoh Neco. LORD, in everything just as his father had done.
36 Jehoiakim was twenty-five years old when 10 At that time the servants of Nebuchadnezzar
he began to reign, and he reigned eleven years in king of Babylon came up against Jerusalem, and
Jerusalem. And his mothers name was Zebudah; the city was besieged. 11 And Nebuchadnezzar,
she was the daughter of Pedaiah of Rumah. king of Babylon, came against the city, and his
37 And he did what was evil in the sight of the servants besieged it. 12 And Jehoiachin, the king
LORD, in everything just as his ancestors had done. of Judah, went out to the king of Babylon, he and
his mother and his servants and his officials and his
24 In his days Nebuchadnezzar, king of
Babylon, came up, and Jehoiakim became
officers; and the king of Babylon took him in the
eighth year of his reign. 13 And he carried out
of Babylon. Josiah wanted Babylon to pre- God often raised up enemies to punish
vail. Babylon did, but this eventually re- Israel for its sin.
sulted in disaster to Judah. Chaldeans they were Babylonians (see
23:30-34 2 Chron 36:1-4. 25:4).
23:32 Ancestors not Josiah, but Amon Prophets Isa 39:5-7; Jer 12:7-9;
and Manasseh (21:2-7,20-22). Ezek 23:23-27.
23:33 Riblah, Hamath north of Israel 24:3 Manasseh 21:1-16; 23:26,27;
in present-day Syria. Jer 15:3,4.
A hundred talents one talent was 24:4 21:16. The blood of those godly people
about 34 kilograms. cried from the ground for vengeance
23:34 Jehoahaz was also called Shallum (compare Gen 4:10), and God could not
Jer 22:11,12; Ezek 19:3,4. ignore it. God is merciful and ready, yes,
23:36 24:6; 2 Chron 36:5-8. eager, to forgive when men repent and seek
24:1-20 2 Chron 36:6-16. Him (Ex 34:6,7; Isa 55:7,8). But the people
24:1 Nebuchadnezzar he was one of the of Judah did not repent.
most powerful and famous kings in ancient 24:5 Annals 1 Kings 14:19.
times. He made Babylon the strongest 24:6 Slept note at 1 Kings 2:10.
kingdom in the world of his day, and ruled it Jehoiachin Jer 22:18,19.
for 43 years (605 - 562 B.C.). 24:7 The territory mentioned here was not
24:2 The LORD sent Jer 25:9; 51:20. in Egypt itself but was controlled by Egypt.
Compare 2:14; 6:1; 13:1; 1 Kings 24:12 Eighth year 597 B.C.; Jer 24:1;
11:9,14; 2 Chron 12:1,2; Isa 10:5,6; 29:1,2.
Hab 1:5,6. Throughout Israels history 24:13 20:17.
2 KINGS 24:14 490
from there all the treasures of the house of the the kings garden, though the Chaldeans were all
LORD and the treasures of the kings house, and around the city. And the king went on the way
cut in pieces all the articles of gold which Solomon toward the plain. 5 And the army of the Chaldeans
king of Israel had made in the temple of the LORD, pursued the king and caught up with him in the
as the LORD had said. 14 And he carried away all plains of Jericho; and all his army scattered from
Jerusalem, and all the officials and all the valiant him. 6 So they took the king and brought him up to
warriors, ten thousand captives, and all the crafts- the king of Babylon at Riblah, and they pronounced
men and smiths. No one remained except the poor- judgment on him. 7 And they killed the sons of
est people of the land. Zedekiah before his eyes, and put out the eyes of
15 And he carried Jehoiachin away to Babylon, Zedekiah, and bound him with bronze fetters and
and he took into captivity the kings mother and the carried him away to Babylon.
kings wives and his officers and the mighty men of 8 And in the fifth month, on the seventh of the
the land, from Jerusalem to Babylon. 16 And the month, which was in the nineteenth year of king
king of Babylon took captive to Babylon all the Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon, Nebuzaradan,
mighty men, seven thousand in number, and a commander of the guard, a servant of the king of
thousand craftsmen and smiths, all who were Babylon, came to Jerusalem. 9 And he burned the
strong and fit for war. 17 And the king of Babylon house of the LORD and the kings house and all the
made Jehoiachins uncle Mattaniah king in his place, houses of Jerusalem. He burned with fire every
and changed his name to Zedekiah. great mans house. 10 And the whole army of the
18 Zedekiah was twenty-one years old when Chaldeans, that was with the commander of the
he began to reign, and he reigned eleven years in guard, broke down the walls of Jerusalem all around.
Jerusalem. And his mothers name was Hamutal. 11 Now Nebuzaradan, the commander of the
She was the daughter of Jeremiah of Libnah. guard, took away the rest of the people who were
19 And he did what was evil in the sight of the left in the city, and the fugitives who had defected
LORD, in everything just as Jehoiakim had done. to the king of Babylon, with the rest of the
20 For through the anger of the LORD it came population. 12 But the commander of the guard
about that until he had cast them out of his left some of the poor of the land to be vineyard
presence, in Jerusalem and Judah Zedekiah rebelled workers and farmers.
against the king of Babylon. 13 And the Chaldeans broke in pieces the bronze
pillars that were in the house of the LORD, and the
25 And it came about in the ninth year of his
reign, in the tenth month, on the tenth of
the month, that Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon
stands and the bronze sea that was at the house
of the LORD, and carried their bronze away to
Babylon. 14 And they took away the pots and the
and all his army came against Jerusalem and shovels and the snuffers and the spoons and all
encamped against it. And they built a siege wall the bronze articles with which the priests min-
against it all around. 2 And the city was besieged istered. 15 And the commander of the guard took
until the eleventh year of king Zedekiah. 3 And on away the firepans and the bowls, and the gold and
the ninth day of the fourth month the famine silver of those things which had gold or silver.
prevailed in the city, and there was no bread for 16 As for the two pillars, one sea, and the stands
the people of the land. 4 And the city was broken which Solomon had made for the house of the LORD,
through, and all the men of war fled at night by the the weight of the bronze of all these articles was
way of the gate between two walls, which is by beyond measure. 17 The height of one pillar was
24:14 25:12; Jer 24:1; 40:7; 52:28. Chaldea was one of the main areas of the
24:15 Jer 22:24-28. kingdom of Babylon and sometimes the
24:17 Jer 37:1. whole kingdom was called by that name.
24:18 597-586 B.C. The plain here means the Jordan
24:19 23:37. valley, called the Arabah in Hebrew.
24:20 Anger 22:13,17; 23:26; 2 Chron 25:6 23:33; Jer 39:5; 52:9.
36:16; Jer 21:5. Notes on Gods anger at 25:7 Jer 32:4,5; 34:2,3; 38:18; Ezek
Num 25:3; Ps 90:7-11; etc. 12:13; 17:16.
25:1-21 2 Chron 36:14-20; Jer 39:1-12. 25:8,9 Jer 17:27; 52:12,13. This was Gods
January 588 B.C. temple, the place He had chosen for His
25:1 Jer 34:1,2; Ezek 24:2. name and presence. But because the people
25:2 586 B.C. misused it and defiled it He Himself sent
25:3 Famine Jer 38:2-9; Lam 1:11; the Babylonians to destroy it.
2:20; 4:9,10; 5:10. This is one of the curses 25:10 Neh 1:3.
God said would come on them if they broke 25:12 24:14; Jer 40:7.
His covenant Lev 26:26; Deut 28:53-57. 25:13 Pillars 1 Kings 7:15-22. These
25:4 Chaldeans they were Babylonians. pillars had stood for 350 years.
491 2 KINGS 25:30
eighteen cubits, and the capital on it was of bronze; Seraiah, the son of Tanhumeth the Netophathite,
and the height of the capital was three cubits; and and Jaazaniah, the son of a Maachathite, they and
the woven work and pomegranates all around on their men, came to Gedaliah at Mizpah. 24 And
the capital were all of bronze. And the second Gedaliah took an oath before them and before their
pillar was the same, with woven work. men, and said to them, Do not be afraid to be the
18 And the commander of the guard took Seraiah servants of the Chaldeans. Live in the land and
the chief priest, and Zephaniah the second priest, serve the king of Babylon, and it will be well with
and the three doorkeepers. you.
19 And he took from the city an officer who 25 But it came about in the seventh month, that
had been appointed over the men of war, and Ishmael, the son of Nethaniah, the son of Elishama,
five men of those who had been in the kings of the royal line, and ten men with him, came and
presence, who were found in the city, and the struck down Gedaliah, killing him and the Jews and
principal scribe of the army, who conscripted the Chaldeans who were with him at Mizpah.
the people of the land, and sixty men of the people 26 And all the people, both small and great, and
of the land who were found in the city; 20 and the captains of the armies, arose and went to Egypt,
Nebuzaradan, the commander of the guard, took for they were afraid of the Chaldeans.
these and brought them to the king of Babylon at 27 And it came about in the thirty-seventh year
Riblah. 21 And the king of Babylon struck them of the captivity of Jehoiachin king of Judah, in the
down and killed them at Riblah in the land of twelfth month, on the twenty-seventh day of the
Hamath. month, that Evil Merodach, king of Babylon, in the
So Judah was carried away out of their land. year that he began to reign, released Jehoiachin
22 And as for the people that remained in the king of Judah from prison 28 and spoke kindly to
land of Judah, whom Nebuchadnezzar king of him and gave him a seat more prominent than the
Babylon had left, he made Gedaliah the son of seats of the kings who were with him in Babylon,
Ahikam, the son of Shaphan, ruler over them. 29 and changed his prison garments. And
23 And when all the captains of the armies, they Jehoiachin ate food regularly in his presence all
and their men, heard that the king of Babylon had the days of his life. 30 And as for his allowance, a
made Gedaliah governor, Ishmael, the son of regular allowance was given him by the king, a
Nethaniah and Johanan, the son of Careah, and portion for each day, all the days of his life.
Sea 1 Kings 7:23-26. land. Ezra, Nehemiah, Haggai, Zechariah,
25:18-21 Jer 52:24-27. and Malachi (and, of course, the four Gos-
25:18 Seraiah Ezra 7:1. pels and part of Acts) record some of their
Zephaniah Jer 21:1; 29:25; 37:3. history when the exile was over.
He was not the prophet of the same name. 25:22 Jer 39:14; 40:7.
25:21 23:27; Lev 26:33; Deut 28:36; Jer 25:25 Jer 40:13 41:15.
25:8-11. Gods people had been in the land 25:26 Egypt this happened in spite of
for about 800 years, from the time of Jeremiahs severe warnings and attempts
Joshua. God removed them from the land to prevent it (Jer 41:16 43:7).
because they repeatedly broke His covenant 25:27 Thirty-seventh year about 561
and would not listen to His messengers B.C.
(2 Chron 36:15-17; Jer 11:1-13). Their 25:30 Though Gods people went into exile,
history showed that they were a sinful and they were not completely destroyed, and
rebellious people (as, indeed, all men are Davids royal house survived, as God had
by nature. See notes at 17:13,19). But promised it would (2 Sam 7:14-16). For a
this was not the end of their story. Ezekiel, reason why Jehoiachin (and other exiles
Daniel, and Esther record some of the events from Judah) found some kindness in
which took place during their exile from the Babylon see 1 Kings 8:50; Ps 106:46.
1 CHRONICLES
Title:
In the Hebrew Bible 1 Chronicles and 2 Chronicles were a single book. Jewish scholars divided them
into two when they translated the Old Testament into Greek.
Author and date:
According to ancient Jewish tradition Ezra wrote both books of Chronicles, as well as Ezra and
Nehemiah. These books were written probably between 450 and 430 BC.
Themes:
Genealogies tracing the origins of the people of Israel back to Abraham, Noah, and Adam. Most of
this book gives events in the life of king David. In this way it can be compared with 2 Samuel. But
this book emphasizes the greatness of David and has little to say about his sins and the punishment
that came to him because of them. The story of his sin with Bathsheba is omitted; also the account
of Absaloms rebellion. This book teaches that the true glory of the Jewish nation could be found
only in its relationship with Jehovah God. Obeying the one true God is the key to success and
blessing.
Contents:
Genealogies from Adam to David .................................................................... 1:1 - 9:44
From Adam to Jacobs sons ....................................................................... 1:1-54
Jacobs 12 sons ....................................................................................... 2:1,2
Judahs descendants ................................................................................ 2:3 - 4:21
Jabezs prayer ........................................................................................ 4:9,10
Simeons descendants .............................................................................. 24-43
Descendants of Reuben, Gad, Manasseh .................................................. 5:1-26
Levis descendants ................................................................................... 6:1-80
Descendants of Issachar, Benjamin, Naphtali,
Manasseh, Ephraim, Asher ................................................................... 7:1-40
Benjamins descendants to Saul and his sons ............................................... 8:1-40
Jews who settled in Jerusalem after the exile in Babylon .............................. 9:1-34
Sauls genealogy ..................................................................................... 9:35-44
The death of Saul ........................................................................................ 10:1-14
David becomes king ...................................................................................... 11:1-3
David conquers Jerusalem ............................................................................. 11:4-9
Davids mighty warriors ................................................................................. 11:10-47
Davids men who joined him in the desert ........................................................ 12:1-22
Those who joined David in Hebron ................................................................. 12:23-40
David tries to bring back the ark, Uzzahs death ............................................... 13:1-14
David in Jerusalem ....................................................................................... 14:1-7
David defeats the Philistines .......................................................................... 14:8-17
David brings the ark to Jerusalem .................................................................. 15:1 - 16:6
Davids song of praise ................................................................................... 16:7-36
Gods covenant with David ............................................................................ 17:1-15
Davids prayer ............................................................................................. 17:16-27
Davids conquests ........................................................................................ chapters 18-20
Davids sin in ordering a census ...................................................................... 21:1-8
The consequences of Davids sin .................................................................... 21:8-17
Stopping the sword of Gods angel ................................................................. 21:18-30
Preparations for building the temple ............................................................... 22:2-19
493 1 CHRONICLES
The families of the Levites and their work ....................................................... 23:1-32
The divisions of the priests ............................................................................ 24:1-19
The singers for temple worship ...................................................................... 25:1-31
The gatekeepers of the temple ...................................................................... 26:1-19
Various officials ............................................................................................ 26:20-32
The army and its officers .............................................................................. 27:1-15
Other officers .............................................................................................. 27:16-34
Davids plans for the temple .......................................................................... 28:1-21
Gifts for the temple ...................................................................................... 29:1-9
Davids prayer ............................................................................................. 29:10-19
Solomon established as king .......................................................................... 29:21-25
The death of David ...................................................................................... 29:26-30
1 CHRONICLES 1:1 494
1 Adam, Seth, Enosh, 2 Kenan, Mahalaleel,
Jered, 3 Enoch, Methuselah, Lamech,
4 Noah, Shem, Ham and Japheth.
are the sons of Ishmael. 32 Now the sons of
Keturah, Abrahams concubine: she bore Zimran
and Jokshan and Medan and Midian and Ishbak
5 The sons of Japheth: Gomer and Magog and and Shuah. And the sons of Jokshan: Sheba and
Madai and Javan and Tubal and Meshech and Tiras. Dedan. 33 And the sons of Midian: Ephah and
6 And the sons of Gomer: Ashkenaz and Riphath Epher and Hanoch and Abida and Eldaah. All these
and Togarmah. 7 And the sons of Javan: Elishah are the sons of Keturah.
and Tarshish, Kittim and Dodanim. 34 And Abraham begot Isaac. The sons of Isaac:
8 The sons of Ham: Cush and Mizraim, Put and Esau and Israel. 35 The sons of Esau: Eliphaz,
Canaan. 9 And the sons of Cush: Seba and Havilah Reuel and Jeush and Jaalam and Korah. 36 The
and Sabta and Raamah and Sabtecha. And the sons of Eliphaz: Teman and Omar, Zephi and Gatam,
sons of Raamah: Sheba and Dedan. 10 And Cush Kenaz and Timna and Amalek. 37 The sons of Reuel:
begot Nimrod. He began to be mighty on the earth. Nahath, Zerah, Shammah, and Mizzah.
11 And Mizraim begot Ludim and Anamim and 38 And the sons of Seir: Lotan and Shobal and
Lehabim and Naphtuhim 12 and Pathrusim and Zibeon and Anah and Dishon and Ezar and Dishan.
Casluhim (of whom came the Philistines) and 39 And the sons of Lotan: Hori and Homam; and
Caphthorim. 13 And Canaan begot Sidon, his Timna was Lotans sister. 40 The sons of Shobal:
firstborn, and Heth, 14 and the Jebusite and the Alian and Manahath and Ebal, Shephi and Onam.
Amorite and the Girgashite, 15 and the Hivite and And the sons of Zibeon: Aiah and Anah. 41 The
the Arkite and the Sinite 16 and the Arvadite and sons of Anah: Dishon. And the sons of Dishon:
the Zemarite and the Hamathite. Amram and Eshban and Ithran and Cheran. 42 The
7 The sons of Shem: Elam and Asshur and sons of Ezer: Bilhan and Zavan and Jakan. The
Arphaxad and Lud and Aram and Uz and Hul and sons of Dishan: Uz and Aran.
Gether and Meshech. 18 And Arphaxad begot 43 Now these are the kings who reigned in the
Shelah, and Shelah begot Eber. 19 And to Eber land of Edom before any king reigned over the
were born two sons; the name of one was Peleg, children of Israel: Bela, the son of Beor (and the
because in his days the earth was divided; and his name of his city was Dinhabah); 44 and when Bela
brothers name was Joktan. 20 And Joktan begot died, Jobab the son of Zerah of Bozrah reigned in
Almodad and Sheleph and Hazarmaveth and Jerah his place. 45 And when Jobab died, Husham of the
21 and Hadoram and Uzal and Diklah 22 and Ebal land of the Temanites reigned in his place. 46 And
and Abimael and Sheba 23 and Ophir and Havilah when Husham died, Hadad, the son of Bedad, who
and Jobab. All these were the sons of Joktan. defeated Midian in the field of Moab, reigned in his
24 Shem, Arphaxad, Shelah, 25 Eber, Peleg, place; and the name of his city was Avith. 47 And
Reu, 26 Serug, Nahor, Terah, 27 Abram (he is when Hadad died, Samlah of Masrekah reigned in
Abraham). his place. 48 And when Samlah died, Shaul of
28 The sons of Abraham: Isaac and Ishmael. Rehoboth by the River reigned in his place. 49 And
29 These are their generations: The firstborn of when Shaul died, Baal-Hanan, the son of Achbor,
Ishmael, Nebaioth; then Kedar and Adbeel and reigned in his place. 50 And when Baal-Hanan died,
Mibsam, 30 Mishma and Dumah, Massa, Hadad Hadad reigned in his place; and the name of his city
and Tema, 31 Jetur, Naphish, and Kedemah. These was Pai; and his wifes name was Mehetabel. She
1:1 Chapters 1-9 contain the most exten- mean literal sons, or grandsons, or descen-
sive genealogical records in the Bible. They dants, or successors, or even peoples.
show that the individuals of the Bible were 1:8 Mizraim Egypt.
rooted in history, were not characters of 1:10 Begot in Hebrew usage this may
myths and legends, or born only in the brains not always mean became the father of,
of poets. They gave the people of God, but can mean became the grandfather of
returned from captivity in Babylon (9:1,2), or became the ancestor of, etc.
a link with their past. They could see, 1:19 Peleg the name means division.
almost at a glance, an outline of history from 1:27 Gen 11:26. From here on only the
the first man on earth to the captivity, and genealogies of the descendants of Abraham
Gods continuing purpose with them, His are given.
chosen people. 1:32 Gen 25:1.
1:1-53 These genealogies are based on 1:34 Israel Gen 25:24-26; 32:27,28.
those in the book of Genesis Gen 5:1-32; 1:43 Edom Gen 25:30; Edom became
10:1-32; 11:10-32; 25:1-26; 36:1-43. the name of the land settled by Esaus
1:1 Cain and Abel are not mentioned. The descendants. Often in their history they
author traces the descendants of Seth only, showed their hostility to the nation of
because the nation Israel came from that line. Israel.
1:5 Sons in Hebrew usage sons may 1:48 The River the Euphrates.
495 1 CHRONICLES 2:46
was the daughter of Matred, the daughter of him Segub. 22 And Segub begot Jair, who had
Mezahab. 51 Hadad also died. twenty-three cities in the land of Gilead. 23 And he
And the dukes of Edom were duke Timnah, duke took Geshur and Aram, with the towns of Jair, from
Aliah, duke Jetheth, 52 duke Aholibamah, duke them, with Kenath, and its towns, sixty cities. All
Elah, duke Pinon, 53 duke Kenaz, duke Teman, duke these belonged to the sons of Machir, the father
Mibzar, 54 duke Magdiel, duke Iram. These are of Gilead. 24 And after Hezron died in Caleb-
the dukes of Edom. Ephratah, Abiah, Hezrons wife, bore him Ashur,
the father of Tekoa.
2 These are the sons of Israel: Reuben, Simeon,
Levi, and Judah, Issachar, and Zebulun, 2 Dan,
Joseph, and Benjamin, Naphtali, Gad, and Asher.
25 And the sons of Jerahmeel, the firstborn of
Hezron, were Ram the firstborn, and Bunah and
Oren and Ozem and Ahijah. 26 Jerahmeel also had
3 The sons of Judah: Er and Onan and Shelah. another wife, whose name was Atarah; she was
These three were born to him of the daughter of the mother of Onam. 27 And the sons of Ram, the
Shua the Canaanitess. And Er, the firstborn of firstborn of Jerahmeel, were Maaz and Jamin and
Judah, was evil in the sight of the LORD; and he Eker. 28 And the sons of Onam were Shammai and
put him to death. 4 And Tamar, his daughter-in-law Jada. And the sons of Shammai: Nadab and
bore him Pharez and Zerah. All the sons of Judah Abishur. 29 And the name of the wife of Abishur
were five. was Abihail, and she bore him Ahban and Molid.
5 The sons of Pharez: Hezron and Hamul. 30 And the sons of Nadab: Seled and Appaim. But
6 And the sons of Zerah: Zimri and Ethan and Seled died without children. 31 And the son of
Heman and Calcol and Dara; five of them in all. Appaim: Ishi. And the sons of Ishi: Sheshan, and
7 And the sons of Carmi: Achar, the troubler of the child of Sheshan, Ahlai. 32 And the sons of
Israel, who transgressed in the accursed thing. Jada, the brother of Shammai: Jether and
8 And the son of Ethan: Azariah. Jonathan; and Jether died without children.
9 And the sons of Hezron, who were born to 33 And the sons of Jonathan: Peleth and Zaza.
him: Jerahmeel and Ram and Chelubai. 10 And Ram These were the sons of Jerahmeel. 34 Now Sheshan
begot Amminadab; and Amminadab begot Nahshon, had no sons, but daughters. And Sheshan had a
leader of the children of Judah; 11 and Nahshon servant, an Egyptian, whose name was Jarha.
begot Salma, and Salma begot Boaz, 12 and Boaz 35 And Sheshan gave his daughter to Jarha his
begot Obed, and Obed begot Jesse. 13 And Jesse servant as his wife, and she bore him Attai.
begot his firstborn Eliab, and Abinadab the 36 And Attai begot Nathan, and Nathan begot
second, and Shimma the third, 14 Nethaneel the Zabad, 37 and Zabad begot Ephlal, and Ephlal
fourth, Raddai the fifth, 15 Ozem the sixth, David begot Obed, 38 and Obed begot Jehu, and Jehu
the seventh; 16 their sisters were Zeruiah and begot Azariah, 39 and Azariah begot Helez, and
Abigail. And the sons of Zeruiah: Abishai and Joab Helez begot Eleasah, 40 and Eleasah begot Sisamai,
and Asahel, three. 17 And Abigail bore Amasa; and Sisamai begot Shallum, 41 and Shallum begot
and the father of Amasa was Jether the Ishmaelite. Jekamiah, and Jekamiah begot Elishama.
18 And Caleb the son of Hezron begot children 42 Now the sons of Caleb, the brother of
of Azubah his wife, and of Jerioth; her sons are Jerahmeel, were Mesha his firstborn, who was
these: Jesher and Shobab and Ardon. 19 And the father of Ziph, and the sons of Mareshah, the
when Azubah died, Caleb took Ephrath for himself, father of Hebron. 43 And the sons of Hebron:
who bore him Hur. 20 And Hur begot Uri, and Uri Korah and Tappuah and Rekem and Shema. 44 And
begot Bezaleel. Shema begot Raham, the father of Jorkoam; and
21 And afterwards Hezron went in to the Rekem begot Shammai. 45 And the son of Shammai
daughter of Machir, the father of Gilead, whom he was Maon; and Maon was the father of Beth-zur.
married when he was sixty years old; and she bore 46 And Ephah, Calebs concubine, bore Haran and
2:1-2 Gen 35:23-26. In the following Hebrew word meaning high or exalted.
genealogies Zebulun and Dan are omitted. 2:11,12 Ruth 4:19-22.
Judah is put first though he was the fourth Salma a variant of Salmon.
son of Israel. 2:16 2 Sam 2:18.
2:3-4 Gen 38:3-7; 29:30; Num 26:19-20. 2:17 2 Sam 17:25.
2:5 Gen 46:12; Num 26:21. 2:20 Bezalel Ex 31:2-11.
2:6-8 Josh 7:1; 1 Kings 4:31. 2:23 Num 32:41; Deut 3:14. The towns
Achar (v 7) the word means disas- of Jair in Hebrew Havvoth-Jair.
ter. Achar is called Achan in Joshua 7:1, etc. 2:24 Father here may mean political,
2:9 Chelubai the same person as Caleb. civic, or military leader (also in vs 42,45,
2:10 Ram of course this name has no 49-52 and possibly elsewhere).
connection with any in India. It is from a 2:33 Jerahmeel 1 Sam 27:10; 30:27-29.
1 CHRONICLES 2:47 496
Moza and Gazez; and Haran begot Gazez. 47 And Eliphelet, nine. 9 These were all the sons of David,
the sons of Jahdai: Regem and Jotham and Gesham besides the sons of the concubines; and Tamar
and Pelet and Ephah and Shaaph. 48 Maachah, was their sister.
Calebs concubine, bore Sheber and Tirhanah. 10 And Solomons son was Rehoboam, Abia his
49 She also bore Shaaph, the father of Madmannah, son, Asa his son, Jehoshaphat his son, 11 Joram
Sheva, the father of Machbenah, and the father his son, Ahaziah his son, Joash his son, 12 Amaziah
of Gibea; and the daughter of Caleb was Achsa. his son, Azariah his son, Jotham his son, 13 Ahaz
50 These were the sons of Caleb, the son of his son, Hezekiah his son, Manasseh his son,
Hur, the firstborn of Ephratah: Shobal, the father 14 Amon his son, Josiah his son.
of Kirjath Jearim, 51 Salma, the father of 15 And the sons of Josiah were the firstborn
Bethlehem, Hareph, the father of Beth-Gader. Johanan, the second Jehoiakim, the third Zedekiah,
52 And Shobal, the father of Kirjath Jearim, had the fourth Shallum.
sons: Haroeh, and half of the Manahethites. 16 And the sons of Jehoiakim: Jeconiah his son,
53 And the families of Kirjath Jearim: the Ithrites Zedekiah his son. 17 And the sons of Jeconiah:
and the Puhites and the Shumathites and the Assir, Salathiel his son, 18 and Malchiram and
Mishraites. From them came the Zareathites and Pedaiah and Shenazar, Jecamiah, Hoshama, and
the Eshtaulites. 54 The sons of Salma: Bethlehem, Nedabiah. 19 And the sons of Pedaiah were
and the Netophathites, Ataroth, the house of Joab, Zerubbabel and Shimei; and the sons of Zerubbabel:
and half of the Manahethites, the Zorites. 55 And Meshullam, and Hananiah, and Shelomith their
the families of the scribes who lived at Jabez: the sister; 20 And Hashubah and Ohel and Berechiah
Tirathites, the Shimeathites, and Suchathites. and Hasadiah, Jushab-Hesed, five. 21 And the
These are the Kenites who came from Hemath, the sons of Hananiah: Pelatiah and Jesaiah; the sons
father of the house of Rechab. of Rephaiah, the sons of Arnan, the sons of
Obadiah, the sons of Shechaniah. 22 And the sons
3 Now these were the sons of David, who were
born to him in Hebron: the firstborn Amnon,
of Ahinoam the Jezreelitess; the second Daniel, of
of Shechaniah: Shemaiah; and the sons of
Shemaiah: Hattush and Igeal and Bariah and
Neariah and Shaphat, six. 23 And the sons of
Abigail the Carmelitess; 2 the third, Absalom, the Neariah: Elioenai and Hezekiah and Azrikam, three.
son of Maachah, the daughter of Talmai king of 24 And the sons of Elioenai were Hodaiah and
Geshur; the fourth, Adonijah, the son of Haggith; Eliashib and Pelaiah and Akkub and Johanan and
3 the fifth, Shephatiah by Abital; the sixth, Ithream Dalaiah and Anani, seven.
by his wife Eglah. 4 These six were born to him in
Hebron; and there he reigned seven years and six
months. And he reigned in Jerusalem thirty-three
years. 5 And these were born to him in Jerusalem:
4 The sons of Judah: Pharez, Hezron, and Carmi,
and Hur, and Shobal. 2 And Reaiah, the son
of Shobal, begot Jahath; and Jahath begot Ahumai
Shimea and Shobab and Nathan and Solomon, four, and Lahad. These are the families of the Zorathites.
by Bathshua the daughter of Ammiel; 6 and Ibhar 3 And these were of the father of Etam: Jezreel
and Elishama and Eliphelet 7 and Nogah and and Ishma and Idbash; and the name of their sister
Nepheg and Japhia 8 and Elishama and Eliada and was Hazelelponi; 4 and Penuel, the father of Gedor,
2:55 Of the scribes or of the Sopherites 3:5 Shimea a variant of Shammua.
(the Hebrew word which means scribes here Bathshua = Bathsheba 2 Sam 11:1-
could be a proper name). 5,26,27; 12:24,25.
Kenites Num 10:29-32; Jud 1:16; 3:9 Tamar 2 Sam 13:1.
4:11. 3:11 Jehoram or Joram.
Father of the house of Rechab or 3:15 Three sons of Josiah occupied the
father of Beth Rechab (beth means throne of Judah Jehoiakim, Zedekiah, and
house in Hebrew). Shallum. Shallum was also called Jehoahaz
3:1-9 2 Sam 3:2-5; 5:13-16; 1 Chron (2 Kings 23:30-35; Jer 22:11).
14:3-7. 3:16 Jeconiah a variant of Jehoiachin
3:1 Daniel called Kileab in 2 Sam 3:3. (also v 17).
Evidently this second son of David had two Zedekiahevidently a different
names. Daniel means God is my judge. It Zedekiah from the one in v 15.
is likely that he died young. There is no 3:17 Of Jehoiachins seven sons none
mention of him apart from his birth, and later became king of Judah. Compare Jer 22:30.
on Absalom, the third son, apparently thought 3:19 Ezra 3:2; Neh 12:1; Hag 1:12 say
he was next in line for the throne of David. that Zerubbabels father was Shealtiel.
Abigail 1 Sam 25:42. Possibly Shealtiel died young and Pedaiah
3:2 Absalom 2 Samuel chapters 13-18. married his widow. See Deut 25:5,6. Or
Adonijah 1 Kings 1:5-10; 2:13-25. possibly Shealtiel had two names.
3:4 2 Sam 2:11; 4:4-5. 4:4 Father here may mean either civic,
497 1 CHRONICLES 4:42
and Ezer, the father of Hushah. These are the Hozeba, and Joash, and Saraph, who had the
sons of Hur, the firstborn of Ephratah, the father dominion in Moab, and Jashubi-lehem. And these
of Bethlehem. 5 And Ashur the father of Tekoa are ancient records. 23 These were the potters,
had two wives, Helah and Naarah. 6 And Naarah and those who lived among plants and hedges;
bore him Ahuzam and Hepher and Temeni and they stayed there near the king for his work.
Haahashtari. These were the sons of Naarah. 24 The sons of Simeon were Nemuel and Jamin,
7 And the sons of Helah were Zereth and Jezoar Jarib, Zerah and Shaul; 25 Shallum his son, Mibsam
and Ethnan. 8 And Coz begot Anub and Zobebah his son, Mishma his son. 26 And the sons of Mishma:
and the families of Aharhel the son of Harum. Hamuel his son, Zacchur his son, Shimei his son.
9 And Jabez was more honourable than his 27 And Shimei had sixteen sons and six daughters;
brothers; and his mother called his name Jabez, but his brothers did not have many children, nor
saying, Because I bore him in pain. 10 And Jabez did all their family increase in number like the
called on the God of Israel, saying, Oh, that you children of Judah. 28 And they lived at Beersheba
would bless me indeed, and enlarge my territory, and Moladah and Hazarshual, 29 and at Bilhah and
and that your hand might be with me, and that you at Ezem and at Tolad, 30 and at Bethuel and at
would keep me from evil so that it does not grieve Hormah and at Ziklag, 31 and at Beth-Marcaboth
me! And God granted him what he requested. and Hazar-Susim and at Beth-Birei and at Shaaraim.
11 And Chelub, the brother of Shuah, begot These were their cities until the reign of David.
Mehir, who was the father of Eshton. 12 And Eshton 32 And their villages were Etam and Ain, Rimmon
begot Beth-Rapha and Paseah and Tehinnah, the and Tochen and Ashan, five towns, 33 and all their
father of Irnahash. These are the men of Rechah. villages that were around the same towns as far
13 And the sons of Kenaz: Othniel and Seraiah; as Baal. These were their habitations, and their
and the sons of Othniel: Hathath. 14 and genealogy. 34 And Meshobab and Jamlech and
Meonothai who begot Ophrah; and Seraiah begot Joshah, the son of Amaziah, 35 and Joel and Jehu,
Joab, the father of those in the valley of Harashim; the son of Josibiah, the son of Seraiah, the son of
and they were craftsmen. 15 And the sons of Asiel, 36 and Elioenai and Jaakobah and Jeshohaiah
Caleb, the son of Jephunneh: Iru, Elah, and Naam. and Asaiah and Adiel and Jesimiel and Benaiah,
And the son of Elah: Kenaz. 16 And the sons of 37 and Ziza, the son of Shiphi, the son of Allon, the
Jehaleleel: Ziph and Ziphah, Tiria and Asareel. son of Jedaiah, the son of Shimri, the son of
17 And the sons of Ezra were Jether and Mered Shemaiah.
and Epher and Jalon; and she bore Miriam and 38 These mentioned by their names were lead-
Shammai and Ishbah, the father of Eshtemoa. ers in their families; and the house of their fathers
18 And his wife Jehudijah bore Jered, the father of increased greatly. 39 And they went to the
Gedor, and Heber, the father of Socho, and entrance of Gedor, to the east side of the valley, to
Jekuthiel, the father of Zanoah. And these are look for pasture for their flocks. 40 And they found
the sons of Bithiah, the daughter of Pharaoh, whom rich and good pasture, and the land was spacious
Mered took. 19 And the sons of his wife Hodiah the and quiet and peaceable; for descendants of Ham
sister of Naham, were the father of Keilah the had lived there in olden times.
Garmite and Eshtemoa the Maachathite. 20 And 41 And these written by name came in the days
the sons of Shimon were Amnon and Rinnah, of Hezekiah, king of Judah, and attacked their tents
Benhanan and Tilon. And the sons of Ishi were and the habitations that were found there, and
Zoheth and Benzoheth. 21 The sons of Shelah the utterly destroyed them, as it is to this day, and
son of Judah were Er, the father of Lecah, and lived in their places, because there was pasture
Laadah, the father of Mareshah, and the families there for their flocks. 42 And some of them, some
of the house of those who made fine linen, of the of the sons of Simeon, five hundred men, went to
house of Ashbea, 22 and Jokim, and the men of Mount Seir, having for their captains Pelatiah and
political, or military leader (also in vs 12,14, 2. That God would enlarge our territories of
17,18, and possibly elsewhere). influence, our ministries and opportunities
4:9 Jabez the name means he makes 3. That Gods hand would be with us
sorrowful or he gives pain. 4. That God would keep us from evil so
4:10 At birth he gave pain to his mother, that it causes no pain
but in life he gave joy to God. He asked for 4:12 Ir-Nahash or the city of Nahash
four things and received them all. The (the Hebrew word ir can mean town or city,
things he asked evidently pleased God and but here may be a proper name).
they testify to the fact that he was more 4:13 Othniel Josh 15:17; Jud 1:13; 3:9-11.
honorable than his brothers. We would do 4:15 Caleb Num 13:30; 14:30; Josh 14:6-15.
well to ask for the four things he asked for: 4:24 Gen 46:10; Ex 6:15; Num 26:12,13.
1. That God would bless us indeed 4:27-33 Josh 19:1-8.
1 CHRONICLES 4:43 498
Neariah and Rephaiah and Uzziel, the sons of Ishi. Sharon, on their borders. 17 All these were listed
43 And they struck down the rest of the Amalekites by genealogies in the days of Jotham king of Judah
who had escaped, and they live there to this day. and in the days of Jeroboam king of Israel.
18 The sons of Reuben and the Gadites and half
5 Now the sons of Reuben, the firstborn of
Israel (for he was the firstborn, but, since he
defiled his fathers bed, his birthright was given to
the tribe of Manasseh, of valiant men, men able to
carry shield and sword and to shoot with the bow
and skillful in war, were forty-four thousand seven
the sons of Joseph, the son of Israel; and the hundred and sixty who went out to the war.
genealogy is not to be counted according to the 19 And they made war with the Hagarites, with
birthright. 2 For Judah prevailed over his brothers, Jetur and Nephish and Nodab. 20 And they were
and from him came the chief ruler; but the helped against them, and the Hagarites were
birthright was Josephs), 3 the sons, I say, of delivered into their hands, and all who were with
Reuben, the firstborn of Israel, were Hanoch and them; for they cried out to God in the battle, and
Pallu, Hezron and Carmi. 4 The sons of Joel: he answered them, because they put their trust in
Shemaiah his son, Gog his son, Shimei his son, him. 21 And they took away their livestock, fifty
5 Micah his son, Reaia his son, Baal his son, 6 Beerah thousand of their camels, and two hundred and
his son, whom Tilgath-Pilneser, king of Assyria, took fifty thousand of their sheep, and two thousand
away captive; he was the leader of the Reubenites. donkeys, and a hundred thousand men. 22 For
7 And his brethren by their families, when the many fell slain, because the war was from God.
genealogy of their generations was listed, were And they lived in their places until the captivity.
Jeiel the chief, and Zechariah, 8 and Bela, the son 23 And the children of the half tribe of Manasseh
of Azaz, the son of Shema, the son of Joel, who lived in the region. They became numerous from
lived in Aroer, as far as Nebo and Baal-Meon: 9 and Bashan to Baal-Hermon and Senir and to Mount
on the east he lived up to the entrance of the Hermon. 24 And these were the heads of the
wilderness from the river Euphrates; because their house of their fathers: Epher and Ishi and Eliel and
cattle had increased in the land of Gilead. 10 And in Azriel and Jeremiah and Hodaviah and Jahdiel,
the days of Saul they made war with the Hagarites, mighty men of valour, famous men and heads of
who fell by their hand; and they lived in their tents the house of their fathers.
throughout all the eastern region of Gilead. 25 And they transgressed against the God of
11 And the children of Gad lived opposite them, their fathers, and prostituted themselves to the
in the land of Bashan up to Salcah. 12 Joel was gods of the people of the land, whom God
their chief, and Shapham the next, and Jaanai, destroyed before them. 26 And the God of Israel
and Shaphat in Bashan. 13 And their brethren of stirred up the spirit of Pul, king of Assyria, and the
the house of their fathers were Michael and spirit of Tilgath Pilneser, king of Assyria, and he
Meshullam and Sheba and Jorai and Jachan and Zia took the Reubenites and the Gadites and the half
and Heber, seven. 14 These are the children of tribe of Manasseh away, and brought them to Halah
Abihail, the son of Huri, the son of Jaroah, the son and Habor and Hara and to the river Gozan, as it is
of Gilead, the son of Michael, the son of Jeshishai, to this day.
the son of Jahdo, the son of Buz; 15 Ahi, the son
of Abdiel, the son of Guni, was chief of the house
of their fathers. 16 And they lived in Gilead in
Bashan and in her towns and in all the areas of
6 The sons of Levi: Gershon, Kohath and Merari.
2 And the sons of Kohath: Amram, Izhar and
Hebron and Uzziel. 3 And the children of Amram:
4:43 Amalekites Ex 17:8-16; 1 Sam chapter 16).
15:7-8; 30:1-18. 5:17 2 Kings 14:16,28; 15:5,32.
5:1 Reuben Gen 35:22; 49:4. 5:20 They succeeded in this battle not because
Joseph 48:15,16; 49:22-26; 25:31. The of arms and skill, but because they cried to
rights of the first born included a double por- God in faith. Compare 2 Chron 6:34-39;
tion of the fathers inheritance Deut 21:16,17. 13:13-16; 14:9-15; 18:31; 20:1-30;
Joseph received a double portion in the land 32:1-23; Ps 18:3; 20:7,8; 22:4,5; 107:6;
through his two sons Manasseh and Ephraim. Zech 4:6; Eph 6:10,16,18.
5:2 Judah Gen 49:8-10. The descen- 5:22 Deut 3:22; 20:4; Josh 23:10,11;
dants of Joseph occupied the most territory 2 Chron 32:8.
in the land, but Gods appointed king, 5:23 Manasseh Num 32:19; Josh 22:7.
David, came from Judah. 5:25 Prostituted themselves Ex 34:14-15;
5:3 Gen 46:9; Num 26:5-6. Isa 1:21; Jer2:20; Ezek16:15,23; 23:3;
5:6 Tilgath-Pilneser v 26; 2 Kings Hos 1:2; 5:3.
15:19,29. 5:26 2 Kings 15:19,29; 17:6-23; 18:11.
5:10 18:21; Ps 83:6. The Hagrites were 6:1 23:6; Gen 46:11; Ex 6:16; Num 26:57.
probably descended from Hagar (Genesis 6:3 Nadab, Abihu Lev 10:1,2.
499 1 CHRONICLES 6:59
Aaron and Moses and Miriam. The sons also of singer, the son of Joel, the son of Shemuel, 34 the
Aaron: Nadab and Abihu, Eleazar and Ithamar. son of Elkanah, the son of Jeroham, the son of
4 Eleazar begot Phinehas; Phinehas begot Abishua, Eliel, the son of Toah, 35 the son of Zuph, the son
5 and Abishua begot Bukki, and Bukki begot Uzzi, of Elkanah, the son of Mahath, the son of Amasai,
6 and Uzzi begot Zerahiah, and Zerahiah begot 36 the son of Elkanah, the son of Joel, the son of
Meraioth, 7 Meraioth begot Amariah, and Amariah Azariah, the son of Zephaniah, 37 the son of
begot Ahitub, 8 and Ahitub begot Zadok, and Zadok Tahath, the son of Assir, the son of Ebiasaph, the
begot Ahimaaz, 9 and Ahimaaz begot Azariah, and son of Korah, 38 the son of Izhar, the son of
Azariah begot Johanan, 10 and Johanan begot Kohath, the son of Levi, the son of Israel; 39 and
Azariah (he it is who served as priest in the temple his brother Asaph, who stood at his right hand,
that Solomon built in Jerusalem), 11 and Azariah Asaph the son of Berachiah, the son of Shimea,
begot Amariah, and Amariah begot Ahitub, 12 and 40 the son of Michael, the son of Baaseiah, the son
Ahitub begot Zadok, and Zadok begot Shallum, of Malchiah, 41 the son of Ethni, the son of Zerah,
13 and Shallum begot Hilkiah, and Hilkiah begot the son of Adaiah, 42 the son of Ethan, the son of
Azariah, 14 and Azariah begot Seraiah, and Seraiah Zimmah, the son of Shimei, 43 the son of Jahath,
begot Jehozadak; 15 and Jehozadak went into the son of Gershom, the son of Levi. 44 And their
captivity, when the LORD carried away Judah and brethren, the sons of Merari, stood at the left
Jerusalem by the hand of Nebuchadnezzar. hand: Ethan the son of Kishi, the son of Abdi, the
16 The sons of Levi: Gershom, Kohath and son of Malluch, 45 the son of Hashabiah, the son
Merari. 17 And these are the names of the sons of of Amaziah, the son of Hilkiah, 46 the son of Amzi,
Gershom: Libni and Shimei. 18 And the sons of the son of Bani, the son of Shamer, 47 the son of
Kohath were Amram and Izhar and Hebron and Mahli, the son of Mushi, the son of Merari, the son
Uzziel. 19 The sons of Merari: Mahli and Mushi. of Levi. 48 Their brethren also, the Levites, were
And these are the families of the Levites according appointed to all kinds of service of the tabernacle
to their fathers. 20 Of Gershom: Libni his son, of the house of God.
Jahath his son, Zimmah his son, 21 Joah his son, 49 But Aaron and his sons made offerings on
Iddo his son, Zerah his son, Jeaterai his son. the altar of burnt offering, and on the altar of
22 The sons of Kohath: Amminadab his son, Korah incense, and were appointed for all the work of
his son, Assir his son, 23 Elkanah his son, and the Most Holy Place, and to make an atonement
Ebiasaph his son, and Assir his son, 24 Tahath his for Israel, in accordance with all that Moses the
son, Uriel his son, Uzziah his son, and Shaul his servant of God had commanded. 50 And these are
son. 25 and the sons of Elkanah: Amasai and the sons of Aaron: Eleazar his son, Phinehas his
Ahimoth. 26 As for Elkanah, the sons of Elkanah son, Abishua his son, 51 Bukki his son, Uzzi his son,
were Zophai his son and Nahath his son, 27 Eliab Zerahiah his son, 52 Meraioth his son, Amariah his
his son, Jeroham his son, Elkanah his son. 28 And son, Ahitub his son, 53 Zadok his son, Ahimaaz his
the sons of Samuel: the firstborn Vashni, and Abiah. son.
29 The sons of Merari: Mahli, Libni his son, Shimei 54 Now these are their dwelling places,
his son, Uzza his son, 30 Shimea his son, Haggiah throughout their camps, within their territories, of
his son, Asaiah his son. the sons of Aaron, of the families of the Kohathites,
31 And these are the ones whom David according to their allotment. 55 And they gave
appointed over the service of song in the house of them Hebron in the land of Judah, and its pasture
the LORD, after the ark had rest. 32 And they lands around it. 56 But the fields of the city and its
served before the dwelling place of the tabernacle villages, they gave to Caleb the son of Jephunneh.
of the congregation with singing, until Solomon built 57 And to the sons of Aaron they gave these cities
the house of the LORD in Jerusalem; and then they of Judah: Hebron, the city of refuge, and Libnah
served in their office according to their order. with its pasture lands, and Jattir and Eshtemoa,
33 And these are the ones who served with their with their pasture lands, 58 and Hilen with its
children: of the sons of the Kohathites, Heman a pasture lands, Debir with its pasture lands, 59 and
Eleazer the first high priest after Aaron. 6:33 Heman 25:1. Samuel 1 Sam
The list up to v 16 gives the names of the 1:20.
high priests until the Babylonian captivity. 6:34 Elkanah 1 Sam 1:1.
6:16-50 Ex 6:16-24. 6:39 25:1; psalms 50,73-83.
6:31 Service of song 15:16,27; 25:1- 6:44 Ethan 15:19.
31; 2 Chron 29:25,26. 6:48 House of God 23:32; Num 3:5-8.
Ark 2 Sam 6:17. 6:54-81 Josh 21:1-42.
6:32 House of the LORD 1 Kings 6:56 Josh 14:13; 15:13.
chapter 6. 6:57 City of refuge Num 35:6-28.
1 CHRONICLES 6:60 500
Ashan with its pasture lands, and Beth Shemesh 77 To the rest of the children of Merari were
with its pasture lands; 60 and from the tribe of given from the tribe of Zebulun, Rimmon with its
Benjamin they gave Geba with its pasture lands, pasture lands, Tabor with its pasture lands; 78 and
and Alemeth with its pasture lands, and Anathoth on the other side of the Jordan near Jericho, on
with its pasture lands. All their cities throughout the east side of the Jordan, were given to them
their families were thirteen cities. from the tribe of Reuben, Bezer in the wilderness
61 And to the sons of Kohath, who were left of with its pasture lands and Jahzah with its pasture
the family of that tribe, cities were given from the lands, 79 Kedemoth also with its pasture lands and
half tribe, from the half tribe of Manasseh, by lot, Mephaath with its pasture lands; 80 and from the
ten cities. 62 And to the sons of Gershom tribe of Gad, Ramoth in Gilead with its pasture lands
throughout their families from the tribe of Issachar and Mahanaim with its pasture lands, 81 and
and from the tribe of Asher and from the tribe of Heshbon with its pasture lands and Jazer with its
Naphtali and from the tribe of Manasseh in Bashan, pasture lands.
thirteen cities. 63 To the sons of Merari were given
by lot, throughout their families, from the tribe of
Reuben and from the tribe of Gad and from the
tribe of Zebulun, twelve cities. 64 And the children
7 Now the sons of Issachar were Tola and Puah,
Jashub and Shimrom, four. 2 And the sons of
Tola: Uzzi and Rephaiah and Jeriel and Jahmai and
of Israel gave to the Levites these cities with their Jibsam and Shemuel, heads of their fathers house,
pasture lands. 65 And they gave by lot from the that is, of Tola. They were strong valiant men in
tribe of the children of Judah and from the tribe of their generations. Their number in the days of
the children of Simeon and from the tribe of the David was twenty-two thousand six hundred.
children of Benjamin, these cities, which are called 3 And the sons of Uzzi: Izrahiah, and the sons of
by their names. Izrahiah: Michael and Obadiah and Joel, Ishiah,
66 And the rest of the families of the sons of five; all of them chief men. 4 And with them, by
Kohath had cities for their of their territory from their generations, acccording to the house of their
the tribe of Ephraim. 67 And they gave to them, as fathers, were bands of soldiers for war, thirty-six
cities of refuge, Shechem, in the hill country of thousand men; for they had many wives and sons.
Ephraim, with its pasture lands; they also gave 5 And their brethren among all the families of
Gezer with its pasture lands, 68 and Jokmeam with Issachar were strong valiant men, listed by their
its pasture lands and Beth-Horon with its pasture genealogies, in all eighty-seven thousand.
lands, 69 and Aijalon with its pasture lands, and 6 The sons of Benjamin: Bela and Becher and
Gath Rimmon with its pasture lands. 70 And from Jediael, three. 7 And the sons of Bela: Ezbon and
the half tribe of Manasseh they gave Aner with its Uzzi and Uzziel and Jerimoth and Iri, five. They
pasture lands, and Bileam with its pasture lands, were heads of the house of their fathers, mighty
for the family of the rest of the sons of Kohath. men of valour; and were listed by their genealogies
71 To the sons of Gershom these were given twenty-two thousand and thirty-four. 8 And the
from the family of the half tribe of Manasseh: Golan sons of Becher: Zemira and Joash and Eliezer and
in Bashan with its pasture lands and Ashtaroth with Elioenai and Omri and Jerimoth and Abiah and
its pasture lands; 72 and from the tribe of Issachar, Anathoth and Alameth. All these are the sons of
Kedesh with its pasture lands, Daberath with its Becher. 9 and their number according to their
pasture lands, 73 and Ramoth with its pasture lands genealogy by their generations, heads of the house
and Anem with its pasture lands; 74 and from the of their fathers, mighty men of valour, was twenty
tribe of Asher, Mashal with its pasture lands and thousand two hundred. 10 And the sons of Jediael:
Abdon with its pasture lands, 75 and Hukok with its Bilhan and the sons of Bilhan: Jeush and Benjamin
pasture lands and Rehob with its pasture lands; and Ehud and Chenaanah and Zethan and Tarshish
76 and from the tribe of Naphtali, Kedesh in Galilee and Ahishahar. 11 All these, the sons of Jediael,
with its pasture lands and Hammon with its pasture by the heads of their fathers, mighty men of valour,
lands and Kirjathaim with its pasture lands. were seventeen thousand two hundred soldiers,
7:1 Issachar Gen 46:13; Num 1:28; Bela, which is not at all impossible, even
26:23-25. though Bela is listed elsewhere as the son
7:6 1 Chron 8:1-40. Some think that of Benjamin, but never of Zebulun. See
Benjamin here is a copying mistake for Num 26:26,27,38-41. If the genealogy of
Zebulun, because otherwise the genealogy Zebulun is missing, it would be the same
of Zebulun is missing, and because it is case as that of Dan which is missing. How-
difficult to reconcile the genealogy here with ever that may be, the emphasis in the two
that of chapter 8. This could be the gene- books of the Chronicles is not on the north-
alogy of Zebulun if he also had a son named ern tribes but on those which comprised the
501 1 CHRONICLES 8:20
prepared to go out for war and battle. 12 Shuppim father of Birzavith. 32 And Heber begot Japhlet
also and Huppim, the children of Ir, and Hushim, and Shomer and Hotham and Shua, their sister.
the sons of Aher. 33 And the sons of Japhlet: Pasach and Bimhal and
13 The sons of Naphtali: Jahziel and Guni and Ashvath. These are the children of Japhlet.
Jezer and Shallum, the sons of Bilhah. 34 And the sons of Shamer: Ahi and Rohgah,
14 The sons of Manasseh: Ashriel, whom she Jehubbah and Aram. 35 And the sons of his brother
bore (but his concubine, the Aramitess, bore Machir Helem: Zophah and Imna and Shelesh and Amal.
the father of Gilead. 15 And Machir took as wife 36 The sons of Zophah: Suah and Harnepher and
the sister of Huppim and Shuppim, whose sisters Shual and Beri and Imrah, 37 Bezer and Hod and
name was Maachah), and the name of the second Shamma and Shilshah and Ithran and Beera.
was Zelophehad. And Zelophehad had daughters. 38 And the sons of Jether: Jephunneh and Pispah
16 And Maachah, the wife of Machir, bore a son and Ara. 39 And the sons of Ulla: Arah and Haniel
and she called his name Peresh; and the name of and Rezia. 40 All these were the children of Asher,
his brother was Sheresh; and his sons were Ulam heads of their fathers house, choice and mighty
and Rakem. 17 And the son of Ulam: Bedan. men of valour, chief of the leaders. And the number
These were the sons of Gilead, the son of Machir, throughout the genealogy of those who were
the son of Manasseh. 18 And his sister Hammoleketh prepared for war and for battle was twenty-six
bore Ishod and Abiezer and Mahalah. 19 And the thousand men.
sons of Shemidah were Ahian and Shechem and
Likhi and Aniam.
20 And the sons of Ephraim: Shuthelah, and
Bered his son, and Tahath his son, and Eladah his
8 Now Benjamin begot Bela his firstborn, Ashbel
the second, and Aharah the third, 2 Nohah
the fourth and Rapha the fifth. 3 And the sons of
son, and Tahath his son, 21 and Zabad his son, Bela were Addar and Gera and Abihud 4 and
and Shuthelah his son, and Ezer, and Elead, whom Abishua and Naaman and Ahoah 5 and Gera and
the men of Gath who were born in that land killed, Shephuphan and Huram.
because they came down to take away their 6 And these are the sons of Ehud: these are
livestock. 22 And their father Ephraim mourned the heads of the fathers of the inhabitants of Geba,
many days, and his brethren came to comfort him. and they were exiled to Manahath: 7 and Naaman
23 And when he went in to his wife, she conceived, and Ahiah and Gera; he exiled them, and begot
and bore a son, and he called his name Beriah, Uzza, and Ahihud.
because things were going bad with his household. 8 And Shaharaim begot children in the country
24 And his daughter was Sherah, who built Lower of Moab, after he had sent away Hushim and Baara,
and Upper Beth Horon, and Uzzen Sherah. 25 And his wives. 9 And he begot of Hodesh his wife,
Rephah was his son, also Resheph, and Telah Jobab and Zibia and Mesha and Malcham 10 and
his son, and Tahan his son, 26 Laadan his son, Jeuz and Shachia and Mirma. These were his sons,
Ammihud his son, Elishama his son, 27 Non his heads of the fathers households. 11 And by Hushim
son, Jehoshuah his son. he begot Abitub and Elpaal.
28 And their possessions and habitations were 12 The sons of Elpaal: Eber and Misham and
Bethel and its towns, and Naaran on the east, and Shamed, who built Ono and Lod, with its towns;
Gezer on the west, with its towns; Shechem also 13 Beriah also and Shema, who were heads of the
and its towns, as far as Gaza and its towns; 29 and fathers of the inhabitants of Aijalon, who drove
by the borders of the children of Manasseh, away the inhabitants of Gath; 14 and Ahio, Shashak
Bethshean and its towns, Taanach and its towns, and Jeremoth 15 and Zebadiah and Arad and Ader
Megiddo and its towns, Dor and its towns. In these 16 and Michael and Ispah and Joha, the sons of
the children of Joseph, the son of Israel, lived. Beriah; 17 and Zebadiah and Meshullam and Hezeki
30 The sons of Asher: Imnah and Isuah and and Heber, 18 Ishmerai also, and Jezliah and
Ishuai and Beriah and Serah, their sister. 31 And Jobab, the sons of Elpaal, 19 and Jakim and Zichri
the sons of Beriah: Heber and Malchiel, who is the and Zabdi, 20 and Elienai and Zilthai and Eliel,
southern kingdom of Judah 8:1. the Holy Spirit, was to focus attention on
7:20 Num 26:35-36. the southern kingdom of Judah. Levi was
7:23 Beriah this name sounds like the important because the priesthood and
Hebrew word for misfortune. temple service in Jerusalem were in the
7:24 Josh 16:3,5. hands of this tribe. Benjamin was important
7:30 Gen 46:17; Num 26:44-46. because Saul, the first king of Israel, was
8:1 7:6-12; Gen 46:21. More space is a Benjamite, and part of the territory of
given to the genealogy of Benjamin, Judah Benjamin was later taken into the southern
and Levi than all the other tribes put kingdom of Judah.
together. The authors purpose, guided by 8:6 Ehud Jud 3:12-30.
1 CHRONICLES 8:21 502
21 and Adaiah and Beraiah and Shimrath, the sons Shilonites, Asaiah the firstborn, and his sons;
of Shimhi, 22 and Ishpan and Heber and Eliel 6 and of the sons of Zerah, Jeuel, and their breth-
23 and Abdon and Zichri and Hanan 24 and ren, six hundred and ninety; 7 and of the sons of
Hananiah and Elam and Antothijah 25 and Benjamin, Sallu the son of Meshullam, the son of
Iphedeiah and Penuel, the sons of Shashak 26 and Hodaviah, the son of Hasenuah, 8 and Ibneiah the
Shamsherai and Shehariah and Athaliah 27 and son of Jeroham, and Elah the son of Uzzi, the son
Jaresiah and Eliah and Zichri, the sons of Jeroham. of Michri, and Meshullam the son of Shephathiah,
28 These were heads of the fathers the son of Reuel, the son of Ibnijah, 9 and their
households, by their generations, chief men. brethren, according to their generations, nine hun-
These lived in Jerusalem. dred and fifty-six. All these men were chief of the
29 And the father of Gibeon lived at Gibeon. fathers in the house of their ancestors.
His wifes name was Maachah; 30 and his firstborn 10 And of the priests, Jedaiah and Jehoiarib
son Abdon, and Zur and Kish and Baal and Nadab and Jachin 11 and Azariah, the son of Hilkiah, the
31 and Gedor and Ahio and Zacher. 32 And Mikloth son of Meshullam, the son of Zadok, the son of
begot Shimeah. And these also lived with their Meraioth, the son of Ahitub, the ruler of the house
brethren in Jerusalem, opposite them. 33 And Ner of God, 12 and Adaiah, the son of Jeroham, the
begot Kish, and Kish begot Saul, and Saul begot son of Pashur, the son of Malchijah, and Maasiai,
Jonathan and Malchishua and Abinadab and the son of Adiel, the son of Jahzerah, the son of
Eshbaal. 34 And the son of Jonathan was Meshullam, the son of Meshillemith, the son of
Meribbaal; and Meribbaal begot Micah. 35 And the Immer, 13 and their brethren, heads of the house
sons of Micah were Pithon and Melech and Tarea of their fathers, a thousand seven hundred and
and Ahaz. 36 And Ahaz begot Jehoadah; and sixty, very able men for the work of the service of
Jehoadah begot Alemeth and Azmaveth and Zimri; the house of God.
and Zimri begot Moza, 37 and Moza begot Binea. 14 And of the Levites, Shemaiah the son of
Rapha was his son, Eleasah his son, Azel his son. Hasshub, the son of Azrikam, the son of Hashabiah,
38 And Azel had six sons, whose names are these: of the sons of Merari, 15 and Bakbakkar, Heresh
Azrikam, Bocheru and Ishmael and Sheariah and and Galal and Mattaniah the son of Micah, the son
Obadiah and Hanan. All these were the sons of of Zichri, the son of Asaph, 16 and Obadiah, the
Azel. 39 And the sons of Eshek his brother were son of Shemaiah, the son of Galal, the son of
Ulam his firstborn, Jehush the second, and Eliphelet Jeduthun, and Berechiah, the son of Asa, the son
the third. 40 And the sons of Ulam were mighty of Elkanah, who lived in the villages of the
men of valour, archers, and had many sons and Netophathites.
grandsons, a hundred and fifty. All these are 17 And the gatekeepers were Shallum and Akkub
descendants of Benjamin. and Talmon and Ahiman and their brethren, Shallum
being the chief. 18 Before this they served at the
9 So all Israel was listed by genealogies, and
these were written down in the book of The
Kings of Israel and Judah (who was taken away to
eastern gate of the king. They were gatekeepers
in the companies of the children of Levi. 19 And
Shallum the son of Kore, the son of Ebiasaph, the
Babylon because of their transgression). son of Korah, and his brethren, of the house of his
2 Now the first who lived in their possessions in father, the Korahites, were over the work of the
their cities were some Israelites, the priests, service, gatekeepers of the tabernacle, as their
Levites, and the Nethinim. 3 And in Jerusalem lived fathers had been over the camp of the LORD,
some of the children of Judah and the children of guarding the entrance. 20 And Phinehas, the son
Benjamin and the children of Ephraim and of Eleazar, had the supervision over them in time
Manasseh: 4 Uthai the son of Ammihud, the son of past, and the LORD was with him. 21 And
Omri, the son of Imri, the son of Bani, of the chil- Zechariah, the son of Meshelemiah, was the door-
dren of Pharez the son of Judah; 5 and of the keeper of the tabernacle of the congregation.
8:29 9:35-38. exile in Babylon 2:70; Neh 7:73; 11:3,4.
Father here the word may mean 9:3 Manasseh among those who returned
political or civic or military leader. from exile were members of the northern
8:33 Saul 9:39-44; 1 Sam 9:1,2; 10:1; tribes as well as some from Judah,
14:49; 31:2. Benjamin and Levi. God preserved all Is-
Eshbaal also known as Ish-Bosheth. rael.
8:34 Jonathan 1 Sam 14:1-15; 18:1. 9:19 Tabernacle here simply means
Meribbaal another name for Gods dwelling place (the temple) with His
Mephibosheth (2 Sam 4:4). people, and not the literal tabernacle, which
9:1 Babylon 36:15-20; Jer 52:1-27. was no longer standing. Also in vs 21,23.
9:2 First who lived in after the return from 9:20 Phinehas Num 25:6-13.
503 1 CHRONICLES 10:13
22 All these who were chosen to be gatekeepers Merib-baal. And Merib-baal begot Micah. 41 And
were two hundred and twelve. These were listed the sons of Micah were Pithon and Melech and
by their genealogy in their villages. David and Tahrea and Ahaz. 42 And Ahaz begot Jarah; and
Samuel the seer ordained them in their set office. Jarah begot Alemeth and Azmaveth and Zimri; and
23 So they and their children had the oversight of Zimri begot Moza; 43 and Moza begot Binea; and
the gates of the house of the LORD, the house of Rephaiah his son, Eleasah his son, Azel his son.
the tabernacle, as guards. 24 The gatekeepers 44 And Azel had six sons, whose names are these:
were in four quarters, toward the east, west, north, Azrikam, Bocheru, and Ishmael and Sheariah and
and south. 25 And their brethren, who were in Obadiah and Hanan. These were the sons of Azel.
their villages, were to come in after seven days
from time to time to be with them. 26 For these
Levites, the four chief gatekeepers, were in their
set office and were over the rooms and treasuries
10 Now the Philistines fought against Israel,
and the men of Israel fled from before the
Philistines, and fell down slain in mount Gilboa.
of the house of God. 27 And they stayed at night 2 And the Philistines followed closely after Saul and
around the house of God, because the watch was after his sons, and the Philistines killed Jonathan
committed to them, and opening up the house of and Abinadab and Malchishua, the sons of Saul.
God every morning was in their care. 3 And the battle grew heavy against Saul, and the
28 And some of them had charge of the archers hit him, and he was wounded by the
articles for the service to bring them in and out by archers. 4 Then Saul said to his armour bearer,
count. 29 Some of them also were appointed to Draw your sword and pierce me with it; or else
oversee the articles and all the furniture of the these uncircumcised will come and abuse me. But
sanctuary, and the fine flour and the wine and the his armour bearer would not, for he was very afraid.
oil and the frankincense and the spices. 30 And So Saul took a sword and fell on it. 5 And when his
some of the sons of the priests made the ointment armour bearer saw that Saul was dead, he also fell
from the spices. 31 And Mattithiah, one of the on a sword and died. 6 So Saul died and his three
Levites, who was the firstborn of Shallum the sons; and all his household died together.
Korahite, had the oversight of the things that were 7 And when all the men of Israel who were in
made in pans. 32 And others of their brethren, of the valley saw that the army was fleeing, and that
the sons of the Kohathites, were over the Saul and his sons were dead, they forsook their
Showbread, to prepare it every Sabbath. cities and fled; and the Philistines came and lived in
33 And these were the singers, chief of the them. 8 And it came to pass on the next day, when
fathers of the Levites, who stayed in the rooms the Philistines came to strip those who had been
and were free from other service; for they were killed, that they found Saul and his sons fallen on
employed in that work day and night. 34 These Mount Gilboa. 9 And when they had stripped him,
chief fathers of the Levites were chief throughout they took his head and his armour and sent them
their generations. They lived at Jerusalem. into the surrounding countryside of the Philistines,
35 And in Gibeon the father of Gibeon, Jehiel, to take the news to their idols and to the people.
lived. His wifes name was Maachah, 36 and his 10 And they put his armour in the house of their
firstborn son was Abdon, then Zur and Kish and gods, and fastened his head in the temple of Dagon.
Baal and Ner and Nadab, 37 and Gedor and Ahio 11 And when all Jabesh Gilead heard all that the
and Zechariah and Mikloth. 38 And Mikloth begot Philistines had done to Saul, 12 all the valiant men
Shimeam. And they also lived with their brethren arose, and took away the body of Saul and the
at Jerusalem, opposite their brethren. 39 And Ner bodies of his sons and brought them to Jabesh,
begot Kish; and Kish begot Saul; and Saul begot and buried their bones under the oak in Jabesh,
Jonathan and Malchishua and Abinadab and and fasted seven days.
Eshbaal. 40 And the son of Jonathan was 13 So Saul died for his transgression which he
9:22 Gatekeepers 26:1. 9:35-44 8:29-38.
Seer 1 Sam 9:9. Eshbaal (v 39) also known as
9:27 Watch there were valuable articles of Ish-Bosheth.
gold and silver in the temple (Ezra 1:11), and Marib-baal (v 40) also known as
enemies of Israel in the neighborhood (Neh Mephibosheth.
4:7-9). More importantly, all persons who had 10:1-12 1 Sam 31:1-13.
no right to enter the temple had to be kept 10:13,14 1 Sam 13:13-14; 15:23; 28:7-19.
out so that the temple be not defiled. Here the sin of consulting a medium is
9:29 23:29. emphasized. Consulting such persons is
9:30 Spices Ex 30:23-25. condemned in the law of God (Deut
9:31,32 Showbread Ex 30:30; Lev 24:5-8. 18:9-14), and Saul himself knew it was wrong
9:33 Singers 6:31-45; 25:1; Ps 134:1. when he did it (1 Sam 28:3).
1 CHRONICLES 10:14 504
committed against the LORD, against the word of the rock to David, into the cave of Adullam; and
the LORD, which he did not keep, and also for the army of the Philistines was camping in the valley
consulting someone who was a medium, to inquire of Rephaim. 16 And David was then in the strong-
of her, 14 and did not inquire of the LORD; hold, and a garrison of the Philistines was then at
therefore he killed him, and turned the kingdom Bethlehem. 17 And David felt a longing and said,
over to David the son of Jesse. Oh, that someone would give me a drink of water
from the well of Bethlehem, that is by the gate!
11 Then all Israel gathered together to David
at Hebron, saying, See, we are your
bone and your flesh. 2 Also in time past, even
18 And the three broke through the army of the
Philistines, and drew water from the well of
Bethlehem, that was by the gate, and took it and
when Saul was king, you were the one who led brought it to David. But David would not drink it,
Israel out and brought them in; and the LORD your but poured it out to the LORD, 19 and said, My
God said to you, You will shepherd my people Is- God forbid this to me, that I should do this thing!
rael, and you will be ruler over my people Israel. Should I drink the blood of these men who have put
3 So all the elders of Israel came to the king at their lives in jeopardy? For in peril of their lives
Hebron; and David made a covenant with them in they brought this. Therefore he would not drink
Hebron before the LORD; and they anointed David it. The three mighty men did these things.
king over Israel, in accordance with the word of 20 And Abishai, the brother of Joab, was chief
the LORD by Samuel. of the three; for raising his spear against three
4 And David and all Israel went to Jerusalem, hundred, he killed them, and had a name among
which is Jebus, where the Jebusites, the inhabit- the three. 21 He was more honoured than two of
ants of the land, were. 5 And the inhabitants of the three; for he was their captain. However, he
Jebus said to David, You will not get in here! did not attain to the first three.
Nevertheless David took the fortress of Zion, which 22 Benaiah, the son of Jehoiada, the son of a
is the city of David. 6 And David said, Whoever valiant man from Kabzeel, who had done many
strikes the Jebusites first will be chief and deeds, killed two lion-like men of Moab. Also he
commander. So Joab, the son of Zeruiah, went went down and killed a lion in a pit on a snowy day.
up first up, and became chief. 7 And David lived in 23 And he killed an Egyptian, a man of great
the fortress; therefore they called it the city of stature, five cubits tall; and there was a spear like
David. 8 And he built up the city around it, from a weavers beam in the Egyptians hand; and he
Millo all around; and Joab repaired the rest of the went down to him with a staff, and tore the spear
city. 9 So David became greater and greater, for out of the Egyptians hand, and killed him with his
the LORD of hosts was with him. own spear. 24 Benaiah, the son of Jehoiada, did
10 And these are the chief of the mighty men these things, and had a name among the three
whom David had, who used their strength with him mighty men. 25 See, he was honoured among the
for his kingdom and with all Israel, to make him thirty, but did not attain to the first three. And
king, in accordance with the word of the LORD David set him over his guard.
concerning Israel. 11 And this is the list of Davids 26 Also the mighty men in the armies were
mighty men: Jashobeam, a Hachmonite, the chief Asahel, the brother of Joab, Elhanan, the son of
of the thirty; he raised his spear against three Dodo of Bethlehem, 27 Shammoth the Harorite,
hundred who were killed by him at one time. Helez the Pelonite, 28 Ira the son of Ikkesh the
12 And after him was Eleazar, the son of Dodo, the Tekoite, Abiezer the Antothite, 29 Sibbecai the
Ahohite, who was one of the three mighty ones. Hushathite, Ilai the Ahohite, 30 Maharai the
13 He was with David at Pasdammim; and there the Netophathite, Heled, the son of Baanah the
Philistines were gathered together to battle, where Netophathite, 31 Ithai, the son of Ribai of Gibeah,
there was a plot of ground full of barley; and the who belonged to the children of Benjamin, Benaiah
people fled from before the Philistines. 14 And the Pirathonite, 32 Hurai from the brooks of Gaash,
they took their stand in the middle of that plot and Abiel the Arbathite, 33 Azmaveth the Baharumite,
defended it and struck down the Philistines; and Eliahba the Shaalbonite, 34 the sons of Hashem
the Lord saved them with a great deliverance. the Gizonite, Jonathan, the son of Shage the
15 Now three of the thirty chiefs went down to Hararite, 35 Ahiam, the son of Sacar the Hararite,
11:1-3 2 Sam 5:1-3. See notes there. Hacmonite here. There it speaks of eight
11:4-9 2 Sam 5:6-10. See notes there. hundred men being killed, here of only three
11:10-41 2 Sam 23:8-39. See notes there. hundred. It is in the realm of possibility
11:11 Jashobeam a shortened form of that these two references record two different
the name Josheb-Basshebeth in 2 Sam occasions, and two different persons among
23:8. Tahkemonite is the word there, Davids mighty men.
505 1 CHRONICLES 12:27
Eliphal, the son of Ur, 36 Hepher the Mecherathite, captains in the army; one of the least was over a
Ahijah the Pelonite, 37 Hezro the Carmelite, Naarai, hundred, and the greatest over a thousand.
the son of Ezbai, 38 Joel the brother of Nathan, 15 These are the ones who crossed the Jordan in
Mibhar the son of Haggeri, 39 Zelek the Ammonite, the first month, when it had flooded all of its banks,
Naharai the Berothite, the armour bearer of Joab, and put to flight all those living in valleys, both
the son of Zeruiah, 40 Ira the Ithrite, Gareb the toward the east and toward the west.
Ithrite, 41 Uriah the Hittite, Zabad the son of Ahlai, 16 And some of the children of Benjamin and
42 Adina, the son of Shiza the Reubenite, a Judah came to the stronghold to David. 17 And
captain of the Reubenites, and thirty with him, David went out to meet them, and responded and
43 Hanan, the son of Maachah, Joshaphat the said to them, If you have come peaceably to me
Mithnite, 44 Uzzia the Ashterathite, Shama and to help me, my heart will be knit to you. But if you
Jehiel, the sons of Hothan the Aroerite, 45 Jediael, have come to betray me to my enemies, since my
the son of Shimri, and his brother Joha, the Tizite, hands have done no wrong, the God of our fathers
46 Eliel and Mahavite, and Jeribai and Joshaviah, look on this, and rebuke it. 18 Then the Spirit
the sons of Elnaam, and Ithmah the Moabite, came on Amasai, who was chief of the captains,
47 Eliel and Obed, and Jasiel the Mesobaite. and he said, We are yours, David, and on your
side, son of Jesse. Peace, peace be to you, and
12 Now these are the ones who came to David
at Ziklag, while he was still kept away from
Saul the son of Kish; and they were among the
peace be to those who help you; for your God is
helping you. Then David received them, and made
them captains in his raiding band.
mighty men, helpers in the war. 2 They were armed 19 And some from the tribe of Manasseh
with bows, and could use both the right hand and defected to David, when he was coming with the
the left in slinging stones and shooting arrows Philistines to fight against Saul; but they did not
from a bow. They were Sauls relatives from Ben- help the Philistines, because the lords of the
jamin. 3 The chief was Ahiezer, then Joash, the Philistines, after conferring, sent him away,
sons of Shemaah the Gibeathite; and Jeziel and saying, He will defect to his master Saul to the
Pelet, the sons of Azmaveth, and Berachah and jeopardy of our heads. 20 When he went to
Jehu the Antothite 4 and Ismaiah the Gibeonite, a Ziklag, from Manasseh these defected to him:
mighty man among the thirty, and over the thirty; Adnah and Jozabad and Jediael and Michael and
and Jeremiah and Jahaziel and Johanan and Jozabad and Elihu and Zilthai, captains of the
Josabad the Gederathite 5 Eluzai and Jerimoth thousands who were from Manasseh. 21 And
and Bealiah and Shemariah and Shephatiah the they helped David against the band of raiders; for
Haruphite 6 Elkanah and Jesiah and Azareel and they were all mighty men of valour, and were cap-
Joezer and Jashobeam, the Korhites 7 and Joelah tains in the army. 22 For at that time, day by day,
and Zebadiah, the sons of Jeroham of Gedor. others came to David to help him, until it became a
8 And from the Gadites some came away to great army, like the army of God.
David at the stronghold in the wilderness, mighty 23 And these are the numbers of the bands
men and warriors prepared for the battle, who that were equipped for war, who came to David at
could handle shield and spear, whose faces were Hebron, to turn the kingdom of Saul over to him, in
like the faces of lions, and who were as swift as accordance with the word of the LORD: 24 the
the gazelles on the mountains; 9 Ezer the first, children of Judah who bore shield and spear were
Obadiah the second, Eliab the third, 10 Mishmannah six thousand eight hundred, equipped for war;
the fourth, Jeremiah the fifth, 11 Attai the sixth, 25 of the children of Simeon, mighty men of valour
Eliel the seventh, 12 Johanan the eighth, Elzabad for the war, seven thousand one hundred; 26 of
the ninth, 13 Jeremiah the tenth, Machbanai the the children of Levi four thousand six hundred;
eleventh. 14 These descendants of Gad were 27 and Jehoiada was the leader of the Aaronites,
11:41-47 Uriah is last on the list in 2 Samuel 12:15 First month Nisan, which included
chapter 23. Here several additional names parts of which we call March and April. Rain and
are given. As days passed, the number grew. melting snow from northern mountains then
12:1 1 Samuel chapter 27. caused the Jordan to flood. See Josh 3:15.
12:2 This chapter shows the general sup- 12:16 Stronghold 1 Sam 22:4; 23:29;
port for David not merely in Judah, his own 24:22.
tribe, but in the other tribes of Israel. Even 12:18 Spirit the allegiance of these men
some of Sauls kinsmen deserted to David to David was the work of God.
before Sauls death. 12:19 1 Sam 29:2-9.
12:8 Gadites from the tribe of Gad which 12:20 1 Samuel chapter 27.
had settled east of the Jordan river (Num 12:23 Hebron 2 Sam 5:1-3.
32:1-5,33). Word of the LORD 1 Sam 16:1,11-13.
1 CHRONICLES 12:28 506
and with him were three thousand seven hundred; brethren everywhere, those remaining in the whole
28 and Zadok, a valiant young warrior, and land of Israel, and along with them to the priests
twenty-two captains from his fathers house; and Levites who are in their cities and pasture
29 and three thousand of the children of Benjamin, lands, so that they may gather here with us. 3 And
the kinsmen of Saul; for until then the greatest let us bring back the ark of our God to us; for we
part of them had kept their allegiance to the house did not consult God by it in the days of Saul.
of Saul; 30 and twenty thousand eight hundred of 4 And all the congregation said that they would
the children of Ephraim, valiant fighters, famous do so, for in the eyes of all the people it was the
throughout the house of their fathers; 31 and right thing to do. 5 So David gathered all Israel
eighteen thousand of the half tribe of Manasseh, together, from Shihor of Egypt to the entrance of
who were designated by name to come and make Hemath, to bring the ark of God from Kirjath Jearim.
David king; 32 and some of the children of Issachar, 6 And David went up, and all Israel, to Baalah, that
men who had understanding of the times, to know is, to Kirjath Jearim, which belonged to Judah, to
what Israel ought to do; their chiefs were two bring up from there the ark of God the LORD, who
hundred; and all their brethren were at their dwells between the cherubim, which is called by his
command; 33 fifty thousand of Zebulun, who went name. 7 And they carried the ark of God in a new
forth to battle, expert in war, with all the weapons cart from the house of Abinadab; and Uzza and
of war, who could keep rank; they were not of Ahio were driving the cart. 8 And David and all
double heart; 34 and a thousand captains of Israel were celebrating before God with all their
Naphtali, and thirty-seven thousand with them with might, and with singing and with harps and with
shield and spear; 35 and twenty-eight thousand lyres and with tambourines and with cymbals and
six hundred of the Danites, expert in war; 36 and with trumpets.
forty thousand of Asher, who went forth to battle, 9 And when they came to the threshing floor of
expert in war; 37 and on the other side of the Kidon, Uzza put out his hand to take hold of the
Jordan, a hundred and twenty thousand of the ark, for the oxen stumbled. 10 And the anger of
Reubenites and the Gadites and of the half tribe of the LORD burned against Uzza and he struck him
Manasseh, with all kinds of weapons for the battle. down, because he put his hand on the ark; and
38 All these warriors who could keep rank, came there he died before God. 11 And David was
with a perfect heart to Hebron to make David king displeased, because the LORDs anger had broken
over all Israel; and also all the rest of Israel were out against Uzza. Therefore that place is called
of one heart to make David king. 39 And there Perez-Uzza to this day. 12 And David was afraid of
they were with David three days, eating and God that day, saying, How shall I bring the ark of
drinking; for their brethren had prepared for them. God to me? 13 So David did not bring the ark to
40 Moreover, their neighbors, even as far as himself to the city of David, but carried it aside into
Issachar and Zebulun and Naphtali, brought bread the house of Obed Edom the Gittite. 14 And the
on donkeys and on camels and on mules and on ark of God remained with the family of Obed Edom
oxen, and meat, flour, cakes of figs and bunches in his house three months. And the LORD blessed
of raisins and wine and oil and oxen and sheep in the house of Obed Edom, and all that he had.
abundance; for there was joy in Israel.
13 And David consulted with the captains of
thousands and hundreds, and with each
14 Now Hiram, king of Tyre, sent messengers
to David, and cedar timber, with masons
and carpenters, to build him a house. 2 And David
leader. 2 And David said to all the congregation of perceived that the LORD had confirmed him as king
Israel, If it seems good to you, and if it is from the over Israel, for his kingdom was greatly exalted,
LORD our God, let us send word out to our because of his people Israel.
12:32 Understanding of the times the abil- what they did with it is found in 1 Samuel
ity to understand the times and to know what chapter 6. The ark was the place where God
a people should do is a great gift from God, met with Moses and gave him commands
and one much needed in every generation. for Israel (Ex 25:22). Perhaps previous to
12:38 Verse 2. this, at some periods in their history Israels
12:40 These tribes were in Galilee in the leaders sought Gods will in the presence of
north of the land. the ark, but there is no record of this.
Joy the troubles Saul brought on the 13:5-14 2 Sam 6:1-11. See notes there.
country were over, the people were united 13:5 Shihor of Egypt to the entrance of
behind a strong and godly leader, God was Hamath an expression meaning from one
with them, the future was bright. end of the country to the other. Hamath was
13:3 The ark had been captured by the in the far north of the land.
Philistines (1 Sam 4:10,11). The story of 14:1-16 2 Sam 5:11-25. See notes there.
507 1 CHRONICLES 15:21
3 And David took more wives at Jerusalem, and place, which he had prepared for it. 4 And David
David begot more sons and daughters. 4 Now assembled the children of Aaron and the Levites;
these are the names of the children whom he had 5 of the sons of Kohath: Uriel the chief, and a
in Jerusalem: Shammua, and Shobab, Nathan and hundred and twenty of his brethren; 6 of the sons
Solomon, 5 and Ibhar and Elishua and Elpalet of Merari: Asaiah the chief, and two hundred and
6 and Nogah and Nepheg and Japhia 7 and twenty of his brethren; 7 of the sons of Gershom:
Elishama and Beeliada and Eliphalet. Joel the chief, and a hundred and thirty of his breth-
8 And when the Philistines heard that David ren; 8 of the sons of Elizaphan: Shemaiah the
was anointed king over all Israel, all the Philistines chief, and two hundred of his brethren; 9 of the
went up to look for David. And David heard of it, sons of Hebron: Eliel the chief, and eighty of his
and went out against them. 9 And the Philistines brethren; 10 of the sons of Uzziel: Amminadab the
came and spread out in the valley of Rephaim. chief, and a hundred and twelve of his brethren.
10 And David inquired of God, saying, Shall I go up 11 And David called for Zadok and Abiathar the
against the Philistines? And will you deliver them priests, and for the Levites, for Uriel, Asaiah and
into my hand? And the LORD said to him, Go up; Joel, Shemaiah and Eliel and Amminadab. 12 And
for I will deliver them into your hands. 11 So they he said to them, You are the chief of the fathers
came up to Baal-Perazim, and David struck them households of the Levites. Sanctify yourselves,
there. Then David said, God has broken through both you and your brethren, so that you can bring
my enemies by my hand like the breaking out of up the ark of the LORD God of Israel to the place
waters. So they called the name of that place Baal that I have prepared for it. 13 For because you
Perazim. 12 And the Philistines left their gods did not do it in the beginning, the LORD our God
behind there, and David gave an order, and they broke out against us, for we did not seek him in the
were burned with fire. proper way.
13 And once more the Philistines spread out in 14 So the priests and the Levites sanctified
the valley. 14 Therefore David again inquired of themselves to bring up the ark of the LORD God of
God; and God said to him, Do not go up after Israel. 15 And the children of the Levites carried
them. Turn away from them and attack them the ark of God on their shoulders with the poles on
opposite the mulberry trees. 15 And it is to be like it, as Moses commanded in accordance with the
this : when you hear a sound of marching in the word of the LORD.
tops of the mulberry trees, then you must go out 16 And David spoke to the chief of the Levites
to battle; for God has gone out before you to strike to appoint their brethren as singers with musical
down the army of the Philistines. instruments, lyres and harps and sounding
16 Therefore David did as God commanded him; cymbals, to raise the sound of joy. 17 So the Levites
and they struck down the army of the Philistines appointed Heman the son of Joel, and of his breth-
from Gibeon as far as Gazer. 17 And the fame of ren, Asaph the son of Berechiah; and of the sons
David went out to all lands, and the LORD brought of Merari their brethren, Ethan the son of Kushaiah;
the fear of him on all nations. 18 and with them their brethren of the second rank,
Zechariah, Ben and Jaaziel and Shemiramoth and
15 And David made houses for himself in the
city of David, and prepared a place for the
ark of God and pitched a tent for it. 2 Then David
Jehiel and Unni, Eliab and Benaiah and Maaseiah
and Mattithiah and Elipheleh and Mikneiah and Obed
Edom and Jeiel, the doorkeepers. 19 So the
said, No one but the Levites should carry the ark singers, Heman, Asaph, and Ethan, were appointed
of God, for the LORD has chosen them to carry the to sound with bronze cymbals; 20 and Zechariah
ark of God, and to minister to him forever. and Aziel and Shemiramoth and Jehiel and Unni and
3 And David gathered all Israel together at Eliab and Maaseiah and Benaiah, with lyres
Jerusalem, to bring up the ark of the LORD to its according to Alamoth; 21 and Mattithiah and
14:11 Baal Perazim the name means 15:5-7 Kohath, Merari, and Gershon were
The Lord who breaks out. sons of Levi 6:1.
14:17 Ex 15:14-16; Deut 2:25; Josh 6:27; 15:11 1 Sam 22:20-23; 1 Kings 2:26,35;
2 Chron 14:14; 17:10; 20:29. 1 Chron 12:28.
15:1-24 These preparations for bringing the 15:12 Sanctify Ex 19:14-15; Lev 11:44;
ark to Jerusalem are not recorded anywhere 2 Chron 35:6.
else. 15:13 13:7,10-11.
15:1 City of David 2 Sam 5:6,7. 15:15 Ex 25:14.
Tent 16:1; 2 Sam 6:17. This tent was 15:16 13:8; 25:1.
not the tabernacle but a special tent David had 15:17 6:33,39,44.
made. The tabernacle was in Gibeon (16:39). 15:20-21 Alamoth and Sheminith were
15:2 Levites Num 3:5-10; Deut 10:8. probably musical terms. See the titles of
1 CHRONICLES 15:22 508
Elipheleh and Mikneiah and Obed Edom and Jeiel and Jeiel played on lyres and on harps, and Asaph
and Azaziah, with harps tuned to the higher notes sounded the cymbals, 6 and the priests Benaiah
of Sheminith. 22 And Kenaniah, chief of the Levites, and Jahaziel blew the trumpet regularly before the
was in charge of singing; because of his skill he ark of the covenant of God.
gave instruction in singing. 23 And Berechiah and 7 Then on that day David first committed this
Elkanah were doorkeepers for the ark. 24 And psalm into the hands of Asaph and his brethren,
Shebaniah and Jehoshaphat and Nethaneel and for thanking the LORD:
Amasai and Zechariah and Benaiah and Eliezer, the 8 Give thanks to the LORD.
priests, blew with the trumpets before the ark of Call on his name.
God; and Obed Edom and Jehiah were doorkeep- Make known his deeds among the
ers for the ark. people.
25 So David and the elders of Israel, and the 9 Sing to him; sing psalms to him.
captains over thousands, went to bring up the ark Talk of all his wondrous works.
of the covenant of the LORD from the house of 10 Glory in his holy name.
Obed Edom with joy. 26 And it came about, when Let the heart of those who seek
God helped the Levites who were carrying the ark the LORD rejoice.
of the covenant of the LORD, that they offered 11 Seek the LORD and his strength.
seven bulls and seven rams. 27 And David was Seek his face continually.
clothed with a robe of fine linen, and so were all 12 Remember his marvellous works that
the Levites who were carrying the ark, and the he has done, his wonders,
singers and Kenaniah the leader of the singing with and the judgments of his mouth,
the singers. David was also wearing a linen ephod. 13 O you seed of Israel his servant,
28 So all Israel brought up the ark of the covenant you children of Jacob, his chosen ones.
of the LORD with shouting, and with the sound of 14 He is the LORD our God.
the cornet and with trumpets and with cymbals, His judgments are in all the earth.
sounding out with lyres and harps. 15 Always remember his covenant,
29 And it so happened that as the ark of the the word which he commanded to a
covenant of the LORD came to the city of David, thousand generations,
Michal, the daughter of Saul, looked out of a 16 the covenant which he made with Abraham,
window and saw king David dancing and his oath to Isaac.
celebrating; and she despised him in her heart. 17 For he confirmed it to Jacob as a law,
to Israel as an everlasting
16 So they brought the ark of God, and set it
in the middle of the tent that David had
pitched for it; and they offered burnt sacrifices
covenant,
18 Saying, To you I will give the land
of Canaan,
and peace offerings before God. 2 And when David the allotment of your inheritance,
had finished offering the burnt offerings and the 19 When you were but few, very few,
peace offerings, he blessed the people in the name and strangers in it;
of the LORD. 3 And he distributed to each one 20 when they went from nation to nation,
of Israel, both man and woman, to each one a loaf and from one kingdom to another
of bread, and a good piece of meat, and a raisin people.
cake. 21 He allowed no man to do them wrong;
4 And he appointed some of the Levites to yes, he reproved kings for their sakes,
minister before the ark of the LORD, and to call to 22 Saying, Do not touch my anointed,
remembrance, and to thank and praise the LORD and do my prophets no harm.
God of Israel: 5 Asaph the chief, and next to him 23 Sing to the LORD, all the earth.
Zechariah, Jeiel and Shemiramoth and Jehiel and Show forth his salvation from day
Mattithiah and Eliab and Benaiah and Obed Edom; to day.
psalms 6 and 46. Ps 7:17; 50:14,15; etc.
15:24 Trumpets 16:6; Num 10:1-10. 16:5 Asaph Psalms 50,73-83.
15:25-29 2 Sam 6:12-16. See notes there. 16:7 Many of the psalms were intended for
16:1-3 2 Sam 6:17-19. worship services and were sung accompanied
16:1 Offerings notes on first three chap- by music. This whole psalm appears in the
ters of Leviticus. book of Psalms, with slight variations, but
16:4 These duties and privileges of the divided into three parts Ps 105:1-15; 96:1-
Levites are now the duties and privileges of 13; 106:1,47,48. See notes on those psalms.
all believers (1 Tim 2:1; Heb 13:15; etc). 16:8-22 Ps 105:1-15.
To thank notes at Lev 7:12,13; 16:23-33 Ps 96:1-13.
509 1 CHRONICLES 17:8
24 Declare his glory among the peoples, before the ark of the covenant of the LORD, to
his marvellous works among all nations. minister before the ark regularly, as every days
25 For great is the LORD, work required. 38 And Obed Edom with their
and greatly to be praised. brethren, sixty-eight; also Obed Edom, the son of
Also he is to be feared above all gods. Jeduthun, and Hosah to be gatekeepers; 39 and
26 For all the gods of the peoples are Zadok the priest, and his brethren the priests,
idols, before the tabernacle of the LORD in the high place
but the LORD made the heavens. that was at Gibeon, 40 to offer burnt offerings to
27 Glory and honour are in his presence; the LORD on the altar of burnt offering continually
strength and gladness are in his morning and evening, and to do all that is written
place. in the law of the LORD, which he commanded Is-
28 Ascribe to the LORD, you families of rael; 41 and with them Heman and Jeduthun, and
the nations, the rest who were chosen, who were designated
ascribe to the LORD glory and strength. by name, to give thanks to the LORD, because his
29 Ascribe to the LORD the glory due mercy continues on forever; 42 and with them
to his name. Heman and Jeduthun with trumpets and cymbals
Bring an offering and come before him. for those who should sound them, and with musical
Worship the LORD in the beauty of instruments of God. And the sons of Jeduthun were
holiness. gatekeepers. 43 And each one of all the people
30 Tremble before him, all the earth; departed to his house; and David returned to bless
for the world will be stable, his house.
so that it is not moved.
17
31 Let the heavens be glad, Now it came about, as David was sitting in
and let the earth rejoice, his house, that David said to Nathan the
and let people say among the nations, prophet, Look, I live in a cedar house, but the ark
The LORD reigns. of the covenant of the LORD remains under
32 Let the sea roar, and its fulness. curtains.
Let the fields rejoice, and all that 2 Then Nathan said to David, Do all that is in
is in them. your heart, for God is with you.
33 Then shall the trees of the forest 3 And the same night it came about that the
sing out at the presence of the LORD, word of God came to Nathan, saying, 4 Go and
because he comes to judge the earth. tell my servant David, Thus says the LORD: You
34 O give thanks to the LORD; shall not build a house for me to dwell in, 5 because
for he is good; I have not dwelt in a house since the day that I
for his mercy continues on forever. brought Israel up from Egypt to this day but have
35 And say, Save us, O God of our gone from tent to tent, from one dwelling place to
salvation, and gather us together, another. 6 Wherever I travelled with all Israel, did
and deliver us from the nations, I speak a word to any of the judges of Israel,
so that we may give thanks to your whom I commanded to shepherd my people, say-
holy name, ing, Why have you not built a cedar house for me?
and glory in your praise. 7 Now therefore this is what you shall say to
36 Blessed be the LORD God of Israel my servant David: Thus says the LORD of hosts,
forever and ever. I took you from the pasture, from following the
And all the people said, Amen, and praised sheep, to be ruler over my people Israel; 8 and I
the LORD. was with you wherever you travelled, and have
37 So he left Asaph and his brethren there cut off all your enemies from before you, and have
16:34-36 Ps 106:1,47,48. 16:40 Ex 29:38-42; Num 28:3-4.
16:37 Verse 4; 2 Chron 8:14. Worship was 16:41 His mercy. . .forever a favorite
not confined to a special day. It was part of theme of the poets and musicians in Israel
every day life. v 34; 2 Chron 5:13; 7:3,6; 20:21;
1 6 : 3 9 It seems that there were two Ezra 3:11; Ps 106:1; 107:1; 118:29;
sanctuaries at this time, one in Jerusalem 136:1-26; 138:8.
with the ark (v 1), and the other at Gibeon 16:42 Verse 7; 25:7; 2 Chron 7:6; 29:27.
with the tabernacle (21:29). The 17:1-27 2 Sam 7:1-29.
tabernacle remained at Gibeon 17:4 28:2-3.
until Solomon built the temple in Jerusa- 17:6 Judges or leaders (the Hebrew
lem.
1 CHRONICLES 17:9 510
made a name for you like the name of the great established in your presence. 25 For you, O my
men who are in the earth. 9 Also I will appoint a God, have told your servant that you will build a
place for my people Israel and will plant them, and house for him. Therefore your servant has found
they will live in their place and will not be moved in his heart to pray in your presence. 26 And now,
any more; nor will the children of wickedness LORD, you are God, and have promised this
destroy them any more, as at the beginning, goodness to your servant. 27 Now therefore let it
10 and since the time that I commanded judges to please you to bless the house of your servant, so
be over my people Israel. And I will subdue all that it may be before you forever. For you have
your enemies. Moreover I tell you that the LORD blessed, O LORD, and it will be blessed forever.
will build a house for you.
11 And it shall come about, when your days
are ended and you must go to be with your
ancestors, that I will raise up your offspring after
18 Now after this it came about that David
defeated the Philistines, and subdued
them, and took Gath and its towns out of the hands
you, who will be of your sons, and I will establish of the Philistines. 2 And he defeated Moab; and
his kingdom. 12 He will build a house for me, and I the Moabites became Davids subjects, and brought
will establish his throne forever. 13 I will be his tribute. 3 And David defeated Hadarezer, king of
father and he will be my son, and I will not take my Zobah at Hamath, as he went to establish his do-
mercy away from him, as I took it away from the minion by the river Euphrates 4 And David took a
one who was before you, 14 but I will set him in my thousand chariots from him, and seven thousand
house and in my kingdom forever, and his throne horsemen, and twenty thousand foot soldiers.
will be established for ever. David also hamstrung all the chariot horses, but
15 So Nathan spoke to David in accordance with reserved of them enough for a hundred chariots.
all these words, and in accordance with this whole 5 And when the Syrians of Damascus came to
vision. help Hadarezer, king of Zobah, David killed twenty-
16 And David the king came and sat before the two thousand of the Syrians. 6 Then David put
LORD, and said, Who am I, O LORD God, and garrisons in Syria of Damascus; and the Syrians
what is my house, that you have brought me to became Davids subjects, and brought tribute. Thus
this point? 17 And yet this was a small thing in your the LORD preserved David wherever he went.
eyes, O God, for you have also spoken of your 7 And David took the shields of gold that were
servants house for a great while to come, and carried by the servants of Hadarezer, and brought
have regarded me according to the standard of a them to Jerusalem. 8 Likewise David brought a
man of high degree, O LORD God. 18 What more great amount of bronze from Tibhath and from
can David say to you for honouring your servant? Chun, cities of Hadarezer, with which Solomon made
For you know your servant. 19 O LORD, you have the bronze sea and the pillars and the bronze
done all this great thing for your servants sake, articles.
and in accordance with your own heart, in making 9 Now when Tou, king of Hamath, heard how
known all these great things. 20 O LORD, there is David had defeated all the army of Hadarezer king
no one like you, nor is there any God besides you, of Zobah, 10 he sent his son Hadoram to king
according to all that we have heard with our ears. David, to ask about his welfare, and to
21 And what one nation in the earth is like your congratulate him, because he had fought against
people Israel, whom God went to redeem to be his Hadarezer and defeated him (for Hadarezer had
own people, to make for yourself a great and made war against Tou), and sent with him all kinds
awesome name, by driving out nations from before of articles of gold and silver and bronze.
your people, whom you have redeemed out of 11 And king David dedicated them to the LORD,
Egypt? 22 For you have made your people Israel with the silver and the gold that he brought from all
your own people forever, and you, LORD, have these nations: from Edom and from Moab and
become their God. from the children of Ammon and from the Philistines
23 Therefore now, LORD, let what you have and from Amalek.
spoken concerning your servant and concerning 12 Moreover Abishai, the son of Zeruiah, killed
his house be established forever, and do as you eighteen thousand of the Edomites in the Valley of
have said. 24 Let it be established, so that your Salt. 13 And he put garrisons in Edom; and all the
name may be magnified forever, saying, The LORD Edomites became Davids subjects. Thus the LORD
of hosts, the God of Israel, is the God for Israel. preserved David wherever he went.
And let the house of your servant David be 14 So David reigned over all Israel, and
word means both). 18:1-17 2 Sam 8:1-18.
17:12-14 Mark 1:11; Luke 1:32,33; Heb 18:8 Bronze2 Chron 4:2-5,18.
1:5. 18:12 Abishai served under David in this
511 1 CHRONICLES 20:2
executed judgment and justice among all his people. against him in front and in the rear, he selected
15 And Joab, the son of Zeruiah, was over the men from all the choice soldiers of Israel, and set
army; and Jehoshaphat, the son of Ahilud, was them in array against the Syrians. 11 And the rest
the recorder; 16 and Zadok, the son of Ahitub, of the people he entrusted into the hands of his
and Abimelech, the son of Abiathar, were the brother Abishai, and they set themselves in array
priests; and Shavsha was the scribe; 17 and against the children of Ammon. 12 And he said, If
Benaiah, the son of Jehoiada, was over the the Syrians are too strong for me, then you help
Kerethites and the Pelethites; and the sons of me; but if the children of Ammon are too strong for
David were chiefs at the kings side. you, then I will help you. 13 Be courageous, and
let us conduct ourselves valiantly for our people,
19 Now it happened after this that Nahash,
the king of the children of Ammon, died,
and his son reigned in his place. 2 And David said,
and for the cities of our God. And let the LORD do
what is good in his sight.
14 So Joab and the people who were with him
I will show kindness to Hanun, the son of Nahash, drew near in front of the Syrians to the battle; and
because his father showed kindness to me. And they fled before him. 15 And when the children of
David sent messengers to comfort him concerning Ammon saw that the Syrians had fled, they likewise
his father. So the servants of David came to the fled before his brother Abishai, and entered the
land of the children of Ammon to Hanun, to comfort city. Then Joab came to Jerusalem.
him. 16 And when the Syrians saw that they had
3 But the leaders of the children of Ammon said been defeated by Israel, they sent messengers
to Hanun, Do you think that David is honouring and brought out the Syrians who were beyond the
your father, by sending comforters to you? Have River; and Shophach, the commander of the army
not his servants come to you to explore and to of Hadarezer, marched before them.
overthrow and to spy out the land? 4 Therefore 17 And it was told David; and he gathered all
Hanun took Davids servants and shaved them, Israel and crossed the Jordan, and came on them
and cut off their garments in the middle at the hips, and drew up the battle lines against them. So
and sent them away. when David drew up the battle lines against the
5 Then someone went and told David how the Syrians, they fought with him. 18 But the Syrians
men had been treated. And he sent men to meet fled before Israel, and David killed seven thousand
them, for the men were greatly ashamed. And the of the Syrians who fought in chariots, and forty
king said, Stay at Jericho until your beards are thousand foot soldiers, and killed Shophach, the
grown, and then return. commander of the army.
6 And when the children of Ammon saw that 19 And when the servants of Hadarezer saw
they had made themselves odious to David, Hanun that they had been defeated by Israel, they made
and the children of Ammon sent a thousand talents peace with David and became his subjects; nor
of silver to hire chariots and horsemen for would the Syrians help the children of Ammon any
themselves from Mesopotamia and from Syria more.
Maachah and from Zobah. 7 So they hired thirty-
two thousand chariots, and the king of Maachah
and his people. They came and camped before
Medeba. And the children of Ammon gathered
20 And it came about at the end of the year,
at the time when kings go out to battle,
that Joab led out the strength of the army, and laid
together from their cities and came to battle. waste the country of the children of Ammon and
8 And when David heard of it, he sent Joab and came and besieged Rabbah. But David stayed at
the whole army of the mighty men. 9 And the Jerusalem. And Joab attacked Rabbah and
children of Ammon came out and drew up battle destroyed it. 2 And David took the crown of their
lines before the gate of the city, and the kings who king from his head, and found it weighed a talent of
had come were by themselves in the field. gold, and there were precious stones in it; and it
10 Now when Joab saw that the battle was set was set on Davids head. And Joab also brought
battle 2 Sam 8:13. kilograms.
19:1-19 2 Sam 10:1-19. See notes there. 19:16 The River Euphrates.
One foolish act can (and in this case did) 20:1 2 Sam 11:1. The writer of Chronicles
result in much bloodshed. was not led by the Spirit of God to record
19:6 Chariots and charioteers came from what happened while David remained in
those places. Foot soldiers came from Beth Jerusalem (2 Sam 11:2 - 12:25). It would
Rehob and Tob (2 Sam 10:6). All the places seem that in Gods eyes one account of that
mentioned were in the same region north sad event was enough.
of Israel. 20:2,3 2 Sam 12:30,31.
Thousand talents about 34,000 A talent about 34 kilograms.
1 CHRONICLES 20:3 512
out a very large amount of plunder from the city. David said to Joab and to the leaders of the people,
3 And he brought out the people who were in it, Go, number Israel from Beersheba to Dan, and
and made them cut with saws and labour with iron bring their number to me, so that I may know it.
implements and with axes. David did this with all 3 And Joab answered, May the LORD make his
the cities of the children of Ammon. And David and people a hundred times more numerous than they
all the people returned to Jerusalem. are ! But, my lord the king, are they not all my
4 And after this it came about that war began lords servants? Why then does my lord require
at Gezer with the Philistines. At that time Sibbechai this thing? Why will he be a cause of guilt to Israel?
the Hushathite killed Sippai, who was of the 4 However, the kings word prevailed against
children of a giant; and they were subdued. 5 And Joab. Therefore Joab departed, and went through-
again there was war with the Philistines; and out all Israel, and came to Jerusalem. 5 And Joab
Elhanan, the son of Jair, killed Lahmi, the brother gave the sum of the number of the people to David.
of Goliath the Gittite, whose spear shaft was like a And all of Israel who could draw sword were one
weavers beam. million one hundred thousand men; and of Judah
6 And once more there was war at Gath, where all who could draw sword were four hundred and
there was a man of great stature, who had seventy thousand.
twenty-four fingers and toes, six on each hand, 6 But he did not count Levi and Benjamin among
and six on each foot; and he also was the son of them; for the kings command had been abhorrent
a giant. 7 But when he defied Israel, Jonathan, to Joab. 7 And God was displeased with this
the son of Davids brother Shimea, killed him. matter; therefore he struck Israel.
8 These were born to a giant in Gath, and they 8 And David said to God, I have sinned greatly
fell by the hand of David, and by the hand of his by doing this thing. But now, I beg you, put away
servants. the iniquity of your servant, for I have acted very
foolishly.
21 And Satan stood up against Israel, and
stirred David up to number Israel. 2 And
9 And the LORD spoke to Gad, Davids seer,
saying, 10 Go and tell David, saying, Thus says
20:4-8 2 Sam 21:15-22. means to defeat Satan at every step (Eph
21:1-27 2 Sam 24:1-25. See notes there. 6:10-18; Jam 4:7). His end is clear (Rev
21:1 Satan compare this verse with 20:10).
2 Sam 24:1. God was angry with Israel and Since he is Gods and mans enemy why
permitted Satan to tempt David. The name doesnt God immediately destroy him? God
Satan comes from the Hebrew and means has not told us the full answer to this question
opponent, adversary, or, as some think, but His Word the Bible is not without clues to
accuser. He is the great enemy of both the answer. God uses him for the testing and
God and man. His origin is obscure, but it is proving of His people, and in judgment on
clear that he was at first a holy and powerful those who chose the path of sin and unbelief.
angel who later sinned and became But it is enough for us now to know that we can
devilish. God never made anything evil, or defeat the devil through our Lord Jesus Christ,
any being wicked. Some commentators teach and that Gods permitting Satan now to work
that Satans fall is described in Isa in the world is in accordance with His perfect
14:12-15 and Ezek 28:12-17, and it is very wisdom, justice and righteousness. And we
likely so. See notes there. should not fret because God does not tell us
The Bible calls Satan by other names as everything He tells us all we need to know
well the devil (Matt 4:1), Beelzebub, the (Deut 29:29).
prince or ruler of demons (Matt 12:24), the 21:2 27:23,24.
evil one (John 17:15), the ruler of this world 21:4 Joabs work on the census took nearly
(John 12:31), the god of this age or world 10 months (2 Sam 24:8).
(2 Cor 4:4), the ruler of the power of the air 21:5 These figures differ from 2 Sam 24:9.
(Eph 2:2), the dragon and the old serpent The census was incomplete (27:23,24), and
(Rev 12:9). Joab may have given two different estimates
He is out to destroy anyone he can and on two separate occasions to David. Of
afflicts and torments men (Job 1:12-19; course, we cant be sure of this.
2:6,7; Luke 13:16; 1 Pet 5:8). He wants 21:6 Verse 3; 2 Sam 24:3.
others to worship him (Matt 4:9). He tempts 21:7 Struck God had already been
men to sin (1 Thess 3:5). He is full of plots angry with Israel because of other sin
to hinder the work of God (2 Cor 2:11). He (2 Sam 24:1). This taking of a census gave
is exceedingly deceptive (2 Cor 11:14; Rev God further cause for anger against them.
12:9). He can do nothing among men The sequence of events was this: anger,
unless they obey him, or unless God, for permitting a temptation, Davids fall and
some wise purpose, permits him to act he sin, more anger, punishment. Notes on
(this is true also of all evil spirits or demons) Gods anger at Num 25:3; Ps 90:7-11;
is under the sovereign control of God. Rom 1:18.
God has given believers in Christ the 21:9 Seer 1 Sam 9:9.
513 1 CHRONICLES 22:2
the LORD, I offer you three things. Choose one of and his four sons with him hid themselves. Now
them for me to do to you. Ornan was threshing wheat. 21 And as David was
11 So Gad came to David, and said to him, Thus coming to Ornan, Ornan looked up and saw David,
says the LORD, Take your choice: 12 Either three and went out of the threshing floor, and bowed
years of famine, or three months to be destroyed down to David with his face to the ground.
before your foes while the sword of your enemies 22 Then David said to Ornan, Let me have the
reaches you, or else three days of the sword of place of this threshing floor, so I may build an altar
the LORD, that is, the plague, in the land, with the in it for the LORD. You are to let me have it at the
angel of the LORD destroying throughout the whole full price, so that the plague may be held back from
territory of Israel. Now therefore consider what the people.
answer I should take back to him who sent me. 23 And Ornan said to David, Take it for
13 And David said to Gad, I am in great your self, and may my lord the king do what is good
distress; let me now fall into the hands of the LORD; in his eyes. See, I will also give you the oxen for
for his mercies are very great. But do not let me burnt offerings, and the threshing instruments for
fall into the hands of men. wood, and the wheat for the grain offering. I give
14 So the LORD sent a plague on Israel; and it all.
seventy thousand men of Israel fell dead. 15 And 24 And king David said to Ornan, No, but I will
God sent an angel to Jerusalem to destroy it, but certainly buy it at the full price; for I will not take
as he was destroying, the LORD looked and was what is yours for the LORD, or offer burnt
grieved about the disaster, and said to the offerings without cost.
destroying angel, It is enough. Hold back your 25 So David gave six hundred shekels of gold
hand. And the angel of the LORD was standing by by weight to Ornan for the place. 26 And David
the threshing floor of Ornan the Jebusite. built there an altar to the LORD, and offered burnt
16 And David raised his eyes and saw the angel offerings and peace offerings, and called on the
of the LORD standing between earth and heaven, LORD; and he answered him from heaven by fire
with a drawn sword in his hand stretched out over on the altar of burnt offering.
Jerusalem. Then David and the elders of Israel, 27 And the LORD commanded the angel; and he
clothed in sackcloth, prostrated themselves. put up his sword back into its scabbard. 28 At that
17 And David said to God, Is it not I who time, when David saw that the LORD had answered
commanded the people to be numbered? Indeed I him in the threshing floor of Ornan the Jebusite,
am the one who sinned and did evil; but as for then he sacrificed there. 29 For the tabernacle of
these sheep, what have they done? Let your hand, the LORD, which Moses made in the wilderness,
I beg you, O LORD my God, be on me and on my and the altar of the burnt offering, at that time
fathers house, but not on your people, that they were in the high place at Gibeon. 30 But David
should be plagued. could not go before it to inquire of God, for he was
18 Then the angel of the LORD commanded afraid because of the sword of the angel of the
Gad to tell David that David should go up and erect LORD.
an altar to the LORD in the threshing floor of Ornan
the Jebusite. 19 And David went up in accordance
with the word of Gad, which he spoke in the name
of the LORD.
22 Then David said, This is the house of the
LORD God, and this is the altar of burnt
offering for Israel.
20 And Ornan turned back and saw the angel; 2 And David gave a command to assemble the
21:15 Ornan a variant of Araunah. God had accepted his repentance, altar, and
21:16 The angel of the LORD this verse offerings.
gives a very vivid picture not found in 21:27 Davids repentance and offerings
2 Samuel chapter 24. Note on the angel of turned away Gods wrath from the people.
LORD at Gen 16:7. Compare Num 16:42-48.
21:18 Commanded observe that the 21:29 16:39.
angel did not speak directly to the guilty 22:1-19 David had already conceived the idea
David but used Gad the prophet as his of building a temple to God in Jerusalem.
spokesman. He was told that he was not the man for that
21:20 Saw the angel angels can make, work but that one of his sons would do it
and sometimes have made, themselves (2 Sam 7:1-17). But David did all he could
visible to men. to make preparations for the building of the
21:25 Six hundred shekels about seven temple (v 5). This chapter records these
kilograms. preparations. A site was chosen (v 1), work-
21:26 Offerings Leviticus chapters 1 and 3. men were appointed (vs 2,15,16), materials
Fire Lev 9:24; Jud 6:21; 1 Kings were provided (vs 3,4,14), encouragement
18:38,39. The fire revealed to David that was given (vs 11-13), and helpers were
1 CHRONICLES 22:3 514
foreigners who were in the land of Israel, and he you may keep the law of the LORD your God.
appointed stone cutters to cut stones to build the 13 Then you will prosper, if you are careful to fulfil
house of God. 3 And David prepared iron in the statutes and judgments which the LORD
abundance for the nails for the doors of the gates, commanded Moses concerning Israel. Be strong
and for the fittings, and more bronze than could be and courageous. Do not be afraid or dismayed.
weighed, 4 also cedar trees in abundance. For the 14 Now, look, taking much trouble for the house
Sidonians and Tyrians brought much cedar wood to of the LORD, I have prepared a hundred thousand
David. talents of gold, and a million talents of silver, and
5 And David said, My son Solomon is young bronze and iron beyond weighing, because of its
and inexperienced, and the house that is to be abundance. I have also made ready timber and
built for the LORD must be exceedingly stone; and you may add to it.
magnificent, of fame and glory throughout all coun- 15 Moreover, there are many workmen with
tries. Therefore I will now make preparations for you, cutters and workers in stone and timber, and
it. So David prepared abundantly before his death. all kinds of skillful men for every kind of work, 16 in
6 Then he called for Solomon his son, and gold, silver and brass and iron, without number.
charged him to build a house for the LORD God of Arise therefore, and work, and may the LORD be
Israel. 7 And David said to Solomon, My son, as with you.
for me, it was in my mind to build a house to the 17 David also commanded all the leaders of
name of the LORD my God, 8 but the word of the Israel to help his son Solomon, saying, 18 Is not
LORD came to me, saying, You have shed much the LORD your God with you? And has he not
blood and have waged great wars. You shall not given you rest on every side? For he has given the
build a house for my name, because you have shed inhabitants of the land into my hands, and the land
much blood on the earth in my sight. 9 Look, a son is subdued before the LORD, and before his people.
will be born to you, who will be a quiet man; and I 19 Now set your heart and your soul to seek the
will give him rest from all his enemies on all sides; LORD your God. Arise therefore, and build the
for his name will be Solomon, and I will give peace sanctuary of the LORD God, so that you can bring
and quietness to Israel in his days. 10 He will build the ark of the covenant of the LORD, and Gods
a house for my name; and he will be my son, and I holy articles, into the house that is to be built for
will be his father, and I will establish the throne of the name of the LORD.
his kingdom over Israel forever.
11 Now, my son, the LORD be with you, and
may you have success and build the house of the
LORD your God, as he has said about you. 12 Only
23 So when David was old and full of days,
he made his son Solomon king over Israel.
2 And he assembled all the leaders of Israel,
may the LORD give you wisdom and understand- with the priests and the Levites. 3 Now the Levites
ing, and give you charge concerning Israel, so that were counted from the age of thirty years and
appointed and encouraged (vs 17-19). David did not let other matters distract him from
was not the sort of man to refuse to have this work. May all Gods workmen learn from
anything to do with the building project his example. Compare 1 Cor 3:10-15.
because he had been rejected as the builder. A hundred thousand talents one
He did not let any temptation to pride or talent equals 34 kilograms. The amounts
resentment keep him from helping in any of gold and silver here mentioned seem so
way he could. In this he is a much needed large that some scholars assume there must
example to us all. be a copying mistake, but there is no
22:5 Young 1 Kings 3:7. evidence of any kind for this. And 2 Chron
Glory 2 Chron 2:5. Compare Eph 1:12-15 speaks of Solomons immense
2:20-22; 1 Pet 2:4-9. wealth.
22:7 2 Sam 7:2-3. 22:17 28:1-16.
22:8 28:2,3; 1 Kings 5:3. 22:18 23:25; 2 Sam 7:1; 23:25.
22:9 2 Sam 12:24-25; 1 Kings 4:20-25. 22:19 Seek David well knew that the work
22:10 2 Sam 7:13-14. would not proceed as it should and could
22:12 1 Kings 3:9-12; 2 Chron 1:10. Perhaps unless God was at the center of their desires
a desire for wisdom was produced in Solomons and efforts. On seeking God see 2 Chron
heart by these words of his father. 15:2; Ps 27:8; 34:10; 69:32; Jer 29:13.
22:13 Dismayed compare Josh 1:6-9. 23:1 28:5; 1 Kings 1:33-40.
Attempting a great work of God is no easy 23:2 28:1.
matter and there may well be fear and dis- 23:3 Compare Num 4:1-4. David was
couragement in even the greatest of men. concerned for more than mere materials and
22:14 Taking much trouble David builders for the temple. He wanted prepared
considered that this was a great work for God men for the work of the temple after it was
(v 5), and he gave it his best efforts, even built. He was a man of much foresight and
when he was busy ruling the kingdom, etc. He careful planning.
515 1 CHRONICLES 24:4
over; and their number in the census, man by man, fathers households, as they were counted by the
was thirty-eight thousand. 4 Of these twenty- number of names in their census, who did the work
four thousand were to supervise the work of the of the service for the house of the LORD, from the
house of the LORD, and six thousand were officials age of twenty years and above. 25 For David
and judges, 5 and four thousand were said, The LORD God of Israel has given rest to his
doorkeepers, and four thousand praised the LORD people, so that they may dwell in Jerusalem
with the instruments which I made, said David, forever, 26 and also to the Levites. They will no
to praise with. longer carry the tabernacle, or any of its articles
6 And David divided them into sections accord- for its service.
ing to the sons of Levi: Gershon, Kohath, and Merari. 27 For according to the last words of David the
7 Of the Gershonites were Laadan and Shimei. Levites were numbered from twenty years old and
8 The sons of Laadan: the chief was Jehiel, and over; 28 because their responsibility was to wait
Zetham and Joel, three. 9 The sons of Shimei: on the sons of Aaron for the service of the house
Shelomith and Haziel and Haran, three. These were of the LORD, in the courtyards and in the rooms,
the chiefs of the fathers households of Laadan. and in purifying all the holy things, and the work of
10 And the sons of Shimei were Jahath, Zina and the service of the house of God; 29 for the
Jeush and Beriah. These four were the sons of Showbread, and for the fine flour for the grain
Shimei. 11 And Jahath was the chief, and Zizah the offering, and for the cakes made without yeast,
second: but Jeush and Beriah did not have many and for what is baked in a pan, and for what is
sons; therefore they were reckoned as one fried, and for all measurements of quantity and
household of their fathers. size; 30 and to stand every morning to thank and
12 The sons of Kohath: Amram, Izhar, Hebron, praise the LORD, and also at evening; 31 and to
and Uzziel, four. 13 The sons of Amram: Aaron offer all the burnt sacrifices to the LORD on the
and Moses. And Aaron was permanently set apart, Sabbaths, in the new moons and on the appointed
he and his sons, to consecrate the most holy things, festivals, in the proper number, in accordance with
to burn incense before the LORD, to minister to the ordinance commanded them, regularly, before
him, and to bless in his name forever. 14 Now as the LORD; 32 and to keep charge of the tabernacle
for Moses, the man of God, his sons were named of the congregation, and to have charge of the
among the tribe of Levi. Holy Place, and to have charge of the sons of
15 The sons of Moses were Gershom and Eliezer. Aaron their brethren, in the service of the house of
16 Of the sons of Gershom, Shebuel was the the LORD.
chief. 17 And the sons of Eliezer were Rehabiah
the chief. And Eliezer had no other sons, but there
were very many sons of Rehabiah. 18 Of the sons
of Izhar, Shelomith was the chief. 19 Of the sons
24 Now these are the divisions of the sons of
Aaron. The sons of Aaron: Nadab and
Abihu, Eleazar and Ithamar. 2 But Nadab and Abihu
of Hebron, Jeriah was the first, Amariah the second, died before their father, and had no children; there-
Jahaziel the third, and Jekameam the fourth. fore Eleazar and Ithamar served as the priests.
20 Of the sons of Uzziel was Micah the first, and 3 And David, with Zadok, of the sons of Eleazar,
Jesiah the second. and Ahimelech, of the sons of Ithamar, divided them
21 The sons of Merari: Mahli and Mushi. The according to their duties in their service. 4 And
sons of Mahli: Eleazar and Kish. 22 And Eleazar there were more chief men found among the sons
died, and had no sons, only daughters; and their of Eleazar than among the sons of Ithamar; and
kinsmen, the sons of Kish, took them. 23 The sons thus they were divided. Among the sons of Eleazar
of Mushi: Mahli and Eder and Jeremoth, three. were sixteen chief men of the households of their
24 These were the sons of Levi in accordance fathers, and eight among the sons of Ithamar
with the house of their fathers, the chief of the according to the households of their fathers.
23:4 Judges 26:29; Deut 17:8-13. 23:30 Morning, evening Ex 29:38-41;
23:6-23 6:1-48. Num 28:3-8. Praises were to be offered at
23:24 At first only those 30 years and over the times of the daily sacrifices.
were counted (v 30). This was changed to To thank note at Lev 7:12,13.
20 years and over (v 27), possibly because 23:31 Appointed festivals see Leviticus
there were not enough men 30 and above chapter 23.
for all the various works of the temple, or 23:32 Num 1:53; 3:6-9,38.
because David thought it a good thing to 24:1 Ex 6:33.
introduce young men to the work. 24:2 Died Lev 10:1-2; Num 3:4.
23:28-32 9:28-34. The Levites were 24:3 Zadok Zadok was high priest, along
assistants to the priests and under their with Ahimelech (2 Sam 8:17). Ahimelech
authority. was Abiathars son (v 6).
1 CHRONICLES 24:5 516
5 Thus they were divided by lot, both of these had no sons.
families ; for the officials of the sanctuary, and 29 Concerning Kish: the son of Kish was
officials of the house of God, were from the sons Jerahmeel. 30 And the sons of Mushi, Mahli and
of Eleazar and from the sons of Ithamar. Eder and Jerimoth. These were the sons of the
6 And Shemaiah, the son of Nethaneel, the Levites in accordance with the households of their
scribe, one of the Levites, wrote their names fathers. 31 These also cast lots just as their
before the king and the leaders and Zadok the brethren, the sons of Aaron, did, in the presence
priest and Ahimelech the son of Abiathar, and of David the king and Zadok and Ahimelech and the
before the heads of the families of the fathers of heads of the families of the fathers of the priests
the priests and Levites, one principal household and Levites, the heads of the fathers households
being taken for Eleazar, and one taken for Ithamar. just as their younger brothers.
7 Now the first lot came out for Jehoiarib, the
second for Jedaiah, 8 the third for Harim, the
fourth for Seorim, 9 the fifth for Malchijah, the
sixth for Mijamin, 10 the seventh for Hakkoz, the
25 Moreover, David and the commanders of
the army set apart some of the sons of
Asaph and of Heman and of Jeduthun for the
eighth for Abijah, 11 the ninth for Jeshuah, the service, to prophesy with harps, with lyres, and
tenth for Shecaniah, 12 the eleventh for Eliashib, with cymbals. And the number of those who
the twelfth for Jakim, 13 the thirteenth for Huppah, performed this service was this:
the fourteenth for Jeshebeab, 14 the fifteenth for 2 Of the sons of Asaph, Zaccur and Joseph and
Bilgah, the sixteenth for Immer, 15 the seven- Nethaniah and Asarelah; the sons of Asaph were
teenth for Hezir, the eighteenth for Aphses, 16 the under the direction of Asaph, who prophesied
nineteenth for Pethahiah, the twentieth for under the direction of the king; 3 of Jeduthun, the
Jehezekel, 17 the twenty-first for Jachim, the sons of Jeduthun, Gedaliah and Zeri and Jeshaiah
twenty-second for Gamul, 18 the twenty-third for Hashabiah and Mattithiah, six; they were under
Delaiah, the twenty-fourth for Maaziah. the direction of their father Jeduthun, who
19 This was the appointed order for them in prophesied with a harp, to give thanks and to praise
their service to come into the house of the LORD, the LORD; 4 of Heman, the sons of Heman, Bukkiah,
in accordance with their rule handed on by Aaron Mattaniah, Uzziel, Shebuel, and Jerimoth, Hananiah,
their father, as the LORD God of Israel had Hanani, Eliathah, Giddalti, and Romamtiezer,
commanded him. Joshbekashah, Mallothi, Hothir, and Mahazioth.
20 And these were the rest of the sons of Levi: 5 All these were the sons of Heman, the kings
of the sons of Amram, Shubael; of the sons of seer in the words of God, to lift up the horn. And
Shubael, Jehdeiah. 21 Concerning Rehabiah: of God gave to Heman fourteen sons and three
the sons of Rehabiah, the first was Isshiah. 22 Of daughters. 6 All these were under the direction of
the Izharites, Shelomoth; of the sons of Shelomoth, their father for singing in the house of the LORD
Jahath. 23 And the sons of Hebron: Jeriah the with cymbals, lyres and harps, for the service of
first, Amariah the second, Jahaziel the third, the house of God, according to the kings order to
Jekameam the fourth. 24 Of the sons of Uzziel, Asaph, Jeduthun and Heman. 7 So their number,
Michah; of the sons of Michah, Shamir. 25 The with their brethren who were instructed in the songs
brother of Michah was Isshiah; of the sons of of the LORD, all who were skillful, was two hundred
Isshiah, Zechariah. 26 The sons of Merari were and eighty-eight. 8 And they cast lots for their
Mahli and Mushi; the son of Jaaziah, Beno. 27 The duties, all alike, the small as well as the great, the
sons of Merari by Jaaziah, Beno and Shoham and teacher as well as the scholar.
Zaccur and Ibri. 28 Of Mahli came Eleazar, who 9 Now the first lot came out for Asaph to
24:5 By lot v 31; 25:8; 26:13; Josh prophecy. They are called seers which
13:6; 14:2. Evidently they trusted God to meant prophets (v 5; 2 Chron 29:30;
reveal His will by this method. See Prov 35:15; 1 Sam 9:9).
16:33. To prophesy with compare 2 Kings
24:19 These 24 divisions served one after 3:15.
the other, probably for two weeks at a time. 25:3 To praise 16:41-42.
Zechariah the father of John the Baptist was 25:6 15:16,19.
in the eighth division (Luke 1:5,8,9), being 25:7 Songs of the LORD music and
descended from Abijah. singing were regarded as important ele-
24:23 Jeriah the first or the sons of Jeriah. ments in Gods worship. They can be at
24:31 Lot v 5. any time if they are for the Lord, and not
Younger note that responsibilities were for self-promotion and self-glorification.
not allotted on the basis of seniority, but in 25:8 Learners 26:13. Those who had
accord with Gods choice, regardless of age. the greatest talent and the most learning
25:1 All three of these men had the gift of and experience were not allowed to
517 1 CHRONICLES 26:26
Joseph; the second to Gedaliah, who with his brothers were strong men, Elihu and Semachiah.
brothers and sons were twelve; 10 the third to 8 All these of the sons of Obed Edom. They and
Zaccur; he, his sons and his brothers, were twelve; their sons and their brothers, able men with strength
11 the fourth to Izri; he, his sons and his brothers, for the service, were sixty-two of Obed Edom.
were twelve; 12 the fifth to Nethaniah; he, his 9 And Meshelemiah had eighteen sons and
sons and his brothers, were twelve; 13 the sixth brothers, strong men.
to Bukkiah; he, his sons and his brothers, were 10 Also Hosah, of the children of Merari, had
twelve; 14 the seventh to Jesharelah; he, his sons sons: Simri the chief (for though he was not the
and his brothers, were twelve; 15 the eighth to firstborn, his father made him chief), 11 Hilkiah
Jeshaiah; he, his sons and his brothers, were the second, Tebaliah the third, Zechariah the
twelve; 16 the ninth to Mattaniah; he, his sons fourth. All the sons and brothers of Hosah were
and his brothers, were twelve; 17 the tenth to thirteen.
Shimei; he, his sons and his brothers, were twelve; 12 Among these were the divisions of the
18 the eleventh to Azareel; he, his sons and his gatekeepers, among the chief men, having duties
brothers, were twelve; 19 the twelfth to like their relatives to minister in the house of the
Hashabiah; he, his sons and his brothers, were LORD. 13 And they cast lots, the small as well as
twelve; 20 the thirteenth to Shubael; he, his sons the great, according to the house of their fathers,
and his brothers, were twelve; 21 the fourteenth for each gate.
to Mattithiah; he, his sons and his brothers, were 14 And the lot for the east gate fell to Shelemiah.
twelve; 22 the fifteenth to Jeremoth; he, his sons Then they cast lots for his son Zechariah, a wise
and his brothers, were twelve; 23 the sixteenth counsellor; and his lot came out for the north gate;
to Hananiah; he, his sons and his brothers, were 15 to Obed Edom for the south gate; and to his
twelve; 24 the seventeenth to Joshbekashah; he, sons the lot fell for the storehouse. 16 To Shuppim
his sons and his brothers, were twelve; 25 the and Hosah the lot came out for the west gate,
eighteenth to Hanani; he, his sons and his broth- with the Shallecheth gate, on the highway which
ers, were twelve; 26 the nineteenth to Mallothi; ascends there, watch corresponded to watch.
he, his sons and his brothers, were twelve; 27 the 17 Six Levites were on the east, four a day on
twentieth to Eliathah; he, his sons and his broth- the north, four a day on the south, and two by
ers, were twelve; 28 the twenty-first to Hothir; two at the storehouse. 18 At Parbar on the west,
he, his sons and his brothers, were twelve; four were at the highway, and two at Parbar.
29 the twenty-second to Giddalti; he, his sons 19 These are the divisions of the gatekeepers
and his brothers, were twelve; 30 the twenty- among the sons of Korah, and among the sons of
third to Mahazioth; he, his sons and his brothers, Merari.
were twelve; 31 the twenty-fourth to Romamtiezer; 20 And of the Levites, Ahijah was over the
he, his sons and his brothers, were twelve. treasures of the house of God, and over the
treasures of the dedicated things.
26 Concerning the divisions of the gate-
keepers: of the Korhites was Meshelemiah
the son of Korah, of the sons of Asaph.
21 As concerning the sons of Laadan, the sons
of Laadan the Gershonite, chief fathers of Laadan
the Gershonite, were Jehieli, 22 and the sons of
2 And the sons of Meshelemiah were Zechariah Jehieli: Zetham and his brother Joel, who were over
the firstborn, Jediael the second, Zebadiah the the treasures of the house of the LORD.
third, Jathniel the fourth, 3 Elam the fifth, 23 As for the Amramites and the Izharites the
Jehohanan the sixth, Elioenai the seventh. 4 And Hebronites and the Uzzielites:
the sons of Obed Edom were Shemaiah the 24 Shebuel the son of Gershom, the son of
firstborn, Jehozabad the second, Joah the third, Moses, was in charge of the treasures. 25 And his
and Sacar the fourth, and Nethaneel the fifth, brethren by Eliezer were Rehabiah his son, and
5 Ammiel the sixth, Issachar the seventh, Peulthai Jeshaiah his son, and Joram his son, and Zichri his
the eighth; for God had blessed him. son, and Shelomith his son. 26 This Shelomith and
6 Also sons were born to his son Shemaiah, who his brethren were over all the treasures of the
ruled throughout the house of their father, for they dedicated things, which David the king, and the
were mighty men of valour. 7 The sons of Shemaiah: chief fathers, the captains over thousands and
Othni and Rephael and Obed, Elzabad, whose hundreds, and the captains of the army, had
monopolize this service. 26:14 Shelemiah a variant of Meshelemiah.
26:1 Gatekeepers9:17-27; 16:37,38; 26:20 Dedicated things v 26,28; 28:12.
Ps 84:10. Compare Josh 6:17-19. Great wealth was
26:4 Obed-Edom 13:13; 2 Sam 6:10. kept in the temple.
26:13 24:5,31; 25:8. 26:26 2 Sam 8:11.
1 CHRONICLES 26:27 518
dedicated. 27 They dedicated these things from Asahel, the brother of Joab, and after him his son
the plunder won in battles, to maintain the house Zebadiah; and in his division were twenty-four
of the LORD. 28 And all that Samuel the seer, and thousand.
Saul the son of Kish, and Abner the son of Ner, and 8 The fifth captain for the fifth month was
Joab the son of Zeruiah, had dedicated (and Shamhuth the Izrahite; and in his division were
whoever had dedicated anything ), it was under twenty-four thousand.
the hand of Shelomith and of his brethren. 9 The sixth captain for the sixth month was
29 Of the Izharites, Kenaniah and his sons were Ira, the son of Ikkesh the Tekoite; and in his divi-
for outside responsibilities over Israel, as officials sion were twenty-four thousand.
and judges. 10 The seventh captain for the seventh month
30 And of the Hebronites, Hashabiah and his was Helez the Pelonite, of the children of Ephraim;
brethren, a thousand seven hundred strong men, and in his division were twenty-four thousand.
were officials among the Israelites on this, the 11 The eighth captain for the eighth month was
west, side of the Jordan in all the LORDs appointed Sibbecai the Hushathite, of the Zarhites; and in his
duties, and in the service of the king. 31 Among division were twenty-four thousand.
the Hebronites Jerijah was the chief, according to 12 The ninth captain for the ninth month was
the genealogies of his fathers households among Abiezer the Anetothite, of the Benjamites; and in
the Hebronites. In the fortieth year of the reign of his division were twenty-four thousand.
David these records were sought out, and there 13 The tenth captain for the tenth month was
were found among them mighty men of valour at Maharai the Netophathite, of the Zarhites; and in
Jazer in Gilead. 32 And his brethren were two his division were twenty-four thousand.
thousand seven hundred strong men, chief fathers, 14 The eleventh captain for the eleventh month
whom king David made rulers over the Reubenites, was Benaiah the Pirathonite, of the children of
the Gadites, and the half tribe of Manasseh, for Ephraim; and in his division were twenty-four
every duty relating to God and the affairs of the thousand.
king. 15 The twelfth captain for the twelfth month
was Heldai the Netophathite, of Othniel; and in his
27 Now the number of the children of Israel
who were the chief fathers and captains
of thousands and hundreds, and their officials, and
division were twenty-four thousand.
16 Furthermore, these were over the tribes of
Israel: the chief officer of the Reubenites was
those who served the king in any duty of the Eliezer the son of Zichri; of the Simeonites,
military divisions which came in and went out month Shephatiah the son of Maachah; 17 of the Levites,
by month throughout all the months of the year: Hashabiah the son of Kemuel; of the Aaronites,
Each division had twenty-four thousand. Zadok; 18 of Judah, Elihu, one of Davids broth-
2 Over the first division for the first month was ers; of Issachar, Omri the son of Michael; 19 of
Jashobeam, the son of Zabdiel; and in his division Zebulun, Ishmaiah the son of Obadiah; of Naphtali,
were twenty-four thousand. 3 He was of the Jerimoth the son of Azriel; 20 of the children of
children of Perez and was the chief of all the Ephraim, Hoshea the son of Azaziah; of the half
captains of the army for the first month. tribe of Manasseh, Joel the son of Pedaiah; 21 of
4 And over the division for the second month the half tribe of Manasseh in Gilead, Iddo the son
was Dodai an Ahohite, and Mikloth was the chief of Zechariah; of Benjamin, Jaasiel the son of Abner;
of his division; in his division also there were 22 of Dan, Azareel the son of Jeroham. These
twenty-four thousand. were the officers over the tribes of Israel.
5 The third captain of the army for the third 23 But David did not take the number of
month was Benaiah the son of Jehoiada, a chief those twenty years old and under, because the
priest; and in his division were twenty-four LORD had said he would make Israel as numer-
thousand. 6 This is the Benaiah who was mighty ous as the stars of the heavens. 24 Joab, the
among the thirty, and over the thirty; and in his son of Zeruiah, began to count them, but he
division was his son Ammizabad. did not finish, because Gods wrath fell on
7 The fourth captain for the fourth month was Israel for it; nor was the number put in the
26:29 Judges 23:4. had officers appointed to them.
27:1-15 All these commanders were chosen 27:21 Abner 1 Sam 14:50,51; 17:55-58;
from Davids greatest warriors 11:10-31. 26:5-16.
27:16-22 For some reason or other the 27:23 Under 21:5 gives the number of
tribes of Gad and Asher are omitted, the those over 20 years of age.
family of Aaron is listed with the tribes, and Stars Gen 15:5.
both halves of the one tribe of Manasseh 27:24 Finish 21:6.
519 1 CHRONICLES 28:12
account of the chronicles of king David. footstool of our God, and had made things ready
25 And over the kings treasures was Azmaveth, for the building. 3 But God said to me, You shall not
the son of Adiel; and Jehonathan, the son of Uzziah build a house for my name, because you have been
was over the storehouses in the fields, in the cities, a man of war, and have shed blood.
and in the villages, and in the castles; 26 and Ezri, 4 However the LORD God of Israel chose me
the son of Kelub, was over those who were the above all the house of my father to be king over
farm workers tilling the ground; 27 and over the Israel forever; for he chose Judah to be the leader,
vineyards was Shimei the Ramathite; over the in- and of the house of Judah, the house of my
crease of the vineyards for the wine cellars was father; and among the sons of my father he was
Zabdi the Shiphmite; 28 and over the olive trees pleased to make me king over all Israel. 5 And of all
and the sycamore trees that were in the low-lying my sons (for the LORD has given me many sons) he
plains was Baal Hanan the Gederite; and Joash has chosen my son Solomon to sit on the throne of
was over the stores of oil; 29 and Shitrai the the kingdom of the LORD over Israel. 6 And he
Sharonite was over the herds that pastured in said to me, Your son Solomon is the one who will
Sharon; and Shaphat, the son of Adlai, was over build my house and my courts, for I have chosen
the herds that were in the valleys; 30 And over him to be my son, and I will be his father. 7 More-
the camels was Obil the Ishmaelite; and over the over, I will establish his kingdom forever, if he is
donkeys was Jehdeiah the Meronothite; 31 and steadfast in doing my commandments and my
over the flocks was Jaziz the Hagerite. All these judgments, as at this day.
were the officers over king Davids property. 8 Now therefore in the sight of all Israel, the
32 Also Jonathan, Davids uncle, was a congregation of the LORD, and in the hearing of
counsellor, a wise man, and a scribe; and Jehiel, our God, keep and seek out all the commandments
the son of Hachmoni, was with the kings sons; of the LORD your God, so that you may possess
33 And Ahithophel was the kings counsellor; and this good land, and leave it as an inheritance for
Hushai the Archite was the kings companion; your children after you forever.
34 and after Ahithophel was Jehoiada the son of 9 And you, Solomon, my son, know the God of
Benaiah, and Abiathar; and Joab was the general your father, and serve him with a perfect heart
of the kings army. and with a willing mind; for the LORD searches all
hearts, and understands all the imaginations of the
28 And David assembled at Jerusalem all the
officials of Israel, the officials of the tribes,
and the captains of the companies that ministered
thoughts. If you seek him, he will be found by you.
But if you forsake him, he will cast you off forever.
10 Be careful now, for the LORD has chosen you to
to the king by division, and the captains over build a house for the sanctuary. Be strong, and do
thousands, and captains over hundreds, and the it.
stewards over all the property and possession of 11 Then David gave his son Solomon the plan of
the king, and of his sons, with the officers and with the portico of the temple, and of its buildings and
the mighty men and with all the valiant men. of its treasuries and of its upper rooms and of its
2 Then David the king rose to his feet, and said, inner rooms and of the place of the mercy seat,
Hear me, my brethren, and my people. As for me, 12 and the plan of all that he had through the
I had in my heart to build a house of rest for the Spirit, of the courts of the house of the LORD, and
ark of the covenant of the LORD, and for the of all the rooms around it, of the treasuries of the
27:25-31 These men had charge of the 28:6,7 2 Sam 7:12-14.
properties and income of the royal court. 28:8 Compare Josh 1:6-9. The land could
27:32 Jonathan a different Jonathan, of be kept in possession only in the same way
course, from Sauls son and Davids friend. it was originally taken by following Gods
27:33 2 Sam 15:12,32,37. commands and obeying His word.
27:34 Joab 11:6. 28:9 Heart 29:17; 1 Sam 16:7; Heb 4:13.
28:1 22:17. This chapter makes it clear that Seek him note at 22:19.
before the attempt of Adonijah to seize Forsake. . .forever this goes beyond
power (1 Kings 1:5-11), all the leaders of what God Himself had said in 2 Sam 7:14,15.
Israel knew that David had chosen Solomon 28:10 Sanctuary note at Ex 25:8.
to be king in his place. 28:12 Spirit v 19. God gave the plans for
28:2 In my heart 17:1,2; 2 Sam 7:2. the temple just as He had for the tabernacle
Footstool Ps 99:5; 132:7; Isa 60:13. (Ex 25:9,40). It is not surprising then, that
28:3 22:8; 2 Sam 7:5,13. the same elements seen in the tabernacle ap-
28:4 17:23,27; 2 Sam 7:11-13. pear again in the temple most holy place,
Judah 5:2; Gen 49:10. holy place, ark, altar of incense, table for bread,
28:5 Solomon22:9-10. lampstands, brazen altar, etc.
1 CHRONICLES 28:13 520
house of God and of the treasuries for the officials and all the people will be wholly at your
dedicated things; 13 also for the divisions of the command.
priests and the Levites, and for all the work of the
service of the house of the LORD, and for all the
articles of service in the house of the LORD. 14 He
designated the gold by weight for the things to be
29 Furthermore, David the king said to all the
congregation, My son Solomon, whom
alone God has chosen, is still young and inexperi-
made of gold, for all the articles for all kinds of enced, and the work is great, for the palace is not
service; and the silver by weight for all the articles for man, but for the LORD God. 2 Now for the
of silver; for all articles for every kind of service; house of my God, with all my strength, I have made
15 the weight for the gold candlesticks and for ready the gold for things to be made of gold, and
their gold lamps, by weight for each candlestick the silver for things of silver, and the bronze for
and for their lamps; and for the silver candlesticks, things of bronze, the iron for things of iron, and
by weight, both for the candlesticks and also for wood for things of wood; onyx stones, and stones
its lamps, according to the use of every candle- to be set, inlaid stones, and stones of various
stick. 16 And he designated the gold by weight for colours, and all kinds of precious stones, and marble
the tables of Showbread, for each table; and like- in abundance. 3 Moreover, because of my delight
wise the silver for the silver tables; 17 also pure in the house of my God, I give the treasure I have
gold for the forks and the bowls and the cups; and of gold and silver for the house of my God, over
for the golden basins he designated gold by weight and above all that I have made ready for the holy
for each basin; and likewise silver by weight for house, 4 namely, three thousand talents of gold,
each silver basin; 18 and for the altar of incense the gold of Ophir, and seven thousand talents of
refined gold by weight; and gold for the plan of the refined silver, to overlay the walls of its buildings;
chariot of the cherubim, that spread out their wings, 5 the gold for things of gold, and the silver for
and overshadowed the ark of the covenant of the things of silver, and for all kinds of work to be done
LORD. by the hands of artisans. And who now is willing to
19 All this, David said, the LORD caused me consecrate his service today to the LORD?
to understand in writing by his hand on me, all the 6 Then the chief of the fathers and leaders of
details of this plan. the tribes of Israel, and the captains of thousands
20 And David said to his son Solomon, Be strong and of hundreds, with the officials over the kings
and courageous, and do it. Do not be afraid or work, offered willingly, 7 and gave for the service
dismayed; for the LORD God, my God, will be with of the house of God five thousand talents and ten
you. He will not fail you or forsake you, until you thousand darics of gold, and ten thousand talents
have finished all the work for the service of the of silver, and eighteen thousand talents of bronze,
house of the LORD. 21 And, see, the divisions of and one hundred thousand talents of iron. 8 And
the priests and the Levites; they are there for all those with whom precious stones were found gave
the service of the house of God. With you also, for them into the treasure of the house of the LORD,
all kinds of workmanship, will be every skillful man by the hand of Jehiel the Gershonite. 9 Then the
who is willing, for any kind of service. Also the people rejoiced, because of their willing offering,
28:13 23:6; 24:1-3. content to provide plunder captured in
28:19 David, inspired by Gods Spirit (v 12) battles and other possessions belonging to
wrote down exactly what God wanted the the nations treasuries; he wanted to give
plans and specifications of the temple to from his personal possessions. See also
be. Solomon followed them completely 21:24,25; 2 Sam 24:24. Alas, that so
(1 Kings 6:38). If Solomon had always many now in Christian circles not only are
followed all the instructions David gave him reluctant to give to Gods work, they enrich
(v 9), it would have been well. But 1 Kings themselves by filling their pockets from what
11:4 reveals that he did not. others have given. Note and references on
28:20 22:13. Compare Josh 1:5-7. giving at 2 Cor 9:15.
28:21 Skillful compare Ex 35:25-35; 29:4-7 Talents one talent was about 34
36:1,2. Whenever there is a special work of kilograms.
God to be done, God will raise up men and 29:5 Consecrate his service David knew
give them the various skills needed to do that if they first gave themselves to God
it. Compare Rom 12:5-8; 1 Cor 12:4-6; they would also give to the work of God.
Eph 4:7-13. Compare 2 Cor 8:1-5.
29:1 Young 22:5; 1 Kings 3:7. Solomon 29:7 Ten thousand darics about 84
was probably about 21 years of age. kilograms.
God 22:5; 2 Chron 2:5. 29:9 Willingly they followed Davids
29:2 22:3-5,14. example. The result was joy to them and
29:3 The treasure I have David was not an abundance for Gods work. Compare
521 1 CHRONICLES 29:30
for they offered willingly to the LORD with a whole your statutes, and to do all these things, and
heart. And David the king also rejoiced with great to build your palace for which I have made
joy. provision.
10 Therefore David praised the LORD before all 20 And David said to all the congregation,
the congregation, and David said, Now praise the LORD your God. And all the
congregation praised the LORD God of their fathers,
Blessed are you, LORD God of Israel,
and bowed their heads, and prostrated themselves
our Father, for ever and ever.
in the presence of the LORD and the king.
11 Yours, O LORD, is the greatness,
21 And on the following day they offered
and the power, and the glory,
sacrifices to the LORD, and made burnt offerings
and the victory, and the majesty;
to the LORD, a thousand bulls, a thousand rams,
for all that is in heaven and on earth is yours;
and a thousand lambs, with their drink offerings,
yours is the kingdom, O LORD, and you
and sacrifices in abundance for all Israel. 22 And
are exalted as head over all.
on that day they ate and drank in the LORDs
12 Both riches and honour come from you,
presence with great gladness. And for the second
and you reign over all,
time they made Davids son Solomon king and
and power and might are in your hands,
anointed him for the LORD to be the chief ruler,
and it is in your hands to make great
and Zadok to be priest. 23 Then Solomon sat on
and to give strength to all.
the throne of the LORD as king in the place of his
13 Now therefore, our God, we thank you
father David, and prospered, and all Israel obeyed
and praise your glorious name.
him. 24 And all the leaders and the mighty men,
14 But who am I, and what is my people, that and also all the sons of king David, submitted
we should be able to offer so willingly in this way? themselves to Solomon the king.
For all things come from you, and we have give to 25 And the LORD exalted Solomon exceedingly
you some of your own. 15 For we are foreigners in the sight of all Israel, and bestowed on him more
and settlers before you, as were all our fathers. royal majesty than had been on any king in Israel
Our days on earth are like a shadow, and no one before him.
abides. 16 O LORD our God, all this abundance 26 Thus David the son of Jesse reigned over all
that we have made ready to build you a house for Israel. 27 And the time that he reigned over Israel
your holy name comes from your hand, and is all was forty years. He reigned seven years in
your own. 17 I also know, my God, that you test Hebron, and he reigned thirty-three years he in
the heart, and take pleasure in integrity. As for Jerusalem. 28 And he died in a good old age, full of
me, in the integrity of my heart I have willingly days, riches and honour, and his son Solomon
offered all these things. And now I have seen with reigned in his place.
joy your people who are present here making 29 Now the acts of David the king, first and
willing offerings to you. 18 O LORD God of our last, see, they are written in the book of Samuel
fathers Abraham, Isaac and Israel, keep this the seer, and in the book of Nathan the prophet,
forever in the intentions and thoughts of the hearts and in the book of Gad the seer, 30 his whole reign
of your people, and prepare their hearts for your- and his might, and the circumstances that came on
self. 19 And give my son Solomon a perfect heart him and on Israel, and on all the kingdoms of the
to keep your commandments, your testimonies and other countries.
Ex 35:4-9,20-29; 36:4-7. See 2 Cor 9:7- 29:18 Faithfulness to God is a very great
11. virtue, and all of us may well pray as David
29:11 Ps 62:11; 89:11; 1 Tim 1:17; Rev did. See Matt 24:45; 25:23,28-30; Luke
5:12,13. 19:17; 1 Cor 4:2.
29:12 2 Chron 1:12; 20:6; Isa 40:26-31. 29:19 22:14; 28:9; 29:1,2; Ps 72:1.
29:14 All we have comes from God. We can 29:22 Compare 12:38-40; 1 Kings 1:33-40.
give to Him only what He has given to us, Second time both Saul and David also
and we are but stewards even of that which had been anointed on two separate
remains with us (Luke 12:42,43; Rom occasions privately, then publicly.
12:6-8; 1 Cor 4:1,2; 1 Pet 4:10). David did 29:25 1 Kings 3:13; 2 Chron 1:1,12.
not grumble that he had to give something 29:27 2 Sam 5:4,5; 1 Kings 2:11.
to God he counted it a great privilege. 29:29 Nathan, Gad no man knows what
29:15 Foreigners Lev 25:23; Ps 39:12; happened to these two books which, it
Heb 11:13; 1 Pet 2:11. seems, the writer of Chronicles consulted.
Shadow Ps 102:11; 144:4; Eccl 6:12. About half of the two books of Chronicles is
29:17 Integrity Ps 15:1,2; 51:6; Prov based on the books of Samuel and Kings.
11:20. 29:30 Other countries such as Syria,
Willingly vs 6,9. Moab and Edom.
2 CHRONICLES
Author and date:
See the introduction to 1 Chronicles.
Theme:
Events in the histories of the kings of Judah from Solomon to the fall of Jerusalem. This book covers
the same time period as the two books of Kings together 384 years. This book may be compared
with those. However, 2 Chronicles contains the history of the kingdom of Judah and ignores the
northern kingdom of Israel, except as it relates to Judah. It seems the writers purpose (and the
Holy Spirits purpose) was to show Gods faithfulness to the covenant He made with David concerning
Davids dynasty (1 Chron 17:11-14). About half of the contents of 2 Chronicles is not found in the
two books of Kings.
Contents:
Solomons reign ............................................................................................ 1:1 - 9:31
Solomon asks God for wisdom .................................................................... 1:7-12
Solomon prepares to build the temple ......................................................... 2:1-18
Solomon builds the temple ......................................................................... 3:1 - 5:1
The Levites bring the ark to the temple ...................................................... 5:2-14
Gods glory fills the temple ........................................................................ 5:13,14
Solomons words to the people .................................................................. 6:1-11
Solomons prayer about the temple ............................................................ 6:12-42
The dedication of the temple ..................................................................... 7:1-10
God appears to Solomon in a vision ............................................................ 7:11-22
Solomons other activities ......................................................................... 8:1-18
Solomon and the queen of Sheba .............................................................. 9:1-9
Solomons wealth ..................................................................................... 9:10-28
Solomons death ...................................................................................... 9:29-31
King Rehoboam ............................................................................................ 10:1 - 12:16
The kingdom splits in two .......................................................................... 10:1 - 11:4
Egypt invades Judah ................................................................................ 12:1-12
King Abijah .................................................................................................. 13:1 - 14:1
King Asa ..................................................................................................... 14:2 - 16:14
Asas reforms .......................................................................................... 15:1-18
Asas last years ....................................................................................... 16:1-14
King Jehoshaphat ........................................................................................ 17:1 - 21:1
Jehoshaphat joins hands with Ahab ........................................................... 18:1-3
The prophecy of Micaiah ........................................................................... 18:4-27
The prophecy fulfilled ............................................................................... 18:28-34
A prophet rebukes Jehoshaphat ................................................................ 19:1-3
The war with Moab and Ammon,
Jehoshaphats prayer .......................................................................... 20:1-12
Jehoshaphat defeats Moab and Ammon ..................................................... 20:15-30
Final years of Jehoshaphat ....................................................................... 20:31 - 21:1
King Jehoram ............................................................................................... 21:1-20
A letter from Elijah ................................................................................... 21:12-15
King Ahaziah ............................................................................................... 22:1-9
Wicked queen Athaliah ................................................................................. 22:10 - 23:15
The rescue of Joash ................................................................................ 22:11,12
The reforms of Jehoiada the priest ................................................................. 23:16-21
King Joash, his reforms, his fall into bad ways, his death .................................. 24:1-27
King Amaziah ............................................................................................... 25:1-28
523 2 CHRONICLES
King Uzziah .................................................................................................. 26:1-23
Uzziah sins, becomes a leper ..................................................................... 26:16-20
King Jotham ................................................................................................ 27:1-9
King Ahaz .................................................................................................... 28:1-27
King Hezekiah .............................................................................................. 29:1 - 32:33
Hezekiah cleanses and repairs the temple ................................................... 29:3-19
Temple worship reestablished .................................................................... 29:20-36
Hezekiahs celebration of the Passover ....................................................... 30:1-27
Destruction of idols .................................................................................. 31:1
Contributions for temple worship ............................................................... 31:2-21
Hezekiah and Isaiah pray, the Assyrians are defeated ................................. 32:20-23
Hezekiah falls into the sin of pride .............................................................. 32:24-26
Other activities of Hezekiah, his death ....................................................... 32:27-33
Wicked king Manasseh .................................................................................. 33:1-20
Manassehs repentance and reforms .......................................................... 33:12-20
King Amon ................................................................................................... 33:21-24
King Josiah .................................................................................................. 34:1 - 35:27
Josiahs reforms ........................................................................................... 34:3 - 35:19
The book of the law of God is found ........................................................... 34:14-33
Josiahs celebration of the Passover .......................................................... 35:1-19
Josiahs death ............................................................................................. 35:20-27
King Jehoahaz ............................................................................................. 36:2-4
King Jehoiakim ............................................................................................. 36:5-8
King Jehoiachin ............................................................................................ 36:9,10
King Zedekiah .............................................................................................. 36:11-14
Jerusalem is destroyed, the people are exiled to Babylon ................................. 36:15-21
Emperor Cyrus orders the rebuilding of the temple
at Jerusalem ......................................................................................... 36:22,23
2 CHRONICLES 1:1 524
1 And Solomon, the son of David, was strength-
ened in his kingdom, and the LORD his God
was with him and exalted him exceedingly.
and such as those who come after you will not
have.
13 Then Solomon returned from the high place
2 Then Solomon spoke to all Israel, to the that was at Gibeon, from before the tabernacle of
captains of thousands and of hundreds and to the the congregation, to Jerusalem, and reigned over
judges and to every leader in all Israel, the chief of Israel.
the fathers. 3 So Solomon, and all the congrega- 14 And Solomon amassed chariots and
tion with him, went to the high place that was at horsemen, and he had a thousand four hundred
Gibeon, for the tabernacle of the congregation of chariots, and twelve thousand horsemen, which
God, which Moses the servant of the LORD had he placed in the chariot cities and with the king at
made in the wilderness, was there. 4 But David Jerusalem. 15 And the king made silver and gold at
had brought the ark of God from Kirjath-Jearim to Jerusalem as plentiful as stones, and made cedar
the place which David had prepared for it; for he trees as abundant as the sycamore trees that are
had pitched a tent for it at Jerusalem. 5 Moreover, in the lowlands. 16 And Solomon had horses
the bronze altar that Bezaleel the son of Uri, the imported from Egypt, and linen yarn. The kings
son of Hur, had made, he put before the merchants received the linen yarn at a price.
tabernacle of the LORD. And Solomon and the 17 And they imported each chariot for six hundred
congregation sought it out. 6 And Solomon went shekels of silver, and a horse for a hundred and
up there to the bronze altar before the LORD, fifty. And by the same means they imported
which was at the tabernacle of the congregation, horses for all the kings of the Hittites, and for the
and offered a thousand burnt offerings on it. kings of Syria.
7 In that night God appeared to Solomon, and
said to him, Ask. What shall I give you?
8 And Solomon said to God, You have shown
great mercy to David my father, and have caused
2 And Solomon determined to build a house for
the name of the LORD, and a house for his
kingdom. 2 And Solomon assigned seventy
me to reign in his place. 9 Now, O LORD God, let thousand men to carry loads, and eighty thousand
your promise to my father David be established, to cut stones in the mountains, and three
for you have made me king over a people as thousand six hundred to oversee them.
numerous as the dust of the earth. 10 Give me 3 And Solomon sent word to Huram, the king of
now wisdom and knowledge, so that I may go out Tyre, saying, Deal with me as you dealt with my
and come in before this people; for who can judge father David, when you sent him cedars to build a
this great people of yours? house for himself to live in. 4 See, I will build a
11 And God said to Solomon, Because this was house for the name of the LORD my God, to
in your heart, and you have not asked for riches, dedicate it to him, and to burn fragrant incense
wealth, or honour, or for the life of your enemies, before him and for the continual Showbread and
or even asked for a long life, but have asked for for the burnt offerings, morning and evening, on
wisdom and knowledge for yourself, so that you the Sabbaths and on the new moons and at the
can judge my people, over whom I have made you solemn festivals of the LORD our God. This is an
king, 12 wisdom and knowledge are granted to ordinance forever for Israel.
you; and I will give you riches and wealth and 5 And the house which I will build will be great,
honour, such as none of the kings before you had, for our God is greater than all gods. 6 But who is
1:1 1 Kings 2:12; 1 Chron 29:23-25. 2:1 Name of the LORD Solomon did not
1:2-13 1 Kings 3:4-15. See notes there. build the temple for the sake of his own
1:3 Tabernacle of the congregation called name and fame.
this because it was there that God met with House for his kingdom 1 Kings 7:1-8;
man Ex 25:22; etc. Eccl 2:4.
1:4 2 Sam 6:2,17; 1 Chron 15:25-28. 2:2 Verses 17,18; 1 Kings 5:15-16.
1:5 Ex 38:1-7. 2:3-16 1 Kings 5:2-9; 7:13,14. See notes
1:6 Burnt offerings note at Leviticus chap- there.
ter 1. Huram (v 3) is a variant of Hiram.
1:7 God appeared 7:12; Gen 12:7; 2:3 1 Chron 14:1.
16:7; 18:1,2. 2:4 Incense Ex 30:1-9.
Give you 1 Kings 3:5. Showbread Ex 25:30.
1:9 Dust of the earth Gen 13:16; 22:17; Burnt offerings Leviticus chapter 1.
28:14. Festivals Leviticus chapter 23.
1:12 1 Chron 29:25. Solomon is explaining to a foreign king
1:14-17 1 Kings 10:26-29. something of the worship in Israel.
1:15,16 9:27,28. 2:5 Ex 15:11; 1 Chron 16:25; Ps 135:5;
1:17 Six hundred shekels about 7 Isa 40:25; 43:10; 44:6; 45:5.
kilograms. 2:6 6:18; 1 Kings 8:27.
525 2 CHRONICLES 3:10
able to build a house for him, seeing the heaven much wood as you need from Lebanon, and we will
and heaven of heavens cannot contain him? Who bring it to you on rafts by sea to Joppa. And you
am I then, that I should build a house for him, can transport it up to Jerusalem.
except only to burn sacrifice before him? 17 And Solomon took a count of all the foreigners
7 Therefore now send me a man skillful in who were in the land of Israel, following the census
working with gold and with silver and with bronze his father David had taken, and they were found
and with iron and with purple and crimson and blue, to be a hundred and fifty-three thousand six
and who is skillful in engraving to work with the hundred. 18 And he appointed seventy thousand
skillful men who are with me in Judah and in of them to be carriers of loads, and eighty
Jerusalem, whom my father David provided. thousand to be stone cutters in the mountain,
8 Send me also cedar trees, fir trees, and algum and three thousand six hundred overseers to make
trees, from Lebanon; for I know that your the people work.
servants know how to cut timber in Lebanon. And,
see, my servants will be with your servants, 9 to
prepare timber for me in abundance. For the house
which I am about to build will be great and
3 Then Solomon began to build the house of the
LORD at Jerusalem in Mount Moriah, where
the LORD appeared to his father David, in the
wonderful. 10 And, see, I will give to your servants, place that David had prepared in the threshing floor
to those who cut timber, twenty thousand measures of Ornan the Jebusite. 2 And he began to build on
of crushed wheat, and twenty thousand measures the second day of the second month, in the fourth
of barley, and twenty thousand baths of wine, and year of his reign.
twenty thousand baths of oil. 3 Now these are the foundations which Solomon
11 Then Huram, the king of Tyre, answered in laid for the building of the house of God. The length
writing, and sent it to Solomon, Because the LORD by cubits, in accordance with the old standard,
loves his people, he has made you king over them. was sixty cubits and the width twenty cubits.
12 Huram also said, Blessed be the LORD God 4 And the length of the portico that was at the
of Israel, who made heaven and earth, who has front of the house, was according to the width of
given to king David a wise son, endued with the house, twenty cubits, and its height was a
prudence and understanding, so that he might build hundred and twenty. And inside he overlaid it with
a house for the LORD and a house for his kingdom. pure gold. 5 And the great hall he paneled with fir
13 And now I have sent a skillful man, endued wood, which he overlaid with fine gold, and set
with understanding, of my father Huram. 14 He is palm trees and chain designs in it. 6 And he
the son of a woman of the daughters of Dan, and adorned the house with precious stones; and the
his father was a man of Tyre, skillful in working with gold was gold from Parvaim. 7 He also overlaid the
gold and with silver, with bronze, with iron, with house, its beams, posts and walls and its doors,
stone and with timber, with purple, with blue and with gold, and engraved cherubim on the walls.
with fine linen and with crimson and with any kind 8 And he made the Most Holy Place of the house.
of engraving, and to execute any design that may Its length was according to the width of the house,
be suggested to him. He can work with your skillful twenty cubits, and its width twenty cubits. And he
men, and with the skillful men of my lord David, overlaid it with fine gold, amounting to six hundred
your father. talents. 9 And the weight of the nails was fifty
15 Now therefore let my lord send to his shekels of gold. And he overlaid the upper rooms
servants the wheat and the barley, the oil and the with gold.
wine, which he has spoken of, 16 and we will cut as 10 And in the Most Holy Place of the house he
2:7 Compare Ex 31:3-5; 1 Chron 22:15. is the place where Abraham took Isaac to
2:9 Wonderful v 5; 1 Chron 22:5; offer him to God (Gen 22:2,14). On one
29:19. end of it the Lord Jesus, Gods temple (John
2:10 Twenty thousand measures in 2:18-21), was brought down and made
Hebrew kors probably about 125,000 whole again.
bushels. Ornan a variant of Araunah.
Twenty thousand baths probably 3:3 Cubits the temple was about 27
about 440 kiloliters. meters long and 9 wide.
2:11 Compare 1 Kings 10:9. 3:7 Cherubim Gen 3:24; Ezek 1:5.
2:12 Hiram had learned that Jehovah the Cherubim is the Hebrew plural of cherub.
God of Israel was no mere national God, 3:8 Most Holy Place Ex 26:33; Lev
but the creator of heaven and earth. 16:1,2. The place was a cube about 9 meters
2:13-14 1 Kings 7:13-14. each dimension.
2:17 David had taken 1 Chron 21:1. Talents one talent equaled about 34
3:1-13 Notes at 1 Kings 6:1-28. kilograms.
3:1 1 Chron 21:18; 22:1. Mount Moriah 3:9 Fifty shekels about 0.6 kilogram.
2 CHRONICLES 3:11 526
made two sculptured cherubim, and overlaid them right and five on the left, to wash in them. They
with gold. 11 And the wings of the cherubim were washed in them the things they offered for the
twenty cubits long. One wing of one cherub was burnt offering, but the sea was for the priests to
five cubits, reaching to the wall of the house, and wash in.
the other wing was also five cubits, reaching to 7 And he made ten lampstands of gold accord-
the wing of the other cherub. 12 And one wing of ing to their specification, and set them in the temple,
the other cherub was five cubits, reaching to the five on the right side and five on the left.
wall of the house: and the other wing was also five 8 He made also ten tables, and placed them in
cubits, touching the wing of the other cherub. the temple, five on the right side and five on the
13 The wings of these cherubim extended twenty left. And he made a hundred basins of gold.
cubits; and they stood on their feet, and their faces 9 And he made the courtyard of the priests,
were inward. and the great courtyard, and doors for the
14 And he made the veil of blue and purple and courtyard, and overlaid their doors with bronze.
crimson and fine linen, and worked cherubim on it. 10 And he set the sea at the right side of the east
15 Also at the front of the house he made two end, opposite the south.
pillars thirty-five cubits high, and the capital that 11 And Huram made the pots and the shovels
was on the top of each of them was five cubits. and the basins.
16 And he made chain work, as in the sanctuary, And Huram finished the work that he was to
and put them on the tops of the pillars; and he make for king Solomon for the house of God:
made a hundred pomegranates, and put them on 12 the two pillars, and the bowl-shaped tops, and
the chain work. 17 And he set up the pillars at the the capitals which were on the top of the two
front of the temple, one on the right, and the other pillars, and the two woven networks to cover the
on the left, and called the name of the one on the two bowl-shaped tops of the capitals which were
right Jachin, and the name of the one on the left on top of the pillars, 13 and four hundred
Boaz. pomegranates on the two woven networks, two
rows of pomegranates on each network, to cover
4 Moreover, he made a bronze altar, twenty
cubits in length and twenty cubits in width and
ten cubits in height. 2 Also he made a cast metal
the two bowl-shaped tops of the capitals which
were on the pillars. 14 He also made the stands
and made the lavers on the stands, 15 one sea,
sea ten cubits from brim to brim, circular in form; and twelve oxen under it. 16 Also Huram Abi used
and its height was five cubits, and it took a cord of burnished bronze to make the pots and the shovels
thirty cubits to go around it. 3 And below the rim and the forks, and all their articles, for king Solomon
were figures of oxen, which completely encircled for the house of the LORD. 17 The king cast them
the sea, ten in a cubit. When the sea was cast two in the plain of the Jordan, in the clay ground
rows of oxen were also cast. between Succoth and Zeredathah.
4 It stood on twelve oxen, three looking toward 18 And Solomon made all these articles in great
the north, and three looking toward the west, and abundance, so that the weight of the bronze could
three looking toward the south, and three looking not be found out.
toward the east; and the sea was set on top of 19 And Solomon made all the articles that were
them, and all their back parts were toward the for the house of God, including the golden altar,
inside. 5 And the thickness of the sea was a hand and the tables on which the Showbread was placed,
breadth, and its brim like the work of the rim of a 20 and the lampstands with their lamps with pure
cup, like a lily flower; and it received and held gold, to burn before the sanctuary as specified;
three thousand baths. 21 and made the flowers and the lamps and the
6 He also made ten lavers, and put five on the tongs, with gold, solid gold; 22 and the snuffers
3:14 Ex 26:31-35; Heb 9:3. The veil establishes, and Boaz probably means
symbolized the separation of man from the in Him is strength.
immediate presence of God. At the 4:1 Ex 27:1-2; 43:13-17.
crucifixion of the Lord Jesus the veil of the 4:2-5 1 Kings 7:23-26. Three thousand
temple was torn in two, demonstrating that baths (v 5) about 66 kiloliters (about
through His sacrifice every believer now has 17,500 gallons).
free access to God (Matt 27:51; Mark 4:6 1 Kings 7:38,39.
15:38; Luke 23:45; Heb 10:19-22). 4:7 Ex 35:31,40; 1 Kings 7:49. There was
3:15-17 1 Kings 7:15-21. 1 Kings 7:15 and only one lampstand in the tabernacle.
2 Kings 25:17 say the height of each pillar 4:8 Tables to keep bread on (1 Kings
was 18 cubits. The authors meaning may 7:48).
be that the combined height of the two 4:9 Courtyard 1 Kings 6:36; Ex 27:9.
pillars was roughly 35 cubits. 4:11-16 1 Kings 7:40-45.
Jachin probably means He 4:17-22 1 Kings 7:46-50.
527 2 CHRONICLES 6:13
and the basins and the spoons and the censers, sounding with trumpets), 13 as the trumpeters
with pure gold. And the entrance of the house, its and singers in unison were making themselves heard
inner doors for the Most Holy Place, and the doors with one voice praising and thanking the LORD,
of the house of the temple, were of gold. and as they raised their voice with the trumpets
and cymbals and musical instruments, and praised
5 Thus all the work that Solomon made for the
house of the LORD was finished, and Solomon
brought in all the things that his father David had
the LORD, saying, For he is good; for his mercy
continues on forever, that the house, the house
of the LORD, was filled with a cloud, 14 so that the
dedicated, and he put the silver and the gold and priests could not stand to minister because of the
all the articles among the treasures of the house of cloud; for the glory of the LORD had filled the house
God. of God.
2 Then Solomon assembled the elders of Israel
and all the heads of the tribes, the chief of the
fathers of the children of Israel, to Jerusalem, to
bring up the ark of the covenant of the LORD out
6 Then Solomon said, The LORD has said that
he would dwell in thick darkness. 2 But I have
built a lofty house for you, a place for your dwelling
of the city of David, which is Zion. 3 Therefore all forever.
the men of Israel assembled around the king in the 3 And the king turned his face, and blessed the
feast which was in the seventh month. whole congregation of Israel; and all the congre-
4 And all the elders of Israel came; and the gation of Israel stood.
Levites took up the ark. 5 And they brought up the 4 And he said, Blessed be the LORD God of
ark and the tabernacle of the congregation, and all Israel, who has fulfilled with his hands what he
the holy articles that were in the tabernacle. The spoke with his mouth to my father David, saying,
priests and the Levites brought these up. 6 And 5 Since the day that I brought my people out of
king Solomon, and all the congregation of Israel the land of Egypt I chose no city among all the
that were assembled with him before the ark, tribes of Israel in which to build a house, that my
sacrificed sheep and oxen, so numerous that they name might be there; nor did I chose any man to be
could not be counted or told. a ruler over my people Israel. 6 But I have chosen
7 And the priests brought in the ark of the Jerusalem, so that my name might be there, and
covenant of the LORD to its place, to the have chosen David to be over my people Israel.
sanctuary of the house, into the Most Holy Place, 7 Now it was in the heart of my father David to
under the wings of the cherubim: 8 for the cherubim build a house for the name of the LORD God of
spread out their wings over the place of the ark, Israel. 8 But the LORD said to my father David,
and the cherubim were a covering over the ark and Because it was in your heart to build a house for
its poles. 9 And they drew out the poles of the ark, my name, you did well to have it in your heart.
so that the ends of the poles of the ark were seen 9 However you shall not build the house, but your
before the sanctuary; but they were not seen son who will be born to you shall build the house for
outside. And there it is to this day. 10 There was my name.
nothing in the ark except the two tablets which 10 So the LORD has fulfilled his word that he
Moses put in it at Horeb, when the LORD made a spoke, for I have risen up in the place of my father
covenant with the children of Israel, when they David, and sit on the throne of Israel, just as the
came out of Egypt. LORD promised, and have built the house for the
11 And this happened after the priests had come name of the LORD God of Israel. 11 And I have put
out of the Holy Place (for all the priests who were the ark in it, in which is the covenant of the LORD,
present were sanctified, and did not regard their that he made with the children of Israel.
divisions; 12 also all the Levites who were singers, 12 And he stood before the altar of the LORD in
Asaph, Heman, Jeduthun, with their sons and their the presence of all the congregation of Israel, and
brethren, arrayed in white linen, having cymbals spread out his hands. 13 For Solomon had made a
and lyres and harps, stood at the east end of the bronze platform five cubits long and five cubits wide
altar, and with them a hundred and twenty priests and three cubits high, and had placed it in the middle
5:1 Dedicated 1 Chron 22:14; 26:26; revealed that the God who had been with
29:3. Israel when they came out of Egypt, when
5:2-14 1 Kings 8:1-11. See notes there. they worshiped God in the desert, was still
5:3 Feast the feast of Tabernacles (Lev with them. The purpose of the temple was
23:33-36). the same as that of the tabernacle. See
5:12 1 Chron 15:16,17,24; 25:1-4. Ex 25:8.
5:13 1 Chron 16:4,34,41; Lev 7:12,13. 6:1-40 Notes at 1 Kings 8:12-53.
5:14 Compare Ex 40:34,35. This cloud 6:13 This verse in not in 1 Kings 8.
2 CHRONICLES 6:14 528
of the courtyard; and he stood on it, and knelt on have given to your people as an inheritance.
his knees before all the congregation of Israel, and 28 If there is famine in the land, if there is
spread out his hands toward heaven, 14 and said, pestilence, if there is blight, or mildew, locusts, or
O LORD God of Israel, there is no God like you caterpillars, if their enemies besiege them in the
in the heavens, or on the earth, who keeps cities of their land, whatever plague or whatever
covenant and shows mercy to your servants who sickness there may be, 29 then whatever prayer
walk before you with all their hearts. 15 You have or supplication made by anyone, or by all your
kept what you promised to your servant David, my people Israel, when each one knows his own plague
father, and have fulfilled with your hand what you and his own grief, and spreads out his hands in this
spoke with your mouth, as it is today. house, 30 then hear from heaven, your dwelling
16 Now therefore, O LORD God of Israel, keep place, and forgive, and render to each man
what you have promised to your servant David, according to all his ways. You know their heart, for
my father, saying, You will not lack a man in my you alone know the hearts of the children of men.
sight to sit on the throne of Israel, if only your 31 Do this that they may fear you, and walk in
children are careful about their way to walk in my your ways as long as they live in the land which you
law, as you have walked before me. 17 Now then, gave to our fathers.
O LORD God of Israel, let your word, which you 32 Moreover, concerning the foreigner, who is
spoke to your servant David, come true. not of your people Israel, but has come from a far
18 But will God indeed dwell with men on the country because of your great name and your
earth? See, heaven and the heaven of heavens mighty hand and your stretched out arm; if they
cannot contain you; how much less this house which come and pray in this house, 33 then hear from
I have built! 19 So have regard for the prayer of heaven, from your dwelling place, and act in
your servant, and for his supplication, O LORD my accordance with all that the foreigner calls to you
God, to hear the cry and the prayer which your for, so that all people of the earth may know your
servant is praying before you, 20 that your eyes name, and fear you, as your people Israel do, and
may be open on this house day and night, on the may know that this house which I have built is called
place of which you have said that you would put by your name.
your name there, to listen to the prayer which your 34 If your people go out to war against their
servant prays toward this place. 21 So hear the enemies by the way that you send them, and they
supplications of your servant, and of your people pray to you toward this city which you have
Israel, which they will make toward this place. Hear chosen, and the house which I have built for your
from your dwelling place, from heaven; and when name, 35 then from heaven hear their prayer and
you hear, forgive. their supplication, and maintain their cause.
22 If a man sins against his neighbour, and is 36 If they sin against you (for there is no one
made to take an oath, and the oath comes before who does not sin) and you are angry with them,
your altar in this house, 23 then hear from heaven, and deliver them up to their enemies, and they
and act and judge your servants, punishing the carry them away captives to a land far off or near,
wicked by bringing his way on his own head, and 37 if they take thought in the land where they are
justifying the righteous by giving him according to carried captive, and turn and pray to you in the
his righteousness. land of their captivity, saying, We have sinned,
24 And if your people Israel are defeated by we have done wrong and have acted wickedly;
the enemy, because they have sinned against you, 38 if they turn back to you with all their heart and
and return and confess your name and pray and with all their soul in the land of their captivity, where
make supplication before you in this house, 25 then they have carried them captives, and pray toward
hear from heaven, and forgive the sin of your people their land which you gave to their fathers, and
Israel, and bring them again to the land which you toward the city which you have chosen, and
gave to them and to their fathers. toward the house which I have built for your name,
26 When the heavens are shut up, and there 39 then hear from heaven, from your dwelling place,
is no rain, because they have sinned against you, their prayer and their supplications, and maintain
if they pray toward this place, and confess your their cause and forgive your people who have
name and turn from their sin, when you afflict them, sinned against you.
27 then hear from heaven, and forgive the sin of 40 Now, my God, I beseech you, let your eyes
your servants and of your people Israel, when you be open, and let your ears be attentive to the
have taught them the good way in which they prayer that is made in this place.
should walk, and send rain on your land, which you 41 Now therefore arise, O LORD God,
6:18 2:6. 6:41,42 Ps 132:8-10.
529 2 CHRONICLES 7:20
into your resting place, congregation, from the entrance of Hamath to the
you, and the ark of your strength. river of Egypt. 9 And in the eighth day they held a
Let your priests, O LORD God, solemn assembly, for they kept the dedication of
be clothed with salvation, the altar seven days and the feast seven days.
and let your saints rejoice in goodness. 10 And on the twenty-third day of the seventh
42 O LORD God, do not turn away the face month he sent the people away to their tents, glad
of your anointed. and merry in heart for the goodness that the LORD
Remember your mercies to your servant David. had showed to David and to Solomon and to his
people Israel.
7 Now when Solomon had finished praying, fire
came down from heaven and consumed the
burnt offering and the sacrifices, and the glory of
11 Thus Solomon finished the house of the LORD
and the kings house; and Solomon successfully
completed all that came into his heart to make in
the LORD filled the house. 2 And the priests could the house of the LORD, and in his own house.
not enter into the house of the LORD, because the 12 And the LORD appeared to Solomon at night
glory of the LORD had filled the LORDs house. and said to him,
3 And when all the children of Israel saw how the I have heard your prayer, and have chosen
fire came down, and the glory of the LORD on the this place for myself as a house of sacrifice.
house, they bowed down with their faces to the 13 If I shut up the heavens so that there is no
ground on the pavement and worshipped and rain, or if I command the locusts to devour the
praised the LORD, saying, For he is good; for his land, or if I send plague among my people, 14 if my
mercy continues on forever. people, who are called by my name, humble
4 Then the king and all the people offered themselves and pray and seek my face and turn
sacrifices before the LORD. 5 And king Solomon from their wicked ways, then I will hear from heaven
offered a sacrifice of twenty-two thousand oxen, and will forgive their sin and will heal their land.
and a hundred and twenty thousand sheep. So the 15 Now my eyes will be open and my ears attentive
king and all the people dedicated the house of God. to the prayer that is made in this place. 16 For
6 And the priests were standing in their places; the now I have chosen and sanctified this house, so
Levites also with the LORDs musical instruments, that my name may be there forever, and my eyes
which David the king had made to praise the LORD, and my heart will be there continually.
because his mercy continues on forever, which 17 And as for you, if you will walk before me as
were used when David praised. And the priests David your father walked, and do according to all
sounded trumpets before them, and all Israel stood. that I have commanded you, and observe my
7 Then Solomon consecrated the middle of the statutes and my judgments, 18 then I will establish
courtyard that was before the house of the LORD, the throne of your kingdom, just as I covenanted
for there he offered burnt offerings and the fat of with your father David, saying, You will not lack a
the peace offerings, because the bronze altar which man to be ruler in Israel.
Solomon had made was not able to hold the burnt 19 But if you turn away and forsake my
offerings and the grain offerings and the fat. statutes and my commandments, which I have set
8 Also at the same time Solomon kept the feast before you, and go and serve other gods and
for seven days, and all Israel with him, a very great worship them, 20 then I will pluck them up by the
7:1 Fire compare Lev 9:23,24; 1 Chron (compare Deut 11:17; 28:22-24,38,39).
21:26. In the Bible fire was sometimes a 7:14 6:37-39. This is a promise made to
symbol of Gods presence (Ex 3:2; 13:21; Israel as a nation concerning their land.
19:18; 1 Kings 18:38; Heb 12:29). However, there are spiritual principles here
7:2 5:14. which apply to anyone anywhere, to us as
7:3 Verse 6; 5:13; 1 Chron 16:34,43. individuals or as groups of believers. To
7:4-10 1 Kings 8:62-66. experience answered prayer, forgiveness of
7:6 5:12; 1 Chron 15:16-21. sins, and revival of spiritual life three things
7:7 Offerings notes on Leviticus are required humbling ourselves
chapters 1 and 3. (Ps 51:17; Isa 66:2; Jam 4:6), seeking
7:8 Feast 5:3; 1 Kings 8:2. Gods face (15:2; 1 Chron 22:19; Ps 27:8;
Hamath, Egypt from the far north 34:10; 69:32; Jer 29:13), and true
of Israel to the far south the whole land. repentance (Lev 26:40-42; Isa 55:6,7;
7:11-22 1 Kings 9:1-9. Ezek 18:30-32; 1 John 1:9). For healing
7:12 Appeared 1:7. of a whole land, national humility and
Chosen Deut 12:5,11. repentance and seeking God were required.
7:13-15 These verses are not in the account 7:15 6:20,40.
in 1 Kings. 7:17,18 1 Kings 9:4,5.
7:13 Observe that the things mentioned here 7:19-22 1 Kings 9:6-9; Lev 26:14,33; Deut
are completely in the control of Jehovah God 28:15,36,37; 29:24,25,28.
2 CHRONICLES 7:21 530
roots out of my land which I have given them; and 12 Then Solomon offered burnt offerings to the
this house, which I have sanctified for my name, I LORD on the altar of the LORD, which he had built
will hurl from my sight, and cause it to be a proverb in front of the portico, 13 according to the daily
and a byword among all nations. 21 And as for this rule, offering according to the commandment of
house, which is exalted, everyone who passes by Moses, on the Sabbaths, and on the new moons,
it will be astonished and say, Why has the LORD and on the solemn feasts, three times in the year,
done thus to this land, and to this house? 22 And namely, at the Feast of Unleavened Bread and at
the answer will be, Because they forsook the LORD the Feast of Weeks and at the Feast of
God of their fathers, who brought them up out of Tabernacles. 14 And in accordance with the order
the land of Egypt, and adopted other gods and of his father David, he appointed the divisions of
worshipped them and served them. Therefore he the priests for their service, and the Levites for
has brought all this disaster on them. their duties, to praise and minister before the
priests, according to the daily rule; also the
8 And at the end of twenty years, in which
Solomon had built the house of the LORD and
his own house, it came about 2 that Solomon built
gatekeepers by their divisions at every gate, for
so had David the man of God commanded. 15 And
they did not depart from the command of the king
the cities which Huram had restored to Solomon to the priests and Levites concerning any matter,
and caused the children of Israel to live there. or concerning the treasures.
3 And Solomon went to Hamath Zobah and seized 16 Now all the work of Solomon was carried out
it. 4 And he built Tadmor in the wilderness, and all from the day of the foundation of the house of the
the store cities, which he built in Hamath. 5 Also he LORD until it was finished. So the house of the
built Upper Beth Horon and Lower Beth Horon, LORD was completed.
fortified cities, with walls, gates and bars, 6 and 17 Then Solomon went to Ezion-Geber and to
Baalath and all the store cities that Solomon had, Eloth, at the sea shore in the land of Edom. 18 And
and all the chariot cities and the cities for the Huram sent to him ships by the hands of his
horsemen, and all that Solomon desired to build in servants, and servants who knew the sea; and
Jerusalem and in Lebanon and throughout all the they went with the servants of Solomon to Ophir
land of his dominion. and brought from there four hundred and fifty
7 As for all the people who were left of the talents of gold, and delivered them to king Solomon.
Hittites and the Amorites and the Perizzites and
the Hivites and the Jebusites, who were not of
Israel 8 but the descendants of those people
who remained after them in the land, whom the
9 And when the queen of Sheba heard of the
fame of Solomon, she came to Jerusalem to
test Solomon with hard questions, with a very great
children of Israel had not destroyed, Solomon made company and camels that carried spices and gold in
them forced labourers until this day. 9 But among abundance and precious stones. And when she
the children of Israel Solomon did not make any had come to Solomon, she talked with him of all
servants for his work; but they were warriors and that was in her heart. 2 And Solomon answered all
chiefs of his captains and captains of his chariots her questions; and nothing was hidden from Solomon
and horsemen. 10 And these were king Solomons which he did not tell her. 3 And when the queen of
chief officials, two hundred and fifty, who ruled Sheba saw the wisdom of Solomon, and the house
over the people. that he had built, 4 and the food of his table, and
11 And Solomon brought up the daughter of the seating of his servants, and the attendance of
Pharaoh from the city of David to the house that his ministers and their apparel, and his cupbearers
he had built for her, for he said, My wife shall not and their apparel, and his stairway by which he
live in the house of David king of Israel, because went up to the house of the LORD, no more spirit
the places to which the ark of the LORD has come was left in her.
are holy. 5 And she said to the king, It was a true report
8:1-18 Notes at 1 Kings 9:10-28. 8:11 The daughter of Pharaoh 1 Kings
8:2 Apparently these were the villages 3:1; 7:8.
Solomon first gave Hiram in payment for Holy note at Lev 20:7.
supplies of materials and workmen. When 8:12 4:1.
Solomon paid in money Hiram returned 8:13 Ex 23:14-17; 29:38-42; Leviticus
these villages to Solomon. chapter 23; Num 28:3.
Huram a variant of Hiram (also v 18). 8:14 1 Chron 24:1; 25:1; 26:1.
8:7 Gen 15:18-21. 8:18 Talents one talent equals about 34
8:8 Not destroyed Jud 1:21-36. kilograms.
Forced labourers 2:17,18; 1 Kings 9:1-28 Notes at 1 Kings 10:1-29. God had
4:6; 9:21,22. promised Solomon great wisdom, wealth,
531 2 CHRONICLES 10:4
which I heard in my own land about your deeds and side and that side of the six steps. Nothing like it
your wisdom. 6 However I did not believe their had been made in any kingdom. 20 And all the
words, until I came and saw it with my eyes. And, drinking vessels of king Solomon were of gold, and
see, the half of the greatness of your wisdom was all the vessels of the house of The Forest of
not told me; for you surpass the fame that I Lebanon were of pure gold; none were of silver.
heard. 7 Happy are your men, and happy are Silver was not something taken into account in
these your servants, who stand continually before the days of Solomon. 21 For the kings ships went
you and hear your wisdom. 8 Blessed be the LORD to Tarshish with Hurams servants; once every three
your God, who delighted in you to set you on his years the ships of Tarshish came bringing gold and
throne, to be king for the LORD your God. Because silver, ivory and apes and peacocks.
your God loved Israel he made you king over them 22 And king Solomon surpassed all the kings of
to establish them forever, to administer judgment the earth in riches and wisdom. 23 And all the kings
and justice. of the earth sought out the presence of Solomon,
9 And she gave the king a hundred and twenty to hear his wisdom that God had put in his heart.
talents of gold and spices in great abundance and 24 And each man brought his present, articles of
precious stones; nor had there ever been any such silver and articles of gold and garments, weapons
spices as the queen of Sheba gave king Solomon. and spices, horses and mules, so much year by
10 And also Hurams servants and Solomons year.
servants, who brought gold from Ophir, brought 25 And Solomon had four thousand stalls for
algum trees and precious stones. 11 And from the horses and chariots, and twelve thousand
algum trees the king made steps for the house of horsemen, whom he stationed in the chariot cities
the LORD and for the kings palace, and harps and and with the king at Jerusalem. 26 And he reigned
lyres for the singers; and such had never been over all the kings from the Euphrates river to the
seen before in the land of Judah. land of the Philistines, and to the border of Egypt.
12 And king Solomon gave to the queen of Sheba 27 And the king made silver in Jerusalem as common
all she desired, whatever she asked, besides gifts as stones, and made cedar trees as plentiful as the
in return for what she had brought to the king. So sycamore trees that are in the lowlands. 28 And
she turned and went away to her own land, she they brought to Solomon horses out of Egypt and
and her servants. out of all lands.
13 Now the weight of gold that came to Solomon 29 Now the rest of the acts of Solomon, first
in one year was six hundred an sixty-six talents of and last, are they not written in the book of Nathan
gold, 14 besides that which traders and merchants the prophet and in the prophecy of Ahijah the
brought. And all the kings of Arabia and leaders of Shilonite, and in the visions of Iddo the seer against
the country brought gold and silver to Solomon. Jeroboam the son of Nebat? 30 And Solomon
15 And king Solomon made two hundred shields reigned in Jerusalem over all Israel forty years.
of hammered gold; six hundred shekels of 31 And Solomon slept with his ancestors, and he
hammered gold went for each shield. 16 And he was buried in the city of his father David. And his
made three hundred small shields of hammered son Rehoboam reigned in his place.
gold; three hundred shekels of gold went for each
shield. And the king put them in the house of The
Forest of Lebanon.
17 Moreover the king made a great throne of
10 And Rehoboam went to Shechem, for all
Israel had come to Shechem to make him
king. 2 And it came about when Jeroboam the son
ivory, and overlaid it with pure gold. 18 And there of Nebat, who was in Egypt where he had fled
were six steps to the throne with a footstool of from the presence of king Solomon, heard it, that
gold, which were fastened to the throne, and arms Jeroboam returned from Egypt. 3 And they sent
on each side of the seat, and two lions standing by word and called him. So Jeroboam and all Israel
the arms. 19 And twelve lions stood there on this came and spoke to Rehoboam, saying, 4 Your
riches, and honor (1:11,12). This chapter 9:25 Deut 17:16; 1 Kings 4:26.
shows in some measure the fulfillment of 9:26 1 Kings 4:21,24.
that promise. 9:27 2 Chron 1:15-17.
9:8 2:11. Throne observe that she called 9:28 2 Chron 1:16.
the throne of Israel the throne of God and 9:29-31 1 Kings 11:41-43. The author does
speaks of Solomon as being Gods not record the sad story of Solomons great
representative. sin toward the end of his life (1 Kings 11:1-10).
9:9 Talents one talent equals about 34 9:29 Notes at 1 Chron 29:29.
kilograms. 9:31 Slept 1 Kings 2:10.
9:21 Huram a variant of Hiram. 10:1-19 Notes at 1 Kings 12:1-19.
9:22 1 Kings 3:13; Eccl 1:16; 2:7-9. 10:2 Jeroboam 1 Kings 11:26-40.
2 CHRONICLES 10:5 532
father made our yoke hard. Now therefore lighten not listen to them, the people answered the king,
the hard labour from your father, and his hard yoke saying, What part do we have in David? And we
that he put on us, and we will serve you. have no inheritance in the son of Jesse. Every
5 And he said to them, Come back to me after man to your tents, O Israel! And now, David, see
three days. And the people departed. to your own house. So all Israel went to their tents.
6 And king Rehoboam took counsel with the old 17 But as for the children of Israel who lived in
men who had stood before his father Solomon while the cities of Judah, Rehoboam reigned over them.
he still lived, saying, What counsel do you give me 18 Then king Rehoboam sent Hadoram who was
to give back an answer to this people? over the forced labour; and the children of Israel
7 And they spoke to him, saying, If you are pelted him with stones, so that he died. But king
kind to this people and please them and speak good Rehoboam hurriedly got up into his chariot to flee
words to them, they will be your servants forever. to Jerusalem. 19 And Israel rebelled against the
8 But he forsook the counsel which the old men house of David, as it is to this day.
gave him, and took counsel with the young men
who were brought up with him, who stood in his
presence. 9 And he said to them, What advice do
you give so that we can give back an answer to this
11 And when Rehoboam came to Jerusalem,
he gathered a hundred and eighty thousand
chosen warriors who were from the house of Judah
people, who have spoken to me, saying, Lighten and Benjamin to fight against Israel, so that he
the yoke that your father put on us? might bring the kingdom back to Rehoboam.
10 And the young men who were brought up 2 But the word of the LORD came to Shemaiah,
with him spoke to him, saying, This is how you the man of God, saying, 3 Speak to Rehoboam
should answer the people who spoke to you, the son of Solomon, king of Judah, and to all Israel
saying, Your father made our yoke heavy, but you in Judah and Benjamin, saying, 4 Thus says the
make it lighter for us: say to them, My little finger LORD, You must not go up, or fight against your
will be thicker than my fathers waist. 11 For brethren. Each man must return to his house, for
whereas my father put a heavy yoke on you, I will this thing is done by me. And they obeyed the
put more on your yoke. My father punished you words of the LORD, and turned back from going
with whips, but I will punish you with scorpions. against Jeroboam.
12 So Jeroboam and all the people came to 5 And Rehoboam lived in Jerusalem, and built
Rehoboam on the third day, as the king had cities for defense in Judah. 6 He built up Bethlehem
directed, saying, Come back to me on the third and Etam and Tekoa 7 and Beth-Zur and Shoco
day. 13 And the king answered them roughly; and and Adullam 8 and Gath and Mareshah and Ziph
king Rehoboam forsook the counsel of the old men, 9 and Adoraim and Lachish and Azekah 10 and
14 and answered them in accordance with the Zorah and Aijalon and Hebron, which are in Judah
advice of the young men, saying, My father made and in Benjamin, fortified cities. 11 And he fortified
your yoke heavy, but I will add to it. My father the strongholds, and put captains in them, and
punished you with whips, but I will punish you with stores of food, oil and wine. 12 And he put shields
scorpions. and spears in every city, and greatly strengthened
15 So the king did not listen to the people; for them, having Judah and Benjamin on his side.
the turn of events was from God, that the LORD 13 And the priests and the Levites who were in
might fulfil his word which he spoke through Ahijah all Israel from all their territories stood with him.
the Shilonite to Jeroboam the son of Nebat. 14 For the Levites left their pasture lands and their
16 And when all Israel saw that the king would possessions, and came to Judah and Jerusalem;
10:15 Ahijah 1 Kings 11:29; 12:15. of Babylon. Of Judahs kings, several were
10:16 2 Sam 20:1. godly men.
10:18 Hadoram a variant of Adoniram. 11:2 Shemiah 12:15.
11:1-4 1 Kings 12:21-24. Rehoboams folly 11:4 10:15.
was responsible for the division of the king- 11:5-23 Most of this material is not found
dom. Israel, the northern kingdom, was gov- anywhere else in the Bible.
erned by a succession of evil monarchs. The 11:13-14 Probably there were priests who put
nation did not have one good king. There is their material welfare first and stayed as min-
considerable material about them in 1 and 2 isters of Jeroboams idolatrous system of wor-
Kings, but very little in the books of Chronicles. ship (1 Kings 12:28-33). Most of them, how-
The author of these books concentrated on a ever, left their possessions and came to Judah
history of the kings of Judah. After about two rather than be unfaithful to the Lord. They
hundred years Israel was destroyed by Assyria considered God a greater inheritance than land
and the people taken into captivity. Judah, the and property (Num 18:20; Deut 10:9). Com-
southern kingdom, lasted for another 130 years pare Luke 14:33; Heb 10:34; 1 Pet 1:4,5.
when destruction and captivity came at the hand 11:14 Their possessions Lev 15:32-34;
533 2 CHRONICLES 12:11
for Jeroboam and his sons had removed them from year of king Rehoboam, because they had sinned
acting as priests for the LORD, 15 and he had against the LORD, that Shishak, king of Egypt,
ordained priests for himself for the high places, came up against Jerusalem, 3 with twelve hundred
and for the demons, and for the calves which he chariots, and sixty thousand horsemen; and the
had made. 16 And those out of all the tribes of people who came with him from Egypt were
Israel who had set their hearts to seek the LORD innumerable: the Lubim, the Sukkiim, and the
God of Israel came to Jerusalem, following the Ethiopians. 4 And he took the fortified cities which
Levites, to sacrifice to the LORD God of their belonged to Judah, and came to Jerusalem.
fathers. 17 So they strengthened the kingdom of 5 Then Shemaiah the prophet came to
Judah, and made Rehoboam the son of Solomon Rehoboam and to the leaders of Judah, who were
strong three years; for three years they walked in gathered together at Jerusalem because of Shishak,
the way of David and Solomon. and said to them, Thus says the LORD, You have
18 And Rehoboam took for himself Mahalath, forsaken me, and therefore I have also left you in
the daughter of Jerimoth, the son of David, as his the hands of Shishak.
wife, and Abihail, the daughter of Eliab, the son of 6 So the leaders of Israel and the king humbled
Jesse. 19 These bore him children: Jeush and themselves, and said, The LORD is righteous.
Shamariah and Zaham. 20 And after her he took 7 And when the LORD saw that they had
Maachah, the daughter of Absalom, who bore him humbled themselves, the word of the LORD came
Abijah and Attai and Ziza and Shelomith. 21 And to Shemaiah, saying, They have humbled
Rehoboam loved Maachah, the daughter of themselves, therefore I will not destroy them, but
Absalom, above all his wives and his concubines will grant them some deliverance. And my wrath
(for he took eighteen wives and sixty concubines, will not be poured out on Jerusalem through Shishak.
and begot twenty-eight sons and sixty daughters). 8 Nevertheless they shall become his servants, so
22 And Rehoboam made Abijah the son of that they may know my service, and the service of
Maachah the chief and leader among his brethren, the kingdoms of other lands.
to make him king. 23 And he acted wisely, and 9 So Shishak king of Egypt came up against
dispersed all his children throughout all the regions Jerusalem, and took away the treasures of the
of Judah and Benjamin, to every fortified city; and house of the LORD and the treasures of the kings
he gave them food in abundance. And he sought house. He took everything, and also carried away
many wives for them. the gold shields which Solomon had made. 10 In
their place king Rehoboam made bronze shields,
12 And it so happened, when Rehoboam had
established the kingdom, and had strength-
ened himself, he forsook the law of the LORD, and
and entrusted them into the hands of the chief of
the guard, who guarded the entrance of the kings
house. 11 And whenever the king entered the
all Israel with him. 2 And it came about in the fifth house of the LORD, the guard came and carried
Num 35:2-5; Josh 21:1-3. 2 Chronicles (but not always 10:16) this
11:15 1 Kings 12:31; 13:33. means the southern kingdom of Judah.
Demons see Deut 32:17; 1 Cor 10:20. 12:2 1 Kings does not give the reason for
11:16 God had a remnant of people in the this attack by Shishak. More than once God
northern kingdom who rejected Jeroboams sent enemy armies against His people to
apostate religious system, and came to punish them for their sins (Lev 26:25; Deut
Gods appointed place of worship. 28:49; Jud 2:11-15; 1 Kings 11:14;
11:17 After 3 years they could see that 2 Kings 17:5-7; Isa 10:5,6; Jer 1:14-16).
spiritual conditions in the southern kingdom See also 14:6.
were deteriorating as they had in the 12:4 Cities Rehoboams preparations for
northern kingdom (12:1,2; 1 Kings defense (11:5-12) came to nothing when
14:22-24). God decided to punish Judah. Compare Ps
11:21 Deut 17:17; Gen 30:1; 2 Sam 127:1.
3:2-5; 1 Kings 11:1. 12:5 Shemaiah 11:2.
11:23 He sent them away and gave them Therefore 15:2; Deut 28:15;
opportunities to enjoy themselves. He thus Ps 18:25,26.
avoided a struggle for succession to the throne. 12:6,7 God loves to see proud man
12:1-16 1 Kings 14:25-31. humbling himself and the arrogance of
12:1 Forsook 1 Kings 14:22-24 describes sinful man vanishing away 1 Kings 21:29;
their sin. After becoming strong did Isa 2:11-18; 66:2; Jam 4:6.
Rehoboam think he no longer needed God? 12:8 Know God wants His people to learn
Prosperity and security may be welcomed important truth through any disasters that
as the gifts of God, but it is at such times may come on them. Observe that God
that many people forsake Him. indicates that He, and not Rehoboam, is
All Israel here and often throughout the real king of Judah.
2 CHRONICLES 12:12 534
them, and then brought them back to the me, Jeroboam, and all Israel! 5 Should you not
guardroom. know that the LORD God of Israel gave the kingdom
12 And when he humbled himself, the wrath of over Israel to David forever, to him and to his sons
the LORD turned from him, so that he did not by a covenant of salt? 6 Yet Jeroboam the son of
completely destroy him; and also in Judah things Nebat, the servant of Solomon the son of David,
went well. rose up and rebelled against his lord. 7 And vain
13 So king Rehoboam strengthened himself in men gathered around him, wicked men, and
Jerusalem, and reigned. Rehoboam was forty-one strengthened themselves against Rehoboam the
years old when he began to reign, and he reigned son of Solomon, when Rehoboam was young and
seventeen years in Jerusalem, the city which the inexperienced and could not withstand them.
LORD had chosen out of all the tribes of Israel, to 8 And now you think to oppose the kingdom of
put his name there. And his mothers name was the LORD in the hand of the sons of David; and you
Naamah; she was an Ammonite. 14 And he did are a great multitude, and there are with you
evil, because he did not prepare his heart to seek golden calves, which Jeroboam made as gods for
the LORD. you. 9 Have you not expelled the priests of the
15 Now the acts of Rehoboam, first and last, LORD, the sons of Aaron, and the Levites, and
are they not written in the book of Shemaiah the made priests for yourselves according to the
prophet, and the book of Iddo the seer concerning custom of the nations of other lands? So that
genealogies? And there were continual wars whoever comes to consecrate himself with a young
between Rehoboam and Jeroboam. 16 And bull and seven rams, he can become a priest for
Rehoboam slept with his ancestors, and was those which are not gods.
buried in the city of David; and his son Abijah 10 But as for us, the LORD is our God, and we
reigned in his place. have not forsaken him; and the priests, who serve
the LORD, are the sons of Aaron, and the Levites
13 Now in the eighteenth year of king
Jeroboam, Abijah began to reign over
Judah. 2 He reigned three years in Jerusalem. His
attend to their work; 11 and each morning and
each evening they burn sacrifices and fragrant
incense to the LORD. Also they arrange the
mothers name was Michaiah; she was the Showbread on the pure table, and the gold
daughter of Uriel of Gibeah. And there was battles lampstands with their lamps, to burn every evening.
between Abijah and Jeroboam. 3 And Abijah drew For we keep the charge of the LORD our God; but
up the battle lines with an army of valiant warriors, you have forsaken him. 12 And, see, God himself
four hundred thousand chosen men. Jeroboam is with us as our commander, and his priests with
also drew up the battle lines against him with eight signal trumpets to sound the alarm against you. O
hundred thousand chosen men, strong and brave children of Israel, do not fight against the LORD
men. God of your fathers; for you will not succeed.
4 And Abijah stood up on Mount Zemaraim, which 13 But Jeroboam had placed an ambush to come
is in the hill country of Ephraim, and said, Hear from their rear, so that they were in front of Judah
12:12 Humbled himself vs 6,7. Jeroboam, than of His approval of Abijah.
Well 19:3. In the midst of great evil 13:4 All Israel here means the northern
God does not overlook the good, small as kingdom. See 12:1.
it may be. And He does not bring final and 13:5 David 7:17,18; 1 Chron 17:13,14.
complete judgment and punishment until a Salt Lev 2:13 (note); Num 18:19;
peoples iniquity is full. Compare Gen 2 Kings 2:20.
6:5-8; 15:16; Ps 10:1. 13:6 1 Kings 11:26.
12:13 To put his name 6:6. 13:7 Young actually Rehoboam was 41
Ammonite 1 Kings 14:21,31. years old when Jeroboam rebelled against
12:14 Here is given one of the principal him (12:13).
reasons for the evil in the world. Compare 13:8 LORD he is saying that the
Ps 14:2,3; etc. northern kingdom was not the kingdom of
12:15 9:29. Jehovah, only Judah was.
12:16 Slept 1 Kings 2:10. Golden calves 1 Kings 12:28.
13:1-2 1 Kings 15:1,2,6. 13:9 Priests 11:14; 1 Kings 12:31.
Daughter in Hebrew the word may Not gods Ps 115:2-8; Is 37:19; Jer
also indicate granddaughter. 2:11; 16:20; Gal 4:8.
13:4-12 Abijah was far from practicing what 13:10 This was not altogether true see
he preached (1 Kings 15:3,4). Like many, 1 Kings 15:3.
it seems he thought the form of religion 13:11 Ex 25:30-39; 29:38; Lev 24:5-9.
was all that God required. His victory was They kept up the outward forms of worship.
more a sign of Gods disapproval of 13:12 Num 10:8-9.
535 2 CHRONICLES 15:2
and the ambush was behind them. 14 And when years, because the LORD had given him rest.
Judah looked back, they saw the battle was in 7 Therefore he said to Judah, Let us build these
front and in the rear; and they cried out to the cities, and make walls around them, and towers,
LORD, and the priests sounded with the trumpets. gates, and bars, while the land is still before us;
15 Then the men of Judah gave a shout, and when because we have sought the LORD our God. We
the men of Judah shouted, it came about that God have sought him, and he has given us rest on
struck down Jeroboam and all Israel before Abijah every side. So they built and prospered.
and Judah. 16 And the children of Israel fled before 8 And Asa had an army of men who carried
Judah, and God delivered them into their hands. shields and spears, three hundred thousand from
17 And Abijah and his people killed them in a great Judah, two hundred and eighty thousand from
slaughter, so five hundred thousand chosen men Benjamin who carried shields and drew bows. All
of Israel fell dead. 18 Thus the children of Israel these were strong and brave men.
were subdued at that time, and the children of 9 Then Zerah the Ethiopian came out against
Judah prevailed, because they relied on the LORD them with an army of a million, and three hundred
God of their fathers. chariots, and he came to Mareshah. 10 Then Asa
19 And Abijah pursued Jeroboam, and took went out against him, and they drew up the battle
cities from him: Bethel with its towns, and Jeshanah lines in the valley of Zephathah at Mareshah.
with its towns, and Ephraim with its towns. 20 And 11 And Asa cried out to the LORD his God and
Jeroboam did not recover strength again in the said, LORD, it is nothing for you to help, whether
days of Abijah, and the LORD struck him, and he with many or with the powerless. Help us, O LORD
died. our God, for we rest on you, and in your name we
21 But Abijah became powerful. And he married go against this multitude. O LORD, you are our
fourteen wives, and had twenty-two sons and God. Let not man prevail against you.
sixteen daughters. 22 And the rest of the acts of 12 So the LORD struck down the Ethiopians
Abijah, and his ways and his words, are recorded before Asa and before Judah, and the Ethiopians
in the writings of the prophet Iddo. fled. 13 And Asa and the people who were with
him pursued them to Gerar. And the Ethiopians
14 So Abijah slept with his ancestors, and they
buried him in the city of David; and his son
Asa reigned in his place. In his days the land was
were overthrown, so that they could not recover;
for they were destroyed before the LORD and
before his army. And Judah carried away a very
quiet for ten years. large amount of plunder. 14 And they struck all the
2 And Asa did what was good and right in the cities around Gerar, for the fear of the LORD came
eyes of the LORD his God; 3 for he took away the on them. And they plundered all the cities, for
altars of the foreign gods, and the high places, there was a very large amount of plunder in them.
and broke down the images and cut down the 15 They also struck the livestock camps, and
idolatrous groves, 4 and commanded Judah to carried away large quantities of sheep and camels,
seek the LORD God of their fathers, and to obey and returned to Jerusalem.
the law and the commandments. 5 Also he took
away the high places and the images out of all the
cities of Judah; and the kingdom was peaceful
under him. 6 And he built fortified cities in Judah;
15 And the Spirit of God came on Azariah, the
son of Oded, 2 and he went out to meet
Asa, and said to him, Hear me, Asa, and all Judah
for the land had rest, and he had no war in those and Benjamin. The LORD is with you when you are
13:14 Cried out 14:11; 1 Chron 5:20. army of a thousand thousands, or an army
13:18 14:11; 16:7; 1 Chron 5:20; Ps of thousands upon thousands.
18:47; 22:5; Eph 6:10. Mareshah this happened after the 10
13:20 1 Kings 14:10,20. years of peace (v 1). Mareshah was a town
13:22 9:29; 12:15. No man knows what on the plains to the southwest of Jerusalem.
became of these writings. 14:11 13:14,15,18; 1 Sam 14:6; 17:45;
14:1 Slept note at 1 Kings 2:10. Ps 44:5-8; 60:11,12; 108:12,13; 1 Cor
14:2,3 Notes at 1 Kings 15:11-14. 15:57.
14:4 Seek Asa was concerned with far 14:14 Fear 17:10; Gen 35:35; Deut
more than the outward symbols of religion. 2:25; 11:25; 1 Chron 14:17.
14:5 High places note at 1 Kings 3:2. 15:1 Spirit of God 20:14; 24:20; Num
14:6 Rest throughout the historical 11:25,26; Jud 15:14; 24:2; 1 Sam
books, after the land was conquered, we see 10:10; 16:13; 1 Chron 12:18.
that peace was a gift of God for righteous 15:2 With you when in other words God
behavior, war was a punishment for national would not aid them in battle or give them
sin. See note at 12:2. peace and prosperity if they broke His
14:9 Army of a million in Hebrew an covenant, despised His word, and turned
2 CHRONICLES 15:3 536
with him; and if you seek him, he will be found by and with shouting and with trumpets and with
you; but if you forsake him, he will forsake you. cornets. 15 And all Judah rejoiced at the oath, for
3 Now for a long time Israel was without the true they had sworn with all their heart, and sought him
God, and without a teaching priest, and without with their whole desire; and he was found by them,
the law. 4 But when they in their trouble turned to and the LORD gave them rest all around.
the LORD God of Israel and sought him, he was 16 And he also removed Maachah, the mother
found by them. 5 And in those times there was no of Asa the king, from being queen, because she
peace to anyone who went out, or to anyone who had made an idol in a grove. And Asa cut down her
came in, but there were great troubles to all the idol, and crushed it and burned it at the brook
inhabitants of the countries. 6 And nation was Kidron. 17 But the high places were not taken
destroyed by nation, and city by city; for God away out of Israel. Nevertheless the heart of Asa
troubled them with every kind of distress. 7 Be was blameless all his days. 18 And he brought the
strong therefore, and do not let your hands be things that his father had dedicated, and that he
weak; for your work will be rewarded. himself had dedicated, silver, and gold, and vessels
8 And when Asa heard these words, and the into the house of God.
prophecy of Oded the prophet, he took courage, 19 And there was no more war until the
and put away the abominable idols out of all the thirty-fifth year of the reign of Asa.
land of Judah and Benjamin, and out of the cities
which he had taken from the hill country of Ephraim,
and repaired the altar of the LORD that was before
the portico of the LORD.
16 In the thirty-sixth year of the reign of Asa,
Baasha king of Israel came up against
Judah, and built Ramah, to prevent anyone going
9 And he gathered all Judah and Benjamin, and out or coming in to Asa king of Judah.
those from Ephraim and Manasseh and from Simeon 2 Then Asa brought silver and gold out of the
who had settled among them; for many defected treasuries of the house of the LORD and the kings
to him out of Israel when they saw that the LORD house, and sent it to Ben-Hadad king of Syria, who
his God was with him. lived at Damascus, saying, 3 There is a treaty
10 So they gathered together at Jerusalem in between me and you, as there was between my
the third month, in the fifteenth year of the reign father and your father. See, I have sent you silver
of Asa. 11 And at that time they offered to the and gold. Go, break your treaty with Baasha king
LORD seven hundred oxen and seven thousand of Israel, so that he will depart from me.
sheep from the plunder which they had brought. 4 And Ben-Hadad listened to king Asa, and sent
12 And they entered into a covenant to seek the the commanders of his armies against the cities of
LORD God of their fathers with all their heart and Israel, and they attacked Ijon, and Dan, and
with all their soul, 13 that whoever would not seek Abel-maim, and all the store cities of Naphtali.
the LORD God of Israel should be put to death, 5 And it came about, when Baasha heard it, that
whether small or great, whether man or woman. he stopped the building of Ramah, and let his work
14 And they swore to the LORD with a loud voice, cease. 6 Then Asa the king took along all Judah,
their backs on Him. disrepair. Compare 1 Kings 18:30.
Found by you a wonderful promise 15:9 11:13-17.
valid in all times to all people 7:14; Ps 15:11 14:13-15.
9:10; Isa 45:19; 55:6,7; Jer 29:13; 15:12 Covenant Ex 19:5; Josh 8:30-35;
Matt 7:7,8; Jam 4:8. 24:25; 1 Sam 11:14; 2 Chron 23:16;
15:3 The priests had failed in their duties 29:10; 34:31. The nation Israel was a
to teach the Word of God (Lev 10:10,11). people in covenant relationship with God and
For a considerable portion of Judahs their whole history depended on whether they
history there was a dearth of the word of obeyed the covenant.
God, written or spoken. Compare 1 Sam 15:13 Put to death if the people would
3:1; Amos 8:11,12. not seek Jehovah the true God, this would
15:4 Deut 4:29. show their intention to follow other gods.
15:5 Jud 5:6. According to the laws of Gods covenant with
15:6 Distress conditions that will prevail them the penalty for going after other gods
again before this age ends Matt 24:7. was death Ex 22:20; Deut 13:5-9.
15:7 Josh 1:7,9; Ps 18:20; 58:11; Prov 15:16-18 1 Kings 15:13-15.
14:14; Jer 31:16. 15:16 14:2-5; Ex 34:13; 14:2-5.
15:8 2 Chron 4:1; 8:12. 15:17 Blameless in Hebrew shalem,
Idols apparently, the work begun in meaning complete, full, whole, at peace,
14:3-5 had not been finished. peaceful, perfect in covenant relationship, etc.
Altar 4:1; 8:12. While altars to 16:1-6 Notes at 1 Kings 15:16-22.
other gods (14:3) were being used, the altar Abel-maim (v 4) also known as
of the true God was allowed to fall into Abel-Beth-Maacah.
537 2 CHRONICLES 17:13
and they carried away the stones of Ramah and its cities of Judah, and set garrisons in the land of
timber which Baasha was using in building, and with Judah, and in the cities of Ephraim which Asa his
them he built Geba and Mizpah. father had taken.
7 And at that time Hanani the seer came to Asa 3 And the LORD was with Jehoshaphat,
king of Judah, and said to him, Because you have because he walked in the earlier ways of his father
relied on the king of Syria, and not relied on the David, and did not seek out the Baals, 4 but sought
LORD your God, the army of the king of Syria has the LORD God of his father, and walked in his
escaped from your hands. 8 Were not the commandments, and not according to the deeds of
Ethiopians and the Lubim a huge army, with very Israel. 5 Therefore the LORD established the
many chariots and horsemen? Yet, because you kingdom in his hands. And all Judah brought tribute
relied on the LORD, he delivered them into your to Jehoshaphat, and he had riches and honour in
hands. 9 For the eyes of the LORD run to and fro abundance. 6 And his heart felt exalted in the
throughout the whole earth, to show himself strong ways of the LORD, and he removed the high places
on behalf of those whose heart is perfect toward and idolatrous groves from Judah.
him. You have acted foolishly in this; therefore 7 Also in the third year of his reign he sent his
from now on you will have wars. officials Ben-Hail and Obadiah and Zechariah and
10 Then Asa was angry with the seer, and put Nethaneel and Michaiah to teach in the cities of
him in a prison; for he was enraged at him because Judah. 8 And with them he sent the Levites
of this thing. And at that same time Asa oppressed Shemaiah and Nethaniah and Zebadiah and Asahel
some of the people. and Shemiramoth and Jehonathan and Adonijah
11 And, see, the acts of Asa, first and last, lo, and Tobijah and Tobadonijah, Levites; and with
they are written in the book of The Kings of Judah them the priests Elishama and Jehoram. 9 And
and Israel. 12 And in the thirty-ninth year of his they taught in Judah, and had the book of the law
reign Asa became diseased in his feet. Though his of the LORD with them, and they travelled about
disease was very severe, yet in his disease he did among all the cities of Judah, and taught the people.
not seek the LORD, but the physicians. 13 And 10 And the fear of the LORD fell on all the
Asa slept with his ancestors, dying in the forty-first kingdoms of the lands that were around Judah, so
year of his reign. 14 And they buried him in his own that they did not make war against Jehoshaphat.
tomb, which he had made for himself in the city of 11 Also some of the Philistines brought presents
David, and laid him on the couch which was filled and silver as tribute to Jehoshaphat, and the
with perfumes and various kinds of spices prepared Arabians brought him flocks, seven thousand seven
by the perfumers art; and they made a very great hundred rams and seven thousand seven hundred
fire for him. male goats.
12 And Jehoshaphat became very great, and
17 And his son Jehoshaphat reigned in his
place, and strengthened himself against
Israel. 2 And he placed forces in all the fortified
he built forts and store cities in Judah. 13 And he
had large supplies in the cities of Judah; and
the warriors, strong and brave men, were in
16:7-8 Asa had every reason to trust in the sick, do not think of God but only of medi-
Lord (v 8), but he now put more confidence cines and doctors. Note on human rem-
in human means than in God. The result edies at 2 Kings 20:7.
was his spiritual downfall. In his death he 16:13 Slept 1 Kings 2:10.
was honored for his faithfulness (v 14), but 16:14 Fire Jer 34:5.
he had to pay for his unfaithfulness. It 17:1 1 Kings 15:24; 22:41.
comes naturally to all men to trust in what 17:2 15:8.
they can see rather than in the unseen God. 17:3 2 Kings 18:3.
Let us rather follow the example of Paul in Baals note at Jud 2:11.
2 Cor 4:18. 17:4 1 Kings 12:28-33.
16:9 A great promise for us all. Compare 17:6 Idolatrous groves or Asherah poles.
Ps 33:13-19; Prov 15:3; Zech 4:10. His father Asa had done the same thing
16:10 Angry it is a terrible thing to be 14:3; 15:17. This suggests that after the
angry with those who tell us the truth. And good kings of Judah destroyed such things
it is not at all uncommon. See 1 Kings the people began to make them again. It
18:16,17; 22:8; John 8:40; Acts required a constant effort to keep people
7:57,58; Gal 4:16. Let us rather be angry from idolatry.
with those faults in us that makes the truth 17:7-9 19:4-10; Lev 10:11. The teaching
hard to bear. of the law was basic to the reform of
16:11-14 1 Kings 15:23-24. Jehoshaphat, as it was under Josiah
16:12 Physicians Asa was not condemned (34:14-32), and Ezra (Neh 8:1-9). There
for seeking help from physicians but for can be no true spiritual awakening and
ignoring the Lord. It is sad that many progress without the teaching of Gods Word.
Christians follow his bad example and, when 17:10 14:14; 1 Chron 14:17.
2 CHRONICLES 17:14 538
Jerusalem. 14 These are their numbers according officers, and said, Bring quickly Micaiah the son of
to the houses of their fathers: from Judah, the Imla.
commanders of thousands were Adnah the chief, 9 And the king of Israel and Jehoshaphat king
and with him three hundred thousand strong and of Judah, each of them, sat on his throne, clothed
brave men; 15 and next to him was commander in his royal robes, and they sat in an open place
Jehohanan, and with him two hundred and eighty near the entrance of the gate of Samaria, and all
thousand; 16 and next to him was Amasiah the the prophets prophesied before them. 10 And
son of Zichri, who willingly offered himself to the Zedekiah, the son of Kenaanah, had made iron
LORD, and with him two hundred thousand strong horns for himself, and he said, Thus says the LORD,
and brave men; 17 and from Benjamin, Eliada a With these you will push Syria until they are
strong, brave man, and with him two hundred destroyed.
thousand men armed with bow and shield; 18 and 11 And all the prophets prophesied so, saying,
next to him was Jehozabad, and with him a hun- Go up to Ramoth-Gilead, and prosper. For the
dred and eighty thousand equipped for war. LORD will deliver it into the hands of the king.
19 These waited on the king, besides those 12 And the messenger who went to call Micaiah
whom the king put in the fortified cities throughout spoke to him, saying, Look, with one accord the
all Judah. words of the prophets are favorable for the king,
so please let your word be like one of theirs, and
18 Now Jehoshaphat had riches and honour
in abundance, and he allied himself by
marriage to Ahab. 2 And after some years he
speak favorably.
13 And Micaiah said, As the LORD lives, I will
speak just what my God says.
went down to Ahab at Samaria. And Ahab 14 And when he was come to the king, the king
slaughtered a great many sheep and oxen for him, said to him, Micaiah, shall we go to Ramoth-Gilead
and for the people who were with him, and to battle, or shall I refrain?
persuaded him to go up with him to Ramoth-Gilead. And he said, Go up, and prosper; for they will
3 And Ahab, king of Israel, said to Jehoshaphat, be delivered into your hands.
king of Judah, Will you go with me to 15 And the king said to him, How many times
Ramoth-Gilead? shall I adjure you in the name of the LORD to tell
And he answered him, I am as you are, and me nothing but the truth?
my people as your people, and we will be with you 16 Then he said, I saw all Israel scattered on
in the war. the mountains, as sheep that have no shepherd.
4 And Jehoshaphat said to the king of Israel, And the LORD said, These have no master; so let
Please inquire for the word of the LORD today. each one of them return to his house in peace.
5 Therefore the king of Israel gathered together 17 And the king of Israel said to Jehoshaphat,
four hundred of the prophets and said to them, Did I not tell you that he would not prophesy good
Shall we go to Ramoth-Gilead to battle, or shall I about me, but disaster?
refrain? 18 Again Micaiah said, Therefore hear the word
And they said, Go up, for God will deliver it of the LORD. I saw the LORD sitting on his throne,
into the kings hands. and all the host of heaven standing at his right
6 But Jehoshaphat said, Is there not here also hand and at his left. 19 And the LORD said, Who
a prophet of the LORD so that we might consult will entice Ahab king of Israel to go up and fall at
him? Ramoth-Gilead? And one spoke saying this, and
7 And the king of Israel said to Jehoshaphat, another saying that. 20 Then a spirit came and
There is still one man through whom we may stood before the LORD, and said, I will entice him.
consult the LORD, but I hate him, because he has And the LORD said to him, How? 21 And he said,
never prophesied good about me, but always I will go and be a lying spirit in the mouth of all his
disaster. He is Micaiah, the son of Imla. prophets. And the LORD said, You will entice him,
And Jehoshaphat said, May the king not say and also prevail. Go and do so.
so. 22 Now therefore, see, the LORD has put a
8 And the king of Israel called for one of his lying spirit in the mouth of these prophets of yours,
17:19 Verse 2; 11:5-12. the king of Israel. But because Ahab was
18:1-34 Notes at 1 Kings 22:1-35. an evil man this was an error which later
18:1 Marriage throughout their history had very sad results in Judah. See note at
there had been frequent battles between 1 Kings 22:2. Gods people should never
Judah and Israel (13:2; 16:1; 1 Kings do a wrong thing hoping that good may
15:6,16). Perhaps Jehoshaphat hoped to result from it.
end this trouble by a marriage alliance with 18:4 1 Sam 23:2,4,9; 2 Sam 2:1.
539 2 CHRONICLES 19:11
and the LORD has spoken disaster against you.
23 Then Zedekiah, the son of Kenaanah, came
near, and struck Micaiah on the cheek and said,
19 And Jehoshaphat, the king of Judah,
returned to his house at Jerusalem in peace.
2 And Jehu, the son of Hanani, the seer, went out
Which way did the Spirit of the LORD go from me to meet him and said to king Jehoshaphat, Should
to speak to you? you help the ungodly, and love those who hate the
24 And Micaiah said, Look, you will see on that LORD, and so bring wrath on you from the LORDs
day when you go into an inner room to hide presence? 3 Nevertheless, there are good things
yourself. found in you, for you took away the idolatrous
25 Then the king of Israel said, Take Micaiah, groves from the land, and prepared your heart to
and return him to Amon, the governor of the city, seek God.
and to Joash, the kings son, 26 and say, Thus 4 And Jehoshaphat lived in Jerusalem, and
says the king, Put this fellow in prison, and feed he went out again among the people from
him with bread of affliction and with water of Beersheba to the hill country of Ephraim, and
affliction, until I return in peace. brought them back to the LORD God of their
27 And Micaiah said, If you at all return in peace, fathers. 5 And he appointed judges in the land
then the LORD has not spoken through me. And throughout all the fortified cities of Judah, city
he said, Listen, all you people. by city, 6 and said to the judges, Watch what
28 So the king of Israel and Jehoshaphat the you do, for you judge not for man but for the
king of Judah went up to Ramoth-Gilead. 29 And LORD, who is with you in the judgment.
the king of Israel said to Jehoshaphat, I will 7 Therefore now let the fear of the LORD be on
disguise myself, and go into the battle; but you put you. Be careful what you do, for the LORD our
on your robes. So the king of Israel disguised God will have no part in evil or favoritism or
himself, and they went into the battle. taking bribes.
30 Now the king of Syria had commanded the 8 Moreover, in Jerusalem Jehoshaphat
captains of the chariots who were with him, appointed some of the Levites and of the priests
saying, Do not fight with small or great, but only and of the chiefs of the fathers households of
with the king of Israel. Israel, to pronounce the judgments of the LORD,
31 And it happened, when the captains of the and for controversies. They lived in Jerusalem.
chariots saw Jehoshaphat, that they said, It is 9 And he charged them, saying, You shall do so in
the king of Israel. Therefore they turned about to the fear of the LORD, faithfully, and with a perfect
fight against him. But Jehoshaphat cried out, and heart. 10 And whatever case comes to you from
the LORD helped him, and God drew them away your brethren who live in their cities, between blood
from him. 32 For it happened, when the captains of and blood, between law and commandment,
the chariots saw that it was not the king of Israel, statutes and judgments, you must warn them not
that they turned back from pursuing him. 33 And to trespass against the LORD, and so bring wrath
some man drew a bow at random, and hit the king on you and on your brethren. Do this, and you will
of Israel in a joint of the armour; therefore he said not trespass.
to his charioteer, Turn around, and take me away 11 And, see, Amariah, the chief priest, is over
from the army lines; for I am wounded. you in all the LORDs matters; and Zebadiah, the
34 And the battle increased that day. However son of Ishmael, the ruler of the house of Judah, in
the king of Israel propped himself up in his chariot all the kings matters. Also the Levites will be your
opposite the Syrians until evening; and at sunset officials. Act courageously, and the LORD will be
he died. with the good.
19:2 Jehu 1 Kings 16:1. Jehus father 12:12,14; 17:6. Note at Jud 3:7.
had suffered at the hands of Jehoshaphats 19:4 Ephraim 15:8. The king was not
father because he rebuked him and told him content merely to send others (17:7-9).
the truth (16:7-10). This knowledge did not 19:6 Deut 1:16,17; 16:18-20; Ps 82.
prevent Jehu from doing his duty. In every 19:7 Fear of the LORD notes at Gen
generation God needs men who will stand 20:11; Ps 34:11-14.
against wrong regardless of the con- Iniquity. . .bribes Gen 18:25; Deut
sequences. 10:17-18; 32:4; Rom 2:11; Col 3:25.
Hate Ps 139:21. Compare 2 Cor 19:8 17:8-9.
6:14-18. 19:9 2 Sam 23:3-4.
Wrath Ps 90:7-11. 19:10 Cities Deut 17:8.
19:3 Good 12:12; 1 Kings 14:13. God Against the LORD Deut 9:16; 1 Sam
is a just judge who rebukes what should be 2:25; 12:23; Ps 51:4.
rebuked, and commends what is good. His 19:11 The good a surprising number of
servants should follow Him in this. people think God will be with them even if
Idolatrous groves or Asherah poles they do evil.
2 CHRONICLES 20:1 540
20 And it happened after this that the
children of Moab and the children of
Ammon, and with them others besides the
13 And all Judah stood before the LORD, with
their little ones, their wives and their children.
14 Then the Spirit of the LORD came on Jahaziel,
Ammonites, came to war against Jehoshaphat. the son of Zechariah, the son of Benaiah, the son
2 Then someone came and told Jehoshaphat, of Jeiel, the son of Mattaniah, a Levite of the sons
saying, A huge horde is coming against you from of Asaph, in the middle of the congregation,
beyond the sea, from Syria; and, see, they are in 15 and he said,
Hazazon Tamar, that is, Engedi. 3 And Listen, all Judah, and you inhabitants of
Jehoshaphat was afraid, and set himself to seek Jerusalem, and you king Jehoshaphat. Thus says
the LORD, and proclaimed a fast throughout all the LORD to you, Do not be afraid or dismayed
Judah. 4 And Judah gathered together to ask the because of this large horde; for the battle is not
LORD for help. They came out of all the cities of yours, but Gods. 16 Tomorrow go down against
Judah to seek the LORD. them. Look, they will come up by the cliff of Ziz,
5 And Jehoshaphat stood in the congregation and you will find them at the end of the brook,
of Judah and Jerusalem, in the house of the LORD, before the wilderness of Jeruel. 17 You will not
before the new courtyard, 6 and said, need to fight in this battle. Take up your position,
O LORD God of our fathers, are you not God in stand still, and see the salvation of the LORD with
heaven? And do you not rule over all the kingdoms you, O Judah and Jerusalem. Do not be afraid or
of the nations? And are not power and might in dismayed. Tomorrow go out against them, for the
your hands, so that no one is able to withstand LORD will be with you.
you? 7 Are you not our God, who drove out the 18 And Jehoshaphat bowed his head with his
inhabitants of this land before your people Israel, face to the ground, and all Judah and the
and gave it to the descendants of your friend inhabitants of Jerusalem prostrated themselves
Abraham forever? 8 And they have lived in it, and before the LORD, worshipping the LORD. 19 And
have built you a sanctuary in it for your name, the Levites of the children of the Kohathites, and
saying, 9 When disaster comes on us, like the of the children of the Korhites, stood up to praise
sword, judgment, or plague, or famine, if we stand the LORD God of Israel with a very loud voice.
before this house, and in your presence (for your 20 And they got up early in the morning, and
name is in this house) and cry out to you in our went out into the wilderness of Tekoa; and as they
trouble, then you will hear and help. were going out, Jehoshaphat stood and said,
10 And now, see, the children of Ammon and Hear me, O Judah, and you inhabitants of
Moab and Mount Seir, whom you would not let Jerusalem. Believe in the LORD your God, and you
Israel invade when they came out of the land of will be established. Believe his prophets, and you
Egypt (but they turned from them and did not will succeed.
destroy them), 11 see, they reward us by coming 21 And when he had conferred with the people,
to drive us out of your possession, which you have he appointed singers for the LORD to praise the
given us to inherit. 12 O our God, will you not beauty of holiness as they went out before the
judge them? For we have no power against this army, and to say,
huge horde that is coming against us; nor do we Praise the LORD; for his mercy continues on
know what to do. But our eyes are on you. forever.
20:2 Sea the Dead Sea. will instruct and help those who look to Him.
20:3 Seek 18:4; 19:3. 20:14 15:1; 24:20.
20:5-12 This prayer is a good example of 20:15-17 32:7,8; Ex 14:13,14; 1 Sam
how a godly leader should look to God in 17:47. There were times when Gods
time of danger and need, and rely on God servants had to fight. At other times they
alone. watched God fight for them.
20:6 25:8; Deut 4:39; 1 Chron 29:11,12; 20:18 7:3; Gen 24:26; Ex 4:31.
Dan 4:34,35. 20:20 Believe Ps 4:5; 115:9; Isa 7:9;
20:7 Drove out Josh 21:43-45. John 14:1.
Your friend Abraham Isa 41:8; Jam Prophets it is not possible to have
2:23. faith in the one true God without believing
20:8 Sanctuary 5:1; note at Ex 25:8. the revelation He has given through His true
20:9 6:20,28-30. prophets. We have this full revelation in
20:10 Num 20:21; Deut 2:4,9,19. the Bible.
20:11 Compare with psalm 83. 20:21 Praise he could praise, and cause
20:12 Judge them Jud 11:27. others to praise, because he really believed
Our eyes are on you Ps 25:15; the word God had spoken through the
121:1-2; 123:2; Micah 7:7; Heb 12:2. prophet in vs 15-17.
Often Gods servants do not know what to Beauty of holiness Ps 29:2. Note on
do. But there is one who does know and who holiness at Lev 20:7.
541 2 CHRONICLES 21:6
22 And when they began to sing and to praise, daughter of Shilhi. 32 And he walked in the way of
the LORD set an ambush against the children of his father Asa, and did not depart from it,
Ammon, Moab, and Mount Seir, who had come doing what was right in the sight of the LORD.
against Judah, and they were struck down. 23 For 33 However the high places were not taken away,
the children of Ammon and Moab stood up against for the people still had not prepared their hearts
the inhabitants of Mount Seir, to kill and destroy for the God of their fathers.
them completely. And when they had finished 34 Now the rest of the acts of Jehoshaphat,
with the inhabitants of Seir, each one helped to first and last, see, they are written in the book of
destroy another. Jehu, the son of Hanani, who is mentioned in the
24 And when Judah came toward the watch book of the kings of Israel.
tower in the wilderness, they looked toward the 35 And after this Jehoshaphat, king of Judah,
horde, and saw that they were dead bodies fallen allied himself with Ahaziah king of Israel, who acted
to the earth; and no one escaped. 25 And when very wickedly. 36 And he allied himself with him to
Jehoshaphat and his people came to take away have ships go to Tarshish. And they made the
their plunder, they found among them a great ships in Ezion Geber. 37 Then Eliezer, the son of
quantity of riches and precious jewels, which they Dodavah of Mareshah, prophesied against
stripped off for themselves, more than they could Jehoshaphat, saying, Because you have allied
carry away; and it was so much they spent three yourself with Ahaziah, the LORD has destroyed
days gathering the plunder. 26 And on the fourth your work. And the ships were destroyed, so that
day they assembled in the valley of Berachah, for they were not able to go to Tarshish.
there they praised the LORD. Therefore the name
of that place has been called the Valley of Berachah
to this day.
27 Then they returned, each man of Judah and
21 Now Jehoshaphat slept with his ancestors,
and was buried with his ancestors in the
city of David. And Jehoram his son reigned in his
Jerusalem, and Jehoshaphat in front of them, to place. 2 And he had brothers, Jehoshaphats sons
enter Jerusalem again with joy, for the LORD had Azaryahu and Jehiel and Zechariah and Azariah
caused them to rejoice over their enemies. 28 And and Michael and Shephatiah. All these were the
they came into Jerusalem with lyres and harps and sons of Jehoshaphat king of Israel. 3 And their
trumpets to the house of the LORD. father gave them great gifts of silver and of gold
29 And the fear of God was on all the kingdoms and of precious things, with fortified cities in Judah,
of those countries, when they heard that the LORD but he gave the kingdom to Jehoram, because he
fought against the enemies of Israel. 30 So the was the firstborn.
kingdom of Jehoshaphat was at peace, for his God 4 Now when Jehoram took over the kingdom of
gave him rest all around. his father, he strengthened himself and killed all his
31 And Jehoshaphat reigned over Judah. He brothers with the sword, and also some of the
was thirty-five years old when he began to reign, leaders of Israel. 5 Jehoram was thirty-two years
and he reigned twenty-five years in Jerusalem. old when he began to reign, and he reigned eight
And his mothers name was Azubah. She was the years in Jerusalem. 6 And he walked in the way of
20:22-25 Here we see something of the a weakness in Jehoshaphats character, as it
results of faith expressed in songs of praise. has been in many people since. We should be
20:23 God caused this confusion in the ranks on our guard against it (2 Cor 6:14-18). It
of Judahs enemies. Compare Jud 7:22; can result in spiritual disaster. If we want Gods
1 Sam 14:20. blessing on our projects they should be under-
20:26 Berachah this is a Hebrew word taken and carried forward in Gods way.
meaning praise. They did not praise them- 21:1 Slept note at 1 Kings 2:10.
selves or their skill in battle. They praised 21:2 Israel as often in 2 Chronicles this
the only One who is ever fully worthy of it. means the kingdom of Judah.
20:29 14:14; 17:10. 21:3 Here is another mistake of Jehoshaphat
20:30 14:5-7; 15:15; 1 Chron 22:8,9,18. Jehoram was the worst of his sons (v 13),
20:33 High places 17:6. He removed but he chose Jehoram as his successor sim-
them early in his reign but when the people ply because he was his firstborn. In this he
rebuilt them he let them remain. did not follow his great ancestor David, and
20:35-37 1 Kings 22:48-49. Jehoshaphat had because he did not he brought great trouble
married his son Jehoram to Athaliah, daugh- on Judah.
ter of Ahab (21:4-6; 2 Kings 8:17-18, 25-26). 21:4-6 Here we see part of the sad fruit of
Although he had already been warned against Jehoshaphats blunder in arranging for his
an association with the house of Ahab and had son to marry the daughter of Ahab. The
accepted the warning (19:2-4), he now estab- son rejected all his father stood for and fol-
lishes a business association with Ahabs wicked lowed all his father hated.
son Ahaziah. A tendency to bad alliances was 21:6 Ahab 1 Kings 16:30-33; 2 Kings 8:18.
2 CHRONICLES 21:7 542
the kings of Israel, like the house of Ahab did, for kings house, and his sons and his wives also, so
he had Ahabs daughter as his wife, and he did that there was no son left to him, except Jehoahaz,
what was evil in the eyes of the LORD. 7 However the youngest of his sons.
the LORD would not destroy the house of David, 18 And after all this the LORD struck him in his
because of the covenant that he had made with bowels with an incurable disease. 19 And it came
David, and since he promised to give a light to him about in process of time, at the end of two years,
and to his sons forever. that his bowels fell out because of his sickness; so
8 In his days the Edomites revolted against the he died of severe diseases. And his people lit no
rule of Judah, and made a king for themselves. fire for him, like the fire for his fathers.
9 Then Jehoram went out with his princes, and all 20 He was thirty-two years old when he began
his chariots with him, and he got up at night and to reign, and he reigned in Jerusalem eight years,
attacked the Edomites who had surrounded him and passed away to no ones regret. However
and the captains of the chariots. 10 So the Edomites they buried him in the city of David, but not in the
have revolted against the rule of Judah to this day. tombs of the kings.
At the same time Libnah also revolted against his
rule, because he had forsaken the LORD God of his
fathers.
11 Moreover, he made high places in the
22 And the inhabitants of Jerusalem made his
youngest son Ahaziah king in his place, for
the band of men who came with the Arabians to
mountains of Judah, and caused the inhabitants of the camp had killed all the older ones. So Ahaziah,
Jerusalem to prostitute themselves, and led Judah the son of Jehoram, king of Judah, reigned.
astray. 12 And a letter came to him from Elijah the 2 Ahaziah was forty-two years old when he
prophet, saying, began to reign, and he reigned one year in
Thus says the LORD God of your father David: Jerusalem. And his mothers name was Athaliah.
Because you have not walked in the ways of your She was the daughter of Omri.
father Jehoshaphat, or in the ways of Asa king of 3 He also walked in the ways of the house of
Judah, 13 but have walked in the way of the kings Ahab, for his mother was his advisor to behave
of Israel, and have made Judah and the inhabitants wickedly. 4 Therefore he did evil in the sight of the
of Jerusalem prostitute themselves, just as the LORD like the house of Ahab, for after the death of
house of Ahab prostituted itself, and also have his father they became his counsellors to his
killed your brothers, of your own fathers house, destruction. 5 And he walked according to their
who were better than yourself, 14 look, the LORD counsel, and went with Jehoram, the son of Ahab,
will strike your people and your children and your king of Israel, to war against Hazael king of Syria at
wives and all your possessions with a great plague. Ramoth-Gilead. And the Syrians struck Joram,
15 And you will have a severe illness through a 6 and he returned to Jezreel to be healed of the
disease of your bowels, day by day, until your wounds which were given him at Ramah, when he
bowels fall out because of the illness. fought with Hazael, king of Syria. And Azariah, the
16 Moreover, the LORD stirred up against son of Jehoram, king of Judah went down to see
Jehoram the spirit of the Philistines and of the Jehoram the son of Ahab at Jezreel, because he
Arabians, who were near the Ethiopians, 17 and was sick.
they came up to Judah and invaded it, and carried 7 And by coming to Joram, the destruction of
away all the possessions that were found in the Ahaziah was from God. For when he had come, he
21:7 House of David 2 Sam 7:12-17. meaning Jehovah holds, or Jehovah
Light 2 Sam 21:17; 1 Kings 11:36; possesses.
15:4; 2 Kings 8:19; Ps 132:17. 21:19 Fire 16:14.
21:8-10 Part of the penalty for Jehorams 21:20 To no ones regret it is a tragic
wickedness. thing to live so that no one is sad to see
21:11 Prostitute themselves Ex 34:15; you die. Compare 35:24; Gen 50:3,10;
Lev 20:5; Jer 2:20. 1 Kings 14:18.
21:12 Elijah 1 Kings chapters 17-20. 22:1-6 2 Kings 8:24-29.
Father David in Hebrew the word 22:1 2 Chron 21:16-17.
father sometimes means ancestor. 22:2 Omri 1 Kings 16:23-26.
21:13 1 Kings 16:30-33. 22:3 Wickedly there is little hope of a
21:14 Strike Deut 32:39-42; Ps 9:12; son turning out well when his own mother
Gal 6:7,8. encourages him to sin (though all things
21:16,17 War was often the penalty for dis- are possible through the grace of God).
obedience to Gods covenant note at 22:5 Jehoram a variant of Joram (also
12:2. vs 6,7).
Jehoahaz a variant of Ahaziah. In 22:6 Ramah a variant of Ramoth.
Hebrew the two names have the same 22:7-9 The record of how Jehu destroyed
543 2 CHRONICLES 23:18
went out with Jehoram against Jehu, the son of man with his weapons in his hand, and anyone else
Nimshi, whom the LORD had anointed to destroy coming into the house shall be put to death. And
the house of Ahab. 8 And it came about when you are to be with the king when he comes in and
Jehu was executing judgment on the house of Ahab, when he goes out.
and found the leaders of Judah, and the sons of 8 So the Levites and all Judah acted in
the brothers of Ahaziah, who ministered to Ahaziah, accordance with everything that Jehoiada the priest
that he killed them. 9 And he looked for Ahaziah, commanded, and each one took his men who were
and they caught him (for he was hidden in Samaria), to come in on the Sabbath, with those who were to
and brought him to Jehu. And when they had killed go out on the Sabbath; for Jehoiada the priest did
him, they buried him, saying Because he is the not dismiss the divisions. 9 Moreover, Jehoiada
son of Jehoshaphat, who sought the LORD with all the priest handed over to the captains of hundreds
his heart. So there was no one of the house of the spears and large shields and small shields that
Ahaziah who had power to retain the kingdom. had belonged to king David which were in the
10 But when Athaliah, the mother of Ahaziah, house of God. 10 And he placed all the people,
saw that her son was dead, she arose and each man having his weapon in his hand, from the
destroyed all the royal offspring of the house of right side of the temple to the left side of the temple,
Judah. 11 But Jehoshabeath, the daughter of the along by the altar and the temple, around the king.
king, took Joash, the son of Ahaziah, and stole him 11 Then they brought out the kings son, and
away from among the kings sons who were killed, put the crown on him, and gave him the Testimony,
and put him and his nurse in a bedroom. So and made him king. And Jehoiada and his sons
Jehoshabeath, the daughter of king Jehoram, the anointed him, and said, God save the king!
wife of Jehoiada the priest (for she was the sister 12 Now when Athaliah heard the noise of the
of Ahaziah), hid him from Athaliah, so that she did people running and praising the king, she came into
not kill him. 12 And he was with them, hidden in the the house of the LORD to the people, 13 and she
house of God, for six years, and Athaliah reigned looked, and, lo and behold, the king stood by his
over the land. pillar at the entrance, and the leaders and the
trumpeters by the king, and all the people of the
23 And in the seventh year Jehoiada
strengthened himself, and took the captains
of hundreds, Azariah the son of Jeroham, and
land were rejoicing and sounding on trumpets, and
the singers with musical instruments were leading
the praise. Then Athaliah tore her clothes, and
Ishmael the son of Jehohanan, and Azariah the said, Treason! Treason!
son of Obed, and Maaseiah the son of Adaiah, and 14 Then Jehoiada the priest brought out the
Elishaphat the son of Zichri, into covenant with captains of hundreds who were appointed over
himself. 2 And they went about in Judah and the army, and said to them, Bring her out through
gathered the Levites out of all the cities of Judah, the ranks, and put to death with the sword who-
and the chief of the fathers of Israel, and they ever follows her. For the priest said, Do not kill
came to Jerusalem. 3 And all the congregation her in the house of the LORD. 15 So they seized
made a covenant with the king in the house of God. her, and when she had come to the entrance of the
And he said to them, See, the kings son will Horse Gate at the kings house, they killed her there.
reign, as the LORD has said about the sons of 16 And Jehoiada made a covenant between
David. 4 This is what you are to do: a third of you, himself and all the people and the king, that they
of the priests and of the Levites who come in on would be the LORDs people. 17 Then all the people
the Sabbath, will be the doorkeepers, 5 and a went to the house of Baal and broke it down, and
third part will be at the kings house, and a third broke his altars and his idols in pieces, and killed
part at the Foundation Gate, and all the people will Mattan, the priest of Baal, before the altars.
be in the courtyards of the house of the LORD, 18 Also Jehoiada placed the supervision of the
6 and let no one come into the house of the LORD house of the LORD under the authority of the
except the priests and those of the Levites who priests, the Levites, whom David had assigned over
minister. They shall go in, for they are holy, but all the house of the LORD, to offer the burnt
the people shall keep the watch of the LORD. offerings of the LORD, as it is written in the law of
7 And the Levites are to surround the king, each Moses, with rejoicing and with singing, as it was
the house of Ahab is in 2 Kings chapters 23:1-21 Notes at 2 Kings 11:4-20.
9 and 10, Ahaziahs death is in 23:1 Jehoiada 22:11; 24:6.
9:21-28. 23:3 7:18; 21:7; 2 Sam 7:12.
22:9 They Ahaziahs servants. 2 Kings 9:28. 23:18 1 Chron 23:6,25-31; 25:1,2,6.
22:10-12 Notes at 2 Kings 11:1-3. 23:11 Testimony a copy of the covenant,
Jehoshabeath also called Jehosheba. or the ten commandments.
2 CHRONICLES 23:19 544
ordained by David. 19 And he placed the and all the people rejoiced, and brought the money
gatekeepers at the gates of the house of the LORD, in and deposited it in the chest, until they had
so that no one who was unclean in any way could finished. 11 Now it came about when the chest
enter. was brought to the kings office by the hands of
20 And he took the captains of hundreds and the Levites, and when they saw that there was
the leaders and the rulers of the people and all the much money, the kings scribe and the high priests
people of the land, and brought down the king official came and emptied the chest, and took it
from the house of the LORD, and they came through and carried it back to its place. They did this day by
the upper gate into the kings house, and placed day, and gathered a large quantity of money.
the king on the throne of the kingdom. 21 And all 12 And the king and Jehoiada gave it to those who
the people of the land rejoiced, and the city was were doing the work of the service of the house of
quiet, after they had killed Athaliah with the sword. the LORD, and hired masons and carpenters to
repair the house of the LORD, and also to those
24 Joash was seven years old when he began
to reign, and he reigned forty years in
Jerusalem. And his mothers name was Zibiah. She
who worked in iron and bronze to repair the house
of the LORD.
13 So the workmen worked and the work was
was from Beersheba. 2 And Joash did what was finished by them, and they restored the house of
right in the sight of the LORD all the days of Jehoiada God to its original state, and strengthened it.
the priest. 3 And Jehoiada took two wives for him, 14 And when they had finished it, they brought
and he became the father of sons and daughters. the rest of the money into the presence of the king
4 And after this it came about that Joash and Jehoiada, and with it articles were made for
decided to repair the house of the LORD. 5 And he the house of the LORD, articles to use in the
gathered together the priests and the Levites, and service, and to offer with, and spoons, and articles
said to them, Go out to the cities of Judah, and of gold and silver. And they offered burnt offerings
gather money from all Israel to make annual at the house of the LORD continually all the days of
repairs of the house of your God. And you are to Jehoiada.
do this matter quickly. However the Levites did 15 But Jehoiada became old, and was full of
not do it quickly. days when he died. He was a hundred and thirty
6 And the king called for Jehoiada the chief years old when he died. 16 And they buried him in
priest, and said to him, Why have you not the city of David among the kings, because he had
required the Levites to bring in the collection out of done good in Israel, both toward God, and toward
Judah and out of Jerusalem, in accordance with his house.
the command of Moses the servant of the LORD 17 Now after the death of Jehoiada the leaders
and of the congregation of Israel, for the of Judah came and bowed down to the king, and
tabernacle of witness? the king listened to them. 18 And they abandoned
7 For the sons of Athaliah, that wicked woman, the house of the LORD God of their fathers, and
had broken into the house of God, and also they served idolatrous groves and idols, and wrath came
had used the dedicated things of the house of the on Judah and Jerusalem because of this trespass
LORD for the Baals. of theirs. 19 Yet he sent prophets to them, to bring
8 And at the kings command they made a chest them back to the LORD, and they testified against
and set it outside at the gate of the house of the them. But they would not listen.
LORD. 9 And they made a proclamation throughout 20 And the Spirit of God came on Zechariah, the
Judah and Jerusalem, to bring in to the LORD the son of Jehoiada the priest, who stood above the
collection that Moses the servant of God had levied people and said to them, Thus says God: Why
on Israel in the wilderness. 10 And all the leaders are you breaking the commandments of the LORD,
23:19 1 Chron 9:22. behind the throne of Judah for years. So
24:1-14 Notes at 2 Kings 11:21-12:16. at his death the people treated him like a
24:2 26:5. king.
24:6 Ex 30:12-16; 38:26; Matt 17:24. 24:17 Listened to them it seems that
24:7 Athaliah 21:6,17; 22:2,3. She Joash was the sort of person easily influ-
was Joashs grandmother. enced by others, whether the influence was
Baals note at Jud 2:11. good or bad.
24:10 Rejoiced 1 Chron 29:3,6,9,17; 24:18 Idols Ex 34:12-14; Jud 2:10-13;
2 Cor 9:7. 1 Kings 14:22,23.
24:16 Joash was only 7 years old when he Wrath notes at Num 25:3; Ps 90:7-11.
became king (v 1). He was the only one 24:19 36:15,16; Jer 7:13,25; 25:3,4;
left alive in the royal house of David. 44:4-6.
Jehoiada was his instructor (see 2 Kings 24:20 Spirit of God 15:1; 20:14;
12:2), and probably was the chief power Gen 1:2; 1 Chron 12:18; 28:12.
545 2 CHRONICLES 25:11
and so not prospering? Because you have forsaken 2 And he did what was right in the sight of the
the LORD, he has also forsaken you. LORD, but not with a perfect heart. 3 Now it came
21 And they conspired against him, and pelted about, when the kingdom was firmly in his power,
him with stones at the command of the king in the that he killed his servants who had killed his father
courtyard of the house of the LORD. 22 So Joash the king. 4 But he did not kill their children, but did
the king did not remember the kindness which as it is written in the law in the book of Moses,
Zechariahs father Jehoiada had done him, but where the Lord commanded, saying, The fathers
killed his son. And as he was dying, he said, May shall not die for the children, nor shall the children
the LORD see and take vengeance. die for the fathers, but each man shall die for his
23 And it happened at the end of the year, that own sin.
the army of Syria came up against him, and they 5 Moreover Amaziah gathered Judah together,
came to Judah and Jerusalem, and destroyed all and made for them captains over thousands, and
the leaders of the people among the people, and captains over hundreds, according to the houses
sent all their plunder to the king of Damascus. of their fathers, throughout all Judah and
24 For the army of the Syrians came with a small Benjamin, and he counted them from twenty years
company of men, and the LORD delivered a very old and over, and found them to be three hundred
great army into their hands, because they had thousand choice men, able to go out to war, who
forsaken the LORD God of their fathers. So they could handle spear and shield. 6 He also hired a
executed judgment against Joash. 25 And when hundred thousand strong and brave men out of
they had left him (for they left him very sick), his Israel for a hundred talents of silver.
own servants conspired against him because of 7 But a man of God came to him, saying, O
the blood of the sons of Jehoiada the priest, and king, do not let the army of Israel go with you, for
killed him on his bed, and he died. And they buried the LORD is not with Israel, that is, with all the
him in the city of David, but they did not bury him in children of Ephraim. 8 But if you do that and go,
the tombs of the kings. be strong for the battle, for God will make you fall
26 And these are the ones who conspired before the enemy. For God has power to help or to
against him: Zabad, the son of Shimeath an throw down.
Ammonitess, and Jehozabad, the son of Shimrith a 9 And Amaziah said to the man of God, But
Moabitess. 27 Now concerning his sons, and the what shall we do about the hundred talents which
many prophecies against him, and the repairing of I have given to the army of Israel?
the house of God, see, they are written in the And the man of God answered, The LORD is
annals of the book of the kings. And Amaziah his able to give you much more than this.
son reigned in his place. 10 Then Amaziah separated them, that is, the
army that had come to him out of Ephraim, to go
25 Amaziah was twenty-five years old when
he began to reign, and he reigned
twenty-nine years in Jerusalem. And his mothers
back home. Therefore their anger burned hotly
against Judah, and they returned home in great
anger.
name was Jehoaddan. She was from Jerusalem. 11 And Amaziah strengthened himself and led
Zechariah Matt 23:35. This was not accounts for the sinful failure of his later
the author of the book of Zechariah. years (v 14). See 1 Kings 8:61; Ps 86:11;
24:21 Neh 9:26; Matt 23:34-35; Acts 7:58; 119:113; Jam 1:8; 4:8. Amaziah was
Heb 11:36-38. In this world the best people like his father Joash (2 Kings 14:3).
often receive the worst treatment. 25:4 Deut 24:16.
24:22 Take vengeance Gen 9:5; Ex 25:6 One talent equals about 34 Kilograms.
21:23-25; Deut 19:21. Zechariah, under 25:7 Man of God term meaning a prophet.
the law, cried out for justice. Stephen, under Israel Amaziah was wrong to hire
grace, cried out for mercy for his persecu- soldiers from Israel. It showed a lack of
tors Acts 7:60. Both were correct in their trust in God. Compare 16:2-9. The name
attitudes according to the times in which they Ephraim is used in this verse to mean the
suffered and died. Notes at Ps 35:8; 109:1. whole northern kingdom of Israel.
24:23-26 2 Kings 12:17-21. The prayer of 25:8 2 Chron 14:11; 20:6. Courageous
the dying prophet was answered in these fighting alone would not bring victory. They
severe and just ways. had to fight in Gods way. Compare 1 Cor
24:24 Lev 26:25; Deut 28:25. 9:24-26; 1 Tim 6:12; 2:5.
24:26 Zabad a variant of Jozabad. 25:9 Given to the army Amaziah was
Shimrith a variant of Shomer. afraid that he would suffer material loss by
25:1 Began to reign an account of obeying God. Many there are who care more
Amaziahs reign is given also in 2 Kings for money than for doing the will of God.
14:1-20. More than this Deut 8:18; Prov 10:22.
25:2 Not with a perfect heart this 25:11 2 Kings 14:7.
2 CHRONICLES 25:12 546
out his people, and went to the Valley of Salt, and the hands of their enemies, because they sought
struck down ten thousand of the children of Seir. after the gods of Edom. 21 So Joash, the king of
12 And the children of Judah carried away captive Israel, went up, and they looked one another in
the ten thousand who were left alive, and brought the face, he and Amaziah king of Judah, at Beth
them to the top of a rock, and threw them down Shemesh, which belongs to Judah. 22 And Judah
from the top of the rock, so that they were all was defeated before Israel, and each man of them
broken in pieces. fled to his tent. 23 And Joash, the king of Israel,
13 But the soldiers of the army which Amaziah took Amaziah, king of Judah, the son of Joash, the
sent back, so that they would not go with him to son of Jehoahaz, at Beth Shemesh, and brought
battle, attacked the cities of Judah from Samaria him to Jerusalem, and broke down the wall of
to Beth Horon, and struck down three thousand Jerusalem from the gate of Ephraim to the corner
people in them, and took away much plunder. gate, four hundred cubits. 24 And he took all the
14 Now it so happened, when Amaziah had come gold and the silver and all the articles that were
from the slaughter of the Edomites, that he brought found in the house of God with Obed Edom, and
the gods of the children of Seir and set them up to the treasures of the kings house, hostages also,
be his gods, and prostrated himself before them, and returned to Samaria.
and burned incense to them. 15 Therefore the anger 25 And Amaziah, the son of Joash, king of
of the LORD burned against Amaziah, and he sent Judah, lived fifteen years after the death of Joash,
a prophet to him, who said to him, Why have you son of Jehoahaz, king of Israel. 26 Now the rest of
sought after the gods of the nation which could not the acts of Amaziah, first and last, look, are they
deliver their own people out of your hands? not written in the book of the kings of Judah and
16 And it came about, as he talked with him, Israel? 27 Now after the time that Amaziah turned
that the king said to him, Have we appointed you away from following the LORD they conspired
a counsellor for the king? Stop! Why should you against him in Jerusalem, and he fled to Lachish;
be struck down? but they sent men to Lachish after him, and they
Then the prophet stopped and said, I know killed him there. 28 And they brought him on horses
that God has decided to destroy you, because you and buried him with his ancestors in the city of
have done this, and have not listened to my Judah.
counsel.
17 Then Amaziah, king of Judah, took advice
and sent word to Joash, the son of Jehoahaz, the
son of Jehu, king of Israel, saying, Come, let us
26 Then all the people of Judah took Uzziah,
who was sixteen years old, and made him
king in place of his father Amaziah. 2 He built Eloth,
look one another in the face. and restored it to Judah, after the king had slept
18 And Joash, king of Israel, sent word to with his ancestors.
Amaziah king of Judah, saying, The thistle that 3 Uzziah was sixteen years old when he began
was in Lebanon sent to the cedar that was in to reign, and he reigned fifty-two years in
Lebanon, saying, Give your daughter to my son in Jerusalem. And his mothers name was Jecoliah.
marriage, and a wild beast that was in Lebanon She was from Jerusalem. 4 And he did what was
passed by and trampled down the thistle. 19 You right in the sight of the LORD, in accordance with
say, Look, for you have defeated the Edomites, all that his father Amaziah did. 5 And he sought
and your heart lifts you up to boast. Now stay at God in the days of Zechariah, who had understand-
home. Why should you stir up trouble to your harm, ing in the visions of God; and as long as he sought
that you should fall, you, and Judah with you? the LORD, God caused him to prosper.
20 But Amaziah would not listen, for it came 6 And he went out and fought against the
about from God, so that he might deliver them into Philistines, and broke down the wall of Gath, and
25:13 Verses 6,10. Part of the sad results destroying the truth. The truth of God will go
of Amaziahs error in hiring them in the first on and they will be judged according to it.
place. 25:17-24 Notes at 2 Kings 14:8-14.
25:14 Ex 20:1-5. 25:20 Compare 22:7; 1 Kings 12:15.
25:15 Deliver Deut 32:37-39; see notes 25:25-28 2 Kings 14:17-20.
at 2 Kings 14:8-14. 26:1-4 2 Kings 14:21-22; 15:1-3. Uzziah was
25:16 Stop see 16:10; 18:7; 24:21; also called Azariah (2 Kings 14:21; 15:1).
1 Kings 13:4; Jer 36:21-23; Matt 21:45,46; 26:5 Sought 15:2; Deut 4:29. Zechariah
Luke 4:28,29; John 8:40; Acts 4:18; 7:57,58; was put to death before Uzziah became king
17:13. Wicked men are always trying to get at the age of 16. So we see that Uzziah sought
Gods servants to stop declaring the word of God while still a boy.
God. They dont seem to understand that by 26:6 Philistines notes at Gen 10:14;
shutting the mouths of preachers they are not Jud 1:18.
547 2 CHRONICLES 27:4
the wall of Jabneh, and the wall of Ashdod, and were valiant men, 18 and they opposed Uzziah
built cities around Ashdod, and among the Philis- the king and said to him, It does not belong to
tines. 7 And God helped him against the Philistines, you, Uzziah, to burn incense to the LORD, but to
and against the Arabians who lived in Gurbaal, and the priests, the sons of Aaron, who are consecrated
the Mehunim. 8 And the Ammonites gave tribute to burn incense. Go out of the sanctuary, for you
to Uzziah. And his fame extended to the border of have trespassed; and you will not have honour
Egypt, for he strengthened himself exceedingly. from the LORD God.
9 Moreover, Uzziah built towers in Jerusalem at 19 Then Uzziah was angry. And he had a
the Corner Gate and at the Valley Gate, and at the censer in his hand to burn incense, and while he
place where the wall turns, and fortified them. was angry with the priests, leprosy broke out on
10 Also he built towers in the desert, and dug many his forehead before the priests in the house of the
wells, for he had much livestock, both in the LORD, beside the incense altar. 20 And Azariah,
lowlands and in the plains, and also farmers, and the chief priest, and all the priests, looked at him,
vine dressers in the mountains and in Carmel, for and, see, he had leprosy on his forehead, and
he loved farming. they hurried him out of there. Indeed, he himself
11 Moreover, Uzziah had an army of fighting hurried to get out, because the LORD had struck
men who went out to war in bands, according to him.
the number of their enrollment at the hand of Jeiel 21 And Uzziah the king was a leper to the day
the scribe and Maaseiah the officer, under the hand of his death, and lived in a separate house, being
of Hananiah, one of the kings captains. 12 The a leper, for he was cut off from the house of the
complete number of the heads of the fathers LORD. And his son Jotham was over the kings
households, of the brave fighters was two house, judging the people of the land.
thousand six hundred. 13 And under their 22 Now the rest of the acts of Uzziah, first and
authority there was an army of three hundred and last, Isaiah the prophet, the son of Amoz, wrote
seven thousand five hundred, who waged war with down.
great power, to help the king against the enemy. 23 So Uzziah slept with his ancestors, and they
14 And Uzziah prepared shields and spears and buried him with his ancestors in the burial ground
helmets and armour and bows and slings for hurling which belonged to the kings, for they said, He is a
stones for them, throughout the whole army. leper; and Jotham his son reigned in his place.
15 And in Jerusalem he made engines, invented by
skillful men, to be on the towers and on the
bulwarks, with which to shoot arrows and large
stones. And his fame spread far around, for he
27 Jotham was twenty-five years old when
he began to reign, and he reigned sixteen
years in Jerusalem. And his mothers name was
was marvellously helped, until he became strong. Jerushah. She was the daughter of Zadok. 2 And
16 But when he became strong, his heart was he did what was right in the sight of the LORD,
lifted up to his destruction, for he transgressed according to all that his father Uzziah did. However
against the LORD his God, and went into the temple he did not enter the temple of the LORD. But the
of the LORD to burn incense on the altar of people still acted corruptly. 3 He built the upper
incense. 17 And Azariah the priest went in after gate of the house of the LORD, and he built
him, and with him eighty of the LORDs priests, who extensively on the wall of Ophel. 4 Moreover, he
26:16 Lifted up with pride Deut 32:15; To be angry when justly rebuked is a mark
Prov 16:18; 29:23; James 4:6. of pride.
Altar of incense this was in the Holy Leprosy note at Lev 13:1. God some-
Place in the temple and only the priests were times sent this disease in punishment to
permitted to enter there (Num 3:38; show His great displeasure. See Num
18:1-7). Pride is often the reason why men 12:1-10; 2 Kings 5:25-27.
are unfaithful to God and are determined 26:20-23 2 Kings 15:5-7.
to do things they have no business doing 26:21 Separate house Lev 13:46; Num
(Ps 10:4; etc). A frequent temptation of 5:2. This could mean in a house where he
those in places of authority now is to think was relieved of responsibilities.
mistakenly that their position gives them 26:22 Isaiah these events were not
special rights and privileges with God. recorded in the book of Isaiah, but in some
26:17 It took courage to rebuke a very other writing of the same prophet. No man
powerful and determined king. Gods knows what has become of this writing.
servants should have the boldness to stand 26:23 Slept note at 2 Kings 2:10.
against any leader who does wrong. 27:1-9 2 Kings 15:32-38.
26:18 Ex 30:7-8; Num 16:40. 27:2 Temple 26:16.
Incense only the priests were appointed But the people several of the kings
to burn incense Ex 30:7,8; Num 16:40. of Judah fought against false worship and
26:19 Angry 16:10; 24:20,21; 25:16. removed idols from the land. But they could
2 CHRONICLES 27:5 548
built cities in the mountains of Judah, and he built Elkanah, who was next to the king. 8 And the
forts and towers in the forests. children of Israel carried away captive two hun-
5 He also fought with the king of the Ammonites, dred thousand of their brethren, women, sons,
and prevailed against them. And that same year and daughters, and also took away much plunder
the children of Ammon gave him a hundred talents from them, and brought the plunder to Samaria.
of silver, and ten thousand measures of wheat, 9 But a prophet of the LORD was there whose
and ten thousand of barley. The children of Ammon name was Oded, and he went out before the army
paid him the same amount both the second and that came to Samaria and said to them, Look,
third years. because the LORD God of your fathers was angry
6 So Jotham became mighty, because he with Judah, he delivered them into your hands,
prepared his ways in the presence of the LORD his and you have slaughtered them in a rage that
God. reaches up to heaven. 10 And now you intend to
7 Now the rest of the acts of Jotham, and all his keep the children of Judah and Jerusalem for male
wars and his ways, see, they are written in the slaves and female slaves for yourselves. But are
book of the kings of Israel and Judah. 8 He was you not also guilty of sins against the LORD your
twenty-five years old when he began to reign, and God? 11 Therefore now listen to me, and send
he reigned sixteen years in Jerusalem. 9 And Jotham back the captives whom you have taken captive of
slept with his ancestors, and they buried him in the your brethren. For the fierce wrath of the LORD is
city of David, and his son Ahaz reigned in his place. on you.
12 Then some of the heads of the children of
28 Ahaz was twenty years old when he
began to reign, and he reigned sixteen
years in Jerusalem, but he did not do what was
Ephraim, Azariah the son of Johanan, Berechiah
the son of Meshillemoth, and Jehizkiah the son of
Shallum, and Amasa the son of Hadlai, stood up
right in the sight of the LORD, as his father David against those who came from the war, 13 and said
had done. 2 For he walked in the ways of the kings to them, You shall not bring the captives in here,
of Israel and also made cast metal idols for the for we have already offended against the LORD,
Baals. 3 Moreover, he burned incense in the valley and you intend to add to our sins and to our guilt;
of the son of Hinnom, and burned his children in the for our guilt is great, and there is fierce wrath
fire, according to the abominations of the heathen against Israel.
whom the LORD had driven out before the children 14 So the armed men left the captives and the
of Israel. 4 He also sacrificed and burned incense plunder before the leaders and all the congregation.
on the high places and on the hills and under every 15 And the men who were named rose up and took
green tree. the captives, and clothed all those who were naked
5 Therefore the LORD his God delivered him among them with the plunder, and gave them clothes
into the hands of the king of Syria, and they and footwear, and gave them things to eat and to
defeated him, and carried away a large number of drink, and anointed them, and carried all the feeble
them captive and brought them to Damascus. And among them on donkeys, and brought them to
he was also delivered into the hands of the king of Jericho, the city of palm trees, to their brethren.
Israel, who defeated him in a great slaughter. Then they returned to Samaria.
6 For Pekah, the son of Remaliah, killed a hundred 16 At that time king Ahaz send word to the
and twenty thousand in Judah in one day, who kings of Assyria to help him, 17 for the Edomites
were all valiant men, because they had forsaken had come again and defeated Judah, and carried
the LORD God of their fathers. 7 And Zichri, a away captives. 18 The Philistines also had invaded
mighty man of Ephraim, killed Maaseiah, the kings the cities of the lowlands and of the south of Judah,
son, and Azrikam, the governor of the house, and and had taken Beth-Shemesh, and Aijalon, and
not remove idolatry from the hearts of the 28:5 Defeated one of the ways in which
people. They worked for reformation, but God often punished His people when they
could not change sinful natures. were unfaithful to Him.
27:5 A hundred talents one talent was 28:6 Pekah 2 Kings 15:27-31. Evidently
about 34 kilograms. this happened before Pekah and the king
Measures in Hebrew kors one cor of Aram unsuccessfully besieged Jerusalem
was about 6 bushels. see 2 Kings 16:5; Isa 7:1-9.
27:6 26:5. 28:10 Slaves Lev 25:42-43.
27:9 Slept 2 Kings 2:10. Sins 2 Kings 15:27,28; 1 Kings
28:1-27 2 Kings chapter 16 also gives an 12:28-33.
account of Ahazs reign. See notes there. 28:15 Prov 25:21-22; Luke 10:25-37.
28:3 Note at 2 Kings 16:3. 28:16 2 Kings 16:7.
Hinnom a valley just outside the 28:17-19 God was teaching them part of the
southern wall of Jerusalem. penalty for their sins.
549 2 CHRONICLES 29:11
Gederoth, and Shocho with its villages, and Timnah
with its villages, also Gimzo and its villages; and
they lived there. 19 For the LORD brought Judah
29 Hezekiah began to reign when he was
twenty-five years old, and he reigned
twenty-nine years in Jerusalem. And his mothers
low because of Ahaz, king of Israel, for he name was Abijah. She was the daughter of
promoted loose living in Judah, and trespassed Zechariah. 2 And he did what was right in the sight
greatly against the LORD. 20 And Tiglath-Pilneser, of the LORD, according to all that David his father
king of Assyria, came to him and troubled him, but had done.
did not strengthen him. 21 For Ahaz took away a 3 In the first year of his reign, in the first month,
part of the treasures from the house of the LORD he opened the doors of the house of the LORD and
and from the kings house and from the leaders, repaired them. 4 And he brought in the priests and
and gave it to the king of Assyria. But he did not the Levites, and gathered them together in the
help him. square on the east, 5 and said to them, Hear me,
22 And in the time of his trouble this same king you Levites. Now consecrate yourselves, and
Ahaz trespassed even more against the LORD. consecrate the house of the LORD God of your
23 For he sacrificed to the gods of Damascus, which fathers, and carry the filthiness out of the Holy
had defeated him, and he said, Because the gods Place. 6 For our fathers have trespassed and done
of the kings of Syria help them, I will sacrifice to what was evil in the eyes of the LORD our God,
them, so that they will help me. But they were the and have forsaken him and have turned away their
ruin of him and of all Israel. faces from the dwelling place of the LORD and
24 And Ahaz gathered together the articles of turned their backs. 7 Also they have shut up the
the house of God, and cut the articles of the house doors of the portico, and put out the lamps, and
of God into pieces, and shut up the doors of the have not burned incense or offered burnt
house of the LORD, and made altars for himself in offerings at the holy place to the God of Israel.
every corner of Jerusalem. 25 And in every city of 8 Therefore the wrath of the LORD has been on
Judah he made high places to burn incense to other Judah and Jerusalem, and he has handed them
gods, and provoked the LORD God of his fathers to over to trouble, to astonishment, and to hissing,
anger. as you see with your eyes. 9 For, see, our fathers
26 Now the rest of his acts and all his ways, first have fallen by the sword, and our sons and our
and last, look, they are written in the book of the daughters and our wives are in captivity for this.
kings of Judah and Israel. 27 And Ahaz slept with 10 Now it is in my heart to make a covenant with
his ancestors, and they buried him in the city, in the LORD God of Israel, so that his fierce wrath
Jerusalem, but they did not bring him into the tombs may turn away from us. 11 My sons, do not be
of the kings of Israel. And his son Hezekiah reigned negligent now, for the LORD has chosen you to
in his place. stand before him, to serve him, and to minister to
28:19 King of Israel Ahaz was the king 28:25 See also 2 Kings 16:10-18.
of Judah but the author of Chronicles by Anger Num 25:3; Ps 90:7-11; etc.
calling him the king of Israel is probably Not one good thing is said about Ahaz
indicating his view that the people living in anywhere in the Bible, yet he could sound
the kingdom of Judah (which included some very pious Isa 7:12.
people from the ten northern tribes) should 28:27 Slept note at 1 Kings 2:10.
be called Israel, not the northern kingdom. 29:1-2 2 Kings 18:1-3. Except for these
And we should not forget that the author opening verses none of the material in this
was writing by inspiration of Gods Spirit. chapter and the next is found in Kings.
28:20 Tiglath-Pilneser 2 Kings 15:29; 29:5 Consecrate 29:15,34; 36:6; Ex
1 Chron 5:26. The help the king of Assyria 19:14,15; 1 Chron 29:5. This meant sepa-
gave (2 Kings 16:9) was only temporary, rating themselves from all uncleanness and
and through this attempted alliance Judah preparing themselves for Gods presence.
became subject to Assyria. Only such would be fit for the work of God.
28:21 2 Kings 16:8-9. 29:6,7 28:24,25; 24:18,19; Isa 1:4.
28:22 Trouble trouble makes some 29:8 Wrath notes at Num 25:3; Ps
people worse (Jer 5:3), but causes others 90:7-11; Deut 28:25; etc.
to seek God (Ps 18:4-6; 116:3,4). What Hissing Isa 1:5-9.
men do in times of trouble is an indication 29:9 28:5,17.
of their spiritual condition and character. 29:10 15:12; 23:16. Gods anger could
28:23 He said it seems he forgot the be turned away only by repentance and
whole history of the nation. Wickedness renewal of the covenant to be His faithful
blinds men to the truth and causes them to people. Without this they could rightly
put hope in the very things that will bring expect only the curses of the broken
them to destruction. Compare Isa covenant to come on them (Deut 28:15-18).
28:15-19; 2 Thess 2:10-12. 29:11 Num 3:6; 8:6,14.
2 CHRONICLES 29:12 550
him, and burn incense. male goats for the sin offering before the king and
12 Then the Levites rose up, Mahath the son of the congregation, and they laid their hands on them,
Amasai, and Joel the son of Azariah, of the sons of 24 and the priests killed them, and they made a
the Kohathites; and of the sons of Merari, Kish the sin-offering with their blood on the altar, to make
son of Abdi, and Azariah the son of Jehalelel; and atonement for all Israel. For the king commanded
of the Gershonites, Joah the son of Zimmah, and that the burnt offering and the sin offering should
Eden the son of Joah; 13 and of the sons of be made for all Israel.
Elizaphan, Shimri, and Jeiel; and of the sons of 25 And he placed the Levites in the house of
Asaph, Zechariah, and Mattaniah; 14 and of the the LORD with cymbals, with lyres and with harps,
sons of Heman, Jehiel, and Shimei; and of the sons according to the command of David and of Gad,
of Jeduthun, Shemaiah, and Uzziel. the kings seer, and of Nathan the prophet; for
15 And in accordance with the command of the such was the command of the LORD through his
king, by the words of the LORD, they gathered prophets. 26 And the Levites stood with the instru-
their brethren, and consecrated themselves, and ments of David, and the priests with the trumpets.
came to cleanse the house of the LORD. 16 And 27 And Hezekiah commanded that the burnt
the priests went into the inner part of the house of offering be offered on the altar. And when the
the LORD to cleanse it, and brought out all the burnt offering began, the song of the LORD also
uncleanness that they found in the temple of the began with the trumpets, and with the instruments
LORD into the courtyard of the house of the LORD. ordained by David, king of Israel. 28 And all the
And the Levites took it and carried it out to the congregation worshipped, and the singers sang,
brook Kidron. 17 Now they began the consecration and the trumpeters sounded, and all this continued
on the first day of the first month, and on the until the burnt offering was finished.
eighth day of the month they came to the portico 29 And when they had finished offering, the
of the LORDs temple. So in eight days they king and all who were present with him bowed down
consecrated the house of the LORD, and on the and worshipped. 30 Moreover, Hezekiah the king
sixteenth day of the first month they finished. and the leaders commanded the Levites to sing
18 Then they went in to Hezekiah the king, and praise to the LORD with the words of David and of
said, We have cleansed all the house of the LORD, Asaph the seer. And they sang praises with glad-
and the altar of burnt offering, with all its articles, ness, and they bowed their heads and worshipped.
and the table of Showbread, with all its articles. 31 Then Hezekiah responded and said, Now
19 Moreover, we have made ready and consecrated you have consecrated yourselves to the LORD.
all the articles which king Ahaz threw away during Come near and bring sacrifices and thank offerings
his reign, in his transgression, and, see, they are into the house of the LORD. And the congregation
before the altar of the LORD. brought in sacrifices and thank offerings, and
20 Then Hezekiah the king rose early, and whoever had a willing heart brought burnt
gathered the rulers of the city, and went up to the offerings.
house of the LORD. 21 And they brought seven 32 And the number of the burnt offerings which
bulls and seven rams and seven lambs and seven the congregation brought was seventy bulls, a
male goats as a sin offering for the kingdom, and hundred rams, and two hundred lambs. All these
for the sanctuary, and for Judah. And he were for a burnt offering to the LORD. 33 And the
commanded the priests, the sons of Aaron, to offer consecrated things were six hundred oxen and
them on the altar of the LORD. 22 So they killed three thousand sheep. 34 But the priests were too
the bull, and the priests took the blood and sprinkled few, so that they could not skin all the burnt
it on the altar. In the same way, when they had offerings. Therefore their brethren, the Levites,
killed the rams, they sprinkled the blood on the helped them until the work was finished, and until
altar. They also killed the lambs and sprinkled the the other priests had consecrated themselves;
blood on the altar. 23 And they brought out the for the Levites had been more conscientious in
29:15 Verse 5. Testament temple is purged by the blood of a
29:17 Careless, sinful leaders had allowed far greater offering (Heb 9:14; 1 John 1:7).
such filth to collect in the temple that it took 29:23 Laid their hands on them Lev 4:15.
16 days to get rid of it. Sometimes 29:24 Notes on atonement at Ex 29:33.
Christians are as careless and sinful about 29:25,26 1 Chron 15:16; 23:5; 25:6.
the New Testament temples of God their 29:27 Burnt offering notes at Leviticus
bodies and hearts (1 Cor 3:16,17; 6:18-20). chapter 1.
29:19 28:24. 29:29 Worshipped 20:18.
29:21 Sin offering notes at Lev 1:2. 29:30 Asaph psalms 50,70-83.
29:22 Blood Lev 4:18; 8:14. Gods New 29:31 Thank offerings notes at Lev
551 2 CHRONICLES 30:17
consecrating themselves than the priests. 35 And their fathers, who therefore made them an object
also there was an abundance of burnt offerings, of horror, as you see. 8 Now do not be stiffnecked,
with the fat of the peace offerings, and the drink as your fathers were, but yield yourselves to the
offerings for every burnt offering. LORD and come to his sanctuary, which he has
So the service of the house of the LORD was sanctified forever, and serve the LORD your God,
set in order. 36 And Hezekiah rejoiced, and all the so that the fierceness of his wrath may turn away
people, that God had prepared the people; for the from you. 9 For if you turn back to the LORD, your
thing was done suddenly. brethren and your children will find compassion
before those who have taken them away captive,
30 And Hezekiah sent word to all Israel and
Judah, and also wrote letters to Ephraim
and Manasseh, that they should come to the house
so that they may return to this land. For the LORD
your God is gracious and merciful, and will not turn
away his face from you, if you turn back to him.
of the LORD at Jerusalem, to keep the Passover to 10 So the couriers travelled from city to city
the LORD God of Israel. 2 For the king and his through the country of Ephraim and Manasseh to
officials, and all the congregation in Jerusalem, had Zebulun, but the people laughed them to scorn
agreed to keep the Passover in the second month. and mocked them. 11 Nevertheless, some from
3 For they had not been able to keep it at that Asher and Manasseh and from Zebulun humbled
time, because the priests had not consecrated themselves and came to Jerusalem. 12 The hand
themselves in sufficient numbers, nor had the people of God was also on Judah to give them one heart to
gathered together to Jerusalem. 4 And the do what the king and the officials commanded, by
arrangement pleased the king and all the the word of the LORD.
congregation. 5 So they resolved to make a 13 And many people, a very great congrega-
proclamation throughout all Israel, from Beersheba tion, assembled at Jerusalem to keep the Feast of
to Dan, that they should come to keep the Pass- Unleavened Bread in the second month. 14 And
over to the LORD God of Israel at Jerusalem, for they rose up and took away the altars that were in
they had not done so for a long time in the way in Jerusalem, and they took away all the altars of
which it was written. incense, and threw them into the brook Kidron.
6 So the couriers went with the letters from the 15 Then they killed the Passover on the
king and his officials throughout all Israel and Judah, fourteenth day of the second month, and the priests
in accordance with the command of the king, and the Levites became ashamed of themselves
saying, and consecrated themselves, and brought the
You children of Israel, turn back to the LORD burnt offerings into the house of the LORD.
God of Abraham, Isaac, and Israel, and he will 16 And they stood in their place according to their
return to those of you who remain, who have custom, according to the law of Moses the man of
escaped out of the hands of the kings of Assyria. God. The priests sprinkled the blood, which they
7 And do not be like your fathers and like your received from the hands of the Levites. 17 For
brethren who trespassed against the LORD God of there were many in the congregation who were
7:12,13; Ps 50:14,15. Assyria 2 Kings 17:3-23.
29:35 Peace offerings notes at Leviticus 30:7 Deut 28:25 had been fulfilled before
chapter 3. their eyes only a few years before.
29:36 Suddenly when there are willing 30:8 Stiffnecked Ex 32:9; Deut 9:24;
and dedicated people the work of God can Acts 7:51.
move forward very rapidly. Wrath notes on Num 25:3; Ps
30:1 To Ephraim and Manasseh this 90:7-11; etc.
shows that there were still Israelites left in 30:9 Ex 34:6,7; Deut 30:2,3; 1 Kings
the north after the Assyrians conquered the 8:50; Ps 106:46; Isa 55:7; Micah 7:18.
northern kingdom and took some of the 30:10 Laughed them to scorn 36:16;
people into captivity. That event had Isa 28:22; Matt 27:39-43; 2 Pet 3:3,4. All
occurred several years before the death of too many men still consider Gods great truth
Ahaz. and solemn appeals something to laugh at.
Passover see Exodus chapter 12; 30:11 God always has His remnant of
Lev 23:5. faithful people. Compare 1 Kings 19:18.
30:2 Second month see Lev 23:5; Num 30:12 One heart Ps 133; Jer 32:39;
9:10,11. Ezek 11:19; Eph 4:3.
30:3 Ex 12:6,18; 2 Chron 29:17,34. 30:13 Feast of Unleavened Bread Lev
30:5 Beersheba to Dan from the far north 23:6-8.
to the far south of the land originally 30:14 Altars these were altars to false
occupied in the days of Joshua, including gods (28:24,25).
the territories of all the tribes of Israel. 30:15 Killed the Passover Ex 12:3.
30:6 He will return 7:14; Jer 3:12-13; 30:16 35:10,15.
Hos 14:1-4; Jam 4:8. 30:17 Ex 12:6; Deut 16:6.
2 CHRONICLES 30:18 552
not consecrated, therefore the Levites were in
charge of killing the Passovers for every one who
was not clean, to sanctify them to the LORD.
31 Now when all this was finished, all Israel
who were present went out to the cities of
Judah and broke the idols in pieces and cut down
18 For a large number of the people, many from the idolatrous groves and threw down the high
Ephraim and Manasseh, Issachar and Zebulun had places and the altars throughout all Judah and
not cleansed themselves, yet they ate the Benjamin, also in Ephraim and Manasseh, until they
Passover, contrary to what was written. But had utterly destroyed them all. Then all the
Hezekiah prayed for them, saying, The good LORD children of Israel returned, each man to his
pardon every one 19 who prepares his heart to possession, to their own cities.
seek God, the LORD God of his fathers, even 2 And Hezekiah appointed the divisions of the
though he is not cleansed in accordance with the priests and the Levites according to their divisions,
purification of the sanctuary. each man according to his service, the priests and
20 And the LORD listened to Hezekiah, and Levites for burnt offerings and for peace offer-
healed the people. ings, to minister, and to give thanks, and to praise
21 And the children of Israel who were present in the gates of the camp of the LORD. 3 Also he
at Jerusalem kept the Feast of Unleavened Bread appointed the kings portion of his possessions for
for seven days with great gladness, and the Levites the burnt offerings, for the morning and evening
and the priests praised the LORD day by day, burnt offerings, and the burnt offerings for the
singing with loud instruments to the LORD. Sabbaths and for the new moons and for the
22 And Hezekiah spoke words of encourage- appointed feasts, as it is written in the law of the
ment to all the Levites who taught the good LORD. 4 Moreover, he commanded the people who
knowledge of the LORD, and they ate throughout lived in Jerusalem to give the portion of the priests
the feast for seven days, offering peace and the Levites, so that they might be encouraged
offerings, and making confession to the LORD God in the law of the LORD. 5 And as soon as the
of their fathers. command went out, the children of Israel brought
23 And the whole assembly agreed to keep the in an abundance of the firstfruits of grain, wine
feast for seven more days, and they kept it for and oil and honey and of all the produce of the
seven more days with gladness. 24 For Hezekiah field, and they brought in the tithe of all things in
king of Judah gave a thousand bulls and seven abundance. 6 And as for the children of Israel and
thousand sheep to the congregation, and the Judah who lived in the cities of Judah, they also
officials gave a thousand bulls and ten thousand brought in the tithe of oxen and sheep, and the
sheep to the congregation, and a great number of tithe of holy things which were consecrated to the
priests consecrated themselves. 25 And all the con- LORD their God, and placed them in heaps. 7 In
gregation of Judah, with the priests and the Levites, the third month they began making the heaps, and
and all the congregation that came out of Israel, finished them in the seventh month. 8 And when
and the foreigners who came out of the land of Hezekiah and the officials came and saw the heaps,
Israel and who lived in Judah, rejoiced. 26 So they praised the LORD and his people Israel.
there was great joy in Jerusalem, for since the time 9 Then Hezekiah questioned the priests and the
of Solomon, the son of David, king of Israel, there Levites concerning the heaps. 10 And Azariah, the
had been nothing like this in Jerusalem. 27 Then chief priest, of the house of Zadok, answered him
the priests, the Levites, rose up and blessed the and said, Since the people began to bring the
people, and their voice was heard and their prayer offerings to the house of the LORD we have had
came up to his holy dwelling place, to heaven. enough to eat, and have plenty left over, for the
30:18 Ex 12:43-49; Num 9:10; 2 Chron chapter 3.
30:11. 30:23 7:8,9.
30:19 They had faced the ridicule of fellow 30:27 Blessed notes at Num 6:22-27.
Israelites in the north (v 10), and came to See also Gen 12:3; Deut 28:3-14; Ps 1:1,2.
Jerusalem for the first time in many years. 31:1 2 Kings 18:4; Ex 23:24; 34:13.
They were not clean (for possible cause 31:2 Divisions 1 Chron 23:28 - 24:1.
of uncleanness see Lev 5:2,3; 11:24; etc), 31:3 Offerings Numbers chapters 28,29.
but Hezekiah did not want to refuse them 31:4 Num 18:8-13. Compare Neh 13:10.
the privilege of taking part in the Passover. 31:5,6 Deut 12:5-19; 14:22-29.
He reasoned rightly that seeking God and 31:7 Both the third and seventh months were
trying to have their hearts right with God festival months. See Leviticus chapter 23.
was more important than perfectly following 31:8 Such acts of obedience to Gods Word
the prescribed ritual. Compare Isa 1:11-17; and love shown for His servants always result
Matt 23:25-28. in praise and blessing. Compare 2 Cor 9:6-15.
30:22 Peace offerings notes at Leviticus 31:10 Mal 3:8-12; Luke 6:38.
553 2 CHRONICLES 32:12
LORD has blessed his people. And this great store of the house of God, and in the law and in the
is what is left over. commandments, to seek his God, he did it with all
11 Then Hezekiah commanded that rooms be his heart, and prospered.
prepared in the house of the LORD, and they
prepared them, 12 and brought in the offerings
and the tithes and the dedicated things faithfully.
Cononiah the Levite was in charge of this, and
32 After these things and this faithful
conduct, Sennacherib, king of Assyria,
came and invaded Judah, and camped against the
Shimei his brother was next. 13 And Jehiel and fortified cities, and planned to take them over for
Azaziah and Nahath and Asahel and Jerimoth and himself. 2 And when Hezekiah saw that Sennacherib
Jozabad and Eliel and Ismachiah and Mahath and had come, and that he intended to fight against
Benaiah were overseers under the hand of Jerusalem, 3 he took counsel with his officials and
Cononiah and Shimei his brother, at the command his mighty men to stop the waters of the springs
of Hezekiah the king; and Azariah was in charge of which were outside the city, and they helped him.
the house of God. 4 So many people gathered together, who stopped
14 And Korah, the son of Imnah the Levite, the up all the springs, and the brook that ran through
gatekeeper at the east gate, was over the freewill the middle of the land, saying, Why should the
offerings of God, to distribute the offerings of the kings of Assyria come and find abundant water?
LORD, and the most holy things. 15 And next to 5 Also he strengthened himself, and built up all the
him were Eden and Miniamin and Jeshua and wall that had been broken down and raised it up to
Shemaiah, Amariah and Shecaniah, in the cities of the towers and built another wall outside, and
the priests, in their appointed office, to give to repaired Millo in the city of David, and made a
their brethren by divisions, to the great as well as great many weapons and shields.
to the small. 6 And he appointed military officers over the
16 They distributed without regard to their people, and gathered them together to him in the
genealogy, to males three years old and above, to square at the city gate, and spoke words of
every one who entered the house of the LORD, his encouragement to them, saying, 7 Be strong and
daily portion for their service in their duties accord- courageous. Do not be afraid or dismayed be-
ing to their divisions, 17 as well as to priests who cause of the king of Assyria, or because of all the
were in the genealogy, by the house of their horde that is with him. For there is a greater
fathers, and the Levites twenty years old and power with us than with him. 8 With him is an arm
above, in their duties by their divisions. 18 And in of flesh, but with us is the LORD our God to help us
the genealogy were all their little ones, their wives, and to fight our battles. And the people relied on
and their sons, and their daughters, throughout the words of Hezekiah king of Judah.
the whole congregation; for in their appointed 9 After this Sennacherib king of Assyria sent his
office they consecrated themselves in holiness. servants to Jerusalem (but he himself besieged
19 And as for the sons of Aaron, the priests, Lachish, and all his forces with him) to Hezekiah
who were in the fields of the pasture lands of their king of Judah, and to all Judah who were at Jerusa-
cities, in each city, the men who were named, lem, saying,
portions were given to all the males among the 10 Thus says Sennacherib, king of Assyria,
priests, and to all who were reckoned by What are you trusting in, that you stay in the
genealogies among the Levites. siege in Jerusalem? 11 Is not Hezekiah persuading
20 And Hezekiah did this throughout all Judah, you to give yourselves up to die by famine and by
and did what was good and right and true before thirst, saying, The LORD our God will deliver us
the LORD his God. out of the hand of the king of Assyria? 12 Has not
21 And whatever work he began in the service this same Hezekiah taken away his high places and
31:12 Faithfully vs 15,18,20. How good in the 14th year of Hezekiahs reign 701
it is in any time to have people who will be B.C. (2 Kings 18:13; Isa 36:1). God per-
honest when put in charge of such things mitted this invasion, not to punish Hezekiah
men who will consider that to take for (for he had not turned away from God), but
oneself what has been given to God is to to show Himself mighty on his behalf (v 22).
steal from God, hinder the work of God, and The marvelous account of the deliverance
to bring on oneself the anger of God. of Jerusalem is told in more detail in 2 Kings
31:19 Num 35:2-5; Josh 21:1-3. 18:13 - 19:36, and Isa 36:1 - 37:37.
31:21 Prospered Deut 29:9. True devo- 32:7 Josh 1:7,9; 1 Sam 14:6; 2 Kings
tion to God always seeks to obey Him, and 6:16; 1 Chron 22:13; 1 John 4:4.
to work for His glory. And such devotion will 32:8 Josh 10:42; 13:12; 20:17; Ps 20:7;
have its reward Heb 6:10-12; Jam 2:14. Rom 8:31,37.
32:1 Sennacherib this invasion took place 32:9-21 Notes at 2 Kings 18:17 - 19:37.
2 CHRONICLES 32:13 554
his altars, and commanded Judah and Jerusalem, hands of all others, and took care of them on
saying, You shall worship before one altar, and every side. 23 And many brought gifts to the
burn incense on it? LORD at Jerusalem, and presents to Hezekiah,
13 Do you not know what I and my fathers king of Judah, so that from then on he was exalted
have done to all the people of other lands? Were in the sight of all nations.
the gods of the peoples of those lands in any way 24 In those days Hezekiah became sick to the
able to deliver their lands out of my hands? point of death, and prayed to the LORD, and the
14 Who was there among all the gods of those LORD spoke to him and gave him a sign. 25 But
nations that my fathers utterly destroyed, that Hezekiah did not give a return for the benefit done
could deliver his people out of my hands, that your to him, for his heart became proud. Therefore
God should be able to deliver you out of my hands? Gods wrath was on him, and on Judah and
15 Now therefore do not let Hezekiah deceive you, Jerusalem. 26 However, Hezekiah humbled the
or persuade you in this manner. And do not believe pride of his heart, both he and the inhabitants of
him. For no god of any nation or kingdom was able Jerusalem, so that the wrath of the LORD did not
to deliver his people out of my hands and out of the come on them in the days of Hezekiah.
hands of my fathers. How much less will your God 27 And Hezekiah had riches and honour in great
deliver you out of my hand! abundance, and he made for himself treasuries for
16 And his servants spoke still more against the silver and for gold and for precious stones and for
LORD God, and against his servant Hezekiah. spices and for shields and for all kinds of desirable
17 He also wrote letters to rail against the LORD articles, 28 and storehouses for the produce of
God of Israel, and to speak against him, saying, grain and wine and oil, and stalls for all kinds of
Just as the gods of the nations of other lands animals, and sheepfolds for flocks. 29 Moreover,
have not delivered their people out of my hands, he made towns for himself, and had flocks and herds
so the God of Hezekiah will not deliver his people in abundance, for God had given him very many
out of my hands. 18 Then they called out with a possessions.
loud voice in the Jews language to the people of 30 This same Hezekiah also stopped up the
Jerusalem who were on the wall, to frighten them upper watercourse of the Gihon, and brought it
and to trouble them, so that they could take the straight down to the west side of the city of David.
city. 19 And they spoke against the God of Jeru- And Hezekiah prospered in all his works.
salem, as against the gods of the people of the 31 However, in the matter of the ambassadors of
world, which were the work of the hands of man. the princes of Babylon, those sent to him to inquire
20 And for this reason Hezekiah the king, and about the wonder that had been done in the land,
the prophet Isaiah, the son of Amoz, prayed and God left him to test him, so that he might know all
cried out to heaven. 21 And the LORD sent an that was in his heart.
angel, who destroyed all the mighty men of valour 32 Now the rest of the acts of Hezekiah, and his
and the leaders and captains in the camp of the goodness, look, they are written in the vision of
king of Assyria. So he returned in shame to his own Isaiah the prophet, the son of Amoz, and in the
land. And when he went into the house of his god, Book of the Kings of Judah and Israel. 33 And
those who came from his own body killed him there Hezekiah slept with his ancestors, and they buried
with the sword. him in the uppermost of the tombs of the sons of
22 Thus the LORD saved Hezekiah and the David, and all Judah and the inhabitants of
inhabitants of Jerusalem from the hands of Jerusalem honoured him at his death. And his son
Sennacherib, the king of Assyria, and from the Manasseh reigned in his place.
32:19 Ps 115:2-8. Those who think that the temptations to pride for Hezekiah God
God of Jerusalem, the God of Israel is the showing such power on his behalf (v 22), the
same as other gods are making a terrible high regard other nations showed him (v 23),
mistake. See 1 Kings 18:21. If the God of the miraculous sign God gave him (vs 24,31),
Israel is the true God (and he has proved and his great riches (vs 27-29). Even one of
this again and again), then all other gods these is enough to make some men proud.
are false and worthless (Isa 44:6-9). Before them all even the good and faithful
32:20 Prayed 2 Kings 19:15-19. Hezekiah fell.
32:21 The mistake Sennacherib made in Gods wrath notes at Num 25:3; Ps
v 19 cost him his army, his reputation, and 90:7-11. Pride is one of the sins which
his life. The total number killed by this one anger God most Prov 6:6-19; Isa 2:10-19.
angel was 1,85,000 (Isa 37:36). 32:26 Humbled the pride Jer 26:18-19.
32:24 A sign notes at 2 Kings 20:1-11. Compare 34:27,28; Joel 2:13.
32:25-30 These verses are not in the 32:31 To test him Gen 22:1; Ex 20:20;
account in Kings and Isaiah. Deut 8:2,16; Ps 66:10-12; Jam 1:13,14.
32:25 Became proud there were four 32:33 Slept note at 1 Kings 2:10.
555 2 CHRONICLES 33:22
33 Manasseh was twelve years old when he
began to reign, and he reigned fifty-five
years in Jerusalem. 2 But he did what was evil in
with hooks and bound him with fetters, and carried
him to Babylon. 12 And when he was in distress,
he sought the face of the LORD his God, and
the sight of the LORD, like the detestable deeds of humbled himself greatly before the God of his fa-
the peoples whom the LORD had driven out before thers, 13 and prayed to him, and the LORD heard
the children of Israel. 3 For he rebuilt the high his entreaty and listened to his supplication, and
places which Hezekiah his father had broken down, brought him back to Jerusalem to his kingdom. Then
and he erected altars for the Baals, and made Manasseh knew that the LORD was God.
idolatrous groves, and worshipped all the starry 14 Now after this he built a wall outside the city
host of the heavens and served them. 4 He also of David, on the west side of Gihon, in the valley,
built altars in the house of the LORD, of which the as far as the entrance of the Fish Gate, and en-
LORD had said, In Jerusalem my name will be circled Ophel and greatly increased its height, and
forever. 5 And he built altars for all the starry put military officers in all the fortified cities of Judah.
host of the heavens in the two courtyards of the 15 And he took away the foreign gods and the
house of the LORD. 6 And he caused his children idol out of the house of the LORD, and all the altars
to pass through the fire in the valley of the son of that he had built on the mountain of the house of
Hinnom. Also he practiced sorcery and divination the LORD and in Jerusalem, and threw them out of
and used witchcraft, and dealt with mediums and the city. 16 And he repaired the altar of the LORD,
spiritists. He did much evil in the sight of the LORD, and sacrificed peace offerings and thank offerings
provoking him to anger. on it, and commanded Judah to serve the LORD
7 And he placed a carved image, the idol which God of Israel. 17 Nevertheless, the people still
he had made, in the house of God, of which God sacrificed on the high places, but only to the LORD
had said to David and to his son Solomon, In this their God.
house, and in Jerusalem, which I have chosen above 18 Now the rest of the acts of Manasseh, and
all the tribes of Israel, I will put my name forever. his prayer to his God, and the words of the seers
8 And I will not again remove the foot of Israel out who spoke to him in the name of the LORD God of
of the land which I have appointed for your Israel, look, they are written in the book of the
fathers, so that they will be careful to do all that I kings of Israel. 19 His prayer also, and how God
have commanded them, according to the whole listened to his entreaty, and all his sins, and his
law and the statutes and the ordinances by the trespass, and the places where he built high places,
hand of Moses. 9 So Manasseh led Judah and the and set up idolatrous groves and cast metal idols,
inhabitants of Jerusalem astray to do worse than before he was humbled, see, they are written in
the peoples whom the LORD had destroyed before the words of the seers. 20 So Manasseh slept with
the children of Israel. his ancestors, and they buried him in his own house.
10 And the LORD spoke to Manasseh and to his And Amon his son reigned in his place.
people, but they would not listen. 11 Therefore 21 Amon was twenty-two years old when he
the LORD brought on them the commanders of the began to reign, and he reigned two years in
army of the king of Assyria. They took Manasseh Jerusalem. 22 But he did what was evil in the sight
33:1-10 2 Kings 21:1-10. See notes there. died, and Amon his son, brought up during
33:6 Through the fire note at 2 Kings 16:3. his fathers godless years, restored all the
33:11 Hooks he treated him as God saw idol worship his father had abandoned.
he should be treated for his wickedness. 33:12 Humbled himself greatly God
Compare 2 Kings 19:28; Ezek 29:4; 38:4; loves to see humility in men as much as He
Amos 4:2. hates to see pride (32:26; 7:14;
33:12-17 Here is one of the most wonderful 12:6,7,12; Ps 51:17; Isa 66:2).
records of repentance in the whole Bible. 33:13 Ps 86:15; 103:8; Isa 55:7,8; Micah
Manasseh was the worst of all of Judahs 7:18,19; 1 Tim 1:15,16.
kings, perhaps among the very worst 33:15,16 He proved by his deeds that his
persons who ever lived. His repentance repentance was genuine. Prayer and tears
teaches that there is hope for any individual, are not enough to show that repentance is
no matter how far he or she may have gone real. There must be an attempt to undo any
into sin. See Isa 55:7; Ezek 18:21,22; Matt evil done before repentance. See Matt 3:8;
21:31; 1 Tim 1:15,16. No one conscious Luke 19:8; Acts 26:20; Jer 18:11.
of his (or her) sinful past and the evil and Thank offerings note at Lev 7:12,13.
depravity of his nature should despair, but 33:18 Book note at 1 Kings 14:19.
turn to God for grace and forgiveness. 33:19 No man knows what has become of
Manassahs repentance, though it was of these records.
great benefit to him personally, was too late 33:20 Slept note at 1 Kings 2:10.
to bring lasting benefit to the nation. It took 33:21-25 2 Kings 21:19-24. Oh, the folly
place at the end of his reign. He was able to of those who follow all the evil their fathers
make only a start at reformation before he did and none of the good.
2 CHRONICLES 33:23 556
of the LORD, as his father Manasseh had done. of Israel, and from all Judah and Benjamin, and the
For Amon sacrificed to all the carved images which inhabitants of Jerusalem. 10 And they put it in the
Manasseh his father had made, and served them, hands of the workers who had the oversight of the
23 and did not humble himself before the LORD, as house of the LORD, and they gave it to the
his father Manasseh had humbled himself, but Amon workers who were working in the house of the LORD,
trespassed more and more. to repair and restore the house. 11 They gave it
24 And his servants conspired against him and to the artisans and builders to buy cut stone and
killed him in his own house. 25 But the people of timber for joists, and for beams for the buildings
the land killed all those who had conspired against which the kings of Judah had let fall into ruin.
king Amon, and the people of the land made his son 12 And the men did the work faithfully. And
Josiah king in his place. their overseers were Jahath and Obadiah, the
Levites, of the sons of Merari; and Zechariah and
34 Josiah was eight years old when he began
to reign, and he reigned in Jerusalem
thirty-one years. 2 And he did what was right in
Meshullam, of the sons of the Kohathites, to
supervise the work; and of the Levites, all who
were skillful with musical instruments. 13 They were
the sight of the LORD, and walked in the ways of also over the carriers of loads, and oversaw all the
his father David, and declined neither to the right workers in any kind of work; and among the Levites
hand, nor to the left. there were scribes and officials, and gatekeepers.
3 For in the eighth year of his reign, while he 14 And when they were bringing out the money
was still young, he began to seek the God of his that had been brought into the house of the LORD,
father David, and in the twelfth year he began to Hilkiah the priest found a book of the law of the
purge Judah and Jerusalem of the high places and LORD given through Moses. 15 And Hilkiah
the groves and the carved images and the cast responded and said to Shaphan the scribe, I have
metal images. 4 And they broke down the altars of found the Book of the Law in the house of the
the Baals in his presence, and he cut down the LORD. And Hilkiah handed the book over to
images that were high over them, and he destroyed Shaphan.
the groves and the carved images and the cast 16 And Shaphan carried the book to the king,
metal images, and made dust of them and scattered bringing word back to the king, saying, Your
it on the graves of those who had sacrificed to servants are doing all that was committed to them.
them. 5 And he burned the bones of the priests on 17 And they have gathered together the money
their altars, and cleansed Judah and Jerusalem. that was found in the house of the LORD, and
6 And he did this in the cities of Manasseh and have delivered it into the hands of the overseers
Ephraim and Simeon, as far as Naphtali, and in the and into the hands of the workers. 18 Then
ruins around them. 7 And when he had destroyed Shaphan the scribe told the king, saying, Hilkiah
the altars and the groves, and had crushed the the priest has given me a book. And Shaphan
carved images into powder, and demolished all the read it in the kings presence.
idols throughout all the land of Israel, he returned 19 And it came about, when the king heard the
to Jerusalem. 8 Now in the eighteenth year of his words of the law, that he tore his clothes. 20 And
reign, after he had purged the land and the house, the king commanded Hilkiah and Ahikam, the son of
he sent Shaphan, the son of Azaliah, and Maaseiah, Shaphan, and Abdon, the son of Micah, and
the governor of the city, and Joah, the son of Shaphan the scribe, and Asaiah, a servant of the
Joahaz the recorder, to repair the house of the king, saying, 21 Go, inquire of the LORD for me,
LORD his God. and for those who are left in Israel and in Judah,
9 And when they came to Hilkiah the high priest, concerning the words of the book that has been
they delivered the money that had been brought found, for great is the wrath of the LORD that is
into the house of God, which the Levites who were poured out on us, because our fathers have not
the gatekeepers had gathered from the hand of kept the word of the LORD, to do all that is written
Manasseh and Ephraim, and from all the remnant in this book.
34:1-2 2 Kings 22:1-2. 34:8-28 Notes at 2 Kings 22:3-20.
34:3-7 Notes at 2 Kings 23:4-20. 34:9 Remnant of Israel 30:1. The
34:3 Young 16 years old. Assyrians did not take the entire population
34:6 Naphtali territory in the far north into captivity when they conquered it in 722
of Israel, west and north of the lake of B.C. Josiah ruled 640 609 B.C.
Galilee. Josiah tried to bring reforms not 34:12 Faithfully 31:12.
only to Judah but to the whole land previ- 34:19 Rom 7:7.
ously ruled by the northern kingdom of 34:20 Abdon son of Micah also called
Israel. Acbor son of Micaiah.
34:7 2 Chron 31:1. 34:21 Wrath Num 25:3; Ps 90:7-11.
557 2 CHRONICLES 35:10
22 And Hilkiah, and those who had been covenant of God, the God of their fathers.
appointed by the king, went to Huldah the 33 And Josiah took away all the abominations
prophetess, the wife of Shallum the son of Tikvath, from the countries, that belonged to the children
the son of Hasrah, keeper of the wardrobe (now of Israel, and made all those who were present in
she lived in Jerusalem in the second quarter), and Israel to serve the LORD their God. And all his
they spoke to her about this. days they did not turn away from following the
23 And she answered them, Thus says the LORD, the God of their fathers.
LORD God of Israel, Tell the man who sent you to
me, 24 thus says the LORD, See, I will bring
disaster on this place, and on its inhabitants, all the
curses that are written in the book which they have
35 Moreover, Josiah kept a Passover to the
LORD in Jerusalem, and they killed the
Passover on the fourteenth day of the first month.
read in the presence of the king of Judah, 2 And he appointed the priests to their duties and
25 because they have forsaken me and have encouraged them in the service of the house of the
burned incense to other gods, provoking me to LORD, 3 and said to the Levites who taught all
anger with all the works of their hands. Therefore Israel, who were holy to the LORD, Put the holy
my wrath will be poured out on this place, and will ark in the house which Solomon, the son of David,
not be quenched. 26 And as for the king of Judah king of Israel, built. It is not to be carried on your
who sent you to inquire of the LORD, say this to shoulders. Now serve the LORD your God and his
him: Thus says the LORD God of Israel concerning people Israel, 4 and prepare yourselves according
the words which you have heard, 27 because your to the houses of your fathers, according to your
heart was tender, and you humbled yourself divisions, according to the writing of David king of
before God when you heard his words against this Israel, and according to the writing of his son
place and against its inhabitants, and humbled Solomon.
yourself before me and tore your clothes and wept 5 And stand in the holy place according to the
before me, I have certainly heard you, says the divisions of the families of the fathers of your
LORD. 28 See, I will gather you to your fathers brethren, the people, and according to the
and you will be gathered to your grave in peace, divisions of the families of the Levites. 6 So kill the
and your eyes will not see all the disaster that I will Passover, and consecrate yourselves, and prepare
bring on this place and on its inhabitants. So they your brethren, so that they may do according to
brought word back to the king. the word of the LORD through Moses.
29 Then the king sent men and gathered all the 7 And Josiah gave lambs and young goats from
elders of Judah and Jerusalem together. 30 And the flock to the people, all for the Passover
the king went up into the house of the LORD, and offerings, for all who were present, to the number
all the men of Judah and the inhabitants of of thirty thousand, and three thousand bulls.
Jerusalem, and the priests and the Levites and all These were from the kings possessions.
the people, great and small, and he read in their 8 And his officials willingly gave to the people,
hearing all the words of the book of the covenant to the priests, and to the Levites. Hilkiah and
that had been found in the house of the LORD. Zechariah and Jehiel, rulers of the house of God,
31 And the king stood in his place, and made a gave to the priests two thousand six hundred lambs
covenant before the LORD, to follow the LORD, and young goats, and three hundred oxen for the
and to keep his commandments and his testimonies Passover offerings. 9 And Conaniah and Shemaiah
and his statutes, with all his heart and with all his and Nethaneel, his brethren, and Hashabiah and
soul, to act in accordance with the words of the Jeiel and Jozabad, heads of the Levites, gave to
covenant which are written in this book. the Levites five thousand lambs and young goats,
32 And he caused all who were present in and five hundred oxen for the Passover offerings.
Jerusalem and Benjamin to stand with him. And 10 So the service was made ready, and the
the inhabitants of Jerusalem did according to the priests stood in their place and the Levites in their
34:24 Curses Deut 28:15-68. (Zeph 1:1) reveal that it was not deep or
34:27 Humbled yourself 33:12. long lasting. Compare 27:2.
34:29-32 2 Kings 23:1-3. 35:1-19 2 Kings 23:21-23.
34:31 Compare 23:3,16; 29:10. 35:1 Ex 12:6; Lev 23:5; Num 9:2.
34:33 Abominations the meaning is 35:2 29:11.
idols. They are detestable to God 15:8; 35:3 Who taught 17:7-9; Neh 8:7; Mal 2:7.
Jer 16:18; Ezek 5:11; 7:20. Ark evidently at some previous time
Children of Israel vs 6,9. the ark had been removed, probably
Fathers the reformation under Josiah during the reign of either Manasseh or Amon,
was wide-spread and dealt well with the Joshuas predecessors.
outward forms of false worship. But the 35:4 8:14; 1 Chron 23:1-6.
books of Jeremiah (Jer 1:2), and Zephaniah 35:6 Ex 12:3; 1 Cor 5:7.
2 CHRONICLES 35:11 558
divisions, according to the kings command. 11 And against Carchemish at the Euphrates, and Josiah
they killed the Passover, and the priests sprinkled went out against him. 21 But he sent ambassadors
the blood handed to them, and the Levites skinned to him, saying, What have I to do with you, king
the animals. 12 And they put the burnt offerings of Judah? I have not come against you today, but
aside, so that they might give them in accordance against the house with which I am at war, for God
with the divisions of the families of the people, to commanded me to hurry. Stop yourself from
offer to the LORD, as it is written in the book of opposing God, who is with me, so that he does not
Moses. They did this also with the oxen. 13 And destroy you.
they roasted the Passover with fire in accordance 22 Nevertheless, Josiah would not turn away
with the ordinance, but the other holy offerings from him, but disguised himself, so that he might
they boiled in pots and in cauldrons and in pans, fight with him, and did not listen to the words of
and quickly divided them among all the people. Necho from the mouth of God, and came to fight on
14 And afterwards they prepared for themselves the plain of Megiddo.
and for the priests, because the priests, the sons 23 And the archers shot at king Josiah, and the
of Aaron, were busy offering the burnt offerings king said to his servants, Take me away, for I am
and the fat until night. Therefore the Levites severely wounded. 24 So his servants took him
prepared for themselves, and for the priests, the out of that chariot and put him in the second chariot
sons of Aaron. that he had, and brought him to Jerusalem. And
15 And the singers, the sons of Asaph, were in he died, and was buried in one of the tombs of his
their place, in accordance with the instruction of fathers. And all Judah and Jerusalem mourned for
David and Asaph and Heman and Jeduthun the Josiah.
kings seer. And the gatekeepers remained at 25 And Jeremiah lamented for Josiah. And all
each gate, not needing to leave their work, for the singing men and the singing women speak of
their brethren the Levites prepared for them. Josiah in their lamentations to this day. And they
16 So all the service of the LORD was prepared made them as an ordinance in Israel, and, see,
the same day, to keep the Passover, and to offer they are written in the lamentations.
burnt offerings on the altar of the LORD, in 26 Now the rest of the acts of Josiah and his
accordance with the command of king Josiah. goodness, according to what is written in the law
17 And the children of Israel who were present of the LORD, 27 and his deeds, first and last, see,
kept the Passover at that time, and the Feast of they are written in the book of the kings of Israel
Unleavened Bread seven days. 18 And no and Judah.
Passover like that had been kept in Israel from the
days of Samuel the prophet; nor did any of the
kings of Israel keep such a Passover as that kept
by Josiah and the priests and the Levites and all
36 Then the people of the land took Jehoahaz,
the son of Josiah, and made him king in his
fathers place in Jerusalem.
Judah and Israel who were present and the 2 Jehoahaz was twenty-three years old when
inhabitants of Jerusalem. 19 This Passover was he began to reign, and he reigned three months in
kept in the eighteenth year of the reign of Josiah. Jerusalem. 3 And the king of Egypt deposed him at
20 After all this, when Josiah had prepared the Jerusalem, and levied a fine on the land of a
temple, Necho, king of Egypt came up to fight hundred talents of silver and a talent of gold.
35:11 Sprinkled Lev 1:5,11; 3:2,8,13; have had no good reason to believe it. He may
Heb 12:24. have reasoned that if God had anything to say
35:13 Ex 12:8-9. to him God would use a prophet in Judah.
35:14 Fat Ex 29:13; Lev 3:3-5,16. 35:23,24 2 Kings 23:29,30.
35:15 1 Chron 25:1; 26:12-19. 35:25 Jeremiahs high regard for Josiah is seen
35:17 Ex 12:15; Lev 23:6-8. in Jer 22:15,16. No man knows what became
35:18 30:5. The Passover celebration in of the laments he composed for him. The
Josiahs reign exceeded even that which took book of Lamentations is about the fall of
place under Hezekiahs leadership. Jerusalem several years later, and not about
35:20 Carchemish one of the most the death of Josiah.
decisive battles of ancient times took place 36:1-21 Notes at 2 Kings 23:30 - 25:30;
there in 605 B.C., four years after Josiahs Jeremiah chapter 52.
death (Jer 46:2). Necho was on his way to 36:1 Jer 22:11. Jehoahaz was also called
help the Assyrians against the Babylonians. Shallum. Three sons of Josiah Jehoahaz,
35:21 The house with which I am at war Jehoiakim, and Zedekiah succeeded
Babylon. Josiah. They were all evil men. Compare
God we are not told how Necho came 1 Sam 8:1-3; 2 Sam 13:21.
to know Gods will in this matter. 36:3 Egypt was the most powerful country
35:22 Josiah did not believe the heathen king in the area until the king of Egypt was defeated
spoke a message from the true God, and may by the Babylonians four years later at
559 2 CHRONICLES 36:23
4 And the king of Egypt made his brother Eliakim 15 And the LORD God of their fathers sent word
king over Judah and Jerusalem, and changed his to them by his messengers, rising early and send-
name to Jehoiakim. And Necho took his brother ing, because he had compassion on his people and
Jehoahaz and carried him away to Egypt. on his dwelling place. 16 But they mocked the
5 Jehoiakim was twenty-five years old when messengers of God and despised his words and
he began to reign, and he reigned eleven years abused his prophets, until the wrath of the LORD
in Jerusalem, and he did what was evil in the rose up against his people, until there was no
sight of the LORD his God. 6 Nebuchadnezzar, remedy. 17 Therefore he brought on them the king
king of Babylon, came up against him and of the Chaldeans, who killed their young men with
bound him in chains to take him to Babylon. the sword in the house of their sanctuary, and had
7 Nebuchadnezzar also took away articles from no compassion on young man or maiden, old man,
the house of the LORD to Babylon, and put them or anyone stooped with age. He gave them all into
in his temple at Babylon. his hands, 18 and all the articles of the house of
8 Now the rest of the acts of Jehoiakim, and his God, large and small, and the treasures of the house
abominations which he did, and what was found in of the LORD, and the treasures of the king and of
him, see, they are written in the book of the kings his officials. He brought all these to Babylon.
of Israel and Judah. And his son Jehoiachin reigned 19 And they burned the house of God, and broke
in his place. down the wall of Jerusalem, and burned all of its
9 Jehoiachin was eight years old when he palaces with fire, and destroyed all their valuable
began to reign, and he reigned three months and articles.
ten days in Jerusalem. And he did what was evil in 20 And he carried away to Babylon those who
the sight of the LORD. 10 And at the turn of the had escaped from the sword, where they became
year, king Nebuchadnezzar sent men and brought servants to him and to his sons until the reign of
him to Babylon, with the valuable articles of the the kingdom of Persia. 21 This was to fulfil the
house of the LORD, and made his brother Zedekiah word of the LORD by the mouth of Jeremiah, until
king over Judah and Jerusalem. the land had enjoyed its Sabbaths. For as long as
11 Zedekiah was twenty-one years old when it lay desolate it kept the Sabbath, to fulfil seventy
he began to reign, and reigned eleven years in years.
Jerusalem. 12 And he did what was evil in the 22 Now in the first year of Cyrus, king of Persia,
sight of the LORD his God, and did not humble so that the word of the LORD spoken by the mouth
himself before Jeremiah the prophet speaking of Jeremiah might be fulfilled, the LORD stirred up
words from the mouth of the LORD. 13 And he the spirit of Cyrus king of Persia, so that he made a
also rebelled against king Nebuchadnezzar, who proclamation throughout all his kingdom, and also
had made him swear allegiance by God, but he put it in writing, saying,
stiffened his neck and hardened his heart against 23 Thus says Cyrus king of Persia: The LORD
turning to the LORD God of Israel. 14 Moreover, all God of heaven has given me all the kingdoms of the
the chief of the priests and the people committed earth, and he has ordered me to build a house for
many transgressions, following all the abominations him in Jerusalem, which is in Judah. Whoever
of the nations, and polluted the house of the LORD there is among you of all his people, may the LORD
which he had sanctified in Jerusalem. his God be with him, and let him go up.
Carchemish. Jer 7:26.
Talents one talent was about 34 36:15 Rising early and sending 24:19;
kilograms. Jer 7:13; 25:3-4; 35:15; 44:4.
36:4 Jer 22:10-12. Compassion Ex 34:6,7; Jud 2:18; Ps
36:5-8 For more about Jehoiachin see 103:8.
Jeremiah chapters 25,26,36. 36:16 Mocked note at 13:10.
36:6 Nebuchadnezzar this happened Wrath notes at Num 25:3; Ps 90:7-11.
after the battle of Carchemish (35:20; Jer Until there was no remedy compare
46:1,2). From that time, 605 B.C., Judah Prov 1:20-27; 29:1.
was subject to Babylon. 36:17 He brought on them Jer 1:15; 5:15;
36:7 Dan 1:1,2. 51:20; Hab 1:6. The movement of armies
36:10 Jer 37:1. Brother actually his uncle. on the earth are not accidents of history, or
In Hebrew the words for father, son, brother, events completely under the control of men.
etc, were used for a variety of relationships. Chaldeans the Babylonians.
36:11-16 2 Kings 24:18-20; Jer 52:1-3. 36:18,19 2 Kings 25:8-17; Jer 52:12-23.
36:12 Did not humble himself compare 36:20 Servants Jer 27:6,7.
33:12. Persia Dan 5:25-31; Isa 44:28 - 45:4.
Jeremiah Jer 21:3-7. 36:21 Sabbaths Lev 25:4-7; 26:33-35;
36:13 Swear Ezek 17:13. Jer 25:11-14; 29:10.
Stiffened his neck Ex 32:9; Neh 9:29; 36:22-23 Ezra 1:1-3. See note there.
EZRA
Author:
According to ancient Jewish tradition Ezra wrote this book, Nehemiah, and both books of Chronicles.
Ezra was a descendant of Phineas who was a grandson of Aaron (Ezra 7:1-5).
Date:
About 440 BC.
Theme:
The return of the Jews to Jerusalem and Judah; the rebuilding of the temple; the opposition faced
by the Jews, their victory; the leadership of Zerubbabel and Ezra.
Contents:
The decree of Cyrus ..................................................................................... 1:1-4
First return of the exiles and what they brought .............................................. 1:5 - 2:70
Building the altar to the true God ................................................................... 3:1-6
Building of the temple begins ......................................................................... 3:6-13
Opposition to the building of the temple .......................................................... 4:1-24
The prophets Haggai and Zechariah,
the work begins again .......................................................................... 5:1,2
Further opposition ........................................................................................ 5:3-17
Orders from King Darius to build the temple ..................................................... 6:1-12
Dedication of the completed temple ................................................................ 6:13-18
First Passover at Jerusalem after the exile ...................................................... 6:19-22
Ezra comes to Jerusalem ............................................................................... 7:1-10
The letter of King Artaxerxes to Ezra ............................................................. 7:11-26
Ezra praises God .......................................................................................... 7:27,28
Details concerning those returning with Ezra ................................................... 8:1-14
No Levites ................................................................................................... 8:15-20
Prayer for a safe journey .............................................................................. 8:21-23
Preparations for a dangerous journey, arrival in Jerusalem ............................... 8:24-36
Reforms under Ezra ..................................................................................... 9:1 - 10:17
Mixed marriages ...................................................................................... 9:1-4
Ezras prayer of confession ....................................................................... 9:5-15
The people confess their sin and obey Ezra ................................................ 10:1-17
The guilty ones ............................................................................................ 10:18-43
561 EZRA 2:18
1 Now in the first year of Cyrus, king of Persia,
so that the word of the LORD spoken by the
mouth of Jeremiah might be fulfilled, the
knives, 10 thirty gold basins, four hundred and ten
silver basins of a second kind, and a thousand
other articles.
LORD stirred up the spirit of Cyrus, king of Persia, 11 All the articles of gold and silver were five
to make a proclamation throughout his whole thousand four hundred. Sheshbazzar brought all
kingdom, and also to put it in writing, saying: of these up with the exiles who were brought up
2 Thus says Cyrus, king of Persia: The LORD from Babylon to Jerusalem.
God of heaven has given me all the kingdoms of the
earth, and he has ordered me to build a house for
him at Jerusalem, which is in Judah. 3 Whoever
there is among you of all his people, may his God
2 Now these are the people of the province who
went up from the captivity of the exiles whom
Nebuchadnezzar the king of Babylon had carried
be with him, and may he go up to Jerusalem, which away to Babylon, and who came back to Jerusalem
is in Judah, and build the house of the LORD God and Judah, each one to his city. 2 These came with
of Israel (he is God), which is in Jerusalem. 4 And Zerubbabel: Jeshua, Nehemiah, Seraiah, Reelaiah,
the men of any place where any survivor is living Mordecai, Bilshan, Mizpar, Bigvai, Rehum, Baanah.
are to help him with silver and with gold and with The number of the men of the people of Israel:
goods and with livestock, besides the freewill of- 3 The children of Parosh, two thousand one
fering for the house of God in Jerusalem. hundred and seventy-two; 4 the children of
5 Then the heads of the fathers households of Shephatiah, three hundred and seventy-two;
Judah and Benjamin, and the priests and the 5 the children of Arah, seven hundred and seventy-
Levites, all those whose spirit God had moved, five; 6 the children of Pahath-Moab, of the children
rose up to go up to build the house of the LORD in of Jeshua and Joab, two thousand eight hundred
Jerusalem. 6 And all those who were about them and twelve; 7 the children of Elam, a thousand two
assisted them with articles of silver, with gold, with hundred and fifty-four; 8 the children of Zattu,
goods, and with livestock, and with valuable things, nine hundred and forty-five; 9 the children of
besides all that was given as a freewill offering. Zaccai, seven hundred and sixty; 10 the children
7 Also king Cyrus brought out the articles of the of Bani, six hundred and forty-two; 11 the children
house of the LORD which Nebuchadnezzar had of Bebai, six hundred and twenty-three; 12 the
brought from Jerusalem and had put in the house children of Azgad, a thousand two hundred and
of his gods, 8 and Cyrus, king of Persia, brought twenty-two; 13 the children of Adonikam, six
them out by the hand of Mithredath the treasurer, hundred and sixty-six; 14 the children of Bigvai,
and counted them out to Sheshbazzar, the prince two thousand and fifty-six; 15 the children of Adin,
of Judah. four hundred and fifty-four; 16 the children of
9 And this was the number of them: thirty gold Ater of Hezekiah, ninety-eight; 17 the children of
dishes, a thousand silver dishes, twenty-nine Bezai, three hundred and twenty-three; 18 the
1:1 First year 5:13,14; 6:3; 2 Chron four month journey (7:9; 8:21-23) of more
26:22,23; Jer 33:7-13. Cyrus was king of than one thousand kilometers to Jerusa-
Persia (Iran) from 559 B.C., but in this verse lem, or the prospect of starting life again in
the first year means the year beginning with a ruined city, or the insecurity of the
his conquest of Babylon in 538 B.C. unknown. It required a special work of God
Jeremiah Jer 25:11,12; 29:10. in their hearts to make them willing to go.
Spirit of Cyrus God will always fulfill 1:6 Many other Jews helped those willing to
His word, and to do so will use the kings of return to Jerusalem, even though they did
the earth or any other instrument He pleases not wish to go themselves.
(v 5; Prov 21:1; Gen 50:20; etc). In the 1:7 5:14; 6:5; 2 Kings 24:13; 2 Chron
case of Cyrus, at least 150 years previously 36:7,10; Jer 52:17-19.
the Lord had foretold that He would use him 1:8 Sheshbazzar v 11; 5:14,16.
to deliver His people (Isa 44:28 - 45:4). Scholars dispute whether he was the same
1:2 God of heaven note at Dan 2:18. as Zerubbabel (2:2; 3:2,8; 4:2,3; 5:2).
Given me this was true (Isa 45:1. Zerubbabel was the civil leader of the people.
Compare Dan 4:31,32). 1:11 Five thousand four hundred not all
1:4 Survivor Jews scattered throughout the gold and silver articles are listed in
the empire of Cyrus, principally in Babylonia. vs 9,10.
1:5 Levites Judah, Benjamin, and Levi 2:1-70 Neh 7:6-73.
composed the chief part of those carried 2:1 2 Kings 24:14-16; 25:11; 2 Chron
away into exile by the Babylonians. Note on 36:20.
Levites at Num 1:47-51; 8:19. 2:2 Jeshua the same person as the
God had moved v 1; Ex 35:20-22; Joshua of Hag 1:1 and Zech 3:1.
Haggai 1:14. Many of the Jews had settled Nehemiah not the Nehemiah of Neh
down into the alien society of Babylon. They 1:1 who came to Jerusalem later.
were not eager to face the difficulties of a Mordecai not the same person who
EZRA 2:19 562
children of Jorah, a hundred and twelve; 19 the children of Paseah, the children of Besai, 50 the
children of Hashum, two hundred and twenty- children of Asnah, the children of Mehunim, the
three; 20 the children of Gibbar, ninety-five; children of Nephusim, 51 the children of Bakbuk,
21 the children of Bethlehem, an hundred and the children of Hakupha, the children of Harhur,
twenty-three; 22 the men of Netophah, fifty-six; 52 the children of Bazluth, the children of Mehida,
23 the men of Anathoth, a hundred and twenty- the children of Harsha, 53 the children of Barkos,
eight; 24 the children of Azmaveth, forty-two; the children of Sisera, the children of Thamah,
25 the children of Kirjath-Arim, Chephirah, and 54 the children of Neziah, the children of Hatipha.
Beeroth, seven hundred and forty-three; 26 the 55 The children of Solomons servants: the
children of Ramah and Gaba, six hundred and children of Sotai, the children of Sophereth, the
twenty-one; 27 the men of Michmas, a hundred children of Peruda, 56 the children of Jaalah, the
and twenty-two; 28 the men of Bethel and Ai, two children of Darkon, the children of Giddel, 57 the
hundred and twenty-three; 29 the children of children of Shephatiah, the children of Hattil, the
Nebo, fifty-two; 30 the children of Magbish, a children of Pochereth of Zebaim, the children of
hundred and fifty-six; 31 the children of the other Ami.
Elam, a thousand two hundred and fifty-four; 58 All the Nethinims, and the children of
32 the children of Harim, three hundred and twenty; Solomons servants, were three hundred and
33 the children of Lod, Hadid, and Ono, seven ninety-two.
hundred and twenty-five; 34 the children of Jericho, 59 And these were those who went up from
three hundred and forty-five; 35 the children of Telmelah, Telharsa, Cherub, Addan, and Immer,
Senaah, three thousand six hundred and thirty. but they could not show evidence of their fathers
36 The priests: the children of Jedaiah, of the house, and their descendants, whether they were
house of Jeshua, nine hundred and seventy-three; of Israel: 60 The children of Delaiah, the children
37 the children of Immer, a thousand and of Tobiah, the children of Nekoda, six hundred and
fifty-two; 38 the children of Pashur, a thousand fifty-two; 61 and of the children of the priests:
two hundred and forty-seven; 39 the children of the children of Habaiah, the children of Koz, the
Harim, a thousand and seventeen. children of Barzillai (who took a wife of the daugh-
40 The Levites: the children of Jeshua and ters of Barzillai the Gileadite, and was called after
Kadmiel, of the children of Hodaviah, seventy-four. their name).
41 The singers: the children of Asaph, a 62 These searched in the registers of their
hundred and twenty-eight. ancestors for their names, but they were not found,
42 The children of the gatekeepers: the so they were removed from the priesthood as if
children of Shallum, the children of Ater, the children unclean. 63 And the governor told them that they
of Talmon, the children of Akkub, the children of should not eat any of the most holy things until a
Hatita, the children of Shobai, in all a hundred and priest stood up with Urim and Thummim.
thirty-nine. 64 The whole congregation together was
43 The Nethinims: the children of Ziha, the forty-two thousand three hundred and sixty,
children of Hasupha, the children of Tabbaoth, 65 besides their male and female servants, of whom
44 the children of Keros, the children of Siaha, the there were seven thousand three hundred and
children of Padon, 45 the children of Lebanah, the thirty-seven. And among them were two hundred
children of Hagabah, the children of Akkub, 46 the men and women singers.
children of Hagab, the children of Shalmai, the 66 Their horses were seven hundred and thirty-
children of Hanan, 47 the children of Giddel, the six; their mules, two hundred and forty-five;
children of Gahar, the children of Reaiah, 48 the 67 their camels, four hundred and thirty-five; their
children of Rezin, the children of Nekoda, the donkeys, six thousand seven hundred and twenty.
children of Gazzam, 49 the children of Uzza, the 68 And some of the heads of the fathers
appears in the book of Esther. not proved. See Num 3:10; 16:40. Now,
2:40 Many priests but few Levites returned. in this New Testament era, priesthood has
The Levites had to do the more menial work nothing to do with ancestors and genealo-
of the temple. Note on priests at Ex 28:1. gies, but only with a living relationship with
2:41 Asaph 1 Chron 25:1; 2 Chron the Lord Jesus by faith (Heb 10:19-22;
5:12; 35:15; Psalms 50, 73-83. 1 Pet 2:9; Rev 1:6).
2:42 Gatekeepers 1 Chron 9:26; 2 Chron 2:63 Thummin Ex 28:30.
23:4; 35:15; Neh 12:25. 2:64 A higher figure than the total of all the
2:43 Nethinims temple servants. figures listed in vs 3-60. The difference of
2:61 Gileadite 2 Sam 17:27-29; 19:31- 12,542 may be the number of wives who
39. came, or perhaps men of tribes other than
2:62 Unclean that is, not fit for the priest- Judah, Benjamin and Levi (1:5).
hood because their descent from Aaron was 2:68 Offered freely compare Ex 25:1,2;
563 EZRA 3:12
households, when they came to the house of the the temple of the LORD had not yet been laid.
LORD in Jerusalem, offered freely for the house of 7 They also gave money to the masons and to
God to set it up in its place. 69 According to their the carpenters, and food and drink and oil to the
ability, for the work they gave into the treasury men of Sidon and Tyre, to bring cedar trees from
sixty-one thousand gold drachmas, and five Lebanon on the sea to Joppa, in accordance with
thousand minas of silver, and one hundred priestly the permission they had from Cyrus king of Persia.
garments. 8 Now in the second month of the second year
70 So the priests, and the Levites, and some after their arrival at the house of God in Jerusalem,
of the people, and the singers, and the Zerubbabel the son of Shealtiel and Jeshua the son
gatekeepers, and the Nethinims, lived in their of Jozadak and the rest of their brethren, the priests
cities, and all Israel in their cities. and the Levites and all those who had come from
the captivity to Jerusalem, began the work, and
3 And when the seventh month had come, and
the children of Israel were in the cities, the
people gathered together as one man to Jerusa-
appointed the Levites, twenty years old and over,
to oversee the work of the house of the LORD.
9 Then Jeshua, with his sons and his brethren,
lem. 2 Then Jeshua the son of Jozadak, and his Kadmiel and his sons, the sons of Judah, arose
brethren the priests, and Zerubbabel the son of together to supervise the workers in the house of
Shealtiel, and his brethren, arose and built the God: the sons of Henadad, with their sons and
altar of the God of Israel, to offer burnt offerings their brethren the Levites.
on it, as it is written in the law of Moses the man of 10 And when the builders laid the foundation of
God. 3 And they set up the altar on its foundation, the temple of the LORD, the priests in their apparel
despite the fear that came on them because of stood with trumpets, and the Levites the sons of
the people of those countries; and they offered Asaph stood with cymbals, to praise the LORD, in
burnt offerings on it to the LORD, both morning accordance with the ordinance of David king of
and evening burnt offerings. 4 They also kept the Israel. 11 And they sang together by turns,
Feast of Tabernacles, as it is written, and offered praising and giving thanks to the LORD, because
the daily burnt offerings in the required number for he is good, for his mercy continues on forever
each day, according to the ordinance. 5 And toward Israel. And all the people shouted with a
afterwards they offered the continual burnt great shout as they praised the LORD, because
offering, also offerings at the new moons and all the foundation of the house of the LORD had been
the appointed feasts of the LORD that were laid. 12 But many of the priests and Levites and
consecrated, and those of everyone who willingly heads of the fathers households were old men
offered a freewill offering to the LORD. 6 From the who had seen the first house. When the foundation
first day of the seventh month they began to offer of this house was laid before their eyes, they wept
burnt offerings to the LORD. But the foundation of with a loud voice. But many shouted aloud for joy,
35:5,20; 1 Chron 29:3-6,9. temple Gen 8:20. The devotion of His
2:69 Drachmas the total comes to about people is far more important to God than
500 kilograms. any building.
Minas the total of this was about 2.9 3:7 Trees 1 Kings 5:6,10; 2 Chron
metric tons. 2:3,8,16.
3:2 Shealtiel see 1 Chron 3:19. 3:8 Second year probably 536 B.C.
Altar they began with the altar as House of God the place where the
being the first essential for offering the house of God, the temple, had stood. The
sacrifices prescribed under the law new temple was built in the same place.
Ex 20:24; Deut 12:5,6. Notes on burnt Twenty years 1 Chron 23:24; 2 Chron
offerings at Leviticus chapter 1. 31:17.
3:3 Fear 4:4. They did not let the fear 3:10 1 Chron 6:31,32; 16:4-6,42.
of man prevent them from doing what they 3:11 1 Chron 16:34; 2 Chron 5:13; 7:3;
knew was right. Compare 1 Sam 15:24; Ps 47:1; 95:1; 136:1-26.
Ps 56:3,11; Prov 29:25; Isa 51:12; John 3:12 First house the temple built by
12:42,43; Acts 4:18-20; 5:29. Solomon was very magnificent; the temple
Offerings Ex 29:39; Num 28:1-8. built after the Babylonian captivity was plain
3:4 Feast of Tabernacles Ex 23:16; Lev and ordinary Haggai 2:3. The Jews wept
23:33-43. to think of the former splendor gone and
3:5 New moons Num 10:10; 28:11; Gods judgment which had fallen on His
1 Sam 20:5,24. people; they rejoiced that God had brought
3:6 The re-establishing of the offerings and them back to the land and given them a
the worship of God, came before the chance to make a new beginning. In any
building of the temple. They had their time it is better to be among the rejoicers,
priorities right. In Bible history the altar and and to look forward rather than backward
offerings appear long before tabernacle or Phil 3:1,13; 4:4.
EZRA 3:13 564
13 so that the people could not discern the noise of king, of the following kind. 9 Then Rehum the chan-
the shout of joy from the noise of the weeping of cellor, and Shimshai the scribe, and the rest of their
the people, for the people shouted with a loud companions, the Dinaites, the Apharsathchites, the
shout, and the noise was heard far off. Tarpelites, the Apharsites, the Archevites, the
Babylonians, the Susanchites, the Dehavites, and
4 Now when the adversaries of Judah and
Benjamin heard that the returned exiles were
building the temple to the LORD God of Israel,
the Elamites, 10 and the rest of the nations whom
the great and honourable Osnapper brought over
and placed in the cities of Samaria, and the rest
2 they came to Zerubbabel and to the heads of the who are at this time on this side of the river, wrote.
fathers households, and said to them, Let us 11 This is a copy of the letter that they sent to
build with you, for we seek your God, just as you him, to Artaxerxes the king:
do, and we have been sacrificing to him since the We are your servants, men who are at this
days of Esarhaddon king of Assyria, who brought time on this side of the River. 12 Be it known to the
us up here. king that the Jews who came up from you to us
3 But Zerubbabel and Jeshua, and the rest of have come to Jerusalem, and are building that
the heads of the fathers households of Israel, rebellious and evil city, and are restoring its walls
said to them, You can have nothing to do with us and repairing the foundations.
in building a house to our God, but we alone will 13 Be it known now to the king that if this city
build to the LORD God of Israel, as King Cyrus the is built and the walls restored, then they will not
king of Persia has commanded us. pay tax, tribute, and duty, and so the kings
4 Then the people of the land attempted to revenue will be damaged. 14 Now because we are
discourage the people of Judah, and troubled them receiving support from the kings palace, and it is
in building, 5 and hired counsellors against them to not right for us to see the kings dishonour, we
frustrate their purpose, all the days of Cyrus king have sent and informed the king, 15 that search
of Persia, until the reign of Darius king of Persia. may be made in the record books of your fathers
6 And in the reign of Ahasuerus, at the begin- so you can discover in the record books and know
ning of his reign, they wrote to him an accusation that this city is a rebellious city, and harmful to
against the inhabitants of Judah and Jerusalem. kings and provinces, and that within it in former
7 And in the days of Artaxerxes Bishlam, times they have incited rebellion. For this reason
Mithredath, Tabeel, and the rest of their compan- this city was destroyed. 16 We inform the king
ions, wrote to Artaxerxes king of Persia, and the that if this city is rebuilt, and its walls restored,
text of the letter was written in the Syrian script, through this you will have no portion on this side of
and translated into the Syrian language. the River.
8 Rehum the chancellor and Shimshai the scribe 17 Then the king sent an answer to Rehum the
wrote a letter against Jerusalem to Artaxerxes the chancellor and to Shimshai the scribe and to the
4:1,2 Adversaries these people were between chapters 6 and 7 and is like a
originally foreigners, not Israelites. Their parenthesis in the narrative here. Verse 24
offer to help did not come out of good takes up the story from v 5.
motives, as was soon evident (vs 4,5). 4:6 Ahasuerus Esther 1:1 better known
Sometimes the method Satan uses to hinder as Xerxes. He reigned 486-465 B.C.
or ruin a work of God is to bring false help- 4:7 Artaxerxes 7:1,7,21. He ruled
ers into it. Compare Matt 13:24-30, Persia 465-424 B.C.
37-39; 2 Cor 11:13-15; 2 Pet 2:1,2. Syrian language Aramaic, the
Believers do not need any such helpers and language spoken by Syrians and others
should be on their guard against them. (including the Jews after the Babylonian
They professed to seek the God of captivity). In the Hebrew Old Testament Ezra
Israel but they had many gods of their own. 4:8 6:18 is in Aramaic.
See 2 Kings 17:25-34. 4:8 Chancellor here means an official
4:3 The leaders of the Jews wanted no help appointed by the Persian king to represent
from those who worshiped other gods and him.
did not follow the instructions God gave in 4:10 Osnapper also known as
the law of Moses. Believers now should have Ashurbanipal. He was the last powerful
the same concern to be a holy, separate Assyrian king, ruling 669-627 B.C. From
people 2 Cor 6:14-18. this verse together with v 2 and 2 Kings
4:4,5 If the enemies of a work of God do 17:24 we learn that outsiders were sent by
not succeed in hindering it in one way they three different Assyrian kings at three dif-
will try another. Cyrus reigned 559-530 B.C. ferent times to live in the region of Samaria.
Darius began his reign in 522. 4:13-16 These enemies of the Jews tried to
4:6-23 This section deals with opposition to get the king to support them by using this
the Jews plan for rebuilding the wall of economic argument. What ruler wants to
Jerusalem. Chronologically it belongs suffer financial loss?
565 EZRA 5:15
rest of their companions who live in Samaria, and constructing this building were. 5 But the eye of
to the rest living beyond the River, their God was on the elders of the Jews, so that
Peace at this time. they could not make them stop the work until the
18 The letter which you sent to us has been matter came before Darius, and then a written
clearly read in my presence. 19 And I gave a reply was returned concerning this matter.
command, and a search has been made, and it has 6 This is a copy of the letter that Tatnai,
been found that in former times this city made governor on this side of the River, and Shethar-
insurrection against kings, and that rebellion and Boznai, and his companions the Apharsachites, who
revolt were made in it. 20 There have also been were on this side the River, sent to Darius the king.
mighty kings over Jerusalem who have ruled over 7 They sent a letter to him, in which this was
all the countries beyond the River, and tax, trib- written:
ute, and duty were paid to them. 21 Now give an To Darius the king, all peace.
order to stop these men, that this city not be built, 8 Be it known to the king that we went into the
until another command is given by me. 22 Now province of Judea, to the house of the great God,
take heed that you do not fail to do this. Why which is being built with large stones, with timber
should the damage increase to the harm of the being placed in the walls; and this work is going
kings? ahead quickly, and prospering in their hands.
23 Now when the copy of king Artaxerxes 9 Then we questioned those elders, and said
letter was read in the presence of Rehum and this to them: Who commanded you to build this
Shimshai the scribe, and their companions, they house, and to restore these walls? 10 We also
quickly went up to Jerusalem to the Jews, and made asked their names, to inform you, that we might
them stop work by force of arms. write the names of their chief men.
24 Then the work of the house of God at 11 And they replied to us, saying, We are the
Jerusalem stopped. So it stopped until the second servants of the God of heaven and earth, and
year of the reign of Darius king of Persia. rebuild the house that was built many years ago,
which a great king of Israel built and finished.
5
Then the prophets, Haggai the prophet, and 12 But after our fathers had provoked the God of
Zechariah the son of Iddo, prophesied to the heaven to wrath, he gave them into the hands of
Jews who were in Judah and Jerusalem in the Nebuchadnezzar the king of Babylon, the Chaldean,
name of the God of Israel, who was over them. who destroyed this house, and carried the people
2 Then Zerubbabel the son of Shealtiel, and Jeshua away into Babylon. 13 But in the first year of
the son of Jozadak, rose up and began to build the Cyrus the king of Babylon, King Cyrus issued a
house of God in Jerusalem, and the prophets of decree to build this house of God. 14 And also the
God were with them helping them. articles of gold and silver belonging to the house of
3 At the same time Tatnai, governor on this side God, which Nebuchadnezzar took from the temple
of the River, and Shethar-Boznai, and their that was in Jerusalem and brought into the temple
companions, came to them and said this to them: of Babylon, these Cyrus the king took from the
Who has commanded you to build this house and temple of Babylon, and they were handed over to
to restore this wall? 4 Accordingly we then told a man whose name was Sheshbazzar, whom he
them what the names of the men who were had made governor. 15 And he said to him, Take
4:20 1 Kings 4:21; 1 Chron 18:3-6. and Zechariah had this success (Hag
4:22 The economic argument (vs 13-16) was 1:13,14).
successful, as it usually is in the worlds 5:3 4:4,5. Tatnai was the Persian governor.
affairs. The world always cares more for 5:5 Eye 2 Chron 16:9. God would not
money than for truth and justice. See encourage them through His prophets and
1 John 2:16. stir them to do the work only to let their
4:23 Made them stop that is, stop enemies stop them.
trying to rebuild the walls of Jerusalem. 5:8 Great God it is interesting that they
4:24 The author returns to events of vs 4,5 should say this and then try to stop His work.
which took place prior to the reign of 5:11 God of heaven 1:2; 6:9; Neh
Artaxerxes. 1:5; 2:4; Dan 2:19; Rev 11:13.
5:1 Haggai Hag 1:1. King of Israel Solomon.
Zechariah Zech 1:1. In the year 520 5:12 Provoked. . .to wrath 2 Chron 34:25;
these two prophets began their ministry to 36:16-20. Notes on Gods anger at Num
the Jews in Judah. 25:3; Ps 90:7-11.
5:2 Zerubbabel this man was the grand- 5:13 Cyrus 1:1. Notice that Cyrus, king
son of king Jehoiachin (1 Chron 3:17), and of Persia, is here called king of Babylon.
an ancestor of the Lord Jesus (Matt 1:12,13). This is because he conquered Babylon and
Jeshua 2:2. ruled over it.
Began to build the ministry of Haggai 5:14 1:7,8.
EZRA 5:16 566
these articles and go. Carry them to the temple in this house of God alone. Let the governor of the
Jerusalem, and let the house of God be built in its Jews and the elders of the Jews build this house of
place. 16 Then this Sheshbazzar came and laid God in its place.
the foundation of the house of God in Jerusalem, 8 Moreover, I issue this decree concerning what
and from that time until now it is being built, but it is you must do for the elders of these Jews for the
still not finished. building of this house of God: expenses from the
17 Now, therefore, if it seems good to the kings goods, from the taxes beyond the River, are
king, let there be a search made in the kings immediately to be given to these men, so that they
treasure house there in Babylon, and see whether are not hindered. 9 And let what they need, both
it is true that a decree was made by king Cyrus to young bulls and rams and lambs, for the burnt
build this house of God at Jerusalem, and let the offerings of the God of heaven, wheat, salt, wine,
king send his wish to us concerning this matter. and oil, in accordance with the appointment of the
priests who are at Jerusalem, be given them day
6 Then Darius the king issued an order, and a
search was made in the archives, where the
treasures were stored in Babylon. 2 And a scroll
by day without fail, 10 so that they can offer
fragrant sacrifices to the God of heaven, and pray
for the life of the king and of his sons.
was found at Achmetha, in the palace that is in the 11 Also I have issued a decree, that whoever
province of the Medes, and in it a record was alters this word, let timber be pulled down from his
written as follows: house and set up, and let him be hanged on it, and
3 In the first year of King Cyrus, King Cyrus let his house be made a refuse heap for this.
issued a decree concerning the house of God at 12 And the God who has caused his name to dwell
Jerusalem, Let the house be built, the place where there, destroy all kings and people who take in
they offered sacrifices, and let its foundations be hand to change and destroy this house of God at
firmly laid. Its height is to be sixty cubits, and its Jerusalem.
width sixty cubits, 4 with three rows of large I Darius have issued a decree. Let it be done
stones, and a row of new timber. And let the with speed.
expenses be paid from the kings house. 5 And 13 Then Tatnai, governor on this side the River,
also let the gold and silver articles of the house of Shethar-Boznai, and their companions, quickly acted
God, which Nebuchadnezzar took from the temple in accordance with the message Darius the king
at Jerusalem and brought to Babylon, be restored had sent. 14 And the elders of the Jews built, and
and brought back to the temple at Jerusalem, they prospered through the prophesying of Haggai
each one to its place, and put them in the house the prophet and Zechariah the son of Iddo. And
of God. they built, and finished it, in accordance with the
6 Now therefore, Tatnai, governor beyond commandment of the God of Israel, and in
the River, Shethar-Boznai, and your companions accordance with the command of Cyrus and Darius,
the Apharsachites, who are beyond the River, and Artaxerxes king of Persia. 15 And this house
stay at a distance from there. 7 Let the work of was finished on the third day of the month Adar,
5:16 3:8-10. attitude toward religion. They encouraged the
6:2 Achmetha also called Ecbatana. The building or restoration of temples in other lands
Persian empire had four capital cities. This as well as Judah. They were not devoted to
was one. the God of Israel, but merely thought that all
Medes Isa 13:17; Jer 25:25; Dan nations should have the religion and the gods
5:28,31; Acts 2:9. they chose and be able to worship without
6:3 Sixty cubits this dimension is far greater hindrance. Their object was the well being of
than that of Solomons temple which was only themselves and the empire.
9 meters wide. The Persians authorized a 6:11 7:26; Dan 2:5; 3:4-6,29; 6:7,8.
temple of this size, but the one the Jews built Emperors in ancient times usually did not
was surely much smaller (Hag 2:3). take a tolerant view of disobedience to their
6:5 1:7-11. commands.
6:6-12 This portion gives the letter King 6:13 Tatnai 5:3; 6:6.
Darius wrote to the governor. 6:14 Zechariah 5:1,2. The Persian
6:6 5:3. rulers and the Jewish elders supported the
6:7 Once again God moved on the heart of rebuilding of the temple, but the mainstay
a foreign ruler to accomplish His purposes of the work was the ministry of Gods Word.
(1:1; Prov 21:1). Artaxerxes this man became king half
6:8,9 God so worked that the plot of enemies a century after the rebuilding of the temple.
to stop the work was turned to a means of He is mentioned here probably because he
actually helping the work go forward. Such is later contributed to the maintenance of the
Gods great and wise sovereignty over the temple (7:21-26).
affairs of men. Compare Gen 50:20. 6:15 Darius the temple was completed
6:10 The Persian rulers usually had a tolerant in 516 or 515 B.C.
567 EZRA 7:12
which was in the sixth year of the reign of Darius Seraiah, the son of Azariah, the son of Hilkiah,
the king. 2 the son of Shallum, the son of Zadok, the son of
16 And the children of Israel, the priests, and Ahitub, 3 the son of Amariah, the son of Azariah,
the Levites, and the rest of the children of the the son of Meraioth, 4 the son of Zerahiah, the
captivity, observed the dedication of this house of son of Uzzi, the son of Bukki, 5 the son of Abishua,
God with joy, 17 and offered at the dedication of the son of Phinehas, the son of Eleazar, the son of
this house of God a hundred bulls, two hundred Aaron the chief priest, 6 this Ezra came up from
rams, four hundred lambs, and, as a sin offering Babylon. And he was a scribe skilled in the law of
for all Israel, twelve he-goats, in accordance with Moses, which the LORD God of Israel had given.
the number of the tribes of Israel. 18 And they And the king granted him everything he asked, for
appointed the priests in their divisions, and the the hand of the LORD his God was on him. 7 And
Levites in their courses, for the service of God at some of the children of Israel and of the priests
Jerusalem, as it is written in the book of Moses. and the Levites and the singers and the
19 And the children of the captivity kept the gatekeepers and the Nethinims came up to Jerusa-
Passover on the fourteenth day of the first month. lem, in the seventh year of Artaxerxes the king.
20 For the priests and the Levites were purified 8 And he arrived in Jerusalem in the fifth month,
together, all of them were clean, and they killed in the seventh year of the king. 9 For on the first
the Passover for all the children of the captivity, day of the first month he started his journey up
and for their brethren the priests, and for them- from Babylon, and on the first day of the fifth
selves. 21 And the children of Israel who had come month he arrived in Jerusalem, for the good hand
back from captivity, and all those who had sepa- of his God was on him. 10 For Ezra had prepared
rated themselves from the filth of the nations of his heart to search out the law of the LORD, and to
the land, to seek the LORD God of Israel, ate it do it, and to teach its statutes and judgments in
with them, 22 and joyfully kept the Feast of Israel.
Unleavened Bread seven days. For the Lord had 11 Now this is a copy of the letter that king
made them joyful, and had turned the heart of the Artaxerxes gave to Ezra the priest, the scribe, a
king of Assyria toward them, to encourage them in scribe learned in the words of the commandments
the work of the house of God, the God of Israel. of the LORD, and of his statutes given to Israel:
12 Artaxerxes, king of kings, to Ezra the priest,
7 Now after these things, in the reign of
Artaxerxes king of Persia, Ezra the son of
the scribe, a scribe of the law of the God of heaven,
and perfect peace be with you now.
6:17 Sin offering notes at Leviticus down the line.
chapters 4 and 5. 7:6 Ezra was born and grew to manhood in
6:19 Notes at Ex 12:1-13; Lev 23:5. Babylon among the exiles taken there by
6:20 Clean note at Neh 12:30. king Nebuchadnezzar.
6:21 Separated themselves 9:11,12; Ex Skilled vs 10,11. Ezras knowledge
19:5,6; Deut 7:6; 14:2; Neh 9:2; 10:28; of the law of Moses and his godly character
2 Cor 6:14-18; 1 Pet 2:9. indicate that among the Jews in Babylon at
6:22 Unleavened Bread Ex 12:15; that time there was some vigorous spiritual
13:6,7; Lev 23:6. life and study.
Assyria the king of Persia is here called On him the hand of the Lord on him
also the king of Assyria because Assyria had suggests almighty power and guidance
been conquered and was ruled by Persian working with Ezra vs 9,28; 8:18,22,31;
kings. Compare 5:13. Neh 2:8,18.
7:1-9 After these things more than fifty 7:9 Gods almighty and gracious hand
years elapsed between the events of protected Ezra through the trials and
chapters 6 and 7. The temple was finished dangers of a four month journey.
by 515 B.C. Ezra came to Jerusalem 7:10 Ezra vs 6,11. Notice the three
probably in 458. During this interval the aspects of Ezras life and ministry. He
events of the book of Esther took place. learned; he practiced; he taught. All three
7:1 Ezra Ezra was a priest in the family line are very important, and their order is also
of Aaron who was the first high priest of Israel important. We have all seen far too many
after the building of the tabernacle (Ex 28:1). who tried to teach without learning much
Son of in Hebrew these words, and themselves, and without practicing what they
children of, frequently mean merely taught. Compare Rom 2:17-24; 1 Tim
descendant(s) of, and many generations 1:5-7. To be and do what Ezra was and did
may have lived between the times of the one must devote oneself to them as he did.
two persons named. Here Ezra, giving his 7:12 The text of Ezra 7:12-26 is in Aramaic
own genealogy, omits names of his own in the Hebrew Old Testament.
ancestors given in 1 Chron 6:3-15. This is King of kings he called himself this
further evidence that in Hebrew son of can because he had conquered other kings and
mean grandson or other descendant further ruled over them. But there is only One who
EZRA 7:13 568
13 I issue a decree that all those of the people wisdom of your God, which is in your hand, appoint
of Israel and of their priests and Levites in my magistrates and judges who can judge all the people
realm who are willing to go up to Jerusalem, may go who are beyond the River, all those who know the
with you. 14 For you are sent by the king, and by laws of your God. And teach those who do not
his seven counsellors, to inquire concerning Judah know them. 26 And whoever will not do the law of
and Jerusalem, in accordance with the law of your your God, and the law of the king, let judgment be
God which is in your hand, 15 and to carry the executed speedily on him, whether it be for death,
silver and gold which the king and his counsellors or for banishment, or for confiscation of goods, or
have freely offered to the God of Israel, whose for imprisonment.
dwelling place is in Jerusalem, 16 and all the silver 27 Blessed be the LORD God of our fathers
and gold that you can find in all the province of who put such a thing as this in the kings heart, to
Babylon, with the freewill offering of the people beautify the house of the LORD which is in
and of the priests, offering willingly for the house Jerusalem, 28 and who has extended mercy to me
of their God in Jerusalem, 17 so that you can in the presence of the king and his counsellors, and
quickly buy with this money bulls, rams, lambs, with before all the kings mighty princes. And I was
their food offerings and their drink offerings, and strengthened because the hand of the LORD my
offer them on the altar of the house of your God God was on me, and I gathered together out of
which is in Jerusalem. Israel chief men to come up with me.
18 And whatever seems good to you, and to
your brethren, to do with the rest of the silver and
the gold, do that, according to the will of your God.
19 Also the articles that are given to you for the
8 These are now the heads of their fathers
households, and this is the genealogy of
those who came up with me from Babylon, in the
service of the house of your God, deliver them into reign of Artaxerxes the king: 2 of the sons of
the presence of the God of Jerusalem. 20 And Phinehas, Gershom; of the sons of Ithamar, Daniel;
whatever more is needed for the house of your of the sons of David, Hattush; 3 of the sons of
God, which you may have occasion to supply, Shechaniah, of the sons of Pharosh, Zechariah,
supply it out of the kings treasure house. and with him were registered a hundred and fifty
21 And I, I Artaxerxes the king, issue a decree males; 4 of the sons of Pahath-Moab, Elihoenai the
to all the treasurers who are beyond the River, son of Zerahiah, and with him two hundred males;
that whatever Ezra the priest, the scribe of the law 5 of the sons of Shechaniah, the son of Jahaziel,
of the God of heaven, requires from you, let it be and with him three hundred males; 6 and of the
done speedily, 22 up to a hundred talents of silver, sons of Adin, Ebed the son of Jonathan, and with
and a hundred measures of wheat, and a hundred him fifty males; 7 and of the sons of Elam, Jeshaiah
baths of wine and a hundred baths of oil, and salt the son of Athaliah, and with him seventy males;
without prescribing how much. 23 Whatever is 8 and of the sons of Shephatiah, Zebadiah the son
commanded by the God of heaven, let it be done of Michael, and with him fourscore males; 9 of the
diligently for the house of the God of heaven. For sons of Joab, Obadiah the son of Jehiel, and with
why should there be wrath against the realm of the him two hundred and eighteen males; 10 and of
king and his sons? 24 Also we inform you, the sons of Shelomith, the son of Josiphiah, and
concerning all of the priests and Levites, singers, with him a hundred and sixty males; 11 and of the
gatekeepers, Nethinims, and ministers of this house sons of Bebai, Zechariah the son of Bebai, and with
of God, it will not be lawful to impose tax, tribute, him twenty-eight males; 12 and of the sons of
or duty on them. Azgad, Johanan the son of Hakkatan, and with him
25 And you, Ezra, in accordance with the a hundred and ten males; 13 and of the last sons
is ruler of all the kings of earth (1 Tim 6:15; equals about 6 bushels or 220 dry liters.
Rev 1:5; 17:14; 19:16). Bath one bath equals about 22 liters.
God of heaven 1:2. These kings 7:23 6:10; 8:22. This generosity had a
used such language, but how much they motive of self-interest. This is all too often
understood the real meaning of their own the case even in Christian circles.
words, we cannot say. 7:25 The king gave considerable authority
7:14 Seven counsellors Esther 1:14. to Ezra in both religious and secular
7:20 Treasure house 6:4. It is probably matters.
that the favor shown to the Jews by the kings 7:27 Blessed be the LORD Ezra gave
of Persia can be traced partly to the influence praise to God for the way He worked in the
on them by people like Daniel, Esther, kings heart. Compare 1:1; 6:22; Prov 21:1.
Mordecai, Ezra and Nehemiah. 7:28 Mercy to me for the first time in
7:22 A hundred talents one talent equals this book Ezra speaks directly of himself.
about 34 kilograms. Hand of the LORD vs 6,9.
Measures in Hebrew kors one kor 8:1 7:7.
569 EZRA 8:36
of Adonikam, whose names are these, Eliphelet, the silver and the gold and the articles, the
Jeiel, and Shemaiah, and with them sixty males; offering for the house of our God, which the king
14 and of the sons of Bigvai, Uthai, and Zabbud, and his counsellors and his lords, and all Israel there
and with them seventy males. present, had offered. 26 I weighed out into their
15 And I gathered them together at the river hands six hundred and fifty talents of silver, and
that flows toward Ahava, and for three days we silver articles weighing a hundred talents, and one
stayed there in tents. And I looked among the hundred talents of gold, 27 and twenty gold basins
people and the priests, and found there none of worth a thousand drachmas, and two articles of
the sons of Levi. 16 Then I sent for Eliezer, for fine bronze, precious as gold.
Ariel, for Shemaiah and for Elnathan and for Jarib 28 And I said to them, You are holy to the
and for Elnathan and for Nathan and for Zechariah LORD. The articles are also holy, and the silver
and for Meshullam, chief men, and for Joiarib and and the gold are a freewill offering to the LORD
for Elnathan, men of understanding. 17 And I sent God of your fathers. 29 Watch and keep them,
them with an order to Iddo the chief at the place until you weigh them in the presence of the chief
Casiphia, and I told them what they should say to priests and the Levites, and heads of the fathers
Iddo, and to his brethren the Nethinims, at the households of Israel, at Jerusalem, in the chambers
place Casiphia, that they should bring to us ministers of the house of the LORD. 30 So the priests and
for the house of our God. 18 And by the good the Levites took the weighed silver and the gold
hand of our God on us they brought us a man of and the articles to bring them to Jerusalem to the
understanding, of the sons of Mahli, the son of house of our God.
Levi, the son of Israel, namely Sherebiah, with his 31 Then we set out from the river of Ahava on
sons and his brethren, eighteen men; 19 and the twelfth day of the first month, to go to Jerusa-
Hashabiah, and with him Jeshaiah of the sons of lem, and the hand of our God was on us, and he
Merari, his brethren and their sons, twenty men; delivered us from the hand of the enemy and of
20 also of the Nethinims, whom David and the princes those who lie in wait along the way. 32 And we
had appointed for the service of the Levites, two came to Jerusalem, and stayed there three days.
hundred and twenty Nethinims. All of them were 33 Now on the fourth day the silver and the
designated by name. gold and the articles were weighed in the house of
21 Then I proclaimed a fast there, at the river our God by the hand of Meremoth, the son of Uriah
of Ahava, that we might humble ourselves before the priest; and with him was Eleazar the son of
our God, to seek from him a right way for us, and Phinehas; and with them were Jozabad the son of
for our little ones, and for all our substance. 22 For Jeshua and Noadiah the son of Binnui, Levites.
I was ashamed to ask the king for a band of 34 Everything was accounted for by number and
soldiers and horsemen to help us against the by weight, and the whole weight was written down
enemy in the way, because we had spoken to the at that time.
king, saying, The hand of our God is on all those 35 Also the offspring of those who had been
who seek him, bringing good, but his power and his carried away, who had come from the captivity,
wrath are against all those who forsake him. offered burnt offerings to the God of Israel: twelve
23 So we fasted and prayed to our God for this, bulls for all Israel, ninety-six rams, seventy-seven
and he heard our prayer. lambs, twelve he-goats as a sin offering. All this
24 Then I separated twelve of the leading was a burnt offering to the LORD. 36 And they
priests, Sherebiah, Hashabiah, and ten of their delivered the kings orders to the kings
brethren with them, 25 and weighed out to them lieutenants, and to the governors on this side of
8:15 Ahava a place in Babylonia. River expression of doubt that God would protect
here may mean a canal that was connected them.
with either the Euphrates or Tigris river. 8:23 Ps 65:2.
8:21 Fast Jud 20:26; 1 Sam 7:6; 8:29 Watch and keep them anyone
2 Chron 20:3; Neh 9:1; Esther 4:3; entrusted with anything belonging to God
Ps 69:10; Joel 1:14; 2:15. should be more careful to guard it than to
8:22 There are possible dangers lurking guard things belonging to himself. Alas,
every time a child of God makes a journey. that often in Christian circles things and
It is a wise thing to commit every journey to money offered to God are misused,
God and pray for His protection. Compare neglected, or even stolen by those who have
Ps 20:7; 33:17-19; 34:15,22; 118:6,7; the oversight of them.
Rom 8:31. Ezras life matched the 8:31 Hand of our God 7:6,9,28.
principles he preached. He was concerned 8:33 8:26,30.
that he should have a consistent testimony 8:35 Notes on offerings at Leviticus
before others. He saw that asking the king chapters 1-4.
for protectors for the journey would be an 8:36 7:21-24.
EZRA 9:1 570
the River. And they gave assistance to the this day our guilt has been great, and for our evil
people and to the house of God. deeds we, our kings and our priests, have been
handed over to the kings of the lands, to the sword,
9 Now when these things had been done, the
leaders came to me, saying, The people of
Israel, and the priests, and the Levites, have not
to captivity, and to be like plunder, and to confusion
of face, as it is this day.
8 And now for a little while grace has been
separated themselves from the people of the lands, showed from the LORD our God, to leave us a
behaving according to their abominations, those remnant to escape, and to give us a nail in his holy
of the Canaanites, the Hittites, the Perizzites, the place, that our God may give light to our eyes, and
Jebusites, the Ammonites, the Moabites, the give us a little reviving in our bondage. 9 For we
Egyptians, and the Amorites. 2 For they have were slaves, yet our God did not forsake us in our
taken some of their daughters as wives for bondage, but has extended mercy to us in the
themselves, and for their sons, so that the holy sight of the kings of Persia, to give us a reviving, to
race has mingled with the people of those lands. raise up the house of our God and to repair its
Yes, the leaders and rulers have been foremost in desolations, and to give us a wall in Judah and in
putting their hand to this trespass. Jerusalem.
3 And when I heard this matter, I tore my 10 And now, O our God, what shall we say
garment and my cloak, and plucked out the hair of after this? For we have forsaken your command-
my head and of my beard, and sat down appalled. ments, 11 which you commanded by your servants
4 Then everyone who trembled at the words of the the prophets, saying, The land which you are going
God of Israel gathered around me, because of the to possess is an unclean land with the filthiness of
transgression of those who had been exiled, and I the people of the lands, with their abominations.
sat appalled until the evening sacrifice. They have filled it from one end to another with
5 And at the evening sacrifice I got up from my their uncleanness. 12 Now, therefore, do not give
humiliation, with my clothes and my cloak torn, and your daughters to their sons, or take their
I fell on my knees and spread out my hands to the daughters for your sons, or seek their peace or
LORD my God, 6 and said, their wealth at any time, so that you may be strong,
O my God, I am ashamed and blush to raise my and eat the good of the land, and leave it as an
face to you, my God, for our evil deeds have risen inheritance to your children forever.
over our head, and our trespass has grown up to 13 And after all that has come on us for our
the heavens. 7 From the days of our fathers to evil deeds and for our great trespass, since you,
9:1 Not separated Ex 19:5,6; Lev with the people in their sin. Compare
18:24-30; 20:7,23. Neh 9:6-38; Isa 64:5-7; Jer 3:25. He
9:2 Wives Ex 34:15,16; Deut 7:3-6. did not stand aloof and condemn them. We
Israel was called to be a distinct, separate can learn something of true intercession
people, a holy race, whose holiness of life from this prayer.
would be in marked contrast to the sinful 9:6 Ashamed Jer 3:25; 31:19; Dan
life style of the world around. The same is 9:7. Contrast Jer 3:3; 6:15; Zeph 3:5;
true of believers now (2 Cor 6:14-18; 1 Pet 1 Cor 5:2. See Ps 51:17.
2:9). The tragedy is that so often those 9:7 Fathers 2 Chron 29:6; Ps 106:6-43;
who profess to know the Lord want to be the Jer 2:27; Ezek 23:35.
same as everyone else, to fit into godless Handed over to 2 Chron 36:15-20.
society instead of being a witness for God Ezra was afraid the same thing might
and His holy character. This compromise happen again if the people were not willing
with the fallen world is seen not only in Ezras to obey God.
time but in many places in Scripture, and is 9:8 Grace Ex 34:6,7. Remnant v 4.
only too evident in the churches today. Light Ps 4:6; 13:3; 19:8; 36:9.
9:3 Gen 37:34; Josh 7:6; Jud 11:35; 2 Sam 9:9 Slaves Neh 9:36. They were not
13:19. The depth of Ezras love for God slaves put to hard labor, but they were under
and His people is seen here. Those who are the kings of Persia and unable to have their
closest to God will be most alarmed by sin. own king or to handle their own affairs
Compare Ps 119:136. Ezra knew that a con- without supervision from them.
tinued refusal to be a separate people and Kings of Persia all of them from Cyrus
to follow Gods laws would mean punishment to Artaxerxes showed favor to the Jews.
for the people and dishonor to Gods name. 9:10-12 Lev 18:24-27; Deut 7:3,4; 9:4;
9:4 Trembled Ps 119:120; Isa 66:2. 11:8,9.
In all times God has His remnant through 9:13 Deserve they had been punished
whom His purposes are worked out. See with famine and sword, and great destruc-
v 8; 1 Kings 19:30; Isa 1:9; etc. tion of their land and cities and people, and
9:5 Sacrifice Ex 29:41. with bondage in a foreign country. Yet in
9:6-15 Although guiltless in the matter that Ezras eyes this was less than they deserved.
so appalled him, Ezra identified himself This is a truth the spiritually wise among
571 EZRA 10:15
our God, have punished us less than our evil deeds food nor drank water, for he was grieving because
deserve, and have given us such deliverance as of the transgression of the exiles.
this, 14 should we again break your command- 7 And they made a proclamation throughout
ments, and join in marriage with the people of Judah and Jerusalem to all the children of the
these abominations? Would you not be angry with captivity, that they should assemble at Jerusalem,
us till you had consumed us, so that there would 8 and that whoever would not come within three
be no remnant or survivor? 15 O LORD God of days, in accordance with the counsel of the
Israel, you are righteous, for we remain as a leaders and the elders, all his property would be
remnant, as it is this day. See, we are before forfeited, and he would be separated from the
you in our trespasses, for we cannot stand before congregation of the exiles.
you because of this. 9 Then all the men of Judah and Benjamin
gathered together at Jerusalem within three days.
10 Now when Ezra had prayed, and when he
had confessed, weeping and throwing
himself down before the house of God, a very great
It was the ninth month, on the twentieth day of
the month, and all the people were sitting in the
square before the house of God, trembling because
congregation out of Israel, of men and women and of this matter, and because of a heavy rain.
children, gathered around him, for the people wept 10 And Ezra the priest stood up and said to them,
bitterly. 2 And Shechaniah the son of Jehiel, one You have transgressed, and have taken foreign
of the sons of Elam, answered and said to Ezra, wives, increasing the trespass of Israel. 11 Now,
We have trespassed against our God, and have therefore, make confession to the LORD God of
taken foreign wives of the people of the land. Yet your fathers, and do what pleases him, and
now, in spite of this, there is hope for Israel. separate yourselves from the people of the land
3 Now, therefore, let us make a covenant with our and from the foreign wives.
God to put away all the wives, and those who have 12 Then all the congregation answered and said
been born to them, according to the counsel of my with a loud voice, We must do as you have said.
master and of those who tremble at the command- 13 But the people are many, and it is the rainy
ment of our God, and let it be done according to season, and we are not able to stand outside. And
the law. 4 Arise! For this matter is your respon- this is not the work of a day or two, for there are
sibility. We also will be with you. Be courageous, many of us who have transgressed in this matter.
and do it. 14 Let now our rulers, of the whole congregation,
5 Then Ezra got up, and made the chief priests, stand, and let all those in our cities who have
the Levites, and all Israel, swear that they would married foreign wives come at appointed times,
do according to this word. And they swore. and with them the elders of each city and its judges,
6 Then Ezra rose up from before the house of God, until the fierce wrath of our God for this matter is
and went into the room of Johanan the son of turned away from us. 15 Only Jonathan the son
Eliashib. And when he went there, he neither ate of Asahel and Jahaziah the son of Tikvah opposed
men will understand (Ps 103:10). Those work in the peoples hearts and for them to
who are spiritually blind will put the blame say what was in their minds. He knew that
for mans sufferings on God and think God nothing of spiritual value could be done
is unjust to punish men for their sins. unless the people were with him.
9:14 Marriage Neh 13:23-27. Marriage Hope there is always hope for those
between believers and unbelievers is who will repent and turn to God with their
contrary to Gods Word and is a very serious whole heart 2 Chron 7:14; Isa 55:7.
matter indeed. 10:5 Swear 2 Chron 15:12-15; Neh
Angry Deut 7:4; 11:16,17; 29:26- 5:12; 13:25.
28; Josh 23:16; Jud 2:20. Notes at Num 10:6 Water Deut 9:18; Ps 42:3; Jonah
25:3; Ps 90:7-11; etc. 3:7.
9:15 Righteous a truth taught every- 10:7,8 Because of the influence of Ezras
where in the Bible Gen 18:25; Deut 4:8; teaching, example, and prayers, the leaders
1 Sam 12:7; 2 Chron 12:6; Ps 4:1; 51:4; of the Jews acted as they should have to
129:4; 145:17; Isa 24:16; Jer 12:1; put away that evil from the people. Ezras
Rom 3:25; Rev 15:3,4; 16:7. method accomplished more than a show of
We cannot stand before you because of authority on his part would have done.
this compare Ps 51:1-6; Isa 6:5; Jer 10:9 Rain perhaps it was also cold, since
3:25. Contrast this attitude with the one the Jewish ninth month (includes parts of
seen in Luke 18:9-12. November and December) is the beginning
10:1 Ezra felt deeply the sin of the people of the cold season in Israel.
and the danger that could come to them 10:10,11 Ezra came to the point immedi-
because of it. And he wanted them to un- ately. Compare Isa 58:1. Such teachers and
derstand the seriousness of the situation. preachers are needed in every generation.
10:2 Ezra waited for repentance to have its 10:12-14 When leaders take an open stand
EZRA 10:16 572
this, and Meshullam and Shabbethai the Levite 25 And others of Israel: of the sons of Parosh,
supported them. Ramiah and Jeziah and Malchiah and Miamin and
16 And the exiles did as agreed. And Ezra the Eleazar and Malchijah and Benaiah; 26 and of the
priest, with some heads of the fathers households, sons of Elam, Mattaniah, Zechariah and Jehiel and
for each of their fathers households, and all of Abdi and Jeremoth and Eliah; 27 and of the sons of
them by their names, were separated and sat Zattu, Elioenai, Eliashib, Mattaniah and Jeremoth
down on the first day of the tenth month to examine and Zabad and Aziza; 28 of the sons also of Bebai,
the matter. 17 And they finished dealing with all Jehohanan, Hananiah, Zabbai and Athlai; 29 and
the men who had taken foreign wives by the first of the sons of Bani, Meshullam, Malluch and Adaiah,
day of the first month. Jashub and Sheal and Ramoth; 30 and of the sons
18 And among the sons of the priests there of Pahath-Moab, Adna and Chelal, Benaiah,
were found those who had married foreign wives; Maaseiah, Mattaniah, Bezaleel and Binnui and
namely, of the sons of Jeshua, the son of Jozadab Manasseh; 31 and of the sons of Harim, Eliezer,
and his brothers Maaseiah, and Eliezer and Jarib Ishijah, Malchiah, Shemaiah, Shimeon, 32 Ben-
and Gedaliah. jamin, Malluch and Shemariah; 33 of the sons of
19 And they gave their hands in pledge that Hashum, Mattenai, Mattathah, Zabad, Eliphelet,
they would put away their wives, and since they Jeremai, Manasseh and Shimei; 34 of the sons of
were guilty, they offered a ram from the flock for Bani, Maadai, Amram and Uel, 35 Benaiah, Bedeiah,
their trespass. Chelluh, 36 Vaniah, Meremoth, Eliashib,
20 And of the sons of Immer, Hanani and 37 Mattaniah, Mattenai and Jaasau, 38 and Bani
Zebadiah; 21 and of the sons of Harim, Maaseiah and Binnui, Shimei, 39 and Shelemiah and Nathan
and Elijah and Shemaiah and Jehiel and Uzziah; and Adaiah, 40 Machnadebai, Shashai, Sharai,
22 and of the sons of Pashur, Elioenai, Maaseiah, 41 Azareel and Shelemiah, Shemariah, 42 Shallum,
Ishmael, Nethaneel, Jozabad and Elasah; 23 also Amariah and Joseph; 43 of the sons of Nebo,
of the Levites: Jozabad and Shimei and Kelaiah (he Jeiel, Mattithiah, Zabad, Zebina, Jadau and Joel,
is the same as Kelita), Pethahiah, Judah, and Benaiah.
Eliezer; 44 All of these had married foreign wives, and
24 Of the singers also: Eliashib. And of the some of them had wives by whom they had
gatekeepers: Shallum and Telem and Uri. children.
against evil the results are often good. 10:19 Trespass notes at Leviticus chapter 5.
NEHEMIAH
Author:
According to ancient Jewish tradition Ezra wrote this book, but the first verse has the words of
Nehemiah. If Ezra wrote down this book in its present form, it is clear that he used information that
came from Nehemiah.
Date:
About 430 BC.
Themes:
The rebuilding of the walls of Jerusalem; the opposition faced by the Jews and how they overcome
it; the leadership of Nehemiah and Ezra and their efforts to teach the people and train them in true
godliness.
Contents:
Nehemiahs sorrow over Jerusalem and his prayer ........................................... 1:1-11
The king of Persia sends Nehemiah to Jerusalem .............................................. 2:1-10
Nehemiah inspects the walls of Jerusalem ....................................................... 2:11-16
Let us build ............................................................................................... 2:17,18
The beginning of opposition ........................................................................... 2:19,20
Repairers of the wall and gates ..................................................................... 3:1-32
Further opposition and how Nehemiah met it ................................................... 4:1-23
The plight of the poor, Nehemiahs actions ...................................................... 5:1-19
Opposition continues, Nehemiahs behavior ..................................................... 6:1-14
The wall completed ....................................................................................... 6:15-19
Arrangements to protect Jerusalem ............................................................... 7:1-3
Nehemiah discovers the list of the returned exiles ............................................ 7:4-73
Ezra reads Gods laws to the people ............................................................... 8:1-12
Festival of Tabernacles ................................................................................. 8:13-18
The Jews confess their sins ........................................................................... 9:1-3
A prayer remembering the Lords great deeds ................................................. 9:5-37
A covenant in writing .................................................................................... 9:38 - 10:39
New residents in Jerusalem and Judah ............................................................ 11:1-36
List of priests and Levites .............................................................................. 12:1-26
Dedication of the wall of Jerusalem ................................................................ 12:27-43
Temple offerings and services ........................................................................ 12:44-47
What happened during Nehemiahs absence .................................................... 13:1-9
Nehemiahs reforms ...................................................................................... 13:10-31
NEHEMIAH 1:1 574
1 The words of Nehemiah the son of Hachaliah.
And it came about in the month Kislev, in the
twentieth year, as I was in Shushan the palace,
transgress, I will scatter you among the nations,
9 but if you turn to me, and keep my command-
ments, and do them, even though some of you
2 that Hanani, one of my brethren, came, he and were driven to the uttermost part of the heavens,
some men of Judah; and I asked them concerning yet I would gather them from there and bring them
the Jews who had escaped, who survived the to the place that I have chosen to cause my name
captivity, and concerning Jerusalem. to dwell.
3 And they said to me, The survivors who are 10 Now these are your servants and your
left from the captivity there in the province are in people, whom you have redeemed by your great
great distress and reproach. Also the wall of power and by your strong hand. 11 O Lord, I beg
Jerusalem is broken down, and its gates are burned you, now let your ear be attentive to the prayer of
with fire. your servant, and to the prayer of your servants
4 And it happened when I heard these words, who desire to fear your name, and make, I pray
that I sat down and wept, and mourned for some you, your servant successful this day, and grant
days, and fasted and prayed before the God of him mercy in the sight of this man.
heaven, 5 and said, For I was the kings cupbearer.
I beg you, O LORD God of heaven, the great
and awesome God, who keeps covenant and mercy
for those who love him and observe his command-
ments, 6 let your ear now be attentive, and your
2 And it happened in the month Nisan, in the
twentieth year of Artaxerxes the king, that
wine was before him, and I took up the wine and
eyes open, that you may hear the prayer of your gave it to the king. Now before this I had not
servant, which I pray before you now, day and been sad in his presence.
night, for your servants the children of Israel, and 2 Therefore the king said to me, Why is your
confess the sins of the children of Israel, which we face sad, since you are not sick? This is nothing
have committed against you. Both I and my fathers but sorrow of heart.
household have sinned. 7 We have dealt very Then I was very much afraid, 3 and said to the
corruptly against you, and have not kept the king, May the king live forever. Why should my
commandments or the statutes or the judgments face not be sad, when the city, the place of the
which you commanded your servant Moses. tombs of my fathers, lies waste and its gates have
8 Remember, I beg you, the word that you been consumed by fire?
commanded your servant Moses, saying, If you 4 Then the king said to me, What do
1:1 Nehemiah this name means 1:9 Uttermost part of the heavens this
Jehovah comforts. is a proper translation of the Hebrew.
Twentieth year the twentieth year of Compare Matt 24:31. The phrase does not
Artaxerxes king of Persia 445 B.C. Kislev mean somewhere up in the sky, but has
in the Jewish calendar included parts of to do with the far places of the earth.
November and December. Gather Deut 30:1-5; Jer 23:3; Ezek
Shushan the principal city of the 20:34,41.
province of Elam in southwest Persia (Iran). My name 1 Kings 8:48.
The palace or it could be translated 1:10 Ex 32:11; Deut 9:29; 32:9. Even
the capital. though Gods people fail, they are still His
1:3 2 Kings 25:8-10; Ezra 4:12-23. This people.
meant the people in Jerusalem were 1:11 Fear your name notes at Gen
exposed to attack from their enemies on 20:11; Ps 34:11-14; 111:10; Prov 1:7.
all sides. This man he means the emperor
1:4 Ezra 9:3; 10:1,6; Jer 9:1; 13:17; 14:17; whom he served. God can and does work in
Luke 19:41; Acts 20:19. Often they will weep the minds and hearts of others in answer to
most who care most for the Word of God. prayer.
1:5 Awesome 4:14; Deut 7:21; 10:17; Cupbearer the monarchs of the
Ps 47:2. The KJV has terrible here a ancient world were often in danger of being
word that conveys the wrong meaning to poisoned. The cupbearer had to be a man
many readers today. who was completely trustworthy. Perhaps
Love Ex 34:6,7; Deut 7:9; Dan 9:4. one of Nehemiahs duties was to taste any
1:6 Day and night as v 4, this verse drink before it was handed to the king to
shows the intensity of his concern. Compare see whether it was safe to drink.
Ps 42:3; 88:1; Luke 2:37; 1 Thess 2:2 Afraid handing wine to the king with
3:10; 1 Tim 5:5; 2 Tim 1:3. a sad face could have been misunderstood
Confess Ezra 9:6,7; Jer 3:25; Dan (1:11).
9:4-6. 2:3 City 1:2,3.
1:7 Corruptly Ps 106:6. 2:4 Prayed Nehemiah was a man of
You commanded Ex 20:1; etc. prayer (1:4; 4:4,9; 5:19; 6:9,14;
1:8 Lev 26:33; Deut 28:63-67. 13:14,22,29,31). Even in conversation with
575 NEHEMIAH 2:20
you request? the animal that I rode on.
So I prayed to the God of heaven. 5 And I said 13 And I went out at night by the Gate of the
to the king, If it pleases the king, and if your Valley, toward the Dragon Well and to the Refuse
servant has found favour in your sight, that you Gate, and inspected the walls of Jerusalem which
would send me to Judah, to the city of my fathers were broken down, and its gates which were
tombs, that I may build it. consumed by fire. 14 Then I went on to the Gate
6 And the king said to me (the queen also was of the Fountain and to the Kings Pool, but there
sitting by him), How long will your journey be? was no room for the animal under me to get
And when will you return? So it pleased the king to through. 15 Then I went up at night by the brook,
send me. And I set him a time. and viewed the wall, and turned back and entered
7 Moreover, I said to the king, If it pleases the by the Gate of the Valley, and so returned. 16 And
king, let letters be given me to the governors the rulers did not know where I went, or what I did;
beyond the River, that they may allow me to pass nor had I as yet told it to the Jews or to the priests
through until I come to Judah, 8 and a letter to or to the nobles or to the rulers or to the rest who
Asaph, the keeper of the kings forest, that he may did the work.
give me timber to make beams for the gates of the 17 Then I said to them, You see the distress
citadel which is by the house, and for the wall of that we are in, how Jerusalem lies waste, and its
the city, and for the house that I will occupy. And gates burned by fire. Come, and let us build up the
the king granted me my requests, in accordance wall of Jerusalem, so that we are no longer an
with the good hand of my God on me. 9 Then I object of reproach. 18 Then I told them of the
went to the governors beyond the River and gave hand of my God who had been gracious to me, and
them the kings letters. Now the king had sent also the kings words that he had spoken to me.
captains of the army and horsemen with me. And they said, Let us rise up and build. So
10 When Sanballat the Horonite, and Tobiah they put their hands to this good work.
the Ammonite, a servant of the king, heard of it, it 19 But when Sanballat the Horonite, and Tobiah
grieved them exceedingly that a man had come to the Ammonite, a servant of the king, and Geshem
seek the welfare of the children of Israel. the Arabian, heard it, they laughed at us and
11 So I came to Jerusalem, and was there scorned us and despised us, and said, What is
three days. 12 And I arose in the night, I and this thing that you are doing? Are you rebelling
some few men with me. I did not tell anyone against the king?
what my God had put in my heart to do at Jerusa- 20 Then I answered them and said to them,
lem; nor was there any animal with me, except The God of heaven will give us success. Therefore
others he spoke in his heart to God an the Jews in Judah to become strong and
example we all would be wise to follow. weaken their own influence and authority.
2:5 Build the temple had been completed 2:12-16 Nehemiah wanted to see what
seventy years before (Ezra 6:15). But the needed to be done before attempting to
walls and the city of Jerusalem remained in speak or start the work compare vs 7,8.
a ruined condition. Dragon (v 13) the Hebrew word here
2:7,8 Nehemiah was a man of foresight, and seems to have several meanings, and could
careful planning. He had obviously consid- be translated Jackal or Serpent or Fig
ered beforehand what was involved in the or Sea monster.
project and he was ready to see it through 2:17 Lies waste most of Jerusalem had
to the end. Compare Luke 14:28,29. remained in ruins since its destruction in 586
2:7 Beyond the River in the area B.C., 140 years previously. The Jews after
between the Euphrates river and the their return from Babylon had been there
Mediterranean Sea. for more than ninety years, but had been
2:8 The house the temple. unable to rebuild the walls and the city. Per-
King Prov 21:1. At this time the king haps they despaired of ever being able to
appointed Nehemiah governor of the Jews do so until Nehemiah came with authority
in Jerusalem and Judah 5:14. from the Persian king and encouraged them.
Good hand of my God v 18; Ezra 2:18 Verse 8.
7:6; 8:22. 2:19 Geshem probably an official of
2:9 Compare Ezra 8:22. This does not mean the strong Arab power east and south of
Nehemiah had no faith in Gods protection. Jerusalem.
Nehemiah had not spoken as Ezra had, and Laughed, scorned a weapon the
he was traveling as an official of the king. ungodly often use against Gods servants
2:10 Sanballat there is evidence apart (2 Kings 2:23; 2 Chron 30:10; 36:16;
from the Bible that Sanballat was the Ps 22:7; 44:13; Matt 27:29; Luke 23:36;
governor of Samaria at that time. Tobiah 2 Pet 3:3; Jude 18).
was a servant of the king, that is, an 2:20 Success Rom 8:31.
official, probably the governor of an area You have no portion the land of
east of the Jordan river. They did not want Canaan, with all its cities, was given to the
NEHEMIAH 3:1 576
we his servants will arise and build, but you have 14 But Malchiah the son of Rechab, the ruler of
no portion or right or memorial in Jerusalem. part of Beth-Hakkerem, repaired the Refuse Gate.
He built it and set up its doors, its locks, and its
3 Then Eliashib the high priest rose up with his
brethren the priests, and they built the Sheep
Gate. They dedicated it and set up its doors. They
bars.
15 But Shallun the son of Colhozeh, the ruler of
a district of Mizpah, repaired the Fountain Gate.
built and dedicated the wall to the Tower of Meah, He built it and covered it and set up its doors, its
to the Tower of Hananeel. 2 And next to him the locks, and its bars. And he repaired the wall of the
men of Jericho built. And next to them Zaccur the Pool of Siloah by the kings garden, and the steps
son of Imri built. that go down from the City of David. 16 Beyond
3 But the sons of Hassenaah built the Fish Gate. him Nehemiah the son of Azbuk, the ruler of half of
They also laid its beams and set up its doors, its the district of Beth-Zur, made repairs to the place
locks, and its bars. 4 And next to them Meremoth opposite the Tombs of David, and to the artificial
the son of Urijah, the son of Koz, made repairs. pool, and to the House of the Mighty.
And next to them Meshullam the son of Berechiah, 17 Beyond him the Levite Rehum the son of Bani
the son of Meshezabeel made repairs. And next to made repairs. Next to him Hashabiah, the ruler of
them Zadok the son of Baana made repairs. 5 And half the district of Keilah, made repairs for his
next to them the Tekoites made repairs, but their district. 18 Beyond him their brethren, Bavai the
nobles did not put their necks to the work of their son of Henadad, the ruler of half the district of
Lord. Keilah, made repairs. 19 And next to him Ezer the
6 Moreover, Jehoiada the son of Paseah, and son of Jeshua, the ruler of Mizpah, repaired
Meshullam the son of Besodeiah repaired the Old another section opposite the ascent to the armoury
Gate. They laid its beams, and set up its doors and where the wall turns. 20 Beyond him Baruch the
its locks and its bars. 7 And next to them Melatiah son of Zabbai carefully repaired the other section,
the Gibeonite and Jadon the Meronothite, the men from where the wall turns to the door of the house
of Gibeon and of Mizpah, made repairs to the place of Eliashib the high priest. 21 Beyond him Meremoth
of the throne of the governor on this side of the the son of Urijah the son of Koz repaired another
River. 8 Next to him Uzziel the son of Harhaiah, of section, from the door of the house of Eliashib to
the goldsmiths, made repairs. And next to him the far side of the house of Eliashib.
Hananiah, the son of one of the perfumers, made 22 And beyond him the priests, the men of the
repairs, and they fortified Jerusalem to the Broad plain, made repairs. 23 Beyond him Benjamin and
Wall. 9 And next to them Rephaiah the son of Hur, Hashub made repairs opposite their house. Beyond
the ruler of half of the district of Jerusalem, made him Azariah the son of Maaseiah the son of Ananiah
repairs. 10 And next to them Jedaiah the son of made repairs by his house. 24 Beyond him Binnui
Harumaph, made repairs opposite his house. And the son of Henadad repaired another section, from
next to him Hattush the son of Hashabniah made the house of Azariah to the place where the wall
repairs. 11 Malchijah the son of Harim, and Hashub turns, as far as the corner. 25 Palal the son of Uzai
the son of Pahath-Moab, repaired another section made repairs opposite the place where the wall
and the Tower of the Furnaces. 12 And next to him turns, and on to the tower which projects out from
Shallum the son of Halohesh, the ruler of half of the kings upper house that was by the court of
the district of Jerusalem, made repairs, he and his the prison. Beyond him Pedaiah the son of Parosh
daughters. made repairs. 26 Moreover, the Nethinims who lived
13 Hanun and the inhabitants of Zanoah re- in Ophel made repairs to the place opposite the
paired the Valley Gate. They built it, and set up its water gate toward the east, and on to the tower
doors, its locks, and its bars, and repaired a thou- that projects out. 27 Beyond them the Tekoites
sand cubits on the wall as far as the Refuse Gate. repaired another section, opposite the great tower
Jews by God as a permanent possession 3:5 Nobles evidently they thought that
(Gen 17:8; Josh 1:2-6). Because of sin manual labor was beneath their dignity.
they had lost possession temporarily, but it Their pride cost them the privilege of taking
was still theirs. part in a humble but important work of God.
3:1 All classes of people had a part in the If we are too proud to perform the lowliest
work priests (v 1), goldsmiths and task for God we are too proud to be of much
perfume-makers (v 8), rulers and women use in any work of God (though we may think
(v 12), Levites (v 17), merchants (v 32). So otherwise and see what we call success). See
among believers now there is a place for each the example of the Lord Jesus in John
one in the work of God 1 Cor 12:7-11. 13:3-5. See also Acts 18:3; 20:34,35.
3:2 Jericho much of the work was done 3:15 Siloah Siloam.
by those from towns other than Jerusalem 3:27 The men of Tekoa repaired two
vs 5,7,13,17,18. sections of the wall while their nobles
577 NEHEMIAH 4:16
that projects out, on to the Wall of Ophel. joined together up to half its height, for the people
28 The priests made repairs from above the had a mind to work.
Horse Gate, each opposite his house. 29 Beyond 7 But it happened that when Sanballat and
them Zadok the son of Immer made repairs Tobiah, and the Arabians and the Ammonites and
opposite his house. And beyond him Shemaiah the the Ashdodites, heard that the walls of Jerusalem
son of Shechaniah, the guard at the east gate, were being restored and that the gaps were be-
made repairs. 30 Beyond him Hananiah the son of ginning to be closed, they were very angry, 8 and
Shelemiah and Hanun the sixth son of Zalaph all of them together made a plot to come and fight
repaired another section. Beyond him Meshullam against Jerusalem and to disturb it. 9 Neverthe-
the son of Berechiah made repairs opposite his less, we made our prayer to our God, and because
chamber. 31 Beyond him Malchiah, the goldsmiths of them, set a guard against them day and night.
son, made repairs to the Place of the Nethinims, 10 And Judah said, The strength of the
and of the merchants, opposite the Miphkad Gate, labourers is failing, and there is much rubble, so
and as far as the upper room at the corner. 32 And that we are not able to build the wall.
between the upper room at the corner and the 11 And our adversaries said, They will not know
Sheep Gate the goldsmiths and the merchants made or see till we come into the midst of them and kill
repairs. them and stop the work.
12 And it happened when the Jews who lived
4 But it happened that when Sanballat heard
we were building the wall, he was angry and
enraged, and mocked the Jews. 2 And he spoke in
near them came, that they told us ten times, They
will attack you every place where you may turn.
13 Therefore I placed men in the low places
the presence of his brothers and the army of behind the wall and on the high places. I placed
Samaria, and said, What are these feeble Jews the people according to their families with their
doing? Are they going to fortify themselves? Will swords, their spears, and their bows. 14 And I
they offer sacrifices? Will they finish in a day? Will looked around and got up and said to the nobles
they restore the stones from the burned heaps of and to the rulers and to the rest of the people, Do
rubble? not be afraid of them. Remember the Lord, who is
3 Now Tobiah the Ammonite was with him, and great and awe-inspiring, and fight for your
he said, Even if a fox goes up on what they are brethren, your sons and your daughters, your
building, it would break down their stone wall. wives and your houses.
4 Hear, O our God, for we are despised; and 15 And it came about, when our enemies heard
turn their reproach back on their own head, and that it was known to us, and that God had brought
give them as prey in the land of captivity, 5 and do their counsel to nothing, that all of us returned to
not cover their wickedness and do not let their sin the wall, each one to his work.
be blotted out from your presence. For they have 16 And from that time on, it happened that half
provoked you to anger in the presence of the of my servants worked on the job, and the other
builders. half of them held the spears, the shields, the bows,
6 So we built the wall, and the whole wall was and armour. And the rulers stood behind the whole
refused to do anything (v 5). within. Compare 2 Cor 7:5.
3:32 Sheep Gate this completed the wall 4:14 Do not be afraid Ex 14:13; Num
(v 1). Altogether there were ten gates. 14:9; Josh 1:9; John 14:1; Heb 13:6.
4:1 Sanballat 2:10. Mocked 2:19. Remember the Lord Deut 7:18; Ps
4:4,5 For note and references on similar 105:5-7; 2 Tim 2:8. Remembering God
prayers against enemies see Ps 35:8. and His grace and power is a great aid to
Opposing a work of God is a very serious faith and hope.
matter. But observe that Nehemiah himself 4:15 Brought. . .to nothing the faith and
did not act against his enemies, but left the action of Nehemiah is what God used to
matter in Gods hands. frustrate the plans of the enemy. Very often
4:5 Jer 18:23. the faith of one leader is enough to turn
4:7 Ashdod was one of the old cities of the the tide of discouragement and lead on to
Philistines which had come under the rule victory.
of the Persians. Opposition to the Jews 4:16-18 The picture here suggests two as-
increased on all sides. pects of the Christians life on earth work
4:8 Ps 2:1,2; 83:1-8. and spiritual warfare (1 Cor 3:10; 15:58;
4:9 They did not pray without posting a Eph 6:10-12; 1 Tim 6:12; 2 Tim 4:7).
guard, or post a guard without praying. They These go on simultaneously. We would
did their part and looked to God to do His gladly work without the warfare, but our
part an example to us all. enemies will not let us alone, just as the
4:10-12 Growing opposition from without, Jews enemies would not let them alone.
growing weakness and discouragement Compare Ps 120:7.
NEHEMIAH 4:17 578
house of Judah. 17 Those who were building on 4 There were also those who said, We have
the wall and those who carried burdens, each took borrowed money for the kings tax on our lands
the load with one of his hands and did the work, and vineyards. 5 Yet now our flesh is as the flesh
and with the other hand held a weapon. 18 For of our brethren, our children as their children, and,
each one of the builders wore his sword at his side look, we are bringing our sons and our daughters
as he built. And the trumpeter was with me. into bondage to become servants; and some of
19 And I said to the nobles and to the rulers and our daughters are brought into bondage already.
to the rest of the people, The work is great and Nor is it in our power to redeem them, for other
spread out, and we are separated on the wall, one men have our lands and vineyards.
far from another. 20 Therefore wherever you 6 And I was very angry when I heard their
hear the sound of the trumpet, rally to us there. outcry and these words. 7 Then I controlled my
Our God will fight for us. inner feelings, and I rebuked the nobles and rulers
21 So we laboured in the work. And half of and said to them, Every one of you is exacting
them held the spears from the rising of the morning usury from his brother. And I held a great assembly
till the stars appeared. 22 At the same time I also against them. 8 And I said to them, According to
said to the people, Let everyone with his servant our ability we have redeemed our Jewish
stay inside Jerusalem, so that they can be a guard brethren who were sold to the nations, and will you
to us by night, and work by day. 23 So neither I, even sell your brethren so that they have to be
nor my brethren, nor my servants, nor the guards sold back to us? Then they kept silent, and found
who were with me, none of us, removed our clothes, no answer.
except that everyone removed them for washing. 9 I also said, What you are doing is not good.
Because of the reproach of our enemy nations
5 And there was a great outcry of the people
and of their wives against their Jewish
brethren. 2 For there were those who said, We,
should you not walk in the fear of our God? 10 I
too, and my brethren and my servants, are lending
them money and grain. Please, let us stop this
our sons and our daughters, are many; therefore usury! 11 This very day please restore to them
let us get grain for them, so that we can eat and their lands, their vineyards, their olive groves, and
live. their houses, also the hundredth part of the money
3 Some also there were who said, Because of and of the grain, the wine and the oil, that you
the famine, we have mortgaged our lands, exacted from them.
vineyards and houses that we might buy grain. 12 Then they said, We will restore them, and
4:20 Our God will fight for us Deut 20:4; 5:5 Lev 25:39-43; Deut 15:12-18.
Josh 10:14,42; 1 Sam 14:6; 2 Sam 5:24. Nor is it in our power the true
God fighting for His people does not mean complaint of the poor in all generations.
that they will not have to fight, except on 5:6 Angry those in tune with God will be
those rare occasions when their fighting is angry when injustice and hardness of heart
unnecessary (Ex 14:14). prevail, and when the poor and helpless are
4:23 Gods work always demands earnest- ground under foot. Compare Ex 22:22-24;
ness and willingness to suffer and travail. Ps 12:5; Isa 1:17; 3:14,15; Amos
Compare 2 Cor 6:4-10; etc. 2:6,7; 4:1; etc.
5:1-5 The rebuilding program going on in 5:7 I controlled my inner feelings the
Jerusalem prevented people from earning Hebrew word translated controlled means
their normal income. Also there were other to reign as king. The word translated
problems of long standing. The result was feelings is literally heart.
the complaints of vs 1-5. The disunity Usury Ex 22:25; Lev 25:36-38.
revealed here was a further threat to Gods 5:8 Lev 25:39-42,48.
work, as indeed it always is. The nations Ex 21:8.
5:2 Grain it was the duty of those in Silent they were guilty and knew it.
Israel who had a surplus to help their poor Compare Rom 3:19.
countrymen Lev 25:35; Deut 15:7,8. For 5:9 Reproach 2 Sam 12:14; Rom
the duty of believers now see Acts 24:17; 2:23,24.
Rom 12:8,13; 2 Cor 8:13,14; 9:12,13; Fear of our God notes at Gen 20:11;
Matt 25:31-46. Ps 34:11-14; 111:10; Prov 1:7.
5:3 Famine those who had grain, instead 5:11 It was not enough for them to admit
of freely sharing as they should have, were their guilt. They had to act in a way that
making a profit from the poor an injustice proved the genuineness of their repentance.
and hardness of heart which God will always God always requires men to give back what
judge and punish. they have unjustly taken. See Matt 3:8;
5:4 Kingss tax the Jews were ruled by Luke 19:8; Ex 22:1; Lev 6:4,5; 24:18,21;
Persian kings who levied taxes on them. This 1 Sam 12:3; 2 Sam 12:6.
increased the economic burden of the poor. 5:12 Oath 2 Chron 28:15; Ezra 10:5.
579 NEHEMIAH 6:10
will require nothing from them. We will do just as
you say.
Then I called the priests, and took an oath from
6 Now it so happened that when Sanballat and
Tobiah and Geshem the Arabian, and the rest
of our enemies, heard that I had built the wall, and
them, that they would do according to this that there was no gap left in it (though at that time
promise. 13 Also I shook out the front of my robe I had not set up the doors of the gates), 2 Sanballat
and said, So may God shake out every man from and Geshem sent word to me, saying, Come, let
his house and from his work, who does not act us meet together in one of the villages on the plain
according to this promise. Just like this may he be of Ono. But they were planning to harm me.
shaken out and emptied. 3 And I sent messengers to them, saying, I am
And all the congregation said, Amen! and doing a great work, so that I cannot come down.
praised the LORD. And the people did according to Why should the work stop while I leave it and come
this promise. down to you? 4 Yet they sent me this same
14 Moreover, from the time that I was appointed message four times; and I answered them in the
to be their governor in the land of Judah, from the same way.
twentieth year to the thirty-second year of 5 Then, in the same way, Sanballat sent his
Artaxerxes the king, that is, twelve years, I and servant to me the fifth time with an open letter in
my brethren have not eaten the food of the his hand, 6 in which was written,
governor. 15 But the former governors who had It is reported among the nations, and Gashmu
been before me laid burdens on the people, and says it, that you and the Jews are planning to
took food and wine from them, besides forty rebel. For this reason, according to these words,
shekels of silver. Yes, even their servants ruled you are building the wall, that you may be their
the people. But I did not, because of the fear of king. 7 And also you have appointed prophets to
God. 16 Yes, I also continued in the work of this make proclamations about you at Jerusalem,
wall, and we did not buy any land. And all my saying, There is a king in Judah! And now it will be
servants gathered there for the work. reported to the king according to these words. So
17 Moreover, there were at my table a hundred come now, and let us take counsel together.
and fifty of the Jews and rulers, besides those 8 Then I sent word to him, saying, No such
visiting us from among the nations that are around things as you say are being done, but you are
us. 18 Now what was prepared for me daily was making them up in your own heart.
one ox and six choice sheep. Also fowls were pre- 9 For they were all trying to frighten us, saying,
pared for me, and once in ten days an abundant Their hands will be weakened in the work, so that
supply of all sorts of wine. Yet in spite of all this I it will not be done. Now therefore, O God,
did not demand the governors food allowance, strengthen my hands.
because the servitude was heavy on this people. 10 Afterwards I came to the house of Shemaiah
19 Think of me, my God, for good, in accordance the son of Delaiah the son of Mehetabeel, who was
with all that I have done for this people. shut in, and he said, Let us meet together in the
5:13 The threat was that if they would not 6:2 Ono this area was near the
help the poor, God would make them poor. Mediterranean coast, far from Jerusalem.
Compare Ps 18:25,26. Nehemiah understood that Sanballat and
5:14-18 See Nehemiahs spirit of service. friends were not planning any good.
He set an example to all, not claiming what 6:3 Nehemiah could not be diverted from the
was his rights as governor. He was there to work God had given him to do. To him Gods
serve, not to be a burden to others, or to work was noble and sacred, and demanded
use his position to enrich himself. See also all his strength, time, and best efforts.
Pauls way 1 Cor 9:1-23; 2 Thess 3:8,9. 6:4 Enemies of Gods work do not usually
Let us be eager to follow their example. give up easily; neither should Gods servants.
Forty shekels (v 15) about 0.5 kilogram. 6:5 Open it is probable that Sanballat
5:16 Land Nehemiahs eyes were on deliberately left the letter unsealed so the
spiritual benefits, not material (v 19). messenger or anyone else who saw it could
5:18 As governor he had to show hospitality, read it and spread the lie.
but even in that he refused the provisions 6:6 Gashmu a variant of Geshem.
he was entitled to. He was concerned for 6:9 Trying to frighten if the lie of
the people, not for how he could stuff his Sanballat had reached the ears of the king
own pockets. of Persia and he had believed it, he would
5:19 Think 13:14,22,31; 2 Kings 20:3; doubtless have taken strong measures
Heb 6:10. against Nehemiah and the Jews.
Good good to Nehemiah did not mean 6:10 Temple Nehemiah was not a priest,
material rewards, but grace and strength to and entering the inner court of the
finish his work and to honor God and enjoy temple was not permitted anyone except
the light of His face. priests. Perhaps Shemaiah meant the
6:1 2:10,19; 4:1,7. outer court of the temple. (Num 18:7.
NEHEMIAH 6:11 580
house of God, in the temple, and let us shut the until the sun is hot. And while the gatekeepers are
doors of the temple, for they are coming to kill you. standing by, let them shut the doors and bar them.
Yes, at night they are coming to kill you. And appoint guards from the inhabitants of Jerusa-
11 And I said, Should such a man as I flee? lem, each at his post, and each in front of his
And who is there such as I who would go into the house.
temple to save his life? I will not go in. 12 And then 4 Now the city was large and spacious, but the
I perceived that God had not sent him, but that he people in it were few, and the houses were not
pronounced this prophecy against me because built. 5 And my God put into my heart to assemble
Tobiah and Sanballat had hired him. 13 The the nobles and the rulers and the people, so that
reason he was hired is that I might be afraid, and they might be registered by genealogy. And I found
do so and sin, so that they might have material for a register of the genealogy of those who first came
an evil report, that they might reproach me. up, and found this written in it:
14 My God, remember Tobiah and Sanballat 6 These are the children of the province who
according to these works of theirs, and the came up out of the captivity, among the exiles whom
prophetess Noadiah, and the rest of the prophets Nebuchadnezzar the king of Babylon had taken
who tried to frighten me. away, and who returned to Jerusalem and to Judah,
15 So the wall was finished in the twenty-fifth each one to his city, 7 coming with Zerubbabel,
day of the month Elul, in fifty-two days. 16 And it Jeshua, Nehemiah, Azariah, Raamiah, Nahamani,
came about when all our enemies heard of this, Mordecai, Bilshan, Mispereth, Bigvai, Nehum,
and all the nations that were around us saw these Baanah. The number of men of the people of
things, that they were much deflated in their own Israel was this:
eyes, for they perceived that this work was done 8 The children of Parosh, two thousand one
by our God. hundred and seventy-two.
17 Moreover, in those days the nobles of Judah 9 The children of Shephatiah, three hundred
sent many letters to Tobiah, and letters from Tobiah and seventy-two.
were coming to them. 18 For many in Judah were 10 The children of Arah, six hundred and
under an oath to him, because he was the son-in- fifty-two.
law of Shechaniah, the son of Arah, and his son 11 The children of Pahath-Moab, of the children
Johanan had taken the daughter of Meshullam the of Jeshua and Joab, two thousand eight hundred
son of Berechiah. 19 Also they reported his good and eighteen.
deeds in my presence, and reported my words to 12 The children of Elam, a thousand two
him. And Tobiah sent letters to frighten me. hundred and fifty-four.
13 The children of Zattu, eight hundred and
7 Now it came about, when the wall was built
and I had set up the doors, and the
gatekeepers and the singers and the Levites had
forty-five.
14 The children of Zaccai, seven hundred and
sixty.
been appointed, 2 that I gave my brother Hanani, 15 The children of Binnui, six hundred and
and Hananiah the commander of the citadel, charge sforty-eight.
over Jerusalem, for he was a faithful man, and 16 The children of Bebai, six hundred and
feared God more than many do. 3 And I said to twenty-eight.
them, Do not let the gates of Jerusalem be opened 17 The children of Azgad, two thousand three
Compare 2 Chron 26:16-21). work, had supporters among Gods people.
Kill you still another attempt to Do such things ever go on in the churches
frighten and discredit Nehemiah v 13. today? Alas, yes.
6:11 Flee compare Acts 20:24; 21:13. 7:1 1 Chron 9:27; 26:12-19; chapters 23-25.
6:12 Evidently Shemiah was a false prophet 7:2 Nehemiahs choice of his brother was
who was after money. Compare 2 Pet 2:16. not nepotism not the choice of a relative
6:14 False prophets were a problem in other regardless of whether he had the proper
days too. See Jer 5:31; 14:13-15; 23:9-17; qualifications. That sort of thing Nehemiah
Ezek 13:1-7. There will be false prophets in would rightly have rejected with disgust.
the future also Matt 24:11,24; 2 Pet 2:1. Hananiah had two essential qualities for
6:15 Fifty-two days a remarkable feat. anyone in a responsible position in Gods
The walls had lain in ruins for nearly 150 work integrity and the fear of God, and for
years, and only piles of rubble had this reason he was chosen.
remained. 7:5 Put into my heart Nehemiah was
6:16 God it was obvious to all that God always ready to give God the credit for the
had given exceptional strength, courage, wisdom he had. He did not take the credit
and determination to the Jews. to himself.
6:17-19 Tobiah, a great enemy of Gods 7:6-73 Ezra 2:1-70.
581 NEHEMIAH 7:69
hundred and twenty-two. children of Shobai, a hundred and thirty-eight.
18 The children of Adonikam, six hundred and 46 The Nethinims: the children of Ziha, the
sixty-seven. children of Hashupha, the children of Tabbaoth,
19 The children of Bigvai, two thousand and 47 the children of Keros, the children of Sia, the
sixty-seven. children of Padon, 48 the children of Lebana, the
20 The children of Adin, six hundred and children of Hagaba, the children of Shalmai, 49 the
fifty-five. children of Hanan, the children of Giddel, the
21 The children of Ater of Hezekiah, children of Gahar, 50 the children of Reaiah, the
ninety-eight. children of Rezin, the children of Nekoda, 51 the
22 The children of Hashum, three hundred and children of Gazzam, the children of Uzza, the
twenty-eight. children of Phaseah, 52 the children of Besai, the
23 The children of Bezai, three hundred and children of Meunim, the children of Nephishesim,
twenty-four. 53 the children of Bakbuk, the children of Hakupha,
24 The children of Hariph, a hundred and twelve. the children of Harhur, 54 the children of Bazlith,
25 The children of Gibeon, ninety-five. the children of Mehida, the children of Harsha,
26 The men of Bethlehem and Netophah, a 55 the children of Barkos, the children of Sisera,
hundred eighty-eight. the children of Tamah, 56 the children of Neziah,
27 The men of Anathoth, a hundred and the children of Hatipha.
twenty-eight. 57 The children of Solomons servants: the
28 The men of Beth-Azmaveth, forty-two. children of Sotai, the children of Sophereth, the
29 The men of Kirjath-Jearim, Kephirah, and children of Perida, 58 the children of Jaala, the
Beeroth, seven hundred and forty-three. children of Darkon, the children of Giddel, 59 the
30 The men of Ramah and Gaba, six hundred children of Shephatiah, the children of Hattil, the
and twenty-one. children of Pochereth of Zebaim, the children of
31 The men of Michmas, a hundred and Amon.
twenty-two. 60 All the Nethinims, including the children of
32 The men of Bethel and Ai, a hundred and Solomons servants, were three hundred and
twenty-three. ninety-two.
33 The men of the other Nebo, fifty-two. 61 And these were those who also came up
34 The children of the other Elam, a thousand from Tel-Melah, Tel-Haresha, Kerub, Addon, and
two hundred and fifty-four. Immer, but they could not show their fathers
35 The children of Harim, three hundred and household, or their descendants, whether they
twenty. were of Israel: 62 the children of Delaiah, the
36 The children of Jericho, three hundred and children of Tobiah, the children of Nekoda, six
forty-five. hundred and forty-two.
37 The children of Lod, Hadid, and Ono, seven 63 And of the priests: the children of Habaiah,
hundred and twenty-one. the children of Koz, the children of Barzillai, who
38 The children of Senaah, three thousand nine married one of the daughters of Barzillai the
hundred and thirty. Gileadite, and was called after their name.
39 The priests: the children of Jedaiah, of the 64 These sought their records among those
house of Jeshua, nine hundred and seventy-three. who were registered by genealogy, but they were
40 The children of Immer, a thousand and not found. Therefore they were expelled from the
fifty-two. priesthood, as unclean. 65 And the governor told
41 The children of Pashur, a thousand two them not to eat of the most holy things, until a
hundred and forty-seven. priest stood up with Urim and Thummim.
42 The children of Harim, a thousand and 66 The whole congregation together was
seventeen. forty-two thousand three hundred and sixty,
43 The Levites: the children of Jeshua, of 67 besides their male and female servants, of whom
Kadmiel, and of the children of Hodevah, there were seven thousand three hundred and
seventy-four. thirty-seven. And they had two hundred and
44 The singers: the children of Asaph, a forty-five men and women singers.
hundred and forty-eight. 68 Their horses were seven hundred and
45 The gatekeepers: the children of Shallum, thirty-six. Their mules were two hundred and
the children of Ater, the children of Talmon, the forty-five. 69 Their camels were four hundred and
children of Akkub, the children of Hatita, the thirty-five. They had six thousand seven hundred
7:65 Thummin note on Ex 28:3 equal
NEHEMIAH 7:70 582
and twenty donkeys. and beside him, on his right, stood Mattithiah and
70 And some of the heads of the fathers Shema and Anaiah and Urijah and Hilkiah and
households gave for the work. The governor gave Maaseiah, and on his left, Pedaiah and Mishael and
into the treasury a thousand gold drachmas, fifty Malchiah and Hashum and Hashbadana, Zechariah
basins, and five hundred and thirty priestly and Meshullam.
garments. 71 And some of the heads of the 5 And Ezra opened the book in the sight of all
fathers households gave into the treasury for the the people (for he was standing above all the
work twenty thousand gold drachmas, and two people), and when he opened it all the people stood
thousand two hundred silver minas. 72 And what up. 6 And Ezra praised the LORD, the great God.
the rest of the people gave was twenty thousand And all the people answered, Amen, Amen, lifting
gold drachmas and two thousand silver minas, and up their hands, and they bowed their heads, and
sixty-seven priestly garments. worshipped the LORD with their faces toward the
73 So the priests and the Levites and the ground.
gatekeepers and the singers, and some of the 7 Also Jeshua and Bani and Sherebiah, Jamin,
people, and the Nethinims, and all Israel, lived in Akkub, Shabbethai, Hodijah, Maaseiah, Kelita,
their cities. And when the seventh month came, Azariah, Jozabad, Hanan, Pelaiah, and the Levites,
the children of Israel were in their cities. explained the law to the people, and the people
stood in their places. 8 So they read distinctly
8 And all the people gathered together as one
man in the square that was in front of the
Water Gate, and they spoke to Ezra the scribe
from the book of the law of God and gave the
sense, so that they understood what was read.
9 And Nehemiah, who was the governor, and
about bringing the book of the law of Moses, which Ezra the priest and scribe, and the Levites who
the LORD had commanded to Israel. were teaching the people, said to all the people,
2 And on the first day of the seventh month This day is holy to the LORD your God. Do not
Ezra the priest brought the law before the mourn or weep. For all the people wept when
congregation of both men and women, and all who they heard the words of the law.
could hear with understanding. 3 And from 10 Then he said to them, Go your way, eat rich
morning to midday he read from it facing the square food and drink the sweet, and send portions to
that was in front of the Water Gate in the presence those for whom nothing is prepared, for this day is
of the men and the women and those who could holy to our Lord. Do not be sad, for the joy of the
understand, and the ears of all the people listened LORD is your strength.
attentively to the book of the law. 11 So the Levites calmed all the people, saying,
4 And Ezra the scribe stood on a wooden Be still, for the day is holy. Do not be grieved.
platform which they had made for the purpose, 12 And all the people went their way to eat and
7:70 A thousnd gold drachmas about legalists and hypocrites (Matthew chapter 23).
8.5 kilograms. 8:6 Praised note at Ps 33:1-3.
7:71 Minas one mina equals about 600 8:8 Gave the sense, so that they
grams. understood this is the most important work
7:73 Nethinims servants who performed of a teacher to make sure that people
menial tasks around the temple. really understand the Word of God. Ezra, and
8:1 Ezra Ezra 7:6. those helping him, evidently gave a running
The book of the law of Moses here commentary as they read the Scriptures.
means at least part, and probably all, of 8:9 Weep when we hear Gods law there
the Pentateuch (the first five books of the is reason to weep as we think of how we
Bible). The leaders knew it was essential have broken it. But that day was designed
that the faith and behavior of the Jews be to be a day of rejoicing the wall of
solidly based on the Word of God. Jerusalem was finished, the people were
8:3 He read Ex 24:7. The people would responsive to God and were worshiping Him,
not have had copies of their own. Ezra and it was a feast day, a day for rejoicing
chose the best way to bring Gods Word to (Deut 12:7,12; 16:14,15). Mourning was
bear on their minds and consciences. to come later 9:1,2.
Midday six hours, and the people were 8:10 For whom nothing is prepared it is
attentive. This showed the work of God in always the duty of Gods people to help the
their hearts. needy note at 5:2.
8:4 Scribe the work of the scribes was to Joy God wants His people to have joy
preserve the law, teach it, and interpret it, John 17:13; Rom 14:17. The person who
applying it to every day life. No doubt the has Gods joy will be much stronger for God
order of the scribes began under the than the person without it. On joy see
guidance of God, but over the years it Ps 16:11; 21:1; 32:11; 43:4; 51:8.
degenerated until, in the time of the Lord 8:12 They understood notice the
Jesus, the scribes for the most part were hard connection between understanding and joy.
583 NEHEMIAH 9:11
drink, and to send portions to others, and to sins, and the evil deeds of their fathers. 3 And
rejoice greatly, because they understood the words they stood in their places, and read from the book
that had been proclaimed to them. of the law of the LORD their God for a fourth of the
13 And on the second day the heads of the day, and during another fourth they made their
fathers households of all the people, the priests, confession, and worshipped the LORD their God.
and the Levites, gathered together around Ezra 4 Then standing on the stairs of the Levites, Jeshua
the scribe to understand the words of the law. and Bani, Kadmiel, Shebaniah, Bunni, Sherebiah,
14 And they found written in the law which the Bani and Kenani cried out to the LORD their God
LORD commanded by Moses, that the children of with a loud voice. 5 Then the Levites Jeshua and
Israel should live in booths during the feast of the Kadmiel, Bani, Hashabniah, Sherebiah, Hodijah,
seventh month, 15 and that they should announce Shebaniah and Pethahiah said, Stand up and
it and proclaim it in all their cities and in Jerusalem, praise the LORD, your God forever and ever. And
saying, Go out to the mountain, and bring olive they said,
branches and pine branches and myrtle branches Blessed be your glorious name, which is
and palm branches and branches of leafy trees, to exalted above all blessing and praise. 6 You, you
make booths, as it is written. alone, are the LORD. You made the heavens, the
16 So the people went out and brought them, heaven of heavens, with all their starry host, the
and they made booths for themselves, each one earth, and everything in it, the seas, and
on the roof of his house, or in their compounds, or everything in them. And you preserve them all,
in the courtyards of the house of God, and in the and the host of heaven worships you.
square at the Water Gate and in the square at the 7 You are the LORD God, who chose Abram,
Gate of Ephraim. 17 And the whole congregation and brought him out of Ur of the Chaldees, and
of those who had come back from the captivity gave him the name of Abraham. 8 And you found
made booths, and sat under the booths. For since his heart faithful toward you, and made a
the days of Joshua the son of Nun until that day covenant with him to give him the land of the
the children of Israel had not done so. And the Canaanites, the Hittites, the Amorites, the
rejoicing was very great. Perizzites, the Jebusites, and the Girgashites, to
18 Also day by day, from the first day to the give it to his offspring, and you acted in accordance
last day, he read from the book of the law of God. with your words, for you are righteous.
And they kept the feast for seven days, and on 9 And you saw the affliction of our fathers in
the eighth day there was a solemn assembly, Egypt, and heard their cry by the Red Sea, 10 and
according to the regulation. showed signs and wonders against Pharaoh and
against all his servants and against all the people
9 Now on the twenty-fourth day of this month
the children of Israel assembled with fasting
and in sackcloth, with dust on their heads. 2 And
of his land, for you knew that they treated them
with arrogance. So you got a name for yourself, as
it is this day. 11 And you divided the sea in front of
the descendants of Israel separated themselves them, so that they went through the middle of the
from all foreigners, and stood and confessed their sea on dry ground, and you hurled their pursuers
8:14,15 Lev 23:34-43 the Feast of Confessed Lev 26:40; Ps 32:5;
Tabernacles. 106:6; Prov 28:13; Dan 9:20; 1 John 1:9.
8:16 Courtyards the outer courtyards of 9:3 Read 8:4-8.
the temple where the people were permitted 9:5 The LORD Jehovah see note at
to go. Ex 3:14,15. The people were urged to praise
8:17 Had not done so at times there the one true and eternal God, the Creator
had been some observance of the Feast of of the universe; no other is worthy of praise.
Tabernacles since Joshuas day (1 Kings 8:2; The great prayer which follows is similar to
2 Chron 8:13; Ezra 3:4), but not with such psalms 78, 105, and 106.
understanding of its real significance, and 9:6 You alone Isa 43:10,11; 44:6-8;
not with such joy. How easy it is for a mode 45:5,22.
of gathering which once meant blessing to Them Gen 1:1-31; Ps 95:5; 115:15; Isa
descend into a merely formal rite. Compare 40:26; 45:12; Acts 14:15; Rev 4:10,11; 10:6.
Isa 1:10-16; Mal 1:6-9; 1 Cor 11:17-34. Worships you Ps 89:5-7; 103:20-22.
8:18 Lev 23:36; Num 29:35; Deut 31:11. 9:7 Gen 11:31; 12:1-3; 17:5.
These days resulted in a time of revival in many Chaldees that is, Babylonia.
hearts (9:1-3; 10:28-39) a revival not based 9:8 Faithful Gen 15:6; 22:15-18; Rom
on mans techniques, or personalities, but on 4:18-21.
the hearing of the Word of God. To give him Gen 15:18-21; 17:7,8.
9:1 Gen 37:34; Ezra 8:23; 10:6; Job 9:9 Ex 3:7; 14:10-12.
2:12; Ps 35:13; Joel 1:13,14. 9:10 Ex 5:2; 7:1 - 14:31; 9:16.
9:2 Foreigners Ezra 10:11; Deut 7:3-6. 9:11 Ex 14:20-28; 15:1,5,10.
NEHEMIAH 9:12 584
into the deep, like a stone into the mighty waters. swell.
12 Moreover you led them in the day by a pillar of 22 Moreover you gave them kingdoms and
cloud, and in the night by a pillar of fire, to give nations, and allotted to them even remote areas.
them light on the road they were to travel. So they possessed the land of Sihon, that is, the
13 And you came down upon Mount Sinai, and land of the king of Heshbon, and the land of Og
spoke with them from heaven and gave them right king of Bashan. 23 You also increased the number
judgments and true laws, good statutes and of their children like the stars of heaven, and
commandments, 14 and made known to them your brought them into the land which you had promised
holy Sabbath, and commanded them precepts, to their fathers, so that they could go in to possess
statutes and laws, through your servant Moses. it. 24 So the children went in and possessed the
15 And you gave them bread from heaven for their land, and in front of them you subdued the inhab-
hunger, and brought water out of the rock for them itants of the land, the Canaanites, and gave them
for their thirst, and promised them that they would into their hands, with their kings and the people of
go in to possess the land which you had sworn to the land, so that they might do with them as they
give them. wished. 25 And they took strong cities and a rich
16 But they and our fathers acted arrogantly land, and took possession of houses full of all kinds
and hardened their necks, and did not listen to of good things, wells already dug, vineyards and
your commandments, 17 and refused to obey. olive gardens and fruit trees in abundance. So
They did not keep in mind your wonders which you they ate and were filled and became fat, and
did among them, but they hardened their necks, delighted in your great goodness.
and in their rebellion appointed a leader to return 26 Nevertheless, they were disobedient and
to the place of their bondage. But you are a God rebelled against you, and threw your law behind
ready to pardon, gracious and merciful, slow to get their backs and killed your prophets, who admon-
angry, and have great kindness, so you did not ished them to turn them to you, and they committed
forsake them. 18 Even when they made a calf of acts showing great contempt. 27 Therefore you
cast metal and said, This is your God who brought delivered them into the hands of their enemies,
you up out of Egypt, and committed acts showing who oppressed them. And in the time of their
great contempt, 19 because of your abundant trouble, when they cried out to you, you heard
mercy you still did not forsake them in the them from heaven, and in accordance with your
wilderness. The pillar of cloud, leading them in the great mercies you gave them saviours, who saved
way, did not leave them in the daylight, nor did the them out of the hands of their enemies.
pillar of fire, showing them light on the way in which 28 But when they were at rest, they again did
they should go, leave them at night. evil in your presence. Therefore you left them in
20 You also gave your good Spirit to instruct the hands of their enemies, so that they ruled over
them, and did not withhold your manna from their them. Yet when they returned to you and cried
mouth, and you gave them water for their thirst. out, you heard them from heaven, and many times
21 Yes, for forty years you sustained them in the you delivered them according to your mercies,
wilderness, so that they lacked nothing. Their 29 and admonished them, so that you might bring
clothes did not wear out, and their feet did not them back to your law. Yet they behaved
9:12 Ex 13:21,22; 40:36-38; Deut 1:33. 9:20 Spirit Ex 31:3; Num 11:17; Isa
9:13 Ex 9:11,18-20; 20:1; Ps 19:7-9; 63:11,14.
Rom 7:12. Manna Ex 16:14-16.
9:14 Gen 2:3; Ex 16:23; 20:8-11; Heb 9:21 Deut 2:7; 8:4; 29:5.
4:4-11. Note on Ex 20:8. 9:22 Num 21:21-35. Even remote areas
9:15 Out of the rock Ex 16:4,14-17; the Hebrew here is unclear.
17:6; 1 Cor 10:4. 9:23 Stars of heaven Gen 15:5; 22:17.
Possess the land Gen 22:15-17; Brought Josh 4:1,23.
Deut 1:8; Josh 1:1-5. 9:24 Josh 11:23; chapter 12; 21:43-45.
9:16 Ex 32:9; Deut 9:24; 31:27; 9:25 Deut 6:10-12; Josh 24:13.
Ps 78:40,56; Jer 7:26; 17:23; Acts 7:51. Goodness Ps 23:6; 25:8; 31:19;
9:17 Did not keep in mind Ps 78:11,42; 33:5; 52:1; 107:8,9,15,21,31.
106:13. 9:26 Jud 2:11; 1 Kings 14:9; 19:10; 2 Chron
Bondage Num 14:1-4. 36:16; Jer 44:10; Matt 23:37; Acts 7:52.
Kindness Ex 34:6,7; Micah 7:18. 9:27,28 Jud 2:14-18; Ps 106:40-43.
9:18 Calf Ex 32:1-14,31. 9:29 Admonished v 30; Jer 7:25;
Great contempt people show contempt 11:7,8.
for the true God by the things they say and Arrogantly knowingly breaking Gods
do, often without realizing it. commands often has its roots in arrogance.
9:19 Mercy Ps 103:8-10,13,14; Micah It is men putting their will above Gods will,
7:18,19. a mute declaration of independence from
585 NEHEMIAH 10:31
arrogantly, and did not listen to your
commandments, but sinned against your judgments
(by which a man will live if he does them), and
10 Now those who sealed it were Nehemiah
the governor, the son of Hachaliah, and
Zedekiah, 2 Seraiah, Azariah, Jeremiah, 3 Pashur,
stubbornly turned their shoulder and hardened Amariah, Malchijah, 4 Hattush, Shebaniah, Malluch,
their neck and would not listen. 30 Yet for many 5 Harim, Meremoth, Obadiah, 6 Daniel, Ginnethon,
years you showed them forbearance, and Baruch, 7 Meshullam, Abijah, Mijamin, 8 Maaziah,
admonished them by your Spirit in your prophets. Bilgai, Shemaiah. These were the priests.
Yet they would not give ear, so you gave them into 9 And the Levites: Jeshua the son of Azaniah,
the hands of the people of the lands. 31 Never- Binnui of the sons of Henadad, Kadmiel, 10 And
theless, for the sake of your great mercies you did their brethren, Shebaniah, Hodijah, Kelita, Pelaiah,
not make an end of them or forsake them, for you Hanan, 11 Micha, Rehob, Hashabiah, 12 Zaccur,
are a gracious and merciful God. Sherebiah, Shebaniah, 13 Hodijah, Bani, Beninu.
32 Now therefore, our God, the great, mighty, 14 The chief of the people: Parosh, Pahath-
and awesome God, who maintains covenant and Moab, Elam, Zatthu, Bani, 15 Bunni, Azgad, Bebai,
mercy, do not let all this trouble seem a small thing 16 Adonijah, Bigvai, Adin, 17 Ater, Hizkijah, Azzur,
in your presence, this trouble that has come on us, 18 Hodijah, Hashum, Bezai, 19 Hariph, Anathoth,
on our kings, on our princes, on our priests, on our Nebai, 20 Magpiash, Meshullam, Hezir,
prophets, on our fathers, and on all your people, 21 Meshezabeel, Zadok, Jaddua, 22 Pelatiah,
from the time of the kings of Assyria until this day. Hanan, Anaiah, 23 Hoshea, Hananiah, Hashub,
33 However you are just in all that has happened 24 Hallohesh, Pileha, Shobek, 25 Rehum,
to us, for you dealt faithfully. But we have acted Hashabnah, Maaseiah, 26 and Ahijah, Hanan,
wickedly. 34 Nor have our kings, our princes, our Anan, 27 Malluch, Harim, Baanah.
priests, or our fathers, kept your law or listened to 28 And the rest of the people, the priests, the
your commandments and your testimonies which Levites, the gatekeepers, the singers, the temple
you gave them. 35 For they did not serve you in servants, and all those who had separated them-
their kingdom, or in the many good things that you selves from the peoples of the lands to the law of
gave them, or in the large and rich land which you God, their wives, their sons, and their daughters,
set before them; nor did they turn away from their everyone who had knowledge and understanding,
wicked deeds. 29 joined their brethren, their nobles, and entered
36 See, we are servants today. In the land into a curse and an oath, to walk in Gods law,
that you gave to our fathers to eat its fruit and its which was given through Moses the servant of God,
good things, see, we are servants. 37 And its and to observe and do all the commandments of
great produce it yields for the kings whom you have the LORD our Lord, and his judgments and his
set over us because of our sins; and they have the statutes, 30 and stated:
rule over our bodies, and over our cattle, at their We will not give our daughters to the people of
pleasure. And we are in great distress. the land, or take their daughters for our sons.
38 And because of all this, we make a sure 31 And if the people of the land bring goods or
covenant and write it down, and our leaders, any grain on the Sabbath day to sell, we will not
Levites and priests put their seals on it. buy it from them on the Sabbath or on a holy day.
the Supreme Ruler of the universe, a way 9:33 Dan 9:6-8,14.
of saying that they know what is better for 9:34 2 Kings 23:11; Jer 2:8,26,27; 32:32.
them than God does and that they will do 9:35 From their wicked deeds Judges
what they please whether God likes it or not. 2:10-19; 2 Chron 36:15-17.
9:30 Verses 20,26,29; 2 Kings 17:13; 9:36 Servants Ezra 9:9.
2 Chron 36:16-20; Zech 7:12. 9:37 Kings whom you have set over us
9:31 End of them Isa 48:9; Jer 4:27; kings of Persia who controlled the land of
5:18; 30:11. Israel, did so only because God permitted
Merciful Deut 4:31; Ps 103:8; them to do so.
116:5; Micah 7:18. 9:38 Covenant 10:29-39.
9:32 Our God Deut 7:9,21; 1 Kings 8:23; 10:2 Jeremiah not the prophet of the
Ps 24:8; 89:8; 93:4; Dan 9:4. same name, long dead.
Trouble after the reign of Solomon 10:28 Separated themselves 9:2.
both Israel and Judah struggled constantly 10:29 Into a curse and oath means they
either against each other or against one or promised in Gods name to obey Gods law
another of the surrounding nations, suffered and pronounced a curse on those who broke
the sad consequences of warfare, and at their oath. See Deut 27:14-26; 28:15;
last were conquered by Assyria and Babylon. 2 Chron 15:12-15.
Assyria six kings of Assyria are named 10:30 Ex 34:15,16; Deut 7:3.
in the Old Testament (2 Kings 18:9,13; 10:31 Sabbath Ex 20:8-11; Deut 5:12-
1 Chron 5:26; Ezra 4:2,10; Isa 20:1). 15; Jer 17:19-27.
NEHEMIAH 10:32 586
And in the seventh year we will refrain from farm- sanctuary are, and where the priests who serve,
ing and from demanding payment for any debt. and the gatekeepers, and the singers stay. And
32 Also we will undertake the duty of we will not forsake the house of our God.
contributing yearly a third of a shekel for the service
of the house of our God, 33 for the Showbread
and for the regular grain offering, and for the
regular burnt offering of the Sabbaths, the new
11 And the rulers of the people lived at
Jerusalem, and the rest of the people cast
lots, to bring one in ten to live in Jerusalem the holy
moons and the appointed feasts and for the holy city, and nine were to live in other cities. 2 And
things, and for the sin offerings to make atonement the people pronounced a blessing on all the men
for Israel, and for all the work of the house of our who volunteered to live at Jerusalem.
God. 3 Now the following are the heads of the
34 And we will cast lots among the priests, the province who lived in Jerusalem. (But some
Levites, and the people, for bringing an offering of Israelites, Levites, temple servants, the
wood to the house of our God, according to our descendants of Solomons servants, lived in their
fathers households, at appointed times year after cities, each one on his own property, 4 while some
year, to burn on the altar of the LORD our God, as of the children of Judah and the children of Benjamin
it is written in the law. lived at Jerusalem.)
35 And we will all bring the firstfruits of our Of the children of Judah: Athaiah the son of
ground and the firstfruits of all the fruit of all the Uzziah, the son of Zechariah, the son of Amariah,
trees, year after year, to the house of the LORD, the son of Shephatiah, the son of Mahalaleel, of
36 and bring the firstborn of our sons, and of our the children of Perez, 5 and Maaseiah the son of
cattle, as it is written in the law, and the firstborn Baruch, the son of Colhozeh, the son of Hazaiah,
of our herds and of our flocks, to the house of our the son of Adaiah, the son of Joiarib, the son of
God, to the priests who serve in the house of our Zechariah, the son of Shiloni. 6 All the sons of
God. Perez who lived at Jerusalem numbered four
37 And we will bring the first of our dough and hundred and sixty-eight valiant men.
our offerings, and the fruit of all kinds of trees, of 7 And these are the sons of Benjamin: Sallu the
wine and of oil, to the priests, to the rooms of the son of Meshullam, the son of Joed, the son of
house of our God. And we will bring the tithes from Pedaiah, the son of Kolaiah, the son of Maaseiah,
our land to the Levites, so that the Levites might the son of Ithiel, the son of Jesaiah. 8 And after
have the tithes in all our farming communities. him Gabbai, Sallai, altogether nine hundred and
38 And the priest, the son of Aaron, will be with the twenty-eight. 9 And Joel the son of Zichri was
Levites, when the Levites receive the tithes, and their overseer, and Judah the son of Senuah was
the Levites will bring a tithe of the tithes to the second in command over the city.
house of our God, to the rooms of the storehouse. 10 Of the priests: Jedaiah the son of Joiarib,
39 For the children of Israel and the children of Levi Jachin. 11 Seraiah the son of Hilkiah, the son of
will bring the offering of grain, of new wine, and of Meshullam, the son of Zadok, the son of Meraioth,
oil, to the rooms where the articles for the the son of Ahitub, was in charge of the house of
Seventh year Ex 23:10,11; Lev 25:4; supported by tithes and offerings. For the
Deut 15:1,2. work of God to go on the people had to
10:32 Shekel one shekel equals about accept that it was their responsibility and
11:5 grams. The law spoke of giving a half privilege to give.
shekel (Ex 30:13,14). Nehemiah made it 10:38 Num 18:26. The Levites who received
one third, probably because of the great tithes for their support also had to give tithes.
poverty of the people 5:1-5. But he did Son here obviously means descen-
not cancel this offering because the people dant, as often in the Bible. Aaron had been
were poor. For the work of the temple to go dead for hundreds of years before the priest
on it was essential that the people give. It referred to here performed his service. This
was also necessary for their own spiritual is an example showing that the Hebrew word
benefit. For giving in time of poverty see for son cannot always be taken literally. It
also 2 Cor 8:1-4. indicates a wide range of relationships.
10:33 Showbread Lev 24:8. 11:1 Cast lots 10:34.
Offerings Leviticus chapters 1-4. Holy city Isa 48:2; 52:1; Dan 9:24;
New moons Num 10:10. Matt 4:5; Rev 11:2.
10:34 Cast lots 11:1; Josh 18:6,8; 11:2 The people naturally preferred to stay
1 Sam 14:42; 1 Chron 24:31. in their own home towns. But Jerusalem
10:35 Ex 23:19; 34:26; Deut 26:1-3. was underpopulated. Hence the arrange-
10:36 Ex 13:1,2,11-16; Lev 27:26,27; Num ment of casting lots. Others volunteered to
18:15,16. move to Jerusalem even though the lot had
10:37 Tithes Gen 14:20; Lev 27:30; not fallen on them.
Mal 3:8-10. The workers in the temple were 11:3-22 1 Chron 9:2-34.
587 NEHEMIAH 12:24
God. 12 And their brethren who did the work of 30 Zanoah, Adullam, and in their villages, at Lachish
the house numbered eight hundred and twenty- and its fields, at Azekah and in its villages. And
two; and Adaiah the son of Jeroham, the son of they lived from Beersheba to the valley of Hinnom.
Pelaliah, the son of Amzi, the son of Zechariah, the 31 And the children of Benjamin from Geba lived
son of Pashur, the son of Malchiah, 13 and his at Michmash and Aija and Bethel, and in their
brethren, heads of the fathers households, villages, 32 and at Anathoth, Nob, Ananiah,
numbered two hundred and forty-two; and 33 Hazor, Ramah, Gittaim, 34 Hadid, Zeboim,
Amashai the son of Azareel, the son of Ahasai, the Neballat, 35 Lod, and Ono, the valley of
son of Meshillemoth, the son of Immer, 14 and craftsmen.
their brethren, mighty men of valour, numbered a 36 And of the Levites some divisions belonging
hundred and twenty-eight; and their overseer was to Judah lived in Benjamin.
Zabdiel, the son of one of the great men.
15 And of the Levites: Shemaiah the son of
Hashub, the son of Azrikam, the son of Hashabiah,
the son of Bunni, 16 and Shabbethai and Jozabad,
12 Now these are the priests and the Levites
who came up with Zerubbabel the son of
Shealtiel, and Jeshua: Seraiah, Jeremiah, Ezra,
of the heads of the Levites, supervised the outside 2 Amariah, Malluch, Hattush, 3 Shechaniah,
work of the house of God. 17 And Mattaniah the Rehum, Meremoth, 4 Iddo, Ginnetho, Abijah,
son of Micha, the son of Zabdi, the son of Asaph, 5 Miamin, Maadiah, Bilgah, 6 Shemaiah and Joiarib,
was the leader who began the thanksgiving in Jedaiah, 7 Sallu, Amok, Hilkiah, Jedaiah. These
prayer; and Bakbukiah, second among his breth- were the chief of the priests and of their brethren
ren, and Abda the son of Shammua, the son of in the days of Jeshua.
Galal, the son of Jeduthun. 18 All the Levites in the 8 And the Levites: Jeshua, Binnui, Kadmiel,
holy city numbered two hundred and eighty-four. Sherebiah, Judah, and Mattaniah, who was in
19 Moreover, the gatekeepers Akkub, Talmon, charge of the songs of thanksgiving, he and his
and their brethren who guarded the gates, brethren. 9 Also Bakbukiah and Unni, their breth-
numbered a hundred and seventy-two. ren, stood opposite them in the services.
20 And the rest of Israel, of the priests and the 10 And Jeshua begot Joiakim, Joiakim also
Levites, were in all the cities of Judah, each one in begot Eliashib, and Eliashib begot Joiada, 11 and
his inheritance. Joiada begot Jonathan, and Jonathan begot
21 But the temple servants lived in Ophel, and Jaddua.
Ziha and Gispa were over the temple servants. 12 And in the days of Joiakim the priests, the
22 And the overseer of the Levites at Jerusalem heads of the fathers households were these: of
was Uzzi the son of Bani, the son of Hashabiah, Seraiah, Meraiah; of Jeremiah, Hananiah; 13 of
the son of Mattaniah, the son of Micha. Of the Ezra, Meshullam; of Amariah, Jehohanan; 14 of
sons of Asaph, the singers were over the work of Melicu, Jonathan; of Shebaniah, Joseph; 15 of
the house of God. 23 For the kings command Harim, Adna; of Meraioth, Helkai; 16 of Iddo,
concerning them was that a certain portion should Zechariah; of Ginnethon, Meshullam; 17 of Abijah,
be for the singers, day by day. Zichri; of Miniamin, of Moadiah, Piltai; 18 of Bilgah,
24 And Pethahiah the son of Meshezabeel, of Shammua; of Shemaiah, Jehonathan; 19 of Joiarib,
the children of Zerah the son of Judah, was at the Mattenai; of Jedaiah, Uzzi; 20 of Sallai, Kallai; of
kings hand in all matters concerning the people. Amok, Eber; 21 of Hilkiah, Hashabiah; of Jedaiah,
25 And as for the villages, with their fields, some Nethaneel.
of the children of Judah lived at Kirjath-Arba and in 22 The Levites who were the heads of the
its villages, and at Dibon and in its villages, and at fathers households in the days of Eliashib, Joiada,
Jekabzeel and in its villages, 26 and at Jeshua and and Johanan, and Jaddua, and the priests, were
at Moladah and at Beth-Phelet 27 and at Hazarshual recorded in the reign of Darius the Persian. 23 The
and at Beersheba and in its villages, 28 and at sons of Levi, the heads of the fathers households,
Ziklag and at Mekonah and in its villages, 29 and at were written in the book of the Chronicles, until
Enrimmon and at Zareah and at Jarmuth, the days of Johanan the son of Eliashib. 24 And
11:22 Asaph 1 Chron 15:17,19; 16:5; of Jerusalem.
25:1; Psalms 50,73-83. 12:1 Zerubbabel Ezra 3:2,8; 5:2.
11:23 1 Chron 25:1; Ezra 6:8; 7:20. Jeshua Ezra 2:2; Hag 1:1; Zech 3:1.
11:24 Kings king of Persia. 12:9 Opposite see v 24; 2 Chron 7:6;
11:30 Beersheba was in the desert in the 8:14.
southern part of the land. The valley of 12:22 Darius II reigned over the Persian
Hinnom was just outside the walls of empire 423 - 404 B.C.
Jerusalem on the south and west. 12:23 Annals no man knows what has
11:31-35 Places to the north and northwest become of this book.
NEHEMIAH 12:25 588
the heads of the Levites were Hashabiah, opposite way, and I and half of the people on the
Sherebiah, and Jeshua the son of Kadmiel, with wall followed them, past the Tower of the Ovens
their brethren who stood opposite them, to praise to the broad wall, 39 and over the Gate of Ephraim
and to give thanks, in accordance with the and over the Old Gate and over the Fish Gate and
command of David the man of God, one group passed the Tower of Hananeel and the Tower of
responding to the group opposite. Meah to the Sheep Gate; and they stopped by the
25 Mattaniah and Bakbukiah, Obadiah, Gate of the Guardhouse.
Meshullam, Talmon, and Akkub were gatekeepers 40 So the two thanksgiving choirs stood in the
keeping guard at the storerooms of the gates. house of God, and I, and half of the rulers with me,
26 These were in the days of Joiakim the son of 41 and the priests Eliakim, Maaseiah, Miniamin,
Jeshua, the son of Jozadak, and in the days of Michaiah, Elioenai, Zechariah and Hananiah, with
Nehemiah the governor, and of Ezra the priest, the trumpets, 42 and Maaseiah and Shemaiah and
scribe. Eleazar and Uzzi and Jehohanan and Malchijah and
27 And at the dedication of the wall of Jerusalem Elam and Ezer. And the singers sang loudly, with
they sought out the Levites in all their places, to Jezrahiah their director. 43 Also that day they
bring them to Jerusalem, to keep the dedication offered great sacrifices and rejoiced, for God caused
with joy, with thanksgiving and with singing, with them to rejoice with great joy. The wives and the
cymbals, lyres and harps. 28 And the sons of the children also rejoiced, so that the joy of Jerusalem
singers gathered together from the countryside was heard far away.
around Jerusalem, and from the villages of 44 And at that time some were appointed over
Netophathi, 29 and from Beth-Gilgal, and from the the storehouse rooms for the offerings, for the
fields of Geba and Azmaveth; for the singers had firstfruits, and for the tithes, to gather into them
built villages for themselves around Jerusalem. from the fields of the cities the portions commanded
30 And the priests and the Levites purified by the law for the priests and Levites. For Judah
themselves and purified the people, and the gates rejoiced for the priests and for the Levites who
and the wall. served. 45 And both the singers and the
31 Then I brought the leaders of Judah up onto gatekeepers performed the service of their God,
the wall, and appointed two large thanksgiving and the rite of purification, in accordance with the
choirs, one of which went to the right on the wall command of David and his son Solomon. 46 For in
toward the Refuse Gate, 32 and after them went olden times, in the days of David and Asaph, there
Hoshaiah, and half of the leaders of Judah, 33 and were leaders of the singers, and songs of praise
Azariah, Ezra, and Meshullam, 34 Judah and Ben- and thanksgiving to God. 47 And in the days of
jamin and Shemaiah and Jeremiah, 35 and some of Zerubbabel, and in the days of Nehemiah, all Israel
the priests sons with trumpets, namely, Zechariah gave the portions for the singers and the
the son of Jonathan, the son of Shemaiah, the son gatekeepers, a portion for each day. They also set
of Mattaniah, the son of Michaiah, the son of Zaccur, apart portions for the Levites, and the Levites set
the son of Asaph, 36 and his brethren, Shemaiah apart portions for the children of Aaron.
and Azarael, Milalai, Gilalai, Maai, Nethaneel and
Judah, Hanani, with the musical instruments of
David the man of God, and Ezra the scribe leading
them. 37 And at the Fountain Gate, in front of
13 On that day they read from the book of
Moses in the hearing of the people, and it
was found written that the Ammonite and the
them, they went up the steps of the city of David, Moabite should never come into the congregation
at the ascent of the wall, beyond the house of of God, 2 because they did not meet the children
David, to the Water Gate on the east. of Israel with food and water, but hired Balaam
38 And the other thanksgiving choir went the against them to curse them. However our God
12:27 Dedication compare 2 Chron own efforts. It is related to a realization of
7:1-6; Ezra 6:16,17. Gods goodness, a recognition of His
12:30 13:22. Uncleanness could result from gracious acts, and obedience to Gods re-
various causes. See Lev 5:2; 7:21; 10:10; vealed will, and His Spirit in our hearts.
12:2; 13:3. Note at Lev 11:1. Purification 13:1 Moabite Deut 23:3-6.
was made by various sacrifices or washing. 13:2Water observe that Moab and
12:31 Thanksgiving Lev 7:12,13 (note); Ammon were penalized because of
2 Sam 22:50; 1 Chron 16:8,34; Ezra 3:11; something they did not do as well as for
Ps 18:49; 30:12; 75:1. something they did do. Compare Num
12:35 Trumpets Num 10:2,8; Ezra 3:10. 32:23; Jud 5:23; 1 Sam 12:23; Matt
12:36 1 Chron 23:5; 2 Chron 29:26,27. 25:24-27,41-46.
12:43 2 Chron 7:10; 29:36. True joy is a Blessing Num 23:11,12; 24:10.
gift of God, not something men find by their Note at Gen 50:20.
589 NEHEMIAH 13:19
turned the curse into a blessing. 3 Now it came new wine and oil to the storerooms. 13 And I
about when they heard the law, that they appointed Shelemiah the priest, and Zadok the
separated from Israel all the mixed multitude. scribe, and Pedaiah among the Levites, to be in
4 And before this, Eliashib the priest, who was charge of the storerooms, and next to them Hanan
in charge of the storerooms of the house of our the son of Zaccur, the son of Mattaniah; for they
God, was closely associated with Tobiah. 5 And he were considered faithful, and their duty was to
had provided for him a large room, where distribute portions to their brethren.
previously they had put the grain offerings, the 14 Remember me, O my God, concerning this,
frankincense and the vessels and the tithes of and do not wipe out my good deeds which I have
grain, the new wine and the oil, which was done for the house of my God, and for its
commanded to be given to the Levites and the services.
singers and the gatekeepers, and the offerings of 15 In those days I saw in Judah some treading
the priests. the wine presses on the Sabbath, and bringing in
6 But during this whole time I was not in sheaves, and loading donkeys, also wine, grapes,
Jerusalem, for in the thirty-second year of and figs, and all kinds of loads, which they were
Artaxerxes king of Babylon I went to the king. But bringing into Jerusalem on the Sabbath day. And I
after some days I obtained leave from the king, warned them about selling provisions on that day.
7 and came to Jerusalem, and came to know of the 16 Also living there were people from Tyre who
evil thing Eliashib was doing for Tobiah, in providing brought fish and all kinds of goods and sold them
a room for him in the courts of the house of God. on the Sabbath to the children of Judah in
8 And I was very grieved, so I threw all the Jerusalem.
household stuff of Tobiah out of the room. 9 Then 17 Then I reprimanded the nobles of Judah,
I commanded that the rooms be purified, and they and said to them, What is this evil thing you are
purified the rooms. And I brought back there the doing, profaning the Sabbath day? 18 Did not your
vessels of the house of God, with the grain offer- fathers act so, and did not our God bring all this
ing and the frankincense. disaster on us and on this city? Yet you are
10 And I learned that the portions for the Levites bringing more wrath on Israel by profaning the
had not been given to them, for each one of the Sabbath.
Levites and the singers, who had been doing the 19 And it came about just before the Sabbath,
work, had gone off to his field. 11 So I reprimanded when it grew dark at the gates of Jerusalem, I
the leaders, and said, Why is the house of God gave a command that the gates be shut, and
forsaken? And I gathered them together, and set ordered that they should not be opened until after
them in their places. the Sabbath. And I placed some of my servants at
12 Then all Judah brought the tithe of grain and the gates, so that no load would be brought in on
13:3 Verse 23; 9:2; Ex 19:5,6; 2 Cor 6:14-18. generation needs a host of such men. Com-
13:4,5 Here was a man in a very responsible pare Matt 21:12,13; Acts 5:1-11; 1 Cor 5:1-5.
position who acted as a traitor to his people 13:9 The presence of the Ammonite Tobiah
and to God. Tobiah was a fierce enemy of defiled the rooms he had been in. All parts
the Jews and fought Gods work tooth and of the temple and its compound were to be
nail 2:10; 4:3; 6:1,17,18. We are not used only for holy purposes. This is true
told what was behind Eliashibs action. also of Gods spiritual temple 1 Cor
Perhaps there was a marriage alliance with 3:16,17; 6:13,19,20; 2 Cor 7:1.
Tobiahs family. Perhaps money was 13:10,11 They were breaking their oath
involved. Whatever the reason it is a 10:37-39. It is much easier to make vows
warning of how low the most respected and than to keep them.
trusted people can sometimes sink. He gave 13:12 People often respond when leaders
a place on Gods temple compound to one take a firm stand.
of the greatest enemies of the Jews! And 13:13 Faithful 2 Kings 12:15; 22:7.
in a room formerly used for the things of 13:14 5:19.
God! This is what betrayal of Bible truth 13:15,16 Sabbath Ex 20:8-10; 34:21.
and principles will bring. Compare 2 Thess They were breaking another vow 10:31.
2:3,4. An essential principle for every 13:17 Reprimanded if sin goes
believer is found in Eph 4:27. unrebuked it will spread and destroy any
13:6 5:14-16. Babylon see Ezra 5:13. spiritual work. Rebuking those who sin is
Artaxerxes was the king of Persia and of all part of the ministry of God-appointed lead-
other lands Persia had conquered. ers Isa 58:1; 2 Tim 3:16; 4:2; 1 Tim 5:20.
13:8 Nehemiah was a man of action v 25. 13:18 Wrath notes at Num 25:3;
He could not see Gods enemies having a place Ps 90:7-11.
in the courtyard of Gods temple and do noth- 13:19 When it grew dark the Israelites
ing about it. He believed in fighting sin and reckoned a day as being from sunset to
evil instead of passively accepting it. Every sunset (Lev 23:32).
NEHEMIAH 13:20 590
the Sabbath day. 20 So once or twice the daughters for your sons, or for yourselves.
merchants and sellers of all kinds of goods spent 26 Did not Solomon king of Israel sin in these things?
the night outside Jerusalem. Yet among the many nations there was no king like
21Then I reprimanded them and said to them, him, who was loved by his God, and whom God
Why are you spending the night around the wall? made king over all Israel. Nevertheless foreign
If you do so again, I will seize you. From that time women caused even him to sin. 27 Shall we then
on they no longer came on the Sabbath. 22 And I hear about you that you are doing all this great
commanded the Levites to purify themselves, and evil, being unfaithful to our God by marrying
to go and guard the gates, to sanctify the Sabbath strange wives?
day. Remember me, O my God, concerning this 28 And one of the sons of Joiada, the son of
also, and spare me according to the greatness of Eliashib the high priest, was the son-in-law of
your mercy. Sanballat the Horonite. Therefore I drove him away
23 In those days I also saw Jews who had from me.
married women from Ashdod, from Ammon, and 29 Remember them, O my God, because they
from Moab. 24 And half of their children spoke have defiled the priesthood, and the covenant of
the language of Ashdod, or the language of one the priesthood and of the Levites.
or the other people, and could not speak the Jews 30 Thus I cleansed them from all foreigners,
language. 25 And I reprimanded them and and appointed the duties of the priests and the
pronounced a curse against them, and struck some Levites, each one in his service, 31 and for
of them and pulled out their hair, and made them bringing the wood offering and the firstfruits at
take an oath in Gods name, saying, You shall not the appointed times.
give your daughters to their sons, or take their Remember me, O my God, for good.
I gave a command Nehemiah was not his helpers had to face the following:
content merely to rebuke sin. He took steps
to avoid it. Ridicule (2:19; 4:1-3)
13:22 Purify note at 12:30. Violence (4:7,8)
Remember 5:19. Threats (4:11; 6:9)
13:23 Ex 34:16; Deut 7:3,4; Ezra 9:1,2. Discouragement because of injustice
13:24 Now when believers marry unbelievers (5:1-5)
(a thing forbidden to Christians 2 Cor Deceitful plots (6:1-4; Ezra 4:1,2)
6:14-18; etc), the children will not know The spreading of lies (6:5-7)
whether to speak the language of faith or Temptations to act in fear, ignoring Gods
the language of unbelief. This is one of the Word (6:10-13)
tragedies of mixed marriages. Sin among the people (5:6-9; 13:15-
13:25 Deut 10:29,30; 25:2. Sometimes strong 18,23-27)
measures must be taken to root out evil. But False prophets (6:14)
the measures Christians now take must not A traitor within (13:4,5,28)
be violent ones, but spiritual and practical ones. Attempts to ruin the reputation of Gods
13:26 2 Sam 12:24; 1 Kings 3:13; 11:1-8; servant (6:6,7,13).
2 Chron 1:12.
13:27 What some people think of as hardly a The book of Ezra adds two more
sin at all was in the eyes of this man of God The attempt to ruin Gods work by the
great evil. This is one difference between those deceitful offer to help do it,
who live close to God and those who do not. And the use of the power of the state to
13:28 Here is another example of evil stop the work (Ezra 4:1-24).
compromise. A grandson of the high priest
married to a daughter of Sanballat (2:10; Also we can see in Nehemiah the qualities
4:1,7,8)! Compare 2 Chron 18:1; etc. needed to overcome the devices of Satan and
13:29 God commanded that His priests marry men, and to do a work of God well and to
women from the people of Israel only (Lev complete it. These are:
21:14). By breaking Gods law they defiled A burden for the work (1:4; 2:3)
their office. Compare Mal 2:1-9. Full commitment to it (2:4,5)
13:30 Ezra and Nehemiah in enforcing the A life of prayer and acknowledgement of
principles of Gods law in the face of the God in everything (1:4; 2:4; 4:4,9; 6:9;
sinful compromise of men such as Eliashib 13:14,22,29)
were instruments in Gods hands to preserve Faith (2:20; 4:14)
the faith in the land of Israel. Practical planning (2:11-18; 4:13-23)
13:31 Neh 10:34; 13:14,22. Encouraging others in the work (4:14; 8:10)
O my God from this book of Nehemiah Determination to stand for God (4:14-23)
we can learn some of the things which come Consistency in godly living (5:14-19)
against Gods work in general and how to Willingness to deal with sin (5:6-13;
combat them. The source of these things may 13:8-11,25-30)
be either the fallen heart of men, or Satan Discernment (6:1-13)
and his angels (2 Cor 2:11). Nehemiah and Emphasis on Gods Word (8:1-18).
ESTHER
Title:
The name Esther comes from a Persian word meaning star.
Author:
Unknown to men. See the introduction to Judges concerning the authorship of the books of the
Bible.
Date:
Probably sometime between 465 and 400 BC.
Themes:
The danger that came to the Jewish exiles in Persia; the deliverance God gave through Mordecai and
Esther; the destruction of those who plotted to destroy the Jews. A remarkable fact about this book
is that there is no mention of God anywhere in it. However, it is clear that the author recognized God
behind events working out His purposes. For example, see 4:12-17. The rise and fall of Haman is a
striking illustration of how God sometimes deals on earth with the wicked enemies of His people. See
Deut 32:35; Ps 7:15-17; 9:16; 18:25-27; 37:34-36.
Contents:
The fall of queen Vashti ................................................................................ 1:1-22
The search for a new bride for the king .......................................................... 2:1-18
Mordecai ................................................................................................ 2:5-11
Esther becomes the new queen ................................................................. 2:5-18
Mordecai discovers a plot against the king ....................................................... 2:19-23
Haman and his plot to kill all Jews ................................................................... 3:1-15
Mordecai persuades Esther to help defeat Haman ............................................ 4:1-17
Esthers appeals to the king ........................................................................... 5:1 - 9:17
The first request ..................................................................................... 5:1-6
The second request ................................................................................. 5:7,8
Hamans joy, anger, boasts, and plans
to kill Mordecai .................................................................................... 5:9-14
The king honors Mordecai ......................................................................... 6:1-14
Esthers third request to the king ............................................................... 7:1-6
God takes vengeance on Haman ............................................................... 7:7-10
The king gives Mordecai the highest place .................................................. 8:1,2
Esther pleads with the king ....................................................................... 8:3-6
The kings decree for the Jews .................................................................. 8:7-17
The victory of the Jews ............................................................................ 9:1-17
Esthers last request to the king ................................................................ 9:13
Mordecais greatness .................................................................................... 10:1-3
ESTHER 1:1 592
1 Now it happened in the days of Ahasuerus
(this is the Ahasuerus who reigned from India
to Ethiopia, over a hundred and twenty-seven
13 Then the king said to the wise men, who
understood the times (for this was the kings custom
toward all who knew law and justice; 14 those
provinces), 2 in those days when king Ahasuerus next to him were Carshena, Shethar, Admatha,
sat on the throne of his kingdom, which was in Tarshish, Meres, Marsena and Memucan, the seven
Shushan the palace, 3 in the third year of his princes of Persia and Media who saw the kings
reign, that he made a feast for all his princes and face and who were highest in the kingdom),
those who served him. The military officers of 15 What shall we do to queen Vashti, accord-
Persia and Media, the nobles and princes of the ing to law, because she has not obeyed the
provinces were in his presence. command of King Ahasuerus through the officials?
4 At that time he displayed the riches of his 16 And Memucan answered in the presence of
glorious kingdom and the honour of his excellent the king and the princes, Vashti the queen has
majesty for many days, a total of a hundred and done wrong not only to the king, but also to all the
eighty days. 5 And when these days were over, princes, and to all the people who are in all the
the king made a feast for seven days for all the provinces of king Ahasuerus. 17 For this action of
people who were present in Shushan the palace, the queen will become known to all women, so that
for both great and small, in the garden courtyard their husbands will be despised in their eyes, when
of the kings palace, 6 where there were white, it is reported that king Ahasuerus commanded Vashti
green and blue hangings, fastened with cords of the queen to be brought in before him, but she did
fine linen and purple to silver rings and marble pillars. not come. 18 This very day the ladies of Persia
The couches were of gold and silver, on a pavement and Media will say to all the kings princes that they
of red and blue and white and black marble. 7 And have heard of the action of the queen. So there
they gave them drinks in golden cups (the cups will be much contempt and anger.
were each different from one another), and royal 19 If it pleases the king, let a royal command
wine in abundance, in accordance with the kings proceed from him, and let it be written among the
bounty. 8 And the drinking was according to their laws of the Persians and the Medes, so that it will
law. There was no compulsion, for the king had not be altered, that Vashti can no longer come into
ordered all the officials of his house that they should the presence of king Ahasuerus, and let the king
do according to each ones wish. give her royal position to another who is better
9 Also Vashti the queen made a feast for the than she. 20 And when this decree of the king
women in the royal house which belonged to king which he makes is published throughout his whole
Ahasuerus. empire (for it is great), all the wives will honour
10 On the seventh day, when the heart of the their husbands, both great and small.
king was merry with wine, he commanded Mehuman, 21 And this word pleased the king and the
Biztha, Harbona, Bigtha and Abagtha, Zethar and princes, and the king did according to the word of
Carcas, the seven eunuchs who served in the Memucan, 22 for he sent letters to all the kings
presence of Ahasuerus the king, 11 to bring Vashti provinces, to each province in accordance with its
the queen into the kings presence, with her royal script, and to each people in their language, that
crown, to display her beauty to the people and the every man should rule his own house, and he
princes, for she was beautiful in appearance. published it in the language of each people.
12 But queen Vashti refused to come at the kings
command through his officials. Therefore the king
was enraged, and his anger burned in him. 2 After these things, when the anger of king
Ahasuerus was appeased, he remembered
1:1 Ahasuerus better known as Xerxes. traditional order of things existing between
He was king of Persia (Iran) 486-465 B.C. husband and wife in his empire.
Ethiopia note at Isa 18:1,2. 1:13 Vashtis disobedience involved matters
1:2 Shushan Neh 1:1; Dan 8:2. This of law and justice in the Persian empire (v 15).
city was the winter capital of the Persian 1:18 Their fear was that Vashtis example
kings, and the Hebrew word translated would be followed by many women in the
palace can mean capital. empire, resulting in social upheaval.
1:3 Media Ezra 6:2; Isa 13:17. 1:20 Decree this shows how serious the
1:10 Eunuchs in Hebrew this word problem was in their eyes. It was far easier
sometimes indicated officials appointed by to make this decree than to enforce it.
a king, whether literal eunuchs or not. 2:1 After these things the events of this
1:12 No reason is given for Vashtis refusal chapter up to v 19 took place about five
to obey the king. It was done at a public years after those of chapter 1. Vashti was
function and was a great and deliberate removed from her position as queen in 484
insult to the king. Certainly the king or 483 B.C. Esther became queen in 479 or
considered it an arrogant blow at the 478. In between these two events Xerxes
593 ESTHER 2:20
Vashti and what she had done and what had been find out how Esther was doing and what would
decreed against her. 2 Then the kings servants become of her.
who ministered to him said, Let there be beautiful 12 Now when each girls turn came to go in to
young virgins sought for the king. 3 And let the king Ahasuerus, after she had finished twelve
king appoint officers in all the provinces of his months preparation, according to the custom for
kingdom, that they may gather together all the the women (for the days of their beautification
beautiful young virgins to Shushan the palace, to were completed as follows : six months with oil of
the womens quarters, into the custody of Hege, myrrh, and six months with perfumes and other
the kings official, custodian of the women. And let cosmetics for women), 13 then each girl would go
cosmetics be given them. 4 And let the young lady to the king like this: whatever she wanted was
who pleases the king be queen in the place of given her to go with her from the womens quarters
Vashti. And this word pleased the king, and he did to the kings house. 14 She would go in the evening,
so. and return in the morning to the second house of
5 Now in Shushan the palace there was a Jew the women, into the custody of Shaashgaz, the
whose name was Mordecai. He was the son of kings official, who was the custodian of the
Jair, the son of Shimei, the son of Kish, a Benjamite. concubines. She would not again go in to the king,
6 He had been taken away from Jerusalem in the unless the king delighted in her, and unless she was
captivity which had been taken away with Jeconiah called by name.
king of Judah, whom Nebuchadnezzar the king of 15 Now when the turn of Esther, the daughter
Babylon had taken away. 7 And Mordecai had of Abihail the uncle of Mordecai, who had taken her
brought up Hadassah, that is, Esther, his uncles as his daughter, came to go in to the king, she
daughter, for she had neither father nor mother, requested nothing except what Hegai the kings
and the girl was lovely and beautiful. When her official, the custodian of the women, advised. And
father and mother died, Mordecai took her as his Esther found favour in the eyes of all who saw her.
own daughter. 16 So Esther was taken to king Ahasuerus into his
8 So it came about when the kings command royal house in the tenth month, which is the month
and his decree were heard, and when many young Tebeth, in the seventh year of his reign.
ladies were gathered together to Shushan the pal- 17 And the king loved Esther more than all the
ace, into the custody of Hegai, that Esther also women, and she found grace and favour in his
was brought to the kings house, to the custody of eyes more than all the virgins, so that he set the
Hegai, custodian of the women. 9 And the young royal crown on her head, and made her queen in
lady pleased him, and she won his favour, and he the place of Vashti. 18 Then the king made a great
quickly provided her cosmetics, with such things as feast for all his princes and his servants, Esthers
pertained to her, and provided her with seven choice feast. And he made a holiday for the provinces,
maids from the kings house. And he moved her and gave gifts, according to the kings bounty.
and her maids to the best place in the womens 19 And when the virgins were assembled a
quarters. second time, Mordecai was sitting at the kings gate.
10 Esther had not revealed her people or her 20 Esther had not yet revealed her kindred or her
kindred, for Mordecai had ordered her not to people, as Mordecai had ordered her, for Esther
reveal it. 11 And every day Mordecai walked in obeyed the command of Mordecai, just like when
front of the courtyard of the womens quarters, to she was brought up by him.
was occupied with a war with Greece (which the Persian empire from extermination. It
he lost). was God who made her beautiful so that
2:2-4 In those times kings had both she would be chosen as queen.
harems and dictatorial powers. 2:11 Mordecai would not, of course, have
2:6 Judah 2 Kings 24:8-17; 2 Chron been allowed inside the harem. But he
36:9,10. showed his concern for Esther by daily
Babylon some of those Jews who coming as near as possible in hope of
either voluntarily moved or had been taken getting news of her.
to Susa and other places in Media and 2:19 Verse 2. Though a new queen was
Persia. chosen the search for other girls for the
2:7 Esther a name probably derived from kings harem went on.
the Persian word for star. Her Jewish name Kings gate the main gate of the
Hadassah means myrtle, a kind of citadel in the city where business was
flowering shrub. transacted and courts of justice were held.
2:8 Neither Mordecai nor Esther would have Mordecai sitting there suggests he may have
had any say in this matter. The king was a been an official in the kingdom.
dictator who did as he pleased. 2:20 Verse 10. She did not get proud and
2:9 Favour Gen 39:21; Dan 1:9. God arrogant because of her high position, as
was going to use Esther to save the Jews in many do.
ESTHER 2:21 594
21 In those days, while Mordecai was sitting at bow or pay him honour, Haman was filled with rage.
the kings gate, two of the kings officials, Bigthan 6 And he scorned seizing Mordecai alone, for they
and Teresh, of those who guarded the door, had told him who the people of Mordecai were ;
became angry and sought to seize king Ahasuerus. therefore Haman sought to destroy all the people
22 And the matter became known to Mordecai, of Mordecai, the Jews throughout the whole
who told it to Esther the queen, and Esther kingdom of Ahasuerus.
informed the king of it, in Mordecais name. 7 In the first month, that is , the month Nisan,
23 And when the matter was investigated, it was in the twelfth year of king Ahasuerus, they cast
found to be so. Therefore both of them were Pur, that is, the lot, before Haman from day to
hanged on a tree, and it was written in the book of day, and from month to month, to the twelfth
the chronicles in the kings presence. month, that is, the month Adar.
8 And Haman said to king Ahasuerus, There is
3 After these things king Ahasuerus promoted
Haman the son of Hammedatha the Agagite,
and advanced him and gave him a higher seat than
a certain people scattered and dispersed among
the people in all the provinces of your kingdom,
and their laws are different from those of all other
all the princes who were with him. 2 And all the people and they do not keep the kings laws.
kings servants, who were at the kings gate, bowed Therefore it is not for the kings benefit to tolerate
and paid honour to Haman, for so the king had them. 9 If it pleases the king, let it be written that
commanded concerning him. But Mordecai did not they be destroyed. And I will pay ten thousand
bow or show him honour. talents of silver into the hands of those who will
3 Then the kings servants, who were at the have charge of the business, to bring it into the
kings gate, said to Mordecai, Why are you break- kings treasuries.
ing the kings command? 4 Now it so happened 10 And the king took his ring from his hand, and
after they spoke to him daily and he would not gave it to Haman the son of Hammedatha the
listen to them that they told Haman, to see whether Agagite, the Jews enemy. 11 And the king said to
Mordecais reason would stand; for he had told Haman, The money and the people are given to
them that he was a Jew. you to do with them as it seems good to you.
5 And when Haman saw that Mordecai did not 12 Then the kings scribes were called on the
2:22 Here again we can see the unseen hand Esther to do.
of God. 3:5 5:9. This was wounded pride, the kind
2:23 It was written this became very of foolish anger some people in power will
important later on 6:1,2. have against those who refuse to give them
3:1 After these things more than four the respect they think they deserve.
years had passed since Esther became 3:6 Who the people of Mordecai were
queen. Compare v 7 with 2:16. this also is evidence that Haman was an
Agagite this very likely means that Amalekite his hatred of the whole Jewish
Haman was a descendant of king Agag the nation is revealed.
Amalekite (1 Sam 15:8). This view is in The Jews compare Ps 83:2-6.
accordance with Jewish tradition and seems The whole kingdom this would have
to throw light on what follows. The been the vast majority of all the Jews then
Amalekites were enemies of Israel from the living. Xerxes ruled from India to Cush (see
time Israel came out of Egypt (Ex 17:8-16; 8:9).
1 Sam 15:2,3; Ps 83:2-6). It would be no 3:7 Pur 9:24-26. They cast lots to fix a
surprising thing if Amalekites as well as Jews date to destroy the Jews. The fact that the
should be found in one of the capital cities day turned out to be eleven months from
of the Persian empire, and there continued the time of casting lots gave Mordecai time
to express their ancient enmity. to avert the calamity. Was not God in this
3:2 Abraham and his descendants at other also? See Prov 16:33.
times showed respect to others in this way 3:8 Apparently Haman does not tell Xerxes
(Gen 23:7; 33:3; 44:14; 1 Sam 24:8; the name of the people he wanted to destroy.
2 Sam 14:4; 1 Kings 1:16), why not to 3:9 Talents one talent equals about 34
Haman? If Mordecai knew Haman was an kilograms. Haman was willing to spend a
Amalekite, this would account for it. He would huge sum to fulfill his evil plan.
refuse to honor anyone of a people who were 3:10 The signet ring was an official seal,
enemies of the Jews and with whom God equivalent to a signature. Once Haman had
Himself had continual warfare (Ex 17:16). the kings signet ring he could authorize any
3:4 Reason one of the many possible course of action he pleased.
meanings of the Hebrew word. 3:11 As it seems good to you
Jew apparently this was the only apparently the king agreed with Hamans
reason Mordecai gave them as if to say it proposal without further inquiry. This shows
was unthinkable that a Jew would show honor the complete trust he had in Haman, but
to an Amalekite. Observe that he did not also how little he cared what happened to
conceal his national origins as he ordered minorities in his kingdom.
595 ESTHER 4:16
thirteenth day of the first month, and a decree why.
was written according to all that Haman had 6 So Hatach went out to Mordecai into the
commanded the kings officers and the governors street of the city, which was in front of the kings
who were over every province and the rulers of gate. 7 And Mordecai told him about everything
every people of every province, according to its that had happened to him, and about the sum of
script, and to every people in their language. It money that Haman had promised to pay to the
was written in the name of king Ahasuerus and kings treasuries for the Jews, to destroy them.
sealed with the kings ring. 13 And the letters were 8 He also gave him a copy of the writing of the
sent by couriers to all the kings provinces, to decree that was given at Shushan to destroy them,
destroy, to kill and to annihilate all Jews, both young that he might show it to Esther and explain it to
and old, little children and women, in one day, on her, and to charge her to go to the king, to make
the thirteenth day of the twelfth month, which is supplication to him and to make request before him
the month Adar, and to plunder their possessions. for her people.
14 A copy of the writing as a command to be given 9 And Hatach came and told Esther the words
in every province was published to all people, that of Mordecai. 10 Again Esther spoke to Hatach,
they should be ready on that day. and ordered him to tell Mordecai: 11 All the kings
15 The couriers set out quickly because of the servants, and the people of the kings provinces,
kings command, and the decree was given in know that any man or woman who goes to the king
Shushan the palace. And the king and Haman sat into the inner court, who has not been called, there
down to drink, but the city Shushan was perplexed. is only one law of his: to put the person to death,
except the one to whom the king holds out the
4 When Mordecai perceived all that was done,
Mordecai tore his clothes, and put on sackcloth
with ashes, and went out into the middle of the
golden sceptre, that he may live. And I have not
been called to come in to the king these thirty days.
12 And they told Esthers words to Mordecai.
city, crying out with a loud and bitter cry, 2 and 13 Then Mordecai commanded them to answer
came only up to the kings gate, for no one wearing Esther: Do not imagine that being in the kings
sackcloth might enter the kings gate. 3 And in house you will escape any more than all the Jews.
every province, wherever the kings command and 14 For if you keep altogether silent at this time,
his decree came, there was great mourning among relief and deliverance for the Jews will arise from
the Jews, and fasting and weeping and wailing, another place, but you and your fathers house will
and many lay down in sackcloth and ashes. be destroyed. And who knows whether you have
4 So Esthers maids and her officials came and come to the kingdom for such a time as this?
told it to her. Then the queen was exceedingly 15 Then Esther ordered them to take this
grieved, and she sent garments to clothe Mordecai, answer back to Mordecai: 16 Go, gather together
and to take away his sackcloth from him. But he did all the Jews who are present in Shushan, and fast
not accept them. 5 Then Esther called for Hatach, for me, not eating or drinking for three days, night
one of the kings officials, whom he had appointed or day. I also and my maids will also fast, and so I
to attend on her, and commanded him concerning will go in to the king, which is against the law. And
Mordecai, to find out what the matter was, and if I perish, I perish.
3:13 Haman may have been thinking of the what they could to save the Jews. He did
event set in motion by the words of 1 Sam not passively leave everything to Gods
15:2,3. He would show his defiance of the sovereignty. We should all understand that
God of Israel. God will work out His sovereign purposes on
4:1 Ashes Gen 37:34; Num 14:6; earth, but also that He will hold each
2 Sam 13:19; 2 Kings 19:1; Neh 9:1; Job person responsible for what he or she does
2:12; Ezek 27:30,31; Dan 9:3; Jonah 3:5,6. or does not do.
4:5 Esther was isolated in the kings palace Such a time as this note at 2:9. When
and was not free to come and go. he said this Mordecai did not know how
4:11 This reveals the power and cruelty of things would turn out. He did know that
those ancient despots, and how highly they those in a high position should use that
regarded their royal presence. Compare the position for good.
behavior of the King of the universe Matt 4:16 Fast prayer is not mentioned but is
11:28; Heb 4:16. surely implied. Gods people naturally fasted
4:14 From another place Mordecai was unto God (Jud 20:26; 1 Sam 7:6; 2 Sam
sure that God would preserve the Jewish 12:16; Ezra 8:21,22; Neh 9:1-3; Isa 58:3;
people in some way or other. He was Jer 14:12).
doubtless familiar with Gods promises to If I perish I perish Esther realized
do so (such as Lev 26:44,45; Deut 4:30,31; (as we all should) that there are more
Jer 31:35,36; 33:25,26). But he also important things than personal survival
realized his and Esthers responsibility to do on this earth. Compare Dan 3:16-18;
ESTHER 4:17 596
17 So Mordecai went and acted in accordance riches, and of his many children, and all the things
with all that Esther had commanded him. in which the king had promoted him, and how he
had placed him above the princes and servants of
5 Now on the third day it came about that Esther
put on her royal robes, and stood in the inner
court of the kings palace, opposite the kings hall,
the king. 12 Moreover, Haman said, Yes, Esther
the queen did not let anyone but myself come in
with the king to the banquet that she had pre-
and the king was sitting on his royal throne in the pared. And tomorrow also I am invited to her with
royal hall, opposite the door of the hall. 2 And it the king. 13 Yet all does not satisfy me, as long as
happened that when the king saw Esther the queen I see Mordecai the Jew sitting at the kings gate.
standing in the court, she obtained favour in his 14 Then Zeresh his wife and all his friends said
sight, and the king held out to Esther the golden to him, Have a gallows made, fifty cubits high,
sceptre that was in his hand. So Esther drew near and tomorrow ask the king that Mordecai may be
and touched the tip of the sceptre. hanged on it. Then go happily with the king to the
3 Then the king said to her, What do you want, banquet. And the thing pleased Haman, and he
queen Esther? And what is your request? It will be had the gallows made.
granted to you, even up to half of the kingdom.
4 And Esther answered, If it seems good to
the king, let the king and Haman come today to the
banquet that I have prepared for him.
6 On that night the king could not sleep, and he
gave orders to bring the book of records of
the chronicles; and they were read in the kings
5 Then the king said, Have Haman hurry, that presence. 2 And it was found written that Mordecai
he may do as Esther has said. So the king and made a report about Bigthana and Teresh, two of
Haman came to the banquet that Esther had the kings officials, the doorkeepers who sought a
prepared. way to seize king Ahasuerus.
6 And the king said to Esther at the banquet of 3 And the king said, What honour and dignity
wine, What is your petition? It will be granted was bestowed on Mordecai for this?
you. And what is your request? Even up to half of Then the kings servants that ministered to him
the kingdom, it will be done. said, Nothing was done for him.
7 Then Esther answered and said, My petition 4 And the king said, Who is in the court? Now
and my request is this : 8 If I have found favour Haman had come into the outward court of the
in the sight of the king, and if it pleases the king to kings house, to ask the king to hang Mordecai on
grant my petition, and to act on my request, let the the gallows that he had prepared for him.
king and Haman come to the banquet that I will 5 And the kings servants said to him, Look,
prepare for them, and tomorrow I will do as the Haman is standing in the court. And the king said,
king has said. Have him come in.
9 Then Haman went out that day happy and 6 So Haman came in. And the king said to him,
with a glad heart, but at the kings gate when Haman What is to be done to the man whom the king
saw that Mordecai did not stand up, or move for delights to honour? Now Haman thought in his
him, he was filled with indignation against Mordecai. heart, Whom would the king delight to honour more
10 Nevertheless Haman restrained himself. And than myself?
when he came home, he sent and called for his 7 And Haman answered the king, For the man
friends and Zeresh his wife. whom the king delights to honour, 8 let a royal
11 And Haman told them of the glory of his robe which the king has worn be brought, and the
Acts 20:24; 21:13. completely overcome his reason.
5:2 2:9; 4:11; Prov 21:1. 5:14 The thing pleased Haman he
5:3 7:2; Mark 6:23. delighted in thoughts of murder and
5:4-8 We are not told why Esther delayed to revenge. What a person delights in also
reveal her real burden to the king. Perhaps reveals his character and the course of his
her courage momentarily failed. Perhaps life. Compare Ps 37:4.
she was testing the genuineness of his 6:1 Sleep compare Dan 2:1. God
favor before making her request. oversees all events and can use even the
5:9 3:5. most trivial to work out His purposes.
5:10 Restrained himself he thought his Chronicles 2:23.
day of revenge was soon coming. 6:2 2:21,22.
5:11 Told see 1 Sam 2:3; Ps 49:5-20; 6:3 The king said Prov 21:1.
52:1-7; 94:4-7. Compare Ps 34:2; 44:8. 6:4 Gods timing of events is perfect.
A persons character is revealed to some ex- Always He not only does the best possible
tent by what he boasts about. See Gal 6:14. thing, He does it at the best possible
5:13 Hatred can outweigh any other moment.
emotion in mans fallen sinful heart and 6:6 Prov 16:18; 18:12.
597 ESTHER 8:4
horse that the king rides on, and the royal crown male and female slaves, I would had held my
which is placed on his head, 9 and let this robe and tongue, although the compensation the enemy
horse be put in the hands of one of the kings most offers could not make up for the kings loss.
noble princes, that they may clothe the man whom 5 Then king Ahasuerus answered and said to
the king delights to honour with it, and bring him on Esther the queen, Who is he, and where is he,
horseback through the street of the city, and who dares to presume in his heart to do so?
proclaim before him, Thus it is done to the man 6 And Esther said, The adversary and enemy
whom the king delights to honour. is this wicked Haman. Then Haman was terrified
10 Then the king said to Haman, Hurry and before the king and the queen. 7 And the king,
take the robe and the horse, as you have said, and getting up from the banquet of wine, in his rage
do this to Mordecai the Jew, who sits at the kings went into the palace garden, and Haman stood up
gate. Let nothing fail of all that you have spoken. to ask Esther the queen for his life, for he saw that
11 Then Haman took the robe and the horse, the king was determined to harm him.
and clothed Mordecai, and brought him on 8 Then the king returned from the palace
horseback through the street of the city, and garden to the place of the wine banquet, and Haman
proclaimed before him, Thus it is done to the man had fallen on the couch where Esther was. Then
whom the king delights to honour. the king said, Will he even force the queen in my
12 And Mordecai came back to the kings gate. presence, in the house? As the word went out of
But Haman hurried to his house grieving, with his the kings mouth, they covered Hamans face.
head covered. 13 And Haman told Zeresh his wife 9 And Harbonah, one of the officials, said to
and all his friends everything that had happened to the king, Look, the fifty cubits high gallows, which
him. Then his wise men and his wife Zeresh said to Haman had made for Mordecai, who spoke good on
him, If Mordecai, before whom you have begun the kings behalf, is standing at Hamans house.
to fall, is of Jewish descent, you will not overcome Then the king said, Hang him on it.
him, but will surely fall before him. 14 And while 10 So they hanged Haman on the gallows that
they were still talking with him, the kings officials he had prepared for Mordecai. Then the kings
came, in a hurry to bring Haman to the banquet rage subsided.
that Esther had prepared.
7 So the king and Haman came to the banquet
with Esther the queen. 2 And again the king
8 On that day king Ahasuerus gave the house
of Haman the Jews enemy to Esther the
queen. And Mordecai came before the king, for
said to Esther, on the second day at the banquet Esther had told how he was related to her. 2 And
of wine, What is your petition, queen Esther? It the king took off his ring, which he had taken from
will be granted you. And what is your request? Haman, and gave it to Mordecai. And Esther
Even up to half of the kingdom, it will be done. appointed Mordecai over the house of Haman.
3 Then Esther the queen answered and said, 3 And Esther spoke again to the king, and fell
If I have found favour in your sight, O king, and if down at his feet and begged him with tears to put
it pleases the king, let my life be given me at my an end to the evil conspiracy of Haman the Agagite,
petition, and my people at my request. 4 For I and and his scheme which he had devised against the
my people are sold to be destroyed, to be killed Jews. 4 Then the king held out the golden sceptre
and to be annihilated. And if we had been sold as toward Esther. So Esther arose and stood before
6:9 Compare Gen 41:41-43. In those days sincerity and tells him what is in her mind.
this was regarded as a mark of great favor 7:4 3:9,10,13.
and honor. Spiritually speaking, believers 7:6 Terrified he who sets out to terrify
in Christ have the high honor of being others will one day be terrified himself.
clothed with the robe of the heavenly king 7:7 Prov 16:14; 19:12.
Isa 61:10; Zech 3:3-5; Phil 3:9. 7:9 Once before an Amalekite begged an
6:10 Mordecai what must have been the Israelite for his life 1 Sam 15:32,33. It
utter dismay in the heart of Haman when seems some of them were better at boasting
he heard this name (v 12)! than dying.
Kings gate 2:19. 7:10 Gods justice is not always revealed so
6:13 Compare Ps 7:15; 57:6; Prov 26:27; quickly or so dramatically. But it is always
28:18. at work and will inevitably prevail Ps 7:11;
6:14 Banquet 5:8. The custom was to 9:16; 18:25-27; 37:35-38; 94:23; 96:13;
send an escort to bring honored guests to Prov 11:5,6; Dan 6:24; Acts 17:31; Gal 6:7.
feasts. Compare Matt 22:1-4. 8:1 Gave the house of Haman 5:11; Job
7:2 The third time the king had asked this 27:13,15-17; Prov 13:22; 22:23; 23:10.
(5:3,6). 8:2 3:10.
7:3 At last Esther is persuaded of the kings 8:4 4:11.
ESTHER 8:5 598
the king, 5 and said, as a command to be given in every province was
If it pleases the king, and if I have found favour published to all people, so that the Jews could be
in his sight, and the thing seems right to the king, ready on that day to avenge themselves on their
and I am pleasing in his eyes, let a command be enemies.
written to overrule the letters devised by Haman 14 So the couriers, riding on royal horses,
the son of Hammedatha the Agagite, which he went out, going swiftly, impelled by the kings com-
wrote to destroy the Jews who are in all the kings mand. And the decree was given at Shushan the
provinces. 6 For how can I bear to see the evil that palace.
will come to my people? Or how can I bear to see 15 And Mordecai went out from the presence
the destruction of my kindred? of the king in royal robes of blue and white, and
7 Then king Ahasuerus said to Esther the queen with a great crown of gold, and with a garment of
and to Mordecai the Jew, Look, I have given Esther fine linen and purple. And the city of Shushan
the house of Haman, and they have hanged him on rejoiced and was glad. 16 The Jews had light and
the gallows, because he stretched out his hand gladness and joy and honour. 17 And in every
against the Jews. 8 Write also a decree for the province, and in every city where the kings
Jews, as it pleases you, in the kings name, and command and decree came, the Jews had joy and
seal it with the kings ring. For no one can overrule gladness, a feast and a holiday. And many of the
a letter which is written in the kings name, and people of the land became Jews, for the fear of
sealed with the kings ring. the Jews fell on them.
9 Then the kings scribes were called at that
time, in the third month, that is, the month Sivan,
on the twenty-third day of that month, and they
wrote down all the commands that Mordecai gave
9 Now in the twelfth month, that is, the month
Adar, on the thirteenth day, when the kings
command and decree were about to be carried out,
to the Jews, and to the officials, and the deputies on the day that the enemies of the Jews hoped to
and rulers of the provinces which are from India to have power over them, the reverse happened;
Ethiopia, a hundred and twenty-seven provinces, the Jews gained the ascendancy over those who
to each province in its script, and to each people in hated them. 2 The Jews gathered together in their
their language, and to the Jews in their script and cities throughout all the provinces of king
in their language. 10 And he wrote in the name of Ahasuerus, to seize those who sought to harm
king Ahasuerus, and sealed it with the kings ring, them. And no man could withstand them, for the
and sent letters by couriers on horseback, and fear of them fell on all people. 3 And all the rulers
riders on mules, camels, and swift horses. of the provinces and the officials and the deputies,
11 In them the king gave permission to the and officers of the king, helped the Jews, because
Jews who were in every city to gather together, the fear of Mordecai fell on them. 4 For Mordecai
and to stand up for their life, to destroy, to kill and was great in the kings house, and his fame spread
to annihilate all the forces of any people and prov- throughout all the provinces, for this man Mordecai
ince who assaulted them, both little ones and became greater and greater.
women, and to plunder their possessions, 12 on 5 Thus the Jews struck down all their enemies
one day in all the provinces of king Ahasuerus, with the stroke of the sword, with slaughter and
namely, on the thirteenth day of the twelfth month, destruction, and did what they wished to those
which is the month Adar. 13 A copy of the writing who hated them. 6 And in Shushan the palace the
8:5 3:13,14. This was, of course, an unworthy motive.
8:8 Overrule 1:19; Dan 6:8,12,15. The In these days no one should convert to
king could not cancel a former decree, but Christianity because of fear or self-interest
he could issue another which would coun- or possible material gain. True Christianity
teract the former one. does not need, does not want such converts.
8:9 3:6,12. India Xerxes did not rule India Conversion from such motives will bring no
but his kingdom extended to its borders. spiritual benefits, and spiritual benefits are
8:10 3:12,13. by far the most important benefits (Matt
8:11,12 3:7,13. A just decree which saved 16:26).
the Jews. Prov 21:1. 9:1 Adar 8:12.
8:15 Rejoiced and was glad compare the The ascendancy God is the sovereign
bewilderment of 3:15. Injustice produces ruler of the universe, and can turn upside
dismay, justice is cause for joy. down any condition or circumstance among
8:17 Fear of the Jews compare Gen 35:5; men. See 1 Sam 2:4-10.
Ex 15:16; 23:27; Deut 2:25; 11:25; 9:2 Compare Ps 71:13,24.
Josh 2:11. Their motive in adopting the 9:4 Greater compare Gen 41:41-44; Dan
religion of the Jews was mere fear of the 2:48; 6:1,2. See Ps 75:6,7. Among Gods
rising power of the Jews in the kingdom. people there are never many who are wise and
599 ESTHER 9:30
Jews killed and destroyed five hundred men. feasting and a holiday, and of sending portions to
7 And they killed Parshandatha and Dalphon and one another.
Aspatha 8 and Poratha and Adalia and Aridatha 20 And Mordecai wrote these things, and sent
9 and Parmashta and Arisai and Aridai and letters to all the Jews who were in all the provinces
Vajezatha, 10 the ten sons of Haman the son of of king Ahasuerus, both near and far, 21 to
Hammedatha, the enemy of the Jews, but did not establish among them that annually they should
lay their hands on the plunder. keep the fourteenth day and the fifteenth day of
11 On that day the number of those who were the month Adar, 22 as the days in which the Jews
killed in Shushan the citadel was brought before got relief from their enemies, and the month when
the king. 12 And the king said to Esther the queen, sorrow was turned to joy for them, and mourning
The Jews have killed and destroyed five hundred to a holiday, that they should make them days of
men in the citadel of Shushan, and the ten sons of feasting and joy, and of sending portions to one
Haman. What have they done in the rest of the another and gifts to the poor.
kings provinces? Now what is your petition? It will 23 And the Jews continued to do as they had
be granted you. Or what further request do you begun, and as Mordecai had written to them,
have ? It will be done. 24 because Haman the son of Hammedatha, the
13 Then said Esther, If it pleases the king, let it Agagite, the enemy of all the Jews, had devised a
be granted to the Jews who are in Shushan to act scheme against the Jews to destroy them, and
tomorrow also in accordance with todays decree, had cast Pur, that is, the lot, to consume them and
and let Hamans ten sons be hanged on the to destroy them; 25 but when Esther came before
gallows. the king, he commanded by letters that his wicked
14 And the king commanded this to be done, scheme, which he devised against the Jews, should
and the decree was given at Shushan; and they return on his own head, and that he and his sons
hanged Hamans ten sons. 15 For the Jews who should be hanged on the gallows. 26 So they called
were in Shushan gathered together also on the these days Purim from the name of Pur.
fourteenth day of the month Adar, and killed three Therefore, because of all the words of this letter,
hundred men at Shushan, but they did not lay their and what they had seen concerning this matter
hands on the plunder. and what had happened to them, 27 the Jews
16 But the other Jews who were in the kings established and imposed it on themselves and on
provinces gathered together, and stood up for their their descendants, and on all those who joined
lives and to get relief from their enemies, and killed them, that without fail they would keep these two
seventy-five thousand of their enemies, but they days according to their writing, and according to
did not lay their hands on the plunder. 17 This their appointed time every year, 28 and that these
occurred on the thirteenth day of the month Adar, days should be remembered and kept in every
and on the fourteenth day of the month they generation, every family, every province, and
rested and made it a day of feasting and gladness. every city, and that these days of Purim should
18 But the Jews who were at Shushan had not cease among the Jews, nor the memory of
assembled on the thirteenth and on the fourteenth them perish from their descendants.
day of the month, and on the fifteenth day of the 29 Then Esther the queen, the daughter of
month they rested, and made it a day of feasting Abihail, and Mordecai the Jew, wrote with all
and gladness. authority to confirm this second letter of Purim.
19 Therefore the Jews in the villages, who 30 And he sent the letters to all the Jews, to the
lived in the unwalled towns, made the fourteenth hundred and twenty-seven provinces of the
day of the month Adar a day of gladness and kingdom of Ahasuerus, with words of peace and
influential (1 Cor 1:26-29). But to fulfill His 9:24 3:6,7. Haman had cast lots to deter-
purposes God raises some to high positions. mine an auspicious day for his attack on
9:7-10 This was the final blow at all Haman the Jews, but to no avail. Actually there is
had boasted in (5:11). no such thing as auspicious days. The
9:10 Plunder compare Gen 14:23; whole idea is a superstition which should
1 Sam 15:3,18,19. have no place in the lives of Gods people.
9:12 5:3,6; 7:2. Every day we trust and obey the true God is
9:13 Hanged this was to display their good, every day we fail to do so is bad.
dead bodies (vs 7-10). In other words, a 9:25 7:4-10.
public display of justice at work, and a warn- 9:26-28 In these modern times the Jews
ing to all who would attack the Jews. around the world still observe this festival
9:18,19 Verses 26-28. of Purim. Those in Jerusalem celebrate it
9:22 Gifts to the poor Deut 15:7-11; on the 15th of the month, but everyone else
etc. In all our feasts and celebrations let on the 14th (vs 18,19). The festival is in
us, as they, remember the poor and needy. remembrance of this great deliverance from
ESTHER 9:31 600
truth, 31 to confirm these days of Purim in their 2 And all the acts of his power and of his might,
appointed times, just as Mordecai the Jew and and the account of the greatness of Mordecai,
Esther the queen had established for them, and as to which the king advanced him, are they
they had decreed for themselves and for their de- not written in the book of the chronicles of the
scendants, concerning their fasting and lamenta- kings of Media and Persia? 3 For Mordecai the
tion. 32 And the decree of Esther confirmed these Jew was second to king Ahasuerus, and great
matters of Purim, and it was written in the book. among the Jews and accepted by the multitude
of his brethren, and sought the good of his
10 And king Ahasuerus imposed a tax on
the land and on the islands of the sea.
people and spoke up for the peace of all his
race.
Haman which was one of the greatest see, Mordecais actions all through this story
deliverances of the Jews in history. were for the same reason. It does not
9:31 Fasting see 4:3,16. In modern appear that he was selfishly seeking power
times the Jews observe the day before Purim for either himself or for Esther. And when
as a day of fasting a remembrance of the by Gods grace he came into power, he did
great danger they faced from Haman. not use it for his own ends or for material
10:1,2 Xerxes was a very powerful and gain. See notes also at Neh 5:14-18;
wealthy king whose exploits are recorded in 2 Sam 8:15; etc. In the whole of Israels
secular history. long history was there any person who was
10:3 Great note at 9:4. able to do any more than Mordecai and
Good of his people as far as we can Esther for the preservation of that people?
JOB
Author:
Unknown. See the note in the introduction to Judges concerning the authorship of the books of the
Bible.
Date:
This book may have been written any time between the time of Moses and the time of Ezra, but
many scholars think a date sometime close to the reign of king Solomon (970-930 BC) is most likely.
The time when Job lived also cannot be stated with certainty. But most of the evidence available to
us indicates a time shortly after the lifetime of Abraham. In any case, knowing who the author was
and the dates could not help us to understand the spiritual lessons of this book, and this should be
our main purpose in the study of it.
Themes:
Job deals with the very difficult problem of why God permits His own children who live righteous lives
to suffer. What is the purpose of the troubles, pains, and disasters which come to them? Why do
evil men often seem to escape these things? Is Gods justice not at work among the people of the
world? These are the thoughts that form the basis of the discussion that took place between Job
and his friends. See the notes at 3:1,20; 4:7-9; 8:3; 18:5-21; 21:4-34; 34:10-12. We also see
another significant element in this book: how Satan challenges God and attacks Job, and how God
successfully repulses such a challenge and attack.
Contents:
Jobs character, family and possessions .......................................................... 1:1-5
The dialogue between God and Satan ............................................................ 1:6-12
Satan brings disasters on Job ........................................................................ 1:13-19
Jobs wonderful behavior and words in the time
of disaster .............................................................................................. 1:20-22
Further dialogue between God and Satan ....................................................... 2:1-6
Satans attack on Jobs health ....................................................................... 2:7,8
The words of Jobs wife and his wonderful reply .............................................. 2:9,10
The visit of Jobs friends ............................................................................... 2:11-13
Job curses the day of his birth ....................................................................... 3:1-26
The first speech of Eliphaz ............................................................................ 4:1 - 5:27
Jobs reply to Eliphaz .................................................................................... 6:1 - 7:21
Bildads first speech ...................................................................................... 8:1-22
Jobs reply to Bildad ..................................................................................... 9:1 - 10:22
Zophars first speech .................................................................................... 11:1-20
Jobs reply to Zophar .................................................................................... 12:1 - 14:22
Eliphazs second speech ................................................................................ 15:1-35
Jobs reply .................................................................................................. 16:1 - 17:16
Job expresses a wonderful thought ........................................................... 16:19-21
Bildads second speech ................................................................................. 18:1-21
Jobs reply .................................................................................................. 19:1-29
Jobs amazing words ................................................................................ 19:25-27
Zophars second speech ................................................................................ 20:1-29
Jobs reply .................................................................................................. 21:1-34
Eliphazs third speech ................................................................................... 22:1-30
Jobs reply .................................................................................................. 23:1 - 24:25
Bildads third speech ..................................................................................... 25:1-6
Jobs reply .................................................................................................. 26:1 - 31:40
JOB 602
Jobs determination ............................................................................. 26:3-6
The way to wisdom ............................................................................. 28:28
Job makes known his way of life ........................................................... 29:11-17; 31:1-40
Elihus speech ......................................................................................... 32:1 - 37:24
God speaks out of the storm .................................................................... 38:1 - 41:34
God asks a question ............................................................................ 38:2
God reveals Himself as the great Creator
and Sustainer of the world .............................................................. 38:3 - 39:30
God asks Job another question ............................................................ 40:1,2
Jobs answer to God ........................................................................... 40:3-5
God questions Job further ................................................................... 40:6-14
God speaks of two great beasts ........................................................... 40:15 - 41:34
Jobs reply to God indicating repentance .................................................... 42:1-6
God speaks to Eliphaz .............................................................................. 42:7,8
The obedience of Eliphaz and his friends .................................................... 42:9
God blesses Job ...................................................................................... 42:10-15
Jobs long life .......................................................................................... 42:16
603 JOB 1:9
1 There was a man in the land of Uz, whose
name was Job; and that man was blameless
and upright, and one who feared God and shunned
offerings according to the number of them all.
For Job said, It may be that my sons have
sinned, and cursed God in their hearts. Thus
evil. 2 And there were born to him seven sons and Job did continually.
three daughters. 3 And his possessions were seven 6 Now a day came when the sons of God came
thousand sheep, and three thousand camels, and to present themselves before the LORD, and
five hundred yoke of oxen, and five hundred Satan also came among them.
female donkeys, and a very great household; so 7 And the LORD said to Satan, From where
that this man was the greatest of all the men of the have you come?
east. Then Satan answered the LORD and said, From
4 And his sons used to go and have a feast in going to and fro in the earth, and from walking up
the house of each one on his day, and they and down in it.
would send and call for their three sisters to eat 8 And the LORD said to Satan, Have you
and to drink with them. 5 And it came about considered my servant Job, that there is no one
when their days of feasting had completed its like him on the earth, a blameless and an upright
cycle, that Job would send and sanctify them, man, one who fears God and shuns evil?
and rise up early in the morning and offer burnt 9 Then Satan answered the LORD and said,
1:1 Uz this land was situated somewhere his activity as priest as head of the family.
east of the land of Canaan (v 3). In Note on priest at Ex 28:1; on burnt offering
Jeremiahs day it was distinguished from at Lev 1:2,3.
Edom (Jer 25:20,21), but Edomites lived 1:6 A day came here we are given a
there or possibly controlled it (Lam 4:21). glimpse into the unseen spiritual realm.
So Uz was probably close to the borders of What happened later to Job had its source
Edom. Teman, the region where Jobs friend there.
Eliphaz lived, was a part of Edom. Sons of God 2:1; 38:7. Compare
Blameless the Hebrew word is trans- Gen 6:2. Here the words indicate angels.
lated perfect in the KJV, but no man is Evidently they came to stand in Gods pres-
perfect in the sense in which we use this ence to give an account of their activities
word today. The word also means com- and to receive further orders.
plete, not lacking in any virtue, having Satan see note at 1 Chron 21:1. He
integrity, ethically pure (see note at Gen too must come to stand before God. In some
17:1). This does not mean that Job was sense his activities are restricted by Gods
sinless. He had a sinful nature as all men supreme will. He is not free to do as he
have. But it does mean that he was a man would like or all that he would wish to do.
who, by Gods grace and power, was full of When God sees it is wise and just, He
virtues, completely equipped in every way allows Satan (or other evil spirits or demons)
for a righteous and holy life. God had given to bring troubles on men and to test and try
him victory over the sin in his nature. On Gods people.
our sinful nature see notes at Gen 8:21; 1:7 God knew where Satan had been. This
Ps 51:5; 58:3; Rom 3:9-19; 7:5,18; verse suggests that Satan also is required
8:3,4; Gal 5:16,17; Eph 2:1-3; 1 John 1:8. to give an account of his activities. Satan
On blameless (or perfect) see Gen had been roaming the earth looking for
6:9; 17:1; Matt 5:48; 2 Cor 7:1; Eph 4:13; opportunities to do evil (1 Pet 5:8). He is
Phil 3:12; Col 1:28; 4:12; James 1:4. not, like God, able to be everywhere at once.
Upright this means that he was 1:8 Job God is not calling attention to a
straight in all his dealings, sincere, honest, person Satan has not considered. The next
without crookedness or guile (compare Ps two verses seem to make it clear that
7:10; 11:2,7; 25:8; 112:2,4; 140:13; Satan had been watching Job.
Prov 15:8; 16:17). No one like him according to God
Feared God notes at 28:28; Gen Himself Job was the best man on earth in
20:11; Ps 34:11-14; 111:10; 130:3,4; his generation. We should keep this fact in
Prov 1:7. mind all through our study of this book.
Shunned evil turning from evil is one Otherwise we will not understand it as well
sure mark of anyone who truly has the fear as we should.
of God (28:28; Prov 3:7; 8:13; 16:6; 1:9 This is Satans evaluation of the piety
2 Cor 7:1). The character of Job seen here of the best man on earth, and so of all
is an example to us all of what a man can religious people. He is saying that men will
and should be. His character was of far more serve and worship God only for what they
value than all of his material possessions. can get out of it, that among the whole of
1:3 East here means the area lying east of mankind there is no such thing as genuine
Canaan, extending, perhaps, to the love for God or reverence for Him, that the
Euphrates river. basis of all religion is selfishness.
1:5 These words reveal the love Job had for Unfortunately, Satans evaluation is
God and for his own children, his knowledge correct to a large extent. Sinful men indeed
of the sinfulness of the human heart, and think only of themselves and what they can
JOB 1:10 604
Does Job fear God for nothing? 10 Have you not 16 While he was still speaking, another also came
made a hedge around him and around his house and said, The fire of God has fallen from heaven
and around all that he has, on every side? You and burned up the sheep and the servants and
have blessed the work of his hands, and his pos- consumed them, and I alone have escaped to tell
sessions have increased in the land. 11 But now you.
stretch out your hand and touch all that he has, 17 While he was still speaking, another also came
and he will curse you to your face. and said, The Chaldeans formed three bands and
12 And the LORD said to Satan, See, all that attacked the camels and carried them away; yes,
he has is in your power; only do not stretch out and they killed the servants with the edge of the
your hand to the man himself. So Satan went out sword; and I alone have escaped to tell you.
from the presence of the LORD. 18 While he was still speaking, another also came
13 And there was a day when his sons and his and said, Your sons and your daughters were
daughters were eating and drinking wine in their eating and drinking wine in their oldest brothers
oldest brothers house; 14 and a messenger came house; 19 and, see, a great wind came from the
to Job and said, The oxen were plowing, and the wilderness and struck the four corners of the house,
donkeys were feeding beside them, 15 and the and it fell on the young men, and they are dead,
Sabeans attacked and took them away. Yes, they and I alone have escaped to tell you.
killed the servants with the edge of the sword, and 20 Then Job arose and tore his cloak and shaved
I alone have escaped to tell you. his head, and prostrated himself on the ground
get from God rather than how they can love, good (notes at Gen 50:20; Num 24:25; Rom
please, and serve God. But God can and does 8:28). Job was Gods masterpiece of
work in the hearts of individuals to change spiritual workmanship in that generation
them, give them a new nature, and pour his (compare Eph 2:10). God would not shield
love into their inner being. Such people serve him from testing.
God truly and are willing to suffer the loss of 1:13-19 Satan now reveals what happens
all things for His sake (Mark 10:28; Luke to possessions and persons when he is given
5:11,27,28; 14:33; Rom 5:5; Phil 3:8; the opportunity to injure them. He is a
Heb 10:32-34; 11:36-38). destroyer and a murderer (John 8:44). We
Judging from the information we have in have reason to believe that he would, if
the Bible we can say that Satan does not permitted by God, do similar things to
want to admit this and goes on accusing every one of Gods people. If he does not,
and opposing Gods people (Rev 12:10), it is only because God still keeps His
and that his aim is to get people to turn protective fence about them (Ps 3:3; 5:12;
against God, reject Him, and even curse Him. 32:7; Deut 33:27; John 17:15; 1 Pet 1:5).
They who do so are siding with Satan, though Satan, of course, may actually increase the
they may not even be aware of Satans wealth and position of those on his side, or
existence. Satan hates God and wants all of those who yield to his temptations for
men to hate Him. He also hates men and these things. But this too, as he well knows,
wants God to hate them and judge, punish, will result in their eventual destruction.
and destroy them. 1:14,15 The Sabeans were a nomadic tribe
1:10,11 Satan makes his view of Job (and ranging here and there in northern Arabia.
so of all pious people) quite clear. Job, he 1:16 Some scholars think the words the fire
is saying, served and worshiped God only of God means lightning flashes. But it may
because of Gods material blessings and have been fire that Satan caused to fall from
protection; take away these and Jobs piety the sky (compare Rev 13:13). In any case,
will go with them. In the case of Job we can the man who reported it to Job was mis-
see that this was not true. But is it true of taken if he thought God Himself had sent
us? Will we lose our devotion to God if He the fire.
allows disaster to come on our possessions 1:17 Still speaking no time was given
and on our children? Job to recover from one shock until news of
Hedge nothing can touch Gods another disaster was brought to him. Satan
people without Gods permission. He is a tried to overwhelm and crush him with ca-
shield to them, a hedge around them 2:6; lamities swiftly following one after the other.
Gen 15:1; Ps 18:2; 28:7; etc. Chaldeans a people living to the east
1:12 God accepted Satans challenge or northeast of the land of Uz.
concerning Job. He Himself would not raise His 1:18,19 A great wind evidently Satan can
hand against Job, but would allow Satan to put cause destructive winds. Now the greatest
his theory to the test. God often tries His people blow of all falls on Jobs loving heart and
and allows them to be tested by circumstances stunned mind. What is the loss of all the
(notes at Gen 22:1; Ps 66:10-12; etc). The 500 yoke of oxen and 500 donkeys, and
result of such trials is glory to God and great 7000 sheep, and 3000 camels compared
honor and spiritual good to those who come with the loss of all of his ten children?
through them. In other words, God uses all 1:20 In this verse and the next we have one
the accusations, opposition, and activities of the great moments in the whole Bible, in
of Satan against Him and His people to bring the whole of human history. It should fill us
605 JOB 2:9
and worshipped, 21 and said, Naked I came out like him on the earth, a blameless and an upright
of my mothers womb, and naked I shall return. man, one who fears God and shuns evil? And he
The LORD gave and the LORD has taken away. still holds fast his integrity, although you incited me
Blessed be the name of the LORD. against him to destroy him without cause.
22 In all this Job did not sin, or charge God 4 And Satan answered the LORD and said, Skin
foolishly. for skin, yes, all that a man has he will give for his
life. 5 But now stretch out your hand and touch his
2 There was another day when the sons of God
came to present themselves before the LORD,
and Satan also came among them to present
bone and his flesh, and he will curse you to your
face.
6 And the LORD said to Satan, See, he is in
himself before the LORD. 2 And the LORD said to your hands; but spare his life.
Satan, From where have you come? 7 So Satan went out from the presence of the
And Satan answered the LORD and said, From LORD and struck Job with painful boils from the
going to and fro on the earth, and from walking up sole of his foot to the crown of his head. 8 And he
and down on it. took a a piece of broken pottery to scrape himself
3 And the LORD said to Satan, Have you with, and sat down among the ashes.
considered my servant Job, that there is no one 9 Then his wife said to him, Do you still hold on
with admiration. Jobs faith rises superior to devotion and piety. He means that when a
all his loss and sorrow. Satan is proved a persons health is gone, if he thinks God is
liar. And Gods work of grace in human hearts responsible for it, he will turn against God
is shown to be powerful and real. Instead of and show that all his religion and piety was
uttering the curse Satan had predicted, Job rooted only in selfishness and sin.
praises God. Notice that Job does not blame Satans estimate of mans character in
the Sabeans or Chaldeans or wind or fire or his sinful state is true. But he was wrong
even Satan for his losses. He did not think about Job (vs 13-15), and about other true
these losses were the result of accidents or believers. When God does His work of
mens cruelty or the powers of nature. He saving and transforming individuals He
says God gave, God took away. He recog- makes them willing to suffer and give up
nizes Gods sovereignty in everything. He even their lives for Him (John 11:16; Acts
knows the things which have happened could 20:24; 21:13; Heb 11:36-38; Rev 12:11;
not happen unless God permitted them. Luke 14:26; Matt 10:38,39). It is a great
Tore. . .shaved expressions of deep glory to God to have children who will love
grief. Him in spite of personal disasters and who
1:21 Naked Ps 49:17; Eccl 5:15; will endure everything for Him, even great
1 Tim 6:7. pain and death.
Taken away we have all sinned 2:6 Satan can do nothing to Gods people
against God and so deserve nothing good without Gods permission (1:12). Why
from His hand. If we have anything it is should God give him permission? Because
because of Gods free grace. If He takes He knows it is better to give permission than
away what He lets us have for a while, there to refuse it. This matter we may not fully
is no injustice at all in that. And Job here understand on this earth (Isa 55:8,9; Rom
accepts this, even though he can see no 11:33,34). We must simply trust God and
reason why such misfortunes should come believe that He knows better than we do
to him. what should and should not be done or
Blessed be the name of the LORD permitted.
Job revealed the truth of verses 1 and 8 by 2:7 When Satan is permitted he will do what
being able to praise God even in he can to torment men. One boil on the
circumstances like these. Ps 33:1 (note); body can be very painful. Imagine what
50:23; Eph 5:20; 1 Thess 5:18. severe and constant pains would result from
1:22 Many there are in this world who burning, itching, festering sores over the
foolishly charge God with injustice toward whole body. Later in the book several verses
them when they experience losses much reveal the intense suffering that Job
less than Jobs. experienced because of this (2:8; 3:24;
2:3 Jobs calamities have not changed his 6:10; 7:4,5; 13:28; 16:8,17; 17:1;
character in the slightest. God says he is 19:20; 30:17,30).
just as good a man as he was before (1:1,8). 2:8 A sign of deep mourning (42:6; Jer
2:4,5 Satans meaning is that although Job 6:26; Jonah 3:6). Job felt that his whole
did not curse God because of the loss of all life was in ashes.
things, this was not because he was truly 2:9 Satan now uses Jobs wife as a tool to
devoted to God, but because he was afraid bring his message to Job and to increase
that if he cursed God, God would take his his sorrow. She wonders what use there can
life. He is saying that every person is so be in integrity and devotion to God if they
selfishly concerned with his own physical do not prevent such terrible loss and
well-being that he will do anything to sufferings as those which came to Job. When
preserve it, including making a show of she says curse God and die she is
JOB 2:10 606
to your integrity? Curse God, and die! come to sympathize with him and to comfort him.
10 But he said to her, You are speaking like one 12 And when they lifted up their eyes at a distance
of the foolish women speaks. What? Shall we and did not recognize him, they raised their voices
receive good at the hand of God, and shall we not and wept, and each of them tore his cloak and
receive trouble? In all this Job did not sin with his sprinkled dust on his head toward heaven. 13 So
lips. they sat down with him on the ground seven days
11 Now when Jobs three friends heard of all and seven nights, and no one spoke a word to him,
this trouble that had come on him, each of them for they saw that his grief was very great.
came from his own place: Eliphaz the Temanite,
and Bildad the Shuhite, and Zophar the Naamathite.
For they had made an appointment together to 3 After this Job opened his mouth and cursed
the day of his birth.
expressing the hope of Satan. It is not likely troubles have come upon him. Job speaks
that she is suggesting suicide. Possibly she first. For a long time he has been in
supposes that if Job cursed God, God would constant pain, thinking about his sufferings
kill him and put him out of his misery. and losses. Why has God treated me like
2:10 The Hebrew word translated foolish this? What evil have I done? What hope
means both foolish and lacking in righteous remains for me? Is not death better than
character. Job does not call his wife a foolish such a life? And is not being born at all not
woman but only says she is talking like one. the best of all? Questions like these have
He knew, and we should remember, that troubled his mind and pressed like a great
she too had lost ten children in one day, weight on his spirit. He understands nothing
and had been watching her husbands of what has happened and he has no
intense suffering. The sudden loss of even answers for any of his problems.
one child sometimes makes a mother He has, of course, no knowledge of the
almost insane with grief. words spoken by Satan and by God in
Trouble the Hebrew word used here heaven. His friends have brought him no
has many meanings trouble, evil, or light, no comfort. He has lost the fellowship
something disagreeable, unpleasant, sad, with God which he had long enjoyed. He
miserable or hurtful. prays, he cries out in his anguish of body
Sin Job by refusing to sin against God and heart, but God is silent toward him. He
with his words once again proved Satan a is in a state of deep depression.
liar and shut his mouth. Satan is defeated And remember that Job had no such
and appears no more in the story of Job. promises as John 16:33; Rom 8:17,18,28;
Job also shows that he was indeed the best 2 Cor 4:17; 1 Pet 3:12,13; Rev 7:17;
human being on earth in his generation. 21:3,4. These verses had not yet been
No doubt then, as now, most people blamed written. Job did not know of the wonderful
God for every disaster and did not praise display of Gods love through the cross of
Him for any good they enjoyed. Christ. That had not yet taken place. God
2:11 As far as we can see these three men progressively, here a little, there a little,
from neighboring regions came in a spirit of revealed His truth in human history and Job
true friendship and with the best of motives. lived toward the dawn of Gods written
But they turned out to be poor comforters revelation. He had no promise of God that
and only added to Jobs sorrows (16:2). We gave enlightenment and encouragement in
do not know how long a period of time his situation. He could only use his human
elapsed between the onset of Jobs bodily reason to try to understand what had
sufferings and the visit of his friends, but in happened. But his reason failed to bring him
7:3 Job speaks of months of suffering. any comfort. For what had happened
2:12 Could these friends have expected that seemed contrary to reason and all he knew
the greatest man in the East (1:3) would be about God.
covered with loathsome sores and be Suddenly like the bursting of a dam his
sitting in ashes? They were stunned and heart and mouth open and all his pent-up
overcome with grief (Josh 7:16; Neh 9:1; emotions, his tortured thoughts pour forth.
Lam 2:10; Ezek 27:30). Seven days was No one should think to judge harshly what
not an unusual time of mourning in ancient he said. The words he spoke in this chap-
times (Gen 50:10; 1 Sam 31:13). ter are the words of a man who in both body
2:13 During these seven days it is likely that and mind is wounded almost beyond
Jobs friends began to doubt whether he was endurance. (See Jobs own comments about
a good and righteous man. This comes out this in 6:2-4,11-13; 7:11.) Remember that
later in their speeches. They could not he was the best man on earth according to
understand why God would permit such Gods own word (2:3). Not one of us in his
disasters and suffering to come on him if situation and in his time would have
he had not sinned very grievously. behaved or spoken better than he. Indeed
3:1 From here to the end of chapter 31 we would any of us have spoken as well?
have the words of Job and his three friends Of course, a believer now with Gods full
concerning Jobs sufferings. They have spent revelation of truth in the Bible, if he meets
seven days together, each one trying to think suffering and disaster, should never allow
through the problem of why such terrible himself to use such language as Job here
607 JOB 3:24
2 And Job spoke and said, Or why the breasts that I should suck?
3 May the day I was born perish, 13 For now I would have been lying still and quiet;
and the night in which it was said, I would have been sleeping.
A male child is conceived. Then I would have been at rest,
4 May that day be darkness. 14 With kings and counsellors of the earth,
May God not regard it from above, who built up the ruins for themselves,
and may the light not shine on it. 15 Or with princes who had gold,
5 May darkness and the shadow of death claim it. who filled their houses with silver.
May a cloud settle on it. 16 Or why was I not hidden like a still-born child,
May the blackness of the day terrify it. like infants who never saw light?
6 As for that night, may darkness seize it. 17 There the wicked cease from troubling,
May it not be joined to the days of the year. and there the weary are at rest.
May it not come into the number of the months. 18 There the prisoners rest together.
7 Oh, may that night be barren. They do not hear the voice of the oppressor.
May no joyful voice come into it. 19 The small and great are there,
8 May those who curse days curse it, and the servant is freed from his master.
those who are ready to rouse Leviathan. 20 Why is light given to him who is in misery,
9 May the stars of its twilight be dark. and life to the bitter in soul,
May it look for light, but have none, 21 Who long for death, but it does not come,
and may it not see the dawning of the day, and dig for it more than for hidden treasures,
10 Because it did not shut up the doors 22 Who rejoice exceedingly and are glad
of my mothers womb, when they can find the grave?
or hide sorrow from my eyes. 23 Why is light given to a man whose way
11 Why did I not die at birth? is hidden,
Why did I not expire when I came out and whom God has hedged in?
of the womb? 24 For my sighing comes before I eat,
12 Why did the knees receive me? and my groans pour out like water.
used. But let us keep in mind how little he and ease and stir them up to thought, self
had of Gods revelation. examination, and prayer.
3:3 See Jeremiahs words (Jer 20:14-18). They aim a blow at any remaining
3:8 Note on Leviathan at 41:1. self-righteousness and boasting or self-
3:11 10:18,19. indulgence in believers.
3:13-19 More than anything else Job longs They help to break believers away from
for rest and quietness for body and mind. the bonds of earth and make them seek
So death seemed to him sweeter than life. their all in God.
3:20 Jobs question here has troubled men They help them to appreciate more fully
from the beginning of recorded history. The Christs sufferings for them.
question is, what is the point in living when life Patiently endured they shut Satans
is full of suffering and seems without hope mouth and greatly glorify God.
and purpose? To Job life had become absurd They help to reveal and perfect the
and practically impossible. It was not given him believers character and to make it more
to see any of the reasons for the sufferings of Christlike.
Gods people, as revealed in other places in And they work for believers an eternal
the Bible, particularly in the New Testament weight of glory (2 Cor 4:17).
(Deut 8:2,16; Ps 66:10-12; Prov 17:3; Rom
3:21,22 Job had no fear of what might lay
5:3,4; 2 Cor 4:17; 12:7-10; Heb 2:10;
beyond death. His conscience did not
12:5-11; Jam 1:2-4; 1 Pet 1:6,7; etc).
accuse him about anything. He was not afraid
None of us fully understands Gods
to stand before God and give an account of
dealings with men, or the reasons for all the
his life. Longings for death are not
misery and suffering that come on Gods
uncommon even among the best of Gods
people. In the book of Job itself no reason is
people (see Num 11:15; 1 Kings 19:4;
given. God at the end merely reveals Himself
Jer 20:14-18; Jonah 4:8; Phil 1:23). See
as the all-wise and all-powerful ruler of the
notes on fear of death at Ps 55:4,5 and
universe. But in the light of the teachings of
116:15. But suicide was a sin not even to be
the Bible as a whole several reasons may be
considered. Suicide is the same as murder.
given to the question that arises about the
3:23 Hedged in in Hebrew the same
sufferings and trials of the righteous.
expression used in 1:10 appears with an
These come to prove the reality of a entirely different meaning. Job means that
believers faith and to strengthen and purify it. he can see no way out of his difficulties and
They develop the great virtue of patience. sorrows. He feels utterly bewildered, shut in a
They awaken believers out of lethargy narrow place and in the dark (19:8; Lam 3:5).
JOB 3:25 608
25 For the thing which I greatly feared Or where were the righteous ever cut off ?
has come on me, 8 As I have seen, those who plow iniquity,
and what I was afraid of has come to me. and sow wickedness, reap the same.
26 I am not at ease; I have no rest; 9 By the blast of God they perish,
I am not quiet, for turmoil has come. and by the breath of his nostrils
they are consumed.
4 Then Eliphaz the Temanite answered
and said,
10 The roaring of the lion and the voice
of the fierce lion,
and the teeth of the young lions are broken.
2 If one attempts a word with you,
will you be grieved? 11 The old lion perishes for lack of prey,
But who can keep himself from speaking? and the cubs of the lioness are scattered.
3 Look, you have instructed many, 12 Now a word was secretly brought to me,
and have strengthened weak hands. and my ear received a whisper of it.
4 Your words have held up him who was falling, 13 In thoughts from the visions of the night,
and you have strengthened feeble knees. when deep sleep falls on men,
5 But now it has come on you, and you faint. 14 Fear and trembling came on me,
It touches you, and you are troubled. which made all my bones shake.
6 Is not your fear of God your confidence, 15 Then a spirit passed before my face.
your hope, The hair of my body stood up.
and the uprightness of your ways? 16 It stood still, but I could not discern its shape.
7 Please remember, who ever perished, An image was before my eyes.
being innocent? There was silence; and I heard a voice, saying,
3:25 Job is probably not referring to the he abandoned all hope and confidence? He
sudden loss of children, property, and health does not yet say that Jobs piety is not real
see 29:18-20. The fear he had may have (as he does later 15:4-6; 22:4-6). But
come after those calamities, and may have plainly he doubts it.
been the fear of completely losing Gods 4:7-9 Eliphaz reveals here what he believes
fellowship and the light of Gods countenance. is Gods principle of governing the world if
To a man like Job in those circumstances God sends great calamities it is because of
this would have been a great fear indeed, great guilt on the part of those who suffer
and he thought this fear was being fulfilled. them. Jobs ten children were not innocent
3:25 Turmoil the Hebrew word indicates and upright, Eliphaz thinks, and that is why
inner trouble, mental agitation, restlessness they were destroyed. He is willing for the
of heart, not outward turmoil. time to give Job the benefit of the doubt
4:1 Apparently Eliphaz was the leading since Job hasnt perished yet he may not
spokesman for the three friends of Job. He have sinned so greatly as to be worthy of
speaks first, and he uses we in 5:27, destruction.
indicating that the other two shared his Are Eliphazs views on the matter
opinions. Also he has far more to say than completely correct? They are not. It is true
the other two combined. Eliphaz came from that God sometimes sends calamities on
Teman, a place later renowned for wisdom the wicked and destroys them (Gen 6:5-7;
(Jer 49:7; Obadiah 8,9). According to Elihu, 19:24,25; 2 Chron 36:15,16; etc). But in
who appears toward the end of the book, natural disasters such as cyclones and
these three friends are old and wise (32:6; earthquakes, and in times of war, the inno-
34:2). Certainly much of what they say is cent and righteous sometimes die together
true and good, and some of their remarks with the guilty and wicked. And troubles,
and words of advice would no doubt have fit losses, and difficulties come to both good
the case of many people. But, for the most people and bad. Indeed sometimes the
part, their words were not appropriate for wicked have less trouble on this earth than
Jobs case. Actually they misjudged Job the righteous and die at ease in ripe old
altogether and could bring no answer to his age (see Jobs remarks at 21:7-13).
problem and no comfort to his heart. It will 4:8 Prov 22:8; Hos 10:13; Gal 6:7.
take some wisdom on our part to discern 4:9 Isa 11:4; 30:33; 2 Thess 2:8.
what is true and good in the speeches of 4:10,11 God knows how to deal with those
these friends, and what is mistaken. who are cruel and bloodthirsty as lions.
4:2-6 Eliphaz begins very politely. He sees Eliphaz does not yet apply this directly to
Jobs great suffering and does not wish to Job and still may be doubting whether Job
add to it. But he feels some things must be is like that. He becomes more clear in his
said even though they may cause Job more charges against Job in his second and third
pain. Eliphaz soon reveals that he has strong speeches (chapters 15 and 22).
doubts about Jobs character and piety. Job, 4:12-16 In this frightening and mysterious
he says, taught others but could not teach experience that came to him Eliphaz
himself. And if Jobs piety is real why has believes God sent him a message and that
609 JOB 5:17
17 Can a mortal be more just than God? 6 Although affliction does not come out
Can a man be more pure than his Maker? of the dust,
18 Consider, he puts no trust in his servants, or trouble spring out of the ground,
and he charges his angels with error. 7 Yet man is born to trouble,
19 How much more those who dwell in as the sparks fly upward.
houses of clay, 8 As for me I would seek God,
whose foundation is in the dust, and I would commit my case to God,
who are crushed before the moth? 9 Who does great and unsearchable things,
20 They are destroyed from morning to evening; marvellous things without number,
they perish forever without anyone 10 Who gives rain on the earth,
regarding it. and sends water on the fields,
21 Does not their abundance which is 11 To set on high those who are lowly,
among them go away? so that those who mourn are lifted to safety.
They die, still without wisdom. 12 He disappoints the schemes of the crafty,
so that their hands cannot carry out their plans.
5 Call out now; is there anyone who
will answer you?
And to which of the holy ones will you turn?
13 He takes the wise in their own craftiness,
and the counsel of the cunning is swept away.
14 They meet with darkness in the daytime,
2 For anger kills the foolish man, and grope in the noonday as in the night.
and envy slays the simple one. 15 But he saves the poor from the sword,
3 I have seen a fool taking root; from their mouth,
but suddenly I cursed his habitation. and from the hand of the mighty.
4 His children are far from safety, 16 So the poor have hope,
and they are crushed in the gate; and iniquity shuts its mouth.
nor is there anyone to rescue them.
5 The hungry eat up their harvest, 17 See, happy is the man whom God corrects.
taking it even out of the thorns; Therefore do not despise the discipline
and the robber swallows up their possessions. of the Almighty,
this message fits Jobs case exactly. But it anger because of his troubles and sufferings
did not. Just because a man thinks he has and is envious of those not afflicted, the
been inspired by God does not make it so. result will be his own destruction.
4:17-21 The message Eliphaz gives Job is this: 5:3-5 He describes calamities which are very
all are weak and sinful, including Job, and when much like those which came on Job, and
punishment comes because of wrongdoing no evidently thinks Jobs case may be similar
one should be surprised or try to defend to the wicked fool he refers to in v 3. Why
himself (5:1). He implies that all that has else would he use an illustration like this?
happened to Job and his family was because He has no idea that Job is a better man
of some sins or other they had committed. than he himself (1:8). It is remarkable that
Eliphaz believes that Job in his opening Job listened to this with patience.
remarks (chapter 3) should have confessed 5:6,7 Eliphaz means that calamities are not
his sin and begged God for mercy, instead mere acts of nature, not accidents; they are
of raging against his fate and complaining the result of a spiritual law; troubles come
about Gods dealings with him. Eliphaz is right because of mans birth in sin and mans
when he says all men are sinners and that sinful acts. God has linked sin and suffering
God punishes the wicked. Many verses of together and no one can escape this law.
the Bible teach the same thing. But he is 5:8 He states what he would do if he were
wrong in thinking that what has happened to in Jobs situation. He evidently thinks that
Job was Gods punishment for his sins. Job has not done so.
4:17 9:2; 25:4; Gen 15:6; Rom 3:21-26; 5:9-16 He now gives a description of Gods
4:5-8; Eph 1:14. (Through the Lord Jesus ways with men that he thinks will make Job
Christ God has made a way for men to be want to turn to God for mercy. Considering the
righteous and pure before Him). time and place in which he lived he displays a
4:19 10:9; 33:6. Words like these indicate very high view of God He is a God who does
that Job and his friends were familiar with wonders (and so could wonderfully restore the
the account of mans creation in Gen 2:7. prosperity of Job v 9); He is the God who is a
5:1 The meaning seems to be this: Eliphaz kind sovereign over His creation (v 10); He
thinks the truth he has stated is so plain rules justly in the affairs of men to bring
that no one should think of disputing it, and punishment to clever evildoers and to rescue
that if Job rejects it and tries to find support their victims (vs 11-16). Part of verse 13 is
for his position among either men or quoted by Paul in 1 Cor 3:19.
angels, not a single one would speak on 5:17,18 The truth of these verses is found
his behalf. in Prov 3:11,12 and Heb 12:5,6. It is a
5:2 Eliphaz means that if Job burns with beautiful truth but it was not the truth Job
JOB 5:18 610
6
18 For he injures, but binds up; But Job answered and said,
he wounds, but his hands bring healing. 2 Oh, that my grief were fully weighed,
19 He will rescue you in six troubles; and my calamity laid with it in the balances!
yes, in seven no evil will touch you. 3 For now it would be heavier than the
20 In famine he will redeem you from death, sand of the sea;
and in war from the power of the sword. therefore my words have been wild.
21 You will be hidden from the lash of the tongue; 4 For the arrows of the Almighty are in me,
nor will you be afraid of destruction my spirit drinks in their poison.
when it comes. The terrors of God set themselves
22 You will laugh at destruction and famine; in array against me.
nor will you be afraid of the beasts of the earth. 5 Does the wild donkey bray when it has grass?
23 For you will have a covenant with the Or does an ox bellow over its fodder?
stones of the field, 6 Can what is unsavoury be eaten without salt?
and the beasts of the field will be Or is there any taste in the white of an egg?
at peace with you. 7 My soul refuses to touch them;
24 And you will know that your tent is in peace, they are like disgusting food to me.
8 Oh, that I might have my request, and that
and you will visit your dwelling place,
God would grant me the thing that
and will not miss anything.
I long for!
25 And you will know that your children are many,
9 Oh, that it would please God to crush me!
and your offspring like the grass of the earth.
That he would let loose his hand and cut me off!
26 You will reach your grave in a full age,
10 Then I would still have comfort;
like a sheaf of grain comes in, in its season.
yes, I would exult in unrelenting pain, for
27 Consider this. We have searched it out; I have not denied the words of
it is true. the Holy One.
Hear it, and know it is for your good. 11 What is my strength, that I should hope?
needed in his situation. Jobs sufferings were brought those disasters on Job. Both Job
not a result of Gods chastisement for sin. and his friends believe God is punishing him.
Gods primary purpose in them was to prove The difference between them is this: Jobs
Jobs faith and integrity and shut Satans friends believe he is being punished for
mouth. In general, what use is it for preach- some specific sins, Job believes he is being
ers to have fine messages if they do not punished for no good reason at all.
suit the condition of those who hear them? Sometimes people add to their sorrows
Almighty (v 17) in Hebrew Shaddai when bad things happen to them by
Gen 17:1. mistakenly thinking God has turned against
5:19-26 He is saying that if Job will submit them. They mistake the raging of Satan for
to God and meekly accept His chastisements Gods anger. God loved Job very much, views
God will rescue him from trouble (vs 19,20), him with great favor, and plans to bless him
restore his prosperity (vs 22-24), will give abundantly. But Job does not know this.
him many children in place of those he lost 6:5-7 In other words, Job would not cry out
(vs 26), and restore him to good health and lament if there were not good reasons
(vs 18,26). for it. What a wild donkey or an ox wants is
5:27 Eliphaz speaks for Bildad and Zophar food; what Job wanted was an explanation
also. He is very sure that he is giving Job of his sufferings, some comfort for his mind
the truth he needs to hear and apply. and heart. But he could find nowhere a single
6:1-3 In this answer to Eliphaz Job explains tasty morsel of truth that could meet his
why he spoke as he did in chapter 3. He need and satisfy him. How Job would have
confesses that he spoke rashly. His suffer- delighted to have the whole Bible! Yet many
ings were so great that his words were wild, troubled Christians neglect its treasures of
or impetuous, or incoherent (as some wisdom and understanding.
other versions translate the Hebrew word in Taste in the white of an egg? the meaning
v 3). His friends should have understood of the Hebrew words here is uncertain.
this and not judged him harshly (v 26). 6:8-10 Since Job cannot get any answer to
6:4 His sorrows, calamities, and sickness his problem his great desire is for one thing
seem to him like poison-tipped arrows shot death. Even in the clutches of his pain,
into him by God Himself. These arrows were even in death, he would have one great
still sticking in his wounded body and spirit. consolation he had remained true to God
He had thought he was at peace with God and to all the revelation of Gods truth he
and enjoyed His favor. Now it seemed quite had; he had openly confessed his loyalty to
suddenly and without reason God was at war the Lord (1:21; 2:10).
with him. There is no indication here or any- 6:11-13 Job speaks of his utter
where in the words of Job or his friends that helplessness and hopelessness. Could his
they thought Satan could be the one who friends imagine he had a body that felt no
611 JOB 7:9
And what is my end, that I should 27 Yes, you would overwhelm the fatherless,
prolong my life? and dig a pit for your friend.
12 Is my strength the strength of stones? 28 Now therefore be pleased to look at me,
Or is my flesh bronze? for it will be evident to you if I am lying.
13 Is it that my help is not in me? 29 Please relent, let there be no
And that success has been driven from me? injustice; yes, relent.
14 To him who is afflicted kindness My righteousness is in question.
should be shown by his friend, 30 Is there iniquity in my tongue?
or he may forsake the fear of the Almighty. Cannot my taste discern wrong things?
15 My brethren have acted deceitfully,
like a brook, and like the stream
of brooks that pass away,
16 Which are dark because of the ice,
7 Is there not a hard struggle for man on earth?
And are his days not like the days
of a hired man?
and in which snow is hidden. 2 As a servant earnestly desires the shade,
17 When it becomes warm, they cease to flow; and as a hired man looks for
when it is hot, they vanish from their place. the reward of his work,
18 The paths of their course turn aside; 3 So I have been allotted months of futility,
they go nowhere, and perish. and nights of weariness have been
19 The caravans of Tema look, appointed to me.
the travellers of Sheba hope for them. 4 When I lie down, I say,
20 They are disappointed because they When shall I arise, and the night be gone?
were confident. And I have my fill of tossing
They arrive there and are confused. to and fro until dawn.
21 For now you are no help. 5 My body is clothed with worms and dirty scabs.
You see a fearful thing and are afraid. My skin is broken open, and has become
22 Did I say, Bring something to me? loathsome.
Or, Give a reward for me from your wealth?
6 My days are swifter than a weavers
23 Or, Deliver me from the enemys hand?
shuttle, and are spent without hope.
Or, Redeem me from the hand of the mighty?
7 Oh, remember that my life is a breath.
24 Teach me, and I will hold my tongue; My eyes will never again see what is good.
and make me understand where I have 8 The eyes of him who has seen me will
gone wrong. see me no more;
25 How forceful are right words! your eyes will turn toward me, and
But what does your arguing prove? I will not be.
26 Do you intend to rebuke the words and 9 As the cloud is consumed and vanishes away,
speeches of one who is desperate, so he who goes down to the grave will
which are like wind? not come up again.
pain? A mind that could hope when all 6:25-27 He knew the power of words
grounds of hope seemed gone? spoken to meet the needs of a person. He
6:14-21 Now he criticizes his friends for their is saying they have failed to speak such
failure to help him. He has revealed to them words, and because they have
his despair, but it seems to him that this misunderstood his words (in chapter 3), they
has only made them turn against him. They are behaving very harshly toward him.
have become accusers instead of comforters. 6:28-30 He appeals to them very earnestly
His thirsty soul longed for refreshing, to consider his righteous life and his
restoring truth. When his friends came he integrity, and to stop unjustly accusing him.
hoped for wise counsel from them. Now they 7:1-6 This description of Jobs condition can
appear to him like dried-up streams. Sad be summed up in two words: misery and
and desperate people could not quench their hopelessness. According to v 3 Job has been
thirst from their words. He is bitterly suffering not merely a few days but for a
disappointed and plainly tells them so. few months.
6:22-24 He had not asked them to come or 7:7-11 The words from v 7 to the end of
to give him any physical or financial help this chapter Job speaks to God. He tells
(for all we know, with the loss of all his prop- God plainly that he has no further hope of
erty and health he might have needed such happiness. Only death awaits him. He
help, but it does not seem that they knows nothing of the doctrine of the
offered any). He asked them for only one resurrection (see note on 14:7-12). He
thing clear counsel that would meet his feels he has nothing to lose, so he will give
needs. He is willing to admit his sins and full expression to his grief.
errors if they would point them out to him. 7:9 Grave in Hebrew Sheol note at
JOB 7:10 612
10 He will return no more to his house, 20 I have sinned;
nor will his place know him any more. what have I done to you, O watcher of men?
Why have you set me up as your target,
11 Therefore I will not refrain my mouth.
so that I am a burden to myself?
I will speak in the anguish of my spirit.
21 And why do you not pardon my transgression,
I will complain in the bitterness of my soul.
and take away my iniquity?
12 Am I the sea, or a sea monster,
For now I will sleep in the dust,
that you set a guard over me?
and you will look for me in the morning,
13 When I say, My bed will comfort me,
but I will not be.
my couch will ease my complaint,
14 Then you frighten me with dreams,
and terrify me through visions,
15 So that my soul chooses strangling 8 Then Bildad the Shuhite answered and said,
2 How long will you speak these things?
And how long will the words of your
and death rather than my life.
16 I loathe it. I would not live always. mouth be like a strong wind?
Let me alone, for my days are empty. 3 Does God pervert judgment?
Or does the Almighty pervert justice?
17 What is man that you should make much 4 If your children sinned against him
of him, and he cast them away for their
and that you should set your heart on him? transgression,
18 And that you should visit him every morning, 5 If you would seek God and make your
and test him every moment? supplication to the Almighty,
19 Will you never turn away from me, 6 If you have been pure and upright,
or let me alone until I swallow down my spittle? surely now he will awake for you,
Gen 37:35. follows he shows he is in full agreement with
7:12 Job means that he is not some Eliphaz.
turbulent ocean or wild sea monster that 8:3 He believes that Job is accusing God of
needs restraining. injustice. This verse is the basis of all Bildad
7:13-15 Nights instead of giving rest from has to say God is always working out
suffering added to it, for when he would justice in this world, rewarding the good, pun-
sleep, dreams or terrifying visions troubled ishing the wicked. If disasters and suffering
him so that he again longed for death. come to a man it is because he deserves
7:16 Job 9:21; 10:1; Eccl 2:17; 4:2,3. them. For God would not punish a person
7:17-19 Jobs question is not, why does God unjustly. Bildad seems to think calamities
have such a loving concern for man (as in Ps and sufferings such as Job experienced could
8:4), but, why does God continually want to only be punishment for wrong doing. He does
inflict pain on feeble men? Why does He not understand that God may justly permit
examine every action and take such care to afflictions to come to a person to try him, to
send punishment and affliction? Job felt that prove his faith and good character, and that
Gods attitude toward him was hostile and he may allow the wicked to prosper all
wanted God to leave him alone for a while. through life and judge and punish him after
Actually in the last part of v 18 Job comes death. It is very true, of course, that God
near to the reason why calamities have come does not pervert justice. But it is impossible
upon him testing (compare Gen 22:1; Ps for men on earth, especially without the full
66:10-12). But he does not pursue this truth. revelation of the Bible, to understand how
Perhaps at that time in history and without justice is being worked out.
Gods revelation on the subject, and in his All three friends of Job had very narrow,
condition, he could not have. rigid, and simplistic views on the
7:20 Job does not know of any sins he may outworking of Gods justice. Therefore they
have committed that should have brought were sometimes harsh and lacking in
Gods judgment on him. But he asks that sympathy. In these days if we hold the view
even if he had sinned how could that have that everyone on earth is getting just what
injured God so much that he became the he deserves, or that if anyone suffers it is
target for Gods anger. his karma being worked out, such a view
7:21 Job does not deny that he has sinned might tend to make us somewhat unfeeling
at times. But he wonders that there is no toward those in misery and suffering.
forgiveness. He knows he is not hardhearted 8:4 With Bildads views of justice being what
and unrepentant. He believes the end of they were, no doubt he believed that Jobs
his life is near and wants assurance of for- children had sinned terribly and been
giveness for any sins he has committed. destroyed because of it.
What Job spoke about with longing we can 8:5 Job 5:8. Bildad apparently assumes
now know that we have Luke 24:46,47; with Eliphaz that Job had not done so.
Eph 1:7; 1 John 1:9. 8:6,7 Since Job was not destroyed with his
8:1,2 Bildad thinks Job is very reckless and children it is barely possible, Bildad thinks,
impious in his words. In the speech which that Job may not be unrighteous. In such
613 JOB 9:9
and restore your righteous dwelling place. 19 See, this is the joy of his way,
7 Though your beginning was small, and out of the earth others will grow.
yet in the end you will increase greatly. 20 Consider, God will not cast away a blameless
8 For please ask the former age, and consider man, nor will he help evildoers.
what was searched out by their fathers; 21 He will yet fill your mouth with laughter,
9 For we are but of yesterday, and your lips with rejoicing.
and know nothing, 22 Those who hate you will be clothed with shame,
because our days on earth are a shadow. and the dwelling place of the wicked
10 Will they not teach you, and tell you, will come to nothing.
and utter words from their heart?
11 Can papyrus grow up without marsh?
Can the reed grow without water? 9 Then Job answered and said,
2 Indeed I know this is true.
But how can a man be righteous before God?
12 While it is still green and not cut down,
it withers before any other plant. 3 If he would dispute with him,
13 So are the paths of all who forget God, he could not answer him one in a thousand.
and the hypocrites hope will perish. 4 He is wise in heart, and mighty in strength.
14 His hope will be cut off, Who has hardened himself against him,
and his trust will be a spiders web. and prospered?
15 He leans against his house, 5 He removes the mountains,
but it does not stand. and they do not know.
He holds fast to it, but it does not endure. He overturns them in his anger.
16 He is green in the sunlight, 6 He shakes the earth out of its place,
and his branch spreads out in his garden. and its pillars tremble.
17 His roots wrap around the rock heap, 7 He commands the sun, and it does not rise,
and sees the place of stones. and he seals off the stars.
18 If he is destroyed from his place, 8 He alone spreads out the heavens,
then it will deny him, saying, and treads on the waves of the sea.
I have not seen you. 9 He made the Bear, Orion, and the Pleiades,
case God will restore him to blessing and 8:21,22 He is saying that God will do this if
prosperity. This actually happened in the Job is truly righteous and will plead with God
case of Job (42:10-13). But in general it is (vs 5,6).
not a principle that is valid in this world. 9:2 True it is not clear what part of
Righteousness does not always result in Bildads speech Job agrees with. He may be
prosperity and sinfulness does not always referring to its closing words, or to the words
bring poverty. Prosperity is not necessarily of 8:3 which gives the essence of the
a sign of Gods blessing and poverty is not speech.
necessarily a sign of Gods displeasure (see How can a man be righteous before God?
Ps 73:3,12; Luke 6:20-26; 12:33,34; this question is an extremely important one,
16:19-31; 18:22; 1 Tim 6:6-9,18,19; Heb one that is at the heart of mans need and of
10:32-37; James 5:1-6; 1 Peter 4:12-16). Gods revelation in the Bible. But there is no
8:8-10 Eliphaz claimed some kind of answer to it in Job. It may be that Job did not
mystical inspiration for his remarks (4:12- expect any answer. He is simply admitting
16). Bildad bases his remarks on tradition. mans general sinfulness and ignorance. He
He means that the views he and his friends probably means something like this: All men,
express are not new and not merely their including myself, are sinners. I know it well. It
opinions; ancient wisdom taught the same is impossible for anyone to stand before God
thing. However, that which is called ancient and argue that he is perfectly righteous, and I
wisdom is not necessarily wisdom, and am certainly not able to do so. But there is a
sometimes is the opposite of wisdom. way for man to be perfectly righteous before
8:11-19 The essence of what he says here God. See Gen 15:6; Rom 3:21-26; Phil 3:9.
is this: the wicked may be very prosperous 9:3-20 If it comes to an argument with God,
for a little while but they will fall like Job knows he has no hope of winning it. He
withered plants. Bildad does not say Job is knows himself to be too weak, too foolish,
like the wicked people he describes, but he too reckless in speech, too unskilled in
obviously suspects it. Why else would he debate (vs 3,14-16,20). And he knows that
use such illustrations? He meant them as a God is the wise and powerful Creator of the
warning to Job. universe, and can do what He pleases with
8:13 Hypocrite the Hebrew indicates a His creation (vs 4-10). Job had learned
profane or godless person. some great truth about God. He looks at
8:19 This could possibly be translated See, the earth, the sun, moon, and stars, and
all the joy it has is that from the soil other knows that creation is only the work of Gods
plants grow. hands. He knows too that there is only one
8:20 Verse 3. true God. God, Job says in v 11, is in the
JOB 9:10 614
and the chambers of the south. it would prove me perverse.
10 He does great things past finding out,
21 Even if I were blameless,
yes, and wonders without number.
yet I would not know myself;
11 Lo and behold, he goes by me,
I despise my life.
and I do not see him; and he passes on,
22 It is all one. Therefore I said,
but I do not perceive him.
He destroys the blameless and the wicked.
12 See, if he takes away, who can hinder him?
23 If the scourge suddenly kills,
Who will say to him, What are you doing?
he laughs at the trial of the innocent.
13 If God does not withdraw his anger,
24 The earth has been given into the hand
the allies of the proud cower beneath him.
of the wicked.
14 How much less shall I answer him,
He covers the faces of its judges.
and choose out my words to reason with him?
If not he, then who is it?
15 Even if I were righteous,
25 Now my days are swifter than a runner.
yet I would not answer him,
They flee away, they see no good.
but I would make supplication to my judge.
26 They pass away like swift ships,
16 If I called, and he had answered me, like the eagle hurrying to the prey.
yet I would not believe that he would 27 If I say, I will forget my complaint;
listen to my voice. I will put off my sad face, and comfort myself,
17 For he breaks me with a tempest, 28 I am afraid of all my pains.
and increases my wounds without cause. I know that you will not hold me innocent.
18 He will not allow me to take my breath, 29 If I am wicked, then why should I labour
but fills me with bitterness. in vain?
19 If I speak of strength, see, he is strong; 30 Even if I wash myself with snow water,
and if I speak of judgment, who will and cleanse my hands with soap,
set a time for me to plead ? 31 Yet you will plunge me in the ditch,
20 If I justified myself, my own mouth and my own clothes will abhor me.
would condemn me. 32 For he is not a man like me that
If I say, I am blameless, I should answer him,
universe as an invisible Spirit. Job knows suffer.
also that in the affairs of men God is (b) The fact is the innocent do suffer.
all-powerful (vs 12,13). Here Job probably (c) Therefore God does not exist.
means by this that God has taken away his
children and there is nothing he or anyone Satan himself does not believe this, but
else could do about it. he persuades some people to believe it,
Bear, etc constellations. and convinces them that this reasoning is
9:13 The proud in Hebrew Rahab sound. Job does not fall into that trap, but
note at 26:12. v 24 shows how puzzled he is by the
9:21-24 The words of Job in these verses problem of evil in the world. He asks why
(and in 19:6) are the hardest he ever spoke God doesnt prevent it instead of seeming
about God. He reaches here the lowest point to side with it. Without the full revelation of
of his despair, his misunderstanding of Gods truth given in the Bible neither Job
Gods dealings with him. He pictures God nor anyone else could understand much of
as a cruel despot, a tyrant who acts in an Gods ways with men. Even those of us who
arbitrary way without compassion, a God who know the whole Bible are sometimes much
makes no distinction between the righteous perplexed at what is going on in the world
and the wicked. (but should never be in despair). We too,
But these words do not prove that Job like Job, must walk by faith (2 Cor 5:7).
was a wicked man. They show what We must look at unseen things, not things
unceasing pain and sorrow and the pressure which are seen (2 Cor 4:18).
of tormenting questions can do to even 9:25,26 Job 7:6; Ps 39:5; Isa 38:12.
the best man on earth. A desperate man, 9:27-31 He felt God condemned him
in agony of body and mind, does not speak without cause and accused him though he
like an unfallen angel or an untroubled has led a clean life. He sees no way to
saint. But notice that even now Job does forget his sufferings, clear himself from
not deny God, does not fall into the folly condemnation and be happy.
and wickedness of atheism. Satan tempts 9:32-35 Job felt a need for someone to bring
people to atheism by arguments like these: him and God together, to settle the dispute, to
the world is full of unjust suffering and cause God to take away His punishing rod. In
disasters coming on the innocent; if there a far greater measure than Job could imagine
were a God He would not permit it. Satans the Lord Jesus Christ meets this need. He is
way of reasoning with men is this: the only Mediator between God and man
(1 Tim 2:5). He is the believers advocate in
(a) If God existed the innocent would not
615 JOB 10:22
and we should come together in judgment. and knit me together with bones
33 Nor is there anyone to arbitrate between us, and sinews.
that he might lay his hand on both of us. 12 You have granted me life and favour,
34 Let him remove his rod from me, and your care has preserved my spirit.
and let not his fear terrify me. 13 And these things you have hidden in your heart.
35 Then I would speak, and not fear him. I know that this is with you:
But it is not so with me. 14 If I sin, then you take note of me,
and you will not acquit me from my iniquity.
10 My soul is weary of my life.
I will give full rein to my complaint;
I will speak in the bitterness of my soul.
15 If I am wicked, woe to me!
And if I am righteous, I will still
not lift up my head.
2 I will say to God, Do not condemn me. I am full of shame.
Show me why you contend with me. Therefore see my affliction,
3 Is it good for you to oppress, 16 For it is increasing.
to despise the work of your hands, You hunt me like a fierce lion,
and shine on the counsel of the wicked? and again show your marvellous power
4 Have you eyes of flesh? against me.
Or do you see as man sees? 17 You renew your witnesses against me,
5 Are your days like the days of man? and increase your indignation toward me.
Are your years like mans days, Changes and miserable struggle are my lot.
6 That you inquire about my iniquity, 18 Why then did you bring me out of the womb?
and search for my sin? Oh, that I had expired, and no eye
7 You know that I am not wicked; had seen me!
and there is no one who can rescue 19 I would have been as though I had not been.
from your hand. I would have been carried from
8 Your hands have made me and formed me the womb to the grave.
altogether; 20 Are not my days few?
yet you destroy me. Cease then, and leave me alone,
9 Remember, I beg you, that you have that I may have a little comfort,
made me like clay; 21 Before I go to the place from which
and will you bring me into dust again? I will not return,
10 Have you not poured me out like milk, to the land of darkness and the shadow
and curdled me like cheese? of death,
11 You have clothed me with skin and flesh, 22 A land of darkness, like darkness itself,
heaven (1 John 2:1). Through Him reconcilia- are foolish and tainted with sin. But He
tion has been made between God and man understands our longings for Him and our
and direct access to God provided (2 Cor desire for the truth, and He approves
5:18,19; Eph 2:17,18; Heb 10:19-22). honesty of expression.
10:1 7:11. He has decided to hide abso- 10:3 9:23,24. Job thinks that if God is so
lutely nothing of his thoughts and feelings. keen to punish why does He not punish the
He gives free expression to what many wicked who deserve it instead of people like
people conceal in their hearts because they himself who do not, in Jobs view, deserve it
are afraid to bring them out into the open. (compare Ps 73:3-5,12-14).
Job is not concerned with what people might 10:4-7 Jobs friends have been searching
think of his words. He wants only the truth. for some sin in Job that will account for the
10:2 His conscience accuses him of nothing disasters which have come on him. Why,
and he wants to know what God has against Job asks, should God seek for his sin as
him (6:24; 13:23). He does not know that they did? He is aware that God knows all
God has nothing against him, but loves him things. If God sees some sin in Job that
and views him with favor and satisfaction. merits punishment Job wants God to reveal
Notice how Job in the middle of a plainly what it is.
discussion with his friends suddenly begins 10:8-11 Ps 119:73; 139:13-16.
to speak directly to God (7:7-21; 10:2-22; 10:12-17 Though God has given him life
13:20-14:22; 16:7,8; 17:3,4; 30:20- and showed him kindness it seems to Job
23). Jobs friends never do this. Obviously now that all the time God was like a harsh
Job was a man of prayer. He had the habit judge looking for some excuse to punish
of speaking to God (12:4). He pours out him, like a lion pursuing him to destruction.
all his thoughts and desires at the feet of 10:18,19 3:3,11,16.
the great Creator of the universe. God would 10:20 7:16,19.
have all of us do this (Ps 62:8). He knows 10:21,22 Job had no hopes of heaven to
how some of our thoughts and questions cheer him, no verses like John 14:2,3, no
JOB 11:1 616
and of the shadow of death, without 10 If he cuts off, or shuts up, or gathers together,
any order, then who can hinder him?
and where even the light is like darkness. 11 For he knows vain men.
He also sees wickedness.
11
2
Then answered Zophar the Naamathite and
said,
Should not so many words be answered?
Will he not then consider it?
12 For an idiot can no more become wise
than a wild donkeys colt can be born a man!
And should a man full of talk be justified?
13 If you prepare your heart,
3 Should your empty words make men keep
and stretch out your hands toward him,
silent?
14 Putting iniquity far away, if it is in your hand,
And when you mock, should no man make
and not letting wickedness dwell in your tents,
you ashamed?
15 Then you would be able to lift up your
4 For you have said,
face without spot;
My doctrine is pure, and I am clean
yes, you would be steadfast, and not fear,
in your eyes.
16 Because you would forget your misery,
5 But oh, that God would speak,
and remember it like waters that pass away.
and open his lips against you,
17 And your life would be brighter than noonday;
6 And show you the secrets of wisdom,
you would shine forth like the morning.
that they are double what seems to be!
18 And you would be secure, because
Know therefore that God exacts from
there is hope;
you less than your iniquity deserves.
yes, you would look around and you
7 Can you search out the deep things of God? would rest securely.
Can you find out the limits of the Almighty? 19 Also you would lie down,
8 They are as high as heaven; what can you do? without anyone making you afraid.
Deeper than hell; what can you know? Yes, many would beg your favour.
9 Their measure is longer than the earth, 20 But the eyes of the wicked will fail,
and broader than the sea. and they will not escape,
descriptions like Rev 21:10-23 (what a that a wild donkey can never become a man.
privilege it is to live now with the whole of The writers of the Bible all knew that men
Gods revelation in our hands!). In the time are men and animals are animals and that
in which Job lived not much was known about the one would never become the other.
the condition of mens spirits after death. There is no kind of reincarnation taught in
God had revealed very little about it. Jobs the Bible. There is never the slightest
view that they went to a place of utter suggestion by anyone in the book of Job
darkness was not an uncommon one (or in the rest of Bible) that Job (or anyone)
(Ps 88:10-12). Only in the New Testament was possibly being punished for sins done
do we have Gods full revelation concerning in a former life.
this subject (2 Tim 1:10). There we see The Bible is Gods revelation to men. It
that true believers will forever live in a place contains all the truth they need now to know.
where there is no darkness at all (Rev 22:5). The Bible completely ignores the Hindu and
11:1-3 Zophar is in full agreement with Buddhist teaching of reincarnation. By
Eliphaz and Bildad. He believes that Job ignoring it the Bible shows that the idea of
has grievously sinned, and that his words reincarnation does not contain any truth that
are vain and irreverent. men need, does not explain a single thing
11:4 Job had not said this. Zophar thinks this we should know. The Bible teaches resur-
is the meaning of some of the things Job had rection, not reincarnation. According to the
said, but to get such a meaning he had to Bible a person lives but once on this earth
twist Jobs words. Job had confessed his igno- and dies but once. At the end there will be
rance (9:2,3), and humbly revealed his desire the resurrection of the dead and Gods judg-
for understanding (6:24; 10:2). He knew that ment (John 5:28,29; Acts 17:31; Heb
at times in his life he had sinned (7:21). 9:27). See also notes on John 3:3 and 9:3.
11:5 Zophars wish is fulfilled in 38:1. 11:13 He, like his friends, assumes that Job
11:6 Zophar thinks that God has been has not done so. It was a false assumption.
merciful to Job and punished him less than 11:13-19 He says if only Job would repent
he deserved. and turn to God for mercy he would be
11:7-10 He can teach Job nothing about this. restored. He and his friends probably
Job himself has said similar things (9:4-12). thought they were being very compassion-
11:8 Than hell in Hebrew than Sheol ate and sympathetic when they held out such
note at Gen 37:35. hope to Job. Actually much of what they say
11:12 Zophar thinks it is practically about repentance and restoration is good.
impossible for a foolish man (as he thinks But it does not suit Jobs case (5:17,18).
Job is) to become wise. He is quite sure 11:20 Zophar closes with a warning he
617 JOB 13:5
and their hope will be like giving up and the streams dry up;
ones last breath. and he sends them out,
and they overwhelm the earth.
12 And Job answered and said,
2 No doubt you are the people,
and wisdom will die with you!
16 With him are strength and wisdom.
The deceived and the deceiver are his.
17 He leads counsellors away plundered,
3 But I have understanding as well as you. and makes fools of judges.
I am not inferior to you; 18 He loosens the bonds of kings,
yes, who does not know such things as these? and ties up their waist with a belt.
4 I am like someone mocked by his neighbours, 19 He leads princes away plundered,
one who called on God, and he answered him. and overthrows the mighty.
The just upright man is laughed to scorn. 20 He deprives the trusted ones of speech,
5 Someone at ease regards a lamp with contempt, and takes away the understanding
as made ready for one whose feet slip. of the aged.
6 The tents of robbers prosper, 21 He pours contempt on princes,
and those who provoke God are secure and weakens the strength of the mighty.
in what God brings into their hands. 22 He reveals the deep things of darkness,
and brings the shadow of death to the light.
7 But now ask the beasts, and they will 23 He increases the nations, and destroys them.
teach you; He enlarges nations, and guides them.
and the birds of the air, and they will tell you; 24 He takes away the heart of the chief
8 Or speak to the earth, and it will teach you, of the people of the earth,
and the fish of the sea will declare it to you. and causes them to wander in a
9 Who among all these does not know that wilderness where there is no way.
the hand of the LORD has done this? 25 They grope in the dark without light,
10 In his hand is the soul of every living thing, and he makes them stagger like a drunkard.
and the breath of all mankind.
11 Does not the ear test words,
and the mouth taste its food?
12 With the aged is wisdom, 13
2
Look, my eyes have seen all this,
my ears have heard and understood it.
What you know, I also know.
and in length of days is understanding.
I am not inferior to you.
13 With him is wisdom and strength; 3 Surely I would speak to the Almighty,
he has counsel and understanding. and I desire to reason with God.
14 See, he breaks down, and it cannot be rebuilt. 4 But you are forgers of lies.
He imprisons a man, and there can be You are all physicians of no value.
no release. 5 Oh, that you would altogether keep silent!
15 See, he withholds water, That would be your wisdom.
mistakenly thinks Job much needs. God does not deal with men in this world
12:2,3 Now Job has heard each of his three according to their character (9:22,24; 10:3).
friends speak and this is the way things Jobs friends believe just the opposite.
seem to him: his friends are professing a 12:7-12 Job returns to the thoughts of vs 2,3.
great wisdom but what they say is very ordi- He thinks his friends, though they are old, have
nary; they try to advise him from a superior still much to learn and that nature could teach
position but are unable to say a single thing them. Compare Ps 19:1-4.
he doesnt already know, and they cannot 12:13-25 He now shows them that he knows
get to the root of his problem. So he speaks as much about Gods wisdom and power as
these words in a very sarcastic manner. If they do. He believes, even as they do, that
we counsel others let us do it in such a way God is supremely wise, is the absolute
that we will not provoke a similar response. sovereign ruler in all the affairs of men.
12:4 Job means that it has been his (Compare Ps 33:10,11; 47:2; 115:3;
custom to pray and that God has sent 135:6; Dan 4:34,35.)
answers to his prayers (though God is silent 13:1-5 Job did not speak like this because
now). he was proud and boastful. His meaning is
12:5 Jobs friends are not suffering, have this: My friends, what you and I know very
experienced no calamities. It is easy, he well is not enough to solve the problem of
says, for them to look with contempt on him. why awful disasters have come upon me.
No one who has not been through some- Stop pretending that your wisdom can give
thing of what Job suffered can possibly all the answers. You are like worthless
understand him. Compare 2 Cor 1:3-7. doctors bringing false remedies. If you cant
12:6 This has been Jobs view all along say something more sensible than you have
JOB 13:6 618
6 Listen now to my reasoning, 19 Who is the one who will argue the case
and hear the pleas of my lips. with me?
7 Will you speak wickedly for God, For now, if I hold my tongue, I will die.
and talk deceitfully for him?
20 Only do not do two things to me,
8 Will you show partiality toward his person?
then I will not hide myself from you:
Will you argue for God?
21 Withdraw your hand far from me, and let not
9 Would it be good if he searched you out?
the dread of you make me afraid.
Or will you mock him like one man
mocks another? 22 Then call, and I will answer;
10 He will surely rebuke you, or let me speak, and you answer me.
if you secretly show partiality. 23 How many are my iniquities and sins?
11 Will his excellence not make you afraid? Cause me to know my transgression
And his dread fall on you? and my sin.
12 Your old sayings are proverbs of ashes; 24 Why do you hide your face,
your defenses are defenses of clay. and count me as your enemy?
25 Will you terrify a leaf driven to and fro?
13 Keep silent! Leave me alone, And will you pursue dry stubble?
so that I can speak, 26 For you write bitter things against me,
and let come on me what may! and make me inherit the iniquities
14 Why do I take my flesh in my teeth, of my youth.
and put my life in my hand? 27 You also put my feet in the stocks,
15 Though he slay me, yet I will trust in him; and closely watch all my paths.
but I will defend my ways before him. You put a mark on the heels of my feet.
16 And he will be my salvation;
for a hypocrite does not come before him. 28 And man is consumed like a rotten thing,
17 Listen carefully to my speech, like a garment that is moth eaten.
and hear my declaration with your ears.
18 See now, I have prepared my case.
I know that I will be vindicated. 14 Man who is born of woman is of
few days, and full of trouble.
so far, then please keep quiet. I will try to 13:20-22 Again Job stops speaking to his
get an answer from God alone. The lies friends and addresses God (see 10:2). He
they made up (v 4) were the accusation of wants very much to meet face to face with
wickedness they made against him. God. He is sure he can prove his innocence.
13:6-12 The friends seem to think they were But he is filled with pain, perplexity, grief,
Gods advocates to speak for Him. If this is and fear. Because of this he feels that even
true, Job asks, why is it necessary for them if he got the chance to defend himself, he
to bring false accusations against him? They would not be able to do it well. So he makes
are examining Job to find any faults he may these requests.
have. What if God examined them in the 13:22,23 In Jobs eyes he has been
same way? Have they no fear of the God condemned without knowing what the charges
they have been speaking so easily about? against him are. He thinks God has become
The fact is, Job could see they thought them- his enemy and has punished him severely
selves better than he was. Their inmost (vs 26-28), and is looking for further reasons
conviction may have been something like to afflict him. He wants his day in Gods court
this: God has punished Job terribly for his to hear all the accusations against him.
sins; God has not punished us like that 13:26 Job is sure that he has done nothing
indeed we are experiencing His blessings. as an adult to deserve the awful disasters
Job must be a bad man, and we are good which have come. Searching for a reason
men, or at least not nearly as bad as he is. for them he thinks it must be some sins or
Self-righteousness is very hard to other he had done as a young man. But,
discover in ones self, and it is very hard for as we know from the first two chapters of
others to deal with. It is one of the most this book, in this he was mistaken. His
difficult of sins to tear from the human sufferings had no connection whatever with
heart. punishment for any of his sins. However, it
13:13-19 Job is determined to speak out was right for him to review his life to see if
even if God should kill him for it. He still there was any reason in him for his troubles.
has hope in God that he will eventually be We should do the same thing when troubles
proved innocent. He is eager to defend come to us. Possibly they have come
himself before God and says that this very because of some sin we have committed,
desire shows he is not a hypocrite or an evil and if so we should know it and confess it
man. and get forgiveness for it (Ps 77:5,6;
13:16 Hypocrite the Hebrew indicates a 119:59; 139:23,24; Lam 3:4; 1 Cor 11:31).
profane or godless person. 14:1-3 Job wonders why God bothers with a
619 JOB 15:2
2 He comes forth like a flower, and is cut down. for me, and remember me!
And he flees like a shadow, and does not stay. 14 If a man dies, will he live again ?
3 And do you open your eyes at such a one, All the days of my appointed time
and bring me into judgment with yourself? I will wait, until my change comes.
4 Who can bring a clean thing out of 15 You will call, and I will answer you.
an unclean? No one. You will long for the work of your hands.
5 Since his days are determined, 16 For now you will count my steps.
the number of his months being with you, Will you watch over my sin?
you have set limits that he cannot pass. 17 My transgression is sealed up in a bag,
6 Turn away from him, so that he may rest, and you cover my iniquity.
until he has finished his day, like a hired man. 18 But surely the falling mountain crumbles away,
7 For there is hope for a tree, if it is cut down, and the rock is moved from its place;
that it will sprout again, and that 19 Water wears away the stones,
its tender shoots will not cease. and torrents wash away the soil of the earth;
8 Even though its root becomes old in the earth, so you destroy the hope of man.
and its stump dies in the ground, 20 You overpower him permanently,
9 yet at the scent of water it will bud, and he passes on;
and bring forth branches like a plant. you change his countenance,
10 But man dies, and is laid away; and send him away.
yes, man breathes his last, and where is he? 21 His sons come to honour,
11 As water disappears from the sea, and he does not know it;
and a stream becomes parched and dried up, and they are brought low,
12 So man lies down, and does not rise. but he does not perceive it.
They will not awake, or be roused out 22 But his body will be in pain,
of their sleep, and his soul will mourn for himself.
until the heavens are no more.
13 Oh, that you would hide me in the grave!
That you would conceal me until your
wrath is past!
15 Then Eliphaz the Temanite answered and
said:
2 Should a wise man answer with empty
That you would appoint a set time knowledge,
creature so frail and insignificant as man. the Lord Jesus Christ in the New Testament.
14:4 Man is the subject here. A holy nature Man will live again after he has died. The
cannot come from sinful humanity. Job Lord Jesus rose from the dead and the time
knows very well that because he is a human is coming when all men shall rise (Matt
being he has a sinful nature. He does not 16:21; 28:1-7; John 5:28,29; 11:25; 1 Cor
claim to be free from all that is unholy. 15:20-25; 1 Thess 4:13-18). But Job did
Compare Ps 51:5; Eph 2:1-3. not have this blessed truth to cheer him.
14:5,6 Since mans life is vain and empty, 14:16-22 Jobs thoughts of resurrection and
Job reasons, why doesnt God leave him the hope it stirred pass away for the
alone to live it the best he can without moment. They are crushed beneath the
afflictions and disasters coming on him? weight of his painful circumstances and dark
14:7-12 Neither Job nor his friends nor depression. But, it seems, the idea
anyone else in the Bible believed in the idea continues to work deep in his mind and
of reincarnation. Note at Job 11:12. Also comes out later with more force and
at that time, as far as we know, God had assurance (19:25-27). Notice in vs 16,17
not yet revealed the doctrine of the that Job admits there has been sin in his
resurrection of mans body. Job thought that life. He does not deny it. He only denies
death was a sleep in a dark place from which that he has been guilty of such sin as to
there is no awakening. He had no word from merit his awful calamities.
God to enable him to believe otherwise. 15:1 The first round of speeches has ended.
14:13 Grave in Hebrew Sheol note The three friends have set forth their
at Gen 37:35. doctrine that disasters and sufferings come
14:13-15 As Job considers what he thinks is from God because of sin. They have called
mans sad fate, it seems a thought begins Job to repentance. But Job has maintained
to form in his mind, a faint hope stirs in his his innocence and insisted he has nothing
heart what if man should rise again? What to repent of. He has accused his friends of
if there is life after death where the a lack of wisdom and compassion. In his
innocent are vindicated, all questions second speech Eliphazs language is much
answered, all problems solved? How good harsher than in his first. His accusations
it would be! How much more easily he could are much more open and bold, and there is
bear the pains and sorrows of this life! The no exhortation to repentance at the end.
question Job asks in v 14 is answered by 15:2,3 He has abandoned the polite
JOB 15:3 620
filling his belly with the east wind? concealed from their fathers,
3 Should he reason with unprofitable talk? 19 to whom alone the land was given,
Or with speeches which have no value? when no foreigner passed among them:
4 Yes, you are rejecting the fear of God, 20 The wicked man writhes in pain all his days;
and are restraining prayer before God. the number of his years is hidden
5 For your iniquity teaches your mouth, from the oppressor.
and you choose the tongue of the crafty. 21 Terrifying sounds ring in his ears.
6 Your own mouth condemns you and not I. In prosperity the destroyer comes on him.
Yes, your own lips testify against you. 22 He does not believe that he will
7 Are you the first man ever born? return from darkness,
Or were you made before the hills? as the sword waits for him.
8 Have you heard the secret counsel of God? 23 He wanders around for food, saying
And do you limit wisdom to yourself? Where is it?
9 What do you know that we do not know? He knows that his day of darkness
What understanding do you have that is already at hand.
is not in us? 24 Trouble and anguish make him afraid.
10 Both the gray-haired and aged are They overwhelm him like a king ready
with us, even older than your father. for battle.
11 Are the consolations of God too small 25 For he stretches out his hand against God
for you, words spoken gently to you? and strengthens himself against the Almighty,
12 Why does your heart carry you away? 26 running at him headlong with his
And why do your eyes flash, thick embossed shield.
13 that you should turn your spirit against God, 27 Though his fat covers his face,
and let such words go out of your mouth? and his waist bulges with fat,
28 he will live in desolate cities,
14 What is man, that he can be clean?
in houses where no man lives,
And he who is born of woman that he
which are about to become heaps of rubble.
can be righteous?
29 He will not become rich;
15 Look, he puts no trust in his holy ones;
nor will his wealth continue;
indeed, the heavens are not pure in his sight.
nor will his possessions spread in the land.
16 How much more abominable and filthy is man,
30 He will not depart from darkness.
who drinks up iniquity like water!
The flame will dry up his branches;
17 I will tell you something. and by the breath of Gods mouth
Listen to me, and I will declare to he will pass away.
you what I have seen, 31 Let him not deceive himself,
18 what wise men have told and not trusting in emptiness.
manner he used in his first speech (4:2-6). 15:12,13 Certainly Jobs friends were
He now says plainly that Jobs words are shocked at some of the things he dared to
nothing but hot air. say to God.
15:4 He thought Jobs questioning the 15:14-16 Similar to language Eliphaz had used
goodness and justice of God had this result. in his first speech (4:17-19) but stronger.
15:5,6 He believed Job was trying to cover These words reveal how disturbed he was by
up his sins by insincerely insisting on his Jobs claims of innocence. The last part of
innocence, and that it was obvious from his v 16 in Hebrew is literally drinks up wrong.
defiant words against God that he was a 15:17-19 He thinks he has a message for
great sinner. Job and begins with a solemn introduction.
15:7-10 He accuses Job of being proud of 15:20-35 There is nothing new in his message,
his wisdom and unwilling to humbly listen no advance to higher ground in his argument.
to others. He tries to bring against him the He describes very vividly the punishment that
authority of men much older than he. comes to a wicked man. He obviously wants
15:11 He calls his and his friends words to Job to apply the lesson to himself. He men-
Job about repentance and restoration Gods tions things that actually happened to Job or
consolations (5:8-27; 8:5-7; 11:13-19). that Job revealed about himself. Compare
No doubt those words were beautiful and v 20 with 2:13; v 21 with 1:14,17; v 22 with
would be full of good exhortation and 10:20-22; v 24 with 7:13-15. Eliphaz believes
comfort to a man who needed to repent of Job is behaving as the man described in v 25.
his sins and turn to God. But Job did not He is sure that Job is trusting in something
need to do that (he had already done so altogether false his supposed innocence. So
long before this), so those words were not he puts in the warning of v 31.
Gods consolations to him. Hypocrites the Hebrew indicates
621 JOB 17:1
For emptiness will be his reward. They insultingly strike me on the cheek.
32 This will be fulfilled before his time, They gather together against me.
and his branch will not become green. 11 God has delivered me up to the ungodly,
33 Like a vine he will shake off his unripe grape, and handed me over to the wicked.
and like an olive tree will shed his blossom. 12 I was at ease, but he shattered me.
34 For the company of hypocrites will be barren, He seized me by my neck and shook
and fire will consume the tents me to pieces.
enriched by bribery. He has set me up as his target.
35 They conceive trouble and give birth to evil, 13 His archers surround me.
and their inner man prepares deceit. He does not spare, but pierces my
kidneys and pours out my gall
16 Then Job answered and said,
2 I have heard many such things.
Miserable comforters are you all.
on the ground.
14 He shatters me with break after break,
running at me like a warrior.
3 Let windy words come to an end.
15 I have sewed sackcloth over my skin,
What compels you to answer?
and laid my horn in the dust.
4 I also could speak like you.
16 My face is red with weeping and the
If you were in my place,
shadow of death is on my eyelids,
I could heap up words against you,
17 Although my hands are free of violence,
and shake my head at you.
and my prayer is pure.
5 But I would strengthen you with
the words of my mouth, 18 O earth, do not cover my blood,
and comfort from my lips would bring so that my cry has no place!
relief to you. 19 Even now, see, my witness is in heaven,
6 If I speak my grief is not relieved. and my record is on high.
And if I refrain, how is it eased? 20 My friends scorn me, but my eye pours
7 But now he has worn me out. out tears to God.
You have made all my family desolate. 21 Oh, that someone might plead for a
8 You have shriveled me up, man with God,
which is a witness against me. as a man pleads for his neighbour!
And my emaciation rises up and 22 For after a few years have come,
testifies against me to my face. I will go on the path of no return.
9 He who hates me tears me in his wrath.
He gnashes on me with his teeth.
My enemy fastens his sharp gaze on me. 17 My breath is corrupt,
my days are extinguished,
the grave is ready for me.
10 They gape at me with their mouth.
profane or godless persons. 16:19 Job means God Himself is his witness
16:1-6 Since there is nothing new in the and advocate. In his pain and depression
speech of Eliphaz Job doesnt bother to he accused God of acting unjustly toward him,
answer it. These friends came to comfort of being his enemy. But in the midst of these
him (2:11), and it was comfort he wanted. moments the faith in God which never leaves
But he got none from them. Nor, for that his heart shines forth again. If God will stand
matter, from his own words. on his side and witness to his innocence,
16:7,8 10:2; 13:20. then, plainly, God is not his enemy. Job is
16:9 10:16,17; 13:24. not thinking clearly and logically; his thoughts
16:10 Job includes his three friends in this. are tossed this way and that by the fact of
16:11,12 Refers to the first two chapters of his extremely puzzling and dreadful
the book. circumstances. Unbelief and faith in Gods
16:13,14 6:4. justice struggle together in his mind. First
16:15,16 These words all indicate intense one then the other gets the upper hand. He
grief and mourning (Gen 37:34; Jer 6:26; knows deep in his heart that the one true
Lam 2:10; Ezek 27:30). God must be just, but what has happened to
16:17 This he says in answer to Eliphazs him seems evidence against it.
accusation in 15:4,5. 16:21 The one who pleads for Job turns out
16:18 Compare Gen 4:10. Job likens to be God Himself (42:7). This may have
himself to an innocent man who has been been what Job had in mind. So now the
murdered. He does not want the injustice believers advocate is God Himself the Lord
he feels has been done to him to be Jesus Christ (1 John 2:1).
concealed forever. He wants his cry to go 16:22 7:21; 10:20-22.
on resounding everywhere until action is 17:1 My breath is corrupt strange as it
taken to make matters right. may seem, this could also be translated My
JOB 17:2 622
2 Are not mockers with me?
My eye gazes on their provocation. 18 Then Bildad the Shuhite answered and said,
2 How long before you put an end
to such words?
3 Now put down a pledge for me with yourself.
Use some understanding, and afterwards
Who else is there who will give his
we can talk.
hand in pledge ?
3 Why are we regarded as beasts and
4 For you have hidden their heart from
considered brutish in your sight?
understanding;
4 You tear yourself in your anger.
therefore you will not exalt them.
Will the earth be abandoned for you?
5 If one speaks flattery to his friends
Or will the rock be moved from its place?
even the eyes of his children will fail.
5 The light of the wicked will certainly be put out;
6 He has made me a byword to the people,
the flame of his fire will no longer shine.
and I have become one at whom men spit.
6 The light in his tent will become dark,
7 And my eye has become dim because
and the lamp beside him will be put out.
of sorrow,
7 His strong stride will be shortened,
and my limbs are like shadows.
and his own scheme will overthrow him.
8 Upright men are astonished at this,
8 For he is hurled into the net by his own feet,
and the innocent stirs himself up
as he walks into the snare.
against the hypocrite.
9 The trap seizes him by the heel,
9 And the righteous will hold to his way,
and the snare catches him.
and the one with clean hands will
10 A noose is hidden for him on the ground,
become stronger and stronger.
and a trap awaits him on the road.
10 But come on, all of you, try again! 11 Terrors frighten him on every side,
But I will not find a wise man among you. and drives him to his feet.
11 My days are past, my plans are shattered, 12 His strength becomes famished,
and the thoughts of my heart are crushed. and destruction is ready at his side.
12 They change night into day, and say 13 It devours parts of his skin;
Light is near, the firstborn of death devours his limbs.
in the presence of darkness. 14 His security is uprooted from his tent,
13 If I await the grave as my house, and he is brought before the king of terrors.
If I make my bed in darkness, 15 In his tent nothing of his will reside;
14 If I say to corruption, You are my father! sulfur will be scattered over his dwelling.
and to the worm, My mother! and My sister! 16 His roots dry up below,
15 Where then would my hope be ? and his branch above will be cut off.
Who could see my hope? 17 The memory of him will perish from the earth,
16 It would go down with me to the gates and he will have no name outside.
of death. 18 He is driven from light into darkness,
We would descend together into the dust. chased out of the world.
spirit is broken. The Hebrew word translated 17:10-16 As for himself Job questions
breath also means wind or spirit and whether there is any hope that conditions
the word translated corrupt also has more will improve for him. So it wont matter if
than one meaning. See the note at Ps 14:7. his friends attack and accuse him again. And
17:2 Job means his three friends. they are not slow to accept the invitation he
17:3,4 With yourself Job seems to be gives them in v 10.
speaking to God here. God has kept his Grave (vs 13), death (v 16) in
friends from understanding his true state Hebrew Sheol note at Gen 37:35.
before God. In the trial that seems to be 18:3 Bildads pride is wounded. So he tries
going on to establish his guilt or innocence, to hit back hard at Job.
Job wants justice. There is no one else to 18:4 He insists that the reason for Jobs
stand by him and help him to this end, so continuing misery is in Job himself.
he appeals to God Himself. Declaring Job innocent when he is guilty
17:6 30:10. would be like completely turning upside down
17:7 16:8,16. the natural order of the universe; God cannot
17:8,9 Job knows that what has happened be expected to act against His own laws just
to him amazes the righteous, but he is for the sake of one man.
confident that they will not be stumbled by 18:5-21 Jobs friends simply cannot believe
it. In fact, he thinks it may well promote he is innocent of great wrong doing. They
righteous living. This is the opposite of the ignore all he says about it. Their minds are
opinion expressed by Eliphaz in 15:4. made up and they dont want to be
623 JOB 19:24
19 He has no son or descendant among his people, 12 His troops come together and build up
nor anyone remaining in his dwelling. their way against me,
20 Seeing his day those in the west and encamp around my tent.
are astonished, 13 He has removed my brothers far from me,
and those in the east are frightened. and my acquaintances are estranged
21 Surely such are the dwellings of the wicked, from me.
and this is the place of the one who 14 My kinsmen have failed me,
does not know God. and my close friends have forgotten me.
15 Those who live in my house and my
19 Then Job answered and said,
2 How long will you torment my soul
and break me in pieces with words?
maidservants count me a stranger.
I am a foreigner in their sight.
16 I call my servant,
3 These ten times you have insulted me. but he gives no answer.
You are not ashamed to wrong me. I have to beg him with my own mouth.
4 Even if I have really erred, 17 My breath is offensive to my wife,
the error remains with me alone. and I am loathsome to my own brothers.
5 If indeed you exalt yourselves against me 18 Yes, even young children despise me.
and plead my disgrace against me, When I get up they speak against me.
6 Know, then, that God has wronged me, 19 All my bosom friends abhor me,
and closed his net around me. and those I love have turned against me.
7 See, I cry out about this wrong, 20 My bones cling to my skin and my flesh,
but I am not heard; and I have escaped by the skin of my teeth.
I cry out loudly, but obtain no justice.
21 Have pity on me, O my friends,
8 He has fenced up my way so that I cannot pass,
have pity on me!
and has set darkness in my paths.
For the hand of God has struck me.
9 He has stripped me of my honour,
22 Why do you persecute me like God,
and taken the crown from my head.
and are not satisfied with my flesh?
10 He has destroyed me on every side,
and I am gone. 23 Oh, that my words were written down!
He has uprooted my hope like a tree. Oh, that they were recorded in a book!
11 His anger burns against me, 24 Oh, that they were permanently engraved
and he regards me as one of his enemies. on a stone with an iron pen and lead.
confused with facts. They are convinced him he will give them something to use as
beyond doubt that there is an unchangeable evidence he will say that God has not
law of God at work. Their reasoning was treated him fairly, has caught him in a net
very simple and went like this like a bird; he cries for justice, for release,
Great calamities are sent only on great but his cries are in vain.
sinners. 19:8-20 Job gives a list of the things he
Great calamities have been sent on Job. thinks God has unjustly done to him. God
Therefore Job is a great sinner. took away all these light (v 8), honor
(v 9), hope (v 10), Gods smile (vs 11,12),
Let us beware lest our system of the help of brothers and friends (vs 13-15),
theology, like theirs, ignores some of the love (vs 17-19), and health (v 20).
facts and brings us to false conclusions. In 19:17 Brothers the literal Hebrew is sons
his second speech Bildad follows the lead of my womb, but this cannot mean Jobs
of Eliphaz. The verses which follow are a own children, for they were all dead. It
vivid description of what happens to the must mean those who were born from the
wicked man. Like Eliphaz, Bildad refers to same womb as he was, his brothers.
events that have taken place in Jobs life 19:21,22 Job thinks the hand of God has
(vs 11-14,19). In v 21 he is saying that struck him. But see 1:12; 2:6. He felt so
Job is an evil man who does not know God. forsaken, so sad, so desperate that he
19:1-3 These words reveal how painful to appeals even to these prejudiced accusers
Job were the false accusations of his friends. for pity. It should have been clear to him by
You are not ashamed to wrong me now that he would receive none from them.
the Hebrew phrase may also be translated 19:23-27 We come now to some of the most
You make yourselves strange to me. beautiful and significant words in the book
19:4,5 Even if Job had sinned, it had not of Job. The harsh way Jobs family and
hurt them in any way. And it is not their relatives have treated him and the
business to exalt themselves as prosecutors accusations of his friends now produce a good
or judges. result. Job finds no help, no comfort in them,
19:6,7 Well, he says, if they insist on judging so he must look to God alone. Once again
JOB 19:25 624
25 For I know that my Redeemer lives, and so I make haste to speak.
and that he will stand at last on the earth. 3 I have heard the rebuke that reproaches me,
26 And after this skin of mine has been destroyed, and my understanding spirit causes me
in my flesh I will see God. to answer.
27 I myself will see him, 4 Do you not know from olden times,
and my eyes will gaze on him, and not another. since man was placed on earth,
My inner being longs for this. 5 That the triumph of the wicked is brief,
and the joy of the hypocrite is
28 If you say,
only for a moment?
How should we persecute him?
6 Though his arrogance mounts up to
seeing the root of the matter is found in me,
the heavens,
29 You yourselves should be afraid of the sword.
and his head reaches to the clouds,
For Gods wrath brings the punishment
7 Yet he will perish forever like his own dung.
of the sword,
Those who had seen him will say, Where is he?
so that you may know there is judgment.
8 He will fly away like a dream,
and will not be found.
20 Then Zophar the Naamathite answered and
said,
2 Therefore my troubled thoughts compel
Yes, he will be chased away like
a vision of the night,
9 And the eye which saw him will see him
me to answer, no longer;
he finds hope and faith stirring in his heart within then we should look for a different
(notes at 14:13-15,16-22; 16:19). He meaning to Jobs words. They have been
knows he is about to say something very interpreted in two ways. Some scholars have
important and wants his words recorded thought Job meant this: While he was still
permanently (vs 23,24). In this his wish was living God would appear on earth; his skin
fulfilled, for his words are forever recorded by his disease is breaking up and falling
here in the Bible. In verses 25-27 Jobs faith away, but he will still be in the body when
rises to its highest point. It becomes full God comes. At the end of the book God
assurance. He uses the words I know. does come and vindicates Job and gives him
The essence of what he knows is this: health and prosperity again, and possibly
he has a living Redeemer; this Redeemer this is the meaning of Jobs words here.
is none other than God Himself; and this However, there is another interpretation
Redeemer will stand on the earth at some Job may be referring to the resurrection of
future time and Job will see Him. In Old the body after death; he will be able to see
Testament days a redeemer was one who God because the Redeemer will come to
rescued others from trouble or bondage, earth and raise him to life again. The
restored to them their lost property, took author of these notes believes this is the
their side against oppressors and avenged best interpretation of Jobs words.
them (Gen 48:16; Deut 13:5; Lev 25:25; In 14:14 Job asks if man will live again
Num 35:12; Ruth 2:20; Prov 23:11; Isa after he dies. God had not yet revealed to
49:25,26; Jer 50:33,34. Note at Ps 78:35). men the answer to this question. Perhaps
Job was probably thinking along these lines now Gods Spirit begins to reveal it to his
none of his relatives was willing to come suffering servant and inspires him to
to his help (v 14), and his friends accuse declare the great hope of the resurrection.
instead of defending him (v 19); so God He may have been led by God to say more
Himself will come to his aid, will vindicate than he fully understood himself. In any
him, will deliver him, will avenge his blood case, how he longed for the day when he
(16:18,19). would see God, whether in the body or out
When did Job expect this to happen? of the body (v 27). This testifies to the fact
Would it be while he was still living or after that he had a good conscience and was ready
he was dead? It is hard to know because to meet his Maker.
the Hebrew in v 26 is very difficult to At last (v 25) or at a later time.
understand. It could be translated like this: 19:28,29 Job now gives a warning to his
After my skin is destroyed, apart from my friends. He is sure God will vindicate and
body I will see God. The Hebrew word avenge him. If they continue to accuse him
translated in in some versions can mean they are in danger of judgment.
from within, or sometimes it can mean 20:3 Jobs friends slander him and heap
away from. If the meaning is away from dishonor on him, but when he gives a com-
then Job is saying he expects to see God in paratively mild rebuke to them (19:28,29)
a spiritual state after death. If this is the they are very much upset and offended.
meaning then it is not clear what God 20:4 Man or Adam the Hebrew means
standing on the earth would have to do with both of these.
Jobs seeing Him. 20:4-29 Nothing Job says can overturn the
If the Hebrew word is translated from false doctrine of his friends. Their minds
625 JOB 21:7
nor will his place any longer set eyes on him. come against him.
10 His children will seek the favour of the poor, 23 As he is about to fill his stomach,
and his hands will give back his wealth. God will hurl on him the fury of his wrath,
11 His bones are filled with youthful vigor, will rain it down on him while he is eating.
but it will lie down with him in the dust. 24 He will flee from the iron weapon;
12 Though wickedness is sweet in his mouth, a bronze bow will pierce him.
though he hides it under his tongue, 25 It is drawn out;
13 Though he spares it and does not forsake it, it comes out of the back;
but still keeps it in his mouth, yes, the glittering point goes through
14 Yet his food in his stomach will turn sour, his gall bladder.
and become like the venom of cobras Terrors seize him.
inside him. 26 Total darkness lies in wait for his treasures.
15 He has swallowed down riches, An unfanned fire will consume him.
but will vomit them up again. It will go ill with him who is left in his tent.
God will expel them from his stomach. 27 The heavens will reveal his iniquity,
16 He will suck the poison of cobras; and the earth will rise up against him.
the vipers tongue will kill him. 28 The increase in his house will depart,
17 He will not see the streams, and his possessions will flow away
the rivers flowing with honey and cream. in the day of Gods wrath.
18 What he laboured for he will give back, 29 This is the allotment of a wicked man from God,
and will not swallow it down. the inheritance God appoints for him.
He will get no enjoyment from the
riches obtained from his trading.
19 Because he has oppressed and
abandoned the poor,
21 But Job answered and said,
2 Listen carefully to my words,
and let this be the consolation you give.
because he has violently taken away a 3 Bear with me so that I can speak;
house which he did not build, and after I have spoken, mock on.
20 Surely he will feel no quietness in 4 As for me, is my complaint to man?
his inner being. And if it were, why should I not be impatient?
He will not keep anything he desires. 5 Look at me and be astonished,
21 Nothing will be left for him to eat, and lay your hand over your mouth.
so his well-being will not last. 6 Even as I remember I am afraid,
22 In the fullness of his abundance, and trembling seizes my body.
he will experience distress. 7 Why do the wicked live on, becoming old;
The hand of all the miserable will yes, becoming mighty in power?
are not ready to receive any new ideas. They Jam 5:11.
are convinced they are wise men who have 21:4-34 Here Job undertakes to show that
the answers to lifes problems. But they the doctrine of his friends is false. It does
cannot even begin to understand a man like not at all happen to the wicked as Zophar,
Job. In this second speech of Zophar he Bildad, and Eliphaz say (15:20-30;
strikes the same note as in his first speech 18:5-21; 20:21-29).
(11:6,10-12). But now, as he describes the In vs 4-7 Job says he is terrified, not be-
kind of man he thinks Job is, his words are cause the wicked are punished on this earth,
much sharper than before. He says that but because they are not . And he, a man
the history of man proves his doctrine who has lived a righteous life, is, he thinks,
(vs 4,5). The wicked may prosper for a time being punished. So his complaint is not
(as Job did), but he will certainly be against men but against Gods way of deal-
destroyed (vs 6-11); his ill-gotten gain will ing with men. The wicked, he says, live on to
perish with him (vs 12-22); God Himself will a ripe old age, their children prosper and
rise up against him, will expose his guilt are happy, no rod of God comes on them.
and bring him to ruin (vs 23-29). In vs 8-12 Job thinks of the happiness
In this venomous speech Zophar indirectly of the children of the wicked (and doubtless
is calling Job wicked (v 5), proud (v 6), a lover contrasts this with the sad loss of his own
of evil (vs 12,13), an oppressor of the poor children). The wicked, after a long and
(v 19), and a covetous man (v 20). Zophar pleasant life, die suddenly without pain and
has no evidence at all that Job is like this. It is suffering (v 13). They are so evil they do
his false doctrine that assures him that Job not want God and refuse to pray to Him
must be like this (note on 18:5-21). (vs 14-16). But they rarely experience the
21:1-3 How can Job listen to such wild kind of calamities that have come on Job
accusations and then reply to them? See (vs 17,18). Jobs friends suggest that the
JOB 21:8 626
8 Their children are established in being completely at ease and quiet.
their sight, with them, 24 His chest bulges with fat,
and their offspring before their eyes. and the marrow of his bones is moist.
9 Their houses are safe from fear, 25 Another man dies in the bitterness of his soul,
and the rod of God does not come on them. never having eaten with pleasure.
10 Their bull does not fail to breed; 26 They lie down alike in the dust,
their cow has its calves without miscarriage. and the worms cover them.
11 They send out their little ones like
a flock, and their children dance. 27 Look, I know your thoughts,
12 They take the tambourine and harp and the schemes by which you would
and rejoice at the sound of the flute. wrong me.
13 They spend their days in wealth, 28 For you say, Where is the house
and in a moment go down to the grave. of the nobleman,
14 Yet they say to God, and where the tents where the wicked lived?
Leave us, for we do not desire 29 Have you not asked travellers on the way?
the knowledge of your ways. Do you not understand the indications
15 Who is the Almighty that we should serve him? they give ?
And what profit do we have if we pray to him? 30 For the wicked are reserved for
16 See, their prosperity is not in their hand. the day of destruction.
The counsel of the wicked is far from me. They will be brought out on the day of wrath.
31 Who declares his ways to his face?
17 How often is the lamp of the wicked put out?
And who repays him for what he has done?
How often does their destruction come
32 Yet he will be brought to the grave,
upon them,
the sorrows God distributes in his anger? and will remain in the tomb.
18 How often are they like straws before the wind, 33 The clods of the valley will be pleasant to him.
and like chaff that a storm carries away? Everyone will follow him, just as innumerable
19 It is said, God stores up the punishment ones have gone before him.
of a mans iniquity for his children. 34 How then can you comfort me with vain words,
Let him repay him, so that he will know it. since your answers contain falsehood?
20 Let his eyes see his destruction, and let him
drink of the wrath of the Almighty.
21 For what care does he have about 22 Then Eliphaz the Temanite answered and
said,
2 Can a man be of benefit to God,
his household after him,
when in the number of his months he is cut off? as a wise man may benefit himself?
3 Is it any pleasure to the Almighty
22 Can anyone teach knowledge to God, if you are righteous?
since he judges those on high? Or would he gain something,
23 One dies in his full strength, if you made your ways perfect?
sins of evil men may be punished in their See what Solomon says in Ecclesiastes 7:15).
children (5:4; 20:10). In vs 19-21 Job 21:12 Flute the KJV has organ here,
says this would not be just. but this cannot be right. What we call an
Job tells his friends they should not try organ had not yet been invented.
to teach God about judgment, but should 21:13 Grave in Hebrew Sheol note
learn from the facts. And the facts are that at Gen 37:35.
Gods judgments are very mysterious; 21:24 Chest the meaning of the Hebrew
whether a man is good or bad doesnt seem word here translated chest is uncertain.
to have anything to do with whether he 21:30 For the wicked are reserved for the
enjoys prosperity (vs 22-27). Jobs friends day of destruction. They will be brought out
try to make him out to be a terrible sinner. on the day of wrath this could possibly
But they ignore the facts in order to defend be translated That the wicked are spared
their idea (vs 27,28). Job says that their from the day of calamity, that they are
experience is confined to their own little delivered from the day of wrath? This
circle, that even by asking travelers from translation actually fits the context better.
other places they could learn the truth 21:33 As innumerable ones have gone
(vs 29-33). The truth is, a wicked man is before him or go before him.
sometimes spared when disasters occur in 22:2,3 Eliphaz is saying that even if a man
a place, and goes peacefully to the grave. lived a righteous life it would not put God
Multitudes both before and after go in the under obligation to him. God would not
same way. If Jobs friends deny this fact withhold punishment for sin for fear of losing
they are speaking nonsense and lies (v 34. some benefit.
627 JOB 23:3
4 Is it because of your fear of God So the counsel of the wicked is far from me.
that he rebukes you, 19 The righteous see all this, and are glad.
that he enters into judgment with you? And the innocent laugh them to scorn, saying,
5 Is not your wickedness great, 20 Surely our enemies are cut off,
and your iniquities without limit? and fire consumes their remnant.
6 For you have taken a pledge from your 21 Become acquainted with him and be at peace.
brother for nothing, Good will come to you through that.
and stripped the clothing from the naked. 22 Please receive instruction from his mouth,
7 You have not given water to the weary and store up his words in your heart.
to drink, 23 If you return to the Almighty,
and you have withheld bread from the hungry. you will be built up;
8 But this mighty man possessed the land, you will remove iniquity far from your tents.
and this honourable man lived in it! 24 Then you will lay your gold in the dust,
9 You have sent widows away empty-handed, and the gold of Ophir among the
and the arms of the fatherless have stones of the brook.
been broken. 25 Yes, the Almighty will be your gold,
10 Therefore snares surround you, and your choicest silver.
and sudden terror alarms you, 26 For then you will delight in the Almighty,
11 Or darkness so that you cannot see, and will lift your face up to God.
and a flood of waters covers you. 27 You will pray to him, and he will hear you;
12 Is not God in the heights of heaven? and you will pay your vows.
And see how high are the highest stars! 28 You will decide a thing and it will be
13 And you say, What does God know? established for you.
Can he judge through the dark clouds? And light will shine on your ways.
14 Thick clouds cover him so that he cannot see, 29 When men are cast down, then you will say,
and he walks above the circle of the heavens. Lifting up will come.
15 Will you keep to the old way that Then God will save that humble person.
wicked men trod, 30 He will deliver even one who is not innocent;
16 Those who were cut down before their time, and he will be delivered because of
whose foundations were washed away the purity of your hands.
by a flood?
17 They said to God, Leave us!
What can the Almighty do for people ?
18 Yet it was he who filled their houses
23 Then Job answered and said,
2 Even today my complaint is bitter.
My hand is heavy on my groaning.
with good things. 3 Oh, that I knew where I might find him,
22:4-14 Eliphaz has already made up his chapter 21. In v 20 Eliphaz may be referring
mind. The truth of what Job said in chapter to what happened to Jobs prosperity in 1:16.
21 should have been obvious to all, but it 22:21-30 Eliphaz may have realized that in
has no effect on Eliphaz. One idea has fas- the preceding verses he has gone too far in
tened itself in his mind God does not send his accusations, and been too harsh in his
calamities on the innocent. He is so sure of condemnation of Job. Now he softens his words
this that though he does not know of any and gives a beautiful appeal to Job to repent
sins Job has done he is driven to invent and turn to God. However, just as his first
some. In 13:4 this is just what Job said his appeal in chapter 5, so this one does not at all
friends were doing. These friends were all suit Jobs condition. See note on 5:17,18.
doing something God hates. It is described Enemies (22:20) the KJV translators
in Prov 17:15 He who justifies the wicked put substance here. It seems that they
and he who condemns the righteous, both got this from the Septuagint (the Greek
of these are abomination to the LORD. translation of the Hebrew Old Testament),
They were afraid of committing the first of and not from the Hebrew.
these errors but they fell easily into the 22:22 Instruction the Hebrew word also
second. Later Job answers all of Eliphazs means law.
accusations in 29:12-17; 31:5-40. 22:25 Gold the KJV has defense but
22:15-20 Eliphaz here probably refers to this is not the meaning of the Hebrew word
the wicked who lived in Noahs day and were used here. Gold obviously fits the context
cut off in the great flood (Gen 6:5-7). He better.
brings it forward to prove that it is not the 22:30 Not the KJV has island of the
righteous but the wicked who suffer great innocent, but the Hebrew also means not.
disasters. However, one example does not 23:1 In this chapter also the thoughts and
overthrow the facts as Job has stated them in desires which struggle in Jobs heart are self-
JOB 23:4 628
24
that I might come to his seat! Since times are not hidden from
4 I would set my case before him, the Almighty,
and fill my mouth with arguments. why do those who know him never see his days?
5 I would know the words he would give 2 Some men remove boundary stones.
in answer, They take away flocks by violence
and understand what he would say to me. and devour them.
6 Would he oppose me with his great power? 3 They drive away the donkey of the fatherless;
No, but he would give his attention to me. they take the widows ox as a pledge.
7 There the righteous could dispute with him, 4 They push the needy off the road;
and I would be delivered forever from the poor of the earth hide themselves
my judge. from them.
8 Look, I go forward, but he is not there; 5 Look, they go out to their work like
and backward, but I do not perceive him. the wild donkeys of the desert,
9 When he is at work on the left, seeking carefully for food.
I cannot see him; when he turns to The wilderness provides food for them
the right I cannot see him. and for their children.
10 But he knows the way that I take. 6 They gather their fodder in the field,
When he has tested me, and glean in the vineyard of the wicked.
I will come forth as gold. 7 They spend the night naked, without clothing;
11 My foot has held to his steps; they have no covering in the cold.
I have kept to his ways and not turned aside. 8 They are wet with mountain showers,
12 Nor have I turned back from the and hug the rocks for lack of shelter.
command of his lips. 9 The fatherless are snatched from the breast;
I have treasured the words of his the property of the poor is taken as a pledge.
mouth more than my necessary food. 10 Lacking clothing, they must go about naked;
and the sheaves are taken away from
13 But he alone decides, the hungry.
and who can change him? 11 They press out oil inside their walls,
And whatever his soul desires, that he does. and tread the winepresses,
14 He carries out what is appointed for me. yet suffer thirst.
And many such plans are with him. 12 Men groan in the city, and the soul
15 Therefore I am fearful in his presence. of the wounded cries out.
When I consider, I am afraid of him. Yet God does not charge the wicked
16 For God makes me faint-hearted, with wrongdoing.
and the Almighty frightens me.
17 Because I am not cut off from the darkness, 13 They are the ones who rebel against the light;
nor from the dense darkness that they do not know its ways, or remain in its paths.
covers my face. 14 The murderer rises before the light
contradictory. He longs to be able to come 24:1 Job wonders why God does not set
into Gods presence (v 3), yet is terrified of specific times to right the wrongs that exist
Him (vs 15,16). He thinks if he could argue on earth, times to clear the righteous and
his case before God he would be proved punish the wicked.
innocent (vs 4-7); but in spite of his 24:2-4 He begins now a description of the
innocence he feels that God will go on behavior that should be judged.
making him suffer (vs 13-15). 24:5-12 The destitute are crushed beneath
Job is a mixture of faith and fear, of the iron heel of the wicked. Yet God, Job
confidence and doubt. One idea that is thinks, does nothing about it (v 12). He
prominent here is similar to that in 16:19 has set no times to bring the wicked into
(see note). In answer to Eliphazs accusing court. He lets them go on in their violence
question in 22:15 Job says he has kept in and oppression. He lets the innocent poor
Gods way and not turned aside (vs 10-12). suffer and groan. These are facts which his
In v 10 Job seems almost to grasp the friends can hardly deny. But they seem to
reason for his sufferings, as he did once be- close their eyes to them because they are
fore (7:18). However he quickly passes over contrary to their idea of divine retribution.
the thought. But he is confident that what- (If our ideas have to ignore the facts, is it
ever the test God may put on him he will not time to change our ideas?) Job, on the
remain a man of integrity and righteousness. other hand, cries out Where is justice? We
He knew that no matter how hot the fire gold search for it in vain in this world. He did
will not be damaged by it. If there is some not realize that justice would be handed out
mixture of impurity it will be separated by in the next world, after death.
the heat and the gold will remain. 24:13-17 He describes the wicked as people
629 JOB 26:7
and kills the poor and needy; the way like all others,
at night he is like a thief. cut off like heads of grain.
15 The eye of the adulterer also waits 25 Now if this is not so,
for the twilight, saying, No eye will see me, who will make me out to be a liar,
and he disguises his face. and show that my speech is worthless?
16 In the dark they dig into houses,
which they had marked out for
themselves in daylight.
They do not know the light.
25 Then Bildad the Shuhite answered and said
2 Dominion and awe belong to God.
He makes peace in his high places.
17 For the morning is to them like the 3 Is there any number to his armies?
shadow of death; Upon whom does his light not arise?
if they are recognized the terrors of 4 How then can a man be righteous before God?
the shadow of death seize them. Or how can one born of woman be pure?
5 In his sight, if even the moon lacks brightness,
18 They are swift on the surface of the waters.
yes, if the stars are not pure,
Their portion on the earth is cursed;
6 How much less man, who is but a maggot,
they do not face the way of the vineyards.
and a son of man, who is a worm?
19 As drought and heat consume snow water,
the grave consumes the one who
has sinned.
20 The womb will forget him.
26 But Job answered and said,
2 How you have helped the powerless!
How you have saved the feeble arm!
The worm will feed sweetly on him.
3 What counsel you have given to one
He will no longer be remembered,
without wisdom!
and wickedness will be broken off like a tree.
What abundant advice you have made known!
21 He mistreats the barren, childless woman,
4 To whom have you spoken these words?
and will not do good to the widow.
And whose spirit came speaking through you?
22 But God drags away the mighty by his power.
When he arises, no one can be sure of life. 5 The dead tremble, those under the waters,
23 If they are given security, they rely on it; and all that live in them.
yet his eyes are on their ways. 6 Hell is naked before him,
24 They are exalted for a little while, and destruction has no covering.
then are gone; 7 He stretches out the north over empty space,
they are brought low and taken out of and hangs the earth on nothing.
of darkness (compare Eph 5:8-12; John opposition to Jobs claim of righteousness
3:19-21). (23:10-12). These are the last recorded
24:18-21 Job admits that eventually the words of Jobs three friends. They do not
wicked will perish. He does not deny that at stop talking because they are convinced of
times divine retribution is at work in the their error, but because they see Job will
world. not accept what they say about him.
Grave in Hebrew Sheol note at 26:1-4 In very sarcastic language Job pours
Gen 37:35. scorn on Bildad. It is plain to him that Bildad
24:22-24 But often, Job says, God actually is totally incapable of helping him under-
seems to be protecting evil men from stand anything of Gods ways. If we talk long
disaster. And when they die it is in the enough people will find out what we are.
natural course of things just as with 26:5-13 Bildad has brought up the theme of
everyone else. Like plants that develop fully Gods greatness as though Job knew nothing
ripened grain they have a full span of life about it. Job enlarges on the same subject
before being cut off. and far surpasses Bildad (and the other two
24:25 Job says that these are the facts. His friends) in his eloquent descriptions of Gods
meaning in all this, of course, is that his power. Bildad spoke of Gods sovereignty in
friends are very wrong to teach that the heaven. Job says he knows Gods sovereignty
wicked are always punished in this life and extends even to the lowest regions of the
the righteous always rewarded. universe to the dead, to destruction, to Sheol
25:1-6 This is the third and last speech of (compare Isa 14:9-15).
Bildad. He has nothing new to say. He 26:6 Hell in Hebrew Sheol.
completely ignores the facts Job has given. Destruction in Hebrew Abaddon.
Bildad has two points God is very great, 26:7 Here he gives the picture of the earth
and compared to Gods holiness no created hanging in space with no support. This may
thing, and certainly not man, can be have been the common idea of educated
considered righteous and pure. All very true, men of Jobs time and place. Or it could be
but it does not speak to the point Job has evidence of a revelation God had once given
raised. The last remarks of Bildad are in to mankind not recorded any place else in
JOB 26:8 630
8 He binds up the waters in his thick clouds, bitterness to my soul,
but the cloud is not torn under 3 As long as my life is in me,
the weight of them. and the breath of God is in my nostrils,
9 He covers the face of his throne, 4 My lips will not speak wickedness,
and spreads his cloud over it. and my tongue will not utter deceit.
10 He draws a circle on the surface of 5 Far be it from me to admit that you are right.
the waters at the boundary of light I will not put away my integrity
and darkness. from me until I die.
11 At his rebuke the pillars of the 6 I will hold fast my righteousness,
heavens tremble, and are appalled. and not let it go.
12 He divided the sea by his power, My heart will not reproach me as long as I live.
and by his understanding struck 7 May my enemy be like the wicked,
down the proud. and he who attacks me like the unrighteous.
13 By his Spirit the heavens became bright. 8 For what is the hope of the hypocrite,
His hand pierced the fleeing serpent. even though he gains much,
14 See, these are but the edges of his ways; if God takes away his life?
and how faint a whisper we hear of him! 9 Will God hear his cry when trouble
Then who can understand the thunder of comes on him?
his power? 10 Will he have delight in the Almighty?
Will he always call on God?
27 And Job continued his discourse and said,
2 As God lives, who has taken justice
away from me,
11 I will teach you about the hand of God.
I will not conceal how it is with the Almighty.
the Almighty, who has brought 12 Look, all of you have seen this.
the Bible, or it might be a truth God had not deny God or give up faith in Him.
revealed directly to Job. 27:3 Life or breath Gen 2:7.
26:9 Of his throne or it could be trans- Breath or spirit the Hebrew word
lated the full moon. See the note on the means several things.
Hebrew language at Ps 14:7. 27:4-6 Job is determined to state things as
26:12 The proud in Hebrew Rahab. The he believes they are. He will not try to
word is used six times in the Hebrew Bible. deceive his friends to win the argument. He
The root meaning of the word is proud. will not admit he is guilty of some terrible
Sometimes, at least, the word is used as a sin when he knows he is not. Even if falsely
symbolic name for Egypt (Ps 87:4), and Job admitting it would win back his friends and
may be referring to Egypt here. If not, it is Gods favor he would not do it.
not clear what he means. It is possible, as 27:6 He knows he has lived a life of
some scholars have thought, that Job is uprightness and integrity and he fully
speaking of the ocean lifting itself up like a intends to go on the same way. He has lost
proud sea monster. The name has nothing property, family, health, the respect of his
to do with the harlot Rahab mentioned in friends, and Gods fellowship. One thing he
Joshua. In Hebrew her name is spelled is determined not to lose his integrity. He
differently more like Rakhab. will not start lying, deceiving, or acting
26:14 Job says Gods works speak of Him. wickedly. He is saying, Though everything
Compare Ps 19:1-4. But what men hear is has gone, though I am shattered by God
only like a whisper. Gods power is so great and despised by men, I will continue to be
that His works which are known to us, honest. Though I stand utterly alone and
wonderful as they are, can indicate only a am reduced to poverty and loathsome
tiny part of it. No one can begin to under- disease, though the world mocks me, friends
stand His omnipotence. Job obviously had misunderstand me, and heaven frowns on
very high views of the greatness of God. It me, I will go on being true and upright. My
is not because he is ignorant of it that he integrity at least I am resolved never to
says God has unjustly sent calamities on lose.
him. May God give us such men today men
27:1 Job may have paused here so that who would rather lose their lives than lose
Zophar could take his turn to speak. Zophar their integrity! No wonder God spoke of Job
said nothing, so Job continued. The Hebrew as He did in 2:3. See also Ezek 14:14.
word translated discourse or parable in 27:8-10 Both Bildad and Zophar had used
some English versions, as a verb means to similar language about the ungodly (8:13;
speak using poetic language or proverbs or 20:5). Job now says he fully agrees with
parables. them.
27:2 The only time in the book Job speaks 27:8 Hypocrite the Hebrew word indicates
with an oath. He thinks God has denied a profane or godless person.
him justice and has Himself caused his 27:11-23 Until now Job had maintained
sufferings. However, notice that he does that often evil men prosper and live to a
631 JOB 28:12
Why then is your talk so empty?
13 This is what a wicked man will get from God,
28 There is certainly a mine for silver,
and a place where they refine gold.
2 Iron is taken out of the ground,
and the inheritance oppressors will
and copper is smelted from ore.
receive from the Almighty:
3 Man puts an end to darkness
14 If his children increase in number,
and searches for ore in the deepest
it is for the sword,
recesses,
and his offspring will not have enough bread.
dark as the shadow of death.
15 Those who are left to him will be buried in death,
4 He digs a shaft away from human habitation.
and his widow will not weep.
In places forgotten by mans foot,
16 Though he heaps up silver like dust,
away from men, he dangles,
and accumulates garments
swinging back and forth.
as abundant as clay,
5 Bread comes out of the earth,
17 He may accumulate them,
but underneath it is changed as by fire.
but the righteous will wear them,
6 Its stones are the source of sapphires,
and the innocent will divide the silver.
and its dust contains gold.
18 The house he builds is as fragile as a moth,
7 No bird knows the path there,
as a booth the watchman makes. and the falcons eye has not seen it.
19 The rich man will lie down, but not again. 8 The lions cubs have not trodden on it,
He opens his eyes, and he is no more. nor has the fierce lion passed along it.
20 Terrors overtake him like a flood; 9 He puts out his hand to the flinty rock,
a tempest snatches him away in the night. he overturns the mountains at their roots.
21 The east wind carries him away, 10 He cuts out channels in the rocks,
and he is gone; and his eye sees everything of value.
the storm sweeps him from his place. 11 He dams up the streams from flowing,
22 It hurls itself against him and does not spare. and brings what is hidden out to the light.
He makes every attempt to flee from its power.
23 It scornfully claps its hands at him, 12 But where is wisdom found?
and hisses him out of his place. And where is the place of understanding?
ripe old age, and that Gods judgment friends position on the fate of the wicked
does not always come on them in this world Job may have been inconsistent. And it
(21:7-13,30-33; 24:2-12). Job now may strike the reader of his words that
seems concerned that his friends have he agreed with them too strongly. (Job
misunderstood him. Have they thought he could never, it seems, state anything in
was defending the wicked? Did they think lukewarm language. For every idea that
he was teaching that wickedness pays and he expressed he used very strong terms.)
so it is better to be wicked than righteous? But surely one thing at least resulted from
See how Eliphaz accuses him in 15:4. these words his friends could no longer
In this chapter Job would set the record accuse him of defending the wicked or of
straight and try to correct any false impressions thinking it didnt matter whether a
he may have created in his friends minds. person was wicked or righteous.
Maybe he realized that he had insisted too 28:1-28 Man makes great efforts to find
strongly on one side of the argument. This precious metals and gems. He searches in
often happens when men argue and their barren and difficult places. But Jobs
emotions are stirred up. Now in vs 13-23 Job subject is wisdom something far more
fully admits that the wicked are not immune valuable than gold, silver, and jewels. Where
to punishment in this world. Jobs language in can it be found? If a man actually finds it
these verses is almost like that of his friends how can he identify it? Such is Jobs theme
when they described the fate of the wicked. in this chapter.
He seems now to take their side of the 28:3 End to darkness by the lamps the
argument. But actually he is a long way from miners take into the mines.
doing so. 28:4 Dangles, swinging as the miner
Remember their doctrine is this: God descends on ropes into the mine shaft.
always rewards the righteous and punishes 28:5 In his search for valuable things man
the wicked on earth; He does not send creates destruction inside the earth much
calamities on the righteous, nor allow the as a fire would do.
wicked to escape. For the sake of 28:7,8 Man searches for treasure in
argument Job is willing to admit the desolate places where even birds of prey
second of these ideas, but not the first. and wild beasts do not go.
He will agree that disasters come on the 28:12,13 If man understood the great worth
wicked, but not that they do not come on of wisdom he would search for it with the
the righteous. In agreeing with his same determination shown in searching for
JOB 28:13 632
13 Man does not know its value,
nor is it found in the land of the living.
14 The deep says, It is not in me.
29 And Job continued his discourse and said,
2 Oh, that I were as in months past,
as in the days when God was
And the sea says, It is not with me. watching over me,
15 It cannot be obtained for gold, 3 When his lamp shone on my head,
nor can silver be weighed out as its price. when I walked through darkness by his light;
16 It cannot be valued in the gold of Ophir, 4 As I was in the days of my prime,
in precious onyx or sapphire. when Gods nearness remained over my tent,
17 Gold and crystal cannot equal it, 5 When the Almighty was still with me,
nor can it be exchanged for jewels of fine gold. when my children were around me,
18 Coral or pearls are not to be mentioned, 6 When my steps were washed in cream,
and the value of wisdom is above rubies. and the rock poured out rivers of oil for me,
19 The topaz of Ethiopia does not equal it, 7 When I went out to the gate through the city,
nor can it be valued with pure gold. when I prepared my seat in the square.
20 Where then does wisdom come from? 8 The young men saw me and hid themselves,
And where is the place of understanding? and the aged arose and stood.
21 It is hidden from the eyes of all living, 9 The princes stopped talking and put
and concealed from the birds of the air. their hand on their mouth.
22 Destruction and death say, 10 The nobles kept silent and their tongue stuck
We have heard a report about it with our ears. to the roof of their mouth.
23 God understands the way to it, 11 When the ear heard me, then it blessed me,
and he knows its place. and when the eye saw me,
24 For he views the ends of the earth, it showed approval of me,
and sees under the whole heavens. 12 Because I rescued the poor who
25 When he established a weight for the wind, cried out, and the fatherless,
and measured out the waters, and the one who had no helper.
26 When he made a law for the rain, 13 Words of blessing came on me from
and a path for the thunderbolt, those who had been about to perish,
27 Then he saw wisdom and declared it; and I caused the widows heart to sing for joy.
he prepared it, 14 I dressed myself in righteousness,
yes, he searched out its depths. and it clothed me.
28 And to man he said, My justice was like a robe and a turban.
See, the fear of the LORD, that is wisdom, 15 I was eyes for the blind,
and to depart from evil is understanding. and feet for the lame.
gems and gold. of this book that Job had this wisdom
28:15-19 Prov 3:13,14; 8:10,11,19; 16:16. (1:1,8). We are not told his friends had it.
28:20-23 No living being, including man, no Of course, they thought they themselves
one in the realm of death knows where were the wise ones and that Job did not have
wisdom is found. Neither life nor death can wisdom (11:6; 15:2-4; 18:2,3; 20:3).
teach us wisdom. Only God knows what it 29:1 Perhaps Job paused again for one of
is, where it is, and how man can obtain it. his friends to speak. If he did not, it is
Destruction (v 22) in Hebrew unclear why these words should be used here
Abaddon. again. From their continued silence it
28:24-27 God is the only one who sees appears that the argument is over and they
everything, and can do everything. So He have lost it. Of course, they would not have
alone really knows wisdom. been willing to admit this. Job now begins
28:28 God has revealed to man the truth a lament which continues over the next two
about wisdom which man could never chapters (30:31). In it he contrasts the life
discover by searching. Wisdom is not piling he once enjoyed (chapter 29) with his
up information, or storing up facts. Wisdom present pathetic condition (chapter 30).
is not education. There are many educated 29:2-6 Job is saying that when disasters came
fools in this world. Wisdom is not knowing he was not living a sinful life, he was not with-
the truth about the nature of things. out Gods fellowship. He had Gods light, Gods
Wisdom is not even having true doctrines presence, Gods smile, Gods blessings.
about God and man. True wisdom is a proper 29:7-11 Job was a man others honored and
attitude toward God. It is related to moral- respected. In other words, they knew he
ity and ethics. It is devotion to God and was not wicked.
fear of offending Him. It is turning away 29:12-17 He was respected because his
from evil (Ps 111:10; Prov 1:7; 9:10; deeds proved him worthy of respect.
Eccl 12:13). We know from the first chapter Compare this with Eliphazs false accusa-
633 JOB 30:24
16 I was a father to the poor, and investigated yes, children of base men who were
the case I did not know. scourged from the land.
17 And I broke the jaws of the wicked 9 And now I am their mocking song;
and snatched the plunder out of his teeth. yes, I am their byword.
18 Then I said, 10 They abhor me.
I will die in my nest, and cause my days to be They keep their distance from me, and do not
as numerous as the sand. hold back from spitting in my face.
19 My roots are spread out by the waters, 11 Because he has loosened my bowstring
and the dew lies all night on my branches. and afflicted me,
20 My glory remains fresh in me, they have also cast off restraint in
and my bow is renewed in my hand. my presence.
12 At my right hand the youth rise up;
21 People listened to me and waited,
they push my feet away, and raise
and kept silent for my counsel.
22 After my words they did not speak again; against me their destructive ways.
and my words dropped on them. 13 They break up my road;
23 And they waited for me as for the rain, without any helper, they set up
and opened their mouth wide as calamity for me.
for the spring rain. 14 They come on me like a wide break in the wall;
24 If I laughed at them, they did not believe it; in their ruins they come rolling in.
and they did not cause the light 15 Terrors are turned on me;
of my face to fail. they pursue my soul like the wind,
25 I chose the way for them, and sat as chief. and my prosperity has passed like a cloud.
I dwelt like a king among his army, 16 And now my soul is poured out within me.
like one who comforts mourners. Days of affliction have seized me.
17 At night my bones in me are pierced,
30 But now those who are younger and my gnawing pains have no rest.
than I mock at me, 18 Because of their great power my
whose fathers I would have disdained clothing is changed;
to put with my sheep dogs. they bind me all around like the
2 Yes, what could the strength of their hands collar of my coat.
profit me, since their vigor was gone? 19 He has cast me into the mire,
3 They were emaciated from want and hunger, and I have become like dust and ashes.
having lately fled to the desolate 20 I cry out to you, O God, but you do
and waste wilderness. not hear me.
4 They plucked salt marsh plants beside I stand up, but you just watch me.
the bushes, 21 You have become cruel to me.
and their food was the root of the broom tree. With your strong hand you oppose me.
5 They were driven out from among the people 22 You lift me up to the wind and make
(who cried out after them as after a thief), me ride on it, dissolving my substance.
6 To live among the cliffs of the ravines, 23 For I know that you will bring me to death,
in the caves and rocks of the land. and to the house appointed for all the living.
7 They brayed among the bushes, 24 But he will not stretch out his
and gathered together under the nettles. hand toward the grave,
8 These are the sons of fools, though they cry out at its destruction.
tions in 22:5-11. Their fathers had been regarded by the
29:18-20 He did not think calamities would people of that region as unfit to live there
come on him, because he could see no and had been driven out (vs 5,8). Now these
reason whatever why they should. young men spit in Jobs face and try to cause
29:21-25 He knows that he was a leader, a him all the trouble they can (16:10,11).
counselor of others, and that he had not 30:15-19 3:24; 6:10; 7:4,5; 13:28;
abused his position. 16:8,17; 17:1; 19:20.
29:24 Did not cause the light of my face 30:20-22 Once more Job turns to God with
to fail the meaning of the Hebrew here his complaint (7:7-21; 10:2-22; 13:20;
is uncertain. 14:22; 16:7,8; 17:3,4).
30:1-14 Instead of the honor and respect 30:21 6:4; 13:24; 16:9.
Job once experienced he faces the scorn 30:23 9:22; 10:8.
and opposition of base and useless men. 30:24 Even if he does not fear this falling
JOB 30:25 634
25 Did I not weep for anyone in trouble? 5 If I have walked in falsehood,
Was my soul not grieved for the poor? or if my foot has hurried after deceit
26 When I looked for good, then disaster came; 6 (Let me be weighed in accurate scales,
and when I waited for light, darkness came. that God may know my integrity),
27 The agitation inside me never stops. 7 If my step has turned out of the way,
Days of affliction confront me. and my heart has followed my eyes,
28 I go about mourning, and if any stain has stuck to my hands,
without the light of the sun. 8 Then let me sow and someone else eat it,
I stand up and cry out in the congregation. yes, let my crops be uprooted.
29 I am a brother to jackals, 9 If my heart has been enticed by a woman,
and a companion of owls. or if I have lurked near my neighbors door,
30 My skin on me is black, 10 Then may my wife grind for someone else,
and my bones burn with heat. and may others bow down over her.
31 And my harp is tuned to mourning, and 11 For that would be a wicked deed,
my flute to the sound of those who weep. yes, iniquity for the judges to punish.
12 For that would be a fire that
31 I made a covenant with my eyes.
How then could I lustfully consider a
maiden?
consumes to destruction,
that would uproot all my increase.
2 For what does God apportion from above? 13 If I have despised the claim of my male or
And what is the inheritance the female servant when they complained to me,
Almighty appoints from above? 14 Then what would I do when God rises up?
3 Is it not destruction for the wicked, And when he confronts me,
and disaster for evildoers? what would I answer him?
4 Does he not see my ways and count 15 Did not he who made me in the womb,
all my steps? make him?
toward death (and he did not 6:8,9; self-righteous but has the testimony of a
7:15), still he will cry out for help. good conscience (compare Acts 23:1;
30:25,26 This is his complaint all along 24:16; 2 Cor 1:12). So in his eyes he did
he has not been rewarded according to his not deserve the calamities that came on him,
deeds, but God has dealt with him unjustly. and the doctrine of his friends concerning
He thinks God has not treated him as well divine retribution was hopelessly wrong.
as he Job has treated others. 31:1 In the list of his virtues Job puts this
30:27 3:26. one first. Not only had he kept himself from
30:29 This may refer to the piercing, mourn- adultery and fornication, he had resolutely
ful sounds these animals make, and determined not even to let wrong desires
perhaps to their solitariness. form in his mind. He was very careful in the
30:31 Job compares his final lament to the way he looked at a girl. In this he
mournful tones made by musical anticipated the teaching of Christ in the
instruments, rising, falling, and dying away. sermon on the mount (Matt 5:27,28). He
31:1-4 This chapter closes Jobs defense understood that morality and purity were not
against the accusations of his friends. Here merely a matter of outward acts but of the
he sets forth his righteous behavior, not in inner thoughts and desires.
a spirit of boasting but because his friends 31:4 The reason for his virtuous behavior
have driven him to it. See note on vs 38- was his knowledge of God. God was always
40. The situation is not unlike that of Pauls in his thoughts (vs 2,4,14,15,23,28). He
who was forced by the church at Corinth to feared God, wanted to please God, honored
defend himself against the accusations of God in every sphere of his life.
false teachers (2 Cor 11:21-29; 12:1-3. 31:5-8 He has led a life of complete
See also 1 Sam 12:1-3; 24:8-15; 26:17- honesty and sincerity, always holding to
24; Ps 17:1-5. Compare Psalm 26). Gods way of holiness and virtue. He was
Job knew that he shared in the fallen fully aware that God hates lying and deceit.
condition of all men (13:26; 14:4,16,17; 31:9-12 He has always been faithful to his
31:33). Perhaps he did not yet have that wife, never once going with another woman.
deep understanding of the depravity of He regarded adultery as a very terrible sin,
human nature that some other Old which indeed it is (Ex 20:14; Lev 20:10;
Testament saints had. But he lived 1 Cor 6:9; Heb 13:4).
(probably) before God gave His law through 31:12 Destruction in Hebrew Abaddon.
Moses, and the law gives men a deeper 31:13-15 He has behaved fairly toward his
knowledge of sin (Rom 7:7-9). However that servants. He recognized that in Gods sight
may be, Job well knew that he had lived a men are men, and that no one should be
sincere, godly, and righteous life. He is not treated as if belonging to an inferior caste
635 JOB 31:39
Did not the same one form us in the womb? 28 This also would be iniquity to be judged,
for I would have denied God above.
16 If I have held back from the poor
what they desired, 29 If I rejoiced at the destruction of
or caused the eyes of the widow to fail, one who hated me,
17 Or have eaten my morsel alone, or exulted when disaster found him
without the fatherless eating of it 30 (But I have not allowed my mouth to
18 (But from my youth I brought him up sin by invoking a curse against his soul),
like a father, 31 If the men of my tent have not said,
and from my birth I guided the widow ), Who is there of us who has not been
19 If I have seen anyone perish for satisfied with Jobs meat?
lack of clothing, 32 (The stranger never had to spend the
or any poor person without a covering, night in the street,
20 If he had no reason to bless me, for I opened my door to the traveller),
and if he was not warmed by the 33 If I have covered my transgressions like Adam,
fleece from my sheep, by hiding my iniquity in my bosom,
21 If I have raised my hand against the fatherless, 34 Because I feared the great multitude,
when I saw support for this in the gate, or dreaded the contempt of families,
22 Then let my arm fall from my shoulder, so that I kept silent and did not
and my arm be broken at the joint. go out the door
23 For destruction from God terrified me, 35 (Oh, that someone would hear me!
and because of his majesty I could See, my desire is that the Almighty
not endure. would answer me,
24 If I have made gold my hope, and that my adversary would write down
or said to fine gold, the indictment in a book!
You are my confidence, 36 Surely I would carry it around on my shoulder,
25 If I have rejoiced because my wealth was great, and fasten it on me like a crown.
and because my hand had gotten much, 37 I would give him an account of all my steps.
26 If I looked at the shining sun I would approach him like a prince),
or the moon moving in brightness, 38 If my land cries out against me,
27 And my heart was secretly enticed or if its furrows complain,
and my mouth kissed my hand in worship, 39 If I have eaten its produce without cost to me,
or class. (See Eph 6:9; Col 4:1.) Hebrew the word for man and for Adam is
31:16-23 He has treated the poor with kind- the same, and here could be translated
ness and compassion a virtue God regards either way.
very highly indeed (Ex 22:22-27; Deut 31:35 My desire the literal meaning of
24:17; Ps 68:5; 82:1-4; Prov 23:10,11). the Hebrew word is mark, and the
31:21 In the gate the place where the sentence could be translated, See, my mark.
ruling body of the town met. Oh, that the Almighty would answer me.
31:24-28 He kept himself from the idolatry Mark possibly indicated signature, as if
of wealth, and from the worship of creation Jobs case is written out and he now signs it.
rather than the Creator. He knew that it is 31:35-37 Job longs for a hearing before
not possible to be true to God while Gods judgment seat (13:3,15,18; 16:19;
worshiping anything other than God (see Ex 23:3-5; 24:1). He has prepared his
20:3-6; Deut 4:19; 17:2-5; Rom 1:25). defense. He has declared the righteous life
31:29,30 He has not allowed the spirit of he has lived before God and men. He
vengeance to possess him (Prov 20:22; desperately wants to know what God has
24:29; 25:21; Rom 12:19-21). against him. If God would write out His
31:31,32 He has practiced hospitality to complaint against him Job says he would
strangers (compare Deut 10:17-19; Heb wear it like a crown where all could see it.
13:2). That is, he is quite sure that God has no
31:33,34 When he sinned he did not try to serious accusations to make against him.
cover it up but confessed and forsook it. He thinks he can give even to God a good
Observe that he does not deny he has account of his whole life, could approach God
sinned. He realized that true virtue is not with the firm, bold step of a prince. So
merely what one does or does not do when certain is Job of his integrity.
others are watching, but what one does or 31:38-40 Job has an afterthought. There
does not do when only God is watching. is one aspect of his righteousness he hasnt
Compare Ps 90:8; 139:23,24; Matt 6:6,18; mentioned the proper way he had treated
John 3:20,21; Eph 5:8-14; Heb 4:13. his land and those who worked for him. If
Like Adam or like a man. In he has behaved unjustly let a curse come
JOB 31:40 636
or caused its owners to lose their lives, because they were older than he.
40 May thistles grow up instead of wheat, 5 When Elihu saw that there was no answer in
and weeds instead of barley! the mouth of these three men, his anger was
The words of Job are ended. aroused.
6 And Elihu the son of Barakel the Buzite
answered and said,
32
eyes.
So these three men stopped answering
Job, because he was righteous in his own I am young, and you are very old.
Therefore I was afraid and dared not
2 Then the anger of Elihu the son of Barakel the express my opinion.
Buzite, of the family of Ram, was aroused against 7 I told myself that age should speak,
Job. His anger burned because Job justified and advanced years should teach wisdom.
himself rather than God. 8 But there is a spirit in man,
3 Also his anger was aroused against his three and the inspiration of the Almighty
friends, because they had found no answer, yet gives him understanding.
had condemned Job. 9 Great men are not always wise;
4 Now Elihu had waited to speak to Job, nor do the aged always understand justice.
on his land, he says. (See also vs 8,10,22.) there was a taint of self-righteousness in
At last he has no more to say. In legal Jobs character, it is in no way central to the
terms, we would say the defense rests its teaching of the book of Job.
case. 32:1 Eliphaz, Bildad and Zophar have
What should we think of Jobs defense? nothing more to say, concluding that Job
We do not like to hear an individual telling was self-righteous.
us how good and righteous he is. Some 32:2 Apparently Elihu had been present all
people are quite eager for men to know their the time the discussion had been going on.
good deeds, and describe them even to God For all we know there may have been
(Matt 6:2; Luke 18:9-12). So when a per- several (or many) others there also. Elihu
son speaks of his righteous life we tend to was not an uncommon name and other
suspect that he is either ignorant of himself Elihus are mentioned in the Bible (1 Sam
or is covering up some sin or is proud and 1:1; 1 Chron 12:20), but this is the one
boastful. But in Jobs case this was not so. place that this particular Elihu appears. We
Job and his friends are having a deep know nothing of the Barakel or Ram
theological discussion which involved an mentioned here, but it is also said that Elihu
important doctrine, and this discussion turns was a Buzite. One person named Buz was
on the matter of Jobs guilt or innocence. If a son of Nahor, Abrahams brother (Gen
his life style did not merit the calamities which 22:21). If Elihu was a descendent of that
came on him, then the doctrine of his friends Buz then he was closely related to the
was in error. This is what Job is attempting forefathers of the Hebrew nation.
to prove. For the sake of the truth he felt Elihus anger burned against Job because
compelled to describe his righteous life as it Job had justified himself rather than God.
was. And we know he did not paint a false (See also Gods question to Job in 40:8.)
picture, did not exaggerate his virtues. Job had clearly said his cause was just (10:7;
God Himself said Job was the best man 27:5,6; 31:35-37) and that God had
on earth in his generation (2:3. See also wronged him (19:6; 27:2; 30:25,26). Job
Ezek 14:14). So his life is a beautiful said so because in his pain and perplexity
example to all of us. If we wish to have Gods and darkness no other explanation seemed
approval as he did, let us live as he did. But to fit the circumstances. Job had also
was Job not self-righteous? Verses like 10:15 spoken in a way that showed he believed in
and 7:20,21 suggest otherwise. Self-right- the justice of God (16:19; 19:23-27; 23:3-
eousness is something that cleaves very 7). If Job had not been convinced of Gods
naturally to mans fallen nature, and it would just character he would not have wanted to
not be surprising if there were some taint of appear before him in judgment). As we have
it in Job. For Job had a sinful nature as all seen, very painful and conflicting thoughts
men have. But if Job was much given to self- possessed Jobs mind. See note on 16:19.
righteousness it is hard to understand Gods 32:3 Elihu was a lover of justice. If Job
unqualified approval of him in 1:8; 2:3 (in speaks unjustly about God his anger burns;
2:3 one of the things God praises Job for when the three friends speak unjustly about
was that he maintained his integrity in spite Job his anger burns. Elihu sees clearly the
of all that Satan had done against him). fault of the friends they condemned Job
Surely God hates self-righteousness without being able to answer his arguments
more than we ever can. So we may judge (v 12).
that if Job was guilty of it he was probably 32:7 Age literally days.
less guilty of it than anyone else in his Advanced literally a multitude.
generation. And it certainly was not a 32:8 Understanding does not come by mere
dominating force in his life. And, it seems age or experience or education, but by Gods
to the author of these notes, that even if breath, Gods gift. So the young may have
637 JOB 33:15
10 Therefore I say, Listen to me. and listen to all my words.
I also will express my opinion. 2 See, now I open my mouth,
11 Look, I waited for your words; the tongue in my mouth speaks.
I gave ear to your reasons, 3 My words come from the uprightness
while you searched for what to say. of my heart,
12 Yes, I paid close attention to you, and my lips speak knowledge clearly.
and, look, none of you convinced Job, 4 The Spirit of God has made me,
or answered his words. and the breath of the Almighty has
13 Do not say We have found wisdom. given me life.
God will bring him down, not man. 5 If you can answer me, set your words
14 Now he has not directed his words against me, in order in front of me; take your stand.
and I will not answer him with your words. 6 See, just like you, I belong to God.
15 They are dismayed and give no I too have been formed out of clay.
further answer; 7 Look, no fear of me should terrify you;
words have failed them. nor will my hand be heavy on you.
16 I have been waiting, but they did not speak, 8 You have certainly spoken in my hearing,
but stood there and gave no further answer. and I have heard the sound of
17 I too will take my part in answering, your words, saying,
I too will express my opinion. 9 I am pure, without transgression.
18 For I am full of words, I am innocent. No iniquity is in me.
and the spirit within me compels me to speak. 10 See, God finds occasions against me;
19 Indeed my inner being is like wine he counts me as his enemy.
without a vent; 11 He puts my feet in the stocks;
it is ready to burst like new wineskins. he watches all my paths.
20 I will speak, so that I may find relief.
I will open my lips and answer. 12 Look, in this you are not being just.
21 Please, I will not show favoritism I will answer you that God is greater than man.
to anyone, or flatter any man. 13 Why do you struggle against him?
22 For I do not know how to flatter; For he does not give an account of
if I did, my Maker would soon take me away. any of his deeds.
14 For God speaks once, yes, twice,
33 Therefore, Job, please hear what
I have to say,
but man does not perceive it.
15 In a dream, in a vision of the night,
it as well as the old, Elihu says. seems to be saying here that he will act as
32:12-17 Though the friends have failed to this mediator. Job can present his case fully
defeat Job in argument they must not think, to him without fear.
he says, that every man will fail. Elihu thinks 33:6 Just like you, I belong to God the
he can succeed. At v 15 he stops speaking KJV here seems a strange translation, hardly
to Jobs friends and speaks about them. possible at all, but the Hebrew is difficult.
32:18-20 Elihu is very excited and eager. 33:8-11 Elihu is certain Job has said some
As Jobs friends spoke he kept thinking of wrong things and now calls them to his
things he would like to say. He could hardly attention. In the last part of v 10 and in
contain any longer the words that would rush v 11 he quotes Jobs words (13:24,27). In
from his mouth. He was not the last to feel v 9 he gives what he thinks is the meaning
so in time of argument and debate. of some of Jobs remarks (9:21; 10:7;
32:21,22 Elihu has some fear of God, so 16:16; 23:10; 27:5). However, Job has
refuses to take either Jobs side or that of never said he was holy and pure. He knew
Jobs friends. And he resolves to speak very otherwise (13:26; 14:4,16,17; 31:33).
frankly. Elihu, by attributing to Jobs words a mean-
33:1-4 Elihu is sure he has something very ing Job never intended, shows he will not
important to say. He thinks he can solve be able to answer him. But Elihu has put his
the problem that has arisen over Jobs finger on the point of Jobs biggest failing
sufferings. This young man is very confident in the argument with his friends Job had
that he is wise and upright and honest spoken of God as becoming his enemy and
(33:3; 36:3,4). But already, this early in unjustly acting as a persecutor and jailer.
his speech, he seems lacking in humility. 33:12,13 Elihu is correct in this matter. God
33:5-7 In 9:32-35 Job expressed a wish for is far greater than any man and more just
someone to act as a mediator. He wanted in His dealings than any man could ever
to argue his case before God, but because be. God does not need to give to men an
of the pain and disasters that came to him account of His behavior.
he experienced much fear (13:20-22). Elihu 33:14-30 In these verses we have Elihus
JOB 33:16 638
when deep sleep falls on men, And he will see Gods face with joy;
while they slumber on the bed, for God will restore to man his righteousness.
16 Then he opens the ears of men, 27 He looks at men and if anyone says,
and seals their instruction, I have sinned, and perverted what was right,
17 So that he may turn a man from his evil and it was not repaid to me in equal measure,
behaviour and keep a man from pride. 28 He will deliver his soul from going into the pit,
18 He keeps back his soul from the pit, and his life will see the light.
and his life from perishing by the sword. 29 See, God does all these things.
19 A man is also chastened by pain on his bed, Twice, thrice he does them to a man.
by anguish in his many bones. 30 To bring his soul back from the pit,
20 So that his whole being loathes bread, that the light of life may enlighten him.
and his soul the choicest food. 31 Pay attention, Job; listen to me.
21 His flesh wastes away from sight, and his bones, Keep silent and I will speak.
which were not seen, stick out. 32 If you have anything to say, answer me.
22 Yes, his soul draws near the grave, Speak, for I want to justify you.
and his life to the destroyers. 33 If not, listen to me.
23 If there is a messenger for him, Keep silent, and I will teach you wisdom.
a mediator, one in a thousand,
34
to show man Gods uprightness, Elihu continued his answer and said,
24 Then he is gracious to him and says, 2 Listen to my words, you wise men,
Deliver him from going down to the pit; and give ear to me, you who have
I have found a ransom. understanding.
25 Then his flesh will become fresher than a childs; 3 For the ear tests words as the mouth
he will return to the days of his youth. tastes food.
26 He will pray to God, 4 Let us choose for ourselves what is just,
and God will show him favour. let us find out among ourselves what is good.
solution to the problem that has come up him from the grave.
about Jobs sufferings. He says that From perishing by the sword or from
although God does not give an account of crossing the River. See note on the
His actions He does speak to men. He Hebrew language at Ps 14:7.
speaks in dreams, especially fearful 33:23-30 Elihu describes a way which God
dreams, and visions (vs 15,16. See note may use to restore the suffering, chastised
at Num 12:6). God also speaks through man. The language of vs 23,24 in Hebrew
chastisements and pains (vs 19-22). is difficult and obscure. We cannot be sure
Eliphaz also, in his first speech, had whether the messenger is an angel or a man,
referred to both of these (4:12-16; whether he is a very exceptional individual
5:17,18). But Elihu deals with these one in a thousand, or one of many one
matters much more clearly and fully than together with a thousand others. And we do
Eliphaz. Job spoke of the fearful dreams not know what the ransom referred to
and visions which had come to him means. Some scholars think Elihu regarded
(7:13,14), of his ceaseless pain himself as the messenger; others think he
(30:16,17), his lack of hunger (3:24), and means an angel from heaven; others think
his emaciated condition (16:8; 19:20). Elihu was unknowingly uttering a prophecy
Elihu uses similar language about dreams about Christ who would come as Gods mes-
and sufferings. In other words, he wants Job senger to men, the one Mediator between
to apply to himself all that he says. He God and men, who gave Himself as a
tells Job what he thinks is the purpose of it ransom to redeem men. In any case, Elihu
all. Terrifying dreams and fearful pains are is holding out hope to Job if only Job listens
Gods messengers, he says, and God sends to what God is saying to him he will regain
them for three very good reasons. God wants his health, joy, and righteousness, and Gods
to turn men from evil, break their pride, and fellowship (vs 25,26). Elihu thinks that then
save them from destruction (vs 17,18, Job will speak like the man in vs 27,28.
29,30). Evidently Elihu is sure that Job is 33:31-33 Elihu now gives Job an opportu-
guilty of wrongdoing and pride and needs nity to answer if he wishes. Job remains
to be saved from destruction. That is, in silent perhaps because he wants Elihu to
some measure at least, he is in agreement continue, or perhaps because he sees Elihu
with the three friends. In general what Elihu has said nothing very new and that he has
says here is excellent and suitable to the already given an answer to such ideas.
condition of many people. But it did not fit Elihus confidence in his own wisdom (v 33)
Jobs case and did not solve the problem of causes us again to doubt his humility.
Jobs sufferings. 34:1-4 Elihu believes his words to be so mani-
33:18 Keeps back his soul from the pit festly wise that if anyone has any discernment
this could also be translated or preserve he will be forced to concede it (see 36:4).
639 JOB 34:26
5 For Job has said, I am righteous, listen to the sound of my words.
and God has taken away justice from me. 17 Should one who hates the right govern?
6 Should I lie about my right? And will you condemn the most just one ?
My wound is incurable, 18 Is it proper to say to a king,
though I am without transgression. You are wicked?
7 What man is like Job, And to princes, You are ungodly?
who drinks up scorn like water? 19 How much less the One who does not show
8 He goes in the company of evildoers, favouritism to princes,
and walks with wicked men. or regard the rich more than the poor!
9 For he has said, It profits a man For they are all the work of his hands.
nothing for him to delight in God. 20 In a moment they die in the middle of the night,
and the people are troubled and pass away,
10 Therefore listen to me, you men of
and the mighty are taken away without
understanding.
a hand touching them.
Far be it from God to act wickedly,
and from the Almighty to commit iniquity! 21 For his eyes are on the ways of man,
11 For he will repay a man according to his deeds, and he sees all his steps.
and sees that everyone finds the reward 22 There is no darkness or shadow of
for his ways. death where evildoers can hide themselves.
12 Yes, certainly God will not act wickedly, 23 For he does not need to lay more
nor will the Almighty pervert justice. charges on man, that he should go
13 Who put him in charge of the earth? before him in judgment.
Or who has appointed him over the 24 Without investigation he breaks in
whole world? pieces mighty men
14 If he sets his heart on it, and sets up others in their place.
25 For he knows their deeds, and he overturns
and gathers back to himself his Spirit
them in the night, so that they
and his breath,
are destroyed.
15 All flesh would perish together,
26 He strikes them down as the wicked
and man would turn again to dust.
men they are,
16 Now if you have understanding hear this; openly, in the sight of others,
34:5-9 He now sets forth what he thinks God can do no wrong. (How true this is
Jobs position is. In v 5 he quotes some of compare Gen 18:25; Deut 32:4; Ps 11:7;
Jobs words (13:18; 27:2). In vs 6 and 9 89:14; Jer 9:24; Acts 7:31; Rev 16:7).
he gives what he thinks is the essence of In v 11 Elihu says that God gives to men
some of the things Job says. Job knew that according to their deeds. This indeed is the
when he claimed to live a righteous life his essence of justice and is often stated in the
friends did not believe him, and that Bible (Ps 62:12; Prov 24:12; Jer 32:19;
circumstances seemed to testify against him. Ezek 33:20; Matt 16:27; Rom 2:6; 2 Cor
Job never used the words of v 9, but Elihu 5:10; Rev 22:12).
thought he meant this from the words he However, like the three friends, Elihu
did use (9:21-24; 21:7-9; 24:12). assumed that this reward or punishment of
But Job also said things that indicate he deeds was taking place now in this world.
sometimes thought the opposite of this He knew nothing, of course, of the
(21:14-16; 27:7-23; 28:28). Elihu is judgments revealed in the New Testament
being most unfair to Job in his accusations (Matt 25:33-36; Acts 17:31; 2 Cor 5:10;
in vs 7,8. The lover of justice (32:3) can Rev 20:11-15). So Elihu is really saying
himself be unjust. Verse 7 suggests a con- just what the three friends said Job is guilty
stant thirst for mocking. Elihu is saying Job and receiving the just punishment for his
loves to use scornful language. Zophar bad deeds. So Elihu has not been able to
accused him of the same thing (11:3). Job give a better reason for Jobs sufferings than
did scorn some of his friends remarks, but they did.
this is because he saw that they were wor- 34:13-15 God is the absolute sovereign of
thy of scorn. It is clear that Elihu with all his the universe and can do what He will. He
professed wisdom did not understand Job. does not need to give an answer to
34:10-12 Elihu now begins to defend Gods anyone.
justice against what he thinks are Jobs 34:14 On it the word for man (KJV) is
attacks. He has a very high view of Gods not in the Hebrew here.
justice. Whatever may have happened to 34:17 Verse 5; 40:8.
Job, however Job may question Gods 34:18-30 God is completely impartial in His
justice, whatever may happen in the world, judgments. He sees all, knows all, and rules
whatever suffering and calamities may come over all with justice.
on men, one thing is absolutely certain 34:23 The Hebrew of the first phrase is very
JOB 34:27 640
27 Because they turned back from him
and would not consider any of his ways,
28 Causing the cry of the poor to come to him;
35 Elihu continued speaking and said,
2 Do you think this is just?
You say, My righteousness is
and he heard the cry of the afflicted. more than Gods.
29 When he gives quietness, who then can 3 For you say, What advantage would
make trouble? it be to you,
And when he hides his face, what benefit would I have,
who then can see him, if I refrained from sinning?
whether this is done against a nation 4 I will answer you, and your companions
or against an individual? with you.
30 He does this so that the hypocrite does not 5 Look at the heavens and see,
reign and the people are not ensnared. and gaze at the clouds which are
31 For it is right to say to God, higher than you.
I have borne punishment. 6 If you sin, what are you doing to him?
I will not offend again. Or if your transgressions are increased,
32 Teach me what I do not see. what are you doing to him?
If I have committed iniquity, 7 If you are righteous,
I will not do so again. what are you giving him?
33 Should he reward you according to your terms, Or what does he receive from your hand?
even though you refuse his way? 8 Your wickedness hurts a man like yourself,
You must choose, and not I. and your righteousness helps only
Therefore tell what you know. a son of man.
34 Let men of understanding say to me, 9 The people cry out because of the
a wise man who listens to me, many acts of oppression;
35 Job has spoken without knowledge, they cry out because of the arm of the mighty.
and his words were without wisdom. 10 But no one says,
36 My desire is that Job may be tested Where is God, my Maker,
to the utmost, who gives songs in the night,
for giving answers like wicked men. 11 Who teaches us more than the beasts
37 For he adds rebellion to his sin. of the earth,
He scornfully claps his hands together and makes us wiser than the birds of the sky?
among us, 12 There they cry out, but he does not answer,
and multiplies his words against God. because of the pride of evil men.
obscure and so the meaning is doubtful. add anything to God or take anything away
34:31-33 Elihu wants Job to speak like the from Him. He deals with men with impartial
man in vs 31 and 32. If Job will not, Elihu is justice. He has arranged matters in such a
sure he cannot hope for Gods mercy. way that mans righteous deeds or evil
34:34-37 Since Job refuses to be a humble deeds affect only men. For these reasons
penitent, confessing his sins and begging righteousness is profitable to men, and
for mercy, Elihu, like the three friends, is wickedness unprofitable. In this Elihu was
certain that Job is a rebellious sinner. not altogether accurate. All sins are against
Notice v 36. Did Elihu not realize that Job God (Ps 51:4); they cause Him pain and grief
had already been tried to the utmost? What (Gen 6:6); eventually they were all laid on
more did he desire Job to suffer? Some the Son of God (Isa 53:4-6), and meant
mediator Elihu is proving to be! Oh, who sufferings and death to Him; and God gets
is like Christ the Lord! (Heb 2:17,18; satisfaction from the righteous deeds of His
4:15,16; 1 John 2:1). people, and their lives are significant in the
35:1-3 Elihu thinks he has suitably dealt with unseen war going on between God and
Jobs words about Gods justice. Now he Satan (1:8-12; 2:3-6).
takes up a second complaint he has against 35:9-15 Does Job think righteousness is
Job. He had already stated it in 34:9. See unprofitable because God does not hear the
note there. cries of the righteous? Evidently Elihu thinks
35:2 My righteousness is more than Gods that Job thinks so. Certainly this is an idea
of course, Job never said this, but Elihu that Satan inserts into many peoples minds.
thought this was the meaning of some Many true believers also are sometimes
things he did say. tested on this point. They sometimes are
35:3 You or me. tempted to think when they get no answers
35:4-8 Mans deeds, whether good or bad, to their prayers that serving God is useless.
cannot really affect God, Elihu says. God is Elihu says there are good reasons why God
exalted above the heavens, He is completely does not hear men when they cry out in their
self-sufficient. Nothing that man does can misery.
641 JOB 36:18
13 Certainly God will not listen to an empty cry; 8 But if they are bound in fetters
the Almighty will not pay attention to it. and held by the cords of affliction,
14 Although you say you do not see him, 9 Then he shows them their deeds, and
yet the case for judgment is before him, the transgressions they have
and you must wait for him. arrogantly committed.
15 But now, because he has not punished 10 He also opens their ear to instruction and
in his anger, commands them to turn back from iniquity.
in his great extremity Job does not 11 If they obey and serve him,
understand. they will spend their days in prosperity,
16 Therefore Job opens his mouth for empty talk. and their years in pleasures.
He multiplies words without knowledge. 12 But if they do not obey,
they will perish by the sword,
and they will die without knowledge.
36 Elihu continued and said,
2 Bear with me a little while,
and I will show you that there is still more
13 But the hypocrites in heart store up wrath;
they do not cry out for his help when
to be said on Gods behalf. he binds them.
3 I will bring my knowledge from afar. 14 They die in youth, and their life ends
I will ascribe righteousness to my Maker. among the male shrine prostitutes.
4 And truly my words are not false; 15 He delivers the poor in their affliction,
one who is perfect in knowledge is with you. and opens their ears to hear him in oppression.
5 See, God is mighty, 16 And also he would have brought you out
but does not despise anyone; of distress into a broad place
he is mighty in strength and wisdom. free of restraint;
6 He does not preserve the life of the wicked, and what is set on your table
but gives the poor their rights. would have been full and rich.
7 He does not withdraw his eyes from 17 But now your life is full of the judgment
the righteous, on the wicked;
but seats them with kings on the throne; judgment and justice have taken hold of you.
yes, he establishes them forever, 18 Because of his wrath,
and they are exalted. beware that he does not take you away
First, they do not acknowledge God as of restlessness? Wait, he says, I have more
Creator and Teacher and direct their cries to to say on Gods behalf.
Him alone (vs 10,11). They act as if they 36:3,4 He thinks he will give new truth not
had learned no more than dumb beasts. If revealed in anything the others have said.
they humbly pray to their Maker He would He is sure he knows the truth and that his
give them songs in the night joy in the wisdom is very great indeed. Again he gives
midst of troubles. us good reason to doubt his humility. Is he
Second, God often ignores mens cries not speaking of himself when he says one
because they are both wicked and arrogant. who is perfect in knowledge is with you? It
So their prayers are empty and insincere seems so, but see 37:16.
(vs 12,13). In vs 14-16 Elihu applies this to 36:5-21 In these verses Elihu has two main
Job. God, he says, is even less likely to hear points. First, God wisely and impartially
Jobs pleas than those of wicked, arrogant determines what men should experience
men. Why? Because of the way Job speaks. (vs 5-9); second, Gods chastening has a
According to Elihu, Job has fully denied Gods merciful purpose the correction and
justice (vs 14,15); so he must be even worse reformation of erring men (vs 10-15. See
than the arrogant and wicked man. 33:14-30). He then applies these truths to
Teaches (v 11) This could also be Job (vs 16-21). There is good in what he
translated Who teaches us by the beasts says (v 15, for example), but his remarks
of the earth and makes us wise by the birds are not what we would expect from a person
of the air. perfect in knowledge. Concerning Gods
Wait for him (v 14) the Hebrew here rewarding the righteous and punishing the
does not mean trust thou in him (KJV). wicked in this world, he gives the same old
Extremity (v 15) the Hebrew word here view that both he and the three friends have
also means weakness or folly or stupidity. presented before. He ignores, just as they
This whole sentence in Hebrew is obscure did, all the facts which Job had urged against
and difficult. this view. And by some of his remarks he
35:16 See 8:2; 11:3; 12:2; 15:2,3; reveals again that he does not understand
16:3; 18:2,3; 26:3; 34:35; 38:2. Job.
36:1,2 Elihu has already spoken three times Will perish by the sword (v 12) or the
(32:6; 34:1; 35:1), as often as any of Hebrew may mean will cross the River.
the three friends. Do his hearers show signs 36:18-20 The language of the Hebrew is
JOB 36:19 642
with a blow;
for a great ransom would not be able
to deliver you.
37 At this also my heart trembles and
leaps from its place.
2 Listen! Listen to the thunder of his voice and
19 Will he esteem your riches? the sound that comes from his mouth.
No, not gold or all the powers of strength. 3 He sends it out under the whole heaven,
20 Do not desire the night, and his lightning to the ends of the earth.
when people are cut off from their places. 4 A voice roars after it;
21 Be careful, do not turn to iniquity, he thunders with his majestic voice.
which you have preferred to affliction. He does not restrain the lightning
flashes when his voice is heard.
22 See, God is exalted in his power.
5 God thunders marvellously with his voice.
Who teaches like him?
He does great things which we cannot
23 Who can appoint his way for him,
comprehend.
or say, You have done wrong?
6 For he says to the snow, Be on the earth,
24 Remember to praise his work, which men see.
likewise to the gentle rain,
25 Everyone sees it; man looks on from afar.
and to his great strong rain.
26 See, God is great, and we do not know him;
7 He seals the hand of every man,
nor can the number of his years be
so that everyone will know his work.
searched out.
8 Then the beasts go into dens,
27 For he draws up the drops of water; and remain in their places.
they distill as rain from the vapour, 9 From the south comes the whirlwind,
28 Which the clouds pour out and cold from the north.
and let fall on man abundantly. 10 Ice is given by the breath of God,
29 And can anyone understand how the and the broad waters are frozen.
clouds spread out, 11 And he loads the thick cloud with moisture,
the thundering sound from his tent? and scatters his lightning through the cloud.
30 See, he spreads his light on it, 12 By his guidance it swirls around,
and covers the depths of the sea. to do whatever he commands them over
31 Through these things he judges the the face of the whole inhabited earth.
peoples and gives food in abundance. 13 He causes it to come, whether for correction,
32 He conceals lightning in his hands, or for his land, or as a mercy.
and commands it to strike the mark. 14 Listen to this, Job.
33 Its sound announces it. Stand still and consider the wonderful
The cattle also show the rising storm. works of God.
difficult here and the meaning uncertain. the making of rain and storm, and in using
36:22 With this verse Elihu begins a long them in governing earths people (v 31).
passage on the greatness of God which 36:29 His tent here the sky is regarded
goes on to 37:24. It is full of beautiful truth. as Gods tent.
We might call it Elihus sermon on nature. 36:32 He conceals lighting in his hands
The key verses are 36:26 and 37:5,14,19. the Hebrew could also be translated He
Elihu is saying to Job we cannot understand covers the clouds with lightning.
Gods ways with His physical creation. How To strike the mark this translation of
then can we understand His ways in His the phrase brings out the meaning of the
government of the world of men? They also Hebrew, while the KJV here does not.
will be mysterious and beyond our ability to 37:1-4 Evidently, while Elihu has been
grasp. How true this is! (5:9; 11:7; 15:8; speaking, a storm has come up. He
Isa 55:8,9; Rom 11:33,34). But we should com- pares its thunders to the roar of Gods
not think it was a truth Job was ignorant of. voice.
Elihu wanted Job to apply this truth to 37:5 Elihu goes on (up to v 14) to other
himself. But was Elihu just as eager to apply phenomena in nature which show Gods
it to himself? It seems he thought he knew great wisdom.
all about Gods ways with Job. 37:10 Gods breath here means the wind.
36:23 He thinks Job is trying to do this. 37:13 God uses climatic conditions in His
36:24 Which men see the Hebrew could wise government of the earth.
be translated of which men sing. 37:14-24 Elihu comes to the conclusion of
36:27 He draws up the drops of water all he has to say. The essence of it is this:
this means that God draws the water up from He wants Job to recognize that Gods great-
the earth by the process of evaporation. ness and wisdom are unsearchable (vs 14-
Distill as rain from the vapour or distill 18), to abandon his presumptuous desire
as rain to the streams. to make a case before God (vs 19,20), and
36:27-33 God shows His great wisdom in reverently submit to God (v 24). Verse 23
643 JOB 38:3
15 Do you know how God dispatches his 21 And now men cannot look at the bright
clouds and causes their lightning to flash? light in the clouds,
16 Do you know how the clouds are balanced, but the wind passes by and clears them away.
those wonderful works of the One who 22 From the north comes golden splendour;
is perfect in knowledge? God comes in awesome majesty.
17 Or how your clothes are hot when he 23 The Almighty! We cannot find him.
stills the earth with the south wind ? He is excellent in power, in judgment,
18 Have you joined with him in spreading and in abundant justice.
out the sky, He does not oppress.
looking as strong as a cast metal mirror? 24 Therefore men fear him.
He does not look to anyone wise in heart.
19 Teach us what we should say to him,
38
for we cannot put our words in order Then the LORD answered Job out of the
because of the darkness. whirlwind, and said,
20 Should he be told that I would speak? 2 Who is this who darkens counsel
If a man speaks, surely he will be by words without knowledge?
swallowed up. 3 Now make yourself ready like a man,
gives the sum of his views of God. Such a I sent; you have kept your faith in me. Now
God is worthy of all honor and reverence I will greatly bless you. However, God did
from men. Elihu speaks well of Gods great- not do this. It would seem that God had
ness, of His just and righteous character. more to do in Gods life before giving Him
But what of the man and his words as a assurance of His love.
whole? We should think of him neither too 38:2 Whom did God mean by these words?
highly nor too lowly. He was a man made of Elihu was speaking when God came in the
the same clay as Job and his friends (33:6), storm and God could have meant him. It
and he revealed in his words that this was seems a fitting rebuke to one who thought
indeed so. He was eloquent and had consid- too highly of his own wisdom. If God did
erable wisdom and knowledge of God. But not speak these words about Elihu then He
he seems over-confident in his own wisdom made no comment at all about him. And it
(on this see 1 Cor 8:2). He says some fine seems strange that He would completely
things, but he fails to understand Job or to ignore him. He spoke to the three friends
solve the riddle of Jobs sufferings. He did in 42:7,8, and had much to say to Job. How-
not know that Job was a better man than he ever, God may have been speaking here
was himself. He seems on the whole to be about Job. Job himself thought so (42:3)
superior to Jobs three friends, but he was but this may have been merely a mark of
not Jobs equal in character. We have Gods Jobs humility. Actually all five persons
own word for this (2:3). involved in the debate were there, so
Like all believers Elihu was a mixture of perhaps God meant these words as a
good and bad, wisdom and ignorance. He rebuke to all of them. Maybe God put the
is a reminder to us that the highest reach question in an ambiguous way so that any
of mans reason cannot comprehend the of them who was willing to apply it to himself
mysteries of God (1 Cor 1:25). It was good could do so.
that he himself recognized this to some God says that counsel has been
extent at least. His closing words beauti- darkened by foolish words. The Hebrew
fully lead us up to the coming of God on the word translated counsel means here Gods
scene in chapter 38. His words, possibly, purpose, Gods thought, Gods plan that He
have prepared the minds of Job and his was fulfilling toward Job. In their ignorance
friends for the words of God which follow. of Gods ways Job, Elihu, and the other three
37:24 He does not look to or, possibly, all made this plan of God obscure. Their
He does not have regard for. words, instead of bringing light on the
38:1 Job had expressed the desire to stand subject, brought darkness. If we try to
before God that he might present his case teach others this book, or any truth of God,
(13:3,22; 23:3-7). God now suddenly we should be careful that we do not do as
comes to him and gives him the desire of they did. We should never profess a
his heart. It seems fitting that God should knowledge we do not have, should never
come in the storm. A mighty storm has speak dogmatically about doubtful matters,
been blowing across Jobs life and thoughts. should never think we have a monopoly on
God has been in that storm too and has Gods truth.
achieved His purpose. Now He comes in 38:3 Make yourself ready the Hebrew
the clouds and thunder and speaks to His means gird up your loins, but this phrase
suffering servant. is obviously used metaphorically here. Now
We might think that God would now God speaks directly to Job. He is going to
reveal to Job the reasons for his sufferings, ask Job a series of questions. If Job would
or say something very comforting such as, try to answer them he must be prepared for
Job, I love you. You have passed the test a very vigorous effort. Why is God asking
JOB 38:4 644
for I will question you, Or have you walked in the recesses of the deep?
and you shall answer me. 17 Have the gates of death been revealed to you,
4 Where were you when I laid the or have you seen the doors of the
foundations of the earth? shadow of death?
Declare it, if you have understanding. 18 Have you comprehended the wide expanse
5 Who determined its measurements, if you know? of the earth?
Or who stretched out the measuring line on it? Declare it, if you know all this.
6 On what are its foundations fastened? 19 Where is the way to the dwelling place
Or who laid its cornerstone, of light ?
7 When the morning stars sang together And where does darkness have its place,
and all the sons of God shouted for joy? 20 That you may take it to its boundaries,
8 Or who shut in the sea with doors, and know the paths to its house?
when it burst out, 21 Do you know because you were born then,
as if coming from the womb, and the number of your days is so great?
9 When I made the clouds its garment, 22 Have you entered the treasuries of the snow?
and thick darkness its swaddling bands, Or have you seen the treasuries of the hail,
10 And fixed my boundaries for it, 23 Which I reserve for a time of trouble,
and set up its bolted doors, for a day of battle and war?
11 And said, You may come this far, 24 What is the way to the place where
but no farther; light is diffused,
here your proud waves will stop? or the east wind is scattered over the earth?
12 Since the beginning of your days have 25 Who cuts a channel for the flood,
you given commands to the morning, or a path for the thunderstorm,
and caused the dawn to know its place, 26 To bring rain on the earth where no one lives,
13 That it might take hold of the ends on the wilderness where no one lives,
of the earth and shake the wicked out of it? 27 To satisfy the desolate wasteland,
14 The earth takes shape like clay under a seal, and to cause the tender plant to bud?
and they stand out like a garment. 28 Does the rain have a father?
15 Their light is withheld from the wicked, Who begets the drops of dew?
and the upraised arm is broken. 29 From whose womb comes the ice?
16 Have you entered the springs of the sea? And who gives birth to the frost
Job these questions instead of comforting angelic beings.
him? Job has been questioning Gods gov- Sons of God angels. God is speaking
ernment of the world. He has expressed of a time before men had been created (see
doubts about the justice of Gods dealings also Job 1:6). Observe that the creation of
with men. Did Job think, then, that he had earth was a source of great rejoicing in
more wisdom than God? In the matter of heaven.
ruling the world did he think he could do a 38:12-35 God shows Job also how little he
better job than God? can do (vs 16, 20, 22, 31, 32, 34). God
God asks the following questions in an wants Job to fully understand that he is
ironic way. We can detect, can we not, a lacking in knowledge and incapable of doing
smile behind them. He knows very well that even the smallest thing God does; that his
Job cannot answer a single one of them. complaints have been against the all-wise,
His purpose is to show Job his proper place. all-powerful Creator and Sovereign of the
He means to shut Jobs mouth, to get him universe.
to confess he has spoken foolishly. God In these chapters God is showing also
succeeds perfectly in this (42:3-6). Only the folly of all men who question His
after that does He comfort Job. Very often wisdom, power, and ways. How many there
God must cause men to shut their mouths are who know nothing, and can do nothing,
in order to bless them (compare Rom who yet dare to criticize all God does! And
3:19,21-24). Calamities did not come on how many others there are who look at this
Job because he was guilty of wrong doing. marvelous universe and dogmatically deny
But after the calamities came, in his attempts the existence of God! The arrogant
to explain matters, Job at times was guilty ignorance of atheism! God here asks
of wrong speaking. This he had to confess questions that should cause every human
and set right. being to lay his hand on his mouth and admit
38:4 God is showing Job how little he knows. his ignorance. Nature should teach us
See the ironic way God repeatedly reveals humility. Alas, many people, learning a tiny
Jobs lack of understanding (vs 5,18,20, fraction of creations mysteries, turn proud
21,33; 39:1,26). and imagine that nothing is beyond the
38:7 These morning stars may here signify power of their reason.
645 JOB 39:23
from the heavens? 5 Who has let the wild donkey go free?
30 Then the waters become hard as stone, Who has untied the bonds of the wild donkey?
and the surface of the deep is frozen. 6 To him I have made the wilderness a home,
and barren land a dwelling place.
31 Can you bind the cluster of the Pleiades,
7 He scorns the crowded city;
or loosen the cords of Orion?
he does not hear the shouts of a driver.
32 Can you bring forth the constellations
8 The range of the mountains is his pasture,
in their seasons,
and he searches for any green thing.
or lead out the Bear with its cubs?
33 Do you know the ordinances of the heavens? 9 Will the wild ox be willing to serve you,
Or set up its dominion on earth? or spend the night by your manger?
10 Can you harness the wild ox to the
34 Can you raise your voice to the clouds,
furrow with ropes,
so that an abundance of water may
or will he harrow the valleys behind you?
cover you?
11 Will you trust him because his
35 Can you send out lightning flashes,
strength is great,
so that they go and say to you,
or will you leave your labour to him?
Here we are !
12 Will you trust him to bring home your grain,
36 Who has put wisdom in the inner being,
and gather it to your threshing floor?
or who has given understanding to the heart?
37 Who can number the clouds by his wisdom? 13 Did you give the noisy wings to the peacock,
Or who can tilt the water jars of heaven, or wings and plumage to the ostrich?
38 When the dust becomes hard, 14 She leaves her eggs on the ground
and the clods stick together? and lets the sand warm them,
39 Do you hunt the prey for the lion, 15 And forgets that a foot may crush them,
or satisfy the appetite of the young lions, or that a wild beast may break them.
40 When they crouch in their dens, 16 She treats her young ones harshly,
or lie in wait in their lairs? as though they were not hers;
41 Who provides food for the raven, when its young her labour is in vain, without fear,
ones cry out to God and wander around 17 Because God has deprived her of wisdom,
for lack of food? and has not imparted understanding to her.
18 When she raises herself to full height to run,
39 Do you know the time when the wild she scorns the horse and its rider.
mountain goats give birth, 19 Have you given strength to the horse?
or do you watch when the deer is in labour? Have you clothed its neck with thunder?
2 Can you number the months they fulfil? 20 Can you frighten him like a grasshopper?
Or do you know the time when they give birth? His majestic snorting produces terror.
3 They crouch down, they give birth to 21 He paws the valley and rejoices in his strength.
their young ones, He goes out to meet mans weapons.
they rid themselves of their labour pains. 22 He mocks at fear and is not frightened;
4 Their young ones flourish, nor does he turn back from the sword.
they grow up in the field; 23 The quiver rattles against him,
then they go away and do not return to them. the glittering spear and the shield.
38:31 The cluster of or the twinkling 38:39-41 God speaks of His wisdom and
of, or the chains of, or even the beau- care over the whole animal creation. The
tiful. The Hebrew is obscure. Pleiades and implication is that if God cares about all, will
Orion are two constellations. He not have loving concern for men?
38:32 Constellations Hebrew Compare Matt 6:25-32.
Mazzeroth. Some think the word indicates 39:1 This whole chapter is taken up with the
the morning star. theme God began in the closing verses of
The Bear the constellation called Ursa the preceding chapter. God is keeping a
Major or the Big Dipper. But the meaning of close watch on everything on earth. He treats
the Hebrew here is unclear and several the whole animal world with wisdom and skill.
different translations have been offered. Will He do less for men, for Job? Also we
38:36 What makes man differ from the rest of can see in this chapter the mighty Creator
earths creation? How is it that he has a mind of the universe recounting with joy some of
that can have wisdom and understanding? God the works of His hands. He seems to be
has given it to man. Wisdom does not arise exulting in His creation (see also Gen 1:31;
and evolve out of dumb and dead matter. Prov 8:22-31; Ps 104:31).
JOB 39:24 646
24 He eats up the ground with fierceness and rage; What answer can I give you?
nor does he stand firm at the sound I lay my hand over my mouth.
of the trumpet. 5 Once I have spoken, but I will not answer.
25 At the blast of the trumpets, he says Aha! Yes, twice, but I will proceed no further.
He scents the battle from afar, the thunder
6 Then the LORD answered Job out of the whirlwind
of the captains and the shouting.
and said,
26 Does the hawk fly by your wisdom, 7 Now make yourself ready like a man.
and stretch her wings toward the south? I will question you, and you instruct me.
27 At your command does the eagle soar up 8 Would you indeed do away with my judgment?
and make her nest on high? Would you condemn me that you may
28 She makes her dwelling on a rock and spends be justified?
the nights there on the rocky crag, 9 Do you have an arm like Gods,
in her stronghold. or can you thunder with a voice like his?
29 From there she seeks for prey; 10 Then adorn yourself with majesty and
her eyes see it from a long distance. splendour,
30 Her young ones also suck up blood, and clothe yourself in glory and beauty.
and where the slain are, there is she. 11 Scatter the fury of your wrath, and see
everyone who is proud and humble him.
40 Then the LORD continued to answer Job
and said,
2 Will the one who contends with the
12 Look on everyone who is proud
and bring him low,
and trample on the wicked in their place.
Almighty correct him ? 13 Hide them together in the dust;
Let the one who rebukes God answer it. bind their faces in the concealed place.
3 Then Job answered the LORD and said, 14 Then I will also admit to you that
4 Look, I am insignificant. your own right hand can save you.
40:2 Job has been wanting to argue his 40:7 This is 38:3 repeated.
case before God (13:3; 23:4). He thought 40:8 This has been the tendency of some
he had a great many things to say in his of the things Job has said (7:20,21;
defense. But in the two preceding chapters 9:22-24; 10:3; 19:6,7; 24:12; 27:2).
God has revealed something of His own Those who had disputed with Job did not
great power and wisdom and has understand the reason for his sufferings,
overwhelmed Job with questions he has no but they discerned his fault and rebuked
answers for. Now God asks him if he thinks him for it (8:3; 15:4,12,13; 34:5,6).
he is wise enough to give God correction Now God Himself puts the matter before him.
and advice. Does Job wish to continue the This was Jobs one big error in the things he
debate? Then let him answer God now. said. Job would not admit his friends were
40:3-5 Job does not dare to answer. right even in this one point. But it is one
(Compare Rom 3:19.) Though his own thing to argue with ones friends, quite
questions about Gods justice have not been another to stand before God. God will now
answered, he will not repeat them to Gods bring Job to full confession and repentance
face (compare Rom 9:20). Gods way with for his sinful speaking.
him is succeeding. Complaining about Gods dealings with
40:4 Insignificant this is a better us is the same as accusing Him of injustice.
translation of the Hebrew word for today than It implies we are better than He. No matter
vile (KJV), which now conveys a wrong what troubles come to us God has a right to
meaning. The Hebrew word means small, demand of us complete trust in Him,
worthy of being despised, or of no weight complete submission to His will, complete
or worth, or insignificant. Job is not love and devotion. He is the great King over
confessing sin here or referring to his sinful the universe (see note at Ps 47:2). The
nature or speaking of any vile acts. He is business of Gods people is not to question
acknowledging his smallness and insignifi- God but to glorify Him (see notes on psalm
cance and so his inability to speak to the 73). God will bring us believers (as He did
great Creator. God has still more to Job) into situations where we cannot under-
accomplish in Job before He gives him stand what He is doing, where His dealings
comfort and blessing. He will do His work in with us seem contrary to reason, and where
Job inwardly before He heals him outwardly. we must simply trust Him. In some way or
So He continues to speak to Job. Of course, other, and in some measure, all believers
the very fact that God had come to him and are Jobs. Have we yet learned simply to
was speaking to him must have been an trust God as Job did, no matter what may
indescribable comfort in itself to this sad be happening in our lives or circumstances?
and suffering man. Job may well have 40:9-14 The purpose of these words seems
thought Let God say anything, only let Him to be to remind Job of this truth: Job does
be here and speak! (compare Ps 28:1). not have the power to bring the world to
647 JOB 41:12
15 Look now at the behemoth, or catch his tongue with a rope you lower?
which I made along with you. 2 Can you put a reed through his nose,
He eats grass like an ox. or pierce his jaw with a hook?
16 Now see what strength he has in his loins, 3 Will he make many supplications to you?
and what power in the muscles of his belly. Will he speak softly to you?
17 He moves his tail like a cedar. 4 Will he make a covenant with you?
The sinews of his thighs are knit together. Will you take him as a servant forever?
18 His bones are like strong pieces of bronze. 5 Will you play with him as with a bird,
His limbs are like bars of iron. or will you keep him on a leash for your maids?
19 He is chief of the ways of God; 6 Will your companions make a banquet of him?
the one who made him can bring near his sword. Will they divide him up among the merchants?
20 Surely the mountains produce food for him, 7 Can you fill his hide with harpoons,
and all the beasts of the field play there. or his head with fishing spears?
21 He lies under the lotus plants, in the hidden 8 If you put your hand on him,
place of the reeds and marshlands. you will remember the battle,
22 The lotus plants conceal him in their shadow; and not do so again.
the willow trees by the stream surround him. 9 See, hope about him is in vain;
23 See, though a river overflows him, the mere sight of him will bring you down.
he is not alarmed; 10 No one is so fierce that he dares
he is confident even though the Jordan to stir him up.
should pour into his mouth. Who then is able to stand against me?
24 Who can catch him about the eyes, 11 Who has previously given to me,
or pierce his nose with a trap? that I should repay him ?
Everything under the heavens is mine.
41 Can you draw out the leviathan with
a hook,
12 I will not keep silent about his limbs,
his strength,
judgment, so he doesnt have the wisdom was familiar with (v 15). Some scholars have
to criticize Gods dealings with men. suggested that possibly some types of
40:15-24 From v 15 onward all Gods mes- dinosaurs were on the ark with Noah and so
sage to Job is taken up with a description of were in existence after the flood, and that
two beasts behemoth and leviathan. they could have been alive on the earth until
At first, this might seem to us a very strange Jobs day. This may have been so, but as
message to give to a man suffering in body far as the author of these notes is aware,
and mind, a man who has been full of there is as yet no fully satisfactory evidence
tormenting questions. But God knew He either for or against this view.
would very shortly bring Jobs sufferings to 41:1 Leviathan there has been much
an end. He also knew that there were more speculation about this animal also. Most
important matters than answering Jobs scholars think a huge crocodile is meant. The
questions. He was working to produce sea water crocodile is the largest of all
complete submission to Himself in Jobs reptiles in the world at present. It can grow
heart. He wanted Job to renounce his to a length of 8 meters or even more. In Ps
questioning of Gods goodness, and justice, 104:25,26 Leviathan is said to be in the
and simply trust Him fully and forever. sea. Perhaps this is the leviathan described
People sometimes think that above all here in Job. It seems that the description
else they want their questions answered. But here is in very poetic language. It may be
when they come into Gods presence and interesting to speculate what animals are
submit to Him in faith they find their meant in these two chapters, but it does not
questions are not as important to them as seem important to the author of these notes
they had thought. to determine exactly what ones are meant.
As for the beast described in these verses The important thing is to understand what
(behemoth) some scholars have thought it message God is giving to Job (and to us).
is an elephant, others a hippopotamus. And that message is the same whether the
Others think it refers to some huge animal animals are of the sort known to us today,
now extinct. Certainly the beast described or some kind of dinosaurs or other animals
is more like a hippopotamus than an unknown to us now. The essence of Gods
elephant. As for it being a now extinct message appears particularly in vs 10,11.
creature such as some kind of dinosaur Men who fear to stand before some of Gods
v 19 may suggest a creature somewhat creatures should not think it a light matter
grander than the hippopotamus, but there to stand before God Himself the Creator of
is no proof that a now extinct animal is everything. No man can demand anything
meant. We cannot be sure whether Job of God. God is not under obligation to
knew anything about any such animal, and anyone. All things and all men are His
God is calling his attention to an animal he property. He does not owe anyone an ex-
JOB 41:13 648
or his graceful proportions. and bronze as rotten wood.
13 Who can take off his outer coat? 28 The arrow cannot make him flee;
Who can approach him with his double bridle? stones from slings are like stubble to him.
14 Who can open the doors of his face, 29 Darts are regarded as straw.
with his terrible teeth all around? He laughs at the shaking of a spear.
15 His scales are his pride, 30 His underside is like sharp pieces of pottery;
tightly sealed together. on the mire he spreads out like a
16 They are so close to each other that threshing sledge.
no air gets between them. 31 He makes the deep boil like a pot;
17 They are joined to each other; he makes the sea like a pot of ointment.
they stick together, so that they 32 He leaves a shining wake behind him;
cannot be separated. one might think the deep has white hair.
18 A light flashes out when he sneezes, 33 On earth there is nothing like him;
and his eyes are like the eyelids he has been made fearless.
of the dawn. 34 He looks down on all that is high;
19 From his mouth issue burning torches; he is king over all the children of pride.
sparks of fire leap out.
20 Smoke issues from his nostrils,
as from a boiling pot over burning reeds.
21 His breath sets coals on fire,
42 Then Job answered the LORD and said,
2 I know that you can do everything,
and that no purpose can be
and a flame comes from his mouth. withheld from you.
22 Strength lodges in his neck, 3 You asked, Who is this who darkens
and dismay dances before him. counsel without knowledge?
23 The folds of his flesh are joined together; Therefore I have spoken things I did
on him they are firm and immovable. not understand,
24 His heart is as hard as a stone; things too wonderful for me,
yes, as hard as the lower millstone. which I did not know.
25 When he raises himself up, the mighty are afraid. 4 Listen, I pray you, and I will speak.
Because of his crashing about they You said, I will question you,
get out of the way. and you shall answer me.
26 The sword that reaches him cannot 5 I have heard of you by the hearing
prove itself; of the ear, but now my eyes see you.
nor can the spear, the dart or the javelin. 6 Therefore I despise myself,
27 He regards iron as straw, and repent in dust and ashes.
planation of His ways. See Rom 11:33-35. question at all.
41:34 All the children of pride in the 42:5 God may or may not have appeared in
context of the debate between Job and the some form of glory in the storm clouds. In
four others, and the appearance of what any case Job means something more than
looks suspiciously like pride at times in all an outward view of Gods glory. He speaks
of them, Gods mention of pride here may of an inner perception, an enlightenment of
not be without significance. the eyes of the mind. It was not any
42:2 Job fully understands that God can argument, not even any presentation of truth
conceive and carry out any plan He wants. alone which brought Job to repentance. It
He has learned the lesson from Gods was a new and deeper experience of God
sermon on nature and applied it to his own Himself. So it is with all men who are brought
sufferings and trials. to full submission to God. In Gods presence
42:3 The first part of v 3 was spoken by truths in the mind become the deep
God in 38:2. Job now quotes it and applies knowledge of spiritual experience.
it to himself. He confesses what all the 42:6 The first part of v 6 has no object in
speakers should have confessed indeed Hebrew it is simply I despise, or I reject.
what all men who dispute about God and Does he mean he despises his former
His ways have reason to confess. Men so opinions and complaints? Does he mean he
lightly and presumptuously speak of abhors everything about himself? Or is he
mysteries far beyond their understanding. saying he renounces, rejects himself (as in Luke
If they want Gods blessing they must 9:23; etc.)? Probably all of that. A man
humble themselves like Job and repent of humbly experiencing Gods presence and Gods
their foolishness and sinful speaking. rebuke can no longer have the same high
42:4 Job is probably referring to Gods words regard for himself, his opinions, deeds, and
in 38:3 and 40:7 addressed to himself. Job spiritual attainments that he had before that.
now finds that he has nothing to give as an Job repents. Of what? Not of his previous
answer but the following two verses, and no righteous life his need of repentance did not
649 JOB 42:10
7 And this is what happened after the LORD deal with you as your foolishness deserves;
had spoken those words to Job: the LORD said to because you have not spoken to me what is right,
Eliphaz the Temanite, as my servant Job has.
My wrath is burning against you and against 9 So Eliphaz the Temanite and Bildad the Shuhite
your two friends, for you have not spoken to me and Zophar the Naamathite went and did as the
what is right, as my servant Job has. 8 Therefore LORD commanded them; and the LORD accepted
take for yourselves seven bulls and seven rams, Job.
and go to my servant Job, and offer up a burnt
offering for yourselves; and my servant Job will 10 And the LORD restored the well-being of
pray for you, for I will accept him. Otherwise I will Job, when he prayed for his friends. Also the LORD
have to do with that. And God never rebuked Isaiah it is translated to me a number of
him for a thing in it. This was one way God times, but never of me or concerning me
vindicated Job before men. (Isa 8:3,11; 21:11; 36:7; 37:21; 51:1).
What Job repents of is the foolish and sinful In the context of this chapter also it seems
things he has said about Gods justice. He better to translate it to me (twice in this
repents that he ever allowed his pains and same verse, verse 7, part of that same
perplexities to cause a word of complaint Hebrew word is translated to to Job
against God to come from his lips. He repents and to Eliphaz. Nowhere else in Job is elai
in dust and ashes figurative of complete translated of me, or concerning me).
abandonment to repentance. He now sits If we accept the translation to me (as
spiritually in the ash heap his body sat in (2:8). the evidence suggests we should do), we
Job has learned more about himself, more of will understand that God is commending Job,
his weakness and foolishness, through this not for what he said in the debate with his
experience a very important thing for all of friends, but for what he said directly to God
us to learn. He has also learned more of God in 40:3-5 and 42:1-6. In those verses Job
and this is the most important kind of admitted his ignorance, and his inability and
learning for any of us. Any event or experience unworthiness to speak about God or to God,
which comes from His hand to bring us this and he repents of the things he had said.
kind of knowledge is worth whatever it costs His friends did not do so. Probably they did
us, whether it be loss of property, loss of not realize until this moment how mistaken
children, loss of reputation, or loss of all things. they had been in some of the things they
See John 17:3; etc. had said, and how much they needed to
42:7 God now raises Job from the dust and confess it as Job did. God commended
ashes and vindicates him before his Jobs repentance and confession. After all,
friends. By vindicate it is not meant that why would God commend Job for saying
God declares Job to be sinless or faultless, those other things which Job himself saw
but that God stands by His suffering were wrong? But Jobs confession of wrong
servant and reveals him to be a man of speaking was pleasing to God. It is just the
uprightness and integrity, who feared God sort of confession that many philosophers
and shunned evil (1:8). This is the same and theologians (and many ordinary people
kind of vindication David prayed for when who argue about God) need to make. Until
he was unjustly slandered and accused they admit their ignorance and repent of
see Ps 26:1; 35:24; 43:1. their false and dogmatic utterances about
Here God calls Job His servant (four times God they will not know Gods blessing.
in vs 7,8 as if He loved to dwell on the 42:8 Can we imagine a better way than this
idea and emphasize it). He did not call the to humble Jobs friends and vindicate Job?
others His servants. He says He is angry Job must act as a priestly intercessor and
with them. He doesnt say He is angry with mediator for his friends or God will not
Job. He says Job spoke to Him (or about accept them. Observe that they have been
Him) the right thing. He says they did not. guilty of folly (or evil the Hebrew word
What is the right thing or things Job means both), but Job is Gods servant. They
spoke? The views of scholars on this condemned Job, but now find that they were
depend, in some measure, on how they worthy of condemnation.
translate one Hebrew word (elai) in this 42:9 Did it speaks well for the friends
sentence. Some scholars translate like that they were willing to humble themselves
this: You have not spoken what is right and obey God. Job was willing to forgive
concerning me as my servant Job has. This their cruel and false accusations against
would mean that Jobs theory of how God him and pray for them (compare Matt
dealt with mankind in general was more 5:44; Luke 6:28; 23:34; Acts 7:60;
accurate than the theory of his friends. Rom 12:14; 1 Pet 3:9). In the whole
However, others translate You have not book of Job there is no indication that they
spoken that which is right to me. It is ever prayed for him. If they had, perhaps
possible to translate this Hebrew word either their speeches would have been quite
way, but the usual meaning of it and the different.
usual way of translating it in the Old 42:10 Another way God chose to vindicate
Testament is to me. For example, in Job was to make him prosperous again. He
JOB 42:11 650
gave Job twice as much as he had before. oxen, and one thousand female donkeys.
11 Then all his brothers and all his sisters, and 13 He also had seven sons and three daughters.
all those who had been his acquaintances before, 14 And he called the name of the first, Jemima; and
came to him and ate food with him in his house. the name of the second, Kezia; and the name of
And they consoled him and comforted him about the third, Keren-happuch. 15 In all the land no
the whole disaster that the LORD had brought upon women could be found as beautiful as the
him. Each one gave him a piece of silver and each daughters of Job. And their father gave them an
one a gold ring. inheritance among their brothers.
12 So the LORD blessed the latter days of Job 16 After this Job lived a hundred and forty years,
more than his first; for he had fourteen thousand and saw his sons, and his grandsons to four
sheep, six thousand camels, a thousand yoke of generations. 17 So Job died, old and full of days.
revealed His love for Job by a method his ten children who had died (1:2,18,19) were
friends, relatives, and neighbors, and the not permanently lost as the sheep, camels,
whole world could understand. In Old Tes- oxen, and donkeys were. The ten dead
tament days God often blessed His faithful children were still in Gods keeping.
people with material prosperity. In these 42:16,17 When calamity struck, Job had ten
New Testament days God may not at all grown children. Afterwards he lived 140 years
reward faithfulness under trial by giving more. His many years of life place him
prosperity. Christians are taught to desire possibly in the general era of Abraham.
and expect their vindication and rewards in Abraham lived 175 years (Gen 25:7). After
the next world, not in this one. And the Abraham the ordinary life span of men
privilege of suffering loss and pain for Christ became less.
is as much a mark of favor as riches could Through the outer devastating events and
ever be (Matt 6:19-21; Luke 6:20-22; inner agonizing experiences that Job
12:33,34; 18:22; 1 Tim 6:6-9,18,19; endured there came to him a deeper
Heb 10:32-37; 1 Pet 4:12-16). At the knowledge both of himself and of God. And
second coming of Christ all things will be this, of course, was of immense spiritual value
made right. to him. The direct knowledge of God is the
Restored the well-being of the highest and best knowledge possible to man.
Hebrew also means turned the captivity of. Should we not think that this is one purpose
42:11 19:13,14. God had in mind when He permitted all that
A piece of silver in Hebrew a kesitah. came to Job? And should we not think, we
Neither the weight nor value of this ancient who trust God as Job did, that every event in
unit of money is known to us. our own lives and every difficult and painful
42:12 Verse 10. experience we go through are for the same
42:13 God did not give Job twice as many great purpose? Surely such things are
children as before. There was no need. The included in the promise of Romans 8:28.
PSALMS
Authors:
Many of the Psalms have a brief introduction giving the name of the author, or who the psalm was
for or about, or what the theme is. According to these introductions (which were not a part of the
original psalms), David wrote 73 psalms, Asaph wrote 12, Solomon wrote 2, Moses and Ethan each
wrote one, and 11 were written by or for the sons of Korah (see the note on the introduction to
Psalm 42). This leaves 50 psalms which are not attributed to anyone. Some of these too were very
probably written by David. The translators of the Septuagint (the Greek translation of the Hebrew
Bible) thought so; they put Davids name in the introductions to 15 more psalms. Also they put the
names of Haggai and Zechariah to a few of them.
Dates:
David reigned 1010 - 970 BC. He wrote some psalms before he became king, some after that.
Moses spent 1446 - 1406 in the desert with the people of Israel and must have written his psalm (or
psalms) then. Some psalms were probably written after Israel went into captivity in Babylon about
600 BC (for example, see Ps 137). So, though the majority of the psalms were written during the
time of David, the writing of all covered a span of at least 800 years.
Themes:
There are many themes in the psalms, for they were written out of a wide variety of human
experiences and circumstances. Because of this some psalm or other is suitable for any circum-
stance or condition believers may experience. For the most part the psalms are prayers or praises
to the one true God. Some are meditations on His greatness, or on His dealings with His people or
toward His enemies. Some are songs about the LORD (Jehovah Gods special name that He
revealed to His people) or His city or His reign over the earth, and some are exhortations to others
to praise Him. Of course, some psalms have more than one theme, so it is not possible to make an
exact classification of all the psalms. The following classification may be helpful to the reader:
Psalms of praise or thanksgiving to God:
9, 18, 21, 65, 68, 75, 76, 84, 89, 92, 103-108, 116, 135, 145
Psalms which urge others to praise God:
29, 33, 47, 66, 68, 81, 95-100, 113, 117, 118, 134-136, 146-150
Psalms which speak of Gods greatness or goodness:
2, 8, 18, 19, 23, 24, 29, 33, 34, 37, 45-48, 50, 65, 66, 68, 76, 77, 85, 86, 89-91,
93, 95-100, 102-104, 107, 111, 113, 115, 116, 118, 121, 135, 138, 139, 145-147
Psalms which describe God as King or Judge:
2, 7, 9-11, 24, 29, 44, 45, 47, 48, 50, 68, 74, 75, 80, 84, 93, 94-99, 102, 113, 132,
145, 146
Psalms which contain prayers for help in time of need:
3-7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 16, 17, 22, 25-28, 31, 35, 38-41, 43, 44, 51, 54-57, 59, 61, 64,
69-71, 74, 79, 80, 83, 85, 86, 88, 90, 94, 102, 109, 120, 123, 130, 140-144
Psalms which express strong faith and confidence in God:
1, 3-5, 11, 13, 16-18, 20, 21, 23, 27, 28, 31, 34, 37, 40, 41, 46, 54-56, 62, 84, 86,
91, 103, 115, 116, 118, 121, 124, 125, 130, 135, 139, 140, 145
Psalms which speak of the writers sin or of forgiveness:
25, 32, 38, 39-41, 51, 65, 73, 78, 79, 86, 89, 90, 99, 103, 106, 107, 119, 130
Psalms for the depressed:
13, 23, 25, 32, 37, 42, 43, 62, 73, 77, 91, 103, 107, 121
Psalms which express longings for Gods fellowship:
27, 42, 61, 63, 84 119, 143
PSALMS 652
Psalms containing prayers that God would punish wicked enemies:
7, 17, 35, 55, 59, 69, 109, 137, 139
Psalms which look back into history:
68, 78 81, 105, 106, 114, 135, 136
Psalms written for the purpose of teaching:
(of course, all psalms teach whether written for that purpose or not)
1, 2, 14, 15, 19, 24, 32, 33, 34, 37, 46, 49, 53, 73, 78, 91, 103-108, 110-113, 115,
119, 121, 122, 125-128, 133, 135, 136
Psalms for pilgrims:
84, 120-134
Psalms which praise Gods Word:
12, 19, 119, 138
Psalms which give prophecies concerning the Lord Jesus Christ:
(as the New Testament makes clear)
2, 8, 16, 22, 40, 41, 45, 68, 69, 89, 102, 110, 118
Contents:
The book of Psalms has five divisions. These divisions are given below. We have indicated some
(not all) well known or much loved psalms and given the first words of each. We have also given a
list of precious promises and prayers we may wish to use when we pray. The psalms record many
reasons for praising God. We have given some of these also.
BOOK 1 (psalms 1 - 41):
Ps 1 - Blessed is the man
Ps 2 - Why do the nations rage
Ps 8 - O LORD, our Lord, how excellent is your name
Ps 14 - The fool has said in his heart
Ps 16 - Preserve me, O God
Ps 18 - I will love you, O LORD, my strength
Ps 19 - The heavens declare the glory of God
Ps 22 - My God, my God why have you forsaken me?
Ps 23 - The LORD is my shepherd
Ps 32 - Blessed is he whose transgression is forgiven
Ps 37 - Do not fret because of evildoers
Ps 40 - I waited patiently for the LORD
Promises and model prayers:
1:3; 5:8,12; 6:1; 9:9; 10:17,18; 11:7; 16:1,11; 17:7; 18:1,2,30; 19:12-14; 23:1-6; 25:4,5,
8-12,14,18; 27:4,5,10,11; 29:11; 30:5; 31:3,19,20; 32:1,2;33:4; 34:7-10, 15,17-19,22; 36:5-10;
37:4-6, 23-25, 28, 29; 38:1; 39:4,8; 40:4,5; 41:1,4
Reasons these psalms give for praising God:
7:17; 8:1-9; 9:1; 13:6; 16:7; 18:46-50; 21:13; 22:22-26; 28:6,7; 30:4,5,11,12; 31:21;
33:1-5; 34:1-4; 40:1-3
BOOK 2 (psalms 42 - 72):
Ps 42 - As the hart pants for the water brooks
Ps 45 - My heart overflows with a noble theme
Ps 46 - God is our refuge and strength
Ps 47 - Oh, clap your hands, all you people
Ps 50 - The mighty God, the LORD, has spoken
Ps 51 - Have mercy on me, O God
Ps 66 - Shout joyfully to God, all the earth
Ps 69 - Save me, O God, for the waters
Ps 72 - Give the king your judgments, O God
Promises and model prayers:
43:3; 46:1,7; 47:8; 48:14; 50:15; 51:1,2,7-12; 55:22; 57:1,5; 62:11,12; 65:2,3; 67:1-
653 PSALMS
3; 68:3-6; 69:32,33; 72:18,19
Reasons these psalms give for praising God:
47:7,8; 51:14,15; 52:9; 56:12,13; 57:9,10; 59:16,17; 61:7,8; 63:3,4; 66:1-3, 8-12,20;
67:3,4; 68:4-6,19,20,32-35; 69:34-36; 71:5-8, 14-16,22,23; 72:18
BOOK 3 (psalms 73 - 89):
Ps 73 - Truly God is good to Israel
Ps 78 - Give ear, O my people, to my law
Ps 84 - How lovely is your tabernacle
Ps 87 - His foundation is in the holy mountains
Ps 89 - I will sing of the mercies of the LORD forever
Promises and model prayers:
73:26; 74:22; 80:3,18; 81:10; 83:1; 84:5,11; 85:6,7; 86:4,5,11; 89:8
Reasons these psalms give for praising God:
75:1; 84:4,11; 86:12,13; 89:5-8
BOOK 4 (psalms 90 - 106):
Ps 90 - LORD, you have been our dwelling place
Ps 91 - He who dwells in the secret place of the Most High
Ps 95 - Oh, come let us sing to the LORD
Ps 96 - Oh, sing to the LORD a new song
Ps 102 - Hear my prayer, O LORD
Ps 103 - Praise the LORD, O my soul
Promises and model prayers:
90:13-17; 91:3-16; 92:12-15; 94:14; 97:10,11; 102:17; 103:11-14
Reasons these psalms give for praising God :
92:1-5; 95:1-3; 96:1-6; 98:1,9; 99:2,3,9; 100:4,5; 101:1; 103:1-22; 104:1; 105:1,2;
106:1
BOOK 5 (psalms 107 - 150):
Ps 107 - Oh, give thanks to the Lord, for he is good
Ps 109 - Do not remain silent, O God of my praise
Ps 110 - The LORD said to my Lord
Ps 115 - Not to us, O LORD, not to us
Ps 118 - Oh, give thanks to the LORD, for He is good
Ps 119 - Blessed are the undefiled in the way
Ps 121 - I will lift up my eyes to the hills
Ps 126 - When the LORD brought back the captives of Zion
Ps 133 - See how good and how pleasant it is for brethren to dwell together in unity
Ps 136 - Oh, give thanks to the LORD, for He is good, His mercy continues on forever
Ps 139 - O LORD, you have searched me, and known me
Ps 145 - I will exalt you, my God, O king
Ps 150 - Praise the Lord
Promises and model prayers:
108:5,6; 112:1; 115:1,13; 116:5,15; 119:9,12,17-19,29,33-38,65,66,73,76,77,124,130,
133, 135,153,156,160, 169,170,176; 120:2;121:3-8; 125:1,2; 126:6; 130:4;138:6;139:17,23,24;
141:3,4,9;143:1,2; 145:8,9,13,14,17-20; 146:5,6; 147:3,11; 149:4.
Reasons these psalms give for praising God:
107:1; 108:3,4; 109:30,31; 111:1-10; 117:1,2; 118:1; 119:164,171; 124:6,7; 135:3,4;
136:1; 138:1-3; 139:14; 144:1,2; 145:1-23; 146:1-10; 147:1-20; 148:5,6,13,14; 149:1-9.
PSALMS 1:1 654
BOOK 1 (Psalms 1 - 41) rivers of water,
that brings forth its fruit in its season
1 and whose leaf does not wither.
And whatever he does will prosper.
1 Blessed is the man who does not walk in the 4 The ungodly are not so,
counsel of the ungodly, but are like the chaff which the
or stand in the path of sinners, wind drives away.
or sit in the seat of the scornful; 5 Therefore the ungodly will not stand in
2 But his delight is in the law of the LORD, the judgment,
and in his law he meditates day and night. or sinners in the congregation of the righteous.
3 And he will be like a tree planted by the 6 For the LORD knows the way of the righteous,
1:1 The word blessed is the translation of delight in Gods Word, and meditate on it,
a Hebrew word meaning happy or fortunate. and obey it.
For a fuller idea of the meaning of the word Notice the words day and night. This
in the psalms see 2:12; 32:1,2; 40:4; means to be always occupied with Gods
41:1,2; 65:4; 84:4,5; 94:12; 106:3; revealed truth, to have it filling our hearts
119:1,2; 128:1. For other references and and minds even as we go about the ordi-
notes on Gods blessing or on blessed see nary activities of life. Compare John 15:7;
Gen 12:2,3; Num 6:22-27; Deut 28:3-14; Col 3:16; etc. If we delight in it we will not
Jer 17:7; Matt 5:3-12; Luke 11:28; Acts find this at all impossible.
3:26; Gal 3:9,14; Eph 1:3. God is love Meditates this means to think about
(1 John 4:8), and loves to bless men. But Gods Word so as to understand it and to
the fullness of Gods blessing comes only use it in prayer and to apply it to our lives.
on a certain kind of person, as described in It has nothing to do with the meditation
the words which follow. techniques of yoga, and other such things.
This opening verse contains a brief 1:3 Here are the results of delighting in and
description of what this fallen world is like. meditating on Gods instructions spiritual
On every hand are those who will give evil provision, unceasing fruitfulness, and
advice and instruction contrary to the Word success. The righteous are trees planted by
of God, men who reject Gods way and aban- God Isa 60:21; 61:3; Jer 17:8; Matt 15:13.
don themselves to sin, and those who scorn They are planted by streams of water. In
the truth of God. The blessed person will the Bible water is sometimes used as a symbol
not listen to them or have fellowship with of Gods Spirit, and God is said to be the
them. Notice a progression of wickedness spring of living water (Jer 2:13; 17:13).
in this verse counsel, way, seat walking, Just as water is essential for the life of trees,
standing, sitting. Following bad advice brings so Gods Spirit is essential for the life and
a person into sinful ways, and eventually fruitfulness of Gods people. The believer who
into scorn for the things of God. (The New delights in Gods truth and meditates on it
Testament shows believers where they sit continually, will find that he is by the source
and how they are to stand and walk of all blessing, that Gods Spirit is around
Eph 2:6; 6:11,14; Col 2:6; etc.) him and in him. Compare John 7:37-39.
1:2 This verse shows the connection 1:4 Chaff driven by the wind indicates some-
between true blessedness and a love of the thing worthless and unstable 35:5; Isa
truth God has revealed. The blessed per- 17:13; 29:5; Matt 3:12.
son will not merely avoid wrong words and 1:5 Gods judgment on the wicked is one of
wrong ways. He will be occupied with some- the constant themes of the psalms (as it is
thing else altogether, as the two strong words of the whole Bible) 2:12; 7:11; 9:7,8;
delight and meditate reveal. To delight 11:6; 21:8,9; 94:1,2; 96:13; 119:84.
in Gods law is to delight in God and in Gods This verse will be fulfilled at the second com-
ways and will which are revealed in it. This ing of the Lord Jesus Christ. Now evil men
will bring joy to the heart as nothing else may indeed mix themselves in the assem-
can. Compare 37:4; etc. For an example blies of Gods people (Matt 13:24-30; Rev
of a man delighting in the law of the Lord 2:14-16,20-25; 3:1-4). But when God
see psalm 119. arises as judge they will remain there no
The Hebrew word translated here law longer.
could be translated instruction or teach- 1:6 Knows God knows the way of the
ing, and here means all the revelation God righteous for it is His own way. He regards it
had given up to that time. To us now it and all who are in that way with care and
would mean the whole Bible. Men can find love. The way of the wicked and all who are
true blessedness only through the truth of in it will perish eternally Isa 66:22-24;
God, and they will learn far more of it in the Matt 25:41-46; 2 Thess 1:8,9; 2 Pet
Bible than in all the writings of wise men, 3:13; Rev 21:22-27. The day is coming
religious teachers, and philosophers put when all false ways, all crooked ways, all
together. And they will experience this evil ways will be abolished from the earth
blessedness in the measure that they and Gods way of truth and holiness estab-
655 PSALMS 2:11
but the way of the ungodly will perish. and terrify them in his fiery displeasure:
6 Yet I have set my king on my holy hill of Zion.
2 7 I will declare the decree:
the LORD has said to me, You are my Son;
this day I have begotten you.
1 Why do the nations rage, 8 Ask of me, and I will give you the nations
and the peoples plot a vain thing? as your inheritance,
2 The kings of the earth set themselves, and the uttermost parts of the earth as
and the rulers take counsel together, your possession.
against the LORD and against his 9 You will break them with a rod of iron;
Anointed, saying , you will dash them in pieces like a
3 Let us break their chains apart potters vessel.
and throw off their cords from us.
4 He who sits in the heavens will laugh. 10 Now therefore be wise, O you kings.
The Lord will deride them. Be instructed, you judges of the earth.
5 Then he will speak to them in his wrath, 11 Serve the LORD with fear,
lished everywhere forever. 1:25,26.) This laughter of God is joined with
2:1 This is the first of the psalms that are His terrible anger against the wickedness of
prophecies or contain prophecies concern- men. His anger will come to the full on all
ing the Lord Jesus Christ. Some other very those who fight against Him and His Anointed
important ones are 16, 22, 40, 45, 69, 72, One 7:11-13; John 3:36; Rom 1:18;
89, 110. This one is quoted several times 2:5,8; 2 Thess 1:6-10; Rev 6:16,17; 19:15.
in the New Testament. Verses 1 and 2 are Terrify the KJV has vex here, but
found in Acts 4:25,26, and v 7 is quoted in this is not a strong enough word to bring
Acts 13:33 and Heb 1:5 and 5:5. Verse 9 is out the meaning of the Hebrew.
referred to in Rev 2:27; 12:5; 19:15. 2:6 Gods appointed king is the same as
2:2 The question of v 1 is answered here. His Anointed One, the Lord Jesus. Zion is
The people are stirred up by their leaders. Jerusalem. But there is a heavenly Jerusa-
Together they are revealing their enmity lem where Jesus now sits on the throne of
against the LORD (Jehovah), the one true His Father Gal 4:26; Heb 12:22; Rev 3:21.
God of the universe, and against His 2:7 In vs 7-9 the Anointed King Himself
anointed one (compare John 3:19,20; speaks. God has decreed certain things that
15:18,19; Rom 1:30; 8:7). In Old no opposition of men can ever change. Verse
Testament days kings, prophets, and priests 7 does not refer to the birth of the Lord Jesus
were anointed (Ex 28:41; 1 Sam 15:1; in Bethlehem, or to some event in eternity
16:12; 1 Kings 19:16). past before the world was made. The apostle
In the New Testament the Lord Jesus is Paul quoted these words in connection with
the Anointed One. He is King, Prophet, and Christs resurrection (Acts 13:32,33). It was
Priest all three (note at Matt 1:1). In this then that Jesus was proved to be the Son of
psalm only His kingship is in view. The God (Rom 1:4), and it was then that Christ
opposition and plots of the rulers referred was raised to the throne of God the Father
to in this verse had to do specifically with (Heb 1:3; Phil 2:9-11). Jesus is the First-
the time of Christs crucifixion (Acts 4:25,26), born from the dead (Rev 1:5), the first of a
but in general the verse applies to all new kind of human being resurrection man.
peoples who in any era set themselves It was a new beginning in human history a
against the Lord Jesus. Man begotten from the dead, to be the
2:3 This is what mans sinful, rebellious heart progenitor of many such (Eph 2:1-5).
is like. Fallen men do not want God and His 2:8 The earth and all that is in it by right
Anointed One to reign over them (1 Sam belongs to the Lord Jesus, but at the present
8:6-8; Luke 19:14; John 19:15,16). They time He has not fully entered into His inheri-
want to do as they please. They regard Gods tance. The hour will come when all peoples
precious Word and Gods commands as cords and all kingdoms will be put openly in His
which would bind them in slavery. In this control (Rev 11:15-18). See note on Isa
way they show their great ignorance as well 2:1-4.
as their great wickedness. What they be- 2:9 Dash them in pieces why should
lieve to be bondage is glorious freedom, and Christ destroy these gifts of God the
what they take for freedom is sins dreadful Father? He will not utterly destroy them. He
bondage. Those in this verse are represen- will shatter ungodly political powers, break
tatives of the whole world of fallen men who to pieces all rebellious elements in society,
are in rebellion against the true God and do and bring the world into complete subjec-
all they can to shake off His control. This is tion to Himself Rev 19:11-16.
proved by their attitude toward the Lord Jesus 2:10,11 Since Christ is the King of kings true
who is Gods Anointed One. wisdom can be only in submission and service
2:4,5 God laughs, not in amusement, but in to Him. Fear, reverence, and joy are all essen-
contempt at the vain attempts of puny men tial elements in genuine spiritual experience
to oppose His plans. (See 37:12,13; Prov with God. Notes on fear at 34:11-14; 111:10;
PSALMS 2:12 656
and rejoice with trembling. 3 But you, O LORD, are a shield for me;
12 Kiss the Son, lest he be angry, my glory, and the lifter up of my head.
and you perish from the way, 4 I cried to the LORD with my voice,
when his wrath is kindled but a little. and he heard me from his holy hill. Selah
Blessed are all those who put their trust in him.
5 I lay down and slept;
I awoke, for the LORD sustained me.
3 6 I will not be afraid of ten thousands of
people who have set themselves
A Psalm of David, when he fled from against me all around.
his son Absalom
7 Arise, O LORD! Save me, O my God!
1 LORD, how they are increased who For you have struck all my enemies
trouble me! on the cheek bone;
Many are those who rise up against me. you have broken the teeth of the ungodly.
2 Many there are who say of my soul, 8 Salvation belongs to the LORD.
There is no help for him in God. Selah Your blessing is on your people. Selah
128:1; Prov 1:7. 2 Cor 11:23-27; 1 Thess 2:14-16), to the
2:12 Here the Anointed One of v 2, the king present time (everyone who wants to live a
of v 6, is called the Son, that is, the Son of godly life in Christ Jesus will be persecuted
God. A son shares the nature of his father. 2 Tim 3:12).
The Jews of Jesus day knew that when He In the Psalms (and in the Old Testament
said He was the Son of God He was saying in general) usually the references to foes
that He shares Gods nature, that He was concern flesh and blood enemies. Believers
claiming to be God (John 10:33-38). Kiss- now are to pray for flesh and blood enemies,
ing a ruler was an ancient way of showing not against them, and they are to realize
recognition of his authority (1 Sam 10:1). that their real foes are not of flesh and blood
It was also an act of homage toward objects (Eph 6:10-12). See note on enemies at 35:8.
of worship (1 Kings 19:18; Job 31:27; Hos 3:2 Ps 22:7,8; 71:11; Matt 27:39-43. The
13:2). exact meaning of the Hebrew word selah
To kiss the Son means to give up all is unknown. It may mean pause or slow,
rebellion against Him, to receive Him as and may have been a sign to the musicians
King, to worship Him as Lord. Those who singing the psalm or playing instruments.
will not do this are in grave danger. His an- 3:3 In both danger and humiliating circum-
ger is exceedingly great. But His grace is stances, God is sufficient for the believer (5:12;
even greater toward all those who repent 28:7; 62:7; Gen 15:1). Notes on shield at
and turn to Him. The Hebrew word trans- 28:7; Gen 15:1; Job 1:10,11; 2:6; etc.
lated put their trust in also means to take 3:4 In times of trouble, prayer is the
refuge in. Faith in Christ is the only way to believers resource, and no enemy can
peace and reconciliation with God, safety, prevent the believer using it. See refer-
and salvation (John 3:16,36; 5:24; Rom ences to prayer at 1 Thess 5:17. God heard
5:1,9,10). Davids prayer and brought him safely back
3:1-8 For Absaloms conspiracy see to Jerusalem and enabled him to reign over
2 Samuel chapters 15-18. It was a time of Israel once again (2 Samuel chapter 19).
extreme humiliation and danger for David. 3:5,6 A good conscience and confidence in
The spiritual truth of this psalm can be God can enable believers to get deep and
applied to any believer who is in difficulties satisfying sleep even at such times of trouble
from enemies, and especially it applied to and danger as David was experiencing
the Lord Jesus during the last days of His Ps 4:8.
life on earth. 3:7 See 1 Sam 17:45-49; 18:12-16;
3:1 2 Sam 15:12,13; 17:1,11; Ps 69:4; 23:4,5; 30:17,18; 2 Sam 8:1-6,13;
Eph 6:12. 10:17,18.
Against me this is the first of many 3:8 Salvation see 28:8; 35:3; Isa 43:11;
references in the Psalms to enemies. In Jonah 3:9; Matt 1:21; Rev 7:10; 19:1.
the Psalms alone words indicating them Blessing Num 6:22-27.
(foes, enemies, they who rise against me, 4 Title: Neginoth means stringed
etc) appear well over 100 times. The instruments.
authors of the psalms frequently suffered 4:1-8 David first speaks to God (v 1), then
from those who opposed them as they tried to men (vs 2-5), then again to God. Though
to serve God. This is the common lot of Gods he is surrounded by those who express un-
faithful people throughout the history of the belief and despair (v 6), he is confident he
world, from Abel (1 John 3:12) to the proph- will be heard because he has experienced
ets and saints of the Old Testament (Heb many past mercies. He uses various means
11:32-38), to Christ and His disciples (Matt to turn the ungodly to God, methods we will
10:16,17,21-23; 16:21; John 15:18-21; do well to follow pointing out their error
657 PSALMS 5:4
4
LORD, lift up the light of your
countenance on us.
To the chief musician on neginoth, 7 You have put gladness in my heart,
A Psalm of David more than in the time that their
grain and their wine increased.
1 Hear me when I call, 8 I will both lie down in peace, and sleep;
O God of my righteousness. for you alone, o LORD, cause me to dwell
You have given me relief when I was in safety.
in distress.
Have mercy on me, and hear my prayer.
2 O you sons of men,
how long will you turn my glory into shame?
5
How long will you love emptiness, To the chief musician on nehiloth,
and seek a lie? Selah a Psalm of David
3 But know that the LORD has set apart
1 Give ear to my words, O LORD.
for himself the one who is godly.
Consider my meditation.
The LORD will hear when I call to him.
2 Listen to the sound of my cry, my King,
4 Tremble, and do sin not.
and my God; for to you I will pray.
Commune in your heart on your bed,
3 You will hear my voice in the morning, O LORD;
and be still. Selah
in the morning I will direct my prayer
5 Offer the sacrifices of righteousness, to you, and will look up.
and put your trust in the LORD. 4 For you are not a God who takes pleasure
6 There are many who say, in wickedness;
Who will show us any good? nor does evil dwell with you.
(v 2), speaking of answered prayer (v 3), Sacrifices of righteousness compare
exhorting (vs 4,5), testifying (vs 7,8). 51:17; Heb 13:15,16.
4:1 Prayer this is the first use of this Trust v 3.
word in Psalms. See notes on prayer at 4:6 Light of your countenance Num
66:18; Gen 18:32; Matt 6:5-13; Mark 6:24,25.
11:24; Luke 11:1-13; 18:1-7; Rom 4:7,8 5:11. You have put true and last-
8:26,27; Eph 1:17; 6:18; Phil 4:6,7; ing joy is the result of Gods work in the
Col 1:9; 1 Thess 5:17; Heb 4:16; heart, not of wealth or prosperity, and it is
10:19-22; 11:6; Jam 1:5-8; 5:16-18; a result of believing God. Who but real
1 John 5:14,15. believers who trust in the one true God can
4:2 Will you turn my glory into shame experience joy and peace in the midst of
or, possibly, will you dishonor my Glorious great trouble?
One. Men do both of these. Compare Rom 5 Title: Nehiloth indicates musical instru-
1:21,23. Vanity and deception are what fallen ments, probably flutes.
sinful men pursue. A life not lived for the 5:1 Meditation this could be translated
glory of God is an empty, hopeless exist- sighing or groaning. Groans and sighs
ence (62:9; Eccl 1:2; 2:11). are sometimes a proper element in prayer
Lie in the Hebrew idiom this word (Rom 8:26). Indeed at times we can find
sometimes meant a false god, and some no words to convey our longings and groan-
versions have this. The KJV translation ing is all we are able to do.
here leasing conveys a wrong 5:2 King David knew who the true, the eter-
m e a n i n g t o r e a d e r s t o d ay, s o i t w as nal King is 10:16; 24:7; 47:2 (note);
necessary to change it. 74:12; 149:2; Isa 6:5; Jer 10:10. And
4:3 Everywhere in the earth the God of the he gladly accepted Gods rule in his life, as
Bible has individuals who are His special we all should do.
people. They are His treasure, the object of 5:3 Morning is the best time to get alone
His great grace and love (Ex 19:5; with God, to pray before the work, and
Titus 2:14; 1 Pet 2:9). burdens of the day begin (57:8; 88:13;
The LORD will hear this kind of faith 108:2; 119:147).
is vital in the life of prayer. See 5:3. David Will look up waiting in expectation
could not have had this confidence if there for an answer, it seems. This also is neces-
had been unconfessed and unforgiven sin sary if we want answers to our prayers Heb
in his life see 66:18,19. 11:6; Jam 1:6-8; 1 John 5:14,15; Mark
4:4 Tremble this is the literal meaning 11:24. One reason people do not receive
of the Hebrew word (not stand in awe). answers from God is that they do not ex-
Many people sin and do not tremble, and pect to receive any. Let us not complain
so they keep on sinning. that God does not answer our prayers when
4:5 He is still speaking about getting answers we do not really think that He will do so.
to prayer in times of need and distress. 5:4 See 92:15; 1 John 1:5,6; Matt 7:23;
PSALMS 5:5 658
5 The foolish will not stand in your sight. joyful in you.
You hate all evildoers. 12 For you, O LORD, will bless the righteous.
6 You will destroy those who speak lies. You will surround him with favour as
The LORD abhors the bloodthirsty and with a shield.
deceitful man.
6
7 But as for me, I will come into your
house by the abundance of your mercy,
and in your fear I will worship toward
your holy temple. To the chief musician,
On neginoth upon sheminith,
8 Lead me, O LORD, in your righteousness
a Psalm of David
because of my enemies.
Make your way straight before my face. 1 O LORD, do not rebuke me in your anger,
9 For there is no faithfulness in their mouth. or discipline me in your hot displeasure.
Their heart is utter wickedness. 2 Have mercy on me, O LORD,
Their throat is an open grave. for I am weak. O LORD, heal me;
They flatter with their tongue. for my bones are troubled.
10 Pronounce them guilty, O God! 3 My soul is also greatly troubled.
Let them fall by their own counsels. But you, O LORD, how long?
Throw them away in the multitude of 4 Return, O LORD. Deliver my soul.
their transgressions; Oh, save me for your mercys sake.
for they have rebelled against you. 5 For in death there is no remembrance of you.
11 But let all those who put their trust in In the grave who will give you thanks?
you rejoice. 6 I am weary with my groaning.
Let them always shout for joy, All night I make my bed swim,
because you defend them. I drench my couch with my tears.
And let those who love your name be 7 My eye is consumed because of grief;
25:41. See note at Lev 20:7. Joy 4:7; Neh 8:10.
5:5 Hate see 11:5; Lev 26:11,30; Deut Defend 12:7.
32:19; Hos 9:15; Mal 1:3. This means Name 69:36.
that those who will not repent but persist in 5:12 Bless 29:11; Num 6:23-27; etc.
wickedness are objects of Gods hostility. If Shield 3:3; 28:7; Gen 15:1; Job
they would repent He would lovingly receive 1:10,11; 2:6.
them, forgive them, and make them His own 6 Title: Neginoth indicates stringed instruments.
dear children. But He hates their deeds, Sheminith was probably a musical term.
thoughts, motives, and character. All they 6:1 David is conscious of Gods chastening.
are and all they do is an offense to His holy Though he does not mention any particular
nature. sin he is well aware that he is worthy of re-
5:6 God is the God of truth (Ps 31:5). He hates buke and punishment. He only pleads that
lies and deceit as if they were poison which God will be gentle with him (compare Ps 38:1).
in a sense they are (Prov 6:17,19; 12:22; 6:2-6 He is suffering greatly in both body
19:5,9,22; John 8:44; Rev 21:8,17; 22:15). and mind. He is very ill (v 2), and fears that
In this verse deceit is joined with murder in he may be near death (v 5). He does not
things which are abominable to God. ask for mercy according to his righteous-
5:7 By Gods grace David is resolved to be ness, but according to Gods grace (v 4).
different from the wicked. But he knows that 6:3 Greatly troubled Gods discipline,
when God blesses him it is an act of Gods though it may affect the body, will work on
mercy, not because of his own righteous- the mind and heart of a believer, and his
ness and goodness (51:1; 69:13). thoughts may become exceedingly painful
5:8 He did not want his enemies to have an (vs 6,7; 13:2; 51:3; 73:14,21,22; etc).
occasion to accuse him, and so bring How long is often the cry of the troubled
dishonor to the God he served. and tried believer (13:1,2; 35:17; 74:10;
5:9 Here is a vivid picture of mans sinful 80:4; 89:46; 90:13; 94:3).
nature. See Matt 15:18,19; Rom 1:28-32; 6:5 Grave the Hebrew word (Sheol)
3:10-18; Gal 5:19-21. might be translated the realm of the dead
Open grave the stink of death, rotten- (Gen 37:35). In Davids time, and in the
ness, and corruption comes from the inner long era before that, God had revealed very
nature of Gods enemies, and is revealed in little about life after death. In those days
their words. This is the result of being dead to believers the realm of the dead was a
in trespasses and sins (Eph 2:1). place of darkness and forgetfulness (30:9;
5:10 Is it right for Gods people to pray 88:10-12; 115:17; Job 10:21,22; Eccl
against the wicked in this way? See note at 9:10; Isa 38:18).
35:8 6:6,7 Davids foes rejoiced at his miserable
5:11 Trust 2:12; 7:1; 18:2; Deut 33:27. condition, made his sorrow even greater, and
659 PSALMS 7:16
it grows old because of all my enemies. rise up because of the rage of my enemies,
8 Depart from me, all you evildoers! and awake for me to the judgment you
For the LORD has heard the sound of my have decreed.
weeping. 7 So the congregation of the people will
9 The LORD has heard my supplication; gather around you.
the LORD will receive my prayer. For their sakes, therefore, return on high.
10 Let all my enemies be ashamed and 8 The LORD will judge the people.
exceedingly troubled; Judge me, O LORD, according to my
let them turn back and suddenly be righteousness, and according to my
put to shame. inner integrity.
9 Oh, let the wickedness of the wicked come
7
to an end, but establish the just;
for the righteous God tests the hearts
and minds.
Shiggaion of David, 10 My defense is from God who saves the
which he sang to the LORD,
upright in heart.
concerning the words of Cush the Benjamite
11 God is a righteous judge,
1 O LORD my God, in you I put my trust. and God is angry with the wicked every day.
Save me and deliver me from all those 12 If he does not turn back,
who persecute me, he will sharpen his sword.
2 Or he will tear my soul like a lion, He will bend his bow, and made it ready.
ripping it in pieces, while there is no 13 He has also prepared deadly weapons for
one to bring deliverance. himself;
3 O LORD my God, if I have done this, he makes his flaming arrows ready.
if there is wickedness in my hands; 14 Look, the wicked travails with wickedness,
4 If I have repaid evil to him who was at and conceives trouble,
peace with me (yes, I have delivered him and gives birth to falsehood.
who without cause is my enemy) 15 He made a pit, and dug it out;
5 Let the enemy pursue me and overtake me; and has fallen into the ditch which he made.
yes, let him trample down my life on the earth, 16 His trouble will return on his own head,
and lay my honour in the dust. Selah and his violent acts will come down
6 Arise, O LORD, in your anger; on his own pate.
revealed what fallen sinful creatures they judgment to come on the wicked for these
were. five reasons for justices sake (v 6), for a
6:8-10 Suddenly everything was bright. The display of Gods rightful place as ruler (v 7),
Holy Spirit had given David the assurance that Davids integrity might be revealed
that his request was heard. He knew that (v 8), that violence might be ended (v 9),
he had what he asked God for. He had won that the righteous might be established in
the victory by prayer and faith. Compare the earth (v 9).
4:3; 5:3. This way is open to all believers 7:8 Judge this the first of many places
Mark 11:24; 1 John 5:14,15. in Psalms which speak of God as judge (9:8;
7 Title: Shiggaion no man now knows 50:6; 72:2; 82:8; 94:2; 96:13; etc. See
the meaning of this Hebrew word. It was also Acts 17:31; Heb 9:27; Rev 20:11-15).
probably a literary or musical term. 7:9 See 11:4; 1 Sam 16:7; 1 Chron
7:1,2 For believers God Himself is the 28:9; Jer 11:20; 17:10; 20:12; Rev 2:23.
refuge from all enemies, all troubles 2:12; 7:10 Defense see 3:3; 18:2,30.
9:9; 14:6; 46:1; 57:1; 59:16; 62:7,8; 7:11 Angry Gods anger against evil is
91:2; 142:5; Deut 33:27; 2 Sam 22:3; Isa clearly and repeatedly revealed in the Bible.
25:4; Jer 16:19; Heb 6:18. He is well able An unrepentant sinner is in constant
to save and deliver His people vs 8,10,17. danger from Gods wrath. See notes at
This is an unusual feature of this psalm. 90:7-11; Num 25:3; John 3:36; Rom 1:18.
Great danger cries out for a great God. 7:12 Sword see 45:3-5; Deut 32:41;
7:3-5 This is similar to Jobs defense of his Isa 34:6; Ezek 21:5,15; 32:18; Rev
integrity in Job chapter 31. See also Samuels 19:11-15. Who can escape if the Most High
words to the people in 1 Sam 12:1-3 and God, the Lord of Hosts, armed for battle,
Davids words to Saul in 1 Sam 24:9-15; rises against him?
26:17-20. 7:14-16 God has arranged things so that
7:4 The Hebrew of the last phrase is eventually a person will reap what he sows,
obscure and difficult. It may also be trans- and the fruit of his deeds will come back on
lated or without cause have robbed my foe. his own head. Though this will not always
7:6-9 See note at 35:8. Here David wants be seen in this life it will be at the end of it
PSALMS 7:17 660
17 I will praise the LORD in accordance the angels, and have crowned him
with his righteousness, with glory and honour.
and will sing praise to the name 6 You caused him to have dominion over
of the LORD Most High. the works of your hands.
You put all things under his feet;
8
7 All sheep and oxen, yes, and the beasts
of the field,
8 The birds of the air, and the fish of the sea,
To the chief musician on Gittith, and whatever passes through the paths
a Psalm of David
of the seas.
1 O LORD, our Lord, how excellent is your 9 O LORD our Lord, how excellent is your
name in all the earth! name in all the earth!
You have set your glory above the heavens.
9
2 Out of the mouth of babes and infants you
have ordained strength because of
your enemies,
so that you may silence the enemy and To the musician on muth-labben,
the avenger. a Psalm of David
3 When I consider your heavens,
the work of your fingers, 1 I will praise you, O LORD,
the moon and the stars, which you have with my whole heart.
ordained, I will tell of all your marvellous works.
4 What is man, that you are mindful of him? 2 I will be glad and rejoice in you.
and the son of man, that you visit him? I will sing praise to your name, O Most High.
5 For you have made him a little lower than 3 When my enemies turn back, they will fall
(57:6; 94:23; Esther 7:10; Job 4:8; Prov God. God is the almighty Creator (Gen 1:1);
22:8; Gal 6:7; Rev 22:12). man is a weak creature made by God.
7:17 Righteousness the theme of this Others translate this a little lower than a
whole psalm. god or a little lower than the gods, but
I will praise or I will give thanks this makes no proper sense.
one of the great themes of the book of Crowned these words are quoted in
Psalms and of the whole Bible. Notes at Heb 2:6-9. This and the remaining verses
50:14,15; 56:12; Lev 7:12,13; Eph of this psalm were partially fulfilled in the
5:20; 1 Thess 5:18. first Adam (Gen 1:26-28), but will be more
Righteousness the theme of this completely fulfilled in the last Adam, Jesus
whole psalm. Christ. He is the head of a new race of men
Praise the first place in Psalms this who will rule with Him over the world and
word is used. In the 150 psalms the various who, with Him, are raised above the angels
Hebrew words for praise are used more than (1 Cor 15:45; Eph 1:20-23; 2:6; 2 Tim
150 times. See note on praise at 33:1-3. 2:12; Rev 3:21; 5:10; 20:4).
Most High Gen 14:18. 8:6 According to Heb 2:8 this has not yet
8 Title: Gittith was probably a musical term. taken place. Only in regard to the Lord Jesus
8:1 LORD in Hebrew Jehovah. His name is it fully true (1 Cor 15:27; Eph 1:22).
means his character and nature (note at Ex 8:7,8 On the whole, man has been a very
3:14,15). Everywhere His name is glorious poor ruler over the animal kingdom. He has
(29:2; 48:10; 72:19; 86:11; 145:21; been guilty of cruelty, greed, and ignorance.
Prov 18:10; Deut 28:58; Ex 34:5-7). And he has often bowed down to worship
8:2 This was quoted by the Lord Jesus in those creatures which he was appointed by
Matt 21:16. The religious leaders of Israel God to rule. There will be great and wonder-
became His enemies and opposed Him, but ful changes when the Lord Jesus comes the
God gave enlightenment and a voice of second time.
praise to the children. See also Matt 11:25. 8:9 Happy are they who can say with David
8:3 We should all let nature teach us that the LORD, Jehovah, the one and only
19:1-3; Isa 40:26; Rom 1:20. Lord of the universe, is their Lord. This is
8:4 How tiny and insignificant is man when the only safety in the present, the only hope
compared to the immensity of the universe in the future.
(Isa 40:15-17, 22-24)! Yet how important 9 Title: Muth-labben probably indicated the
he is in the plan of God, as the following tune to be used, The Death of a Son.
verses make clear. 9:1,2 This psalm of triumph and joy was
8:5 Lower this could also be translated written probably after one of Davids many
a little lower than God, but it would not victories in battle. He knows it was God who
make good sense to do so. Man is not a gave the victory and not his own skill or might
little lower, but vastly, infinitely lower than (vs 3-6). Therefore he gives all the glory to
661 PSALMS 10:1
and perish at your presence. those who hate me, you who lift me
4 For you have maintained my right and my up from the gates of death,
cause. 14 So that I may tell all your praise in the
You sat on the throne judging righteously. gates of the daughter of Zion.
5 You have rebuked the heathen. I will rejoice in your salvation.
You have destroyed the wicked;
You have blotted out their name forever 15 The nations have sunk down in the pit
and ever. that they made.
6 O enemy, endless destructions have come! Their own foot has been taken in the net
And you have destroyed cities; which they hid.
their remembrance has perished with them. 16 The LORD is known by the judgment which
7 But the LORD remains forever. he executes.
He has prepared his throne for judgment. The wicked are ensnared in the work
8 And he will judge the world in righteousness. of his own hands. Higgaion. Selah
He will administer judgment to the 17 The wicked will be turned into hell,
people in uprightness. and all the nations that forget God.
18 For the needy will not always be forgotten.
9 The LORD also will be a refuge for the
The expectation of the poor will not
oppressed,
perish forever.
a refuge in times of trouble.
10 And those who know your name will put 19 Arise, O LORD! Do not let man prevail.
their trust in you; Let the nations be judged in your sight.
for you, LORD, have not forsaken those 20 Put them in fear, O LORD, so that the
who seek you. nations may know themselves to be
11 Sing praises to the LORD, who dwells in Zion. but men. Selah
Proclaim his deeds among the peoples.
12 When he takes vengeance for blood,
he remembers them.
He does not forget the cry of the humble.
10
13 Have mercy on me, O LORD. 1 Why do you stand far off, O LORD?
Consider my trouble which I suffer from Why do you hide yourself in times of trouble?
God. In these opening verses he uses four us.
words to express his delight in God praise, 9:11,12 Such truth causes David to break
tell, rejoice, and sing. This psalm is also a forth again in praise. The LORD (Jehovah)
declaration that Jehovah, the one true God, was enthroned in Zion (Jerusalem). That is
reigns over the world and executes judgment. where the ark of God was kept and God
When He destroys the wicked and rescues the Himself was enthroned above the cherubim
righteous he is displaying perfect justice. on the ark (Num 7:89; 2 Sam 6:2; Ps
9:4 Throne judging 7:11; 47:2. This 76:2; 80:1).
is something God is continually doing. 9:13,14 In the midst of Davids song of joy
Though His final judgment of men is still a dark note creeps in. He is not fully tri-
in the future, already, in some measure, umphant and knows his enemies will attack
His judgments are in all the earth. again.
9:5,6 Compare Gen 6:7; etc. Daughter Isa 1:8.
9:7,8 David goes from the particular victory 9:15,16 See 7:14-16. The meaning of the
he has experienced to a general truth. What Hebrew word higgaion is not now known.
God did in helping David and destroying his 9:17,18 Though it was not very clear to
enemies He will do to the whole world. He believers in Old Testament times how God
is the eternal King who will punish the wicked would reward the righteous and punish the
and reward the righteous (47:2; 96:13; wicked, there was the confidence that He
98:9; John 5:22; Acts 10:42; 17:31; would surely do so.
Rev 20:11-15). Hell in Hebrew Sheol note at Gen
9:9,10 In the meantime, before God arises 37:35.
to judge the whole world, He is the refuge 9:19 Sinful men are at war with justice and
for His people (see 7:1,2). He will never they must not be allowed to triumph (Num
forsake the person who sincerely seeks Him, 10:35).
never. Let us encourage ourselves with this 9:20 Note at 35:8. Men may like to think
truth when our seeking does not seem to they are like God, incarnations of God, or
bring any results, when our experience a part of God. They very much need to
tempts us to give in to discouragement and know they are mere creatures, and very
depression, and when our enemy Satan sinful creatures at that (14:2,3; Rom
suggests that God, at least for the time, 3:9,19,23).
refuses to hear us, or has even forsaken 10:1 Apparently this psalm was written
PSALMS 10:2 662
2 The wicked in his pride persecutes the poor. 10 He crouches, and lies low, that the poor
Let them be taken in the schemes they may fall by his strength.
have devised. 11 He has said in his heart,
3 For the wicked boasts of his hearts desire, God has forgotten. He hides his face.
and praises the covetous, He will never see it.
whom the LORD abhors. 12 Arise, O LORD! O God, lift up your hand!
4 The wicked, in the pride of his Do not forget the humble.
countenance, will not seek God. 13 Why does the wicked spurn God?
God is not in any of his thoughts. He has said in his heart,
5 His ways are always prosperous. You will not require an account .
Your judgments are far above, 14 You have seen it; for you look at trouble
out of his sight. and sorrow to repay it with your hand.
As for all his enemies, he snorts at them. The poor commits himself to you.
6 He has said in his heart, You are the helper of the fatherless.
I will not be moved; for I will never 15 Break the arm of the wicked and the evil man !
be in distress. Search out his wickedness until you
7 His mouth is full of cursing and deceit find none.
and oppression. 16 The LORD is King for ever and ever.
Under his tongue are trouble and evil. The nations have perished from his land.
8 He sits in ambush in the villages; 17 LORD, you have heard the desire of the
in secret places he murders the innocent. humble.
In secret his eyes are fixed on the poor. You will prepare their heart;
9 He lies in wait secretly like a lion in his den. you will cause your ear to hear,
He lies in wait to catch the poor. 18 To execute justice for the fatherless and
He catches the poor, when he draws him the oppressed, so that the man of
into his net. the earth may no longer oppress.
when wickedness in the land had the bring anyone to the same base manner of
upper hand. Yet God seemed to stand afar life. Speaking generally, the whole human
off doing nothing about it. This has often race has no time, no place for the one true
perplexed Gods people why does God God of the universe. Compare 14:1; Ex 5:2;
not immediately put down wickedness and John 1:10,11; etc.
reward righteousness (73:3-12; Job 10:5,6 Compare 73:4-12.
9:24; 21:4-34; Hab 1:2-4)? Part of 10:7-10 5:9; Rom 3:13-18; etc.
the answer is found in verses like Ps 103:8 10:11 73:11. Such people have enough
and 2 Pet 3:9. If God immediately de- knowledge of right and wrong that they do
s t r o y e d a l l t h e w i c k e d S a u l o f Ta r s u s not want God to see and know what they
would never have become Paul the are doing so they persuade themselves
apostle. And what would have happened that He does not. Their ideas of God are
to us when we were still in our sins? Also not based on reason or revelation, but on
we should understand that God in His wis- what they want to think. This too is very
dom often allows mens wickedness to be common among people everywhere.
revealed to the full before bringing a halt 10:12 Arise Gods people may some-
to it (Gen 15:16). times be impatient with Gods seeming lack
10:2-11 The writer recounts to God the of action (13:1; Hab 1:2,3; etc). God will
character of wicked people that so much arise in His own good time 12:5.
merits Gods judgment. Certain sins are 10:13 You will not require an account
emphasized pride (vs 2,4,5) and prey- nothing could be further from the truth than
ing on the weak (vs 2,8-10), and words this thought of wicked men. See Rom
full of boasting and contempt for God and 14:12; Acts 17:31; Rev 20:11-15.
His laws (vs 3-7), and cruelty and murder 10:14 He is confident that eventually God
(vs 8-10). will come to the aid of the helpless who
10:3 See what the fallen heart of man can commit themselves to Him (vs 16-18).
come to. A bad man can reach the place 10:15 See note at 35:8.
where he actually takes pride in what he 10:16 King note at 47:2.
should be deeply ashamed of. Compare Phil 10:18 Fatherless 68:5; 82:1-4;
3:19. And do we not see this on every hand? Ex 22:22-24; Deut 10:18; Isa 1:17.
10:4 Pride see what keeps men from Observe here that the wicked are of the
seeking God they think they are too wise earth. Their desires, aims, motives, and
or too strong or too self-sufficient to bother actions are all concerned with what they can
with Him. get and enjoy in this world. All their portion
Not in any of his thoughts this is the is here (17:14). Hereafter they will go into
real cause of the behavior of the individual eternal punishment (Matt 25:46). Believers
described here. And this outlook on life can in Christ are of heaven, and should live
663 PSALMS 12:7
11 12
To the chief musician, To the chief musician on sheminith,
a Psalm of David a Psalm of David
1 In the LORD I put my trust. 1 Help, LORD, for the godly man ceases,
How can you say to my soul, for the faithful fail from
Flee like a bird to your mountain? among the children of men.
2 For, look, the wicked bend their bow. 2 Everyone speaks vanity with his neighbour.
They make ready their arrow on the string, They speak with flattering lips
so that they can secretly shoot at the and with a double heart.
upright in heart. 3 The LORD will cut off all flattering lips,
3 If the foundations are destroyed, and the tongue that speaks proud things,
what can the righteous do? 4 that have said, With our tongue we will
prevail.
4 The LORD is in his holy temple. Our lips are our own.
The LORDs throne is in heaven. Who is lord over us?
His eyes see, his eyelids test the
children of men. 5 Because of the oppression of the poor,
5 The LORD tests the righteous; because of the sighing of the needy,
but his soul hates the wicked and the I will now arise, says the LORD,
one who loves violence. I will set him in safety from the
6 On the wicked he will rain snares, one who snorts at him.
fire and brimstone, 6 The words of the LORD are pure words,
and a fiery tempest. like silver refined in a furnace of
This will be the portion of their cup. earth, purified seven times.
7 For the righteous LORD loves righteousness. 7 You will keep them, O LORD,
His countenance sees the upright. you will preserve them from this
as if this were so (John 17:14,16; Eph 2:6,7; 1 Kings 18:22; 19:10; Jer 1:17-19; Micah
Phil 3:20; Col 3:1-4). 7:2; 2 Tim 4:16,17. This is very difficult
11:1,2 Once again David speaks of a time but those who do so will find that in a spe-
of personal danger. At some such times it cial way God is their help.
might be wise to flee. But at other times it 12:3 Cut off see notes at 35:8 and
is better to take ones stand and confidently introduction to psalm 109.
trust in God - 7:1. This is what David now 12:4 Who is lord over us? this rejection
does, in spite of the counsel of others. In of Gods lordship over them was the source
times of difficulty the most important ques- of their ungodly behavior. Those who will not
tion is not, what is safe? but, what is right? be ruled by God will be ruled by sin and
what is Gods will? Satan Luke 19:14; John 8:34; Eph 2:2;
11:3 When wicked men destroy the just 2 Pet 2:10,19. They ignored the Creator
foundations of society what can good men and said their lips were their own. In truth
do? They can take their stand for righteous- nothing is our own. On the basis of creation,
ness, knowing full well that God is on their we are all Gods possession, creatures He
side vs 4,7. has made for Himself.
11:4 Here is Davids confidence in times of 12:5 David the poet here speaks as David
difficulty and danger God knows what is the prophet. He has been speaking of men
going on, and is ruling all from His holy to God. Now he speaks to men of Gods
throne (note at 47:2). There is peace in promises. God hears the groans of the help-
this for troubled hearts. less and He knows the right time to arise
11:5 Notes on tests at 66:10-12; Gen for their help Ex 3:7-10; Luke 18:7.
22:1. On hates see 5:5. 12:6 What God says, He will do. His word
11:6 Gen 19:24,25; 2 Thess 1:7,8; Rev 21:8. has been tested in the furnace of mens
11:7 People of integrity who love justice as experience and proved all through the his-
God does are the ones who will see His face tory of mankind compare 18:30;
16:11; 17:15; Matt 5:8; Rev 22:4. Do 19:8,10; 119:140; John 17:17; 2 Tim
we not have in these words of David a sug- 3:16. There is no mixture of error in Gods
gestion of the blessed life after death for Word. This is in contrast with the words of
the righteous? the people referred to in vs 2-4.
12 Title: Sheminith was probably a musical 12:7,8 Though the situation appears
term. desperate, meditating on the purity of Gods
12:1,2 Sometimes the servant of God must Word will give confident hope for the
stand all alone Gen 7:1; Ex 32:9,10; future.
PSALMS 12:8 664
generation forever. when I am shaken.
8 The wicked walk about on every side, 5 But I have trusted in your mercy.
when the vilest men are exalted. My heart will rejoice in your salvation.
6 I will sing to the LORD, because he has
13 dealt bountifully with me.
To the chief musician, a Psalm of David
14
1 How long will you forget me, O LORD? To the chief musician, a Psalm of David
Forever? How long will you hide your
face from me? 1 The fool has said in his heart,
2 How long will I take counsel in my soul, There is no God.
having sorrow in my heart daily? They are corrupt, they have done
How long will my enemy be exalted over me? abominable deeds.
3 Consider and hear me, O LORD my God. There is no one who does good.
Give light to my eyes, so that I do not 2 The LORD looked down from heaven on the
sleep the sleep of death, children of men to see if there were any
4 So that my enemy does not say, who understand and seek God.
I have prevailed against him, 3 They have all turned aside,
and those who trouble me rejoice they have all together become corrupt.
13:1 Evidently David wrote this psalm when were again full of confidence. Trust in Gods
he was in danger and difficulties and was grace is a great tonic for troubled hearts.
tempted to discouragement and depression. Faith is the victory that overcomes the world
Compare psalm 42. (and everything else that is in opposition to
How long 6:3; etc. Of course God God) 1 John 5:4,5; John 14:1. For victory
does not ever forget His people Isa 49:14- we must look away from ourselves and our
16; Heb 6:10. But it seems sometimes to troubles. An attitude of faith can conquer
them that He does so 42:9; 77:9; Lam all discouraging, depressing thoughts.
5:20. To hide the face to them meant 14:1 Evidently this is a very important psalm
rejection, displeasure. Shining of the face because it is repeated with only a few
meant favor and acceptance 27:9; 30:7; changes in psalm 53, and Paul quotes from
69:17; 102:2; Num 6:22-27; Deut it in Romans chapter 3. The Hebrew word
31:17,18; 32:20; Isa 1:15. translated fool does not mean an unedu-
13:2 Gods people very often have intense cated person or one lacking in mental
inner struggles. Their thoughts bring them ability. It means one who is perverse in his
pain and sorrow. They cannot understand thinking, one who because he is morally
why things are happening as they are (see corrupt will not permit the truth to enter his
Job 3:1). First they think one thing, and head. The atheist is like this. He believes
then another. One explanation of events something (the non-existence of God) not
brings relief for a while, and then another because there is proof for it, but because
explanation intrudes. We might say that there is hostility in his heart toward the God
often the real battle of believers is with he denies (John 15:18; Rom 1:30; 8:7)
thoughts, and not with outward circum- in other words, he allows his base feelings
stances or human enemies, and when they to rule his thoughts (Col 1:21). Atheism
win the battle in their own mind and rest in strikes a blow at ethics and morality (as
God by faith, they can win everywhere. Com- someone has said, If there is no God, I
pare 2 Cor 10:5. can do as I please).
13:3,4 The thought that the wicked should The atheist reveals his foolishness in
triumph was unendurable to David. The other ways as well. He believes in the
thought that our greatest foe, Satan, should non-existence of God even though it is
triumph over us should be unendurable to impossible to prove this, and though there
us. is tremendous evidence against this view.
13:5,6 See what we should do when we are In order to believe his atheism he must
in difficulties, when we wrestle with our ignore all of this evidence, suppress the voice
thoughts, when we seem to be defeated and of God speaking in nature and in his
are cast down in our minds, when God seems conscience, and reject Gods revelation of
to have forgotten us. David shows the way. Himself in the Bible which comes with great
He rejoices even when he has sorrow in his internal evidence of its truthfulness. Observe
heart, he trusts Gods love even when God that the fool says inwardly that there is no
seems to be at a distance and frowning on God. Because of his circumstances, or the
him. He remembers Gods goodness to him society in which he lives, he may not have
in the past and will sing to Him because of the courage to deny God outwardly and may
that. For the time being, at least, David has even profess to be religious.
won the battle in his mind and his thoughts 14:2,3 See 53:2,3. David turns from
665 PSALMS 15:2
There is no one who does good, no, not one. from captivity,
4 Are all the evildoers without Jacob will rejoice, and Israel will be glad.
knowledge?
They devour my people like they eat bread,
and do not call on the LORD.
5 There they are in great fear;
15
for God is among the generation of A Psalm of David
the righteous.
6 You have shamed the counsel of the poor, 1 LORD, who may abide in your tabernacle?
because the LORD is his refuge. Who may dwell on your holy hill?
7 Oh, that the salvation of Israel would 2 He who walks uprightly, and works
come out of Zion! righteousness, and speaks the truth
When the LORD brings back his people from his heart.
thoughts of the corrupt nature of the athe- in various manuscripts .
ist to thoughts of the corruption of human And we should understand that the
nature in general. Not all men will say there Hebrew of the Old Testament is an ancient
is no God, but because of their sinful language, and in written form originally had
nature they live to a large extent as if there only consonants no vowels, no punctua-
were no God. If they really believed in God tion marks, and often no space between
would they not try to seek Him? Would they words. Many hundreds of years later a group
not heartily try to do good? Since they do of Jewish scholars added what they thought
not, they show by their actions that their were the right vowels to the basic
nature is corrupt and their belief in God for consonants. Their work is called the
the most part is an empty thing. Paul used Masoretic Text, and it is the text used in
these verses to show the sinfulness and guilt the translation of the Old Testament for
of every human being Rom 3:9-12. hundreds of years. No doubt they did their
Is this description of people too harsh and work remarkably accurately, but there is no
pessimistic? No. It is what God sees. No- reason to think that it was absolutely
tice Davids words in v 2 The LORD looked perfect. And if, here and there, they made
down from heaven. David could know this mistakes in adding vowels, this can give
only by revelation from God Himself. People meanings different from the ones the
in their ignorance and darkness may think original writer intended.
they see something very good in or among We are very fortunate to have so ancient
themselves. But God does not see as man a book that on the whole is so remarkably
does 1 Sam 16:7; Luke 16:13. And in clear as to meaning. We should understand
this psalm we have Gods view, not mans. that God fully inspired the original writings
14:4,5 Those who practice evil have no of the Bible (see notes at 2 Tim 3:16;
understanding of the most essential thing 2 Pet 1:21). Though interpretations of those
in the world for them. The time will come ancient manuscripts are not inspired in the
when they will be overwhelmed with dread same way as the originals, the translation
of Gods anger. Compare Rev 6:15-17. used in this Study Bible is very accurate.
Notes on Gods anger at 90:7-11; Num 15:1 This psalm is in great contrast to the
25:3; Deut 4:25; John 3:36; Rom 1:18. previous one. The question naturally arises,
14:6,7 In the midst of a corrupt humanity, if all are corrupt, if no one seeks God or
God, the righteous one, is doing His work, does good (14:2,3), how is it possible to
bringing salvation to His chosen ones, jus- have the kind of character described in this
tifying them and restoring them to a blessed psalm? The answer is that in grace and
state. love God seeks people, forgives them,
Brings back. . .from captivity the saves them, changes them, gives them a
phrase in Hebrew also means restores the new nature, and begins the work of sancti-
well-being of. fying them (2 Cor 5:17; Eph 2:8-10). In
this way God prepares them to live in His
Note on the Hebrew language: Is it presence and enjoy Him forever. Without
possible that the same Hebrew words can the work of God in the heart not one human
be translated so differently? Yes, it is. being could live as this psalm describes, or
See also the note on Prov 19:22. be prepared for His presence.
Speaking in general, some words and 15:2-5 The character of the righteous man
expressions and phrases in Hebrew can described here is perfectly seen in the Lord
have more than one meaning. Others Jesus Christ. In union with Him and sharing
are obscure and ambiguous, and it is His righteous nature we can and should live
very difficult to come at the exact mean- as He lived Rom 6:3-8; Eph 4:22-24;
ing. Some sentences are very terse and 1 John 2:3-6.
omit words we would put in when using 15:2 All believers in Christ (not just a few
English, and so the meaning is doubt- exceptional ones) should be blameless in
ful. In other cases there are sometimes behavior 1 Cor 1:8; Phil 2:14,15; 2 Pet
slight variations in the spelling of words 3:14. All of us should always speak the
PSALMS 15:3 666
3 He who does not slander with his tongue, 2 O my soul, you have said to the LORD,
and who does no evil to his neighbour, You are my Lord;
and does not take up a taunt against my goodness without you is nothing.
his neighbour. 3 But as for the saints who are in the earth,
4 He in whose eyes a vile person is despised, they are the excellent ones in whom is
but who honours those who fear the LORD; all my delight.
who though he takes an oath to his own hurt 4 The sorrows of those who run after
does not change it; another god will be multiplied.
5 He who does not lend his money for usury, Their drink offerings of blood I will not offer,
or take a bribe against the innocent. or take up their names on my lips.
He who behaves like this will never be shaken. 5 The LORD is the portion of my inheritance
and of my cup.
You maintain my lot.
16 6 The boundary lines have fallen to me in
pleasant places.
Miktam of David Yes, I have a good inheritance.
7 I will praise the LORD, who has given me
1 Preserve me, O God, for in you I put my trust. counsel.
truth Eph 4:15,25; Col 3:9,10. The true (Matt 4:1-10; Luke 4:28-30; John 1:14;
God is a God of truth (31:5), and demands Heb 2:14,17,18; 4:15). And He needed to
that we love truth and speak the truth. be rescued from death (Heb 5:7). Notes on
Those who do not are in great danger Prov Christs humanity at Heb 2:14,17; John 1:14.
12:22; 2 Thess 2:10,11; Rev 21:8,27; 16:2 Jesus acknowledged the Father (Je-
22:15. Liars are Satans children (John hovah) as His Lord in everything and as the
8:44), and will be punished with Satan. source of everything He was and had John
15:3 Ex 20:16; 23:1; Lev 19:16,18; 4:34; 5:30; 6:38; 8:29; 12:49; 15:10;
Matt 7:12; Col 3:8; Jam 4:11,12. 17:7; Matt 26:39; Heb 10:5-7.
15:4 Evil is a great offense to a holy God 16:3 Christ loves His believers, here called
and so it will be to holy men as well. See saints or holy ones. He considers them
5:5. A truly righteous person will keep his alone the great ones of the earth. He de-
word no matter what it may cost him. lights in them, not in the worldly wise, the
15:5 Usury see Ex 22:25; Lev 25:35-37. rich, the powerful. In His eyes believers,
Bribe Ex 23:8; Deut 10:17; 16:19; even those who are poor and uneducated,
Prov 15:27; 17:23; Isa 5:22,23. are the glorious ones of the world. They are
Shaken or moved 16:8; 55:22; His special treasure Ex 19:5,6; John 17:6;
66:8,9; 112:6; 2 Pet 1:10. These two 1 Cor 6:19,20; 1 Pet 2:9. For some of the
psalms, 14 and 15, stand side by side. The things the Lord Jesus delights in see 147:11;
one reveals what human beings are in 149:4; Prov 12:22; 15:8; Isa 66:2; Jer 9:24.
themselves, the other reveals what God by 16:4 The more gods a person has the more
His grace can make them. trouble he will have. If the one true God is
16 Title: miktam no one now knows the not enough for a person many gods will be
meaning of this word for certain. Some think both not enough and too much for him. The
it comes from the Hebrew word for sold or Lord Jesus served His heavenly Father, the
treasure. Others think it comes from the Creator of the universe, the one true God
word to hide or hidden. Others think it (Matt 4:10; John 17:3,4). He abhorred all
means merely something written a poem. gods and all idolatry. Those who want to
Others have made other suggestions. follow Him must do the same.
16:1 This is a very remarkable psalm. David 16:5,6 God the Father was Christs portion,
is speaking here once again as a prophet. His inheritance. His delight was in doing
In truth the Lord Jesus Christ by His Spirit Gods will John 4:34; 5:30; 6:38; etc.
speaks through the mouth of David (1 Pet Though it meant much pain and sorrow and
1:11; 2 Pet 1:21), and refers to His life on a cruel death He was perfectly content with
earth and His resurrection from the dead the place and the work the Father had
all this about 1000 years before He came appointed for Him. He completely fulfilled
into the world. See Acts 2:25-32; 13:34-37. the picture of the Old Testament priests and
Though doubtless something of Davids own Levites whose portion was not in the land,
experience appears here let us look at this but in God alone Deut 10:9; 18:1,2.
psalm in the way it applies to the Lord Jesus. They who believe in Him now (the New Tes-
The refuge of the Lord Jesus when He was tament priests 1 Pet 2:5,9) should follow
on earth was God the Father. Though He Him in this also. The will of God must be
was the Son of God He laid aside His divine their main concern, whether it means plenty
glory and privileges and trusted in Gods or poverty. When they live in the center of
power (Phil 2:5-7; Matt 3:16,17). Though Gods will as the Lord Jesus did, they will
He was perfectly holy He needed to be kept find great delight in it as He did.
from Satan and evil as we all need to be 16:7 The Lord Jesus got all His directions as
667 PSALMS 17:8
My inner being also instructs me in the prayer, that does not come out of
night seasons. deceitful lips.
8 I have set the LORD always before me. 2 Let my vindication come from your presence.
Because he is at my right hand, Let your eyes look at the things that are right.
I will not be shaken. 3 You have tested my heart.
9 Therefore my heart is glad, and my glory You have visited me in the night.
rejoices. You have tried me, and will find nothing.
My flesh also will rest in hope. I am determined that my mouth will not
10 For you will not leave my soul in the transgress.
realm of the dead; 4 Concerning the works of men,
nor will you let your Holy One see corruption. by the word of your lips I have kept
11 You will show me the path of life. myself from the paths of the destroyer.
In your presence is fulness of joy. 5 Uphold my steps in your paths,
At your right hand there are pleasures so that my footsteps do not slip.
forevermore. 6 I have called to you,
for you will hear me, O God.
Bow down your ear to me; hear my words.
17 7 Show your marvellous loving kindness,
O you who save by your right hand those
A prayer of David who put their trust in you from
those who rise up against them.
1 Hear a righteous cause , O LORD. 8 Keep me as the apple of your eye.
Be attentive to my cry, give ear to my Hide me under the shadow of your wings,
to what He should speak and do from God psalm we are introduced into the holy of
the Father John 5:19,20; 12:49; 14:31. holies of Christs mind and heart. We have
By day and by night He got His instructions His thoughts revealed, His inward prayers,
inwardly through the Holy Spirit of God. motives, faith, and aims. In all of it He is
16:8 Here we see the secret of Jesus vic- the perfect example to all of us who believe
tory in every trouble and trial. His eyes were in Him. He showed the way of faith and
always on the Father. He knew that God obedience that leads to glory and eternal
was at His right hand for all the strength joy. See Heb 12:1-3.
and help He needed. So He was never 17:1,2 Once again David prays in a time of
moved from the course His Father had ap- great danger vs 9,11,12. It is clear too
pointed for Him. In all these matters He is that his enemies had brought unjust charges
the perfect example to all of us. against him vs 1,2. So David cried to God
16:9 The Lord Jesus was a man of sorrows for two things vindication (v 2), and pres-
and knew grief Isa 53:3. In the Gospels ervation (vs 7,9,13). The event in Davids
we read that He wept but not that He laughed. history that fits this psalm seems to be
Yet deep in His heart was a great gladness, Sauls pursuit of him in the desert areas of
a solemn and holy joy John 15:11; 17:13. southern Israel. See 1 Sam 23:24 to 24:22.
This was joy in being the Son of the Father, At that time David was sure of his righteous
of having the privilege of doing the Fathers conduct, and wanted the Lord to judge
will and glorifying Him on earth. between him and Saul 1 Sam 24:11,12,15.
My flesh also will rest in hope this 17:3 David does not mean that he is sinless
refers to the confidence He had that He and has no fallen nature (note at 18:23).
would rise from the dead, as the next verse He means that in the charges his enemies
makes clear. made against him there was no truth at all.
16:10 The realm of the dead Hebrew He had not sinned against his persecutors
Sheol note at Gen 37:35. The New either in word or in deed v 5. There is no
Testament makes sufficient comment on spirit of self-righteousness here. David is
this verse Acts 2:25-32; 13:34-37. merely conscious of his integrity (compare
16:11 Joy was before Jesus when He Job chapter 31; Acts 23:1; 1 Cor 4:4).
endured the cross Heb 12:2. It was the 17:4 We can keep ourselves from the ways
joy of Gods presence, the joy of finishing of the wicked only by Gods Word
His work, the joy of bringing believing people 119:9,105.
to His Fathers house. The path of life which 17:6 Davids conscience was clear. This gave
Jesus knew, leads there. He Himself is that him great confidence in prayer. See 66:18;
way John 14:6. On earth He put God at 1 John 3:21,22. If we live like the wicked
His right hand. In heaven God put Him at we should not expect God to reward us as if
His right hand, the place of honor Eph we were righteous.
1:20; Heb 1:3. Those who follow the path 17:7 Here we have a long and precious title
of life to Gods presence will have joys that given to God. Let us use it when Satan
are eternal, unlike the brief fading joys the attacks.
pleasures of this world may bring. In this 17:8,9 Eye Deut 32:10; Prov 7:2; Zech 2:8.
PSALMS 17:9 668
9 From the wicked who oppress me, LORD the words of this song on the
from my deadly enemies, who surround me. day that the LORD delivered him from
10 They have closed up their fat hearts. the hand of all his enemies, and from
the hand of Saul: And he said,
With their mouths they speak proudly.
11 They have now surrounded us in our steps.
1 I will love you, O LORD, my strength.
They have set their eyes bowing down
2 The LORD is my rock, and my fortress,
to the earth
and my deliverer; my God,
12 Like a lion that is greedy for its prey,
my strength in whom I will trust,
and like a young lion lurking in secret places.
my shield, and the horn of my salvation,
13 Arise, O LORD! Disappoint him!
and my high refuge.
Hurl him down! By your sword deliver my
3 I will call to the LORD, who is worthy to
soul from the wicked,
be praised;
14 By your hand from men, O LORD, from men
so I will be saved from my enemies.
of the world who have their portion
4 The sorrows of death surrounded me,
in this life,
and the floods of ungodliness made me
and whose belly you fill with your
afraid.
hidden treasure.
5 The sorrows of hell surrounded me;
They are satisfied with children, and leave
the snares of death confronted me.
the rest of their possessions to their babies.
6 In my distress I called to the LORD,
15 As for me, I will see your face in righteousness;
and cried out to my God.
I will be satisfied when I awake with
He heard my voice from his temple,
your likeness.
and my cry came before him,
into his ears.
18 7 Then the earth shook and trembled;
also the foundations of the hills moved
To the chief musician, a Psalm of David, and were shaken, because he was
the servant of the LORD, who spoke to the angry.
Wings 36:7; 57:1; 61:4; 63:7; soldiers of Jesus Christ 2 Tim 2:3. David
91:4; Ruth 2:12; Matt 23:37; Luke 13:34. loved the Lord (the Hebrew word means the
17:12 See 1 Pet 5:8. love between parents and children, the love
17:13 Note at Ps 35:8. that moves the heart to overflowing affec-
17:14 Men of the world see 10:18. tion). Blessed is the man who loves God.
However much they enjoy life here they must Everything will turn out for his good Rom
leave it all and go into eternity without hope, 8:28. It will prove to be the secret of his
without God. victory. God Himself was Davids strength for
17:15 David contrasts his enemies with the fight 21:1; 46:1; 68:28; 84:5;
himself they are wicked, he is righteous; Ex 15:2; Isa 12:2; 40:31; 1 Chron 16:11.
they see their prosperity, he will see Gods 18:2 Rock Deut 32:4. In vs 1,2 David
face; they are satisfied with things of this uses eight different terms to express the
world, he will be satisfied when he rises to completeness of the strength, power, and
experience Gods likeness. Compare Matt protection he found in God. The terms all
5:8; Rom 8:29; 1 John 3:2,3; Rev 22:4. are associated with battle, and attacks, and
When I awake David is referring to need of safety. Whatever his dangers,
awakening from the sleep of death. The trials, and fears, he found that he was
hope expressed here could not be realized absolutely secure (compare John 10:28, 29;
in any way other than resurrection from the Rom 8:35-39; 1 Pet 1:5; Jude 1).
dead. We know from 16:9,10 that he had 18:3 This was the continual experience of
some idea of the resurrection of the body. his whole life. It can and should be ours
Though God had revealed very little about also 1 Cor 10:13; 2 Tim 4:18; 2 Pet 2:9.
the resurrection in Old Testament days He 18:4-6 David remembers times of extreme
did reveal something (see also Job 19:23- danger and distress, but he knew what to
27; Isa 26:19; Dan 12:2). do. Cannot we see Christ in these verses?
18:1 This psalm is found with a few changes See Acts 2:24 and Heb 5:7.
in 2 Samuel chapter 22. This is the song of 18:5 Hell in Hebrew Sheol note at
the victorious warrior. His battles have been Gen 37:35.
as the servant of the LORD (Title), and 18:7 From here to v 19 we see Gods
he gives all the glory to the Lord alone for answer to Davids cry. How powerful is the
the victories. Now the battles of believers prayer of a righteous person! Jam 5:16;
are spiritual battles. We must fight against Luke 18:1-8. The prayer of a single believer
sin, and the flesh in us, and Satan and his is sometimes followed by marvelous results.
hordes without 1 Cor 9:26; Eph 6:11,12; It is not recorded in Davids history that God
Col 3:5; 1 Tim 6:12. We are to be good ever came in an earthquake or storm to
669 PSALMS 18:26
8 A smoke went up out of his nostrils, 17 He delivered me from my strong enemy,
and devouring fire out of his mouth. and from those who hated me;
Coals were kindled by it. for they were too strong for me.
9 He bowed the heavens also, 18 They confronted me in the day of my calamity;
and came down, and darkness was under but the LORD was my support.
his feet. 19 He also brought me out into a broad place;
10 And he rode on a cherub and flew; he delivered me, because he delighted in me.
yes, he flew on the wings of the wind. 20 The LORD rewarded me according to my
11 He made darkness his secret place. righteousness;
His canopy around him was dark waters according to the cleanness of my hands
and thick clouds of the skies. he has repaid me.
12 From the brightness that was before him 21 For I have kept the ways of the LORD,
his thick clouds passed with and have not wickedly departed from my God.
hailstones and coals of fire. 22 For all his judgments were before me,
13 The LORD also thundered in the heavens, and I did not put away his statutes from me.
and the Most High uttered his voice, 23 I was also upright before him,
hailstones and coals of fire. and I kept myself from my sin.
14 He sent out his arrows and scattered them, 24 Therefore the LORD has repaid me
and he shot out lightning flashes and according to my righteousness,
routed them. according to the cleanness of my hands
15 Then the channels of waters were seen, in his sight.
and the foundations of the world 25 With the merciful you will show yourself
were uncovered at your rebuke, merciful;
O LORD, at the blast of breath from with an upright man you will show
your nostrils. yourself upright;
16 He stretched down from above, 26 With the pure you will show yourself pure;
he took hold of me, he drew me out of and with the twisters you will show
many waters. yourself able to twist.
deliver him but it could have happened at try to live lives pleasing to God. The perfect
one time or another or possibly David is fulfillment of this verse, of course, is in the
using very poetic language to describe Lord Jesus (Matt 3:17; Heb 5:7).
another kind of deliverance. 18:20-24 This is not self-righteousness, but
18:8 A picture of great wrath. God is angry a simple setting forth of the facts by the
when wicked men persecute His people inspiration of Gods Spirit (see 17:3).
1 Thess 2:6,7. 18:23 David was well aware of his sinful
18:9 Mans need and true prayer bring God nature and his besetting temptations.
down. Indeed, no one in the Bible speaks of his
18:10 Cherub Gen 3:24; Ex 25:18-20. sin more than David 25:7,11,18; 31:10;
18:11-15 God is pictured as arriving in the 32:5; 38:3,4,18; 39:8; 40:12; 41:4;
storm. The dark clouds are His clothing, the 51:3,5; 69:5; 103:10,12. But even in
thunder is His voice, lightening flashes are that matter where he was most prone to sin
His arrows, the wind is His breath. The lan- he kept himself by the grace of God. He
guage is poetical, full of beautiful metaphors. knew that he hated his sins, mourned over
Writers of the Bible never worshiped the them, forsook them, was cleansed from
forces of nature or called them gods. They them and forgiven. He knew that he loved
saw the one true God behind them. God and righteousness and that he sought
18:13 Coals of fire or the meaning could to keep from sin and to live an upright life.
be bolts of lightning. 18:25,26 Here is one very important prin-
18:16,17 David was drowning, as it were, in ciple of Gods dealings with people. In some
troubles and dangers, and God drew him measure at least He acts toward them as
out of them. Observe that his enemies were they act toward Him and others 62:12;
too strong for him. Yes, but not too strong Lev 26:3-5,23,24,27,28; Prov 3:34; Matt
for the Lord. 5:7; 6:14,15; Rom 2:5,6. This is a
18:18 Disaster almost overwhelmed him but principle of perfect justice. It is in accor-
he had someone to lean on (this is the dance with the law God gave. Does God,
meaning of the Hebrew verb). then, change His character when he deals
18:19 See 31:8; 118:5. David begins to with different kinds of people? No, He
set forth the reason why God came and won- merely reveals that side of His character
derfully rescued him. God was well pleased which suits the person and the case. He will
with both his character and actions. He was see that the faithful, blameless, and pure
a man after Gods own heart see the note will thus learn in experience more of Gods
at 1 Sam 13:14; Acts 13:22. If we want to faithfulness, blamelessness, and purity. But
be delivered when trouble comes we should the wicked and deceitful will learn that God
PSALMS 18:27 670
27 For you will save lowly people; 40 You have also given me the necks of my
but will bring down haughty looks. enemies, so that I might destroy
28 For you will make my lamp give light; those who hate me.
the LORD my God will enlighten my darkness. 41 They cried out, but there was no one to
29 For by you I have run through a troop, save them ; to the LORD,
and by my God I have leaped over a wall. but he did not answer them.
30 As for God, his way is perfect. 42 Then I beat them as fine as the dust
The word of the Lord is tested and proven. before the wind.
He is a shield to all those who trust in him. I hurled them out like dirt in the streets.
31 For who is God except the LORD? 43 You have delivered me from the strivings
Or who is a rock except our God? of the people;
32 It is God who arms me with strength, and you have made me the head of the
and makes my way perfect. nations.
33 He makes my feet like deers feet, A people whom I have not known will serve me.
and sets me on my high places. 44 As soon as they hear of me, they obey me;
34 He teaches my hands to war, so that my the foreigners submit themselves to me.
arms can bend a bow of bronze. 45 The foreigners fade away,
35 You have also given me the shield of your and frightened come from their strongholds.
salvation,
and your right hand has held me up, 46 The LORD lives! Blessed be my rock!
and your gentleness has made me great. Let the God of my salvation be exalted!
36 You have enlarged my path under me, 47 It is God who avenges me,
so that my feet did not slip. and subdues the peoples under me.
37 I have pursued my enemies and overtaken 48 He delivers me from my enemies,
them. and you lift me up above those
I did not turn back until they were consumed. who rise up against me.
38 I have wounded them so that they were not You have delivered me from the violent man.
able to rise. 49 Therefore I will give thanks to you,
They are fallen under my feet. O LORD, among the nations,
39 For you have armed me with strength to and sing praises to your name.
the battle. 50 He gives great deliverance to his king,
You have subdued under me those who and shows mercy to his anointed,
rose up against me. to David, and to his offspring forever.
can outwit them and make their own crook- 44:6,8,24; 45:5,18.
edness to work against them 5:10; 7:16; Rock Deut 32:4.
9:16; 1 Cor 3:19. 18:32 In Hebrew the word perfect here is
Twisters this is probably as close to the same word used of God above. David
the meaning of the Hebrew word as any does not say that God had made him
other. It indicates those who try to twist perfect only his way. God perfectly equipped
everything for their own ends, pervert Gods him for the fight he had to face, the work he
truth, and make their ways corrupt and dis- had to do. He made him honest and up-
honest Deut 32:5; Prov 2:15; 10:9; right in his behavior. This is what God wants
17:20; Isa 59:8; Gal 1:7; 2 Peter 3:16. for us all (Deut 18:13; Ps 101:2,6).
God knows how to deal justly with such and 18:33-36 All his abilities and powers and
make their twisting efforts twist them up successes he attributes to Gods grace alone.
7:15,16; Gal 6:7. 18:35 Gods gentleness is what makes truly
18:27 An example of Gods just dealings great, not mans restless striving after
(compare Jam 4:6; 1 Pet 5:5). position and power.
18:28 Lamp 132:17; 1 Kings 15:4. 18:37-42 References from the history of
Enlighten 27:1; 112:4; Isa 50:10; David 1 Sam 30:16-19; 2 Sam 5:6-
Micah 7:8; John 8:12. 10,17-25; 8:1-14; 10:17-19.
18:30 Deut 32:4; Zeph 3:5. God knows how 18:43-45 Other references from history
to deal with every individual and with the 2 Sam 8:2,6,11,12,14; 10:19; 1 Chron
world as a whole. He never makes a mis- 18:1-13.
take, never acts unjustly, never fails to do 18:46-50 David would never think of at-
what he should do. Sinful men, not under- tributing to himself the success and victo-
standing this, blame Him for all sorts of ries he gained. From first to last it was all
things which happen on earth. See note on of God. So shall it be with us if we get the
47:2. On His Word see Ps 12:6; Prov 30:5. victory over the world, the flesh, and the
18:31 The LORD (Jehovah), the God of devil (Rom 8:37; 2 Cor 1:21; 2:14; 3:5).
Israel, the Creator of the universe is the 18:50 Here David remembers the covenant
one true God, and there is no other Isa God made with him about this (89:3,4; 1 Chron
671 PSALMS 19:11
19
and its circuit to the other ends of it,
and there is nothing hidden from its heat.
7 The law of the LORD is perfect,
To the chief musician, a Psalm of David converting the soul.
The testimony of the LORD is sure,
1 The heavens declare the glory of God; making wise the simple.
and the expanse shows his handiwork. 8 The statutes of the LORD are right,
2 Day by day they pour forth speech, giving joy to the heart.
and night by night show forth knowledge. The commandment of the LORD is pure,
3 There is no speech or language where enlightening the eyes.
their voice is not heard. 9 The fear of the LORD is clean,
4 Their boundary line has gone out through enduring forever.
all the earth, The judgments of the LORD are
and their words to the end of the world. altogether true and righteous.
In them he has set a tent for the sun, 10 They are more desirable than gold, yes,
5 Which is like a bridegroom coming out of than much fine gold.
his chamber, They are sweeter also than honey and the
and like a strong man rejoicing to run a race. honeycomb.
6 Its rising is from one end of heaven, 11 Moreover by them your servant is warned,
17:7-14). He expresses his confidence that proper object of worship.
God would keep this covenant. This verse finds 19:7 Law the Hebrew word also means
its perfect fulfillment in Davids descendant, instruction, teaching. The teaching or
Jesus Christ the Lord (Matt 1:1; Rom 1:3). In the law God has given in His Word also re-
fact, thinking of spiritual warfare and victory veals His glory. David is doubtless referring
the enlightened believer can see Christ all to the books of Moses, which made up
through this psalm. Christ is much in the nearly all the written Word of God then avail-
psalms as He is everywhere in the Old able. Believers now have the rest of the
Testament (see Luke 24:25-27,44). Bible, a much fuller revelation of Gods wis-
19:1 This psalm speaks of two witnesses dom, love, power, and glory. The revela-
for God creation (vs 1-6), and the teach- tion God has given is perfect there is no
ing God has revealed (vs 7-11). It closes flaw of any kind in it (12:6; 18:30; Matt
with the desire to be free from sin and to be 5:17,18). It has wonderful power to change
pleasing to the Creator. the human heart (119:25,107; John 15:3;
Expanse see Gen 1:6-8. Jam 1:21; 1 Pet 1:23). We may be sure
19:2 Creation testifies to Gods being and glory. that what God has revealed is trustworthy
Compare Rom 1:19,20. Christ Himself pointed Ps 93:5; 111:7. A simple person who
to nature as teaching Gods wisdom, glory, and knows, believes, and loves the Word of God
care Matt 6:26-30; 10:29. So it is in vain will be far wiser than those highly educated
for any philosopher or scientist to deny it. and intelligent persons who do not do so
Those who do so only show their own spiritual (111:10; 119:99; Prov 1:7). This is be-
blindness or prejudice. cause the Word of God will teach him the
19:3,4 The heavens, the sun, moon, and stars fear of the Lord.
do not speak words, but their silent testimony 19:8 Two more results of the Word of God
is universal and very powerful. It reaches ev- received joy (119:111; Jer 15:16; John
ery nation, tribe, and village on earth. These 17:13; 1 Thess 1:6; 1 John 1:4), and
created objects are saying, There is a Cre- light (119:105,130; Prov 6:23; 2 Cor
ator, a God of infinite power and glory. This 4:4; 2 Pet 1:19).
testimony goes everywhere, including places 19:9 Notes on fear of the Lord at 34:11-
where no human preacher has ever gone. 14; 111:10; Job 28:28; Prov 1:7; Gen
Line translations of the Hebrew into 20:11. The fear of the Lord has a perma-
Greek (the Septuagint), Latin, and Syriac nent effect for good in a persons life. One
have voice here (perhaps indicating that of the glories of Gods teachings in the Bible
in those far-off days the Hebrew word also is that they are altogether holy, just, and
conveyed that meaning). Whether we keep good (Rom 7:12).
line or opt for voice the teaching seems 19:10 If men would go after the wonderful
to be the same namely, there is no place truths of the Word of God as they pursue
that the testimony of the heavens does not wealth how blessed they would be and how
reach. different the whole world would be!
19:4-6 The sun is singled out as the brightest (119:72,127; Prov 8:10,11,19). The Word
object in the sky that declares the glory of of God is very sweet to the spiritual man
God. Men at different times and places have (119:103; Prov 24:13,14). If it is not so
worshiped the sun as God. The writers of with us it is because we are still carnal and
the Bible, inspired by Gods Spirit, knew bet- sin is powerful in us.
ter. The sun is simply an object made by 19:11 As long as we are in this world we will
God (Gen 1:1,16), and points to God as the continue to need warnings from God
PSALMS 19:12 672
and in keeping them there is great reward. The name of the God of Jacob defend you;
12 Who can discern his errors? 2 Send you help from the sanctuary,
Cleanse me from secret faults. and strengthen you out of Zion,
13 Keep back your servant also from 3 Remember all your offerings,
presumptuous sins. and accept your burnt sacrifice. Selah
Let them not have dominion over me. 4 May he grant you according to the desire
Then I will be blameless, and I will be of your heart, and fulfil all your purpose.
innocent from great transgression. 5 We will rejoice in your salvation,
14 May the words of my mouth, and in the name of our God we will set
and the meditation of my heart, up our banners.
be acceptable in your sight, O LORD, May the LORD fulfil all your petitions.
my strength and my redeemer. 6 Now I know that the LORD saves his anointed.
He will hear him from his holy heaven
20
with the saving strength of his right hand.
7 Some trust in chariots, and some in horses;
but we will remember the name of the
To the chief musician, a Psalm of David LORD our God.
8 They are brought down and fallen,
1 The LORD hear you in the day of trouble. but we have risen and stand upright.
(2 Chron 19:10; Ezek 3:18-21; Acts 20:31; Name indicates character and attributes, all
1 Cor 4:14; Col 1:28; 1 Thess 5:14; Heb that God is. In a world like this of fallen
11:7). On reward see 17:4; 25:10; men and unseen evil spirits protection is
119:9; Josh 1:7,8; Isa 66:2; John 17:17; one of the principal needs of believers, and
Jam 1:21; 1 Pet 2:2. Spiritual prosperity and protection is to be had no place except in
success, safety, Gods loving favor, purity of the God of Jacob.
life, Gods esteem, increasing sanctification, God of Jacob see note at 146:5.
spiritual growth these are some of the 20:2 Sanctuary then God dwelt among
rewards of obedience to Gods Word. His people in the sanctuary of the earthly
Besides there will be the eternal rewards to temple in Jerusalem. Now He dwells in the
be enjoyed in heaven (Rev 22:12). living temple, the true church Eph 2:21,22.
19:12 See 90:8; 139:23,24; Lev 4:1,2 In either case God is always Immanuel
(note). No doubt we all may commit acts which the God who is near.
in our eyes may not be errors or sins but will 20:3 There are still offerings and sacrifices
be such in the eyes of God (Jer 17:9,10). Gods people want Him to keep in mind
19:13 See note at Num 15:30,31. Willful or Rom 12:1,2; Heb 13:15,16.
presumptuous sins are extremely dangerous. 20:4 Desire of your heart 21:2; 37:4.
Any sin will try to get the upper hand and rule This assumes that the hearts desire is in
over us. See Gen 4:7; John 8:34. But believ- accordance with Gods will. If our desires
ers now have the promise of Rom 6:14. are contrary to His will it would actually harm
Great transgression sins of lesser seri- us if He were to give us what we desire.
ousness, if they gain the mastery over us, may Purpose Prov 16:3. If our plans are
lead on to more serious sins. Cain did not the same as His plans for us (as they should
master his anger and so later killed his brother. and can be), they will succeed. If they are
David did not master his lust and so became not His plans, they should not succeed
guilty of adultery and murder (2 Samuel chap- (though sometimes they may actually seem
ter 11). Judas did not master his love of money to succeed).
and ended up as Christs betrayer, and a sui- 20:5 Banners compare Ex 17:15. Only
cide. There are many other examples both in Jehovah-Nissi could give the kind of victory
the Bible and out of it. needed then or now Rom 8:37; 1 Cor
19:14 Words 39:1-3; Matt 12:36; Jam 15:57; 2 Cor 2:14.
3:1,2. The writers of the Bible, inspired by the Petitions 1 John 5:14,15.
Holy Spirit, knew the great importance of words. 20:6 Here is a shift from the plural to the
Heart they also knew the great singular pronoun. Perhaps a priest or Levite
importance of inner thoughts and ideas (Prov or the chief musician was to sing these
4:23; etc). On meditation see 1:2; words. It would be no mistake to believe
104:34; 119:99,148; Josh 1:8; 1 Tim that the anointed here refers to the Lord
4:15. Note on Redeemer at 78:35. Jesus Christ. The king of Israel was a type,
20:1 It seems that this psalm was written a picture of Him who was born king of the
as a prayer for the king facing a battle. It Jews (Matt 1:1; 2:2-6).
was for the chief musician that is, to be 20:7-9 Again the plural pronoun is used as
sung publicly. The first five verses express the people express their confidence and joy
the desire of the people for the kings in God.
welfare. But they are fitting words to 20:7 See 33:16-18; 1 Sam 17:45; Deut
express the needs of every child of God. 20:2-4.
Name . . . defend you see Prov 18:10. 20:8 What a person trusts in will determine
673 PSALMS 22:1
9 Save, LORD! May the king hear us when he will not be shaken.
we call. 8 Your hand will find all your enemies;
your right hand shall find those who hate you.
21
9 You will make them like a fiery furnace
in the time of your anger.
The LORD will swallow them up in his wrath,
To the chief musician, a psalm of David and the fire will devour them.
10 You will destroy their fruit from the earth,
1 The king will have joy in your strength, and their seed from among
O LORD, and in your salvation how the children of men.
greatly he will rejoice! 11 For they intended evil against you.
2 You have given him his hearts desire, They devised a wicked plot,
and have not withheld the request which they are not able to carry out.
of his lips. Selah 12 Therefore you will make them turn their back,
3 For you met him with the blessings of when you make your arrows ready on
goodness. your string, aimed at their faces.
You set a crown of pure gold on his head. 13 Be exalted, O LORD, in your own strength!
4 He asked life from you, and you gave it We will sing and praise your power.
to him, length of days forever and ever.
5 His glory is great in your salvation.
You have placed on him honour and majesty. 22
6 For you have made him most blessed forever. To the chief musician on Ayeleth shahar,
You have made him exceedingly glad a Psalm of David
with your presence.
7 For the king trusts in the LORD, 1 My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?
and through the mercy of the Most High Why are you so far from helping me,
in large measure the experiences and re- 12:2; Rev 3:21; 5:12; 19:16.
sults for good or evil in his life (32:10; 34:8; 21:6 Whatever eternal blessings we may
Prov 11:28; 28:26; Isa 31:1-3; 42:17; eventually experience they have all been
47:10,11; Jer 7:4,8,14,15; 13:24,25; gained for us by the Lord Jesus. 16:11
17:5,7; Ezek 33:13; Hos 10:13; Acts 16:31). also speaks of the joy of Gods presence.
20:9 Here is a recognition that Jehovah is 21:7 Faith is the hand that receives Gods gifts
the true, the eternal king. and the victory that overcomes the world Mark
Hear us people who pray in spirit and in 10:52; Luke 7:50; Acts 3:16; 15:9; 26:18;
truth want answers to their prayers. They are Rom 3:22,25; 4:16; 5:1,2; Eph 2:8; 3:17;
not content to pray merely for the sake of form. Heb 6:12; 11:6,33; Jam 1:5-7; 1 John 5:4.
21:1 Like the preceding psalm this one too 21:8 Heb 10:31. It is a fearful and terrible
was meant for singing in public worship. It thing to be an enemy of the Lord Jesus
is a song of joy and praise because of Christ.
answered prayer. David speaks of himself 21:9 See 2:12; 2 Thess 1:6-8; Rev 14:10;
in the third person because a choir or 19:11-16. Note at Num 25:3.
congregation would be singing these words. 21:10 See 37:28. When Christ returns He
The psalm refers to David, but remember will purge the earth of all who practice evil.
to look for Christ in the Psalms. Here Jesus 21:11 Note at 2:2,4-6.
the King surely appears, victorious, joyful, 21:12 See 7:12,13; 45:5.
glorified, crowned, living forever. 21:13 So let us sing our thanks to the Lord
21:3 This may refer to events in 2 Samuel Jesus, the incarnation of Jehovah, for the
(see 2 Sam 2:4; 5:3; 12:30). In a pro- victories He has accomplished for us by His
phetic sense it refers to the Lord Jesus might (Eph 5:19,20; Col 3:16,17).
crowned with glory and honor (Heb 2:9). 22 Title: Ayeleth shahar probably indicated
21:4 Eternal life is not a common theme of the tune to be used when singing this song.
the Old Testament as it is of the New. But the It means Doe of the Morning.
beginning of the revelation of this truth was 22:1 Like Psalm 16 this is a very wonderful
there (16:11; 23:6; 61:6; 133:3; etc.). and profound psalm. Here we have a
This verse doubtless finds its most perfect ful- prophetic picture of the Lord Jesus Christ
fillment in the Lord Jesus (Heb 5:7; Rev 1:18). on the cross (vs 1-21), and after His resur-
21:5 By Gods grace David became a very rection (vs 22-31). There are quotations
powerful and honored king. But much from, or references to, this psalm in Matt
greater than his victories were those of King 27:39,43,46, John 19:23,24 and Heb 2:12.
Jesus over Satan, sin, death, and the gates Christs crucifixion is described in v 16, His
of hell. And His glory and honor are far thirst in v 15 (John 19:28). The whole psalm
greater John 17:1,5; Acts 2:32-36; may have been in the thoughts of the Lord
3:13; Eph 1:20-23; Phil 2:9-11; Heb Jesus when He hung on the cross.
PSALMS 22:2 674
and from the words of my groaning? the womb.
2 O my God, I cry out in the daytime, You caused me to hope when I was on my
but you do not hear; mothers breasts.
and in the night season, and am not silent. 10 I was cast on you from birth.
3 But you are holy, you who inhabit You are my God from my mothers womb.
the praises of Israel. 11 Be not far from me, for trouble is near;
4 Our fathers trusted in you; for there is no one to help.
they trusted, and you delivered them. 12 Many bulls have surrounded me.
5 They cried out to you, and were delivered. Strong bulls of Bashan have encircled me.
They trusted in you, and were not put to shame. 13 They opened wide their mouths at me,
6 But I am a worm, and no man; like a ravenous and roaring lion.
a reproach of men, 14 I am poured out like water,
and despised by the people. and all my bones are out of joint.
7 All those who see me laugh me to scorn. My heart is like wax; it is melted in
They shoot out the lip; the midst of my bowels.
they shake the head, saying , 15 My strength is dried up like a broken piece of
8 He trusted in the LORD that he would pottery, and my tongue cleaves to my jaws.
deliver him! And you have brought me to the dust of death.
Let him deliver him, since he delights in him! 16 For dogs have surrounded me;
9 But you are the one who took me out of the assembly of the wicked have encircled me.
David here is speaking as a prophet by gives evidence of the truth of these words.
the Spirit of God. There is no event in his 22:6 Here the Lord Jesus in complete
history that corresponds to the experience self-abasement says He is less than those
described in this psalm, though some of the forefathers whose prayers God heard, less than
language would have been suitable to any man. The great I am declares I am a
describe various trials he went through. worm someone to be crushed under foot by
Forsaken me being forsaken by God scornful men. Hardly anything is weaker,
(Matt 27:46) was the most terrible of the uglier, less regarded by men than a worm. See
sufferings the Lord Jesus endured for us how men regarded Him Isa 53:3; Mark
far worse than the crown of thorns, the nails, 10:33,34. Did not Jesus say He was a worm
or the scorn and hatred of men. Being for- because He was a substitute for sinners and
saken by God is like hell itself 2 Thess identified Himself with the least, worst, and
1:8,9. Of course, before He faced this expe- weakest of all? because He was in the sinners
rience the Lord Jesus knew it would be a ter- place enduring Gods wrath against sin?
rible thing to be a substitute for sinners, to because He was made sin for us (2 Cor 5:21)?
bear the sins of the whole world Isa 53:5,6; 22:7 Matt 27:39; Mark 15:29; Luke 23:35.
John 1:29; 2 Cor 5:21. But He could not have 22:8 Matt 27:43,44.
known in advance this utter spiritual desola- 22:9,10 In a special way God looked after
tion. It had to be experienced to be known. the birth of His Son into the world. From His
And when it was experienced it could only earliest memories as a human being on
call forth groans and the word why from a earth the Lord Jesus was conscious of His
heart wounded and sorrowful beyond endur- trust in God as His Father.
ance. Remember this it is we who deserved 22:11 Now in His time of supreme danger
to be there suffering, not He (1 Pet 3:18). He calls on the God He has always trusted
22:2 Jesus once said that God the Father in. For He is utterly alone wrestling with all
always heard Him, and it was surely true (John the forces of evil and darkness.
11:41,42). On the cross Jesus cried to Him 22:12-18 Here Christs experiences on the
and the Father remained silent and withdrawn cross, His very thoughts are given to us.
for the first time. For Jesus was enduring the His enemies surrounding Him seemed like
punishment that sinners deserve. Still the fat, raging bulls (v 12), roaring lions (v 13),
suffering Saviour calls the Father my God. and fierce wild dogs (v 16). He is in the
There is no break in His love and loyalty, no hands of brutal torturers who have no com-
drawing back from the Fathers will. passion whatever for Him.
22:3 He did not accuse God of injustice. He 22:14 This indicates a feeling of complete
held to the immovable rock of the truth inner sickness and weakness, and outer
about God God can commit no wrong, agony. His body was suspended from the
either in what He does, or in what He per- nails in His hands, the muscles and
mits. And God is enthroned, still in charge ligaments stretched more and more, the
of events even in that blackest of hours. bones slipping from their sockets.
Praises of Israel this verse could be 22:15 Dried up John 19:28. You means
translated Yet you are holy, enthroned on God the Father. The Lord Jesus is conscious
the praises of Israel, or Yet you are all the while that this is Gods appointment
enthroned as the Holy One; you are the for Him (John 18:11). On dust see 90:3;
praises of Israel. See note at 14:7. Gen 3:19.
22:4,5 The whole history of the nation Israel 22:16 He was pierced at the crucifixion, iron
675 PSALMS 22:29
They pierced my hands and my feet. nor has he hidden his face from him;
17 I can count all my bones; but when he cried out to him, he listened.
they look and stare at me. 25 My praise will be of you in the great
18 They divide my garments among them, congregation.
and cast lots for my clothing. I will pay my vows before those who fear him.
19 But you, O LORD, be not far from me. 26 The meek will eat and be satisfied.
O my strength, come quickly to help me. Those who seek the LORD will praise him;
20 Deliver my soul from the sword, your heart will live forever.
my precious life from the power of the dog.
27 All the ends of the earth will
21 Save me from the lions mouth; for you have
remember and turn to the LORD,
heard me from the horns of the wild oxen.
and all the families of the nations
22 I will declare your name to my brethren. will worship before you.
In the midst of the congregation I will 28 For the kingdom is the LORDs,
praise you. and he is the ruler over the nations.
23 You who fear the LORD, praise him! 29 All those who are prosperous on earth
All you offspring of Jacob, glorify him! will eat and worship;
And fear him, all you offspring of Israel! all those who go down to the dust will
24 For he has not despised nor abhorred the bow before him,
afflictions of the afflicted one, and no one can keep his own soul alive.
spikes being driven through His hands and the glory of God. Here He commands us to
feet into the wood of the cross. glorify God. He never tells us to do what He
22:17,18 John 19:23,24. Jesus was would not do Himself. He Himself was the
publicly stripped and became a spectacle to perfect example of all that He taught.
the hostile crowd. Stripping indicates utter 22:24 A great cause for praising and glori-
defeat and humiliation. In ancient times fying God! God, far from despising the
conquerors sometimes stripped their sufferings of His Son, accepted them as the
defeated enemies and led them away punishment due to the sins of believers and
naked in chains. So it seemed at the cross then released Him from them. The hiding
that Christs enemies had completely of Gods face was only temporary. He heard
triumphed over Him. Jesus when He cried out of the depths.
22:19 God the Father was the strength of 22:25 The Lord Jesus, though not present
Christ John 5:19,30. bodily in a congregation on earth, is present
22:20 Sword Zech 13:7; Matt 26:31. through His Spirit in the meetings of be-
On this prayer for deliverance see Heb 5:7. lievers (Matt 18:20). His praise mingles with
22:21 Lion compare 1 Pet 5:6. theirs and rise to the throne of God. In the
Wild oxen stretched on the cross it great congregation in heaven (Heb 12:22-
was as though He were impaled on the horns 24) His praises will be heard. What vows
of a wild buffalo. did Christ make? The new covenant God
22:22 With this verse there is a sudden made with men is full of promises of good
change. He knows His prayers have been things. Jesus is the meditator of this cov-
answered. He has fought the good fight of enant. Also He was a servant of God to
faith and won. (For assurance of faith see confirm the promises made to the fathers
also 6:9; 28:6; 31:22.) He immediately (Rom 15:8). As the Son of God and Sav-
thinks of those for whom He is dying and iour of men all such promises are His prom-
calls them brothers. Believers would hardly ises and He will infallibly fulfill them.
dare to call the Lord from heaven their 22:26 Eat and be satisfied Jesus is the
brother, but He calls them so. This verse is bread from heaven. Only the meek and
quoted in Heb 2:12. It indicates His con- humble will come to Him and find satisfac-
fidence that God would raise Him from the tion (the proud will not find satisfaction in
dead. In fact the remainder of this psalm anything). Jesus has opened up a new and
speaks of events that took place only after living way into Gods presence Heb
the Lord Jesus was raised from the dead. 10:19,20. All that truly seek God through
Name signifies character and attributes. Christ will end by praising God and living
On declare see John 17:26. forever.
22:23 The fear of God is a very important 22:27 This is the result of the work accom-
theme in the Bible, a very necessary atti- plished by the Lord Jesus on the cross
tude for men (notes at 34:11-14; Gen 2:8; 86:9; Matt 28:19; Rev 7:9,10.
20:11; Prov 1:7). Jesus Himself was heard 22:28 See 47:2,7,8; Matt 28:18. What
because He feared God (Heb 5:7). Here He God has determined to do He has the power
commands this reverence to others. In the and authority to do, and He will do it.
individual, and in the congregation it is the 22:29 In the Lord Jesus there is food enough
most basic and essential thing if the praise for all, and even the rich and powerful may
of God is to be heartfelt and genuine. Jesus partake if they humble themselves.
lived His whole life and died on the cross for Eventually every knee will bow to Him Isa
PSALMS 22:30 676
30 A posterity will serve him; 2 He makes me lie down in green pastures.
it will be counted to the Lord as a generation. He leads me beside the still waters.
31 They will come and declare his righteousness to 3 He restores my soul.
a people who will be born, that he has He leads me in the paths of
done this. righteousness for his names sake.
4 Yes, though I walk through the valley of
23
the shadow of death,
I will fear no evil; for you are with me.
Your rod and your staff, they comfort me.
A Psalm of David 5 You prepare a table before me in the
presence of my enemies.
1 The LORD is my shepherd; You anoint my head with oil.
I will not be in want. My cup runs over.
45:22-24; 49:7; Phil 2:10. tempted to faint. At such times the Shep-
22:30 We who believe and serve Him now herd draws near and restores and refreshes
are proof of the truth of this prophecy. And the soul. He leads only in the paths of righ-
His worship and praise shall never end. teousness, never in crooked ways, never in
22:31 The great themes of Gods people the broad way of deception, ungodliness,
throughout all generations will be Gods and sin. If you have gone in a bad way, a
righteousness, His way of making men way that involved you in lies, or breaking
righteous, and the finished work of Christ the law, or in unjust behavior, do not boast
on the cross. In this psalm we see that that the good Shepherd has led you there.
Christ was forsaken by God that believers This He will never do. His name and the
might never be forsaken. He was laid in the glory of His Father are bound up with His
dust of death that we might be raised from sheep. He will always lead them in ways of
the dust and never die. He was in the lions truth and justice and honesty.
mouth that we might be eternally delivered. 23:4 Times of darkness, gloomy trials, and
But if we reject Him then a forsaken condi- finally death will come to Christs sheep. Evil
tion, death, and the lions mouth will be our will sometimes surround them. But their
eternal portion. Shepherd is the all-powerful Creator. He is
23:1 Here the LORD (Jehovah) is said to be by their side. Why should they fear? (Luke
the shepherd of His people. In John 10:11 12:4-7; John 14:1; Rom 8:15; 2 Tim
the Lord Jesus is the good shepherd. This 1:7; Heb 2:14,15; Heb 13:6; 1 John 4:18;
is evidence that Jesus is the incarnation of Rev 2:10). Fear not, little flock! The com-
Jehovah. See also 24:7-10; 96:10-13; fort of Christs sheep is His authority over
Isa 6:1; Zech 12:10; Gen 16:7; Ex 3:14. them, His sovereign care signified by His
Note at Luke 2:11. David views himself as rod and staff. The staff was a long stick or
a sheep. All of Christs believers are His pole bent and curved at the end. The shep-
sheep, His purchased and personal posses- herd used it both to draw sheep near and to
sion. They are sheep, not by nature, but guide them. The staff could be placed along
because of the work of God in their hearts the side of the sheep and pressure exerted
(Eph 2:3-10). They hear Christs voice, trust to indicate the direction they should go.
in Him, and follow Him (John 10:25-27). The rod was a shorter stick often with a
His people should not doubt that the carved knob at the end. It could be used for
good shepherd will provide. He may not give three different purposes. It was a defensive
us all we desire, but if we follow Him and weapon which could be used against animals
trust Him He will give us all what we need dangerous to the sheep. It was a tool to
(37:25; Matt 6:25-33; Phil 4:19). This discipline the sheep. And it was used to
means all we need for both physical and examine the condition of the sheep by
spiritual life. David here is expressing his lifting up the wool that covered them, so that
confidence in his Shepherd and his content- which was underneath could be inspected.
ment in what the Shepherd gives both All of these things Christ the good Shepherd
qualities we should all try to maintain in our does for believers. With His rod and staff
hearts Heb 13:5,6. If we really know Him (the Word of God and His Spirit and any other
can we doubt that He will take care of us, or means He uses in our lives) He exercises
that what He gives or withholds is given or authority over us (Matt 28:18), draws us near
withheld in perfect wisdom and love? to Himself in fellowship (1 John 1:3), guides
23:2 Compare Matt 11:28-30 and John 10:4. us (John 10:4), defends us against all
Wherever He brings His sheep there will be enemies (Ps 5:12; 32:7; John 10:28),
the green pastures of His word and fellow- examines us to see if we are in a healthy
ship, and the calm deep waters of the Holy spiritual condition (Ps 7:9; 1 Chron 28:9;
Spirit. This knowledge too brings content- Jer 20:12; Rev 2:23), and disciplines us that
ment, rest and freedom from all that can we might enter this condition (Heb 12:5-11).
frighten and frustrate, trouble and harass us. Can their be any greater comfort than this
23:3 As long as believers are in this world to poor, weak, and foolish sheep?
they will have times of weariness and trial. 23:5 Sheep have many enemies wild beasts
They will be sometimes cast down and that prey on anything as helpless as they are.
677 PSALMS 24:10
6 Surely goodness and mercy will follow me a vain thing, or sworn deceitfully.
all the days of my life, 5 He will receive blessing from the LORD,
and I will dwell in the house of the and righteousness from the God of
LORD forever. his salvation.
6 This is the generation of those who seek
24 him; who seek your face,
O God of Jacob.
Selah
A Psalm of David
7 Lift up your heads, O you gates,
and be lifted up, you everlasting doors,
1 The earth is the LORDs, and its fulness;
and the King of glory will come in.
the world, and those who live in it.
8 Who is this King of glory?
2 For he has founded it on the seas,
The LORD strong and mighty,
and established it on the waters.
the LORD mighty in battle.
3 Who may ascend onto the hill of the LORD? 9 Lift up your heads, O you gates.
Or who may stand in his holy place? Lift them up, you everlasting doors,
4 He who has clean hands, and a pure heart, and the King of glory will come in.
who has not lifted up his soul to 10 Who is this King of glory?
The case of believers is no different. If no religion if our lives are full of impurity,
one opposes us, if we have no enemies, we dishonesty, lying, and deceit. See also
may well wonder if we are following the Shep- Psalm 15. There is a fountain where such
herd and standing up for justice and integrity. things can be washed away. The blood of
The world that hated Christ will not love His Christ can cleanse us from all guilt and sin,
sheep (John 15:18,19). And Satan and his and Gods Spirit can set us free (Zech 13:1;
hordes will hate them with a fierce hatred. But 1 John 1:7-9).
even while Satan rages and our enemies 24:5 The believer cleansed from sin does
surround us the good Shepherd prepares a not attribute this to himself. He knows God
feast of good things for us. Like the humble, his Saviour has done it. Salvation, righteous-
serving shepherd He is (John 13:3-5; Luke ness, and every blessing is a free gift from
12:37) He serves table for us and anoints our God above Eph 2:8,9.
heads with the precious oil of the Holy Spirit (1 24:6 The righteous have sought God and
John 2:20). Thus we will have enough, and will go on seeking and finding, and at last
more than enough, of everything. Table here will ascend to His presence to be with Him
also suggests the Lords Table where we meet forever. The meaning of this verse may be
with Him and with each other to remember the clearer if Jacob is placed earlier in the
love He showed in giving Himself for us that sentence This is Jacob, the generation
we might feast on Him and live forever (John of those who seek Him, who seek Your
6:35; 1 Cor 11:23-26). face.
23:6 With such a Shepherd, believers now, 24:7-10 Many think David wrote this psalm
like David, can enjoy full assurance of faith for the time described in 2 Samuel chapter
(Rom 5:9,10; 8:37-39; Phil 1:6; 2 Tim 6. He calls out in joy for Jerusalems gates
4:18; 1 Pet 1:5). Our Shepherd goes before to open for the unseen presence of
us, goodness and mercy follow us. What Jehovah the King coming with the ark of His
companions we have for lifes pilgrimage! covenant. But the words surely have a
If we belong to His flock we will be safe in prophetic meaning. They fit perfectly the
His keeping forever (John 10:28). time of the ascension into the heavenly
24:1,2 The LORD Jehovah is the creator of Jerusalem of the Lord Jesus the King (Luke
the universe, therefore all things are His and 24:50,51; Acts 1:9; Eph 4:8-10). Ob-
every human being belongs to Him. What- serve in v 8 and v 10 that the king of glory
ever we use in this world is not our property is none other than the LORD (Jehovah)
but Gods. Whatever we do to another Himself. In the New Testament Jesus is the
human being we do to Gods possession. King of glory, the King of Kings and Lord of
On the basis of creation alone we belong to Lords (Matt 21:5; Luke 19:38; 1 Tim 6:15;
the Creator. If we give ourselves to Rev 19:11-16). In other words, Jesus is
anything else the world, sin, Satans power the incarnation of Jehovah. See also 23:1;
we are denying Gods ownership of us. 96:10-13; Isa 6:1; Zech 12:10; Gen
24:3,4 Though the above is true, the fact is 16:7; Ex 3:14. Note at Luke 2:11.
that man has given himself to sin and It is interesting to notice the connection
Satan, and so not everyone is going to between psalms 21, 22, 23, 24. In 21 we
ascend joyfully into the presence of God. have the King, in 22 the suffering Saviour,
He will not accept us into His holy heaven if in 23 the good Shepherd, in 24 the King in
our hands and hearts are filthy, if we prac- triumph entering His city again the city He
tice deceit, or go after vain things. (In the left to come to earth that He might be the
Old Testament a vain thing frequently means Saviour and Shepherd of His people.
an idol.) It is useless to boast of our 24:10 LORD of hosts note at 1 Sam 1:3.
PSALMS 25:1 678
The LORD of hosts, According to your mercy remember me for
he is the King of glory. your goodness sake, O LORD.
Selah 8 Good and upright is the LORD;
therefore he will teach sinners in the way.
25
9 The meek he will guide in judgment,
and the meek he will teach his way.
10 All the paths of the LORD are mercy and
A Psalm of David truth to those who keep his covenant
and his testimonies.
1 To you, O LORD, I lift up my soul.
2 O my God, I trust in you. 11 For your names sake, O LORD,
Do not let me be ashamed; pardon my sin; for it is great.
do not let my enemies triumph over me. 12 Who is the man who fears the LORD?
3 Yes, let no one who waits on you be ashamed. Him he will teach in the way that he
Let them be ashamed who transgress chooses.
without cause. 13 His soul will dwell in prosperity,
and his offspring will inherit the earth.
4 Show me your ways, O LORD; 14 The secret of the LORD is with those who
teach me your paths. fear him, and he will show them his
5 Lead me in your truth, and teach me; covenant.
for you are the God of my salvation. 15 My eyes are ever toward the LORD,
On you I wait all the day. for he will pluck my feet out of the net.
6 Remember, O LORD, your tender mercies 16 Turn to me, and have mercy on me,
and your acts of loving kindness; for I am desolate and afflicted.
for they are from ancient times. 17 The troubles of my heart have grown large.
7 Remember not the sins of my youth, Oh, bring me out of my distresses.
or my transgressions. 18 Look at my affliction and my pain,
25:1 In this psalm we see several features 25:8 If God did not condescend to teach
of Davids character which made him a man sinners not one of us would ever learn the
after Gods own heart. These are prayerful- truth. But God is kind to His enemies and
ness (vs 1,16-22), trust (v 2), desire to know wants to make them His friends.
Gods ways (vs 4,5), hope (vs 5,15,21), 25:9 See 32:9; Deut 8:3; Matt 11:29;
confession of sin and dependence on Gods Jam 1:21. Those whom God would teach
mercy alone (vs 6,7,11,18), desire to give He first humbles, for the proud can hardly
others the truth (vs 8-10,12-14). learn spiritual truth.
25:2,3 See 34:5; 37:19; 119:5,6,80; 25:10 See 103:17,18; Ex 34:5-7.
Isa 41:11; 42:17; 44:9-11; 25:11 It is to the glory of Gods name to
45:16,17,24; 49:23; Rom 5:5; 10:11. pardon the sins of His people who repent
25:4 A prayer every human being should and seek Him. Forgiveness is one of the
make to the Creator of the universe. sweetest words in the language.
What a difference it would make in this 25:12 Notes on fear of the Lord at Gen
confused and sinful world! Any such 20:11; Ps 34:11-14; Prov 1:7.
sincere prayer God will certainly hear. He 25:13 These were blessings promised
loves to teach men His ways if they are under the old covenant. Note at 1:1-3.
willing to learn them 32:8; 71:17; 25:14 Spiritual truth can be understood only
94:10,12; Isa 2:3; 54:13; Matt 5:2; by those who have right attitudes toward God
Mark 6:34; John 6:45; 14:26. We see (Gen 18:17-19; Prov 3:22; Matt 11:25;
in this psalm the people God teaches Luke 14:25-35; 24:45; John 7:17; 1 Cor
believers (v 5), sinners (v 8), the humble 2:11-14).
(v 9), those who fear the Lord (v 12). If 25:15 See 16:8; 123:2; 141:8.
we do not want God to teach us, it will be 25:16 Sometimes the believer is alone in
no surprise if we remain in ignorance and his stand for God 1 Kings 18:22;
darkness about spiritual truth. 19:10,14-18; 2 Tim 4:16,17.
25:5 Especially should believers pray for Desolate the Hebrew word means
Gods guidance and teaching 27:11; alone.
86:11; 119:12,26,33,64,66,108; Ex 25:17 Troubles of the heart are the most
33:13. What wonderful things a person will troublesome of all and inward struggles the
learn who has God for his teacher! Every- most grievous of all (13:2; 73:26; Job
one who is taught of God will come to the 3:20-26; 7:11; 10:1; Prov 14:10; John
Lord Jesus Christ and believe in Him 14:1).
everyone. See John 6:45. 25:18 Evidently David thought that his sins
25:7 Verse 11. Note at 18:23. David knows might be the source of his present difficul-
that it is only because of Gods mercy, love, ties. On forgiveness see 103:3; 130:4;
and goodness that he has hope. Luke 24:46,47; Acts 13:38; 1 John 1:9.
679 PSALMS 27:3
and forgive all my sins. thanksgiving, and tell of all your
19 Consider my enemies, for they are many, wondrous works.
and they hate me with cruel hatred. 8 LORD, I have loved the habitation of your
20 Oh, keep my soul, and deliver me! house, and the place where your
Let me not be ashamed, for I put my honour dwells.
trust in you. 9 Do not gather my soul with sinners,
21 Let integrity and uprightness preserve me, or my life with bloodthirsty men,
for I wait on you. 10 In whose hands is an evil scheme,
22 Redeem Israel, O God, out of all his troubles. and whose right hand is full of bribes.
11 But as for me, I will walk in my integrity.
26
Redeem me, and be merciful to me.
12 My foot stands in a level place.
In the congregations I will praise the LORD.
A Psalm of David
1 Act as my judge, O LORD, for I have
walked in my integrity;
27
I have also trusted in the LORD. A Psalm of David
Therefore I shall not slip.
2 Examine me, O LORD, and prove me. 1 The LORD is my light and my salvation;
Test my mind and my heart. whom shall I fear?
3 For your loving kindness is before my eyes, The LORD is the strength of my life;
and I have walked in your truth. of whom shall I be afraid?
4 I have not sat with worthless persons, 2 When the wicked, my enemies and my foes,
nor do I go with hypocrites. came against me to eat up my flesh,
5 I have hated the congregation of evildoers, they stumbled and fell.
and will not sit with the wicked. 3 Though an army encamp against me,
6 I will wash my hands in innocence; my heart will not fear.
so I will go around your altar, O LORD, Though war rise against me,
7 That I may proclaim with the voice of in this I will be confident.
25:19 See 3:1; 23:5. 26:8 See 27:4; Acts 2:46; 5:42; Heb 11:25.
25:21 Here are two perfect guards for our 26:10 Bribes he means bribes to pervert
life, when our hope is in God alone. justice. This is everywhere condemned in the
25:22 On God as Redeemer see note at Bible as a wicked thing (15:5; Ex 23:8; Deut
78:35. 10:17; 16:19; Prov 15:27; 17:23; Isa
26:1 In this psalm David insists on his 5:22,23). But see note at Amos 5:12.
integrity and innocence. He had the 26:11 David was determined to continue in
testimony of a good conscience. In psalm the path of integrity. So must we be. And
25 he thrice mentions his sins he knew that any such life can be based
(vs 7,11,18). He was not self-righteous, only on Gods merciful activity.
but he knew that his heart was right with 26:12 Level place means the solid, even
God, that he was innocent of his enemies foundations of truth and righteousness.
accusations (note at 17:3). His integrity 27:1 It was a time of danger and slander
is revealed in his trust in God (v 1), in his (v 12). David needed light so as to know
prayer to be tested (v 2), in keeping what to do, and protection from enemies.
himself from deceitful and evil men (v He never dreamed he could make a light
4,5), in his strong desire to worship God for himself out of the kindling of his own
(vs 6-8), and in his prayer for mercy (vs imagination, or ever thought his salvation
9-11). The root of integrity is a true de- was in his own strength or goodness. He
sire to please God more than ones self always acknowledged God as the source of
(v 3). Surely this is a requirement for everything good. On light see 18:28. On
everyone who calls himself a Christian. fear see 23:4.
In this, as in everything good, Christ Him- 27:2,3 Rom 8:37; Eph 6:10,11. Believers
self is the believers example (John 8:29; now should have the same confidence in
Rom 15:3). God against spiritual foes as David had
26:2 See 7:9; 17:3; 139:23. against human foes.
26:3 See 16:8. 27:4-6 David was frequently away from Gods
26:4,5 See 1:1; 2 Cor 6:14-16; 1 Cor 13:33. place of worship, in battle, in hiding from
26:6 This is a metaphor taken probably from enemies, in other lands. He longed for the
Ex 30:18-21. house of God, quiet meditation and
26:7 See 9:1; 50:14; 69:30; 95:2; worship in a place of peace and safety, the
100:4; Phil 4:6; Col 2:7. music and gladness of the tabernacle.
PSALMS 27:4 680
4 One thing I have asked from the LORD; of the LORD in the land of the living.
I will seek for this: that I may dwell in the house 14 Wait on the LORD. Be courageous,
of the LORD all the days of my life, and he will strengthen your heart.
to see the beauty of the LORD, Wait, I say, on the LORD.
and to inquire in his temple.
28
5 For in the time of trouble he will hide
me in his pavilion;
he will hide me in the secret place of
his tabernacle; A Psalm of David
he will set me high on a rock.
6 And now my head will be lifted up above 1 To you I will cry out, O LORD my rock;
my enemies around me. do not be silent to me.
Therefore I will offer sacrifices of For if you are silent to me,
joy in his tabernacle. I will become like those who go down
I will sing, yes, I will sing praises to the LORD. into the pit.
7 Hear, O LORD, when I cry out with my voice, 2 Hear the voice of my supplications,
and have mercy on me, and answer me. when I cry out to you, when I lift up
8 When you said, Seek my face, my hands toward your holy sanctuary.
my heart said to you, 3 Do not drag me away with the wicked,
Your face, LORD, I will seek. and with those who do evil,
9 Do not hide your face from me, who speak peacefully to their
do not turn your servant away in anger. neighbours, but who have
You have been my help. wickedness in their hearts.
Do not leave me or forsake me, 4 Give to them according to their deeds,
O God of my salvation. and according to the wickedness of
10 When my father and my mother forsake me, their actions;
then the Lord will receive me. give to them according to the work of
11 Teach me your way, O LORD, and lead me their hands.
in a straight path, because of my enemies. Pay them back what they deserve.
12 Do not hand me over to the will of my 5 Because they show no regard for the works
enemies; for false witnesses have of the LORD,
risen up against me, or for what his hands have done,
and those who breathe out violence. he will destroy them, and not build them up.
13 I would have fainted, unless I had 6 Blessed be the LORD, because he has heard
believed that I would see the goodness the voice of my supplications.
27:4 The Hebrew word translated beauty 27:11 See 25:5. Straight the Hebrew
also means pleasantness, delightfulness. does not mean plain (KJV) in the sense
See also 90:17. There was no form of God of clear, but level or straight.
in His place of worship, no idol, no image 27:12-14 What should a believer do when
that men might think beautiful. David is he is the object of lies and slander? Pray
speaking of the spiritual beauty that can be (v 12), trust God (v 13), and hope in God
seen only with the eyes of faith. for the future (v 14). If we do not we will be
27:5 If God keeps us, hides us in His shel- anxious and troubled.
ter, and sets us on the rock (Himself Deut 28:1,2 Rock Deut 32:4. David wanted
32:4), then we are safe indeed, and will have results from his prayers. He could not be
cause for shouts of joy and happy singing satisfied unless he got an answer from God.
to His name. He will consider himself like a dead man
27:8 The importance of seeking Gods face unless he has living contact with God. We
is everywhere emphasized in the Bible should have the same earnestness in our
(105:4; Isa 45:19; 55:6,7; Hos 10:12; praying. Dead, formal, cold prayers are
Amos 5:6; Zeph 2:3; Matt 7:7; Heb useless.
11:6). God tells us to seek Him because 28:3 Did David think this was possible? He
He wants to reveal Himself to those who was well aware of his sinful nature, and the
seek, and He wants them to know that He power of it. Compare Ps 51:3-5,11.
is the source of all good. 28:4 See the note at 35:8.
27:9 See 13:1. 28:5 David wants the wicked punished, not
27:10 See 68:5; Isa 49:15; Hos 14:3. because they had injured him, but because
The LORD will take on the job of both father of their attitude toward God. When he called
and mother to believers who are forsaken on God to judge his enemies it was not out
of their earthly ones. And He will love and of a spirit of personal vengeance.
care for them as no human could ever do. 28:6 See 6:8-10.
681 PSALMS 30:1
7 The LORD is my strength and my shield. 5 The voice of the LORD breaks the cedars;
My heart trusted in him, and I am helped. yes, the LORD breaks the cedars of Lebanon.
Therefore my heart greatly rejoices, 6 He also makes them skip like a calf,
and I will praise him with my song. Lebanon and Sirion like a young wild ox.
8 The LORD is their strength, and he is 7 The voice of the LORD divides the flames
the saving stronghold of his anointed. of fire.
9 Save your people, 8 The voice of the LORD shakes the wilderness,
and bless your inheritance, the LORD shakes the wilderness of Kadesh.
and shepherd them, 9 The voice of the LORD causes the deer to
and carry them forever. give birth,
and strips the forests bare.
29 And in his temple everyone speaks of his glory.
10 The LORD sits enthroned over the flood;
yes, the LORD sits as King forever.
A Psalm of David
11 The LORD will give strength to his people.
1 Ascribe to the LORD, O you mighty ones, The LORD will bless his people with peace.
ascribe to the LORD glory and strength.
2 Ascribe to the LORD the glory due to his name.
Worship the LORD in the beauty of holiness. 30
3 The voice of the LORD is over the waters; A Psalm, a song for the dedication
the God of glory thunders; of the house of David
the LORD is over many waters.
4 The voice of the LORD is powerful. 1 I will extol you, O LORD, for you have
The voice of the LORD is full of majesty. lifted me up, and have not let
28:7 See 3:3; 5:12; 18:35; 32:7,10; 29:3 Here the thunder is Gods voice (18:13;
33:20; Gen 15:1; Job 1:10. Nothing can Job 37:2-5).
come from outside to Gods chosen people 29:4-9 The results of Gods mighty
that God does not permit. He shields them thunderings and lightning.
from all that is not His will for them. He Him- 29:6 Sirion another name for Mount
self is their protection against Satan and evil Hermon.
men. What a joy this is to the trusting heart. 29:9 Those engaged in worship in the
28:8 See 18:1; 21:1; 68:28; 84:5; Ex temple do not fear the storm; they exult
15:2; Isa 12:2; 40:31; 1 Chron 16:11. David at the display of Gods power and glory.
was anointed king over Israel, but we can see Causes the deer to give birth or
here also Davids Son, the Lord Jesus, the twists the oaks. The Hebrew words for
anointed one. All that happened to Christ was deer and oaks are similar. The word
in the will of God (John 18:11; Acts 2:22,23). translated causes. . .to give birth comes
28:9 Gods people are His inheritance Deut from a Hebrew word meaning to writhe or
4:20; 9:26,29; Eph 1:18. twist in pain, such as someone giving birth
Shepherd 23:1; 80:1; Deut 1:31; would do. See note on Hebrew at Ps 14:6,7.
Isa 40:11; 63:9; John 10:11; Heb 13:20. 29:10 The present storm brings to Davids
29:1 We have in this psalm a description of a mind the tremendous storms of the flood
powerful thunder storm sweeping into north- (Gen 7:4,11,12). Jehovah was king then;
ern Israel from the Mediterranean Sea and on He is the king over all storms, and over
to the desert regions of Kadesh. David by everything else, forever (note at 47:2).
divine inspiration calls on Gods people to recog- 29:11 Peace in the storm, peace in any
nize Gods activity in the storm. Storms dis- kind of upheaval this is Gods will for His
play something of Gods glory and strength. people. Peace is Gods gift Num 6:26;
According to Gods revelation of Himself in the John 14:27; 16:33. It comes to those
Bible, He Himself is in charge of such events who recognize Gods kingship over every-
104:4,7,13,32; 133:6,7; 148:8; Job thing v 10; Phil 4:6,7.
38:22,23; Habakkuk chapter 3. 30 Title: the Hebrew word here translated
29:2 The power and glory revealed in house may also mean palace or temple. The
creation belong to the LORD (Jehovah God) temple was not built until after Davids death.
alone, not to any other so-called god It is possible that David wrote this psalm in
(1 Chron 16:26). But the most splendid thing advance for its dedication, but it seems more
about Him is His holy character. Therefore likely that he wrote it for the dedication of his
the wicked cannot truly worship God Prov own palace. Whether we construct a church for
15:8; Isa 1:12-17; Jer 6:19,20; Amos Gods worship, or a mansion or a cottage or a
5:21-24; Micah 6:6-8. Believers have no hut for ourselves, it is a good thing to dedicate
innate holiness. Christ is their holy beauty it to God and cause Him feel at home there as
and beauty of holiness Rom 13:14; 1 Cor long as we use it.
1:30; Eph 4:22-24; Col 3:9-11. 30:1-3 This is a song of gratitude for
PSALMS 30:2 682
31
my foes rejoice over me.
2 O LORD my God, I cried out to you,
and you healed me.
3 O LORD, you brought my soul up from the grave. To the chief musician, a Psalm of David
You have kept me alive, so that I would
not go down to the pit. 1 In you, O LORD, I put my trust;
4 Sing to the LORD, you saints of his, let me never be ashamed.
give thanks at the remembrance of his holiness. Deliver me in your righteousness.
5 For his anger remains but a moment; 2 Bow down your ear toward me.
in his favour is life. Deliver me quickly.
Weeping may endure for a night, Be my rock of refuge, a fortress of
but joy comes in the morning. defense to save me.
6 And in my prosperity I said, 3 For you are my rock and my fortress;
I will never be shaken. therefore, for your names sake,
7 LORD, by your favour you have made lead me and guide me.
my mountain to stand strong, 4 Pull me out of the net that they have
but when you hid your face I was troubled. secretly laid for me;
8 I cried out to you, O LORD, for you are my strength.
and made supplication to the LORD. 5 Into your hands I commit my spirit.
9 What profit is there in my blood, You have redeemed me,
in my going down to the pit? O LORD God of truth.
Will the dust praise you? 6 I have hated those who have regard for
Will it declare your truth? lying vanities,
10 Hear, O LORD, and have mercy on me! and I trust in the LORD.
LORD, be my helper! 7 I will be glad and rejoice in your mercy,
11 You have turned my mourning for you have considered my trouble;
into dancing for me. you have known my soul in adversities,
You have removed my sackcloth, 8 And have not delivered me into the hand
and clothed me with gladness, of the enemy.
12 So that my glory may sing praise to you, You have set my feet in a spacious place.
and not be silent. 9 Have mercy on me, O LORD, for I am in
O LORD my God, I will give thanks trouble;
to you forever. my eye is consumed with grief,
healing when David had been sick to the 61:1-3; Jer 31:3; John 16:20,22,24).
point of death. When we are sick we should Thanks 7:17; Lev 7:12,13; etc.
seek healing from God as well as from 31:1 Ashamed 25:2,3. Righteousness
medicine and doctors, and think of Him 7:6-9.
before we think of them (6:2; 103:3; Deut 31:2 Rock Deut 32:4.
32:39; 2 Chron 16:12; Matt 9:35; Jam 31:3 Names sake 23:4.
5:16). One of Gods names is Jehovah 31:4 Traps will be set for believers. Even if
Ropheka the LORD who heals you men dont, Satan will.
(Ex 15:26). 31:5 The first part of this verse was quoted
Grave (v 3) Sheol note at Gen by the Lord Jesus as He died on the cross
37:35. (Luke 23:46), also by many believers since
30:4,5 It is a great reason for singing and then as they faced death. We may be sure
praising that God deals so gently with that God will carefully keep and guard what
believers when they have provoked Him to we have committed to Him (2 Tim 1:12;
anger (103:8-10; Isa 54:7). 1 Pet 4:19). It is the height of wisdom to
30:6,7 Self-confidence will result in a fall put our spirit, our life, our eternity in Gods
(1 Cor 10:12; 2 Pet 3:17). Our health, hands. What God redeems is His special
our peace, our prosperity are all based on property. He knows how to look after it.
Gods goodness, not ours. So should we be God of truth is one of Gods precious
willing to behave badly? Not at all. We names. He is absolutely true to His Word.
should be resolved to behave well, by His It is impossible for Him to lie Titus 1:3.
grace and power, out of gratitude, if for no And He hates all lying and deception 5:6;
other reason. (See also Rom 6:1,2.) 15:2; Prov 6:16-19.
30:8-10 Note at 6:5. Dust Gen 3:19. 31:6 Deut 32:21; Jer 2:5; 10:14,15;
30:11,12 What a change God can make in 14:22; 16:19; 18:15; 1 Cor 8:4.
our lives! Those who sincerely call on Him 31:7 Ex 2:25; Rev 2:9.
as David did will also have experiences 31:9-13 David is in great grief, trouble, and
similar to these that he had (4:1,7; Isa danger. His language is similar to some
683 PSALMS 32:2
yes, my soul and my body. contemptuously against the righteous.
10 For my life wastes away with grief, 19 Oh, how great is your goodness which you
and my years with sighing. have stored up for those who fear you,
My strength fails because of my sin, which you have prepared for those who
and my bones are consumed. trust in you before the sons of men!
11 I am an object of reproach among all my 20 You will hide them in the secret place of
enemies, your presence from the pride of man.
but especially among my neighbours, You will keep them secretly in a
and a dread to my acquaintances. pavilion from the strife of tongues.
Those who see me outside run away 21 Blessed be the LORD, for he has shown me
from me. his marvellous kindness in a strong city.
12 I am forgotten like a dead man, out of mind. 22 For I said in my haste, I am cut off from
I am like a broken vessel. before your eyes.
13 For I have heard the slander of many. Nevertheless you heard the voice of my
Fear was on every side. supplications when I cried out to you.
When they took counsel together against me, 23 Oh, love the LORD, all you who are his saints!
they plotted to take away my life. For the LORD preserves the faithful,
14 But I have trusted in you, O LORD. but fully pays back the proud.
I have said, You are my God. 24 Be courageous, and he will strengthen
15 My times are in your hands. your heart,
Deliver me from the hands of my enemies, all you who hope in the LORD.
and from those who persecute me.
16 Make your face shine on your servant.
Save me for your mercies sake. 32
17 Let me not be ashamed, O LORD, A Psalm of David, a maskil
for I have called to you.
Let the wicked be ashamed, and let them 1 Blessed is the one whose transgression
be silent in the grave. is forgiven, whose sin is covered.
18 Let lying lips be put to silence. 2 Blessed is the man to whom the LORD does
They speak bold things proudly and not impute iniquity,
words of Job and Jeremiah (Job 3:24; greatest command of the law (Deut 6:5).
19:13,14; 30:15; Jer 6:25). He acknowl- It is also the highest privilege of man.
edges that his guilt or sin was at least partly 31:24 No matter what the difficulties, God is
the cause of his miserable condition v 10. still in control and believers can safely rest
Sin is the great troubler of mankind in on the foundation of His sure promise.
general and a great misery to all believers. Being shaken by threats, slanders, and
31:14 Davids faith remained firm no dangers, giving in to depression, fear, and
trouble, no slander, no opposition could weakness must have no place in the
diminish it. He was not of the sort who leave believers life (Josh 1:8,9; 1 Cor 15:58).
off belief in God when strange and difficult 32 Title: Maskil probably was a literary or
and painful circumstances occur. God is no musical term.
less the God of believers when they are 32:1,2 Three Hebrew words are used here
experiencing trouble. to fully describe wrong doing. Trans-
31:15 He is willing to leave to God the gression means breaking the law of God.
ordering of his life. He recognizes that the Sin indicates missing the mark or going
good times, the bad times, the prosperous astray. Iniquity means the badness of a
times, the miserable times are all in the deed in itself, or the guilt that deserves pun-
hands of an all-wise, loving, sovereign God. ishment. In the Hebrew Bible the same three
He who waits for Gods time for things will words are in Ex 34:7. Also David uses three
not be disappointed. words to describe the way God dealt with
31:16 Num 6:25. confessed sin in the Old Testament.
31:17 See 25:2,3. Grave Sheol Forgiven this comes from the Hebrew
note at Gen 37:35. word to lift or take away from. On
31:18 See 7:6-9; 35:8. David had learned forgiveness see 86:5; Isa 55:7; Jer 50:20;
from God Himself to hate lying lips. Micah 7:18,19; Matt 6:12; 9:6; 12:31; etc.
31:19-22 Once again faith and prayer have Covered see notes at Ex 29:33; Lev
won the victory and brought comfort and joy 1:2.
to a sorrowing heart. Does not impute God refuses to bring
31:19 1 Cor 2:9,10; Eph 2:7. the guilt into the believers record. This is won-
31:23 A person who loves God wants others derful news to a sinner who repents and turns
to love Him too. Here David sets forth the to the Lord for mercy. The apostle Paul in
PSALMS 32:3 684
and in whose spirit there is no guile. way you should go.
3 When I kept silent, my bones grew old I will guide you with my eye.
through my roaring all the day long. 9 Do not be like the horse or like the mule,
4 For day and night your hand was heavy on me. which have no understanding,
My moisture was turned into the drought whose mouth must be controlled with bit
of summer. Selah and bridle, or they will not come near you.
5 I acknowledged my sin to you, 10 Many sorrows shall be to the wicked,
and I did not hide my guilt. but mercy will surround the one who
I said, I will confess my trusts in the LORD.
transgressions to the LORD; 11 Be glad in the LORD, and rejoice,
and you forgave the guilt of my sin. you righteous;
Selah
and shout for joy, all you who are
6 For this reason everyone who is godly upright in heart.
will pray to you in a time when
you may be found.
Surely the floods of great waters will 33
not come near him. 1 Rejoice in the LORD, O you righteous;
7 You are my hiding place. for praise is fitting for the upright.
You will preserve me from trouble. 2 Praise the LORD with a harp.
You will surround me with songs of Sing to him with the lyre,
deliverance. an instrument of ten strings.
Selah 3 Sing to him a new song.
8 I will instruct you and teach you in the Play skillfully with a shout of joy.
Romans chapter 4 refers to these two verses 32:8,9 It is unclear who the speaker is in
to show that the Old Testament is in agree- these verses. Is God speaking to David?
ment with the New Testament teaching about Or is David speaking to the readers and
justification (Rom 4:6-8). hearers of the psalm instructing them as
Guile this is a very important word he says he will do in 51:13? In either case
here. To obtain forgiveness confession must the advice is the same. If we want to learn
be genuine. Blessed is the person who faces how to walk in Gods ways we must renounce
himself and his sin honestly, calls it by its all stubbornness and be humble and
right name, and sincerely confesses to God obedient toward the Word of God. The mule
what he has done wrong. Many there are is famous for its stubbornness. The self-
who deceive themselves and never come to confident and disobedient are compared to
a proper knowledge of who and what they horses in Jer 8:6.
are (Jer 17:9; 2 Thess 2:10; Heb 3:13; 32:10 Everywhere in the Bible we see that
1 John 1:8). eventually the wicked will have to pay for
32:3,4 Silent unconfessed sin in a be- his wickedness 1:4-6; 16:4; 34:21; 68:2;
liever is a source of much misery, for God 119:155; Prov 3:33; 5:22; 10:24; 11:5;
will lay His chastening hand on such a 13:21; 16:4; Isa 3:11; 13:11; 57:20,21;
person. Compare psalms 6 and 38. This Jer 23:19; Mal 4:3; Matt 25:46; Rom 2:8,9;
psalm (32) was written probably after Gal 6:8; 2 Thess 1:6; Rev 14:9-11; 21:8.
Davids confession of his sin with Bathsheba Observe in this verse the contrast between
(2 Samuel chapters 11 and 12). After that the prospects of the wicked and righteous.
sin many months passed before he See also 5:12; 16:11; 23:6; Isa 35:10;
confessed it 2 Sam 11:1-5,27. Eph 2:7. Does God regard any of you read-
32:5 2 Sam 12:13,14. Sincere confession ing this as wicked? If so, take warning.
of sin results in forgiveness. God loves to 32:11 No one on earth has more cause for
be merciful and gracious to the sincere and rejoicing than the justified person, the true
repentant person (Prov 28:13; Isa 55:7; in heart (64:10; 68:3; 97:12; Phil 2:18;
Micah 7:18; 1 John 1:9). 3:1; 4:4). Repentance, confession, for-
32:6 Isa 55:6. God will not wait forever for giveness, and victory over deceit in the heart
the guilty to confess their sin and seek take the gloom away and make true joy a
forgiveness (Gen 6:3). possibility even in a dark, sorrowful, sinful
Floods David is thinking of a flood of world.
judgment against sin. Believers have sought 33:1-3 Praise 7:17; 8:2; 9:1; 16:7;
and found God and will be safe at such a 18:3; 42:5; 100:4; 150:6; Gen 24:27;
time because they are forgiven and the Lord Ex 15:2; Lev 19:24; Deut 8:10; 32:3;
will not hold their sins against them. 1 Chron 16:4,9,25; Isa 12:1; Matt 5:16;
32:7 Confession and forgiveness of sin bring 11:25; Luke 1:68; Rom 15:7,11; 2 Cor
restful confidence and deliverance. He who 1:3; Eph 1:3,6,12,14; Rev 5:12,13; 19:5.
does not hide his sin can find a hiding place God does not command us to praise Him
for himself in God. because He is hungry for praise. He is not
685 PSALMS 33:22
4 For the word of the LORD is right, his own inheritance.
and all his works are done in truth. 13 The LORD looks from heaven;
5 He loves righteousness and justice. he sees all the sons of men.
The earth is full of the goodness of the LORD. 14 From his dwelling place he looks on all
6 By the word of the LORD the heavens were the inhabitants of the earth.
made, 15 He forms their hearts together;
and all the host of them by the breath he considers all their deeds.
of his mouth. 16 No king is saved by the multitude of an army;
7 He gathers the waters of the sea together a mighty man is not delivered by much
as a heap. strength.
He lays up the depth in storehouses. 17 A horse is a vain thing for safety;
8 Let all the earth fear the LORD. and it cannot deliver anyone by its
Let all the inhabitants of the world great strength.
stand in awe of him. 18 See, the eye of the LORD is on those who
9 For he spoke and it was done; fear him, on those who hope in his mercy,
he commanded, and it stood firm. 19 To deliver their soul from death,
10 The LORD brings the counsel of the and to keep them alive in famine.
nations to nothing. 20 Our soul waits for the LORD.
He makes the plans of the people of no effect. He is our help and our shield.
11 The counsel of the LORD stands forever, 21 For our heart will rejoice in him,
the thoughts of his heart to all generations. because we have trusted in his holy name.
12 Blessed is the nation whose God is the LORD, 22 Let your mercy, O LORD, be on us,
and the people whom he has chosen as just as we hope in you.
like men who long to have everyone speak nature. Those who know God best and who
well of them. When God commands us to are the humblest and most enlightened will
praise Him He is actually telling us to find praise Him most.
our joy and delight in Him and express it. 33:4-7 Here are further reasons why the
Praise is admiration expressed in words. righteous should praise God His word and
Men praise what they think is good or faithfulness, His righteousness and justice,
beautiful or strong or meaningful. They His grace, His power exercised in marvel-
express their delight in what they consider ous and beautiful works. Another reason is
a worthy object. The highest good and beauty seen in vs 10,11 His ability to accomplish
and strength and meaningfulness are found all His purposes and plans.
in God. Therefore among all things and 33:6 There is more truth in this one verse
persons and beings in the universe He is concerning the origin of the universe than
the most worthy of praise. He wants us to in all the speculations of scientists and
recognize this, not for His sake, but for ours. philosophers combined. See 148:5; Gen
He wants us to be the kind of people who 1:1; Isa 40:25,26; John 1:1,2; Heb 11:3.
know and praise that which is most worthy 33:8-11 The unsaved cannot properly praise
of praise. To praise God means to see His God but they should learn to fear Him. He
worthiness, His excellence. It means we find is the mighty Creator. He overthrows the
our delight in the best and highest. plans of earthlings and fulfills His eternal
It is fitting and right that we should do plan (2:4-6; Prov 19:21; Isa 8:10; 14:24;
this (v 1). Men praise all kinds of objects 19:3; Acts 2:23; Rom 11:33-36).
and persons not worthy of their praise. Is it 33:12-19 To accomplish His plans and
not fitting for those who know God to praise purposes in the earth God chose the nation
Him who is worthy of it? The wicked, the Israel and watches all peoples everywhere. He
discontented, the selfish, the unbelieving, knows all that is going on, and nothing will
the morally and spiritually blind cannot, will take Him by surprise. Armies march, horses
not, praise God in spirit and in truth. The rush to battle, warriors test their strength, but
humble, the righteous, the enlightened God alone determines the outcome. God will
person can and will. Wicked people glory in arrange all things for His glory and the good of
their shame, and praise earthly things and the righteous (2 Chron 16:9; Rom 8:28).
delight in them (Phil 3:19). Righteous 33:19 Observe the sort of people God keeps
people glory in God and in Christ their in time of famine. See also 37:19.
Saviour (1 Cor 1:31; 2 Cor 10:17; Gal 33:20-22 This is the only proper attitude of
6:14; 1 Tim 1:17). heart, the only way to peace of mind in a
Lack of thanksgiving and praise to God raging, rebellious, ruined world. Our soul
is blameworthy. It shows a defect in char- waits, we have trusted, we hope (hope
acter and outlook, and God wants His people here does not imply uncertainty but confi-
to be free of it. Giving thanks, singing, and dent expectation). And this attitude brings
praising God are fitting for them and should safety and joy.
come naturally to them. These things are 34 Title: This psalm was written concerning
ways in which they can show their renewed one of Davids darkest hours. It is described
PSALMS 34:1 686
34
Blessed is the man who trusts in him.
9 Oh, fear the LORD, you saints of his;
for there is no lack to those who fear him.
A Psalm of David, when he changed his 10 The young lions are in want and suffer hunger;
behaviour in the presence of Abimelech,
who drove him away, and he departed.
but those who seek the LORD will not
lack anything good.
1 I will praise the LORD at all times. 11 Come, you children, listen to me.
His praise will continually be in my mouth. I will teach you the fear of the LORD.
2 My soul will make its boast in the LORD. 12 What man is there who desires life,
The humble will hear of this and be glad. and loves to have many days,
3 O glorify the LORD with me, and let us so that he may see good?
exalt his name together. 13 Keep your tongue from evil, and your lips
4 I sought the LORD, and he heard me and from speaking deceit.
delivered me from all my fears. 14 Depart from evil and do good.
5 They looked to him and became radiant, Seek peace, and pursue it.
and their faces were not ashamed. 15 The eyes of the LORD are on the righteous,
6 This poor man cried out, and his ears are open to their cry.
and the LORD heard him , 16 The face of the LORD is against
and saved him out of all his troubles. those who do evil,
7 The angel of the LORD encamps around to cut off the remembrance of them
those who fear him and delivers them. from the earth.
8 Oh, taste and see that the LORD is good! 17 The righteous cry out, and the LORD hears
in 1 Sam 21:10-15. Abimelech seems to the Lord at 86:11; 111:10; Gen 20:11;
have been a title of successive kings of the Job 28:28; Prov 1:7. What is this fear of
Philistines, as Pharaoh was of the Egyptian the Lord which is so very important? It is to
kings (Gen 20:2; 26:1). have a reverential awe and respect for Him
34:1-3 David learned to praise God even in and His Word, to recognize His majesty,
difficulties and dangers. He found God greatness and authority and to fear of-
sufficient for all times, a sure help in every fending Him. These verses give us several
circumstance. Many there are who boast in things that are involved in it.
themselves. David was determined to boast Fearing God means to guard the tongue.
in the Lord alone. Lies and deceit are of the devil, and the
34:4 Here is the reason for Davids praise. person who truly fears God will refrain from
Also vs 6,17,19. God hears prayer. He this most dangerous of sins, this sin which
listens to the cries of His people and in His God hates with all His holy being (5:6; Prov
time and way He delivers them. 6:16-19). Malicious gossip, evil speaking,
34:5 Their shining is the reflected light of filthy or bad or blasphemous language
God who is light. these too must never have a place in the
34:7 Note on angels at Gen 16:7. The Lord mouths of Gods people (Eph 4:29; 5:4;
Jesus Himself does what is described here. Col 3:8,9; Jam 3:9-12).
34:8 Experience alone can teach us certain Fearing God means turning from evil
things. We learn more of the sweetness of (v 14; Prov 3:7; 8:13). But this alone is
honey by tasting it than by reading any num- not sufficient. Some peoples religion is
ber of books about it. So with the goodness merely negative I dont do this evil, I
of God. We may read endless books of abstain from that wrong. We must also do
theology and devotion, and constantly good (Isa 1:16,17). If we do not, we are
meditate on the Bible, but until we actually guilty of sins of omission, and these are
experience God ourselves we will not really just as blameworthy as sins of commission
understand His goodness. So David exhorts (1 Sam 12:23; Matt 25:41-46). If we have
us to taste, to try God, to experience Him. the fear of the Lord as we ought we will not
How can we do this? The answer is in this practice either kind of sin.
same verse by believing Him. Faith Fearing God also means to seek always
enables us to experience Gods goodness to be at peace with Him and with all men
(Matt 9:29; 21:22; Mark 11:24; Heb (v 14; Heb 12:14). Here are some other
11:6). references on the fear of God 25:14;
34:9 Compare Ps 31:23. These two verses 33:18,19; 85:9; 103:11,13,17; 115:13;
give us two great words of the spiritual life 128:1; Deut 5:29; 6:2,24; Prov 9:10;
love and fear (reverential awe). 14:27; 15:33; 16:6; 19:23; Isa 33:6.
34:10 The promise to supply all that is Verses 12-14 of this psalm are quoted in
needed is made to those who fear God and 1 Pet 3:10-12.
who seek Him. It is not enough to have 34:15-17 The righteous are those who trust
one of these without the other. But a great and fear God. God will act toward such people
promise is here for those who have both. entirely differently than He does toward the
34:11-14 See other notes on the fear of wicked (see 18:25,26).
687 PSALMS 35:8
and delivers them out of all their troubles. Fight against those who fight against me.
18 The LORD is near those who are of a 2 Take hold of shield and buckler,
broken heart, and stand up for my help.
and saves those who are crushed in spirit. 3 Draw out the spear also,
19 Many are the distresses of the righteous, and bar the way to those who
but the LORD delivers him out of them all. persecute me.
20 He protects all his bones; Say to my soul, I am your salvation.
not one of them is broken. 4 Let those who seek after my life be
21 Evil will slay the wicked, disgraced and put to shame.
and those who hate the righteous will Let those who plot to harm me be turned
be condemned. back and brought to confusion.
22 The LORD redeems the soul of his servants, 5 Let them be like chaff before the wind,
and none of those who trust in him will and let the angel of the LORD drive
be condemned. them away.
6 Let their way be dark and slippery,
and let the angel of the LORD pursue them.
35 7 For without cause they have hidden their
net for me in a pit which,
A Psalm of David without cause, they dug for my soul.
8 Let destruction come on him unexpectedly,
1 Plead my cause, O LORD, with those who and let his net, which he hid, catch him.
strive with me. Let him fall into that very destruction.
34:18 God delights to see this condition in There are such prayers in many psalms
men. This is not because He wants them to 5, 7, 9, 17, 28, 31, 35, 40, 54, 55, 56,
be unhappy, but because it opens the way 58, 59, 69, 74, 79, 83, 109, 129, 140.
for Him to make them happy forever (51:17; The reasons for such prayers are also given
Isa 57:15; 61:1; 66:2). here and there 7:6; 9:19,20; 28:4;
34:19 The Bible does not hold out false 59:13; 74:22; 83:16,18.
hopes of an easy, trouble-free life for Personal vengeance was not the main
believers. It insists again and again that concern of the writers of the psalms. They
they will suffer in this world (Mark 10:30; were concerned with justice. They often
John 16:33; Acts 14:22; 1 Thess 3:3; emphasized the truth that God takes holy
1 Tim 3:12; 1 Pet 2:21; 4:1). vengeance on the wicked enemies of His
34:20 This is a prophecy fulfilled at Christs servants, that God will see to it that men
death. See John 19:33-36. reap what they sow. These writers wanted
34:21 The evil that unbelievers do will turn God to rise in judgment to display His justice
to their destruction. Perfect justice will be which was being forgotten, and to make His
fulfilled. holy nature known. They wanted men to
34:22 Rom 8:1. fear Him, and seek Him, and know Him. They
35:1 This psalm has three clear divisions. wanted the poor and needy to be rescued
In each division there is a description of from the oppression of wicked men.
Davids enemies and then a statement that Remember these writers lived under the
when God answers him it will bring joy to his law of Moses. The essence of law is not
heart and praise to his lips. The divisions grace and mercy but perfect justice in ac-
are vs 1-10, 11-18, and 19-28. tion (see note at Ex 19:21-25; 21:23-25).
35:1-3 When God fights for the believer who Davids attitude is the same as that revealed
can stand against him? 56:9; 118:6; in Deut 27:15-26 which God Himself taught
1 Sam 17:47; 1 Chron 5:20; 2 Chron the nation Israel. This attitude is an intense
20:15; Rom 8:31. desire to see God vindicated and honored
Buckler a small shield. in the display of His just judgments. The
35:4 See 25:2,3. writers of the psalms simply prayed that God
35:5 Note on angels at Gen 16:7. would do what He said He would do.
35:6 See 73:18; Deut 32:35; Jer 23:12. Now we live in the age of Gods grace.
35:7 The persecution and hatred David Under the law God often emphasized
endured from his enemies were not because judgment on the wicked for their sins. In
he had done anything against them. This this age God is emphasizing the gospel of
fact reveals their wickedness and enmity His love for fallen men, His patience toward
toward God. sinners. The Son of God did not come to
35:8 Is it right for believers to pray for the destroy mens lives but to save them Luke
destruction of their enemies, for Gods judg- 19:10; 9:54-56; John 3:17. Believers
ment on them? It was right in the time when now are to be in tune with Gods purposes,
the Old Testament was written and when and so are told to pray for their enemies
those who so prayed were in tune with Gods good Matt 5:43,44; Luke 6:27,28; Rom
purposes and inspired by the Holy Spirit to 12:19,20; 1 Tim 2:1-4. For all we know
do so, as the writers of the Psalms were. enemies of the church may, like Saul of
PSALMS 35:9 688
9 And my soul will be joyful in the LORD; me, and said,
it will rejoice in his salvation. Aha! Aha! Our eyes have seen you.
10 All my bones will say, 22 You have seen this , O LORD.
LORD, who is like you who delivers the poor Do not keep silent.
from the one who is too strong for him; O Lord, do not be far from me.
yes, the poor and the needy from 23 Stir yourself up, and awake for my vindication,
the one who plunders him? for my cause, my God and my Lord.
11 False witnesses rise up. 24 Vindicate me, O LORD my God,
They question me about things that I in accordance with your righteousness,
do not know. and do not let them rejoice over me.
12 They repay me evil for good to bring loss 25 Do not let them say in their hearts,
to my soul. Ah, so we would have it!
13 But as for me, when they were sick, Do not let them say, We have swallowed
my clothing became sackcloth. him up!
I humbled my soul with fasting; 26 Let those who rejoice at my distress be
and my prayer returned into my own bosom. ashamed and altogether be brought
14 I went about as though he was my friend to confusion.
or brother. Let them be clothed with shame and
I bowed down sorrowfully, like one who dishonour who exalt themselves
mourns for his mother. against me.
15 But in my adversity they rejoiced, 27 Let those who favour my righteous cause
and gathered together. shout for joy and be glad.
Yes, attackers gathered together Yes, let them say continually,
against me, and I did not know it. May the LORD, who has pleasure in the
They tore me, and did not stop; prosperity of his servant, be exalted.
16 With ungodly mockers at feasts, 28 And my tongue will speak of your
they gnashed their teeth at me. righteousness and of your praise
17 Lord, how long will you look on? all the day long.
Rescue my soul from their attempts to
36
destroy, my precious life from the lions.
18 I will give you thanks in the great congregation.
I will praise you among many people.
19 Do not let those who are my enemies To the chief musician, a Psalm of David,
wrongfully rejoice over me, the servant of the LORD
or let those who hate me without cause
wink with the eye. 1 The transgression of the wicked says
20 For they do not speak peace, within my heart, that there is no
but devise deceitful matters against fear of God before his eyes.
those who are quiet in the land. 2 For he flatters himself in his own eyes,
21 Yes, they opened their mouth wide against until his wickedness is found to be hateful.
Tarsus, be converted to Christ and turned 35:19-26 It is unbearable that wrong should
into friends. In any case, believers are to triumph over right, that wicked men should
love their enemies and desire their salva- crush the righteous and escape.
tion. At the end of this age God will rise in 35:27,28 And it is a joyful thing in this fallen
judgment on the wicked. At that time all evil world when the right gets the upper hand
angels and all of Gods people will be in and the righteous are rescued and rewarded.
harmony with Gods decision Rev 6:9-11; 36:1 In this psalm we have a very striking
16:5-7; 19:1-4. See note at 109:1 also. contrast between the wickedness of men
35:9,10 This is a believers heart rejoicing (vs 1-4), and the grace of God (vs 5-10).
in the justice of the Lord which helps the Some people blame God for the darkness,
helpless against strong and evil men. the corruption, and the disasters which are
35:13-16 The character of Davids enemies is prevalent in the world. We see here where
clearly seen here as being worthy of Gods judg- the blame really rests. Wicked men are
ment. Apparently at first David had prayed for responsible for it all. Notes on the fear of
their good. But when their behavior continued God at 34:11-14; 111:10; Gen 20:11;
to be evil Gods Spirit in him inspired him to Prov 1:7.
pray for their punishment. See in v 13 one 36:2 This verse in Hebrew is obscure and
good purpose in fasting. On fasting see also translation is difficult. In any case, the
Isa 56:6,7; Joel 1:14; 2:12; Matt 6:16-18. meaning has to do with the deceitfulness of
35:18 Thanks 7:17; Lev 7:12,13; etc. sin and human nature (Jer 17:9; Heb 3:13).
689 PSALMS 37:6
3 The words of his mouth are wicked and me away.
deceitful. 12 There the evildoers have fallen.
He has ceased to be wise, and to do good. They are thrown down, and will not be
4 He devises wickedness on his bed. able to rise.
He sets himself in a way that is not good.
37
He does not abhor evil.
5 Your mercy, O LORD, is in the heavens,
and your faithfulness reaches to the clouds.
6 Your righteousness is like the great mountains. A Psalm of David
Your judgments are a great deep.
O LORD, you preserve man and beast. 1 Do not fret because of evildoers,
7 How excellent is your loving kindness, O God! or be envious of those who do wicked things.
Therefore the children of men put their 2 For they will soon be cut down like the
trust under the shadow of your wings. grass, and wither like the green plant.
8 They shall be abundantly satisfied with 3 Trust in the LORD, and do good;
the fulness of your house; so dwell in the land, and faithfully
you will be fed.
and you will cause them to drink from
4 Delight yourself in the LORD,
the river of your pleasures.
and he will give you the desires of
9 For with you is the fountain of life. your heart.
In your light we will see light. 5 Commit your way to the LORD and trust
10 Oh, continue your loving kindness to in him,
those who know you, and he will accomplish this.
and your righteousness to the upright in heart. 6 He will bring forth your righteousness
11 Let not the foot of pride come against me, like the light,
and let not the hand of the wicked drive and your just cause like the noonday.
36:5 The wicked plot evil, God plans good. ises to go with them (vs 4, 5, 6, 9, 11,
It is immense folly to blame God for the 19, 22, 24, 27, 28, 29, 33, 34, 37, 40).
evil of the wicked. His grace is as measure- The main object of this psalm is to en-
less as the heavens. courage believers to have a calm, restful,
Faithfulness 57:10; 85:10; 89:1,8, peaceful, trusting heart no matter how diffi-
14; Isa 11:5; Lam 3:23; Rom 3:3. cult the circumstances. It is summed up in
36:6 All that God does is in perfect justice. such sayings of the Lord Jesus as John 14:1
36:7 Who can put a price on Gods grace and 16:33. Many are troubled when the
and love? Compare Eph 1:6-8. wicked prosper. Others envy them. We must
Trust 2:12; 7:1. learn to resist both attitudes (73:2,3; Prov
36:8 All good things men enjoy are gifts of 3:31; 23:17; 24:1,19; Phil 4:6). Either
God (Jam 1:17). of them can bring poison into our hearts.
36:9 Here is one of the many great verses 37:2 Why should we fret about or envy those
of the Old Testament. Much of Johns who are ripening for destruction? (vs 10, 20,
Gospel and letters is a filling out of this verse 35, 36; 73:17-20; 90:5,6; 92:7; Jam 1:11).
(John 1:4,5; 3:16; 4:13,14; 5:21,26; 37:3 The remedy for both fretting and
7:37,38; 8:12; 1 John 1:1-6; 5:11,20). envying is trust in God and being occupied
Without spiritual life from God we are dead in good works for Him. The land means
people in a dead world. Without His light Israel. Gods people were to remain there
all we do is darkness, and we do not know and not leave it because of difficulties.
who or what we are or where we are going. 37:4 See 21:2; 145:19. Those who de-
See John 3:3-8,19; 12:35,36. light in the LORD (Jehovah) will receive the
36:10,11 A prayer to be kept continuously desires of their hearts because the desires
in Gods favor and protected from the wicked of their hearts will be in accordance with His
described in vs 1-4. will. They will want what He wants them to
36:12 David sees before the eyes of his have. Many there are who delight in the
understanding the complete overthrow of the things of the world and the flesh and then
wicked. He is as certain of Gods judgment murmur against God because He does not
on them as if it had already happened. answer their selfish or carnal prayers.
37:1 This psalm is another gem. David wrote 37:5 See 55:22; 16:3; 1 Pet 5:7. Our
it in old age (v 25). It is full of wonderful way and our life are too uncertain and our
spiritual counsel to those who are troubled burdens too difficult for us. For those who
by the prosperity and success of the wicked. trust Him God will do what they cannot do
But like all such counsel it is only of use if for themselves.
followed. The psalm has eight exhortations 37:6 There is rest of heart in this verse for
or instructions when considering the pros- believers who are the victims of slander and
perity of the wicked (vs 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, lies. God will look after their reputation and
27, 34), and at least a dozen great prom- they need not worry about it.
PSALMS 37:7 690
7 Rest in the LORD and wait patiently for him. 17 For the arms of the wicked will be broken,
Do not fret because of the one who but the LORD upholds the righteous.
prospers in his way, 18 The LORD knows the days of the upright,
because of the man who carries out and their inheritance will be forever.
wicked schemes. 19 They will not be put to shame in the evil time,
8 Cease from anger and forsake wrath. and in the days of famine
Do not at all fret and so do wrong. they will have plenty.
9 For evildoers will be cut off, 20 But the wicked will perish, and the
but those who wait for the LORD will enemies of the LORD will be like
inherit the earth. the splendour of the meadows.
10 For yet a little while, and the wicked They will vanish, vanish away into smoke.
will be no more. 21 The wicked borrows and does not repay;
Yes, you will look diligently for his but the righteous shows mercy, and gives.
place, and it will not be. 22 For those who are blessed by the LORD
11 But the meek will inherit the earth and delight will inherit the earth,
themselves in the abundance of peace. and those who are cursed by him will be cut off.
12 The wicked plots against the just and 23 The steps of a good man are established
gnashes at him with his teeth. by the LORD who delights in his way.
13 The Lord will laugh at him, 24 Though he falls, he will not be
for he sees that his day is coming. completely thrown down;
14 The wicked have drawn the sword and bent for the LORD upholds him with his hand.
their bow to bring down the poor and needy, 25 I have been young, and am now old,
and to kill those who are of upright conduct. yet I have not seen the righteous forsaken,
15 Their sword will enter their own heart, or his offspring begging bread.
and their bows will be broken. 26 He is always merciful and lends,
16 A little that a righteous man has is and his offspring are blessed.
better than the many riches of the wicked. 27 Depart from evil, and do good,
37:7,8 God will act on the believers behalf 1:3,4. Should they, then, envy those who
at just the right time, in just the right way. enjoy their riches for only a few passing years?
The believer should not let the prosperity 37:19 See 33:18,19; 1 Kings 17:4-6,9-16;
and success of the wicked trouble him. 18:2-4; Matt 6:33; 7:7,11.
Getting agitated will lead believers to com- 37:20 Splendour of the meadows the
mit sin and accomplish no good whatever. KJV has fat of lambs, but the Hebrew word
Fret the root meaning of the Hebrew they translated fat means splendour or
word in these verses (and in verse 1) is to beauty, not fat. The word they translated
burn or ignite, and then to get angry or lambs does mean that, but it also came
burn with anger or get hotly agitated. to mean the meadows or pastures where
37:9 The Hebrew word for both land and the the lambs fed.
earth are the same. David probably meant that 37:21 Deut 15:6; 28:12,44.
the righteous in Israel would inherit that land 37:22 Deut 27:11-26; 28:1-20 (see notes
(vs 11,22,29). But Jesus promised that the there).
meek would inherit the whole world (Matt 5:5). 37:23 See 16:11; 35:27; 40:2; 66:9;
37:12 Verses 14,32. The wicked hate the 119:5; 1 Sam 2:9; Isa 62:5; 65:19; Zeph
righteous simply because they are righteous. 3:17; Eph 2:10.
They need no other reason (John 15:19; 37:24 Prov 24:16. Those who are truly Gods
1 John 3:12). people may stumble and fail. We cannot
37:13 See 2:4. deny it. The Bible gives a great many ex-
37:14 If God and the laws of society did not amples of it Gen 12:10-13; 13:10,11;
restrain them, no doubt wicked people would 16:1,2; 26:6-10; 27:22-24; Ex 32:1-5;
try to kill all those who stood up for Num 20:8-12; Jud 16:1,4; 2 Sam 11:1-27;
righteousness and truth. 1 Kings 11:1-6; 2 Chron 16:10; 20:35;
37:15 7:14-16; 1 Sam 31:4; Esther 7:10. 26:4,5,16; Matt 26:69-75; Gal 2:11-13;
37:16 Far, far better to have only a little Jam 3:2. But because God will not let go of
and be honest than to have great abun- their hand, they will not utterly fall away and
dance and be crooked. Better to starve and be lost v 28; John 10:28,29.
be a person of integrity than to feast and 37:25,26 Sometimes some of the righteous
be wicked. Let us write this verse on the seem to be forsaken (e.g. Job, David,
tablets of our hearts. See also Prov 15:16; Jeremiah). But they really are not. And they
16:8; 1 Tim 6:6-8. and their children as a general rule do not
37:17 See 71:6; 145:14; Matt 6:33. need to beg for their food. Often they will
37:18 Believers have an eternal inheritance, have enough to lend to others.
wonderful riches that will never pass away 37:27 In true religion there is both a nega-
1 Cor 3:21-23; 2 Cor 4:17; Heb 9:15; 1 Pet tive and a positive aspect. Forsaking evil is
691 PSALMS 38:13
38
and dwell forever.
28 For the LORD loves justice and does not
forsake his saints.
They are preserved forever. A Psalm of David, to bring to remembrance
But the offspring of the wicked will be cut off.
29 The righteous will inherit the land, 1 O LORD, do not rebuke me in your wrath or
and live in it forever. discipline me in your hot displeasure.
30 The mouth of the righteous speaks wisdom 2 For your arrows pierce me,
and his tongue talks of justice. and your hand presses me down.
31 The law of his God is in his heart. 3 There is no soundness in my flesh because
None of his steps will slip. of your anger;
32 The wicked watches the righteous, nor is there any rest in my bones
and seeks to kill him. because of my sin.
33 The LORD will not leave the righteous in 4 For my sins have gone over my head;
his hands, or condemn him when he like a heavy burden they are too heavy for me.
is judged. 5 My wounds stink and are corrupt because
of my foolishness.
34 Wait for the LORD and keep his way, 6 I am troubled;
and he will exalt you to inherit the land. I am bowed down greatly;
When the wicked are cut off, you will see it. I go about mourning all day long.
35 I have seen the wicked in great power,and 7 For my loins are filled with a burning pain,
spreading himself like a native green tree. and there is no soundness in my flesh.
36 Yet he passed away, 8 I am feeble and utterly crushed.
and lo and behold, he was no more; I groan because of the roaring of my heart.
yes, I looked for him, but he could not be 9 Lord, all my desire is before you,
found. and my sighing is not hidden from you.
37 Consider the blameless man, and see the 10 My heart pants, my strength fails me.
upright; As for the light of my eyes,
for the future of that man is peace. it also has gone from me.
38 But the transgressors will be destroyed 11 My loved ones and my friends stand aloof
together; from my disease,
the future of the wicked will be cut off. and my kinsmen stand at a distance.
39 But the salvation of the righteous is 12 Also those who seek my life lay snares for me,
from the LORD. and those who seek my harm speak of my
He is their strength in the time of trouble. destruction and devise deceitful
40 And the LORD will help them, and deliver them. things all day long.
He will deliver them from the wicked, 13 But I, like a deaf man, do not listen,
and save them, because they trust in him. like a mute who does not open his mouth.
not enough. Doing good is equally as his own sin, and instead of vain murmuring
important 34:14; Isa 1:16,17. and complaining about his lot, he make con-
37:28 John 6:37,39; 17:11; Heb 13:5; fession and opens his heart to God. Surely
1 Pet 1:5. A very blessed truth. a good example to all of us. This portion is
37:30-33 What a contrast! similar to Ps 6; 31:9-12; 102:3-11.
37:34 The wheels of justice often seem 38:1 See 6:1.
to turn slowly, but they will certainly turn. 38:2 Deut 32:23; Job 6:4.
We should make no mistake about it. 38:3 No soundness sin and Gods chas-
37:35,36 Times without number history has tisement may result in serious illness, as
proved the truth of this. Read the books of the following verses vividly show. Compare
Kings and Chronicles and see. 1 Cor 11:30.
37:37,38 Rom 2:6-10. 38:4 This is true of every single person, but
37:39 Salvation 3:8; 62:1; Jonah not every one is aware of it as David was.
2:9; Rom 1:16; Eph 2:8,9. 38:6,8 The conviction of sin is a very pain-
Strength 18:1,2; 27:1; 73:26. ful experience (vs 17,18; 32:3,4).
37:40 See 7:1,2. 38:11 The unkindness of friends adds to
38:1-11 This is one of the penitential his grief (31:11; Job 19:13-19).
psalms that is, psalms of mourning over 38:12 When the righteous fall their enemies
personal sins. Others are 6, 31, 32, 51. try to get in a kick at them, and rejoice at
Here David writes of the sickness of his body, their misery (v 16).
the distress of his mind, and the neglect of 38:13,14 Unlike Job (before God came to
his friends. He traces the cause of all this to him at the end) David cannot say a word in
PSALMS 38:14 692
14 So I am like a man who does not hear, while the wicked are before me.
and in whose mouth are no replies. 2 I was bound to silence.
15 For in you, O LORD, I hope. I kept quiet, even from good;
You will hear, O Lord my God. and my sorrow was stirred.
16 For I said, Hear me, 3 My heart was hot within me;
or they will rejoice against me, while I was musing, the fire burned.
when my foot slips; Then I spoke with my tongue.
they will exalt themselves over me. 4 LORD, make me know my lifes end,
17 For I am about to fall, and my sorrow is and what the number of my days is,
continually before me. so that I may know how frail I am.
18 For I will declare my guilt; 5 See, you have made my days like a hand
I will be sorry for my sin. breadth,
19 But my enemies are lively, and they are and my age is as nothing before you.
strong, Truly every man in his best state is
and those who hate me wrongfully have altogether vanity.
increased in number. Selah
20 And those who repay evil for good 6 Surely every man walks about like a shadow.
are my adversaries, Surely they are agitated in vain.
because I follow what is good. He heaps up riches and does not know
21 Do not forsake me, O LORD. who will gather them.
O my God, do not be far from me. 7 And now, Lord, what do I wait for?
22 Come quickly to help me, O Lord, My hope is in you.
my salvation. 8 Deliver me from all my transgressions.
Do not make me the scorn of the foolish.
39 9 I was mute; I did not open my mouth;
because you did it.
To the chief musician, to Jeduthun,
10 Remove your plague from me;
a Psalm of David I am destroyed by the blow of your hand.
11 When you use rebukes to correct a man for sin,
1 I said, I will watch my ways, so that I you make his beauty consume like a moth.
do not sin with my tongue. Surely every man is vanity. Selah
I will keep a muzzle on my mouth, 12 Hear my prayer, O LORD,
his own defense he is conscious that he dishonor God by something he said, or lest
has sinned and that he deserves everything the wicked pervert his good words for a bad
that has come on him. use (73:15; Eccl 3:7; Matt 7:6).
38:15 He is submissive to God and waits for 39:2,3 How common is this experience to us!
Gods time and Gods way to bring him out of How hard it is to control the tongue (Jam 3:7,8).
his trouble and anguish. He knows full well Tongue perhaps there should be a
that all that has happened to him is his own colon here and quotation marks at the
fault. And he has confessed his sin. Now he is beginning of v 4 (the Hebrew has no punc-
confident that God will give him victory again. tuation marks anywhere).
38:19 35:19; 37:14. 39:4-6 One aid to controlling the tongue is to
38:20 Though he has spoken of his enor- really understand the brevity of life. See 62:9;
mous sin in v 4, here he speaks of seeking 90:12; 1 Cor 7:31; Jam 1:10,11; 1 Pet
to do good. He means that he refuses to 1:14. Knowing this we will not want to spend
remain in his sin. He resolves to forsake it our time telling of the prosperity and success
completely. Without this desire and inten- of the wicked, or their opposition to us. We will
tion confession is vain. He means too that have much better things to talk about.
the whole trend of his life is doing good, that 39:7-11 Another help in controlling the
his sin was a deviation, an aberration. Sheep tongue is to submit in hope to Gods
do not remain in the mire and wallow like pigs. chastening hand.
38:21,22 Such prayers from a penitent heart 39:7 See 38:15.
are like music in Gods ears. 39:8 He wants more than mere forgiveness.
39 Title: For Jeduthun see 1 Chron He wants to be delivered from the power and
16:41,42; 25:1-6. Two other psalms are effect of his sins (see also 51:14; Matt 1:21).
for him 62 and 72. Parts of this psalm 39:9 To endure quietly Gods chastening
are similar to 38:13,14; 32:3-5; and to hand is a very healthy thing (Lam 3:22-33).
some words of Job. 39:10 Job 9:34; 13:21.
39:1 A fine resolution. James says if a man 39:11 On discipline see Heb 12:5-11.
does not sin with his tongue he is a perfect Moth Matt 6:19,20.
man (Jam 3:2). David was careful lest he 39:12 On tears see 56:8; Isa 38:5.
693 PSALMS 40:6
and give ear to my cry. and established my steps.
Do not be silent at my tears; 3 And he put a new song in my mouth,
for I am a foreigner with you, praise to our God.
and a sojourner, as all my fathers were. Many will see it and fear,
13 Oh, look away from me, and will trust in the LORD.
that I may recover strength, 4 Blessed is that man who makes the LORD
before I leave here and am no more. his trust, and does not respect the proud,
or turn aside to lies.
40
5 Many, O LORD my God, are your wonderful
works which you have done,
and your thoughts toward us.
To the chief musician, a Psalm of David They cannot be recounted to you in order.
If I would declare and speak of them,
1 I waited patiently for the LORD, they are more than can be numbered.
and he bent down to me and heard my cry. 6 Sacrifice and offering you did not desire;
2 He also brought me up out of a horrible my ears you have opened.
pit, out of the miry clay, Burnt offering and sin offering you did
and set my feet on a rock, not require.
Foreigner or stranger. The Hebrew beneath the burden of mans sins in the
was used to indicate a temporary resident, garden of Gethsemane and on the cross.
and David is referring to his brief time in The Rock here is God Himself. Note at
this world. 119:19; Lev 25:23; 1 Chron Deut 32:4. In His own good time and way
29:15; Heb 11:13; 1 Pet 2:11. God brought deliverance.
39:13 Job 7:19; 10:20,21; 14:6. Job and On a rock in a world of many pitfalls
David could not endure what they regarded and much mud and mire what we greatly
as Gods frowning and angry face. need is a firm place to stand. Standing on
40:1 Another great psalm in which we have the Rock we are safe and secure.
a prophecy about the Lord Jesus Christ (in 40:3 Deliverance brings a song, and every
vs 6-8). Some scholars think every word in new deliverance a new song, and others
the psalm refers to Him. If this interpreta- seeing the deliverance of believers and their
tion is true then the iniquities mentioned in joy are inspired to trust in God. Supremely
v 12 would have to mean our sins which He true this is in the case of the Lord Jesus.
took as His own to bear to the cross in our We see Him raised from the dead and
place (Rom 4:25; 2 Cor 5:21; 1 Pet rescued from every enemy, and so we trust
2:24). Much of the language of the psalms Him to deliver us too.
describes experiences that all Gods people 40:4 See 34:8; 84:12. Many follow the
go through, and can apply equally well to proud leaders, the peddlers of falsehood in
Christ the second (and last) Adam, the head this world. But the true way of blessing is
of a new race of men (1 Cor 15:45-49). seen here.
Waited patiently 27:14; 37:7. He Lies in Hebrew this word sometimes
recognizes that help cannot come from any signified false gods.
source but the Lord Himself. And he has 40:5 Wonderful works 72:18; 136:4;
learned that God has His times of action Deut 6:22; Job 5:9; 9:10. The powerful,
and will not be hurried. Even when we are in the wealthy, the famous may never have a
desperate need of something from God, thought about Gods people, may never
patient waiting on Him is His appointed way. have a purpose except to exploit and op-
Impatience, fretting and inner turmoil will press them. But God the Almighty thinks of
accomplish nothing. them constantly, has exceedingly high and
40:2 Horrible pit, etc speaks of something wonderful purposes and plans for those who
very unpleasant indeed, something too believe in Him.
treacherous or too slippery to extricate 40:6 Verses 6-8 are quoted in Heb 10:5-7
oneself from. Deliverance had to come from and applied to Christ. God Himself ap-
God. Note the words He brought me up, pointed sacrifices for Israel (Ex 20:24;
He established, and He put (v 3). All that Leviticus chapters 1 to 6. See notes there).
David did was to cry to God and wait Now He says that He did not desire them. Is
patiently, God did all the rest. David speaks this a contradiction? Absolutely not. There
of an experience that happens to many of are no contradictions in the Bible. God knew
Gods children. It is an experience of that those offerings and sacrifices were
immense difficulty, danger, or misery. The valueless to Him. He did not desire them
foundations of life seem to collapse. Heart, for Himself. They were mere pictures of
mind, and spirit seem to be sinking ever Christ who was to come as a sacrifice for
further down without a solid place of support sin. And even in those days when the people
(69:2,14). Job, David, Jonah, Jeremiah, and offered animal sacrifices at Gods command,
many others went through such experiences. God always put far more value on faith and
We may think too of the Lord Jesus sinking obedience and holy living than on the bring-
PSALMS 40:7 694
7 Then I said, Look, I come. driven backward and put to shame.
In the books scroll it is written of me. 15 Let those who say to me Aha, aha!
8 I delight to do your will, O my God. be appalled at their disgrace.
Yes, your law is within my heart. 16 Let all those who seek you rejoice and be
9 I have proclaimed righteousness in the glad in you.
great congregation. Let those who love your salvation say
See, I have not restrained my lips; continually,
O LORD, you know. The LORD be exalted.
10 I have not hidden your righteousness in 17 But I am poor and needy.
my heart. Yet the Lord thinks of me.
I have declared your faithfulness and You are my help and my deliverer.
your salvation. Do not delay, O my God.
I have not concealed your loving
kindness and your truth from the
great congregation.
11 Do not withhold your tender mercies from
41
me, O LORD. To the chief musician, a Psalm of David
Let your loving kindness and your truth
continually preserve me. 1 Blessed is he who considers the poor.
12 For innumerable evils have surrounded me. The LORD will deliver him in time of trouble.
My sins have overtaken me, 2 The LORD will preserve him and keep him
so that I am not able to look up. alive;
They are more than the hairs of my head; and he will be blessed on the earth.
therefore my heart fails me. And you will not hand him over to the
13 Be pleased, O LORD, to deliver me! will of his enemies.
O LORD, come quickly to help me! 3 The LORD will strengthen him on the bed
14 Let those who seek my soul to destroy it of illness.
be put to disgrace and confusion together. You will transform all his bed in his sickness.
Let those who wish evil for me be 4 I said, LORD, be merciful to me.
ing of sacrifices (51:16; 1 Sam 15:22; Isa 4:15; 7:26; 1 Pet 2:22-24). But do our
1:11-17; Hos 6:6; Micah 6:6-8; Matt hearts not fail when we think of our sins?
12:7; Mark 12:33). How earnestly we should cry to God for
40:7 This is the Lord Jesus speaking through protection against them and against all
David. It can hardly refer to David himself. evils that surround us in this world
Often the prophets wrote things which they (vs 13,17).
understood did not refer to themselves but 40:14,15 Note at 35:8.
to the Messiah (1 Pet 1:10-12). Christ 40:16 This will be the eternal result of the
speaks here of coming from heaven to earth. salvation the Lord Jesus gained for men by
He comes in accordance with all that is writ- His sufferings. It is experienced by those
ten in the scroll. This means the Old who seek Him and all the glory will be Gods.
Testament. It was written on scrolls. The 41:1 We have in this psalm also a word ful-
whole Old Testament is full of prophecies filled in the experience of the Lord Jesus
and types of Christ (notes at Matt 5:17; (v 9). However it is very plain that the whole
Luke 24:25-27,44-47; etc). psalm does not refer to Him because v 4 is
40:8 This should be true of all Gods people. a confession of personal sin (see note
It was very often true of David. It was 40:12). The weak or poor have a special
supremely and eternally true of the Lord place in Gods heart and should have in ours
Jesus (John 4:34; 50:30; 6:38; 8:29). also (82:3,4; Ex 22:25; 23:11; Lev 19:10;
Because of this complete obedience of the Prov 14:21; Luke 6:20; Gal 2:10; Jam 2:5).
Lord Jesus salvation is made available to Blessed are those who help them. It is very
all who will receive it. instructive to trace through the psalms those
40:9,10 These words can refer to both David whom God declares are blessed (see note
and Christ. Christ, of course, completely at 1:1,2).
fulfilled them (22:22,25; Matt 9:35; Mark 41:3 Sickness may come to even the most
1:38; 2:13; John 18:20; 1 Tim 6:13; trusting and faithful believers (1 Kings
Heb 2:11,12). 15:23; Job 2:7; Isa 38:1; Gal 4:13; Phil
40:12 T h e t r u e s a i n t s a r e o f t e n m o r e 2:26,27; 1 Tim 5:23; 2 Tim 4:20). But see
conscious of their sins than anyone else here who will be both doctor and nurse to
is. What David says here is true of us all. them. Compare 103:3; Ex 15:26.
Our sins of omission and commission are 41:4 Heal my soul this was sometimes
innumerable. This verse can refer to the the way the Hebrews expressed themselves
Lord Jesus only as bearing our sins. He when they meant simply heal me, but there
Himself never sinned (2 Cor 5:21; Heb could be a deeper meaning here. The
695 PSALMS 42:2
Heal my soul, for I have sinned against you. because my enemy does not triumph over me.
5 My enemies speak evil of me, 12 And as for me, you uphold me in my
When will he die, and his name perish? integrity, and set me before your
6 And if one of them comes to see me, face forever.
he speaks falsehood. 13 Blessed be the LORD God of Israel from
His heart gathers evil to itself. everlasting to everlasting.
When he goes out, he tells it. Amen and Amen.
7 All who hate me whisper together against me.
They plot harm against me. BOOK 2 (Psalms 42 - 72)
8 An evil disease, they say,
clings to him, and now that he is
lying down he will never get up again. 42
9 Even my own familiar friend, whom I
To the chief musician,
trusted, who ate my bread, a maskil for the sons of Korah
has lifted up his heel against me.
10 But you, O LORD, be merciful to me, 1 As the deer pants for the water brooks,
and raise me up, that I may repay them. so pants my soul for you, O God.
11 By this I will know that you are pleased 2 My soul thirsts for God,
with me: for the living God.
sickness of sin, with its effects on the soul, is possible that an individual among them
is far more dangerous and difficult to deal did so, of may indicate one of the sons
with that bodily illness. David turns to the of Korah. The matter is doubtful. The
only one who can truly heal him in body, language of this psalm sounds very much
soul, and spirit. like Davids language in other places. Maskil
41:5 See 38:12. was probably a literary or musical term.
41:6 See 12:2; 62:4; Prov 26:24-26. 42:1 Perhaps a good name for this psalm
41:7 See 56:5. is Spiritual depression, its causes and cure.
41:8 See 71:10,11; Isa 53:4. His enemies See also psalms 13 and 77, which have a
accused Christ of blasphemies and declared similar theme. Here the writer speaks of
Him worthy of destruction (Matt 26:55,56). five causes of his depression.
41:9 In Davids case this probably refers to He sought God but did not seem to be
Ahitophel (2 Sam 15:12,31; 16:15,20-23). able to enter into a fresh experience of His
It was fulfilled in the life of the Lord Jesus presence (vs 1,2).
by the betrayal of Judas (Matt 26:23; John His enemies taunted him because it
13:18). Observe that the Lord Jesus quoted seemed he was deserted by God (v 3).
only a part of this verse. He did not use the He compared his present condition with
words friend in whom I trusted, because happier, better times and grieved at the
He never trusted Judas. He knew from the comparison (v 4).
beginning what Judas was like and what he He thinks he is submerged in troubles
would do (John 6:64,70,71). and sorrows sent by God (v 7).
41:10 He prays for something his enemies And He feels that God has forgotten him
said was impossible (v 8). However this may for the time (v 9).
have been fulfilled in Davids case it was These are reasons enough for continual
gloriously fulfilled in Christ at His resurrec- depression if one neglects the cure. He gives
tion. On repay see 2:12; Isa 65:6; note the cure in vs 5, 6, and 11. In the word
at Num 31:2. The enemies of God will be why (vs 5,9,11) he shows that he sees his
rewarded according to their deeds. depression is not proper, and not in accor-
41:11 See 37:23; 147:11. If God is pleased dance with a spiritual mind. In spite of very
with us it little matters what men think of difficult circumstances he realizes that since
us. So Paul in Gal 1:10; 1 Thess 2:4. God is his Saviour and his God, he should
41:12 See 17:3; 18:20-24. not be depressed. He decides to meditate
41:13 See 72:18,19; 89:52; 106:48; on God (v 6). And he encourages himself
150:6; Rom 9:5. to put his hope and trust in God. This is still
42 Title: The sons of Korah (see Num 16:32) the cure for troubled minds and depressed
were a band of singers in the worship of hearts. Giving in to gloomy feelings, unbe-
God (1 Chron 6:1,7,16; 9:19; 26:1). The lief, and despair is the opposite of what we
Hebrew word translated for here can also should be doing, and we must fight against
mean of. Usually in the titles to the psalms it and use Gods way to overcome all such
it seems to mean of or by, but here it things (Eph 6:10-18 is not without relevance
could mean for the sons of Korah in other here. One of the weapons Satan and his
words, written for them to sing, or compose hordes use to try to defeat us in our spiri-
music to. It is unlikely that a group of people tual life is discouragement or depression).
would write a psalm as personal as this, and 42:1,2 In times of depression (indeed at all
use the singular pronoun. However, since it times) he shows us what we should seek
PSALMS 42:3 696
When will I come and appear of Hermon, from the hill Mizar.
before God? 7 Deep calls to deep at the noise of your
3 My tears have been my food day and night, waterspouts.
while they continually say to me, All your waves and your billows have
Where is your God? gone over me.
4 When I remember these things, 8 Yet the LORD will command his
I pour out my soul in me. loving kindness in the daytime,
For I used to go with the multitude; and in the night his song will be with me,
I went with them to the house of God, and my prayer to the God of my life.
with the sound of joy and praise, 9 I will say to God my rock,
with a multitude keeping a pilgrim festival. Why have you forgotten me?
5 Why are you cast down, O my soul? Why do I go about mourning because of
And why are you restless in me? the oppression of the enemy?
Hope in God, for I will yet praise him 10 As with a sword in my bones,
for the help of his presence. my enemies taunt me,
6 O my God, my soul is cast down within me. while daily they say to me,
Therefore I will remember you from the Where is your God?
land of Jordan and from the heights 11 Why are you cast down, O my soul?
not merely rescue from unhappy circum- 42:6 Heights of Hermon when the
stances, or what God can do for us or give author wrote of his deep depression he was
us, but God Himself. Personal experience with away from his home in Jerusalem. If David
the great Creator of the universe is of greater wrote this (and there is no certainty that he
value than the whole world and anything else did) this may have occurred at the time of
that can be gained. Knowing Him is eternal Absaloms rebellion when David fled across
life (John 17:3), and knowing Him better and the Jordan river (2 Samuel chapters 16 and
experiencing His fellowship more deeply 17). That time when his own son turned
must be the chief concern of those who have violently against him was one of the worst
eternal life (Eph 1:17; 3:18,19; Phil experiences of his life (and he had many
3:8,10). And it is surely the way to over- unhappy experiences). But even then he
come discouragement and temptations to refused to abandon hope in God. Psalm 3,
despair. From Davids experience recorded which David wrote sometime during that
here (if indeed David wrote this) we can see experience, records his quiet confidence that
that at times God seems at a distance and God would act in his defense. Our experi-
must be sought (Jer 29:13; etc). ences and the causes of our depression may
42:3 The taunts of others may increase be different from his, but if our hope is in
depression vs 9,10; 44:15,16; Job 19:1-3; the same God we will find that He works
etc. things out for our good also. And if He does
42:4 Remembrance of things past can add not bring us out of depressing circumstances
to depression, but may also be a step He will give victory and peace in those
toward relief from it (see note on remem- circumstances.
bering at Deut 8:1). Remembrance of Gods 42:7 It sometimes seems to believers that
nearness and goodness in the past can give they are drowning in a great sea of troubles
hope that He will draw near and show His (18:16; 69:1,2; 88:7). Notice that the
goodness again. writer says that it is Gods waves and break-
Used to go the writer refers to ers which have swept over him. Compare
worship in Jerusalems tabernacle or temple. Job 1:21; 2:10; Gen 45:8; 50:20; etc.
From the place where he is now he can no What God causes to sweep over us He can
longer join with those who go there. cause to pass on beyond us, and give us
42:5 Hope for the future rises in his heart peace even when we are hit by the waves.
because of his faith in God, and his No matter what conditions are like now, there
confidence that God has not forsaken him is still a good future ahead for those who
completely. Seeking God and renewing our hope in God.
trust in Him can conquer depression when 42:8 Even in the deepest trouble and
nothing else can. depression he did not give up his confidence
I will yet praise Him the meaning in God. Compare 13:5,6. God is with His
seems to be that God will work in his be- people in all circumstances (Isa 43:2;
half and give further reason to praise Him, 50:10). And we should be confident that He
that God will bring him out of his depress- can make them victorious in everything
ing experiences. A person who knows that compare Rom 8:37; 2 Tim 4:18.
the true and living God is his or her Sav- In the night his song Job 35:10.
iour and God has a ground of hope that is God of my life Acts 3:15; 17:25.
rock solid. God does not change with our 42:9 Rock Deut 32:4.
changing circumstances and He will cause 42:10 Verse 3.
all things to work together for good to those 42:11 We too may speak, and should speak,
who love Him (Rom 8:28). to ourselves and encourage ourselves to hope
697 PSALMS 44:7
44
And why are you restless within me?
Hope in God, for I will yet praise him,
who is the health of my countenance,
To the chief musician,
and my God. for the sons of Korah, a maskil
43 1 We have heard with our ears, O God,
our fathers have told us,
what deeds you did in their days,
1 Vindicate me, O God, and plead my cause in olden times;
against an ungodly nation. 2 how you drove out the nations with your
Oh, deliver me from the deceitful and hand, and planted them;
unjust man; how you shattered the peoples and drove
2 For you are the God of my strength. them out.
Why do you cast me off? 3 For they did not get the land in their
Why do I go about mourning because of possession by their own sword,
the oppression of the enemy? nor did their own arm save them,
3 Oh, send out your light and your truth! but your right hand, and your arm,
Let them lead me, let them bring me to and the light of your countenance,
your holy hill and to your tabernacle. because you were pleased with them.
4 Then I will go to the altar of God, 4 You are my King, O God.
to God, my exceeding joy. Command victories for Jacob.
Yes, I will praise you on the harp, 5 Through you we will push down our
O God, my God. enemies;
5 Why are you cast down, O my soul? through your name we will trample on
And why are you restless within me? those who rise up against us.
Hope in God, for I will yet praise him, 6 For I will not trust in my bow,
who is the health of my countenance, nor will my sword save me.
and my God. 7 But you have saved us from our enemies
and believe that God will give us victory and where true joy is found. It is not in the
peace in depressing circumstances. world, in things, or in self, but in God alone.
43:1 The last verse of this psalm and the If we do not find it in Him it is certain that
last verse of 42 are identical. It seems we will not find it anywhere. In v 2 he speaks
probable that both psalms were written by of mourning; here he speaks of joy and
the same person at about the same time. delight. See 2 Cor 6:10. Compare
Some Hebrew manuscripts combine these Isa 53:3 with John 17:13. Joy and sorrow
two psalms into one. can co-exist in the same heart at the same
Vindicate me see 26:1; 35:1,24. time.
He knows he has done nothing against the 43:5 42:11.
nation to merit their opposition. 44 Title: Maskil was probably a literary or
Against an ungodly nation this musical term.
indicates that the writer was a very promi- 44:1 We do not know who wrote this psalm
nent leader opposed by the nation as a nor when it was written. The divisions of
whole. David at the time of Absaloms the psalm are clear. The writer remem-
rebellion fits the picture well. bers the past (vs 1-3); then he expresses
43:2 God of my strength the God who his desire and confidence that God will
gives me strength, or the God who is my work on their behalf in the same way He
strength 18:1; 28:7; 31:4. did in days gone by (vs 4-8); he describes
Cast me off if David wrote this when the present sad state of things (vs 9-16);
he fled at the time of Absaloms rebellion yet the people have remained faithful to
he may have feared that God was rejecting God and have suffered and died for His
him as king of Israel. He is not speaking names sake (vs 17-22); he closes with a
of personal salvation. prayer for deliverance (vs 23-26).
Mourning 42:9. 44:2 This refers to Israel conquering Canaan
43:3 A beautiful prayer every human being on as described in Joshua.
earth should make. We need a guide to show 44:3 See 78:54,55; Josh 24:11-13; Neh
us the way to Gods holy heaven. His light and 9:24.
truth must be that guide. If we follow anything 44:4 See 5:2; 74:12. God is the great
else we will infallibly go astray. king of the universe. He has the right to
Light 19:8; 119:105; John 8:12; accomplish His will by merely giving com-
2 Cor 4:6. mands (33:9; 47:2).
Truth 25:5; John 1:14; 8:32; 44:5 Believers now should think of spiritual
14:6; 2 Thess 2:10-12. foes and have confidence in God for victory
43:4 Let us permit the author to teach us Eph 6:10-12.
PSALMS 44:8 698
and have put to shame those who hated us. of jackals and covered us with the
8 In God we boast all the day long, shadow of death.
and praise your name forever. Selah 20 If we have forgotten the name of our God,
9 But you have cast us off and put us to shame, or stretched out our hands to a foreign god,
and do not go forth with our armies. 21 Will God not search this out?
10 You make us turn back from the enemy, For he knows the secrets of the heart.
and those who hate us take plunder 22 Yes, for your sake we are killed all the day long.
for themselves. We are accounted as sheep for the slaughter.
11 You have given us up like sheep taken for 23 Awake! Why are you sleeping, O Lord?
food, and have scattered us among Arise! Do not reject us forever.
the nations. 24 Why do you hide your face, and forget our
12 You sell your people for nothing, misery and our oppression?
and do not increase your wealth by 25 For our soul is bowed down to the dust.
their price. Our body clings to the earth.
13 You make us an object of reproach to our 26 Arise for our help, and redeem us,
neighbours, for your mercys sake.
and scorn and derision to those who are
45
around us.
14 You make us a byword among the nations,
a shaking of the head among the peoples.
To the chief musician on Shoshannim,
15 My dishonour is continually before me,
for the sons of Korah, a maskil,
and the shame of my face has covered me, a song of love
16 Because of the voice of him who
reproaches and reviles, 1 My heart overflows with a good theme.
because of the enemy and avenger. I speak of the things which I have
17 All this has come on us, produced about the king.
but we have not forgotten you, My tongue is the pen of a ready writer.
nor have we dealt falsely with your covenant. 2 You are fairer than the sons of men.
18 Our heart has not turned back, Grace is poured into your lips;
nor have our steps departed from your way, therefore God has blessed you forever.
19 Though you have crushed us in the place 3 Gird your sword upon your thigh,
44:8 Victory over spiritual enemies too is Here is a glorious psalm concerning the
gained only in the strength of God and all Lord Jesus as King and heavenly Bridegroom
the glory should be His. to His church. That it refers to no earthly
44:9 See 43:2; 60:1,10; 74:1; 89:38; 108:11. monarch is clear from verses like 2,6,7,11.
44:13,14 See 69:11; 79:4; 109:25; Deut Verses 6,7 are quoted in the New Testament
28:37; Jer 24:9. as referring to Christ (Heb 1:8,9). The
44:17,18 Here the few faithful ones who divisions of the psalm are clear. After
remained in Israel speak. There were not announcing his theme in v 1, the author
many times in Israels history when this was speaks to the King in vs 2-9; the church is
true of the nation as a whole. pictured as the bride of Christ in vs 10-15;
44:20 In the Bible both of these were then there are closing remarks addressed
regarded as very serious evils 9:11; 50:22; once more to the King in vs 16,17.
81:9; Deut 6:12,14; 8:11,14,19; Ex 20:3,4. 45:1 Thoughts of the beauty, the splendor,
44:21 See 139:12; Jer 12:3; John the grace, the power, the holy character of
2:24,25; Heb 4:13. the heavenly King fill the writers heart to
44:22 Paul quotes this verse in Rom 8:36 overflowing. A good matter indeed has
and applies it to Christian believers. But completely captured his attention. No other
Pauls attitude, unlike this psalms author, matter that will ever engage our thoughts
was one of triumphant submission to God. can be better.
44:23 See 7:6; 78:65. These are very Overflows from a Hebrew word which
bold words to use to God. This is the confi- means to boil or bubble up, and possibly
dence of children who know their Father well. indicates the sound boiling water makes.
44:24 See 13:1. 45:2 The beauty of the Lord Jesus on earth
44:25 Sometimes believers are laid as low was not physical (Isa 53:2,3) but spiritual
as can be. The only way left to go is up. grace was poured on His lips (Luke 4:22),
44:26 Theres no better way to pray than to and He loved righteousness and hated
plead Gods grace and mercy. wickedness (v 7). So God the Father gave
45 Title: Shoshannim probably indicated the Him eternal blessings.
tune to be used with this psalm. It means 45:3-5 Jesus is not only the meek and
lilies. Maskil was probably a literary or suffering Saviour so movingly depicted in Ps
musical term. 22; He is the mighty King of kings who will
699 PSALMS 45:14
O most Mighty One, 9 Kings daughters are among your
with your glory and your majesty. honourable women.
4 And in your majesty ride victoriously in At your right hand stands the queen in
the cause of truth and meekness gold of Ophir.
and righteousness; 10 Listen, O daughter, and consider, and
and your right hand will teach you incline your ear.
awesome things. Also forget your own people, and your
5 Your arrows are sharp in the heart of fathers house;
the kings enemies. 11 And the king will greatly desire your beauty.
The peoples fall under you. Because he is your Lord, worship him.
6 Your throne, O God, is forever and ever. 12 And the daughter of Tyre will be there
The sceptre of your kingdom is a with a gift.
sceptre of righteousness. The rich among the people will seek your
7 You love righteousness and hate wickedness. favour.
Therefore God, your God, has anointed 13 The kings daughter is all glorious
you with the oil of gladness more within the palace.
than your companions. Her clothing is woven with gold.
8 All your garments smell of myrrh, 14 She will be brought to the king in
and aloes, and cassia, out of the embroidered garments.
ivory palaces, Her virgin companions who follow her will
by which they have made you glad. be brought to you.
fight the battle for truth, humility, and righ- Bridegroom. The details of the language
teousness, and will win. His is the sword of signify a festive occasion. Is it anything
Gods Spirit (Eph 6:17; Heb 4:12; Rev 1:16). other than the marriage supper of the Lamb
He is clothed in splendor and majesty (Rev (Rev 19:7-9)? In v 9 the queen appears
1:12-16). Does it seem sometimes that jus- dressed in gold. And what does this signify
tice and truth and meekness will never pre- but the church of our Lord Jesus, composed
vail on earth? Do not doubt. Christ will ride of all His true believers (2 Cor 11:2; Eph
on until victory is His. The final fulfillment of 5:25-27)?
this is seen in Rev 19:11-16. Opposing Him 45:10,11 Now the writer of this psalm through
is the utmost folly (2:12; 7:11-13). Sharp the Holy Spirit gives instructions to the bride,
indeed are His arrows (120:4; 92:9). that is, to believers. To have a satisfactory
45:6 Here Jesus is called God (Heb 1:8). In relationship with heavens King certain
the next verse it speaks of the Kings God. things are very necessary. The first is
That is the God and Father of the Lord Jesus turning away from the past life to cleave to
Christ. Two members of the Trinity are in view the King alone (Gen 12:1; Matt 10:37,38;
here (notes on the Trinity at Matt 3:16,17; Luke 14:25,26,33; Heb 11:8-10,15,16).
etc). Some people who deny that Jesus is No earthly king would be satisfied with a
truly God have twisted the most natural bride whose heart was somewhere else. The
meaning of the Hebrew here (and the Greek heavenly King too demands our heart, our
in Heb 1:8). They have tried to translate it love (compare Prov 23:26). The King finds
like this God is your throne forever. But great beauty in the person who leaves all
even such an absurd translation does not for Him (v 11; Song of Songs 4:7; Luke
eliminate the truth of the deity of Christ in 14:33). The believer is also to recognize
this verse. Actually it makes Jesus greater King Jesus as Lord and worship Him (John
than the Father, for greater is the one who 13:13; Rom 10:9; Matt 2:2; Luke 24:52;
occupies a throne than the throne itself. John 9:38; Heb 1:6; Rev 5:7,13,14).
The character of Christs kingdom is 45:12 Here the city of Tyre probably repre-
revealed here: absolute justice, integrity, sents all the Gentile nations around Israel.
honesty, uprightness. This is the reason When the Church is at last united with Christ
this fallen world hates Him (compare John in glory the nations of earth will bring their
3:19,20; 7:7). It is also the reason why gifts (Rev 21:24-26). And the church will
His kingdom will be a reign of indescribable reign with Christ (Matt 19:28; 2 Tim
blessedness to all those who, like Him, love 2:12; Rev 3:21; 5:10; 20:4).
righteousness and hate wickedness. 45:13-15 The garments of the bride of any
45:7 Did Jesus, the man of sorrows, have earthly king will be chosen with great care.
joy? Yes, a deep and abiding joy in spite of Is it less so for the bride of the heavenly
His sorrows (John 15:11; 17:13). Now His King? See Isa 61:3; Ezek 16:9-14; Eph
sorrows are ended and His joy is made full 5:25-27. The virgins who are the brides
forever. Only those who love righteousness companions are kings daughters (v 9).
will enter into His eternal joy. God has put a They may signify the nations which will share
link between joy and righteousness which in the joy of the King and His bride (Rev
no one can break. 21:24-27; 22:2). But it is not wise to be
45:8,9 Here Christ appears as the heavenly dogmatic about this.
PSALMS 45:15 700
15 They will be brought in with gladness and 5 God is within her. She will not be shaken.
rejoicing. God will help her at early morning.
They will enter the kings palace. 6 The nations raged, the kingdoms were
16 Instead of your fathers there will be your moved.
sons, whom you will make princes in He uttered his voice, the earth melted.
all the earth. 7 The LORD of hosts is with us.
17 I will cause your name to be remembered The God of Jacob is our refuge.
in all generations; Selah
therefore the people will praise you
forever and ever. 8 Come, see the works of the LORD,
the desolations he has made in the earth.
9 He makes wars cease to the end of the earth.
46 He breaks the bow and cuts the spear in two.
He burns the chariot in the fire.
To the chief musician,
for the sons of Korah, a song on alamoth 10 Be still, and know that I am God.
I will be exalted among the nations.
1 God is our refuge and strength, I will be exalted in the earth.
a very present help in trouble. 11 The LORD of hosts is with us.
2 Therefore we will not fear, The God of Jacob is our refuge. Selah
though the earth be removed,
and though the mountains be carried into
the middle of the sea,
3 Though its waters roar and are in turmoil,
47
though the mountains shake with its To the chief musician,
surging. Selah a Psalm for the sons of Korah
4 There is a river whose streams make glad
the city of God, the holy place of 1 Oh, clap your hands, all you people!
the tabernacle of the Most High. Shout to God with the voice of triumph!
Within the Hebrew word indicates the 51:24,25; Dan 2:35; Rev 17:1,15.
inner wall of a house or room or court or 46:4 See 36:8; 65:9; Ezek 47:1-12; Rev 22:1.
palace, which is opposite the door and 46:5 See 48:1; 87:1-3; Rev 3:12; 21:22;
appears to those who come to the 22:3. God was in the earthly Jerusalem the
doorway. capital city of His people Israel. He is also
45:16,17 These words are addressed, it in the heavenly Jerusalem and He is in His
seems, to the King. His fathers would be church which is compared to a city in Rev
those saints in the Old Testament. Christ 21:9,10.
was the Son of David, the Son of Abraham. 46:6 See 2:1. Nations are frequently in an
He had real human nature, was made flesh. uproar, but God is in absolute control of
We see both His deity and humanity in this events.
psalm. His sons would be those since His 46:7 The sovereign God is Immanuel, He is
first coming who trust Him and are born with His people. Note at Ex 25:8. Here are
again by His Spirit (John 1:12,13). There two of His names.
will never be a time when God does not have The LORD of hosts the one who
His children on earth. Some people in each controls both the forces of heaven and the
generation will know the King and declare armies of earth. Note at 1 Sam 1:3.
His praises throughout the earth. God of Jacob note at 146:5.
46 Title: Alamoth was probably a musical 46:8 Think of the ruins of ancient civiliza-
term. tions Nineveh, Babylon, Egypt, Edom,
46:1 Refuge 7:1. Greece, Troy, Harappa, etc. It is the Lord
Strength 18:1; 28:7; 73:26. Not God of Israel, the one true God, who has
armies, not fortifications, not human brought about these desolations.
strength or tactics, but God Himself is the 46:9 76:2,3; Isa 2:4; 9:7; 11:6-9;
refuge, strength and help of His people. 32:17,18; Micah 4:3.
46:2,3 If we are in God, the mighty and 46:10 God Himself now speaks to the writer
eternal refuge, who or what can harm us and through the writer to us. If men would
(23:4)? And why should we fear as if we were stop their struggles and spend some time in
not in Him? Believers need not fear even in the contemplation of who and what God is,
natural disasters such as are described here, what a difference it would make! The day is
or in the upheaval of nations and societies. coming when Jehovah God alone will be
These are sometimes symbolized in the Bible exalted and praised 47:2; Isa 2:11,17;
by mountains and bodies of water or floods Zech 14:9.
Isa 17:12; 59:19; Jer 46:7,8; 47:1,2; 47:1 In the activities of the true God there
701 PSALMS 47:9
2 For the LORD Most High is awe-inspiring. Sing praises to our King, sing praises!
He is a great King over all the earth. 7 For God is the King of all the earth.
3 He will subdue the peoples under us, Sing praises with understanding.
and the nations under our feet. 8 God reigns over the nations.
4 He will choose our inheritance for us, God sits on the throne of his holiness.
the excellence of Jacob whom he loved. 9 The leaders of the people have gathered
Selah together,
5 God has gone up with a shout, the people of the God of Abraham.
the LORD with the sound of a trumpet. For the shields of the earth belong to God.
6 Sing praises to God, sing praises! He is greatly exalted.
is great cause for joy for all the peoples of severe methods (see Rev 16:5-7; 2 Thess
earth. One reason for this joy is in the next 1:6; Gen 6:5-8; etc). Actually Gods
verse. judgments are always at work in the world
47:2 The God of Israel (Jehovah) is not a and those judgments are perfectly just.
mere tribal god or national god. He is the He is always just in His dealing with
only God there is, the Creator of the individuals and with mankind as a whole
universe (Isa 45:21,22). Above all nations Ps 33:5; 89:14. See also the note at Gen
and governments He sits enthroned. That 15:16.
is, He who is perfect in holiness, justice, Accepting this is, of course, a matter of
grace, and love reigns over mankind. Is this faith. We can rejoice in Gods reign over
not cause for joy? (vs 6-9). the earth (as we are told to do in v 1) if we
Great king see 5:2; 24:8; 95:3; believe His revelation in the Bible. Then we
Isa 6:5; 33:22; 43:15; Jer 10:6,7,10; can understand that God cannot do, and does
Dan 4:34-37; Mal 1:14; 1 Tim 1:17; not do, any wrong or unjust thing to any-
6:15; Rev 15:3; 17:14; 19:16. Some one, ever. We can understand that He knows
people question the manner of Gods rule what He is doing even if we do not, that He
over the earth and ask: If God is the great has ways and plans we do not know and
king why are conditions on earth so terrible? which are far above us (Isa 55:8,9; Rom
Why does evil prevail? Why do the innocent 11:33-36). God is awe-inspiring in His
suffer? Why are the poor and weak crushed nature and activities. He is worthy of the
under the feet of the rich and strong? Why utmost of reverent fear and trust.
do disasters strike drought and starva- 47:3,4 A further cause for joy is the activi-
tion, cyclones, earthquakes and floods? ties of God with His chosen people Israel.
Why do devastating wars, persecutions of However much these verses might have
whole people, or genocides take place? been fulfilled in the past there surely will be
Asking such questions some people dare a more complete fulfillment in the future
to deny that God exists. They insist that if (Isa 9:6,7; 11:1-10; Matt 19:28; Acts
there were a God things could not be as 1:6; Rev 20:4-6). All the earth will be
they are. This is poor reasoning and poor brought under the sway of the Lord Jesus
philosophy. In facing such questions none and with Him those who have trusted Him.
of us should leave out of our reasoning Inheritance if we entrust the choice
some very important Bible facts. of our inheritance to God we need not worry
According to the Bible the world is in about the size or quality of it (Acts 20:32;
its present condition not because God fails 26:18; Eph 1:11,14; Col 1:12; Heb
in His rule, but because mankind in gen- 9:15; 1 Pet 1:4).
eral does not accept His rule. People are 47:5 Jehovah God is here described as
sinners and rebels against the great King ascending to His throne after winning a great
of the universe. It is they who ruin the victory. We are reminded of the day when
world, not God. Compare Gen 6:5-7,11, Jehovah, incarnated in the Lord Jesus, after
12; 8:21; Ps 14:2,3; Isa 24:5; Rom winning the fight against all the forces of
1:18-32; Rev 11:18. Mankind deserves Satan, ascended into glory (Luke 24:50-52;
nothing good from God, but actually re- Acts 1:9-11; Eph 4:7-10).
ceives much good which the majority of 47:6,7 Note on praise at 33:1.
people take and misuse without grati- 47:9 God of Abraham the writer clearly
t u d e t o t h e h e ave n l y G i v er. T h e o n l y identifies the God he is speaking of. He is
times many people mention God is to the God of the Bible, the God who made a
take His name in vain or to curse or in covenant with Abraham and called him to
complaint against Him. The general be His servant in the world.
practice of mankind is to blame God for Shields he may mean the leaders of
anything they consider bad, but never to nations who act as shields against
thank Him for any good He does. aggres- sion from other nations. See 89:18.
God, as the righteous Ruler of the world All such are under Gods sovereign control,
must send punishment on the wicked. He and He uses them to fulfill His gracious plan
must use methods to restrain the restless, toward mankind. All the authority exercised
greedy, rebellious nature in man. And He by kings actually belongs to God (Rom
is perfectly justified in using at times very 13:1-5).
PSALMS 48:1 702
48
because of your judgments.
12 Walk about Zion, and go around her.
Count her towers.
A song, a psalm for the sons of Korah 13 Set your eyes well on her bulwarks.
Consider her palaces, so that you may
1 Great is the LORD, and greatly to be tell it to the following generation.
praised in the city of our God, 14 For this God is our God forever and ever.
in his holy mountain. He will be our guide even to death.
2 Beautiful for elevation, the joy of the
whole earth, is mount Zion,
on the sides of the north,
the city of the great King.
49
3 God is known in her palaces as a refuge. To the chief musician,
4 For, see, the kings assembled, a Psalm for the sons of Korah
they passed by together.
5 They saw it and so they marvelled; 1 Hear this, all you people.
they were troubled and hurried away. Give ear, all you inhabitants of the world,
6 Fear took hold on them there, 2 Both low and high, rich and poor, together.
and pain like that of a woman in childbirth. 3 My mouth will speak of wisdom,
7 You broke them like the ships of Tarshish, and the meditation of my heart will
broken by an east wind. bring understanding.
8 As we have heard, so have we seen in the 4 I will turn my ear to a proverb;
city of the LORD of hosts, I will disclose my riddle on the harp.
in the city of our God. 5 Why should I fear in the days of evil,
God will establish it forever. Selah when the wickedness at my heels
9 We have thought of your loving kindness, surrounds me?
O God, within your temple. 6 Those who trust in their wealth,
10 According to your name, O God, and boast of the greatness of their riches,
so is your praise to the ends of the earth. 7 none of them can by any means redeem
Your right hand is full of righteousness. his brother,
11 Let mount Zion rejoice. or give to God a ransom for him
Let the daughters of Judah be glad, 8 (for the redemption of their souls is costly,
48:1 We do not know when, or by whom, ter, of the whole of the Old Testament, that
this psalm was written. From vs 4-8 we judge earthly things are often pictures and types
it was after an attack on Jerusalem by fed- of spiritual and heavenly truths.
erated kings. No such event occurred in the 48:14 The best of all is not the city, but
days of David. It is likely that the time was Gods presence to guide until death, and to
either during the invasion described in 2 be enjoyed forever and ever.
Chronicles chapter 20, or the one in Isaiah Guide 22:3,4; 25:9; 73:24; John 16:13.
chapters 36,37. 49:1-4 The inspired writer of this psalm has
48:1-3 God chose Jerusalem as His royal a message for all peoples everywhere. He
residence, the place for His temple. There was fulfilling one purpose God had for
He reigned as King over His people, and Israel, and that was to be a channel for His
defended them from His enemies (9:11; Word to the world. The Bible is for all, not
76:2; 132:13; 135:21; Matt 5:35). The for a small part of humanity. The message
greatest thing we can say of any place or of this psalm concerns some exceedingly
people is that the true God is there and is important matters of earthly life.
known. Without this any other beauty is 49:5 In the rest of the psalm he reveals
hardly beauty at all. why he does not fear the sinful rich who
48:4 2 Kings 18:17; 2 Chron 20:1. bring evil days to him. Their power is ex-
48:5-8 2 Kings 19:32-36; 2 Chron 20:20-24. tremely limited they cannot escape death
48:9 Gods love and grace are the great (vs 6-14), and cannot prevent God from
subjects that should be the theme of our redeeming him (v 15). And they are like
meditations. If they are, we will not find it beasts which have no real under- standing
difficult to praise God (vs 10,11). (v 20). The teachings of the Lord Jesus
48:12,13 The writer is thrilled by the sight are in perfect harmony with this, as we
of Jerusalem. What joy and satisfaction, might expect (Matt 10:28; Luke 12:32;
then, should we not find in meditating on 12:15-21; 16:13,19-31; 18:24,25).
the Jerusalem which is above (Gal 4:26; Heb 49:7-9 No amount of money will keep a man
12:22; Rev 21:2,10-26). Remember in permanently alive, no sum can redeem
the study of the psalms and, for that mat- another from death. Then what is the value
703 PSALMS 50:5
and is left undone by them forever) when the glory of his house is increased,
9 that he should live on forever, 17 For when he dies he will carry nothing away.
and not see the grave. His glory will not descend after him.
10 For he sees that wise men die; 18 Though while he lived he blessed his soul
likewise the fool and the senseless (and men will praise you,
person perish, when you do well for yourself),
and leave their wealth to others. 19 He will go to the generation of his fathers.
11 Their inward thought is that their They will never see light.
houses will continue forever, 20 Man who has honour,
and their dwelling places to all generations. and does not understand,
They call their lands after their own names. is like the beasts that perish.
12 Nevertheless, man, even though in honour,
50
does not remain.
He is like the beasts that perish.
13 This is the way of their folly,
and their posterity approve of A Psalm of Asaph
their sayings.
1 The mighty God, the LORD, has spoken,
Selah
and called the earth from the rising
14 Like sheep they are laid in the grave.
of the sun to its going down.
Death will feed on them,
2 Out of Zion, the perfection of beauty,
and the upright will rule over them in
God shines forth.
the morning;
3 Our God will come and will not keep silence.
and their beauty will be consumed in
A fire will devour before him,
the grave, far from their home.
and it will be very tempestuous around him.
15 But God will redeem my soul from the
4 He will call to the heavens from above,
power of the grave;
and to the earth,
for he will receive me.
that he may judge his people:
Selah
5 Gather my saints together to me,
16 Do not be afraid when someone is made rich, those who have made a covenant with
of the wealth of these wicked men? Though Here he encourages others (compare 37:7;
it may make them more comfortable here Prov 23:17; 24:19,20).
for their brief time on earth, it cannot help 49:18 Luke 12:19.
them in the endless ages of eternity. 49:19,20 The rich may forget God and still
49:10 See 39:6; Eccl 2:18,21; Luke greatly prosper. But the end of such people
12:20; 1 Tim 6:7. is eternal darkness Matt 25:30; John
49:11 See 10:6. They foolishly and proudly 12:35; 2 Pet 2:17; Jude 13.
refuse to face the fact of death. 50 Title: On Asaph see 1 Chron
49:12 2 Pet 2:12; Jude 10; Ps 14:4. 15:16,17,19; 25:2; 2 Chron 29:30. He
49:13,14 Grave Sheol note at Gen was of the tribe of Levi, a great musician,
37:35. Foolish ways will bring men to a poet, and seer. In this remarkable and
sad end (Prov 14:12). What a shepherd powerful psalm God strikes at three great
such men have death! evils of religious people formalism, spiri-
Death will feed on them Death will tual ignorance (vs 7-15), and hypocrisy (vs
be their shepherd is a possible translation 16-21).
of the Hebrew here. 50:1-6 The picture in these verses is God
The righteous will at last prevail over the coming out of His city Jerusalem as judge
wicked and rule the world. and calling the whole world to hear His
49:15 Note on redeem at 78:35. What verdict on Israels behavior.
no man can do (vs 7-9) God has done (Hos 50:2 See 48:1,2; Deut 33:2. This sug-
13:14; Gal 4:5; Titus 2:14; 1 Pet 1:18; gests a visible appearance.
Rev 5:9). In this verse again there is the 50:3 Ex 19:16; 20:18. Fire signifies Gods
suggestion of eternal life with God. It was holiness and just judgments Deut 9:3;
but dimly perceived by Old Testament be- 32:22; 2 Thess 1:8; Heb 12:29.
lievers and sometimes hardly perceived at 50:4 Deut 4:26; 31:28; 32:1; Isa 1:2.
all. But the teaching was there in seed form A very solemn way of emphasizing the
(16:11; 17:15; 23:6; etc). It was the importance of what follows.
assurance of heavenly life after death in the 50:5 Both the Old Covenant and the New
heart of the psalmist which took away the Covenant were inaugurated by sacrifice. The
fear of what the sinful rich could do. first by animal sacrifices, the second by the
49:16 In v 5 he encouraged himself sacrifice of the Lord Jesus (Ex 24:4-8; Matt
concerning the state of affairs in the world. 26:26-28; Heb 9:11-15).
PSALMS 50:6 704
me by sacrifice. 16 But to the wicked God says,
6 And the heavens will declare his What right do you have to declare my
righteousness, statutes,
for God himself is judge. Selah or to take my covenant in your mouth,
7 Hear, O my people, and I will speak. 17 seeing that you hate instruction,
Listen, O Israel, and I will testify against you. and cast my words behind you?
I am God, your God. 18 When you saw a thief, you were pleased
8 I will not rebuke you for your sacrifices with him,
or your burnt offerings, and have taken part with adulterers.
which are continually before me. 19 You give your mouth to evil,
9 I will take no ox from your house, and your tongue is joined to deceit.
or male goats from your folds. 20 You sit and speak against your brother.
10 For every beast of the forest is mine, You slander your own mothers son.
and the cattle on a thousand hills. 21 These things you have done, and I kept
11 I know all the birds of the mountains, silent.
and the wild beasts of the field are mine. You thought that I was altogether like you.
12 If I were hungry, I would not tell you; But I will rebuke you, and set them
for the world and its fulness is mine. in array before your eyes.
13 Will I eat the flesh of bulls, 22 Now consider this, you who forget God,
or drink the blood of goats? lest I tear you in pieces, and there be
14 Offer to God thanksgiving, no one to rescue you.
and fulfil your vows to the Most High, 23 Whoever offers praise glorifies me,
15 And call to me in the day of trouble. and to him who directs his conduct
I will deliver you, and you will glorify me. rightly I will show the salvation of God.
Gather compare Matt 24:31. them to glorify Him. But is God hungry for
50:6 All is now ready, and God the judge mans praise and honor? No. See note at
speaks in the rest of the psalm. 33:1.
50:7 God speaks to those who are called 50:16-21 The disobedient, the thief, the
here His people to those who belong at adulterer, the deceiver, the slanderer has
least outwardly to their community. no business trying to preach Gods truth to
50:8-13 The Israelites brought the sacri- others. If he tries to do so he is a hypo-
fices commanded by the law. But evidently crite, and Gods judgment will come on him
some of them ignorantly supposed that (Matt 23:1-3,33; Rom 2:8,9,21-24; 1
God needed them, and foolishly imagined Cor 6:9,10). In spite of such clear warnings
that formal ritual satisfied Him in some many preachers who live in such sins seem
way. The apostle Paul criticized the same to think they will escape. They may speak
error at Athens (Acts 17:22-25). The Lord about Gods holiness and righteous judg-
spoke through Isaiah too about the use- ment but in reality they are ignorant of them
lessness of religious rituals when the heart (v 21). Sin has deceived them (Heb 3:13),
is not right with God and the life is unholy and they abuse Gods grace (Jude 4) and
(Isa 1:11-17). The Lord Jesus sharply misunderstand His patience (Eccl 8:11;
criticized the Pharisees for the same thing Rom 2:4,5). They think God is like them
(Matthew chapter 23). In this age many that is, without a hatred of sin, without the
Christians go through the forms of fire of holiness, without a loathing for hy-
worship at the communion service who pocrisy. Sinful men can hardly slander God
have no spiritual life, no obedience to more than by saying He is like them.
God, an d no love for His Word. Such 50:22 All along it seems God has been
worship is all in vain. speaking of forgetting God and not merely
50:14,15 God here reveals what He wants about formalism and hypocrisy. From this
from His worshipers heartfelt gratitude, we might learn that formalism and hypoc-
fulfilling ones promises to God, true prayer risy are really the same as forgetting God.
which honors Him. On thanksgiving see Hypocritical formalists can practice their
7:17; 56:12; 107:21,22; 116:17,18; religion with hardly a thought of God. They
Lev 7:12,13; Micah 6:6-8; Rom 12:1; will be occupied with rituals, with self, and
Eph 5:20; 1 Thess 5:18; Heb 13:15. On with sins. See in this verse what God thinks
vows see 56:12; 61:8; 76:11; Num of such people! See how dangerous a sin
30:2; Deut 23:21; Eccl 5:4-6. forgetting God is!
50:15 91:15; 107:6,13. God wants us to 50:23 Offers praise here is the alter-
call on Him in times of trouble. He loves to native to a vain and empty practice of
hear prayer and to help those who pray in religion. What shall it be for us to have
spirit and in truth. God answers the faithful God tear us to pieces, or to have Him show
believing prayers of His people, and new us His salvation?
answers to prayer will give fresh reasons for 51 Title: see 2 Sam 11:1 to 12:13 for the
705 PSALMS 51:9
51
done this evil in your sight,
so that you are just when you speak and
pure when you judge.
To the chief musician, a Psalm of David, 5 Behold, I was brought forth in evil,
when Nathan the prophet came to him, and in sin did my mother conceive me.
after he had gone with Bathsheba
6 Behold, you desire truth in the inner parts,
1 Have mercy on me, O God, and in the hidden heart you will cause
according to your loving kindness. me to know wisdom.
According to the multitude of your 7 Purge me with hyssop, and I will be clean.
tender mercies blot out my transgressions. Wash me, and I will be whiter than snow.
2 Wash me thoroughly from my wickedness, 8 Cause me to hear joy and gladness,
and cleanse me from my sin. that the bones which you have
3 For I acknowledge my transgressions, broken may rejoice.
and my sin is always before me. 9 Hide your face from my sins,
4 Against you, you only, have I sinned and and blot out all my evil deeds.
events mentioned here. Here he goes to the root of it all. He
51:1 The only hope David had for the confesses that his nature is bad from the
forgiveness of his terrible sins was the time of his conception. This is true of every
mercy and grace of God. No good work of human being born into the world, except
his could earn forgiveness, no sacrifice he the Lord Jesus (who was conceived by Gods
could make could blot out his sin vs 16,17. Spirit and born of a virgin and so was not as
Mercy was his one hope and mercy he other men are Matt 1:18-23; Luke
craved (compare 41:4; Dan 9:18; Luke 1:30-35). Since the fall of Adam and Eve
18:13). all parents have sinful natures and
51:2 David uses three words to describe his transmit them to their offspring (58:3; Gen
wrongdoing transgression, wickedness (or 5:3; 8:21; Lev 12:6; Job 14:4; Eph
guilt), and sin. See 32:1,2. Transgressions 2:3). David is not saying that his mother
are against the law of God and need to be conceived him while engaged in an act of
forgiven and blotted out. Wickedness and sin. We have no reason to think that she
sin are like stains and spots and filth which was not a very moral woman, completely
need to be washed away. God does all this faithful to her husband but still a sinner,
for the repentant believing person who turns as we all are.
to Him Isa 44:22; 43:25; Jer 33:8; 51:6 Since mans inner nature is corrupt there
Acts 3:19; 1 John 1:7,9. is the necessity of inner change. God
51:3 We see Davids confession was not an desires sincerity, honesty, integrity in the
empty, easy, insincere thing that he made heart. This is opposed to the hypocrisy,
simply because his sin had been found out. deceitfulness, and dishonesty men have by
His sin troubled him constantly, was an nature. Nothing that a person can say or
agony to him. It was a sword in his heart, a do can satisfy God if there is not this inner
mountain of guilt that always faced him, love of the truth, this change that puts truth
hiding Gods face. Such conviction is at the core of his or her being (15:2; Prov
produced only by the Holy Spirit of God. And 12:22; Eph 4:15,21-25; 6:14; 2 Thess
this psalm of confession is given also by 2:10; 1 John 3:19). And no wisdom is good
the Holy Spirit to those who have been wisdom except what God gives, and He gives
convicted by Him. Let us use it. it also in the inner man (1 Kings 3:12; Job
51:4 According to the Bible all sin is prima- 38:36; Prov 2:6; Eph 1:17,18; Jam 1:5).
rily against God, because individuals in- 51:7 Hyssop was a shrub used in sprinkling
volved in other peoples sin are Gods cre- the blood of animal sacrifices Ex 12:22;
ation, Gods possession. Injuring the Kings Lev 14:4; Heb 9:19. That blood was but a
property is an offense against the King symbol of the blood of Jesus Christ which
Himself, and breaks the Kings laws (41:4; now purges sin (1 John 1:7). Only Gods
Gen 9:6; 13:13; 20:6; 39:9; Num 5:6; great grace and skill can make something
32:23; 2 Sam 12:9,13; 1 Cor 8:12). white which was scarlet (Isa 1:18).
One principle of the judgment of men is seen 51:8 Only forgiveness, cleansing, and truth
in Matt 25:40,45. What men do to Christs in the inner parts can bring back joy. Con-
people is done to Him, and what they do viction of sin to the heart is like broken
not do to them is not done to Him (com- bones to the body (compare 31:10; 32:3).
pare Acts 9:4,5). David was so conscious of 51:9 Blot out means erase from the record.
sinning against God it swallowed up every This is exactly what God does, and He
other consideration at the moment. refuses to put them back in the record again
Just. . .pure Rom 3:4. Sin is so (32:2). But observe that David does not
manifest, so terrible that when God ask that God cancel all the punishment due
pronounces judgment on it there can be to his sin (compare 2 Sam 12:9,10). He is
no accusation against Him that He is too willing to face Gods chastening hand if only
harsh or unloving. he can be cleansed and restored to Gods
51:5 David has been speaking of his sins. fellowship.
PSALMS 51:10 706
10 Create in me a clean heart, O God, 18 Do good in your good pleasure to Zion.
and renew a steadfast spirit within me. Build up the walls of Jerusalem.
11 Do not cast me away from your presence, 19 Then you will be pleased with the
and do not take your Holy Spirit from me. sacrifices of righteousness,
12 Restore to me the joy of your salvation, with burnt offering and whole burnt offering.
and uphold me with your gracious Spirit. Then they will offer bulls on your altar.
13 Then I will teach transgressors your ways,
and sinners will be converted to you.
14 Deliver me from blood guiltiness,
O God, the God of my salvation,
52
and my tongue will sing aloud of your To the chief musician, a maskil of David,
righteousness. when Doeg the Edomite came and spoke to
Saul, and told him that David had
15 O Lord, open my lips, and my mouth will come to the house of Abimelech
declare your praise.
16 For you do not desire sacrifice, 1 Why do you boast in wickedness,
or I would give it. O mighty man,
You do not delight in burnt offering. scorning the goodness of God continually?
17 The sacrifices of God are a broken spirit. 2 Your tongue devises ruin, like a sharp
A broken and a contrite heart, razor, working deceitfully.
O God, you will not despise. 3 You love evil more than good,
51:10 See how Davids concern is with his willingly, gladly, spontaneously serves God.
inner state and not with outer appearances. 51:13 Who can better teach other transgres-
And he knows that only God can make him sors than the person who has fallen himself
right and pure within. and been restored to spiritual health? Thus
Clean 24:4; 73:1; Matt 5:8; Acts 15:9. his fall and restoration will work for good,
This means a pure, sincere heart with unmixed for God will use the account of it in the lives
motives, a heart with clean affections, a heart of others.
that fights against sin, a heart under the influ- 51:14 He means his guilt in the death of Uriah
ences of the Holy Spirit of God. If men are to (2 Sam 11:14-17). If God delivers him from
have such a heart God must create it in them this guilt he will not sing of his own righteous-
(Eph 2:10; 4:24. Compare Jer 24:7; Ezek ness (as some like to do), but of Gods.
11:19; 36:26). Try as they may they will not 51:15 Even opening the lips in Gods praise
be able to create it for themselves, though is a gift of God.
believers should cooperate with God in the work 51:16 Note at 40:6.
(Ezek 18:31; 2 Cor 7:1; 1 Pet 1:22). A 51:17 See 34:18; 145:3; Isa 57:15; 61:1;
fixed and determined mind, a stable disposi- 66:2; Joel 2:12,13; Matt 5:3. When there
tion against sin is needed to maintain purity is true repentance and sorrow for sin God
of heart (119:5; 1 Cor 15:58; 1 Pet 5:9,10). will forgive and accept the person who has
This is something David once had but lost by sinned. Without true repentance no
sinning. sacrifice will be of the slightest use to him.
51:11 David was convinced of his depravity, On repentance see note at Matt 3:2.
weakness, and sin. However, he believed 51:18,19 David had truly repented and for-
that God had not yet cast him away or taken saken his sin. His heart is now free to pray for
His Spirit from him. But he seems to fear others. Had trouble and disgrace come on
that God might do so. David may have been Israel by the sin of David their king? Our sins
referring to his anointing as king (1 Sam affect others and when we are pardoned and
16:13,14) and the fear that he might be restored we should pray for their welfare. In
rejected as Saul was. In any case, in Old this psalm we may make a list of those things
Testament days believers did not have the only God can do for the person fallen into sin.
full revelation of Gods truth and His pur- These are: show mercy and blot out sin (v 1),
poses toward them. And they did not have wash and cleanse (v 2), create a clean heart
the full bestowal of the Spirit as the Church and give a steadfast mind (v 10), restore joy
now has (John 7:39; 14:16,17; 16:7). and a spirit of spontaneous obedience (v 12),
And they did not have the promises of John open lips to praise (v 15).
6:37,40; 10:28; 14:1-3; Rom 5:9,10; 52 Title: See the story of this in 1 Sam
8:38,39), as believers now do. But even we 22:6-23. Maskil was probably a musical term.
who live in this age of grace should fear 52:1 There are not wanting people in this
that sin might rob us of the Spirits sweet fallen world who are ashamed of doing good
and powerful influences, that we may lose but boast in doing evil 10:4; 94:4; Phil
fellowship with God. See Eph 4:30. 3:19; 2 Pet 2:18. Doeg was one of these.
51:12 The Holy Spirit had not gone from Scorning in Hebrew there is no verb in
him but joy had fled. Spiritual joy and sin the last sentence of this verse.
cannot exist together. Joy follows pardon 52:2 Doegs words resulted in the death of
and purity, and only God can give it. David many servants of God.
wanted it back, and longed for a mind that 52:3 See 36:1-4. Are there such people now
707 PSALMS 53:6
and lying rather than speaking There is no God.
righteousness. They are corrupt, and have done
Selah abominable wickedness.
4 You love all devouring words, There is no one who does good.
you deceitful tongue. 2 God looks down from heaven on the
5 God will certainly destroy you forever. children of men,
He will take you away and pluck you out to see if there are any who understand,
of your dwelling place, who seek God.
and uproot you from the land of the living. 3 Every one of them has turned away.
Selah
They have together become filthy.
6 And the righteous will see this, and fear,
There is no one who does good.
and will laugh at him and say:
No, not one.
7 Look, this is the man who did not make
4 Have the evildoers no knowledge?
God his strength,
They eat up my people like they
but trusted in his abundant riches and
strengthened himself in his wickedness. eat bread,
and do not call out to God.
8 But I am like a green olive tree in the
5 There they are, in great fear, where
house of God.
I trust in the mercy of God forever and ever. there was no fear.
9 I will praise you forever, For God has scattered the bones
because you have done this; of him
and in the presence of your saints I who encamped against you.
will hope in your name, for it is good. You have put them to shame,
because God has despised them.
53 6 Oh, that the salvation of Israel would
come out of Zion!
When God brings back his people from
To the chief musician on mahalath,
a maskil of David captivity,
Jacob will rejoice and Israel will be
1 The fool has said in his heart, glad.
who love evil and lies more than good and conclusion about a subject he things
truth? A very great many John 3:19,20; foolishly about.
Rom 1:18; 2 Thess 2:10. 53:2 Here the word God is put instead of
52:4 See 5:9; 10:7; 109:2; 120:2,3; LORD (Jehovah) in 14:2. The same change
Prov 10:31; 12:19. occurs in vs 4,5,6. Why? One possibility
52:5-7 A life of evil and deceit will have a when David wrote Psalm 14 he may have
certain harvest Gods anger and punish- been thinking particularly of foolish men in
ment. At the end of this life the righteous Israel, the people of Jehovah; now he thinks
will rejoice at Gods just judgment on of men in general and uses the more gen-
wickedness (Rev 18:20; 19:1-3). This is eral term God. And of course the Holy Spirit
not personal vindictiveness but a holy joy in was working in the minds of Gods inspired
Gods justice. Note at 35:8. prophets and writers of the Scriptures.
52:8 See 1:3; 92:12; 128:3; Jer 11:16. 53:3 Become filthy the Hebrew indicates
Gods people are to be like green and fruit- something like milk or food gone bad, and
ful trees all the days of their lives. so it went into the Greek translation of this
52:9 In spite of evil boasters and persecu- as become worthless (Rom 3:12).
tors David has full confidence in God. We 53:5 Here the two verses of 14:5,6 have
should never let the wicked acts of men been made one verse with several changes.
destroy our confidence in Gods goodness. There we have a general assurance of Gods
53:1 This is Psalm 14 repeated with varia- presence with the righteous; here we have
tions. Repetitions are given in the Bible for a celebration of a victory already won over
emphasis, and help to teach what men are the wicked. In this psalm sin is seen in its
slow to learn. David wrote both psalms, and ugliness it makes fools of people; it cor-
introduced changes here by the guidance rupts their nature and deeds; it drives them
of the Holy Spirit to fit a different time and away from God and keeps them from seek-
circumstance. For comments on the un- ing Him; it causes them to persecute the
changed parts see psalm 14. In this first righteous; it brings them at last to fear,
verse the Hebrew emphasizes the corrupt- shame, and destruction.
ness of mens behavior more than in 14:1. 53:6 Brings back. . .from captivity or
But in both psalms a fool is a fool, and be- restores the well-being of the Hebrew
cause he is a fool he comes to a foolish means either.
PSALMS 54:1 708
54 55
To the chief musician on neginoth, To the chief musician on neginoth,
a maskil of David, a maskil of David
when the Ziphites came and said to Saul,
Does not David hide himself among us? 1 Give ear to my prayer, O God,
and do not hide yourself from my
1 Save me, O God, by your name, supplication.
and vindicate me by your strength. 2 Be attentive to me, and hear me.
2 Hear my prayer, O God. I am restless in my complaint and cry out,
Give ear to the words of my mouth. 3 because of the voice of the enemy,
3 For strangers have risen up against me, because of the oppression of the wicked.
and oppressors seek my life. For they bring trouble on me,
They have not set God before them. Selah and hate me in their wrath.
4 Look, God is my helper. 4 My heart is in anguish within me,
The Lord is with those who uphold my soul. and the terrors of death have fallen on me.
5 He will repay my enemies for their evil. 5 Fear and trembling have come on me,
Cut them off in your truth! and horror has overwhelmed me.
6 I will freely sacrifice to you. 6 And I said, Oh, that I had wings like a dove!
I will praise your name, O LORD, For then I would fly away and be at rest.
for it is good. 7 Yes, then I would wander far away and
7 For he has delivered me out of all trouble, remain in the wilderness. Selah
and my eye has seen its desire on my 8 I would quickly make my escape from the
enemies. windy storm and tempest.
54 Title: The story of Davids danger at the 55:2,3 See 64:1; 77:3; 142:2; 1 Sam
hands of the Ziphites is in 1 Sam 23:13-29. 1:16; Job 9:27; Isa 38:14; 59:11;
Neginoth indicated this psalm should be sung Ezek 7:16; Matt 26:28; Heb 5:7.
with stringed instruments. Maskil was prob- 55:4,5 See 18:4,5; 116:3. Do believers
ably a literary or musical term. ever fear death? Though they should not,
54:1 Gods name means His nature, His some do, especially if their faith is not
person and attributes. He alone could save strong, or if it is upset by circumstances,
David in the midst of implacable enemies, or if they do not feel Gods nearness at
and work justice for him. the time, or if they do not know the Word
54:3 The men of Ziph did not know David, of God very well, or if Satan overwhelms
but to gain the favor of king Saul tried to them with his evil presence. But we in
destroy him. They cared nothing for the this New Testament age should under-
justice of Davids case, and had no regard stand that the Lord Jesus died that all
for God. those who believe in Him might be freed
54:4 See 30:10; 37:40; 118:7; Isa from the fear of death (Heb 2:14,15;
41:10. If God keeps a man let his enemies 1 John 4:18; Rev 2:10). Because the
take care! Lord Jesus died in agony, the believer can
54:5 See 7:14-16. They will get what they die in peace and triumph (Acts 7:59,60;
deserve. See note at 35:8. David wanted 1 Cor 15:55-57; 2 Cor 5:1-8; Phil
the truth to prevail and be recognized. 1 : 2 0 - 2 3 ) . H o w e v er, i n O l d Te s t a m e n t
54:6 David had the excellent quality of a times believers did not have this revela-
thankful heart. tion in its fullness.
54:7 See 6:8-10; 59:10; 92:11; 112:8; 55:6-8 Sometimes troubles and sorrows
118:7. seem unendurable and we long to escape.
55 Title: neginoth indicated stringed instru- But the spiritual person will recognize that
ments. Maskil was probably a literary or trials are sent or permitted by God, not
musical term. that we might run from them, but that we
55:1 See 5:1; 17:6; 54:2; 61:1; 86:6. might endure them for His glory and our
We do not know the time or circumstances good (Luke 22:41,42; Jam 1:2-4; 1 Pet
when David wrote this. Perhaps it had to do 1:6,7; 4:12,13). Trying to run away from
with the rebellion of Absalom recorded in troubles is natural but useless. It is not
2 Samuel chapters 15-17. The first eleven Gods way for us, and there is no
verses speak of enemies in general, the wilderness where we will find rest. There
next four of betrayal by a close friend, and is a better place, a better way. That is to
the concluding eight verses reveal Davids find peace in Christs will and rest in Gods
confidence in God in the time of trial and compassionate arms (Matt 11:29; John
danger. 14:1; 16:33; 2 Cor 1:3-5; Phil 4:6,7).
709 PSALMS 56:1
9 Destroy them, O Lord, and split their the God who abides from ancient times.
tongues in two! Selah
For I have seen violence and strife in the city. Because they do not change,
10 Day and night they go around it on its walls; therefore they do not fear God.
and evil and sorrow are within it.
20 He has put forth his hands against those
11 Wickedness is within it;
who are at peace with him;
deceit and guile do not depart from its
he has broken his covenant.
streets.
21 The words of his mouth were smoother
12 For it was not an enemy who
than butter, but war was in his heart.
reproached me.
His words were softer than oil,
Then I could have endured it.
yet they were drawn swords.
Nor was it one who hated me who
22 Cast your burden on the LORD,
exalted himself against me.
and he will sustain you.
Then I would have hidden myself from him.
He will never allow the righteous to be
13 But it was you, a man like me,
shaken.
my friend and my acquaintance.
23 But you, O God, will bring them down into
14 We took sweet counsel together and
the pit of destruction.
walked to the house of God with
Bloodthirsty and deceitful men will not
the throng.
live half their days.
15 Let death seize these enemies,
But I will trust in you.
and let them go down alive into hell,
for wickedness is among them in their homes.
16 As for me, I will call on God;
and the LORD will save me. 56
17 Evening, and morning, and at noon, To the chief musician on
I will pray and cry out aloud; Jonath-elem-rehokim, a miktam of David,
and he will hear my voice. when the Philistines took him in Gath
18 He has delivered my soul in peace from
the battle that was against me; 1 Be merciful to me, O God, for man would
for there were many with me. swallow me up;
19 God will hear, and afflict them, fighting all day he oppresses me.
55:9-11 In the days immediately preceding 34:11-14; 111:10; Gen 20:11; Job 28:28;
Absaloms rebellion Jerusalem may well have Prov 1:7.
been like this. The city of David was greatly 55:20,21 A deceitful, hypocritical friend is
disturbed by the activities of wicked men. worse than an avowed enemy. A person
55:12-14 If the man described here was not with friendliness on the face and hatred in
Ahitophel (2 Sam 15:12; 16:23) then we the heart is hard and painful to deal with
have no clue whatever to his identity. The (12:2; 28:3; 62:4). But God knows what
prayer of David in the last part of v 9 is simi- to do with such hypocrites (v 23).
lar to the prayer he made concerning 55:22 Though David felt his troubles were
Ahitophel in 1 Sam 15:31. Whoever he was unendurable (vs 6-8), he really knew what
David addresses his remarks to him directly to do with them (37:5. Compare Prov 16:3;
in vs 13,14. Some think they see here Ju- 1 Pet 5:7). People who do this will not be
das, the betrayer of Jesus. It is true Christ shaken (15:5; 112:6; 2 Pet 1:10; Jude 24).
called Judas friend in Matt 26:50. But He 55:23 How many victories, how much peace
never trusted him (Ps 41:9; John of mind, how much glory to God can be traced
6:64,70,71). to the words in the closing sentence!
55:15 Note on such prayers at 35:8. 56 Title: This was written probably during
Hell Sheol note at Gen 37:35. Davids first time in Gath as described in
55:16-18 Salvation from enemies and vic- 1 Samuel 21:10-15. It is not said that the
tory in battle are repeatedly seen in Davids Philistines laid hands on him but the language
life. The reason is found in his prayer life of 1 Sam 21:13 suggests it, and 1 Sam 22:1
(compare Luke 11:9-13; 18:1-8; Eph says he escaped from there. In any case, it
6:18; Jam 5:16). He labored to keep his was a time of grave danger both from Saul
conscience clear and his heart clean, to be and his forces, and from Philistines the
faithful in prayer and to exercise faith when enemies of Israel. Jonath-elem-rechokim
he prayed. This resulted in great confidence probably indicated the tune to be used in
toward God (see 6:8-10). singing this psalm. It means A Dove on
55:19 He believed even in that dark hour Distant Oaks.
that God reigns and is in control of affairs 56:1,2 Men were acting like wild beasts
(29:10; 90:2; 93:2; Deut 33:27). toward him, thirsting for his blood (35:25;
They do not fear God notes at 57:3; 124:3).
PSALMS 56:2 710
57
2 All day my enemies would swallow me up,
for there are many who fight against me,
O Most High.
To the chief musician,
3 When I am afraid, I will trust in you. al-taskith, a micktam of David,
4 In God I will praise his word, when he fled from Saul in the cave
in God I have put my trust;
I will not fear what flesh can do to me. 1 Be merciful to me, O God,
5 All day they twist my words. be merciful to me, for my soul trusts in you.
All their thoughts are against me for evil. Yes, in the shadow of your wings I will
6 They gather themselves together, make my refuge,
they hide themselves, until these calamities have passed.
they watch my steps 2 I will cry out to God Most High,
while they lie in wait for my life. to God who performs good things for me.
7 Shall they escape by wickedness? 3 He will send from heaven and save me from
In your anger cast down the people, O God! the taunt of the one who would
8 You count up my wanderings. swallow me up. Selah
Put my tears in your bottle. God will send forth his mercy and his truth.
Are they not in your book?
4 My soul is among lions,
9 When I cry out to you,
and I lie down among those who are set
my enemies will turn back.
on fire,
I know this, for God is for me.
the sons of men whose teeth are spears
10 In God I will praise his word; and arrows,
in the LORD I will praise his word. and whose tongue is a sharp sword.
11 In God I have put my trust; 5 Be exalted, O God, above the heavens.
I will not be afraid what man can do to me. May your glory be above all the earth.
12 Vows to you are on me, O God. 6 They have prepared a net for my steps.
I will render praises to you. My soul is bowed down.
13 For you have delivered my soul from death. They have dug a pit in front of me;
Will you not deliver my feet from falling, they themselves have fallen into the
that I may walk before God in the light middle of it. Selah
of the living? 7 My heart is steadfast, O God,
56:3,4 He does not say he was unafraid. The for all His benefits to them. Not so David,
bravest of men may sometimes fear. But David the man after Gods own heart.
knew what to do when he was afraid, and his Death 30:3; 86:13; 116:8; Eph
faith in God drove his fear away and enabled 2:4,5.
him to praise even in those dangerous and Falling John 11:9,10; Jude 24.
difficult circumstances. The same language of 57 Title: Al-taskith probably indicated the
faith is seen in Heb 13:5. Observe what David tune to be used in singing this psalm. It
praised the Word of God, pure, faithful, holy, means Do not Destroy. Miktam was prob-
a sure foundation for his faith. ably a literary or musical term.
56:5 This is a trick of the wicked. They try to 57:1 This was written when David fled to a
twist the words of the righteous and even cave. Two such times are recorded in 1
the words of God to use for their own pur- Samuel (22:1 and 24:1-3). Both were times
poses (Matt 26:59-62; Gal 1:7; 2 Pet 3:16). of seeming great danger, but who can re-
56:7 Note at 35:8. ally be in danger when he is in God the al-
56:8 The tears of His people are precious to mighty refuge? See 7:1,2.
God. He knows their sorrows, He hears their Wings 17:8; 38:7; 63:7; 91:4;
weeping, He sees their tears Ex 2:23-25; Ruth 2:12; Matt 23:37.
3:7; Isa 25:8; 38:5; Rev 7:17; 21:4. 57:2,3 Most High Gen 14:19. Prayers to
No mother ever paid as much heed to the the Creator, the one true God will be heard.
tears of her child as God does to the tears He has good purposes toward His children and
of His children. He will fulfill them (37:5; 138:8; Phil 1:6).
Put my tears in your bottle in other 57:4 See 56:1,2. A very vivid picture of
words, remember them. the cruelty of his enemies.
Book 69:28; 139:16; Ex 32:32; 57:5 No greater prayer can be offered. Here is
Mal 3:16; Rev 3:5; 20:12. concern for far more than personal safety. Even
56:9-11 See 6:8-10. Faith is the victory in deep troubles David wanted God to be
(Eph 6:16; 1 John 5:4,5; Rom 8:31). honored and glorified. Compare 1 Cor 10:31.
56:12,13 Praises ingratitude is a black 57:6 See 7:14-16.
and deadly sin (Rom 1:21), and many 57:7-11 David knew that his deliverance was
professing Christians are guilty of it. They not by his own strength and wisdom. Gods
seldom think of offering something to God goodness and love fill his thoughts, bring joy
711 PSALMS 59:2
my heart is steadfast. charmers, charming ever so skillfully.
I will sing and give praise. 6 Break their teeth in their mouth, O God!
8 Awake, my glory! Break out the fangs of the young lions, O LORD!
Awake, lyre and harp! 7 Let them flow away like waters which run
I myself will awake early. continually.
9 I will praise you, O Lord, among the peoples. When he bends his bow to shoot his arrows,
I will sing to you among the nations. let them be as though cut in pieces.
10 For your mercy is great, 8 May they be like a snail which melts away
reaching to the heavens, as it goes along,
and your truth to the clouds. like a womans stillborn child,
11 Be exalted, O God, above the heavens. so that they may not see the sun.
May your glory be above all the earth. 9 Before your pots can feel the fire from
the thorns, he will sweep them away
58
as with a whirlwind, in living wrath.
10 The righteous will rejoice when he sees
this vengeance;
To the chief musician, al-taskith,
he will wash his feet in the blood of the wicked,
a micktam of David
11 So that a man will say,
There really is a reward for the righteous;
1 Do you indeed speak righteousness, O rulers?
God really is one who judges in the earth.
Do you judge uprightly, you sons of men?
2 No, in heart you devise wickedness.
You weigh out the violence of your
hands in the earth. 59
3 The wicked are estranged from the womb; To the chief musician, al-taskith,
they go astray as soon as they are born, a miktam of David, when Saul sent
speaking lies. men to watch the house to kill him
4 Their poison is like the poison of a serpent.
They are like the deaf cobra that has 1 Deliver me from my enemies, O my God.
stopped up its ear, Defend me from those who rise up against me.
5 Which will not listen to the voice of 2 Deliver me from those who do evil,
to his heart, and a song to his lips. Can we be some ways they can be worse than snakes.
silent who have been delivered by the Lord Snakes can be charmed and controlled and
Jesus in a far greater display of grace and love rendered harmless for a time. But the
than David experienced? unruly depravity of the wicked is uncontrol-
Steadfast 51:10. lable. It will always break out in some form
58 Title: Al-taskith probably indicated the or other (Prov 27:22; Jer 13:23; Rom 8:7).
tune to be used in singing this psalm. It They are deaf to law, to reason, and to God.
means Do not Destroy. Miktam was prob- 58:6-9 Note at 35:8. God will deal with in-
ably a literary or musical term. corrigible sinners in perfect justice. If a man
58:1 The Hebrew word here translated rul- tries to sink his venomous fangs in others it
ers is an adjective meaning silent or in will be no surprise if God should break his
silence (it comes from a Hebrew root mean- teeth out. And God, David says, will sweep
ing to bind or to be dumb). Perhaps this them away while they are in the process of
verse could be well translated Do you in- cooking up some scheme or other.
deed speak righteousness, O silent ones? 58:10 The righteous will not rejoice in a spirit
58:2 Davids experience with such people of personal vengeance and should not take
was sad indeed. They behaved as if they vengeance themselves, but they will rejoice
represented Satan rather than God. when justice triumphs. They will not rejoice
58:3 From the womb everyone comes to see the wicked tormented, but they will
into the world with a sinful nature (51:5). not make the mistake of siding with Gods
The first steps a person takes are away from enemies or accuse Him of injustice in pun-
the right path. So from the earliest years a ishing them. Note at Num 31:2,3.
child needs proper instruction and guidance 58:11 See 9:8; 67:4; 75:7; 94:2. This
(but how many receive this?). One of the is what all men should understand, and any
plainest evidences of mans depravity is means God uses to help them understand
lying, and it is one of the earliest to appear it is good.
in every individual. Since men begin telling 59 Title: See 1 Samuel 19:11-18. Al-taskith
lies so early in life, it is no wonder they probably indicated the tune to be used in sing-
become such experts at it as time goes on. ing this psalm. It means Do not Destroy.
58:4,5 Can men be like poisonous snakes? Miktam was probably a literary or musical term.
In many ways, yes (140:3; Deut 32:33; 59:1-3 See 3:7. In this case the enemies
Matt 3:7; 12:34; 23:33; Rom 3:13). In are Saul the king of Israel and those who
PSALMS 59:3 712
and save me from bloodthirsty men. 12 For the sin of their mouth and the words
3 For, see, they lie in wait for my life. of their lips let them be taken in their pride,
The mighty have gathered against me; and for the curses and lies which they speak.
not because of transgression or sin of 13 Consume them in wrath;
mine, O LORD. consume them, so that they may be no more,
4 They run and make themselves ready, and let them know that God rules in
without fault of mine. Jacob to the ends of the earth. Selah
Awake to help me and see! 14 And at evening they return,
5 Therefore, O LORD God of hosts, and they snarl like a dog and go
the God of Israel, around the city.
awake to punish all the nations. 15 They wander up and down for food,
Do not be merciful to any wicked and howl if they are not satisfied.
transgressors. Selah 16 But I will sing of your power.
6 They return at evening. Yes, in the morning I will sing aloud
They snarl like a dog, of your mercy,
and go around the city. for you have been my defense and refuge
7 See, they spew out with their mouth. in the day of my trouble.
Swords are in their lips, 17 To you, O my strength, I will sing;
for they say, Who hears? for God is my defense, and my merciful God.
8 But you, O LORD, will laugh at them.
60
You will scoff at all the nations.
9 Because of his strength I will wait
for you; for God is my defense. To the chief musician on shushan-eduth,
10 My merciful God will go before me. a miktam of David, to teach;
God will let me see my desire on my enemies. when he fought against Aram-naharaim and
Aram-zobah, when Joab returned and
11 Do not kill them, so that my people will
struck down twelve thousand men of Edom
not forget. in the valley of salt
Scatter them by your power,
and bring them down, O Lord our shield. 1 O God, you have cast us off.
came at his orders to murder David. 59:9 See 18:1,2,32,39; 19:14; 27:1; 28:7.
59:4 David was entirely innocent of any wrong 59:10 Once more David is sure that God will
doing in regard to Saul. He was loyal to him hear him. Once again faith wins the victory.
as the king. Unfortunately for him he was 59:11-13 A sudden destruction might be
more successful, more popular, and more forgotten. He wants God to bring them down
righteous than Saul and so became the by degrees, to make them wandering ex-
object of Sauls envy and hatred. Envy is amples of Gods righteous judgment on evil
murderous (Prov 27:4; Matt 27:18; Acts men, and then to destroy them. His mo-
7:9; 17:5; Rom 1:29). David could justly tive for this was Gods glory. See 7:6-9.
and confidently ask God to arise to help him The knowledge of the true God is the great-
(7:6; 35:23). est blessing that men can have. David
59:5 Note at 35:8. The behavior of those means that anything that brings this knowl-
wicked men in Israel made David think of edge is to be welcomed.
the wicked nations of the world which did 59:16,17 Who but believers in the one true
not know God. He calls on the LORD (Je- God can sing in the midst of peril, and praise
hovah), the self-existing One (Ex 3:14), the surrounded by trouble? Compare Acts
Lord who controls all the armies in heaven 16:22-25. In the morning David had
and earth, the only true God, the God in already escaped and sung praises to God
covenant with His people Israel. (1 Sam 19:11). On refuge see 7:1,2.
59:6,7 Verses 14,15. The wicked are com- 60 Title: Davids campaigns against the armies
pared to cruel dogs who run in packs seeking of Aram (Syria) are recorded in 2 Samuel chap-
something to eat. David does not mean watch ters 8 and 10. The battle against the Edomites
dogs or house pets, but the mangy, hungry, is recorded in 1 Chronicles 18:12, where it is
noisy dogs that belong to no one and feed on said that Abishai, Joabs brother, killed 18,000
whatever they can find. With their words like Edomites. Joab was the commanding general
swords and their hearts full of contempt for and killed 12,000 in his own engagement with
everyone, the wicked are far more danger- the enemy. Joab and Abishai sometimes
ous than such dogs. Compare 22:16. divided a battlefield between them (2 Sam
59:8 See 2:4,5; 37:13; Prov 1:26. It is 10:9-11). Shushan-eduth probably indicated
absurd for men to fight against the one true the tune to be used in singing this psalm. It
God. Evidently His response at such times means Lily of the Covenant. Miktam was
is scornful laughter. Who do men think they probably a literary or musical term.
are? (2:4; Isa 40:15-17,22). 60:1-3 The title suggests victory, but these
713 PSALMS 61:4
You have scattered us. Who will lead me into Edom?
You have been displeased. 10 Will not you, O God, you who have cast us off?
Oh, turn to us again. And you, O God, who did not go out with
2 You have caused the earth to tremble. our armies?
You have broken it. 11 Give us help from trouble, for vain is
Heal its broken places, for it shakes. the help of man.
3 You have showed your people hardness. 12 Through God we will do valiantly,
You have made us drink the wine of trembling. for it is he who will trample down
4 You have given a banner to those who fear our enemies.
you,
that it may be displayed because of the truth.
5 Save with your right hand and hear me,
Selah
61
that your beloved may be delivered. To the chief musician on neginah,
6 God has spoken in his holiness: a Psalm of David
I will rejoice. I will divide Shechem,
and measure out the valley of Succoth. 1 Hear my cry, O God.
7 Gilead is mine, and Manasseh is mine, Listen to my prayer.
and Ephraim is the helmet for my head. 2 From the end of the earth I will cry out
Judah is my lawgiver. to you, when my heart is overwhelmed.
8 Moab is my wash pot. Lead me to the rock that is higher than I.
On Edom I will cast my sandal. 3 For you have been a shelter for me and a
Philistia, shout in triumph because of me. strong tower from the enemy.
9 Who will bring me into the strong city? 4 I will abide in your tabernacle forever.
verses speak of defeat. David may be master in David and in Davids God.
speaking of a defeat in the midst of his 60:9,10 Is this a moment of doubt because
victories which is not recorded in the histori- of a past defeat? Past defeats can be a
cal books. It is possible that when he and blow at hope and faith for the future, if we
his army were away fighting the Syrians, the let them.
Edomites invaded Israel. Or he may be 60:11,12 David overcomes the temptation
referring, as some think, to conditions which to discouragement and prays on until con-
prevailed at the time of Saul his predeces- fidence returns. He is sure that only God
sor. From the language David uses we judge can give him the victory not his general
the defeat was very severe, the conditions Joab, not the armies of Israel, not his own
quite desperate. Observe that David traces courage and skill (118:8; 146:3; Isa 2:22;
their trouble to its source God. On wine Jer 17:5; 1 Cor 15:57).
(v 3) see 75:8; Isa 51:17,22; Jer 25:15; Trample 44:5; Isa 63:3; Luke
49:12. It here signifies Gods judgment 10:18,19; Rom 8:37; 16:20. The last 8
causing confusion, weakness, and distress. verses of this psalm appear almost
60:4,5 Davids tone now becomes more unchanged in 108:6-13.
hopeful and remains so throughout the rest 61 Title: Neginah indicated stringed instru-
of the psalm. ments.
Banner Ex 17:15; Isa 5:26; 11:12; 61:2 The words ends of the earth suggest
13:2. that David was out of the land of Canaan
60:6-8 Some scholars would put a full stop when he wrote this. Some scholars think
at the end of the first sentence in v 6, and this was when he fled from there during the
attribute the words which follow to David time of Absaloms rebellion. In any case, it
speaking of himself. But it seems more was a time of severe depression when his
likely that God Himself is speaking down to heart was overwhelmed with grief. This also
the end of v 8. suits the time of Absaloms rebellion. David
60:7 Gilead and Manasseh were places in felt that he was sinking in a sea of troubles.
the land Israel occupied east of the Jordan There was a Rock of safety, but it was far
river. Ephraim was a tribe with great military above him and he was unable to climb on
strength (Gen 48:19; Deut 33:17). to it. This Rock is God Himself (Deut 32:4).
Lawgiver or the Hebrew word may mean He is the Saviour and security of His people
sceptre see Gen 49:10. Judah was in time of trouble. Standing on this Rock
appointed by God as the ruling tribe in Israel. all the troubles, sorrows, and difficulties of
60:8 Moab and Edom were two nations near earth cannot endanger us. Notice God Him-
Israel conquered by David and reduced to self must place us on this rock (27:5; 40:2).
servitude. They became like servants to It is all of grace.
pour water on the hands of Gods servants, 61:3 Tower 9:9; 59:9; Prov 18:10.
or clean his shoes. Philistia, on Israels 61:4 Wings 17:8; 36:7; 57:1; 63:7;
western border, would also acknowledge its 91:1,4; Matt 22:37.
PSALMS 61:5 714
I will trust in the shelter of your wings. 4 They only confer to throw him down from
Selah his high position.
5 For you, O God, have heard my vows. They delight in lies.
You have given me the heritage of those They bless with their mouth,
who fear your name. but inwardly they curse.
6 You will increase the days of the kings life, Selah
and his years will be for many generations. 5 My soul, wait for God alone,
7 He will abide in Gods presence forever. for my expectation is from him.
Oh, prepare mercy and truth, to preserve him. 6 He alone is my rock and my salvation.
8 So I will sing praise to your name forever, He is my defense; I will not be shaken.
that I may daily perform my vows. 7 In God is my salvation and my glory.
The rock of my strength, and my refuge,
62 is in God.
8 Trust in him at all times, you people.
Pour out your heart before him.
To the chief musician, to Jeduthun,
a Psalm of David God is a refuge for us. Selah
9 Surely men of low status are a vapour,
1 Truly my soul waits for God. and men of high status are a lie.
From him comes my salvation. If they are weighed in the balances,
2 He alone is my rock and my salvation. they are altogether lighter than vapour.
He is my defense. 10 Do not trust in oppression, and do not
I will not be greatly shaken. have a vain hope in robbery.
3 How long will you make attacks against a man? If riches increase, do not set your heart
All of you will be killed. on them.
You will be like a leaning wall, 11 God has spoken once;
and like a tottering fence. twice I have heard this:
61:5 From here on it is as though David was and destroy Gods people. But though in
on the high Rock, securely and calmly themselves they are weak, all the attempts
surveying the future. of the wicked to defeat them will come to
Vows 22:25; 50:14; 56:12; 66:13; nothing. God is the salvation and defense
116:14,18. The word heritage (or inher- of His people. What can the wicked do?
itance) has to do with all the promises of 62:4 To tell lies is bad enough, to delight in
blessing God made to Abraham (Gen falsehood is a mark of the deepest deprav-
12:1,2). These have been secured by the ity. Those David describes here were the
Lord Jesus for believers now (16:5; 37:18; worst sort of hypocrites (12:2; 28:3; 55:21).
Acts 20:32; Rom 4:16; Eph 1:11; Col 62:8 See 37:3,5; 52:8; Isa 26:4. Better
1:12; Heb 1:4; 9:15; 1 Pet 1:4). counsel was never given any people. The
61:6,7 David himself could not expect to one true and living God, the Creator of the
live on earth for many generations, indeed universe, is worthy of our trust and will never
forever (v 7). These verses may refer to fail the person who depends on Him. We
Davids assurance of eternal life with God in should trust at all times in health and in
heaven. But David does not use the word sickness, in rest and at work, in joy and in
I here, but refers to the king, so it is much sadness, in success and in failure, in pros-
more likely that he is speaking of his dy- perity and in poverty, in security and in
nasty, the offspring of David to rule forever danger, in times of light and understanding
in accordance with Gods promise (2 Sam and in times of darkness and perplexity.
7:12-16). In other words, David speaks of God wants us to pour out before Him
the Lord Jesus Christ who is of the royal line everything in our mind and heart, to be com-
of David and Gods appointed king forever pletely frank and open with Him about all
(2:6-12; Luke 1:31-33). our sorrows, difficulties, desires, failures,
61:8 A God so gracious in His ways is surely sins, troubles, and joys and successes (Job
worthy of our praise (30:4; 33:1,2; 71:22. 10:2). Far more than human friends He will
62 Title: Jeduthun 1 Chronicles 16:41; listen with sympathy, understanding, and
25:1. compassion, and willingness and ability to
62:1 Some trust in men. But what are men? help. He is the refuge from Satan, and all
Failing, sinful beings vs 3,4,9. Some trust troubles, and all evil men, and all weak-
in violence or riches which are here today ness, ignorance and sinfulness within us.
and gone tomorrow. Only God is worthy of 62:9 See 39:5; Isa 2:22; 40:17.
our trust. True salvation can come only from 62:10 There is a living God to trust. Why
Him (3:8; 37:39). foolishly dream of trusting anything else?
62:2 Rock Deut 32:4. On riches see 49:6; 52:7; Mark 10:24;
Shaken 15:5; 16:18; 55:2; 66:9; 121:3. Luke 12:15; 1 Tim 6:10.
62:3 Many there are who would try to shake 62:11,12 God has both the ability and the
715 PSALMS 64:2
power belongs to God. and my mouth will praise you with joyful lips,
12 Also to you, O Lord, belongs mercy, 6 When I remember you on my bed and
for you repay every man according meditate on you in the night watches,
to his work. 7 Because you have been my help.
Therefore in the shadow of your wings
I will rejoice.
63 8 My soul follows you closely.
Your right hand upholds me.
A psalm of David, when he was in the
wilderness of Judah
9 But those who seek to destroy my soul
will go into the lower parts of the earth.
10 They will fall by the sword.
1 O God, you are my God.
They will be a portion for foxes.
Early I will seek you.
11 But the king will rejoice in God.
My soul thirsts for you, my flesh longs
Everyone who swears by him will glory.
for you in a dry and thirsty land,
But the mouth of those who speak lies
where there is no water,
will be stopped.
2 To see your power and your glory,
just as I have seen you in the sanctuary.
3 Because your loving kindness is better
than life,
64
my lips will praise you. To the chief musician, a Psalm of David
4 So I will praise you while I live.
I will lift up my hands in your name. 1 Hear my voice, O God, in my prayer.
5 My soul will be satisfied as with marrow Preserve my life from the fear of the enemy.
and fatness, 2 Hide me from the secret counsel of the wicked,
willingness to help His people. There is no 63:2 He had beheld Gods power and glory
lack of power or grace with Him. To whom, with the eyes of his understanding. So
then, should we go? should we Eph 1:18,19.
Repay 28:4; Jer 17:10; Matt 16:27; 63:3 He is in the desert pursued by enemies
Rom 2:6; 1 Cor 3:8; Rev 2:23. but speaks of Gods grace. To experience
63 Title: This psalm was written when David Gods grace is far better than all of life with
was king (v 11), and pursued by enemies its comforts and honors and riches without
(v 9). These facts fit in with the rebellion of His grace.
Absalom described in 2 Samuel chapters 63:3-5 Blessed are those who can praise
15-17. Escaping through the desert of Judea and sing and be satisfied in deserts, in
toward the Jordan river, probably at night dungeons, in the shadows of death. No one
(v 6), he wrote this, or we can say it came by can, except those who can truly speak the
the inspiration of the Holy Spirit the way all opening words of this psalm.
the psalms came (and, indeed, the whole 63:6 No doubt this psalm is a result of his
Bible). In this psalm we have a leading theme meditations in the night.
of all of them, perhaps the essence of all. 63:7 See 27:9; 40:17.
63:1 Blessed is the person who can truly Wings 17:8; 36:7; 57:1; 61:4;
say my God to the true and only God, the 91:1,4.
all-powerful Creator of the universe. With 63:8 Here is a picture of the mutual love
that one word eventually all problems will between God and the believer. The believer
have their solution, all holy longings will have longs for more of God, follows after Him,
their satisfaction. David did not thirst for clings to Him. God holds the believer in His
comforts in the desert, nor for vengeance right hand, the hand of power, as the arm
on his enemies, nor for bodily or fleshly of a loving father holds his child. Not all the
satisfactions of any kind, nor for the gifts of malice of men, not all the power of Satan
God. He thirsts for God Himself. Nothing can break Gods embrace or tear His
else could satisfy him but Gods fellowship. children from His arms (John 10:28,29).
He knew God but he wanted to know Him 63:9-11 Observe the contrast between David
better, to experience Him more (compare and his enemies. He seeks God; they seek
Phil 3:10. See also Ps 42:2; 84:2; Jer his life. So the ends of these two classes of
29:13; Matt 5:6; 6:33; 7:7). people will be different. How could it be
One of the most important and search- otherwise? How can God give the wicked
ing questions that can be asked is, what do the reward of the righteous, or give the righ-
you thirst for? what do you seek? At the teous the punishment due to the wicked?
time perhaps Davids life and experience Notice in the last phrase of the psalm the
were like the dry and barren desert he was danger of lying. God will stop the mouths
moving through. To a believer often the of liars forever (Rev 21:8).
whole world seems like a desert without a 64:1 This psalm consists of two parts a
drop of water to quench the thirst of the soul. prayer for deliverance from enemies
PSALMS 64:3 716
65
from the scheming of evildoers,
3 Who sharpen their tongue like a sword,
and bend bows to shoot their
To the chief musician, a Psalm,
arrows of bitter words, a song of David
4 That they may secretly shoot at the innocent.
They suddenly shoot at him and are not afraid. 1 Praise waits for you, O God,
5 They encourage themselves in an evil matter. in Zion,
They talk about secretly laying snares. and to you the vow will be fulfilled.
They say, Who will see them? 2 O you who hear prayer, to you all flesh
6 They devise wicked deeds: will come.
We have made a perfect scheme. 3 Sins prevail against me.
Both the inward thought and the heart As for our transgressions,
of each one of them are deep. you will purge them away.
7 But God will shoot an arrow at them. 4 Blessed is the man whom you choose and
Suddenly they will be wounded. cause to approach you,
8 So they will cause their own tongue to so that he may dwell in your
overthrow them. courts.
All who see them will flee away. We will be satisfied with the goodness
9 And all men will fear and declare the of your house, of your holy temple.
work of God, 5 You will answer us by awe-inspiring
for they will wisely consider his deeds. things in righteousness,
10 The righteous will be glad in the LORD O God of our salvation,
and will trust in him, who are the confidence of all the ends
and all the upright in heart will glory. of the earth,
(vs 1-6), and the assurance that God will Vow 22:25; 50:14; 61:8; 76:11;
answer (vs 7-10). This prayer about 116:14,18; 132:2.
enemies is similar to prayers in other psalms 65:2 Here is a name of the true God, an
(e.g. 57, 58, 59). Note at 35:8. Remem- attribute as sure as His holiness, His jus-
ber all conspiracies against Gods people are tice, or His love. The God of the Bible, the
hatched in the counsels of Satan and his great Creator answers prayer 66:19,20;
brood. 81:7; 86:5; 99:6; 118:5; Gen 35:3;
64:4 They had none of that fear of God which Ex 19:19; Matt 7:7; Rom 10:12; Heb
would have restrained them (notes at 11:6. He is contrasted in the Bible with gods
34:11-14; 111:10; Job 28:28; Gen and idols, none of which can ever answer
20:11; Prov 1:7). prayer 115:3-7; Jer 10:3-5; 1 Kings
64:6 Jer 17:9; Prov 18:4; 20:5. 18:24-29,36-39.
64:7,8 Here again we see Gods perfect 65:3 Anyone who wants to pray to the true
justice. The wicked shoot arrows at Gods God will have to face the problem of sin.
people. He will shoot arrows at them. And Sin separates between God and man and
they will see who is the better archer. They keeps God from answering prayer. See
will use their tongues like a sword to wound 66:18; Isa 59:1-4. Our sins must be put
others, but God will use their own tongue away, be forgiven. This God Himself does
against them to bring them wounds. because of the sacrifice of His Son Jesus
64:9,10 Gods just judgment of the wicked (Eph 1:7; 1 John 1:7-10). But the sins
will produce the good results recorded in God forgives we must forsake.
these verses. See Isa 26:9. It is a big 65:4 Note on blessed at 1:1,2. God chooses
mistake to think that because God is love us before we ever choose Him John 15:16;
He will forget justice and refrain from Eph 1:4,11; 2 Thess 2:13; 1 Pet 1:2.
punishing the wicked. The righteous will Then He brings us near to be His worship-
rejoice, not in the suffering of the wicked, ers and live in His presence (John 14:23;
but in Gods justice and in Him. Eph 2:13-18; Heb 10:19-22).
65:1 This psalm is taken up completely with 65:5 Those who pray should be prepared for
God. It can be divided into three parts: the the mysterious, awe-inspiring and altogether
worship of God (vs 1-4), the mighty acts of just working of God in their lives. He will
God (vs 5-8), and Gods goodness in send- fight against their sin and pride. He will dis-
ing a rich harvest (vs 9-13). The Hebrew cipline and test them. He will prepare them
of the first part of verse 1 is difficult. It could for answers in ways that sometimes will bring
also be translated to you silence is praise, them to the verge of despair (66:10-12).
O God, in Zion. This is because the He- But we should always remember that He is
brew word translated waits may also mean the God of salvation, desires our highest
silence. good, and is completely trustworthy.
717 PSALMS 66:9
66
and of those who are far off on
the sea,
6 Who established the mountains by his
strength, To the chief musician, a song, a Psalm
being clothed with power,
7 Who stills the noise of the seas, 1 Shout joyfully to God, all you lands.
the noise of their waves, 2 Sing out the honour of his name,
and the tumult of the people. make his praise glorious.
8 Also those who live in the uttermost 3 Say to God, How awe-inspiring you are in
parts are afraid of your signs. your works!
You cause the dawning of the morning Through the greatness of your power
and evening to rejoice. your enemies will submit themselves to you.
9 You visit the earth, and water it. 4 The whole earth will worship you and sing
You greatly enrich it with the river of God, to you;
which is full of water. they will sing to your name.
You prepare grain for them, for you Selah
have provided it like this. 5 Come and see the works of God.
10 You water its ridges abundantly. He is awe-inspiring in his deeds toward
You settle its furrows. the children of men.
You make it soft with showers. 6 He turned the sea into dry ground.
You bless what springs up. They went through the river on foot.
11 You crown the year with your goodness, There we rejoiced in him.
and your paths drip with abundance. 7 He rules by his power forever.
12 They drip on the pastures of the His eyes see the nations.
wilderness, Let not the rebellious exalt themselves.
and on every side the little hills Selah
rejoice. 8 O praise our God, you people,
13 The pastures are clothed with flocks. and make the sound of his praise
The valleys also are covered to be heard.
with grain. 9 He keeps our soul among the living,
They shout for joy, they also sing. and does not let our feet be moved.
65:6-8 God is able to answer prayer in any how to control events to work out His pur-
way He sees fit, for He is the mighty Cre- poses (Gen 50:20). All sin is rebellion
ator in control of the wild sea or turbulent against the mighty ruler of the universe. Is
peoples (Matt 8:23-27). not sin, then, madness rather than a cause
65:9-13 A beautiful picture of the Creator of boasting or self-exaltation? Do the re-
sending rain on the earth and giving fruitful bellious vainly imagine that the Creator can-
fields and abundant harvests. He does this not bring them down?
even though few people acknowledge Him 66:8 Why does he call on all people to praise
or give Him thanks for it. O ungrateful man, the God of Israel? Because He is the
who has made the soil and the seed you Creator, the only God there is, and He has
plant? Who brings the rain? Who brings the a high purpose for all nations and eventu-
crops to harvest? Lift up your eyes to the ally will manifest Himself as the God of all
heavens and thank the gracious Maker of nations.
both earth and mankind (Acts 14:15-17; 66:9 If we live it is because of Him. If we do
Joel 2:23,24; Ezek 34:26,27; Job 5:10; not fall, if we still stand, still maintain our
Deut 11:13-15). position, it is His grace. Praise Him.
66:1-4 A person who loves God wants all of 66:10-12 God will test, try, and discipline
mankind to honor Him. There is here a every child of His. He will test and prove all
prophetic meaning, for the prophets spoke that we are, all that we think, believe, and
of a time when all the earth would know God do. This world is a testing ground for His
and praise Him (Isa 2:2-4; 11:9). believers. It is a furnace where Gods silver
66:3 See 18:44; 81:15. Enemies will be is tried and purged, that is, where their faith
afraid to show any spirit of rebellion and so and character are refined and developed.
will pretend to be obedient. It is a wilderness where they are captured,
66:5 See 65:5; 106:22. loaded with heavy burdens, and where men
66:6 Ex 14:21; Josh 3:16 two examples arrogantly ride over them, trampling them
among many of Gods awesome deeds. in the dirt all to some good purpose of
66:7 God ruled in the days of Moses and God. It is a place where Gods metal is
Joshua. He rules now (47:2). He will rule tempered, first plunged into fire and then
forever. He knows what is going on and into water. This is the way the saints are
PSALMS 66:10 718
10 For you, O God, have tested us. 18 If I regard sin in my heart,
You have refined us, as silver is refined. the Lord will not hear me.
11 You brought us into the net, 19 But God has certainly heard me.
you laid affliction on our backs. He has listened to the voice of my prayer.
12 You caused men to ride over our heads. 20 Blessed be God who has not turned
We went through fire and through water; away my prayer, or his mercy from me.
but you brought us out into overflowing
abundance.
13 I will go into your house with burnt offerings.
I will fulfil my vows to you,
67
To the chief musician, on neginoth,
14 Which my lips have uttered and my mouth a Psalm, a song
has spoken, when I was in trouble.
15 I will offer to you burnt sacrifices of 1 God be merciful to us, and bless us,
fat animals, with the fragrant and cause his face to shine on us,
aroma of rams. Selah
I will offer bulls with goats. 2 That your way may be known on earth,
Selah your salvation among all nations.
16 Come and hear, all you who fear God, 3 May the people praise you, O God;
and I will declare what he has done may all the people praise you.
for my soul. 4 Oh, may the nations be glad and
17 I cried out to him with my mouth, sing for joy,
and he was extolled with my tongue. for you will judge the people righteously,
made strong. will speak to men also. It is right and fit-
Thus it happened in Davids personal life. ting to declare to others what God has done
Thus it will happen to some extent in the for us (71:15,16; 107:2; Matt 10:32).
lives of all Gods true people John 16:33; The substance of his testimony is this: God
Heb 12:7-11; 1 Pet 1:6,7; 4:1,12. Ob- has been gracious and loving and has heard
serve in these verses that though the agents his prayers. Note at 65:2,3.
may have been men, the one behind their 66:18 The meaning here seems to be this:
activities was God. See Gen 45:5; 50:20; if in any way he saw evil in his heart and
Acts 2:23. See other notes on testing at permitted it to remain, if there was sin
Gen 22:1; Jud 2:22. consciously kept there, unconfessed and
66:10 Great care and skill are required in unforsaken, or if any evil motives or
refining silver. The fire must be just right, desires were in his prayers, then God would
neither too much nor too little. God will not hear (Prov 15:29; Isa 1:15; 59:2; John
exercise great care and patience in the 9:31; 1 John 3:21,22). Nothing hinders
trying of His children. Parents who do not prayer more than sin cherished in the heart.
love their children let them grow up without God does not encourage evil or hypocrisy.
discipline except perhaps for an occasional 67 Title: Many of the psalms were given to
thoughtless slap. God loves His own, and the director of music for him to compose
so He disciplines them carefully. If we melodies for. They were to be sung by the
refuse trials we are saying we dont wish to worshipers in the temple. If some poets
be refined and made pure. and musicians in the various languages of
66:11 Into the net like a bird caught in India (and other countries) in these days
the net of a hunter. Notice it is God Himself would set many of the psalms to good mu-
who causes this to happen. sic to be sung in churches they would be
66:12 See the result of these trials. When God doing great service for God and for His
had accomplished His purpose in them He said people. Neginoth means stringed instru-
enough, and brought His people into great ments.
blessing. Even while we are on this earth trials 67:1 Praying for Gods blessing is praying
do not go on continually. God knows just how according to Gods desire, for He loves to
long to keep us in the heat (1 Pet 1:7; 5:10; bless us when He can justly do so. This is
Jam 1:3,4; Heb 12:11; 2 Cor 4:17; Rom why He has given us the Bible, why He sent
8:17,18; Ps 18:16-19; 71:20; 103:13,14). His Son, why His Spirit is at work in the world.
66:13-15 Trials successfully endured are a The prayer here is based on the blessing
cause of great thanksgiving. We should see God taught Israel in Num 6:22-27.
the loving hand of God in them working for 67:2 Gods blessings are for the whole world.
our good and bring the gifts we think will See Gen 12:1,2. He blessed Israel that this
please Him. Let us give Him our hearts and verse, which speaks of very great blessings
our bodies a living sacrifice (Rom 12:1,2). indeed, might be fulfilled.
These are the offerings He desires. 67:3-5 The time will come when his prayer
66:16-20 He has spoken to God, now he will be fully answered, this desire completely
719 PSALMS 68:13
and govern the nations on earth. 5 A father for the fatherless and a
Selah defender of widows,
5 May the people praise you, O God; is God in his holy habitation.
may all the people praise you. 6 God places the solitary in families.
6 Then the earth will yield her increase, He brings out those who are bound with
and God, our own God, will bless us. chains;
7 God will bless us; and all the ends of but the rebellious dwell in a dry land.
the earth will fear him.
7 O God, when you went out before your
people, when you marched through
68 the wilderness, Selah
8 The earth shook, the heavens also dropped
To the chief musician, a Psalm, at the presence of God;
a song of David even Sinai itself was moved at the
presence of God, the God of Israel.
1 May God arise, may his enemies be scattered, 9 You, O God, sent abundant rain which you
and may those who hate him flee from provided for your inheritance when
his presence. it was weary.
2 As smoke is driven away, drive them away. 10 Your congregation has lived in it.
As wax melts before the fire, You, O God, have provided from your
so may the wicked perish at the goodness for the poor.
presence of God. 11 The Lord gave the word;
3 But may the righteous be glad; great was the company of those who
may they rejoice before God, yes, proclaimed it.
may they rejoice exceedingly. 12 Kings of armies hurriedly fled,
4 Sing to God, sing praises to his name. and she who stayed at home divided the
Extol him who rides on the heavens by plunder.
his name YAH, and rejoice before him. 13 Though you lie down among the pots,
realized (Isa 2:2-5; etc). they perish it is because they fully deserve
67:6 If God is acknowledged and gratitude it. It is a display of Gods magnificent
is shown for His blessings, more blessings justice in ridding the earth of harmful
will be the result. God is not hungry for praise beings. And shall He not cause the righ-
(see note at 33:1), but He will not encour- teous to rejoice with Him?
age the sin of ingratitude. YAH a shortened form of Jehovah
68:1 The subject of this great psalm is the (Yahweh).
entry of God into His sanctuary in Jerusa- 68:5,6 God is the King of the universe, the
lem. The author speaks of Him coming one who destroys wicked enemies and reigns
through the desert (v 7), stopping at Mount in majesty. Is this all God is? No He is
Sinai (v 8), leading His people victoriously the tender, compassionate One who loves
into Canaan (vs 12,14), choosing Mount Zion and helps the fatherless, the widow, the
as His dwelling place (v 16), ascending there lonely. No earthly monarch ever showed
(v 18), and ruling in power and majesty such love and concern for his subjects as
(vs 18,21,31-35). In the New Testament the God does (Ex 22:2,24; Deut 10:18; 14:29;
Holy Spirit applies v 18 to the ascension of 24:17-21; Ps 10:14,18; 82:3; 86:15;
the Lord Jesus to the heavenly Jerusalem Isa 1:17; Jer 7:6; Matt 9:36). He deals
(Eph 4:8). This indicates that there is a pro- gently with prisoners and gives them joy
phetic quality in this psalm. There is far more 69:33; 102:19,20; 107:10,14; 146:7; Isa
here than events in the history of Israel. 61:1; Luke 4:18. Only the rebellious fail to
Many scholars believe that it was written receive Gods blessing, and He wants them
to be sung at the occasion of the taking of also to turn to Him and enjoy His goodness
the ark of God from the house of Obed-Edom (Prov 1:23; Isa 55:7; Jer 3:14; Ezek 18:32).
to Mount Zion (2 Sam 6:1-19). The first 68:7 Ex 13:18,21.
verse supports this. It is based on the bless- 68:8 Ex 19:18.
ing of the high priest in the wilderness jour- 68:9 Lev 26:4; Deut 11:11,12.
neys when the ark set out (Num 10:35). The 68:10 Note on poor at 41:1.
ark was the sign of Gods presence. Where 68:11,12 This takes us back to the opening
God went His enemies scattered, His haters verses of the psalm. The Lord gave the
fled. But are there indeed haters of the one word here means that by His almighty
true God? There are many (John 7:7; command He secured victory for His people
15:18,24,25; Rom 1:30; 8:7). over their enemies in Canaan. The women
68:1-4 The wicked are enemies of truth, of in v 12 benefitted from that.
righteousness, of holiness, and of all that 68:13 This verse, very difficult in Hebrew,
is truly good. They hate God Himself. When seems to suggest peace and prosperity
PSALMS 68:14 720
yet you will be like the wings of a from death.
dove covered with silver, 21 But God will wound the head of his enemies,
and her feathers with yellow gold. and the hairy scalp of the one who
14 When the Almighty scattered kings in it, still goes on in his trespasses.
it was like snow on Zalmon.
22 The Lord said,
15 The mountain of God is like the mountain
I will bring back from Bashan,
of Bashan,
I will bring my people back from the
a high mountain like the mountain of Bashan.
depths of the sea,
16 Why do you watch with envy,
23 That your foot may be dipped in the blood
you high peaks?
of your enemies,
This is the mountain where God desires
and the tongue of your dogs have their share.
to dwell.
Yes, the LORD will dwell in it forever. 24 They have seen your procession,
17 The chariots of God are twenty thousand, O God, the procession of my God,
and thousands of thousands. my King, in the sanctuary.
The Lord is among them, as on Sinai, 25 The singers went in front,
in the Holy Place. the musicians followed.
18 You have ascended on high, Among them were the maidens playing on
you have led captivity captive, tambourines.
you have received gifts among men, 26 Praise God in the congregations;
yes, among the rebellious also, the Lord, from the fountain of Israel.
that the LORD God might dwell among them. 27 There is little Benjamin with their leader,
19 Blessed be the Lord, who daily loads us the princes of Judah and their company,
with good things, the God of our the princes of Zebulun
salvation. Selah and the princes of Naphtali.
20 He who is our God is the God of salvation, 28 Your God has commanded strength for you.
and to God the Lord belong escapes Strengthen, O God, what you have done
after battle. between this verse and Eph 4:8. Here it
68:14 Zalmon is a hill near Shechem in a says the Lord received gifts, there it says
central part of Canaan. The scattering of He gave gifts. The Lord God needs noth-
the kings was like snow being driven before ing from men. He takes from them only what
the wind on the dark slopes of that hill. He has first given, and only that He might
Almighty in Hebrew Shaddai give them the more. In either taking or
(Gen 17:1). giving He is the eternal King, ruling in
68:15,16 The mountain range of Bashan majesty and might (47:2).
rose high and imposing to the northeast of Among men this could also be trans-
Canaan. The peaks there are much grander lated for men or from men. In general
than the hills around Jerusalem. But God Hebrew prepositions have more than one
chose Mount Zion for His dwelling, not one meaning.
of earths high and lofty mountains (2:8; 68:19 Loads us the Hebrew word may
9:11; 76:2; 87:1-3; 132:13,14). This also means carries us. This great King of
was one of the peaks in the region of Moriah heaven does not lay burdens on His sub-
where God confirmed His covenant with jects as earthly kings do. He takes their
Abraham to bring blessing to the whole burdens and bears them Himself (55:22;
world. Mount Zion on earth is only a pale Isa 46:4; 53:4; Matt 11:28; 1 Pet 5:7). If
picture of the heavenly Mount Zion or He loads His people with anything, it is
Jerusalem (Gal 4:26; Heb 12:22; Rev only the best of things. Observe that the
3:12; 21:10). words with good things have been added.
68:17 Deut 33:2; 2 Kings 6:17; Dan 68:20 One meaning of this is He keeps His
7:10; Hab 3:8; Matt 26:53. The KJV has people alive on earth until their course is
added the word angels here, but this is finished. A deeper meaning is He delivers
not in the Hebrew. from spiritual death and gives eternal life
68:18 This has two meanings. First, it with Him forever (John 5:24; 11:25; Rom
refers to God ascending to Mount Zion with 6:23; 8:2; 1 Cor 15:21,26,54; 2 Tim 1:10;
the ark of the covenant to dwell in the midst Heb 2:14; 1 John 3:14; Rev 20:14; 21:4).
of His people Israel, having conquered all 68:21-23 Terrible words but none the less
enemies. But according to Eph 4:8-11 this true for that.
verse refers to the Lord Jesus who conquered 68:24-27 He resumes the description of the
sin, death, Satan and all his hordes, and triumphal procession of the ark into the
ascended into the heavenly mount Zion. The sanctuary in Jerusalem.
ark is a symbol of the Lord Jesus. See note 68:28-31 God will show Himself strong for
at Ex 25:10-16. There is a difference His people, for His city and His sanctuary,
721 PSALMS 69:6
69
for us.
29 Because of your temple at Jerusalem kings
will bring presents to you.
To the chief musician, on Shoshannim.
30 Rebuke the beast of the reeds,
A Psalm of David
the herd of the bulls with the
calves of the people,
1 Save me, O God,
until everyone submits himself with pieces
for the waters have come into my soul.
of silver.
2 I sink in deep mire,
Scatter the people who delight in war.
where there is no standing.
31 Princes will come from Egypt.
I have come into deep waters,
Ethiopia will soon stretch out her hands to God.
where the floods overflow me.
32 Sing to God, you kingdoms of the earth.
3 I am weary of my crying.
Oh, sing praises to the Lord, Selah
My throat is dried up;
33 To him who rides on the heavens of my eyes fail while I wait for my God.
heavens, which are of old. 4 Those who hate me without a cause are
See, he sends out his voice, a mighty voice. more than the hairs of my head.
34 Ascribe strength to God. Those who would destroy me,
His majesty is over Israel, my enemies wrongfully, are mighty.
and his strength is in the clouds. I had to restore what I did not steal.
35 O God, you are awe-inspiring from your 5 O God, you know my foolishness,
holy places. and my sins are not hidden from you.
The God of Israel is the one who gives 6 Do not let those who wait for you,
strength and power to his people. O Lord God of hosts,
Blessed be God. be ashamed for my sake.
and will subdue the nations some of which (though actually He prayed there for those
are here referred to as beasts (compare Isa who did not know what they were doing, not
43:3; 45:14; 60:5; Dan 7:3-7; Rev for those who did know). Other expressions
21:24-26). in this can hardly fit Davids experience. The
Beast of the reeds this is probably Holy Spirit of God inspired him to write words
the best translation of the obscure Hebrew that were beyond his experience and were
phrase. Company of spearmen is a very prophecies of the Messiah.
unlikely meaning. Some commentators Verses 1-3 speak of extreme peril and
think the phrase signifies Egypt. helplessness. Certainly David had
68:32-35 The psalm closes with a fitting experienced such times (40:2; 18:16,17;
exhortation to all nations to praise this 6:6). But could these words possibly fit the
mighty, splendid God. These verses are experience of the Lord Jesus? Was He not
prophetic. The time will come when all God incarnate? Could He ever be described
nations will worship the one true God. as in such danger He could not help Him-
69 Title: Shoshannim probably indicated the self? Understand that He laid aside His di-
tune to be used when singing this psalm. vine glory, power, and privileges and became
It means Lilies. a man obedient to death (Phil 2:5-8). He
69:1 This wonderful psalm is often quoted Himself said He could do nothing by Him-
in the New Testament. The Lord Jesus self (John 5:19,30), and that included sav-
applied v 4 to Himself in John 15:25. Verse ing Himself from death. He could not be-
9 is applied to Him in John 2:17 and Rom cause He knew it was God the Fathers will
15:3, and v 21 in Matt 27:34. David wrote for Him and He would not oppose Gods will
of both himself and the Lord Jesus, of his in anything. Thus we have the mention of
own sufferings and those of Jesus too. How His tears and agonizing prayers (Luke
can we sort these sayings out? How can we 22:41-44; Heb 5:7). So these verses
tell which refer to David and which to the beautifully fit His experience as He faced
Lord Jesus, and which to both of them? the cross. Remember that He voluntarily
(These same questions can be asked of put Himself in this position, and that He did
some other psalms as well.) These ques- it all for us.
tions are not always easy to answer, but 69:4 David was hated by king Saul and many
perhaps a good rule is, see the Lord Jesus others. The Lord Jesus was hated by nearly
where you can, see David where you must, all the Jewish leaders of His day and by the
see both Jesus and David where possible. world as a whole (John 15:18,24,25).
We cannot see Jesus in v 5, for He was 69:5 This was true of David (32:5; 51:1-4),
never foolish, never sinned, and so had no but not true of Jesus (John 8:46; Heb 4:15;
personal guilt. But it is easy to see David 7:26; 1 Pet 2:21,22).
there. And the prayers against the wicked 69:6 This is a strong ground in prayer. If
in verses 22-28 do not sound like the one God did not bring him through these diffi-
who prayed for His enemies in Luke 23:34 culties triumphantly then his friends and
PSALMS 69:7 722
Do not let those who seek you be 16 Hear me, O LORD,
disgraced for my sake, O God of Israel. for your loving kindness is good.
7 Because for your sake I have borne scorn; Turn to me in accordance with the
shame has covered my face. abundance of your tender mercies.
8 I have become a stranger to my brethren, 17 And do not hide your face from your servant,
and an alien to my mothers children. for I am in trouble. Hear me quickly.
9 For the zeal of your house has eaten me up, 18 Draw near to my soul, and redeem it.
and the scorn of those who scorned you Rescue me because of my enemies.
have fallen on me. 19 You have known my reproach,
10 When I wept, and humbled my soul with and my shame, and my dishonour.
fasting, I was scorned for that. My adversaries are all before you.
11 Also I made sackcloth my clothing, 20 Scorn has broken my heart,
and I became a byword to them. and I am full of heaviness.
12 Those who sit in the gate speak against me, And I looked for someone to take pity,
and I am the song of the drunkards. but there was no one,
13 But as for me, my prayer is to you, and for comforters, but I found none.
O LORD, in the acceptable time. 21 They also gave me gall for my food,
O God, in the greatness of your mercy, and in my thirst they gave me
hear me, in the truth of your salvation. vinegar to drink.
14 Deliver me out of the mire, and let me not sink. 22 Let their table before them become a snare,
Let me be delivered from those who hate and let what should have been for their
me, and out of the deep waters. welfare become a trap.
15 Do not let the flood water overflow me, 23 Let their eyes be darkened,
nor the deep swallow me up, so that they can not see,
and do not let the pit shut its mouth on me. and make their loins shake continually.
followers would be put to shame. We can to answer.
be sure that this will never happen to the 69:15 This was a prayer that death would
followers of Jesus (Rom 9:33; 10:11). not be able to hold Him. Gloriously fulfilled
LORD God of hosts note at 1 Sam 1:3. in Christs resurrection (Acts 2:24).
69:7,8 True of David, far more true of the 69:19 See 22:6,12,13,16. Judas, Caiaphas,
Lord Jesus (Matt 9:24; 27:29,41; Mark Pilate, priests, the mob of ungodly people,
3:21,30; 6:6; Luke 23:26; John 8:48; the soldiers of Rome all became His
7:5; 1:11). enemies.
69:9 John 2:17. This is one reason Jesus 69:20 The Lord Jesus died with a broken
was scorned and dishonored and treated as heart, deserted, scorned, insulted. Some
a stranger by His own people. Some world- were shocked but who had compassion?
lings are extremely zealous for making Who shed with Him a friendly tear?
money, for gaining power, for their own 69:21 Matt 27:34,48. The most unpalatable
honor, or for other things of this world, but of food and drink was given to the sufferer.
they cannot stand anyone who is zealous This verse in this psalm was the last proph-
for the one true God. They call it fanati- ecy in the Old Testament fulfilled before
cism. They cannot understand anyone car- Jesus died (John 19:28-30). The Lord Jesus
ing that much about Gods house, Gods came with a feast of good things for man-
work, Gods honor. They are blind and ig- kind. They gave Him their worst in return.
norant about the importance of these 69:22-28 Note at 35:8. Though these verses
things. The Lord Jesus had so much zeal seem at variance with Luke 23:34 (but we
for God He was consumed by it. Jesus should understand whom Jesus referred to
also became the object of insults the un- in Luke 23:34), the Holy Spirit inspired
godly aimed at God. David, a man under the law, to write them
69:10,11 Isa 53:3. Nothing the Lord Jesus to show the just vengeance of God that was
did could please the ungodly. Even His to overtake the people who caused the
mourning and weeping for them was a death of the Son of God. Though there is
reason to them to insult Him. reason to think that the Lord Jesus did not
Sackcloth a sign of grief. offer these prayers in His life and death, He
69:12 In the gate Gen 19:1; Ruth 4:1. knew, of course, they were in this psalm and
Drunkards often make a mock of religion would be answered. He taught this by
and think it fun to sneer at the holy Son of parable (Matt 21:38-41; 22:6,7), and by
God! Gods zealous children also will be held plain words (Matt 23:33-36).
up to ridicule by the ungodly. Paul applied vs 22,23 to the unbelieving
69:13-18 Compare 22:19-21. A prayer most Jews of his day (Rom 11:9,10). Peter
suitable to David, to the Lord Jesus, and to applied v 25 to Judas Iscariot the betrayer
many others since in great danger and of Jesus (Acts 1:20). And Jesus applied it
distress, a prayer God the Father delighted to the Jews in general (Matt 23:38). In
723 PSALMS 70:5
24 Pour out your indignation on them, 35 For God will save Zion and will build the
and let your burning anger take hold of them. cities of Judah,
25 Let their habitation be desolate, that they may live there and possess it.
and let no one live in their tents. 36 And the offspring of his servants will inherit it,
26 For they persecute the one whom you have and those who love his name will live in it.
struck,
70
and talk of the grief of those whom you
have wounded.
27 Ascribe wickedness to their wickedness,
To the chief musician. A Psalm of David,
and let them not come into your to bring to remembrance
righteousness.
28 Let them be blotted out of the book of 1 Come quickly, O God, to rescue me;
the living, come quickly to help me, O LORD.
and not be written with the righteous. 2 Let those who seek my life be ashamed and
29 But I am poor and sorrowful. disgraced.
Let your salvation, O God, set me up on high. Let those who desire my harm be turned
30 I will praise the name of God with a song, back and put to confusion.
and will exalt him with thanksgiving. 3 Let those who say Aha, aha! be turned
31 And this will please the LORD better than back because of their shame.
offering an ox or bull that has 4 Let all those who seek you rejoice and
horns and hoofs. be glad in you,
32 The humble will see this, and be glad; and let those who love your salvation
and you who seek God, your heart will live. say continually,
33 For the LORD hears the poor, May God be exalted.
and does not despise his prisoners. 5 But I am poor and needy.
34 May the heaven and earth praise him, Come quickly to me, O God;
the seas, and everything that you are my help and my deliverer.
moves in them. O LORD, do not delay.
these verses we see a cry for perfect justice heart. And all things will come to those
to prevail. And prevail it did, and will (see who humbly seek God. The heart is kept
18:25,26; 2 Thess 1:6). They fed Jesus alive in the process.
gall and vinegar their tables will become Your heart will live a very great promise.
a snare. They tried to put out the light of 69:33 God hears the humble, godly poor,
God their eyes will be darkened. They not the wicked poor simply because they
tried to shake the Lord Jesus and laid many are poor.
stripes on His back their loins will shake. Prisoners 68:6
They poured anger on the Son of God 69:34 See 96:11; 98:7; 148:1-13;
Gods anger will be poured on them. 150:6. God has done glorious things in the
69:26 See Isa 53:4-6,10. Lord Jesus, things that will be the subject of
69:27,28 The people referred to here never praise everywhere, throughout all time, and
were partakers of Gods righteousness as in eternity.
Abraham their father was (Gen 15:6). They 69:35,36 See 147:2; 51:18; 46:5; 25:13.
had never come into the register of the righ- 70 Title: This psalm is almost identical to
teous. That is, they had never trusted God, Ps 40:13-17. It was probably taken out of
never been saved. The first part of verse 28 that psalm, a few changes made, and used
does not mean that the saved, those who for some special occasion about which we
are counted righteous, can fall away and be know nothing.
lost. This would be contrary to the teachings 70:1 Sometimes in great danger and dis-
of the Bible in many other places (John 5:24; tress Gods help is speedily required. At such
6:37-40; 10:28; Rom 5:9,10; 1 Pet times a prayer like this is not forbidden.
1:4,5). 70:2,3 God can turn back those who pur-
Book of the living not the book of sue His people to injure them sometimes
life (Rev 3:5; 20:12,15). He does, but not always.
69:29 See 22:11-21. 70:4 See 69:32. See the contrast in the words
69:30,31 Worthy indeed is the God of such of Davids enemies aha, aha, and the
wonders. Jesus praises Him. Shall we not? words of those who love Gods salvation
What better offering than praise? May God be exalted. Here are two streams
Thanksgiving 7:17; 50:14,15; of humanity. The one type opposes, the
56:12; Lev 7:12,13; Eph 5:20; 1 Thess 5:18. other praises.
69:32 It is the poor, especially the poor in 71 Title: We do not know for certain when
spirit (Matt 5:3), and not the proud, who and by whom this psalm was written. It
will be able to enter into this with a true seems likely that David was the author. The
PSALMS 71:1 724
71
and those who lay in wait for my life
conspire together,
11 Saying, God has forsaken him.
1 In you, O LORD, I put my trust. Persecute and take him,
Let me never be put to confusion. for there is no one to rescue him.
2 Rescue me in your righteousness, 12 O God, do not be far from me. O my God,
and enable me to escape. come quickly for my help.
Bend down your ear to me, and save me. 13 Let those who are the enemies of my soul
3 Be my strong dwelling place, be put to shame and consumed.
to which I can continually resort. Let those who seek my harm be covered
You have given the command to save me, with scorn and dishonour.
for you are my rock and my fortress. 14 But I will hope continually and will
4 Rescue me, O my God, praise you still more and more.
from the hands of the wicked, 15 My mouth shall declare your righteousness
from the hands of the unrighteous and your salvation all day,
and cruel man. though I do not know its measure.
5 For you are my hope, O Lord God. 16 I will go in the strength of the Lord God.
You are my trust from my youth. I will mention your righteousness,
6 By you I have been upheld from birth. yours alone.
You are the one who took me from my 17 O God, you have taught me from
mothers womb. my youth;
My praise will continually be of you. and to this day I have declared
7 I have become like a sign to many; your wonderful works.
but you are my strong refuge. 18 Even when I am old and gray-headed,
8 Let my mouth be filled with your praise O God, do not forsake me,
and with your honour all day. until I have declared your strength
9 Do not reject me in the time of old age; to this generation,
do not forsake me when my strength fails. and your power to everyone who
10 For my enemies speak against me, is to come.
writer was facing old age (vs 9,18). Look- Rom 15:13; Col 1:27; 1 Tim 1:1.
ing back over a lifetime of trials and diffi- 71:6 See 22:10; Isa 46:3; Jer 1:4,5;
culties (v 20) he praises God for His faith- Luke 1:15.
fulness, power, and especially for His 71:7 Many knew of his trials and dangers,
righteousness. Gods righteousness is re- and how God brought him wonderfully
ferred to five times verses 2, 15, 16, 19, through them all.
24. So we may con- sider it one of the 71:8 Now in old age he has one theme only
main themes of the psalm. God is always God.
just and acts justly toward all. 71:9 Verse 18. There is no danger of God
71:1-3 These verses are very similar to the forsaking believers when they are old, and
opening verses of psalm 31 penned by David. we should never fear that He might (92:14;
The writer has trusted Jehovah, the God of the Isa 46:4; Heb 13:5).
Bible, the Creator of the universe. All his victo- 71:10,11 See 3:2; 17:2; 31:13; 56:6;
ries and blessings, all his hope flows from 83:3.
this fact. Gods power and righteousness are 71:12 See 10:1; 22:11; 35:22; 38:21;
at work on behalf of those who trust Him. It 40:13; 70:1,5.
is a just and righteous thing for God to keep 71:13 Note at 35:8.
His promises to His children, and therefore 71:14 Notice the word continually v 3
He will certainly do so. speaks of continual access, v 6 of continual
71:3 Note on Rock at Deut 32:4. Notice praise, v 14 of continual hope. Notice the
the words, to which I can always go. The words all day long in vs 8, 15, 24.
door of prayer, of Gods grace, of Gods Continual access to Gods presence gives
protection stands always open to the continual hope which leads to continual
believer. Never an hour, day or night, when praise. Compare Rom 5:1-5.
he is not welcome to enter (compare 71:15,16 Countless mercies call for continual
Rom 5:2; Eph 2:18; Heb 10:19-22). praise. Observe whose righteousness he
71:4 See 17:13; 22:20; 35:17; 59:2; praises; not his own as hypocrites and Phari-
140:1,4. Why are there so many prayers in sees do (Matt 6:1,2,5; Luke 18:9-12). Let
the psalms for protection against wicked us not be like those who praise themselves
men? Because wicked men would not and boast in their own righteousness, not
refrain from trying to harm godly and Gods.
zealous believers. 71:17,18 The person who has God for his
71:5 See 39:7; 146:5; Jer 17:7,13,17; teacher has a great teacher indeed! And
725 PSALMS 72:7
72
19 Your righteousness also, O God,
is very lofty,
you who have done great things.
O God, who is like you! A Psalm for Solomon
20 You, who have showed me great and
severe troubles, 1 Give the king your judgments, O God,
will cause me to live again, and your righteousness to the kings son.
and will bring me up again from the 2 He will judge your people with
depths of the earth. righteousness,
21 You will increase my greatness, and your poor with justice.
and comfort me on every side. 3 The mountains will bring peace to the
22 And with the lyre I will praise you, people, and the little hills,
and your truth, O my God. through righteousness.
To you I will sing with the harp, 4 He will judge the poor of the people.
O Holy One of Israel. He will save the children of the needy,
23 When I sing to you my lips will greatly and will break the oppressor in pieces.
rejoice, and my soul, 5 They will fear you as long as the sun and
which you have redeemed. moon endure,
24 My tongue also will speak of your throughout all generations.
righteousness all day long; 6 He will come down like rain on the mown grass,
for those who seek my harm are like showers that water the earth.
disappointed, 7 In his days the righteous will flourish,
they are brought to shame. and abundance of peace as long as the
the younger he begins to learn from God anointed King, the Lord Jesus Christ. His
the better. But will God be willing to become reign will be righteous and peaceful (vs 1-7),
our teacher? Yes, He will (25:4,5; 119:102; worldwide (vs 8-11), compassionate
Isa 54:13; John 6:45; 14:26; Eph 4:21). (vs 12-14), perpetual and prosperous
If God Himself is the teacher why should (vs 15-17).
men try to teach other men? One of the 72:1 As for Solomon, he was a king and the
ways God teaches us is through men whom son of king David. As regards Christ, He is
He has taught Eph 4:11-13; 1 Tim 4:13; Gods anointed King and the Son of heavens
2 Tim 4:2. So the writer of this psalm is eternal King. Solomons reign in some mea-
resolved to declare to others what He has sure is a type or picture of Christs. The
learned of God. writer describes an ideal ruler and an ideal
71:19 35:10; Deut 3:24; Isa 40:18-26; reign. The first essential for this is to know
Rom 11:33-36; Rev 15:3,4. Gods just decisions, to have a God-given
71:20,21 Nothing comes to a child of God sense of justice. Compare Solomons prayer
that God has not sent, or in His wisdom for himself in 1 Kings 3:5-9.
permitted to come. This is a ground of great 72:2 Isa 9:7; 11:2-5; 32:1.
assurance and hope. Gods purpose is not 72:3 Isa 2:4; 9:5,6; Micah 4:3,4; Zech
to afflict believers or cause them to experi- 9:10. Peace is a result of righteousness
ence great difficulties, but to teach us, give (Isa 32:17). One trouble with the world is
us new life and raise us at last to new that nations and individuals hope and seek
heights and give us new comfort. Compare for peace without righteousness. Observe
Gen 50:20; Rom 8:28. the prominence given to righteousness in
71:22-24 Meditating on the greatness and these opening verses. The great Kings
goodness of God brought strong deter- compassionate heart is more fully described
mination to the writer he will sing to in vs 12-14.
God, praise Him, and speak of His righ- 72:5 This was not true of Solomon, but is
teousness all day long. eternally true of the Lord Jesus.
72 Title: This could also be translated of 72:6 Blessings as refreshing showers will
(or by) Solomon. Verse 20 indicates that accompany Christs reign. But this verse
perhaps it was a prayer of David. It may be speaks of more than blessings coming
that David in his old age, having appointed down. It speaks of the King Himself com-
Solomon as his successor, prayed for him ing down. And come down He shall (1 Thess
some of the things we have in this psalm, 4:16; Rev 19:11-16).
and that Solomon put them in the poetic 72:7 A great promise to those who are
form we have here. So it could contain righteous! Now in this world to be righteous
Davids prayer and be Solomons psalm. In is often to be an object of scorn, opposi-
any case, this psalm, however much tion, and persecution (John 15:18-21; Heb
Solomon may be in it, is about one greater 11:36-38). When King Jesus takes up His
than Solomon. This, like psalms 2, 21, and reign on earth there will be vast changes
45, is a prophetic psalm concerning Gods made. Even so, come Lord Jesus.
PSALMS 72:8 726
moon endures. and those of the city will flourish
8 And he will rule from sea to sea, like the grass of the earth.
and from the River to the ends of the earth. 17 His name will endure forever,
9 Those who dwell in the wilderness will his name will go on as long as the sun;
bow before him, and men will be blessed in him.
and his enemies will lick the dust. All nations will call him blessed.
10 The kings of Tarshish and of the islands
18 Blessed be the LORD God,
will bring presents.
the God of Israel,
The kings of Sheba and Seba will offer gifts.
who alone does wonderful things!
11 Yes, all kings will fall down before him,
19 And blessed be his glorious name forever!
all nations will serve him.
And let the whole earth be filled with
12 For he will rescue the needy when
his glory! Amen, and Amen.
he cries out,
also the poor and the one who has no helper. 20 The prayers of David,
13 He will spare the poor and needy and save the son of Jesse, are ended.
the souls of the needy.
14 He will redeem their soul from deceit BOOK 3 (Psalms 73 - 89)
and violence, and their blood will
be precious in his sight.
15 And he will live on, and to him the gold
of Sheba will be given;
73
also prayer will be made for him continually, A Psalm of Asaph
and daily he will be praised.
16 There will be an abundance of grain in 1 Truly God is good to Israel,
the earth on the top of the mountains; to those who are pure in heart.
its fruit will wave like the cedars of Lebanon; 2 But as for me, my feet had almost stumbled,
72:8-11 Solomon never reigned over all 72:20 Other psalms David wrote appear later
nations. The One who is far greater than on in the book of psalms. But judging from
Solomon will (2:8,9; Isa 2:2-4; Zech this his last prayers before he died were
9:9,10; 14:9; Rev 19:15). concerning Gods kingdom.
River (v 8) the Euphrates. 73 Title: Note on Asaph at 50:1. Altogether
Islands or coastlands. twelve psalms are ascribed to him.
72:12-14 Here a reason is given why all will 73:1 Here Asaph gives the conclusion he
bring gifts to Him, bow before Him and serve has reached after his struggles with doubt.
Him. His character is surpassingly excellent, He almost fell into unbelief about Gods
His deeds full of compassion. Though some goodness because of perplexing things that
rulers and leaders occasionally talk about happen in the world. He came through the
helping the poor and needy, how many of spiritual battle victoriously and is fully as-
them ever actually do so? The Lord Jesus sured that God is good. Is God good to all?
will do more than talk about the poor and Yes, He is (145:9; Matt 5:45). He is good
needy. He will stand up on their behalf and even to the wicked until it becomes no longer
deliver them. He will truly abolish poverty right to show them any more kindness. But
from the earth, and destroy those who God is especially good to His own dear
oppress the poor. people. God displays His goodness to the
72:15-17 Then there will be no fear that wicked to lead them to repentance (Rom
some tyrant, some wicked ruler, will sup- 2:4). He is good to the righteous for their
plant the Lord Jesus. He will rule forever. blessing, happiness, and sanctification.
72:15 For him the Hebrew here can also Satan, who is the enemy of all goodness,
be translated through him or for Him or will try to convince us God is not good at all.
in him. His people pray through Him as He will point to the world with its cruelty,
mediator, they pray for Him when they pray suffering, and injustice. Satan will not say,
for His kingdom to come, when they pray for of course, the truth that he and wicked men,
His church or His work. And they pray in Him not God, are responsible for all that. In
as members of His body. In general Hebrew this New Testament age when Satan tempts
prepositions have more than one meaning. us to doubt Gods goodness we can look at
72:16 No famines will afflict mankind in the cross of the Lord Jesus Christ (some-
Christs reign. thing Asaph could not do), and be assured
72:17 In Christs reign at last the blessings again that God is eternal love and everlast-
God promised to Abraham will be fully ing goodness.
manifested (Gen 12:1-3). 73:2 Asaph said God is good to the pure in
72:18,19 Surely the above revelation should heart those in Israel who were true
stir the hearts of believers to joy and praise believers and who because of it tried to live
and prayer for its fulfillment. holy lives (note on the pure in heart at Matt
727 PSALMS 73:21
my steps had nearly slipped. they increase in riches.
3 For I was envious of the foolish, 13 Surely in vain I have cleansed my heart,
when I saw the prosperity of the wicked. and washed my hands in innocence.
4 For there are no pangs in their death; 14 For all day long I have been plagued,
but their strength is firm.
and punished every morning.
5 They are not in trouble like other men,
15 If I had said, I will speak thus,
nor are they plagued like other men.
see, I would have betrayed the
6 Therefore pride surrounds them like a necklace;
generation of your children.
violence covers them like a garment.
16 When I thought to understand this,
7 Their eyes bulge with fat;
it was too painful for me;
they have more than heart could wish.
17 Until I went into the sanctuary of God.
8 They scoff, and speak wickedly concerning
oppression; Then I understood their coming end.
they speak arrogantly. 18 Surely you set them in slippery places.
9 They set their mouth against the heavens, You cast them down to destruction.
and their tongue walks through the earth. 19 How they are brought into desolation,
10 Therefore his people return here, as in a moment!
and waters of a full cup are drained by them. They are completely consumed with terrors.
11 And they say, How does God know? 20 As a dream when one awakes,
and Is there knowledge in the Most High? so, O Lord, when you awake,
12 See, these are the ungodly, you will despise their image.
who prosper in the world; 21 Thus my heart was grieved,
5:8). Here he confesses his own weakness every morning and all day long. He had
and folly. He realized he could hardly be expected better rewards for faithful service
classed with the pure in heart. Almost he than that. So he thinks he has grounds to
had fallen away from God. quarrel with God. How easy it is for us also
73:3 Here is the reason for Asaphs spiri- to forget the purpose of Gods punishment
tual struggle and near fall envy. He com- and chastisement (Heb 12:5-11). Gods tak-
pared his condition (vs 13,14) with the wicked ing such pains to correct Asaph shows that
who were prosperous, and he thought they Asaph was chosen of God and very precious.
were better off than he. On envy see Job On the whole, God is not much concerned
5:2; Prov 14:30; 23:17; 27:4; Matt with making His children materially pros-
27:18; Acts 7:9; 13:45; 17:5; Rom perous. He wants to make them holy, faith-
13:13; 1 Cor 3:3; Jam 3:14-16. ful, trusting, and true. He is not in the busi-
73:4-12 These verses are a vivid descrip- ness of building fortunes for them He is
tion of a certain class of people in their pros- building their character, something far more
perity, pride, and ignorance. To understand important than money and property. See
fully Asaphs folly in envying them we should also Psalm 37.
remember an important fact. He was a 73:15,16 In this carnal condition he still
Levite (God chose the Levites for service in had respect for the people of God and did
the temple). The Levites were not supposed not want to be a cause of stumbling to them.
to desire material things. They had no So he very wisely kept quiet about his doubts
inheritance in the land of Canaan. God Him- and inner turmoil.
self was their inheritance Deut 10:9; 73:17-20 Understanding began to dawn in
18:1,2. They were to devote themselves to Asaphs mind when he got into Gods pres-
the service of God and be supported by the ence. There alone can we come to right
offerings of the people of Israel Num opinions about things. The wicked enjoy their
18:21-26; Deut 14:27-29. prosperity only for a little while. Then they
For Asaph to envy the wicked in their pros- are cut off and sink down to terrors, misery,
perity was to show dissatisfaction with Gods and destruction. How foolish to envy those
calling for him. It was to forget that he had whose end is so dreadful! From the New
the greatest inheritance of all, and the Testament point of view, with its emphasis
greatest privilege and blessing of all men on eternal life, Lazarus, for example, had
God and Gods service. In these days many no need to envy the rich man, but the rich
Christian workers commit Asaphs blunder. man had much cause to envy Lazarus (Luke
And many do not come through this 16:19-24).
spiritual test as victoriously as he did. 73:21,22 This is the result of questioning
73:10 Waters of a full cup probably Gods goodness and envying the wicked.
indicates an abundance of everything they Such sins make men like beasts without
want. spiritual understanding (2 Pet 2:12; Jude
73:13,14 In his doubts and lack of under- 10). Asaph had been appointed to sing joy-
standing he concluded that any effort to be ful songs to God (1 Chron 15:16,17), not to
holy and spiritual was useless. All he got question Gods justice in His dealings with
for his efforts was Gods chastisement, men. Grief and bitterness of spirit will re-
PSALMS 73:22 728
and I was pierced in my inmost being. 28 But it is good for me to draw near to God.
22 I was so foolish and ignorant; I have put my trust in the Lord God,
I was like a beast in your presence. that I may declare all your works.
23 Nevertheless I am continually with you.
74
You hold me by my right hand.
24 You will guide me with your counsel,
and afterwards receive me into glory.
A maskil of Asaph
25 Whom have I in heaven but you ?
And there is nothing on earth that I 1 O God, why have you cast us off forever?
desire besides you. Why does your anger smoke against the
26 My flesh and my heart fail, sheep of your pasture?
but God is the strength of my heart, 2 Remember your congregation which you
and my portion forever. purchased of old,
27 For, see, those who are far from you will the tribe of your inheritance which you
perish. redeemed,
You destroy all those who go from you this mount Zion, where you have dwelt.
acting like a prostitute. 3 Lift up your feet to the perpetual ruins,
sult from such quarrels with God. Here when to know God and live joyfully in His presence
Asaph confesses his folly he begins to be forever. The way to obtain this good is to make
restored to a healthy spiritual state. Him our refuge. The result will be that we
73:23 Nevertheless this word coming will want to declare His goodness to others.
here has great meaning. It is the differ- 74 Title: This psalm is ascribed to Asaph.
ence between salvation and destruction, He lived during Davids reign and it is cer-
peace and despair. Asaph had failed, had tain that at that time the events described
doubted, had quarreled with Gods ways, but in vs 3-8 did not take place. And v 9 was
God had not left him for a single moment. not true then, for Nathan the prophet was
As a father holds the hand of a little son living, David himself was a prophet, and
stumbling on a dark path so God held Asaph was a seer another name for a
Asaphs hand (compare John 10:28). prophet (2 Chron 29:30). A seer could look
73:24 Because of Gods grace, complete into the future and describe events that had
assurance floods back into Asaphs heart. not yet taken place as though they had.
God Himself will be his guide and lead him Asaph wrote this psalm by the inspiration of
all the way to the place of eternal glory. The the Holy Spirit regarding future calamities.
prosperity of the wicked has to do only with Let no one think this a strange thing (see
this earth and for their little time here. The Isa 46:9,10). In Psalm 22 David wrote of
believer has his inheritance in God Himself the crucifixion of Christ that took place a
and so it will never pass away Rom 8:17; thousand years later.
Eph 1:14,18; 1 Pet 1:3,4; Matt 6:19-21. There are many other examples of
73:25 Asaph returns to his proper spiritual writings in the Old Testament which describe
position as a Levite who has God for his future events using verb forms in Hebrew
portion. In this New Testament age be- that we would call in English past or present
lievers are priests and Levites in a spiritual tenses. See, for example, Isaiah chapter
sense (note at Ex 28:1). Happy is the 53. Here Asaph puts himself in the place of
person who can truly say that he wants these future people of God and speaks as
nothing on earth but God Himself. though he were one of them. In this way
Nothing or no one. the Holy Spirit provides a prayer for those
73:26 How weak and deceiving are our own in the future who would actually experience
hearts Prov 28:26; Jer 17:9. There is the disaster described here.
nothing in ourselves that we can depend on Maskil probably a literary or musical term.
Rom 7:18; 2 Cor 1:9; 3:5. God is the 74:1 S e e 4 4 : 9 ; 77:7. There is no
strength of our heart (or Rock the literal confession of sin in this psalm, only
meaning of the Hebrew word used here. perplexity at Gods dealings with His
Note at Deut 32:4). See 18:1,2; 27:1; people (vs 10,11). When strange events
62:7; 84:5; 2 Cor 12:9. o c c u r, w h e n G o d s a n g e r s e e m s t o b e
73:27 This will be the fate of those who aroused, it is no mistake to ask God for
despise Gods goodness and will not repent the cause. For of one thing we may be
at His kindness. Since they spurn His grace sure God does nothing without a very
that would save them they will taste of His good reason.
justice which condemns them. Sheep 79:13; 95:7; 100:3.
Acting like a prostitute a phrase used 74:2 Redeemed Ex 15:13,16; Deut
by the writers of the Old Testament to indi- 32:6; Ps 78:35 (note); Isa 63:9.
cate unfaithfulness to the one true God, and Zion 9:11; 68:16; 76:2; 132:13.
running after false gods. 74:3-9 This language points to a time long
73:28 The supreme good for man is just this after the temple in Jerusalem had been
729 PSALMS 75:2
all that the enemy has destroyed in the You dried up mighty rivers.
sanctuary. 16 The day is yours; the night also is yours.
4 Your enemies roared in your meeting places; You prepared the light and the sun.
they set up their banners as signs. 17 You set all the borders of the earth.
5 A man was famous for lifting up axes on You made summer and winter.
the thick trees. 18 Remember that the enemy has
6 But now they have broken down its carved taunted you, O LORD,
work all at once with axes and and that the foolish people have
hammers. blasphemed your name.
7 They have set your sanctuary on fire, 19 O do not deliver the soul of your dove
they have defiled the dwelling place to the horde of the wicked.
of your name by casting it down Do not forget forever the congregation
to the ground. of your poor.
8 They said in their hearts, 20 Have regard for the covenant.
Let us destroy them altogether. For the dark places of the earth are
They have burned up all the meeting full of the habitations of cruelty.
places of God in the land. 21 Oh, do not let the oppressed return ashamed!
9 We do not see our signs. Let the poor and needy praise your name.
No longer is there a prophet, 22 Arise, O God, plead your own cause!
nor is there anyone among us who knows Remember how the foolish man scorns you
how long. daily.
10 O God, how long will the foe taunt you ? 23 Do not forget the voice of your enemies.
Will the enemy blaspheme your name The uproar of those who rise up against
forever? you increases continually.
11 Why do you withdraw your hand, your right
hand?
Take it out of your bosom and destroy them !
12 For God is my King of old, working
75
salvation in the midst of the earth. To the chief musician, al taskith,
13 You divided the sea by your strength. a Psalm, a song of Asaph
You broke the heads of the monsters in
the waters. 1 To you, O God, we give thanks,
14 You broke in pieces the heads of to you we give thanks,
leviathan and gave him as food to for your wonderful deeds declare that
the people living in the desert. your name is near.
15 You split open the fountain and the flood. 2 When I choose the proper time I will
destroyed. Both this verse and v 9 indicate Creator to act in behalf of His people as
a time after Jeremiahs day (he described He did before. They are like a dove, their
the destruction of the temple in Jeremiah enemies like fierce beasts trying to
chapter 52). So Asaph was looking several destroy them completely. He could not
hundred years into the future. understand Gods inaction when people
74:10 See 6:3; 13:1,2; 35:17; 80:4; curse Him and mistreat His dear people.
89:46; 90:13; Rev 6:10. But God has His purposes in that too, and
74:11 Gods ways are not our ways and are when they are fulfilled He will arise to
not to be understood by mere human judge the world.
reason (Isa 55:8,9; Rom 11:33,34). 75 Title: Al-taskith probably indicated the
Destroy them note on such prayers tune to be used when singing this psalm.
at 35:8. It means Do not Destroy.
74:12-17 Here Asaph reminds God that He 75:1 Thanks 7:17; 50:14,15; 56:12;
has previously acted in behalf of His people, Lev 7:12,13. In the previous psalm Asaph
and that He is the all-powerful Creator and prayed that God would judge the wicked.
Ruler of the world. Vs 13,14 probably refer Here there is thanksgiving for Gods answer.
to the deliverance of Israel from Egypt There Asaph cries out How long? Here is
and the destruction of the Egyptian armies the assurance that God will act at the proper
in Exodus chapter 14. Happy is the person time. Gods name means His person, His
who can say as Asaph did God is my king. attributes. He is near to help His people
For God is the most benevolent of rulers, Deut 4:7; 34:18; 145:18; 148:14; Deut
always seeking the highest good of His 4:7; Isa 55:6.
people. Of course, He demands their com- 75:2-7 In v 2 God Himself begins to speak.
plete loyalty, trust, and obedience. He sees the turmoil in the world and the
74:18-23 Asaph appeals to God the great persecution of His people. He hears the
PSALMS 75:3 730
judge uprightly. His name is great in Israel.
3 The earth and all its inhabitants melt 2 Also his tabernacle is
away, I hold up its pillars. Selah in Salem,
4 I said to the boasters, Do not boast, and his dwelling place in Zion.
and to the wicked, Do not lift up 3 There he broke the arrows of the bow,
your horn, the shield and the sword of battle.
5 Do not lift up your horn on high. Selah
Do not speak with an arrogant neck. 4 You are more glorious and excellent than
6 For exaltation does not come either from the mountains of prey.
the east or from the west or from 5 The brave have been plundered;
the south, they sleep their sleep;
7 But God is the judge. and none of the mighty men have found
He puts down one, and sets up another. the use of their hands.
8 For in the hand of the LORD there is 6 At your rebuke, O God of Jacob,
a cup, and the wine is red. both the charioteer and horse have
It is fully mixed, and he pours it out, been cast into a deep sleep.
and all the wicked of the earth 7 You, you alone, are to be
drain it, drinking it to its dregs. feared.
9 But I will declare this forever. And who can stand in your sight when
I will sing praises to the God of Jacob. you become angry?
10 I will also cut off all the horns of the wicked; 8 You caused judgment to be heard from
but the horns of the righteous will be exalted. heaven;
the earth was afraid and became quiet,
76 9 When God rose up for judgment to save all
the meek of the earth.
Selah
To the chief musician, on neginoth,
a Psalm, a song of Asaph 10 Surely the wrath of man will praise you.
With the remainder of wrath you arm
1 In Judah God is known. yourself.
boasting of wicked and arrogant people. He 76:1 The greatest possible blessing for a
knows exactly how long He should let such people or an individual is to have the
things go on. God has set times to perform knowledge of the true God. In those days
certain acts (Dan 8:19; 11:27,35; Hab this was the blessing the people in Israel
2:3; John 7:30; Acts 17:31). Until He had. Now this true and only God is known
arises to judge the world He Himself keeps among Christs believers scattered here
the pillars of the world, the foundations of and there throughout the whole world. See
society from crumbling. And He has a mes- John 17:3.
sage for all those who wickedly exalt them- 76:2 Salem Jerusalem. Zion 74:2.
selves on earth: Do not lift up your horn. 76:3 This psalm is a triumphant hymn after
In the Bible horn sometimes signifies a battle in which God had fought for His
strength, authority, sometimes honor people and conquered their enemies
(89:17,24; 92:10; 148:14; 1 Sam 2:1,10; vs 5-9. Some scholars believe the event
Lam 2:3,17; Zech 1:21; Luke 1:69). referred to was the defeat of Sennacheribs
Lift up or exalt is one of the key themes army described in 2 Chronicles chapter 32
of this psalm vs 4,5,6,7,10. A man may and Isaiah chapter 37. This psalm is
lift himself to some high place but it will be ascribed to Asaph and Sennacheribs inva-
only to fall v 10. Gods people should sion occurred long after Asaphs death. If
quietly wait for God to lift them up (1 Sam that invasion is meant (and we cannot be
2:6-8). Let not the man who exalts himself sure of this) Asaph was writing of the future
by deceitful tricks or human strength vainly as if it had already happened. See note on
imagine that it is God who lifts him up. the title of Psalm 74.
75:8 The ancients sometimes offered to 76:4 See 1 Tim 6:16; Jam 1:17; 1 John
criminals before their execution wine mixed 1:5.
with stupefying drugs. That seems to be 76:7 Notes on fear of the Lord at 34:11-14;
the picture here. Compare Isa 51:17-23; 111:10; Gen 20:11; Prov 1:7. On stand see
Jer 25:15,27; 49:12; Ezek 23:32-34; Ezra 9:15; Nahum 1:6; Mal 3:2; Rev 6:17.
Rev 14:9,10. Notes on wrath at 90:7-11; Num 25:3; etc.
75:9 Note on God of Jacob at 146:5. 76:9 Observe why God pours out His wrath
75:10 The wicked rise only to fall. The on wicked enemies. It is necessary for the
righteous are abased only to be exalted sake of justice and for the salvation of the
(Luke 14:11; 18:14). humble.
76 Title: Neginoth means string instruments. 76:10 Surely the wrath of man will praise
731 PSALMS 77:16
11 Make vows to the LORD your God and fulfil 6 I remembered my song in the night.
them. I meditated in my own heart,
May all who are around him bring and my spirit made diligent search.
presents to him who ought to be feared. 7 Will the Lord cast off forever?
12 He will cut off the spirit of princes. And will he be favourable no more?
He is awesome toward the kings of the earth. 8 Is his mercy completely gone forever?
Does his promise fail for evermore?
77
9 Has God forgotten to be gracious?
Has he in anger shut up his tender mercies?
Selah
To the chief musician, to Juduthun,
10 And I said, This is my infirmity,
a Psalm of Asaph
but I will remember the years of the
1 I cried out to God with my voice, right hand of the Most High.
yes, to God with my voice, 11 I will remember the deeds of the LORD.
and he gave ear to me. Surely I will remember your wonders of old.
2 In the day of my trouble I sought the Lord. 12 I will also meditate on all your work,
My hand was unceasingly stretched out and talk of your deeds.
in the night. 13 Your way, O God, is in the sanctuary.
My soul refused to be comforted. Who is as great a God as our God?
3 I remembered God and was troubled. 14 You are the God who does wonders.
I complained and my spirit was You have declared your power among the
overwhelmed. Selah people.
4 You hold my eyes open. 15 With your arm you redeemed your people,
I am so troubled that I cannot speak. the sons of Jacob and Joseph.
5 I considered the days of old, Selah
the years of ancient times. 16 The waters saw you, O God,
you. With the remainder of wrath you arm vain to express the distress of the mind,
yourself this seems a better translation the longings of the heart. Even the Holy
of the somewhat obscure and difficult Spirit uses groans in the human heart to
Hebrew than others which have been made. appeal to God the Father (Rom 8:26).
God can and does turn all the doings of 77:7-9 These are the words of a man
men, including their anger against Gods experiencing great suffering of mind. He
people, to His own glory and His peoples seems to have lost all fellowship with God
good (Gen 50:20; Ex 9:16; Acts 2:22-24; and feels that God is angry. See also Job
Rom 9:17). Also God can and does use 6:4 and Lamentations 3:1-18. Such an
mens anger against Him as a weapon experience may come to any of us. When it
against them (compare Ex 14:5-28; does we have this psalm to guide us.
Esther 7:10). 77:10-12 Asaph while seeking God resolved
76:11 Vows 50:14. Presents 68:29; to meditate on Gods former great deeds
2 Chron 32:22,23. toward His people. Such remembrance is
76:12 See 47:2. food for faith. Faith grows stronger by it
77:1 Asaph in this psalm writes of a time of and triumphs over depression. Peace of
great depression. Compare psalm 42. He heart does not come by looking within at
could not understand Gods dealings with self, but by looking without to Gods acts of
him, and his faith was being severely tested. redemption. Verse 10 in Hebrew is quite
We may divide the psalm into three parts: obscure and there have been a number of
Asaphs depressed condition and prayer different translations of it. Probably the KJV
(vs 1-9); his decision to call to mind Gods is best here.
greatness (vs 10-12); and the works of God 77:11 Here Asaph determines to do what
in particular which he remembered. the Word of God commands (Deut 7:18;
77:2 When one is depressed and sad this 8:2,18; 32:7).
is one part of the remedy. Seeking God will 77:12 1:1,2; 143:5; 145:5; 1 Tim 4:15.
bring new life, strength, and joy 9:10; 77:13 The first thing Asaph remembers is
22:26; 34:10; 40:16; 69:32; 70:4; that Gods way is perfectly holy. Therefore
105:3. Asaph refused all human comfort, Gods dealings with him were just and good
all comfort which did not meet his need. He and without possibility of mistake (18:30).
wanted Gods comfort alone. On Gods holiness see Lev 20:7; on His
77:3 Thoughts of God brought thoughts of greatness see 71:19; 86:8; Ex 15:11;
former joys (vs 5,6), and increased his Deut 32:31; Isa 40:25.
mental distress. Sighs and groans are 77:14 See 72:18; 86:10; 136:4.
sometimes the best prayers. A mother hears 77:15-20 He remembers the exodus from
her babys cries when it has no words. Egypt, the way through the Red Sea, the
77:4 Sometimes words seem empty and journey through the desert. All this brings
PSALMS 77:17 732
the waters saw you. I will utter difficult sayings of old,
They were afraid; 3 Which we have heard and known,
the depths also were troubled. and which our fathers have told us.
17 The clouds poured out water. 4 We will not hide them from their children,
The skies sent out a sound. declaring to the generation to come
Your arrows also went abroad. the praises of the LORD,
18 The voice of your thunder was in the heavens. and his strength, and his wonderful
The lightning flashes lit up the world. deeds which he has done.
The earth trembled and shook. 5 For he established a testimony in Jacob,
19 Your way is in the sea and your path in and appointed a law in Israel,
the great waters, which he commanded our fathers,
and your footsteps are not known. that they should make them known to
20 You led your people like a flock by the their children,
hand of Moses and Aaron. 6 That the generation to come might know them,
the children who would be born;
78
who should arise and declare them to
their children,
7 That they might set their hope on God,
A maskil of Asaph and not forget the works of God,
but keep his commandments,
1 Give ear, O my people, to my law. 8 And might not be like their fathers,
Bow down your ears to the words of my mouth. a stubborn and rebellious generation,
2 I will open my mouth in a parable; a generation that did not prepare their
to his mind Gods love and faithfulness have as much light and revelation from God
(vs 15,20), Gods power and glory (vs as they had (and with the New Testament in
16-18), and Gods mysterious dealings with our hands we have much more light than
His people (v 19). Remembrance of these they had). There is much in this psalm on
matters was just the remedy Asaph needed the fruits and penalties of unbelief.
for his gloomy depression. For peace of Unbelief causes people
mind we do not need to know all the mys-
To turn back (v 9),
teries of Gods ways, we need only trust Him
Be disobedient (v 10),
for His grace and follow His guidance through
Be forgetful of Gods great mercies (v 11),
the barren wilderness of this world. Now, of
Go on sinning and rebelling (v 17),
course, believers can look to Gods acts of
Live a life of futility (v 33),
redemption in the death and resur-
Flatter and lie (v 36),
rection of the Lord Jesus and find comfort
Limit God (v 41),
and help in times of depression.
And be disloyal and unreliable (v 57).
77:17 Arrows flashes of lightning.
And unbelief brings on men the anger of
78 Title: Maskil was probably a literary or
God and great loss.
musical term.
78:1 In this psalm Asaph speaks as a 78:2-8 These verses, particularly vs 7,8,
prophet (see Matt 13:35 where v 2 of this give the reason why Asaph wrote this psalm.
psalm is referred to). Here we have a con- He is doing what God commanded His
trast between Gods grace and mighty deeds, people to do (Ex 12:26,27; 13:8,9; Deut
and Israels rebellion and sin. It was 4:9,10; 6:7,20-25; 11:19; 32:46). It
intended as an exhortation and a warning is the solemn responsibility of parents to
to the people based on their history (see train up their children in the discipline and
also psalms 105 and 106). It also gives the teaching of the Lord (Eph 6:4), and each
reason why the tribe of Ephraim was put down generation of believers must instruct the
and Judah exalted. It teaches the true mean- next generation.
ing of the events of history, and we can learn 78:2 These words are applied to the
much needed lessons from it for today. teaching method of the Lord Jesus in Matt
Men often slander God because He does 13:35.
not give them all they desire, or behave as 78:7,8 There are two kinds of examples
they think He ought, or because He in the Bible good ones which we should
punishes sin and rebellion. In this psalm follow, and bad ones which we should
we see Gods true righteous character and avoid. The brief history of Israel recorded
mans depravity very strikingly and clearly in the rest of this psalm gives many of
revealed. Here we can learn much of what the second kind of example. Those
God is and what we are. We have no grounds people went astray for the three reasons
for thinking that by nature we are in any given in v 8 they would not obey God;
way better than the people of Israel they would not make their hearts right with
described here. And we have no excuse if Him; they would not be faithful to Him.
we indulge in their rebellion and sins, if we The second of these reasons is the cause
733 PSALMS 78:32
heart rightly, Can he give bread also?
and whose spirit was not steadfast with God. Can he provide meat for his people?
9 The children of Ephraim, armed and 21 Therefore the LORD heard this and was angry.
carrying bows, So a fire was kindled against Jacob,
turned back in the day of battle. and anger also came up against Israel,
10 They did not keep the covenant of God, 22 Because they did not believe in God,
and refused to walk in his law, and did not trust in his salvation,
11 And they forgot his deeds and his wonders 23 Though he had commanded the clouds
that he had shown them. from above,
12 He did marvellous things in the sight of and had opened the doors of heaven,
their fathers, 24 And had rained down manna on them to eat,
in the land of Egypt, in the field of Zoan. and had given them the grain of heaven.
13 He divided the sea and caused them to 25 Man ate angels food.
pass through, He sent them food to the full.
and he made the waters stand like a heap. 26 He caused an east wind to blow in the
14 Also in the daytime he led them with a cloud, heavens,
and all the night with a light of the fire. and by his power he brought in the
15 He split the rocks in the wilderness, south wind.
and gave them drink as out of the 27 He also rained meat on them like dust,
great depths. and feathered birds like the sand
16 He also brought streams out of the rock, of the sea,
and caused waters to run down like rivers. 28 And let them fall in the middle of their
17 And they sinned still more against him by camp, around their homes.
provoking the Most High in the desert. 29 So they ate, and were well satisfied,
18 And they tempted God in their heart by for he gave them their own desire;
asking for their desired food. 30 They were not turned away from their craving.
19 Yes, they spoke against God. But while their food was still in their mouths,
They said, Can God prepare a table in 31 The wrath of God came on them,
the wilderness? and killed the stoutest of them,
20 Look, he struck the rock, and struck down the chosen men of Israel.
so that the waters gushed out, 32 In spite of all this they still sinned,
and the streams overflowed. and did not believe even though
of the other two. Preparing the heart and effective change, did not produce a living faith
making sure the inner life is right with God or obedient heart. Actually miracles by them-
is the most important duty of all. It is far selves never produce true faith and obedience
more important than any outward service, (vs 22,32; Matt 11:20-24; John 6:26). To
for without it outward service will not be produce these Gods work in the heart is
pleasing and acceptable to God (Prov required and true repentance. The awful
4:23; Luke 6:45). depravity of human nature is not overcome by
78:9 During and after the conquest of outward things, including powerful miracles.
Canaan Ephraim rose to a place of promi- 78:18 Ex 17:6; Deut 6:16; Ps 95:9;
nence among the tribes. Joshua and Gideon 106:14; 1 Cor 10:9.
were both from this tribe. Ephraim is 78:19 Ex 16:3; Num 11:4; 20:3; 21:5.
mentioned particularly because it failed in Compare Ps 23:5.
its leadership. We do not know to what 78:20 Num 11:18.
battle Asaph refers possibly to the times 78:21 Notes on Gods anger at 90:7-11;
in general described in the book of Judges. Num 25:3; etc.
78:10,11 This was true, not merely of 78:22 Here is the reason for Gods anger.
Ephraim, but of the whole nation. However, Their unbelief was in the face of great
it was more markedly true in Ephraim than evidence of Gods power and goodness. It
in the other tribes. was willful, blameworthy unbelief. Doubting
78:12 See Exodus chapters 7-13. Zoan was so great a God who had displayed such great
the city of Pharaoh, the capital of that part grace was a great sin.
of Egypt near Goshen where the people of 78:23-28 Ex 16:4,14,15.
Israel lived. 78:26-28 Ex 16:13; Num 11:31,32.
78:13 Ex 14:21,22. 78:29-31 See 106:14,15; Num 11:33,34.
78:14 Ex 13:21,22; 14:24. 78:32-42 Neither gracious miracles nor
78:15,16 Ex 17:6; Num 20:11; Ps 105:41; severe punishments changed the hearts of
114:8. the people. They were incorrigible. But the
78:17 A sad verse indeed. All Gods miracles rest of mankind is no better than they, and
on their behalf did not work in them an by nature we ourselves are in no way su-
PSALMS 78:33 734
they saw his wonderful works. and did not stir up all his wrath.
33 Therefore, he consumed their days in futility, 39 For he remembered that they were but
and their years in trouble. flesh, a wind that passes away and
34 When he killed them, then they sought him, does not come again.
and they turned back and soon inquired 40 How often they provoked him in the
after God. wilderness,
35 And they remembered that God was their rock, and grieved him in the desert!
and the high God their redeemer. 41 Yes, they turned back and tested God,
36 Nevertheless they flattered him with and limited the Holy One of Israel.
their mouth and lied to him with
their tongues. 42 They did not remember his hand,
37 For their heart was not right with him, or the day when he delivered them from
they were not firm in his covenant. the enemy,
38 But he, being full of compassion, forgave 43 How he appointed his signs in Egypt,
their wickedness, and his wonders in the field of Zoan,
and did not destroy them. 44 And turned their rivers and their streams
Yes, many times he turned his anger away, into blood,
perior (Rom 3:9). These verses are a sad forgiveness, freedom, and an eternal inher-
commentary on mans fallen nature in which itance. Jesus stands up for believers against
we all share. People in general are sinful their spiritual enemy Satan. He will destroy
and unbelieving (v 32), turning to God only this one who has brought death on the
in time of trouble (v 34), but even then human race, and will restore to man all that
insincere (vs 36,37), feeble in all they can he lost by falling into Satans hands. The
do (v 39), continually grieving God (v 40), Lord Jesus has redeemed His people that
setting limits to Gods power (v 41), and collectively they might become His holy,
easily forgetful of all Gods mercies (v 42). spiritual bride to bring forth fruit for God.
This is what human nature reveals itself to See Matt 20:28; 26:28; Rom 3:24; 7:1-4;
be when put to the test. Even God does not 8:23; Gal 3:13,14; Eph 1:7,14; 4:30;
attempt to reform it. He says it is worthy of 5:25-33; Col 1:14; Heb 9:12; 1 Pet
death, and gives a new nature altogether 1:4,18,19; Rev 1:5; 5:9,10; 19:6-9.
to the believer in Christ (Rom 6:3-5; 7:4-6; 78:36,37 Will men lie to God and try to de-
2 Cor 5:14-17; Eph 2:1-10; 4:22-24; ceive Him? Yes, of course. Men will try any-
Col 3:1-4). thing to evade the responsibility of truly re-
78:33 Israel went around in the desert for penting and living a life of obedience to God.
forty years without a goal. Emptiness of 78:38 Ex 34:6; Num 14:18-20; Isa 48:9.
heart and futility of life and fear of the If God did not restrain His just anger against
future and death these are the sad fruits men, none of them would be left alive.
of sin, rebellion and unbelief. If our lives 78:39 See 103:14-16; Gen 6:3; Jam 4:14.
are fruitless and vain and empty and 78:40 See 95:8-10; 106:43; 107:11;
plagued by various fears, let us learn to trace Heb 3:16; Isa 63:10; Eph 4:30.
these things to their true source. 78:41 Limited this seems to the author
78:35 The Hebrew word translated here of these notes to be a better translation of
redeemer (goel) is used 46 times in the the somewhat obscure Hebrew word than
Hebrew Old Testament, sometimes of God, others which have been offered. But is not
sometimes of men. It had various mean- God all-powerful? Can man limit God in any
ings. A redeemer was one who delivered way? God is all-powerful (Gen 18:14; Jer
from trouble and bondage (Gen 48:16; 32:27; Matt 19:26). But men can limit Him
Deut 13:5); a close relative who would buy in the good He would do for them. Compare
a persons lost property and restore it to Matt 23:37-39; Mark 6:1-6. Sin keeps
him (Lev 25:25); an avenger of a family people from experiencing the good they
member who had been killed (Num 35:12); might otherwise receive (Jer 5:25), and an
a close relative who would marry the widow unbelieving attitude toward God is one of the
of a family member and raise up progeny worst of sins (it is the same as calling God a
for him, besides buying up her lost prop- liar 1 John 5:10). God has so arranged
erty (Ruth 2:20); and one who takes the matters that peoples faith enables His power
side of his people against oppressors (Prov to work among them to bring blessing (Matt
23:11). As Redeemer God saved His people 9:29; 17:19,20; Mark 11:22-24), and their
from bondage, restored them to the land, unbelief prevents it from working. In this
and punished their enemies (Isa 49:25,26; area unbelief limits the omnipotent One. By
Jer 50:33,34). not trusting God as we ought, are we limiting
In the New Testament the word has more what God wants to do in us and through us?
spiritual meanings. There the Lord Jesus is 78:42 Judges 3:7; 8:34. This was a
the Redeemer. He paid the price to release deliberate refusal to remember, and this was
us from sins bondage. The price was His blameworthy indeed.
own blood. By His blood believers have 78:43-51 Exodus chapters 7-13.
735 PSALMS 78:72
so that they could not drink. bow.
45 He sent swarms of flies among them which 58 For they provoked him to anger with their
devoured them, high places,
and frogs which destroyed them. and moved him to jealousy with their
46 He also gave their crops to the caterpillar, carved idols.
and their labour to the locust. 59 When God heard this, he was enraged,
47 He destroyed their vines with hail, and greatly abhorred Israel,
and their sycamore trees with frost. 60 So that he forsook the tabernacle at Shiloh,
48 He also gave up their cattle to the hail, the tent which he placed among men,
and their flocks to flaming thunderbolts. 61 And delivered his strength into captivity,
49 He cast on them the fierceness of his and his glory into the enemys hand.
anger, wrath, and indignation, and 62 He also gave his people over to the sword,
trouble, and was angry with his inheritance.
by sending destroying angels among them. 63 The fire consumed their young men,
50 He made a path for his anger. and their maidens were not given
He did not spare their soul from death, in marriage.
but gave their life over to the plague, 64 Their priests fell by the sword,
51 And struck down all the firstborn in Egypt, and their widows made no lamentation.
the chief of their strength in the 65 Then the Lord awoke like one out of sleep,
tents of Ham, and like a mighty man who shouts
52 But caused his own people to go out like because of wine.
sheep, 66 And he beat back his enemies;
and guided them in the wilderness he put them to continual shame.
like a flock. 67 Moreover, he refused the tent of Joseph,
53 And he led them on safely, and did not choose the tribe of Ephraim,
so that they were not afraid; 68 But chose the tribe of Judah,
but the sea overwhelmed their enemies. Mount Zion which he loved.
54 And he brought them to his holy territory, 69 And he built his sanctuary like heights,
to this mountain, like the earth which he established
which his right hand had obtained. forever.
55 He also drove out the nations before them, 70 He also chose David his servant,
and apportioned an inheritance to them, and took him from the sheepfolds,
and caused the tribes of Israel to 71 From following the ewes great
live in their tents. with young.
56 Yet they tested and provoked the Most He brought him to feed his people
High God, Jacob, and his inheritance Israel.
and did not keep his testimonies, 72 So he shepherded them according to the
57 But turned back and behaved unfaithfully integrity of his heart,
like their fathers. and guided them by the skillfulness of
They were turned aside like a deceitful his hands.
78:52,53 Ex 14:19,20,27,28; 15:22. tabernacle. Shiloh was in the territory of
78:54,55 Josh 1:1-3; 4:23; 10:40-42; Ephraim (v 9).
24:11-13. 78:61 The symbol of His strength and the
78:56-58 These verses speak of the sin of place where His glory was displayed was the
the generation following the death of Joshua ark in the tabernacle. Because of the
(Jud 2:7-13). They soon fell into the griev- peoples sin He gave the ark into the hands
ous and forbidden sin of idolatry (Ex 20:3-5; of enemies (1 Sam 4:1-11).
etc). A change of location did not mean a 78:62-64 Jud 20:21; 1 Sam 4:10,11.
change of heart. They were as sinful and 78:65-72 In these concluding verses Asaph
rebellious and unbelieving as their in poetic language describes a new work of
ancestors, as all men. God. He rejected the leadership of Ephraim,
78:59 Notes on Gods anger at 90:7-11; brought another tribe to power, caused a
Num 25:3. new king (David) to be anointed, chose a
Abhorred Lev 20:23; 26:30; Deut new place for the ark (Jerusalem), and
32:19; Ps 5:6; 10:3. Evil is always crushed the enemies of Israel. This is a
disgusting to Him and all who practice it are summary of events recorded in various
offensive to Him. chapters of 1 and 2 Samuel.
78:60 Their sin was so great that God 78:72 David is the great Old Testament type
left the place He had chosen for His of Christ as victorious warrior, king, and
PSALMS 79:1 736
79
and on the kingdoms that have not
called on your name.
7 For they have devoured Jacob,
A Psalm of Asaph and laid waste his dwelling place.
8 Oh, do not remember former our evil deeds
1 O God, the nations have come into your against us.
inheritance; Let your tender mercies come speedily
they have defiled your holy temple; to us, for we are brought very low.
they have laid Jerusalem in heaps. 9 Help us, O God of our salvation,
2 They have given the dead bodies of your for the glory of your name;
servants as food to the birds of the and rescue us, and purge away our sins,
heavens, the flesh of your saints to the for your names sake.
beasts of the earth. 10 Why should the nations say,
3 They have shed their blood like water Where is their God?
around Jerusalem, Let it be known among the nations,
and there was no one to bury them. in our sight,
4 We have become objects of reproach to our that you avenge the blood of your
neighbours, servants which has been shed.
a scorn and derision to those who are 11 Let the groaning of the prisoner come
around us. before you.
5 How long, LORD? In accordance with the greatness of
Will you be angry forever? your power preserve the dying.
Will your jealousy burn like fire? 12 And repay seven times as much into the
6 Pour out your wrath on the nations that bosoms of our neighbours the scorn
have not known you, with which they scorned you, O Lord.
shepherd of His people. on the nation in a single generation. One
79:1 This psalm is very similar to psalm 74. example of this is the Amorites in Canaan
See note on Asaph there. In the first four (Gen 15:16). When their sin was full God
verses of this psalm he sees a great future sent Israel into Canaan to destroy them.
calamity as though it were then present. But Another example was Israel punished in the
it did not take place for several hundreds of days of king Nebuchadnezzar for previous
years. In the remaining verses Asaph gives sins (2 Kings 23:26,27; 2 Chron 36:15-19).
an inspired prayer that would be suitable to Another example is the destruction of
the people when the event occurred. Jerusalem and the scattering of Israel by the
79:2 Deut 28:26; Jer 7:33. Romans in 70 A.D. as prophesied by the Lord
79:3 Jer 14:16; 22:18,19. Jesus in Matt 23:35,36.
79:4 See 44:13. God is patient and long-suffering. But
79:5 See 13:1; 74:1,9,10; 85:5; 89:46. at last when the accumulated sins of a
On Gods jealousy see Ex 20:4-6; Deut nation become so great that justice can
29:20; Ezek 36:5; 38:19. delay no more, God pours out His anger on
79:6 Note on such prayers as this at 35:8. that nation. In the cases given above each
Not knowing or acknowledging the one true generation of a people became what all
God is blameworthy. Men willfully refuse the previous generations made it, and what they
knowledge of God (Prov 1:29), and suppress themselves decided to be, the final gen-
what God has revealed about Himself (Rom eration being the worst and the most guilty
1:18). If any person really wishes to know of all. This is the story of human history.
and serve Him God would be willing to move The only way Gods punishment can be
heaven and earth if necessary to get averted on either an individual or a nation
instruction to that person. We know this is repentance and sincere turning to God
from the revelation of Gods character in the for mercy (2 Chron 7:14; Isa 55:7; Ezek
Bible. The sad truth is that people do not 18:30-32; Jonah 1:1,2; 3:6-10; Luke
wish to know Him and they make no 24:45-47; Acts 3:19).
attempt to call upon His name or seek His 79:9 The concern of godly people is not merely
face. Therefore they are very guilty indeed, that they may receive Gods grace and mercy
and Gods anger will certainly come on them and escape from His wrath, but that Gods
(2 Thess 1:8). name may be glorified (57:5). If a person
79:8 See Ex 20:5; 34:6,7; Lam 5:7. Asaph has no concern for the glory of Gods name
here is speaking of national sin and guilt, he knows nothing of the true spiritual life.
and prays that God will not send punishment 79:10 Note on vengeance at Ex 21:23-35;
for it. There is such a thing as an accumu- Num 31:20.
lation of national sin which affects following 79:11 See 102:20; Isa 61:1.
generations. At last great punishment comes 79:12 Note at 18:25,26.
737 PSALMS 80:17
13 So we, your people and sheep of your 7 Restore us again, O God of hosts,
pasture, and cause your face to shine;
will give you thanks forever. and we will be saved.
We will declare your praise to all 8 You brought a vine out of Egypt.
generations. You drove out the nations and planted it.
9 You prepared room for it and caused it to
80 take deep root,
and it filled the land.
10 The hills were covered with its shadow,
To the chief musician, on Shoshannim-eduth
and the mighty cedars with its branches.
A Psalm of Asaph
11 It sent out its boughs to the sea,
and its branches to the Euphrates River.
1 Give ear, O Shepherd of Israel,
12 Why then have you broken down its walls,
you who lead Joseph like a flock.
so that all who pass by the way
You who dwell between the cherubim,
pick its grapes ?
shine forth.
13 The boar out of the woods ruins it,
2 Before Ephraim and Benjamin and and the wild beast of the field devours it.
Manasseh stir up your strength, 14 Return, we beseech you, O God of hosts!
and come and save us. Look down from heaven, and see,
3 Restore us, O God, and cause your and visit this vine,
face to shine; and we will be saved. 15 And the vineyard which your right hand
4 O LORD God of hosts, how long will you be has planted,
angry with the prayer of your people? and the branch that you made strong for
yourself.
5 You feed them with the bread of tears
16 It is burned with fire, it is cut down.
and give them a great many tears to drink.
They perish at the rebuke of your countenance.
6 You make us an object of strife to our
17 Let your hand be on the man of your right
neighbours,
hand,
and our enemies laugh among themselves.
on the son of man whom you made strong
79:13 Sheep 74:1; 95:7. angry with the prayers of His people? Yes.
80 Title: Shoshannim-eduth probably indi- And He is angry with them when they in-
cated the tune to be used when singing this dulge in evil and refuse to repent (Isa
psalm. It means Lilies of the covenant. 1:15-17).
This is similar to psalms 74 and 79. Israels 80:5 Tears for both food and drink! And
enemies have triumphed, Gods people are notice that God Himself has done it.
in great trouble. Note on Asaph at Ps 74. 80:8-16 The nation Israel here is compared
80:1 Shepherd 23:1; 78:52; Gen to a vine. See also Isa 5:1,2,7; Jer 2:21;
50:24; Isa 40:11; Jer 31:10. 12:10; Ezek 17:6; 19:10.
Cherubim 99:1; Ex 25:22; 1 Sam 80:8 See 44:2; Josh 13:6; 2 Chron 20:7.
4:4; 2 Sam 6:2. 80:11 At its greatest extent under Solomon
80:2 The mention of the tribe of Joseph in Israel controlled the area between the
verse 1 and the tribes descended from Euphrates river and the Mediterranean Sea
Josephs two sons, along with Benjamin (the sea).
indicate that the disaster described in this 80:12 Walls speak of Gods protection
psalm probably had to do with the northern around His people (Job 1:10). God may
kingdom and took place many years after remove it for purposes of testing or
Asaph wrote. In the march of Israel through chastisement or punishment.
the wilderness Ephraim, Manasseh, and 80:13 The surrounding nations.
Benjamin were together immediately behind 80:14-16 Asaph reminded God that it is Gods
the ark (Num 2:18-24), and Ephraim vine that is being destroyed and begged Him
became the leading tribe in Israel before to look after His own property. A prayer, no
the rise of Judah under David (78:9,67,68). doubt, God is not reluctant to answer.
80:3 Verses 7,19. This prayer for restoration 80:17 Benjamin (v 2) means son of the
would have been fitting for many occasions in right hand. But the complete fulfillment
the history of Israel, and is still fitting for us of this prayer can be seen only in the Lord
today. The first phrase could also be trans- Jesus. The Son of man is a title which He
lated revive us. Prayers for revival are al- very often used of Himself (note at Matt
ways important to God, always necessary for 8:20). Benjamin was the son of Jacobs right
men. It is something He wants to do (85:6; 2 hand. Jesus is the Son of Gods right hand
Chron 7:14; Isa 57:15; Hos 6:2; Hab 3:2). the one especially honored and exalted
Shine 4:6; 31:16; Num 6:25. (Acts 5:30,31). When He bore our sins as
80:4 Is is possible that God would ever be our substitute Gods hand was on Him to
PSALMS 80:18 738
for yourself. 7 You called out in trouble,
18 Then we will not turn back from you. and I rescued you.
Revive us, and we will call on your name. I answered you in the secret place of
19 Restore us, O LORD God of hosts; thunder.
cause your face to shine, I tested you at the waters of Meribah.
and we will be saved. Selah
8 Hear, O my people, and I will testify to you.
81 O Israel, if only you would listen to me!
9 You must have no foreign god among you,
nor worship any alien god.
To the chief musician, on Gittith.
A Psalm of Asaph
10 I am the LORD your God who brought you
out of the land of Egypt.
1 Sing aloud to God our strength! Open your mouth wide, and I will fill it.
Make a joyful sound to the 11 But my people would not listen to my voice,
God of Jacob! and Israel would have none of me.
2 Take up a psalm, and assign the 12 So I gave them up to their own hearts
tambourine, the pleasant harp with desire;
the lyre. and they walked in their own counsels.
3 Blow the trumpet in the new moon at the 13 Oh, that my people had listened to me,
set time, on our solemn feast day. and Israel had walked in my ways!
4 For this is a statute for Israel, 14 I would soon have subdued their enemies,
and a law of the God of Jacob. and turned my hand against their
5 He ordained this in Joseph for a adversaries.
testimony, when he went throughout 15 The haters of the LORD would have
the land of Egypt, submitted themselves to him,
where I heard a language that I did and their time would have gone on forever.
not understand. 16 He would also have fed them with the
6 God says I removed the burden from his finest of the wheat,
shoulder. and with honey out of the rock I would
His hands were freed from the baskets. have satisfied you.
punish sin. Later the same hand exalted Num 20:13.
Him to the highest place in the universe 81:8 God longs to bless His people but
Eph 1:19-22; Phil 2:9-11. cannot justly do so unless they listen to Him
80:18 When Gods hand is on the Son of His vs 13-16.
right hand it will have eternal results. He is the 81:9 Ex 20:3; Deut 5:7; 32:12.
one who will keep His people from turning away 81:10 It is not men who beg God to be
from God. To enable us to call on God as we allowed to come to Him and be cared for by
ought in spirit and in truth we need to be Him. It is God who has to beseech men! It
given new life. And when we are given this is God who constantly has to urge men to
new life we will certainly call on God. pray, not men who have to try to get God to
81 Title: Gittith was probably a musical term. let them pray. God is far more eager to bless
81:1-5 Joy is the result of putting God first in men than they are to seek His blessing.
life, of obeying His will. Here the subject is God wants to fill His people with good things.
the joy of Gods people at the time of one of The mouth here of course represents the
the national festivals (Leviticus chapter 23). whole person. God will give us all we need,
To understand this psalm it is not necessary both material and spiritual things. It is our
to identify which one is meant here. part to fully open our minds, our hearts,
81:5 The tribe of Joseph was the leading our lives to Him (37:4; 107:9; Matt 7:7-11).
tribe of Israel in Egypt and here seems to 81:11 This was the sin, the tragedy of Israel
signify the whole of Israel. The phrase a throughout most of its history.
language that I did not understand is 81:12 A very terrible punishment but a
obscure in Hebrew. Does Asaph mean the perfectly just one (Prov 1:30,31; Rom
words that follow which were spoken by God? 1:24,26,28; 2 Thess 2:10-12; Rev
Does he identify himself with Israel in Egypt 22:11,12). The person or the people who
and mean the language of the Egyptians? will not listen to God is in grave danger
The literal translation is I will hear a lip I (Heb 12:25).
did not know a voice not known. 81:13-16 These are only a few of the bless-
81:6-16 In all these verses God is speak- ings God promises His people when they
ing through Asaph. See 2 Pet 1:21. listen and obey. Notice the word soon in
81:6 Ex 1:8-14. v 14. It indicates Gods heart to bless His
81:7 Ex 2:23-25; 19:19; 20:18; 17:6,7; people when it is just and right to do so.
739 PSALMS 83:3
82
children of the Most High.
7 But you will die like men,
and fall like one of the rulers.
A Psalm of Asaph
8 Arise, O God, judge the earth,
for you will inherit all nations.
1 God stands in the congregation of the
mighty; he judges among the gods.
2 How long will you judge unjustly,
and show favouritism to the wicked? 83
Selah A song, a Psalm of Asaph
3 Defend the poor and fatherless.
Deal out justice to the afflicted and needy. 1 Do not keep silent, O God;
4 Deliver the poor and needy. do not be quiet and do not be still, O God.
Rescue them from the hand of the wicked. 2 For, look, your enemies make an uproar,
5 They do not know, and those who hate you have lifted up
they do not understand, their head.
they walk on in darkness. 3 They have craftily plotted against your people,
All the foundations of the earth are shaken. and conspired together against your
6 I said, You are gods, and all of you are hidden ones.
82:1 Gods or it could possibly be trans- John 10:34. He defines who the gods of
lated mighty ones or rulers. Who are this psalm are as those to whom the Word
the people mentioned in this verse and in of God came. The Word of God came to
v 6? They were not the gods worshiped then the leaders, rulers, and judges of Israel,
by some people in the land of Israel or by all of whom at various times judged the
the nations outside Israel. God had noth- people. They were Gods representatives.
ing to do with such gods, and was not Their national relationship to God was as
speaking to them in this psalm. In fact, God children to a father. Individually many of
says they are not gods at all and that He them may have been wicked men who did
alone is God (Ex 20:3; Isa 37:19; 44:6,7; not know, trust, or serve God, and were not
46:9; Jer 16:20; 1 Cor 8:4-6; Gal 4:8). Gods spiritual children.
The gods in this psalm were the 82:7 Though they had a very high position
leaders, the judges in Israel. In Hebrew and were called gods, they would die like
they are called gods in Ex 21:6 and 22:7,8 everyone else, and perhaps even be destroyed
(translated judges in the KJV). God called suddenly as indicated by the word fall.
them gods because they were appointed by 82:8 These human judges had become so
God and acted as Gods representatives and blind and corrupt that Asaph prays that God
judged on Gods behalf. Himself will come and do the work of judg-
The work of determining punishment for ing. This prayer God will yet answer (96:13;
evil doers and clearing the innocent is the 98:9; John 5:22,27; Acts 17:31; Rev
work of God or of those whom God delegates 20:11,12).
to do so (Deut 1:17; 19:17; 2 Chron 83 Title: In the recorded history of Israel we
19:6,7; Rom 13:1-4). Judges must un- never read of the exact alliance against
derstand that they themselves will be judged Israel of all the nations mentioned in this
by God. The judges in Israel had become psalm. It is probable that Asaph is reviewing
corrupt, and were perverting justice. So God attacks on Israel made by different nations
Himself speaks to them through the mouth at different times. In other words, all Israels
of Asaph. Since judges stand in Gods place enemies were of one mind through the cen-
to administer justice, any perversion of jus- turies to destroy it from being a nation.
tice, any partiality, any taking of bribes is a 83:1 Gods enemies were not silent v 2.
terrible sin not merely against men but Let God speak and silence them.
against God. 83:2 God raised up the nation Israel to be
82:2 How long? God now begins to speak the channel for bringing His Word, His truth,
to the judges. His salvation to the world. Those who hated
82:3,4 See 10:18; 41:1; Deut 24:17; Israel were haters of light, of truth, of God.
Isa 1:17; 11:4; Jer 22:16. Today those who hate Christs believers are
82:5 They God speaks of the unjust in the same sad condition. They are haters
judges. of God John 3:20; 15:18,24; Rom
They do not know Jer 4:22; Micah 1:30; 1 John 3:13.
3:1-3. Darkness signifies both ignorance 83:3 Hidden ones or possibly treasured
and wickedness. Because of the perversion ones or the combined idea of hidden
of justice the whole of society shakes and treasure. To God that is what believers are.
totters. If the foundation is rotten how can 83:4-8 Diverse people who have no
the building stand? common interests are united in one thing
82:6 The Lord Jesus quoted this verse in they all oppose God and would like to
PSALMS 83:4 740
4 They have said, and as a flame sets the mountains on fire,
Come, and let us cut them off as a nation, 15 So pursue them with your tempest,
so that the name of Israel may be and frighten them with your storm.
remembered no more. 16 Fill their faces with shame,
5 For they have consulted together with one so that they may seek your name, O LORD.
purpose; 17 Let them be disappointed and dismayed
they have formed an alliance against you: forever;
6 The tents of Edom, and the Ishmaelites, yes, let them be put to shame, and perish,
of Moab, and the Hagarenes, 18 That men may know that you,
7 Gebal, and Ammon, and Amalek, whose name alone is the LORD,
the Philistines with the inhabitants of Tyre; are the Most High over all the earth.
8 Assyria too has joined with them;
they have helped the children of Lot.
Selah 84
9 Do to them as you did to the Midianites, To the chief musician on gittith,
to Sisera, to Jabin, at the Kishon river, a Psalm for the sons of Korah
10 Who perished at Endor;
they became like refuse on the ground. 1 How lovely are your tabernacles,
11 Make their leaders like Oreb and like O LORD of hosts!
Zeeb; yes, all their princes like 2 My soul longs, yes, even faints for the
Zebah and Zalmunna, courts of the LORD.
12 Who said, Let us take possession of the My heart and my flesh cry out for the
pastures of God for ourselves. living God.
13 O my God, make them like a rolling wheel, 3 Even the sparrow has found a house,
like chaff before the wind. and the swallow a nest for herself
14 As the fire burns a forest, where she may put her young,
destroy the people of God. So Herod and note the psalms of Asaph are at an end.
Pilate, former enemies, became allies and 84 Title: Note on the sons of Korah at psalm
friends at the crucifixion of Christ (Luke 42. Here, as there, we do not know whether
23:12. See Ps 2:2). this psalm was written by one of the sons of
83:4 Pharaoh in Egypt, the nations around Korah or for them as a group to put to music
Canaan, Haman in Persia, and many and sing. It sounds like a psalm of David
others since including Adolph Hitler in but we cannot be sure that it is his. Gittith
Germany have tried to crush the Jews and was probably a musical term.
exterminate them as a people. All such 84:1 Lovely the Hebrew word could be
attempts failed and cannot but fail. God translated beloved or dearly loved. The
has always had His purposes with Israel and writer is not admiring the beauty of Gods
He will certainly fulfill them. Likewise there dwellings, but revealing how much they mean
have been attempts made by various to him, how he longs to be there.
peoples at various times to exterminate the LORD of hosts note at 1 Sam 1:3.
followers of Christ. It is utterly impossible 84:2 See 42:1,2; 63:1,2. From this we
to do so (Matt 16:18). In fact such attempts judge that the writer is at a distance from
have often resulted in an increase in their Jerusalem and unable to get there. But just
numbers, power, and purity. the thought of being there to worship God
83:6-8 The enemies mentioned here were on brings joy to his heart. The worship of God
all sides of Israel, east, south, west, and north. in the congregation of other believers was a
83:9-12 Asaph bases his prayer on the delight to him. No one had to force him to
history of Israel. Jud 4:7,15,21-24; 7:1-25; go to such meetings. The compulsion was
8:12,21. inward and constant. How is it with us in
83:12 Israels pastures belong to God. regard to attending places where Christ is
83:13-15 Note on such prayers at 35:8. worshiped?
83:16-18 The inspired psalmists always had 84:3,4 He could even envy the birds who
good reasons for praying for their enemies find some place in the tabernacle compound
defeat or destruction (see 7:6-9). Here to live. And he thinks of the priests who
Asaph gives two reasons: that men may dwell there and so have daily opportunities
seek the true God (v 16), and may know to join in worship. Observe how he ad-
that Jehovah alone is the God of the dresses God with assurance and joy my
universe (v 18). So Asaphs prayer does not King, my God. Verse 4 gives us the first of
arise from a vindictive heart or motives of three blesseds in this psalm. We might
human revenge, but from a desire for Gods call this psalm the blessed life.
glory and the good of those who will seek The blessed are those who are near God
God and come to know Him. On this high (v 4),
741 PSALMS 85:1
even your altars, O LORD of hosts, a thousand elsewhere.
my King, and my God. I would rather be a doorkeeper in the
4 Blessed are those who dwell in your house; house of my God, than live in the
they will always be praising you. Selah tents of wickedness.
11 For the LORD God is a sun and shield.
5 Blessed is the man whose strength is in
The LORD will give grace and glory.
you, in whose heart are the ways of
No good thing will he withhold from
pilgrimage,
those who walk in integrity.
6 who when passing through the valley of
12 O LORD of hosts, blessed is the man who
Baca make it a spring.
trusts in you.
The rain also fills the pools.
7 They go from strength to strength,
every one of them appears in Zion
in the presence of God.
85
8 O LORD God of hosts, hear my prayer. To the chief musician,
Give ear, O God of Jacob. a Psalm for the sons of Korah
Selah
9 See, O God our shield, and look on the 1 LORD, you have been favourable to your
face of your anointed. land.
10 For a day in your courts is better than You have brought Jacob back from captivity.
who are strong in God (v 5), clearly the attitude we should have toward
who are pilgrims in heart (v 5), the worship and service of God. One day
and who trust in God (v 12). spent before God is more valuable than
For other references to blessed see note three years spent somewhere else. Doing
at 1:1. the most menial task God gives us to do is
84:5 Strength 18:1,2; 28:7; 31:4; more satisfying and important than all the
73:26. Some of the appointed religious activities of the sinful world. Gods least is
festivals in Israel were times when Gods far better than the devils best. Humble
people came from all over the land up to service for God is so far above all the luxu-
Jerusalem to worship. The writer here says ries, riches, and pleasures of wicked people
the blessed person is not the one who physi- that there is really no comparison.
cally treads the ways leading to Zion, but The Korahites, by whom or for whom this
the one who has the ways in his heart, the psalm was written, were actual doorkeepers
one who delights to be a pilgrim, a traveler at the house of God (1 Chron 9:19). We
to the city of God. This speaks of the pilgrim will not be the kind of people God wants us
life that believers are now to lead, moving to be until we have right views about the
on from this sad and sinful world to the heav- service of God. It should be our delight to
enly Zion (Heb 11:13-16; 1 Pet 2:11). do something, to do anything, for our
84:6 Baca probably means weeping. We Saviour who has done everything for us.
do not know where this valley was or why it 84:11 God is the one who gives light on the
was called the valley of weeping. We do not pilgrims path and protection from their
need to know. It is enough to know that even enemies. And He gives all we need for the
through the vale of tears, the sad experi- journey now and honor hereafter (John
ences of the pilgrim life, and the desola- 1:16; Rom 5:2; 1 Cor 1:4; 15:10; 2 Cor
tions of the rocky desert, faith can make it 12:9; John 12:26; 17:22; Rom 2:10;
all a well of comfort, joy, and refreshing (Acts 8:17,18; 2 Cor 4:17; Col 1:27; 2 Tim
16:22-25; 2 Cor 1:5; Phil 2:17; Col 1:24). 2:10; Heb 2:10; 1 Pet 1:7).
84:7 In the long journey, instead of finding Good 34:9,10; 37:25; Matt 7:11;
themselves growing weaker and weaker, Rom 8:28; Phil 4:19. But we must leave
they find more and more strength (103:5; the choice of what is good for us (and what
Isa 40:30,31; 2 Cor 4:7-10,16; 12:9,10). is not good) to God. And we should see
Every pilgrim arrived at last in Gods pres- that our walk is blameless before Him.
ence Ex 23:17; 34:23; Deut 16:16. Ev- 84:12 See 2:12; 40:4. Faith is the hand
ery real pilgrim, every true believer, will at that receives all of Gods blessings.
last appear with joy before Gods presence 85 Title: See note at psalm 42. This psalm
in the heavenly Zion (John 14:3; 17:24; divides naturally into three parts. In the
2 Cor 5:1; Eph 1:4; Col 3:4; Jude 24,25). first 3 verses the author remembers Gods
84:8 See 4:1; 5:1; 54:2; 140:6. The favor shown at a previous time. In vs 4-7
writers of the psalms could not be satisfied he pleads for God to act again in the same
with unanswered prayer. Note on the God of way. In vs 8-13 he gives the message he
Jacob at 146:5. has received from God.
84:9 See 3:3; 5:12; 28:7; 35:2. This is 85:1 We do not know what specific time the
a prayer for the king. writer had in mind. He may be referring to
84:10 Words could hardly express more several different events such as are
PSALMS 85:2 742
2 You have forgiven the wickedness of your so that glory may dwell in our land.
people. 10 Mercy and truth have met together;
You have covered all their sin. righteousness and peace have kissed
Selah each other.
3 You have removed all your wrath. 11 Truth will spring out of the earth,
You have turned away from the and righteousness will look down
fierceness of your anger. from heaven.
4 Restore us, O God of our salvation, 12 Yes, the LORD will give what is good,
and cause your anger toward us to cease. and our land will yield its crops.
5 Will you be angry with us forever? 13 Righteousness will go before him,
Will you prolong your anger to all generations? and will set us in the way of his steps.
6 Will you not revive us again,
that your people may rejoice in you?
7 Show us your mercy, O LORD,
and grant us your salvation.
86
8 I will hear what God the LORD will speak; A prayer of David
for he will speak peace to his people,
and to his saints. 1 Bow down your ear, O LORD, hear me;
But let them not turn back to folly. for I am poor and needy.
9 Surely his salvation is near those who fear him, 2 Preserve my soul, for I am godly.
recorded in the book of Judges. 85:10 These four great attributes of God
Brought back. . .from captivity or meet and embrace in the Lord Jesus Christ.
restored the well-being of. The Hebrew Especially at the cross of Jesus we see these
can mean to deliver from either physical or all combined. At Calvary there was the great-
spiritual captivity, or from afflictions of vari- est display of Gods grace and mercy it is
ous kinds (14:7; 53:6; 68:18; Job possible to conceive. There the truth of
42:10). mans nature, Christs nature, and God the
85:2 Note at 32:1,2. Fathers nature brilliantly shines forth. There
85:3 See 78:38; 106:23. Sin is what brings the righteousness of God which demands
the anger of God. When sin is forgiven and punishment for mans sin is fulfilled and
covered the anger of God departs. Notes peace between a holy God and sinful man
on Gods anger at 90:7-11; Num 25:3. flows forth (Rom 3:21-26; 2 Cor 5:18,19;
85:4 If God had already restored them and Col 1:19,20). Peace must be based on
withdrawn His anger why this prayer that He righteousness (Isa 32:17). Peace not based
would do so? Evidently the people had once on righteousness is no real peace at all.
again fallen into sin. Compare Jud 2:11-19; 85:11 Isa 45:8. Through the work of Christ
Ezra 9:5-10. on the cross it is as though the seed of truth
85:5 See 74:1; 79:5; 80:4. was planted in the earth, which will continue
85:6,7 There is no real joy without spiritual to spring up and produce an abundant
life and an experience of Gods grace and harvest. Righteousness will look peacefully,
salvation. Since God wants His people to smilingly down from heaven. The earth still
forsake their sins and be happy this is a waits the complete fulfillment of this verse.
prayer based on the solid foundation of the 85:12 See 84:11; Jam 1:17.
will of God. 85:13 See 89:14. Where God goes righteous-
85:8 It is not enough to speak to God. We ness will always go too and where righteous-
must also let Him speak to us. If we listen ness goes grace and truth will follow. When
to what He says to us He will listen to what we follow after God all these will be ours.
we say to Him. And if we do not stop pray- 86 Title: In this third division of the psalms
ing before He answers but look forward in this is the only one ascribed to David. It is
faith, He will surely answer. Here the psalm- called a prayer, and in it he not only gives
ist has received a message of peace and his personal prayer but shows us the grounds
righteousness. Righteousness is used three on which we may expect to get answers to
times in the remaining verses and so is a our prayers. Let us observe them very
key word. Gods people will quickly lose Gods carefully. They will help us in our praying.
peace if they turn back to foolish, sinful ways. 86:1 The first reason David gives that God
85:9 Gods glory dwelt in Jerusalem because should answer his prayer is his deep need
there were still some in the land who feared and the fact that he prays to the LORD
God. It departed from the temple in (Jehovah), the true and only God, the God
Ezekiels time Ezek 10:18,19; 11:23. With who had made a covenant with Israel and
the coming of Christ Gods glory came again whose nature is compassionate and
to Israel in a deeper, fuller way (John 1:14). merciful (v 15; Ex 34:6,7).
Notes on the fear of God at 34:11-14; 86:2 Another reason why God should
111:10; Job 28:28; Gen 20:11; Prov 1:7. answer his prayer is the relationship he has
743 PSALMS 86:17
O my God, save your servant who trusts 11 Teach me your way, O LORD.
in you. I will walk in your truth.
3 Be merciful to me, O Lord, Unite my heart to fear your name.
for I cry out to you daily. 12 I will praise you, O Lord my God,
4 Cause the soul of your servant with all my heart,
to rejoice, for to you, O Lord, and I will glorify your name forevermore.
I lift up my soul. 13 For great is your mercy toward me,
5 For you, Lord, are good, and ready and you have delivered my soul from
to forgive, the depths of hell.
and abundant in mercy to all those who 14 O God, the proud have risen up against me,
call on you. and a mob of violent men have
6 Give ear, O LORD, to my prayer, sought my life,
and be attentive to the voice of my and have not set you before them.
supplications. 15 But you, O Lord, are a God full of
7 In the day of my trouble I will call on you, compassion, and gracious,
for you will answer me. slow to get angry, and abundant in
8 Among the gods there is no one like you, mercy and truth.
O Lord, 16 Oh, turn to me, and have mercy on me.
nor are there any works like yours. Give your strength to your servant,
9 All nations whom you have made will come and save the son of your maid servant.
and worship before you, 17 Show me a sign for good, so that those
O Lord, and will glorify your name. who hate me may see it and be ashamed;
10 For you are great and do wonderful things. because you, LORD, have helped me,
You alone are God. and comforted me.
with God. God is his God, the one he trusts willingness in the preceding verses. Now he
and loves. He is Gods worshiper, Gods speaks of Gods ability, and contrasts it with
servant. The prayer of the wicked is an the inability of all others that are called gods.
abomination, and God does not hear See how He speaks of Gods power He
sinners 66:18; Prov 15:29; 28:9; Isa 1:15; has made all nations. Therefore He can
John 9:31. But God hears His servants who answer people when they call. David speaks
walk righteously and try to keep His Word. as a prophet when he says all nations will
Another good reason why God should come to God (compare Micah 4:1,2;
hear him is that he trusts in God. If we trust Zech 14:16; Rev 7:9; 21:24-26). For the
in ourselves, or in false gods or idols we time will come when the world will realize
have no ground for expecting God to that the God of the Bible is the great
answer us. But when our trust is in Him Creator, the only God there is.
alone He will give us all we need (37:5; Mark 86:11-17 David knew both Gods willingness
11:24; Heb 11:6,32-34). and ability to answer prayer. Knowing that
86:3 A further reason why God should hear God will answer him, he now continues his
him he does not faint and give up but requests.
continues in faith and expectation. Jesus 86:11 Teach see note at 25:5. An
taught how important persistence is in prayer undivided or united heart is the opposite of
Luke 11:5-10; 18:1-8. a double mind (Jam 1:6-8). It means to
86:4 David gives a further reason why God have a heart resting in one object God
should answer him. He seeks help in God Himself, and not struggling between differ-
alone and not from some other source. ent aims, motives, and desires.
86:5 The last ground for believing prayer is Fear 34:11-14; 111:10; Job 28:28;
the character of God. David does not claim Gen 20:11; Prov 1:7; etc. See how David
perfection for himself. He knows there are prays that he might have a proper fear of
things in his life that will require forgive- God. He knew it was the very foundation of
ness. But God is always ready to forgive the spiritual life.
(103:3; 130:4; 1 John 1:9). He shows 86:12 The only proper response to answered
great love to all who call on Him will He prayer is this.
not also to us? See Rom 10:12. 86:13 See 30:3. Hell Sheol note at
86:6,7 The reasons David has given that Gen 37:35.
God will answer him are good and sufficient, 86:14 This was the cause of his sad condi-
so his faith is firm and he is sure God will tion described in v 1. David may be
hear his prayer. We too should learn to referring either to his persecution by king
pray with the same confidence. Saul, or the time of Absaloms rebellion.
86:8-10 If the God to whom we pray is to 86:15 See 86:5; 103:8; Ex 34:6,7.
answer our prayers two things are required 86:16 See 18:1; 28:7; 31:4.
He must be willing to answer, and He must 86:17 He wants manifest proof of Gods
be able to answer. David has shown Gods blessing and help that others can see so
PSALMS 87:1 744
87 he will record that this one was born there.
7 Both the singers and the musicians will
Selah
A Psalm, a song for the sons of Korah
say, All my springs are in you.
1 His foundation is in the holy mountains.
2 The LORD loves the gates of Zion more than
all the dwellings of Jacob.
3 Glorious things are spoken of you,
88
A song, a Psalm for the sons of Korah,
O city of God. Selah to the chief musician on Mahalath-leannoth,
4 I will make mention of Rahab and Babylon a maskil of Heman the Ezrahite
to those who know me.
See Philistia, and Tyre, with Ethiopia: 1 O LORD, God of my salvation, I have cried
this one was born there. out day and night before you.
5 And it will be said of Zion, 2 Let my prayer come before you.
This one and that man was born in her; Bow down your ear to my cry,
and the Most High himself 3 For my soul is full of troubles,
will establish her. and my life draws near to the grave.
6 When the LORD writes up the register of 4 I am counted with those who go down
the peoples, into the pit.
they will stop their persecution. the Lord Jesus in Jerusalem two thousand
87:1 This is a very remarkable psalm and years ago? Because of those events, and
one of the most remarkable chapters in the those alone, we may be born again and the
Old Testament. In it we see the nations nations of the world brought to God. The
surrounding Israel, Israels ancient enemies, fountains of eternal life were not in Athens,
united with Israel and become the children city of philosophy, nor in Rome, city of im-
of Jerusalem by a new birth. The psalm is perial power, nor in Babylon, city of idolatry.
an expansion of 86:9. The holy mountain They flow from Jerusalem alone, city of the
is Mt Zion. It was holy because it was sanc- great King of heaven.
tified by Gods temple and Gods presence. 88 Title: Heman is mentioned in 1 Chron
87:2 God chose Jerusalem over all the cit- 6:33,42, but we know very little about him.
ies of Israel, all the cities of the world to be This is the only psalm of his we have. Of all
His capital city. He did not love it because it the psalms this is the saddest one. There is
was the largest or most beautiful of cities; not a hint of happiness in it. It reveals a
it was neither. Rather, He loved it because heart very badly depressed, a mind filled with
of its spiritual associations. It contained His gloomy thoughts. In this regard it is similar
temple; it represented His chosen people; to certain utterances of Job (chapters 3,6,7)
it was a symbol of the Jerusalem which is and parts of Lamentations (3:1-18).
above; it was the city where Christ would Gods servants sometimes may be called
show His eternal love for men and for God. to go through such experiences (see 66:11,12;
87:3 Some of these glorious things are Isa 50:10). At such times prayers like these
recorded in the next verses. are acceptable to God. He does not ask us to
87:4-7 Rahab here probably means Egypt try to hide from Him what we feel and think. In
which had persecuted Israel (89:10; Isa every experience of life we can pour out our
51:9). Babylon was later to destroy Jerusa- hearts before Him 62:8.
lem and take captive Gods people. The Mahalath leannoth may have indicated
Philistines also engaged in frequent wars the tune to be used when singing this psalm.
against Israel. Tyre became a great and It means Suffering Affliction. Maskil was
proud city that opposed God. probably a literary or musical term.
Ethopia in Hebrew Cush. This was 88:1 Observe carefully that in all the dark-
the region of the upper Nile river including a ness that comes over him, and in all the
part of present-day Ethiopia, and here prob- troubles he is immersed in, he holds to one
ably represents more distant peoples of great truth. The LORD (Jehovah) is the God
earth. This verse gives a prophecy of a great of his salvation (see also 22:1; 42:5).
change that will take place. These nations And he continues to cry out to God though
will come to know God, they will be born in he thinks he has not yet been heard (v 9.
Zion. This is repeated in v 5 and v 6. Compare 22:2; 86:3; Luke 18:7) a
The meaning is this Jerusalem will good example to us all.
become the source of spiritual life to the 88:2 See 18:6; 31:2; 86:1.
nations of the world, the new birth of indi- 88:3 Grave Sheol note at Gen 37:35.
viduals and peoples will be closely connected 88:3-6 He is so troubled that he feels he is
with events that take place there. All foun- already in the realm of the dead. He
tains of spiritual life, of eternal joy and glad- probably was suffering with a severe illness.
ness are there. Can this refer to anything His strength is gone and he thinks he will
other than the crucifixion and resurrection of not live much longer. Illness of the body
745 PSALMS 89:3
I am like a man who has no strength, in the morning my prayer comes
5 Adrift among the dead, like the slain before you.
who lie in the grave, 14 LORD, why do you cast away my soul?
whom you remember no more and who Why do you hide your face from me?
are cut off from the care of your hand. 15 I am afflicted and about to die from my
6 You have laid me in the lowest pit, youth up.
in darkness, in the depths. I suffer your terrors and I am perplexed.
7 Your wrath lies heavy on me, 16 Your fierce wrath has come over me.
and you have afflicted me with all your Your terrors have cut me off.
waves. 17 All day long they came around me like water.
Selah They altogether engulfed me.
8 You have put away my acquaintances far 18 You have put loved one and friend far
from me. from me,
You have made me an abomination to them. and my acquaintance into darkness.
I am shut up, and I cannot get out.
9 My eye wastes away because of misery.
LORD, I have called out daily to you,
89
I have stretched out my hands to you. A maskil of Ethan the Ezrahite
10 Will you show wonders to the dead?
Will the dead rise up and praise you? 1 I will sing of the mercies of the LORD
Selah forever.
11 Will your loving kindness be declared in With my mouth I will make known your
the grave, or your faithfulness in faithfulness to all generations.
the place of destruction? 2 For I have said,
12 Will your wonders be known in the Mercy will stand firm forever;
place of darkness, you will establish your faithfulness in
and your righteousness in the land of the very heavens.
forgetfulness? 3 You have said I have made a covenant with
13 But to you I have cried out, O LORD, and my chosen one;
may cause depression of the mind. again? It is not impossible to believe so
88:7 He mentions Gods wrath and terrors (Jam 5:11).
again in vs 15,16. His experiences made 89 Title: This is another psalm of the Mes-
him think that God was angry with him. And siah one contains a prophecy about the
it is possible that he was conscious of some Lord Jesus Christ. The author is Ethan, a
sin which brought Gods anger against him. colleague of Heman and Asaph in the days
But it may be that he was not guilty, and of king David (1 Chron 15:19). This is the
that God was not angry but only testing His only psalm of his we have. He may have
servant as He did Job (Job 6:4; 16:9-17; written it in very old age at the time of the
31:23). Sickness or other difficult experi- division of the kingdom of Israel into two
ences that may come to us are not evidence parts during the time of Rehoboam. Maskil
in themselves that God is angry with us (Job was probably a literary or musical term.
chapters 1 and 2). 89:1 Here he gives the theme of the psalm
88:8 Verse 18; 31:11; 142:4; Job the mercy and faithfulness of the LORD
19:13,19; 30:10. (Jehovah), the covenant God of Israel.
88:9 See 6:7; 31:9. Gods faithfulness is mentioned by name in
88:10-12 In the days in which the author vs 1, 2, 5, 8, 14, 24, 33, 49. The same
lived little had been revealed about the attribute is indicated by the words I will not
realm of the dead. Note at Job 10:21,22. lie in v 35, and I have sworn or you
88:11 Destruction in Hebrew Abaddon. swore in vs 3,35,49. Gods mercy is
88:13 See 5:3; 30:2; 119:147. spoken of in vs 1, 2, 14, 24, 28, 33, 49.
88:14 See 13:1; 43:2; 44:9,24; Job 13:24. All generations through this psalm
88:15-17 All day and every day he faced Ethan has been declaring the faithfulness
nothing but experiences which caused fear of God for about 3000 years of generations.
and pain. His were much like Jobs 89:2 Gods mercy and faithfulness are
experiences. permanent, fixed, and eternal (103:17;
88:18 Can one go deeper into depression 114:89,90). There is no change of mind,
than the experience seen in this psalm? No no going back, no shadow of turning with
light, no comfort, no help, no cheer, no God (1 Sam 15:29; Titus 1:2; Jam 1:17),
understanding of what was happening only and no one can separate His loved ones
darkness surrounded him. But after writing from His love (Rom 8:38,39).
this did he not, like Job, find joy in God 89:3,4 Here Ethan refers to the covenant
PSALMS 89:4 746
I have sworn to my servant David: hand is exalted.
4 I will establish your offspring forever, 14 Righteousness and justice are the
and make your throne firm to all foundation of your throne.
generations. Mercy and truth go before your face.
Selah 15 Blessed are the people who know the
5 And the heavens will praise your wonders, joyful sound.
O LORD, They will walk, O LORD, in the light of
and also your faithfulness in the your countenance.
congregation of the saints. 16 In your name they will rejoice all day long,
6 For who in the heavens can be and in your righteousness they will be
compared to the LORD? exalted.
Who among the sons of the mighty 17 For you are the glory of their strength,
can be likened to the LORD? and by your favour our horn will be exalted.
7 God is greatly to be feared in the 18 For the LORD is our defense,
assembly of the saints, and the Holy One of Israel is our king.
and to be regarded with reverence by 19 Then you spoke in a vision to your holy
all those who are around him. one, and said,
8 O LORD God of hosts, who is powerful I have granted help to one who is mighty.
like you, O LORD? I have exalted one chosen from the people.
Your faithfulness surrounds you. 20 I have found David my servant.
9 You rule the raging of the sea. I have anointed him with my holy oil.
When its waves rise up, you still them. 21 With him my hand will be established;
10 You have broken Rahab in pieces, my arm will also strengthen him.
like one who is slain. 22 The enemy will not make him a debtor,
You have scattered your enemies with nor will the son of wickedness oppress him.
your strong arm. 23 And I will beat down his foes before his face,
11 The heavens are yours, and plague those who hate him.
the earth also is yours. 24 But my faithfulness and my mercy will be
As for the world and its fulness, with him,
you have founded them. and in my name his horn will be exalted.
12 You have created the north and the south. 25 I will also set his hand over the sea,
Tabor and Hermon will rejoice in your name. and his right hand over the rivers.
13 You have a mighty arm. 26 He will cry out to me,
Your hand is strong, and your right You are my father, my God,
God made with David. See 2 Sam 7:8-16. throne. God will not turn a hairs breadth from
From here to the end of the psalm he writes perfect justice and holiness. This is indeed
of Gods love and faithfulness as they a cause of rejoicing all day long.
relate to this covenant. 89:17,18 Ethan encouraged himself by these
89:5-13 Ethan is disappointed by the way in facts. God is gracious, God is mighty, and
which God has dealt with the house of David God has Israel under His protection and has
(vs 38-51). It seems to him that such ruin chosen Israels king. Horn here means
is beginning in Israel that the fulfillment of strength.
Gods promise is endangered. Why should 89:19-37 With the mention of the king in
this be? Is God not able to fulfill His word v 18 Ethan returns to the theme of Gods
to David? In these verses (5-13) Ethan covenant with David. The person in v 19 to
reminds himself of Gods almighty power. whom the vision came was Nathan the
There is no one like Him (vs 6,8). He prophet (2 Sam 7:4,17). The mighty one
controls the elements of nature (v 9); He is David.
subdued Egypt and other enemies (v 10); 89:20 See 1 Sam 13:14; 16:1-13.
He is the Creator who possesses all things 89:21 See 18:35; 80:17.
(vs 11,12). God is well able to do all He 89:23 See 18:40; 2 Sam 7:9.
said to David (v 13). 89:24 Horn means power, strength,
89:10 Rahab 87:4. authority. This verse and those following
89:14-16 God is not only able to keep His up to v 37 refer to David, but also to the
promises, His whole character must cause Lord Jesus the son of David. David the king
Him to do so. Verse 14 is a very wonderful was a type of the Lord Jesus the king of
verse. On earth all too often dishonesty, heaven and earth (132:17; Luke 1:69).
corruption, and injustice reign supreme. But 89:25 See 72:8.
we can and should rejoice that righteousness 89:26 Father 2 Sam 7:14; John
and justice are the very foundations of Gods 17:1,5,11,21,24,25.
747 PSALMS 89:46
and the rock of my salvation. in the heavens.
27 Also I will make him my firstborn, Selah
the highest of the kings of the earth. 38 But you have cast him away and abhorred
28 I will keep my mercy for him forevermore, him.
and my covenant will stand firm with him. You have been angry with your
29 I will also cause his offspring to remain anointed one.
forever, 39 You have spurned the covenant with your
and his throne as long as the days of heaven. servant.
30 If his children forsake my law, You have defiled his crown by throwing
and do not walk in my judgments, it down on the ground.
31 If they break my statutes, 40 You have broken down all his walls;
and do not keep my commandments, you have brought his strongholds to ruin.
32 Then I will punish their transgression 41 All who pass by the way plunder him.
with the rod, He is an object of reproach to his
and their wickedness with blows. neighbours.
33 Nevertheless, I will not completely take 42 You have set up the right hand of his foes.
my loving kindness from him, You have caused all his enemies to rejoice.
or allow my faithfulness to fail. 43 You have also turned away the edge of his
34 I will not break my covenant, sword,
or alter what has gone out of my lips. and have not caused him to stand in battle.
35 Once I have sworn by my holiness that I 44 You have made his glory cease, and cast
will not lie to David. his throne down to the ground.
36 His offspring will remain forever, 45 You have shortened the days of his youth.
and his throne as long as the sun You have covered him with shame.
before me. Selah
37 It will be established forever like the 46 How long, LORD?
moon, and like the faithful witness Will you hide yourself forever?
Rock Deut 32:4. 89:38-45 Ethan now reveals what has
89:27 Firstborn means the one who has the troubled his mind. He cant understand why
pre-eminence (2:7; Col 1:15,18; Rev 1:5). God has been acting toward the house of
Highest 72:11; Rev 19:16. David as He has. He uses very strong
Make him indicates this is not based language to God and even accuses Him of
on order of birth but has to do with high ignoring His covenant with David. Ethan
position. A person born first, before any knows this cannot be true, but it seems to
other child, cannot be made the firstborn be true; so he pours out his heart to God.
he is the firstborn. We do not know the circumstances that
89:28,29 Observe the word forever. As long called forth these words. Perhaps it was
as the heavens endure so long will remain something God revealed to Ethan that would
the throne of David, and the Lord Jesus will happen in the future. The destruction of
occupy it (Isa 9:7; Luke 1:32; Acts 2:30). Judah by the Babylonians and the captivity
The covenant God made with David went far there of Judahs king and people would fit
beyond the earthly rule of a small kingdom the language here. But Ethan lived several
in western Asia. It concerned the eternal hundreds of years before that event
rule of Gods Son over the whole world. unless the author of this psalm was an Ethan
89:30-37 These verses apply first of all to other than the one who lived in Davids time.
Davids descendants, but they are true also Observe here that Ethan says that the
of all who are children of God by faith in the source of all the calamities that have come
Lord Jesus Christ. From Bible history we know on Davids house is God Himself You have
that many of Davids descendants violated cast him away and abhorred him, You have
Gods covenant and failed to follow Gods spurned, etc. Whatever human instruments
law. Gods children now likewise fail in many were involved, Ethan was sure that it was
ways. They may prove, and in fact, often God who was behind it all. And because of
do prove, to be unfaithful. But God will not Gods action Davids throne, which God said
be unfaithful because they are (Rom 3:3,4; would remain forever, was cast to the ground
2 Tim 2:13). Nothing will keep Him from (v 44). This was a puzzle to Ethan.
fulfilling His promises to David. He will Many things in life will puzzle and
punish unfaithfulness on the part of His dismay believers if they are too much oc-
people. He will chastise all of His sons (Heb cupied with circumstances. We must get our
12:5-13). But He will never make void the theology and find our rest, not in what
covenant He made with David. Davids royal seems to be happening in the world, but in
house (the meaning of throne here) will last Gods unchanging and faithful Word.
forever. 89:46-51 He longs for and prays for a
PSALMS 89:47 748
Will your wrath burn like fire? BOOK 4 (Psalms 90 - 106)
47 Remember how short my time is.
90
Why have you made all men in vain?
48 What man is there who lives who will not
see death?
A prayer of Moses the man of God
Will he deliver his soul from the hand
of the grave? 1 Lord, you have been our dwelling place in
Selah all generations.
49 Lord, where are your former acts of 2 Before the mountains were brought forth,
loving kindness, which you swore to or before you had formed the earth and
David in your truth? the world,
50 Remember, Lord, the scorn your even from everlasting to everlasting,
servants have endured, you are God.
how I bear in my heart the taunting of 3 You turn man to dust, and say,
all the mighty people, Return, you children of men.
51 The scorn with which your enemies have 4 For a thousand years in your sight are
taunted, O LORD, with which they like yesterday when it is past,
have taunted the footsteps of and like a watch in the night.
your anointed one. 5 You carry them away like a flood.
52 Blessed be the LORD forevermore. They are like a sleep.
Amen, and Amen. In the morning they are like grass growing up;
restoration of Gods favor to the house of forget that their present home and their
David. He gives several reasons why he eternal habitation is God.
thinks God should answer his prayers the 90:2-6 Moses now contrasts Gods eternity
brevity of life, the vanity of life without Gods with mans brief, frail life.
favor (vs 47,48), the promises of God 90:2 God was there before creation and will
(v 49), the suffering of Gods people and be there when the present creation passes
the triumph of Gods enemies (vs 50,51). away. Creation added nothing to God, the
See how fitly the last sentence in v 50 passing of creation will take nothing away
applies to the Lord Jesus. from God (93:2; 102:24,27; Deut 33:27;
89:48 Grave Sheol note at Gen 37:35. Jer 10:10; Rom 1:20).
89:52 Here is victory and peace for troubled 90:3 But man was taken from the dust and
hearts. No matter what seems to be hap- will return to it (Gen 3:19; Ps 104:29).
pening, God is still the faithful God worthy Oh, but how proud these frail and ignorant
of all praise (Phil 4:6,7). creatures are, even to the denying of the
90 Title: It is certain that a man of God will existence of the God who made them!
be a man of prayer. In the book of Psalms 90:4 2 Peter 3:8. For us time drags by and
this is the only one attributed to Moses. This we feel a hundred years to be a long time.
is one of the oldest poems in existence, With God even a thousand years is like a
being written about 3,400 years ago. In day even less. A watch was a four hour
subject matter and choice of words it is period. Since there are six such watches
weighty and solemn, much like the other in a twenty-four period, in Gods eyes mans
writings of Moses we have. recorded history is only a day long, and the
90:1 Moses and the people of Israel were lifetime of an individual is only a few
in the wilderness living in tents. They were minutes. History to us seems like a film
coming from a land not their own to a land shown in very slow motion. To God it is
they had not possessed. They were like otherwise. From His point of view, the point
pilgrims and strangers on earth. But they of view of eternity, it is as if Adam sinned
had a fixed and permanent dwelling place very early in the morning and Christ came
the Lord God Himself. the same day and died for Adam and for all
This is true also of believers in this New of us, and is prepared to come again the
Testament era (John 17:21; Col 3:3; same day at midnight. It may be, as oth-
1 John 4:15). When God is our home we ers have suggested, that God lives in
have no business envying the rich for their the eternal now where there is no pas-
mansions, or the kings for their palaces. sage of time, and all events are so clear to
Long after those mansions, those palaces Him that it is as if there were happening
crumble to dust the true home of believers, together in rapid succession.
the living God, will still be there. Now if be- 90:5 God lives on forever, but mankind,
lievers must inhabit poor huts and hovels generation after generation, passes away
or wander about in tents or seek refuge in like foam and bubbles on the top of a swiftly
caves (Heb 11:37,38), they should never flowing river.
749 PSALMS 90:15
6 In the morning it flourishes and grows up, 11 Who knows the power of your anger?
in the evening it is cut down and withers. For your wrath is in accordance with
7 For we are consumed by your anger the fear of you.
and are dismayed by your wrath.
12 So teach us to number our days,
8 You have set our evil deeds before you,
that we may gain hearts of wisdom.
our secret sins in the light of your
13 Return, O LORD, how long?
countenance.
9 For all our days are passed away in your And relent concerning your servants.
wrath. 14 Oh, satisfy us early with your mercy,
We spend our years as a tale that is told. so that we may rejoice and be glad all
10 The days of our lives are seventy years, our days.
and if because of strength they are 15 Make us glad according to the days
eighty years, still their prime is in which you have afflicted us,
labour and sorrow; and the years in which we have seen
for it is soon cut off, and we fly away. evil.
90:6 Man is like grass that hardly survives our years like a sigh [or groan].
a day (Isa 40:6-8; 1 Pet 1:24). 90:10 A time that falls far short of the age
90:7-11 In these verses Moses sets forth of the ancients who lived nearly a thousand
the reasons why mans life is so brief, so full years (Genesis chapter 5). But still long
of trouble, so sorrowful. It is all the result of enough for suffering believers. And too long
Gods anger against mans sin. Remember for unrepentant sinners who, the longer they
that Moses was leading the people of Israel live, the more they store up wrath and
in the desert. Because of their unbelief and punishment for themselves (Rom 2:4,5).
rebellion the whole generation that came out Prime or best of them, as it could
of Egypt who were 20 years of age and over be translated (the basic meaning of the
were destroyed. We read of Gods anger Hebrew word is pride). Even the best years,
repeatedly coming on them (notes on His the proudest, strongest years of our lives
anger at Num 25:3 and Deut 4:25). Since are soon over and are not free of trouble
Gods anger was on His own people we can and sorrow.
be sure it is on all the rest of mankind in its 90:11 Gods anger is so great, so fierce
sin and unbelief (John 3:36; Rom 1:18). against sin that no man can know it or
But is Gods anger on believers in this understand it. It is revealed in terrible words
age of grace? God is always angry with sin in some parts of the Bible (see Lev
wherever it is found. It is perfectly true that 26:14-39; Deut 4:25; 28:15-68; Isa
believers have been delivered from the wrath 24:1-6; 30:33; Mark 9:42-49; Luke
of God that will burn against all unbelievers 16:19-31; 2 Thess 1:6-10; Rev 14:9-11;
in hell (Rom 5:9; 1 Thess 1:10; 5:9). 16:1-21; 20:11-15; 21:8). But the power
But God is certainly angry with the sin that of Gods anger is never exaggerated. In
is in believers and with the sins they com- fact, it is impossible to exaggerate it. No
mit, and sometimes shows His anger in very words can really describe how terrible, how
clear ways (Eph 5:6; 1 Cor 11:27-30). awe-inspiring, how fearful is Gods anger.
Immorality, selfishness, deceit, lying, greed, Think of the folly of men who do not fear it,
envy, malicious gossip such sins are no who count it a light thing, or who even deny
less hateful to God in believers than in it altogether!
unbelievers. God will always hate sin and 90:12-17 Here is the beginning of the prayer
fight against sin no matter where it is found. of Moses. All else is leading up to this.
90:7 Observe that the reason that men fade 90:12 In the light of all the above our one
and wither away like grass and die is Gods great concern should be to have wisdom (to
anger, and not merely some inevitable pro- know God and to have the true fear of God),
cess of nature. to understand how brief our life is, and to
90:8 Here the reason for Gods anger is stated. make sure that our eternal dwelling will be
God has His holy, searching gaze on all the God Himself.
sins of men, their inner, secret sins as well as 90:13 See 6:3; 74:10.
their outward, obvious transgressions. 90:14,15 But are satisfaction, gladness, and
90:9 Notice Moses strong expression all our joyful singing possible when the truth of vs
days. But is it possible that Gods people 7-11 is recognized? Moses evidently thought
dwell in God and at the same time are sur- so. He well knew that even though the dark
rounded by His anger? Indeed, yes. Dwelling clouds of Gods wrath hang above sin, the
in God means being in the bosom of Gods bright beams of love, mercy, compassion
holy nature, and this holy nature always burns and grace shine through them. He knew, as
like fire against all sin, all wrong. So believers all believers now know, that there is forgive-
are at the very heart of infinite anger against ness of sins and there is a joy that comes
the evil that is in men. Their safety is in the when the conscience is clear, when Gods face
love and grace which are also there. shines on them (5:11; 16:11; 30:5;
We spend our years as a tale that is 32:11; 35:27; 42:4; 51:8; 132:9,16).
told this could also be translated we end Though believers dwell in the midst of
PSALMS 90:16 750
16 Let your work appear to your servants, His truth will be your shield and buckler.
and your glory to their children. 5 You will not be afraid of the terror at night,
17 And let the beauty of the LORD our God be or of the arrow that flies by day,
upon us; 6 Or of the plague that walks in darkness,
and establish the work of our hands for us; or for the destruction that lays waste
yes, establish the work of our hands. at noon.
7 A thousand will fall at your side,
and ten thousand at your right hand,
91 but it will not come near you.
8 Only with your eyes you will look and see
the reward of the wicked.
1 He who dwells in the secret place of the 9 Because you have made the LORD,
Most High will abide under the who is my refuge, the Most High,
shadow of the Almighty. your habitation,
2 I will say of the LORD, 10 No evil will befall you,
He is my refuge and my fortress, no disaster will come near your dwelling.
my God; in him I will trust. 11 For he will give his angels orders
3 Surely he will deliver you from the snare concerning you, to protect you in
of the fowler, and from the deadly plague. all your ways.
4 He will cover you with his feathers, 12 They will lift you up in their hands,
and under his wings you will trust. so that you do not dash your foot
Gods holy anger against sin, they dwell in the believers God. These names together
the heart of His holy joy also. show how perfect, how sure is the security
Observe that Moses knew that when God gives those who dwell in Him, who trust
Israel was afflicted it was God who afflicted Him for protection.
them, and when they rejoiced it was God 91:3 In this and the following verses the
alone who enabled them to rejoice. author gives a number of dangers from
90:16 Work 44:1; 77:12; 92:4; Deut which Gods protection is needed. Snare
32:4. It was the children of those wilder- is the first. The believer is like a bird which
ness wanderers who would inherit the prom- the hunter tries to catch. Satan will lay snares
ised land. Moses prays that they would for his feet. By plague the author may
behold Gods glory as their fathers once had. have had in mind the fearful plagues in Egypt
90:17 As a servant of God he wanted to and the safety of Israel through them all.
accomplish a work that would endure, that 91:4 Wings 17:8; 36:7; 57:1; 63:7;
would have the stamp of Gods blessing on Matt 23:37.
it. Should not we? (John 15:16; 1 Cor Shield 3:3; 5:12; 28:7; 35:2.
3:13-15; Rev 22:12). Then let us ear- Buckler a smaller shield.
nestly pray as he did. 91:5,6 God is just as capable of protecting
91:1-16 Many scholars have thought that His people from enemy attacks at night as
Moses wrote this psalm, but we cannot be He is from dangers by day. In all circum-
sure of it. In any case it is a psalm that fits stances the believer can have peace of mind
very well after psalm 90, a prayer of Moses. and a complete sense of security.
Both psalms speak of God as being the dwell- 91:7 The believer sheltered by God is inde-
ing place of believers (90:1; 91:1,9). But 90 structible. As long as it is Gods will for him
emphasizes the anger of God against sin; this to live he cannot die. Nothing can touch
one emphasizes the complete protection and him except what God in His wisdom decides
victory God gives. The apostle Paul gives the is for his good.
essence of this psalm in Rom 8:31. 91:8 See 37:34; 58:10. He will see this, if
Almighty(v-1) in Hebrew Shaddai not in this life then in the final judgment
(Gen 17:1). when God arises to judge the world.
91:1 The great promises made in this psalm 91:9 The great promises surrounding this
are only for those who abide under Gods verse are only to those who experience its
protection. They are not for those who live truth. See 90:1.
as they please and try to use God only when 91:10 See 23:4; 41:2; 121:7; Prov 1:33;
danger or trouble comes. 12:21; 2 Tim 4:18.
91:2 Refuge 7:1,2. Notice the different 91:11,12 Satan partly quoted these verses
names for God the writer uses in these first in the temptation of Christ (Matt 4:6). The
two verses Most High is the one who can promise of angelic help is not a mere
raise the believer far above all dangers; poetic figure. The angels are real and
Almighty is the one who has infinite power powerful beings whom God sends to minis-
to protect the believer; LORD (Jehovah) ter to His people (34:7; Dan 6:21,22; Acts
is the God who made covenants and prom- 12:11; Heb 1:14). The angels can guard
ises to His people and faithfully keeps them; these dwellers in God from even small
my God is the Creator who has become obstacles such as a stone that could cause
751 PSALMS 92:14
against a stone. with a solemn sound.
13 You will tread on the lion and cobra; 4 For you, LORD, have made me glad through
the young lion and the serpent you will your deeds.
trample under foot. I will exult in the works of your hands.
14 The LORD says, 5 O LORD, how great are your works!
Because he has set his love on me, And your thoughts are very deep.
I will deliver him. 6 A senseless man does not know,
I will set him on high, nor does a fool understand this.
because he has known my name. 7 When the wicked spring up like grass,
15 He will call on me, and I will answer him. and when all the evildoers flourish,
I will be with him in trouble. it is for them to be destroyed forever.
I will deliver him, and honour him. 8 But you, LORD, are most high forevermore.
16 With long life I will satisfy him, 9 For look at your enemies, O LORD,
and show him my salvation. for, look, your enemies perish.
All the evildoers will be scattered.
92 10 But you will exalt my horn like the horn
of a wild ox.
I will be anointed with fresh oil.
A Psalm, a song for the Sabbath day
11 My eye will also see my desire fulfilled
on my enemies,
1 It is a good thing to give thanks to the and my ears will hear my desire fulfilled
LORD, and to sing praises to your name, on the wicked who rise up against me.
O Most High, 12 The righteous will flourish like the palm tree;
2 To declare your loving kindness in the he will grow like a cedar in Lebanon.
morning, 13 Those who are planted in the house of the
and your faithfulness every night, LORD will flourish in the courts of our God.
3 On an instrument of ten strings, 14 They will still bring forth fruit in old age;
on the lyre, on the harp, they will be fresh and flourishing,
them to stumble and fall. faithfulness are the twin themes of many
91:13 Such a mention of a lion and a ser- scriptures.
pent brings to mind Satan, a roaring lion 92:4 A right view of Gods works, of Gods
going about to devour (1 Pet 5:8), and a dealings with mankind, an attitude of
serpent full of deadly poison (Rev 12:9). complete trust and submission will bring joy
Dwellers in God have power to trample even and gladness to the believer (4:7; 9:1,2;
such a mighty foe under foot. See Luke 21:6,7; 64:9,10).
10:19,20; Jam 4:7. 92:5 See 33:11; 40:5; 111:2; 136:4; 139:17;
91:14-16 Here God Himself speaks directly Isa 55:8,9; Rom 11:33,34; Rev 15:3.
through the writer. Notice that the promises 92:6 The Hebrew words translated sense-
here are only for those who truly love God. less and fool indicate those who have no
Such people God will deliver, exalt, answer, spiritual enlightenment, those who because
protect, honor, and satisfy. The promise of of a love for sin refuse to let God teach
long life is in accordance with other Old them. They have no true moral and ethical
Testament promises such as Ex 20:12 and understanding.
Deut 5:33; 6:2 (this is not an emphasis of 92:7 Here is one thing the senseless and
the New Testament). Only love God, and foolish do not understand. The very things
the Bible has many great promises for you. the wicked pursue and delight in will finally
92 Title: This is the only one of the psalms bring them to utter ruin.
specifically stated to be for the Sabbath day 92:8 See 83:18; 93:4; 113:5. There is
(note on Sabbath at Ex 20:8-11). This does no need then for believers to worry about
not mean that other psalms were not to be the administration of the universe.
read or sung then, but that this one was 92:9 See 37:20; 73:27; 89:10.
especially suited for that day. The reason 92:10 See 75:4,5; 89:17; 112:9; Luke
is that it is a psalm of rest and gladness, of 1:69.
praise to God for His works. Verse 4 gives 92:11 See 54:7; 91:8.
the essence of it. There is no gloom here, 92:12-14 In the Bible believers are
no depression, no doubt, no questioning of frequently compared to fruitful vines and
Gods ways. There is only rest of heart, trees 1:3; 52:8; Gen 49:22; Hos
peace of mind, joy in God. This was the 14:5,6; John 15:1-5. Observe some truths
real meaning of the Sabbath. here about the righteous.
92:1 On thanksgiving and praise see Lev
7:12,13 (note); Ps 50:14. They will continue to grow spiritually
92:2,3 See 89:1,2. Gods love and They are planted in the house of
PSALMS 92:15 752
94
15 To declare that the LORD is upright.
He is my rock, and there is no
unrighteousness in him.
1 O LORD God, to whom vengeance belongs;
93 O God, to whom vengeance belongs,
shine forth!
2 Rise up, O judge of the earth!
1 The LORD reigns. Mete out repayment to the proud!
He is clothed with majesty, 3 LORD, how long will the wicked,
the LORD is clothed with strength, how long will the wicked triumph?
with which he has arrayed himself. 4 How long will they speak and say hard things,
The world also is established, and all the evildoers boast of themselves?
so that it cannot be moved. 5 They break your people in pieces,
2 Your throne is established of old; O LORD, and afflict your inheritance.
you are from everlasting. 6 They kill the widow and the foreigner,
and murder the fatherless.
3 The floods have lifted up, O LORD,
7 Yet they say, The LORD does not see,
the floods have lifted up their voice;
the God of Jacob does not pay
the floods lift up their waves.
attention to it.
4 The LORD on high is mightier than the
noise of many waters, 8 Understand, you senseless among the
yes, than the mighty waves of the sea. people.
5 Your testimonies are very sure. And you fools, when will you be wise?
Holiness makes your house beautiful, 9 He who planted the ear, does he not hear?
O LORD, forever. He who formed the eye, does he not see?
God that is, they have their roots in holy prompted by a desire for personal vengeance.
ground and grow up in Gods fellowship, sur- It is prompted by desire for justice to prevail
rounded by a holy atmosphere and for the persecuted to be rescued. Ven-
Even in old age they are spiritually vig- geance must be left to God to work out in
orous and productive His time and way (Ex 21:23-25; Num 31:2;
The essence of their message is not their Nahum 1:2,7; Rom 12:19; Heb 10:30,31).
own righteousness but Gods. 94:2 Here is a name of God. He is one who
will judge the world 58:11; Gen 18:25;
92:15 Rock note at Deut 32:4. Acts 17:31.
No unrighteousness Rom 9:14; 94:3 See 6:3; 74:10; 90:13.
1 John 1:5. 94:4 Notice the link between evil ways and
93:1 96:10; 97:1; 99:1. The theme of boasting (10:3; 52:1).
this psalm is given in the preceding one 94:5 Believers are Gods people, Gods
(92:8) the LORD (Jehovah) God, the God inheritance. Will He forever let them be
of Israel, is the Creator and Ruler of the crushed? Absolutely not.
universe. 94:6 According to the law of God, the people
93:2 See 45:6; 90:2; Lam 5:19; Heb 1:8,9. of Israel were to show special compassion
93:3,4 Jehovah God is able to control all for widows, strangers, and orphans
forces of nature, and all the turbulent Ex 22:21,22; Deut 10:18,19; 14:28,29;
uproar of nations (sometimes compared to 24:19,20; 27:19. Instead, these wicked
floods and to waters 18:4; Isa 59:19; rulers murdered them.
Jer 46:7,8; 47:2; Rev 17:15). 94:7 See 10:11; 14:1. The wicked are
93:5 See 19:7. The author here moves from atheists at heart no matter how pious and
the subject of Gods rule over creation to religious they may try to appear. They
His revelation in the Bible. The Bible is where suppress the truth about the one true and
God reveals the facts about His kingdom holy God, and would like to deny Him
and sets forth the principles of His rule. And altogether.
holiness is the beauty of His house 29:2; 94:8-11 The author points out the extreme
96:9; 1 Cor 3:17. folly of godless unbelievers. They may be
94:1 The author, who is unknown to us, was highly educated and look down on humble
suffering under the oppression of wicked believers, but they are fools, and believers
people in places of authority and disturbed have far more reason to look down on them
at the perversion of justice in the nation. The (though they should not do so). Can these
rule of the people was in the hands of evil unbelievers think of the human ear, that
men (v 20), who crushed Gods people marvelous instrument of hearing, and
(v 5), and murdered the weak and helpless imagine that it had no Maker, or that He is
(v 6). So he prays that God will take ven- deaf? And that wonderful instrument of vi-
geance on them. This is not a prayer that is sion, the human eye only the fool can
753 PSALMS 95:7
10 He who corrects the nations, 21 They gather themselves together against
does he not judge rightly ? the soul of the righteous,
He who teaches man knowledge, and condemn innocent blood.
does he not know ? 22 But the LORD is my defense,
11 The LORD knows the thoughts of man, and my God is my rock of refuge.
that they are futile. 23 And he will bring on them their own evil,
12 Blessed is the man whom you discipline, and will cut them off in their own wickedness;
O LORD, and teach from your law, yes, the LORD our God will cut them off.
13 That you may give him rest from the days
of trouble, until the pit has been
dug for the wicked.
14 For the LORD will not cast away his people,
95
he will not forsake his inheritance.
1 Oh come, let us sing to the LORD!
15 But judgment will return to righteousness,
Let us make a joyful sound to the rock
and all the upright in heart will follow it.
of our salvation!
16 Who will rise up for me against the evildoers?
2 Let us come before his presence with
Or who will stand up for me against
thanksgiving,
those who do evil?
and make a joyful sound to him with psalms.
17 Unless the LORD had been my help,
3 For the LORD is the great God,
my soul would soon have dwelt in silence.
and the great King above all gods.
18 When I said, My foot is slipping, 4 In his hand are the deep places of the earth;
your mercy, O LORD, held me up. the heights of the hills also are his.
19 In my many anxieties within me, 5 The sea is his, and he made it;
your comforts delight my soul. and his hands formed the dry land.
20 Will the throne of wickedness, 6 Oh come, let us worship and bow down!
which creates trouble by law, Let us kneel before the LORD our maker!
have fellowship with you? 7 For he is our God,
think it had no Maker or that its Maker is we do not need to be overcome by them.
unable to see. And can man, proud of his God wants us to have joy in trials and
little scraps of knowledge, imagine that God difficulties.
has none at all? God punishes whole na- 94:20,21 Sometimes rulers make laws that
tions; can He not deal with these wicked in- enable them to oppress people and work
dividuals? The vanity and wickedness of evil. God has no part in such regimes.
mans thoughts! When a man thinks God 94:22 Defense 18:2; 31:3; 71:3.
is nothing he becomes nothing himself. Rock Deut 32:4.
94:12-15 Now the tone of the psalm 94:23 7:16; 140:9,11; Deut 32:35.
changes. The writer expresses his quiet 95:1,2 Judging from Heb 4:7 David wrote
confidence in God. God, he is sure, has a this psalm. Of course, the true author of
loving purpose in the troubles that have this psalm (and all the psalms) is Gods Holy
come from wicked men. God will use those Spirit (see Heb 3:7; 2 Tim 3:16; 2 Pet
troubles to chastise and teach him (v 12), 1:21). There are three interwoven themes
and in spite of them all give rest of heart in this psalm a call to worship the true
(v 13). And God will restore righteous God, reasons why His people should wor-
judgment to the people (v 15). ship Him, and a warning against hardening
94:12 Here is a wonderful truth (Deut 8:5; our hearts. Joy, singing, and worship are
Job 5:17; Ps 119:71,171; Prov 3:11,12; natural results of a proper spiritual relation-
Heb 12:5,6). Gods chastening is painful, ship with God (66:1,2; 81:1; Eph 5:19,20).
but we should welcome that which does us True worship is not in mere outward form; it
so much good. flows from a heart made right with God (John
94:13 Men dig pits to catch wild beasts. The 4:23,24).
wicked, like wild beasts, try to tear Gods 95:3-7 The writer gives good reasons why
sheep, and so pits will be dug for them to Gods people should worship Him. He knew
fall into. that they needed encouragement and
94:14 See 37:28; 1 Sam 12:22; Lam exhortation to do what they should do. The
3:31; Rom 11:2; Heb 13:5. reasons he gives for worship are these:
94:15 See 97:2; Isa 42:3; Micah 7:9. Jehovah God is great, therefore He is
94:16 Ex 32:26. greatly worthy of worship;
94:17 He means he would be dead if the He is the King of the universe, higher
Lord had not helped him. than all else that is called God or god;
94:18 See 38:16; 73:2. He is the Creator of the world and man-
94:19 Anxious thoughts will naturally come kind the rivers, hills, and mountains where
to us in times of trouble and injustice, but other gods are sometimes worshiped were
PSALMS 95:8 754
and we are the people of his pasture, his wonders among all peoples.
and the sheep of his hand. 4 For the LORD is great, and greatly to
Today if you will hear his voice, be praised.
8 Do not harden your heart, He is to be feared above all gods.
as in the time of provocation, 5 For all the gods of the nations are idols,
and as in the day of testing in the but the LORD made the heavens.
wilderness, 6 Honour and majesty are before him.
9 When your fathers tested me, Strength and beauty are in his sanctuary.
put me on trial, and saw my work.
7 Ascribe to the LORD, O you families of
10 Forty years long I was grieved with that
the peoples,
generation, and said,
ascribe to the LORD glory and strength.
It is a people who go astray in their heart,
8 Ascribe to the LORD the glory due to his
and they have not known my ways;
name.
11 To whom I swore in my wrath that they
Bring an offering and come into his courts.
would not enter my rest.
9 Oh, worship the LORD in the beauty of
holiness!
96 Tremble before him, all the earth.
10 Say among the nations that the LORD
reigns.
The world also is established so that it
1 Oh sing to the LORD a new song! will not be moved.
Sing to the LORD, all the earth! He will judge the people righteously.
2 Sing to the LORD, praise his name,
speak forth his salvation from day to day. 11 Let the heavens rejoice, and let the
3 Declare his glory among the nations, earth be glad.
all made by Him; 96:1 Most of the words of this psalm are
He has a special relationship to His included in a larger one recorded in
people they can say He is our God, we 1 Chronicles chapter 16. A new song indi-
are His people, His sheep under His care. cates a new thing that God has done or will
Surely these are sufficient reasons why do. This psalm is addressed to all the
His people should sing to Him joyfully and earth, so this new work of God is related to
praise Him with heart, soul, mind, and the world at large and not just to the nation
strength. Israel.
95:8-11 Now he gives a severe warning. But 96:2 The first reason for this new song is
what connection does it have with the fore- this: Gods salvation is made available to
going exhortation to joyfully worship God? all the world. This looks forward to a time
It seems to be this: if Gods people are future to Davids day. For this salvation
reluctant to worship Him, if there is no longer surely means the salvation the Lord Jesus
any joy in His presence or any recognition provided by His death on the cross and which
of His greatness and goodness, it indicates He told His disciples to preach in all the world
a hardening of their hearts. There may be (Matt 28:19; Mark 16:15; Luke 24:47,48).
danger of them becoming like their ances- 96:3 See 145:10-12; John 1:14; Acts
tors in the desert who continually murmured 3:13; 2 Cor 3:7-11; 4:6. The glory of
and complained against God, but rarely God is revealed in Christ and in Him God
worshiped Him with joy. For Meribah and performed the wonderful deeds of reconcili-
Massah see Ex 17:2-7; Num 20:13; Deut ation, resurrection, and the ascension.
6:16. Meribah means quarreling, Massah These wonders are now being declared
means testing. In the desert Israel tested among all nations.
God instead of trusting Him 78:18; Num 96:4 See 95:3.
14:22; 1 Cor 10:9. 96:5 One immense difference between the
95:10 On Gods anger against them see Num LORD (Jehovah) God and all others called
14:26-35; Josh 5:6; Acts 13:18; Heb gods is just this: He is the mighty Creator,
3:10,17. Their habitually went astray they they are idols created by men and without
were wanderers both in the desert and in power. See 96:5; 115:4-11.
heart. Wandering in heart came first. If 96:6 See 27:4; 50:2; 93:1; 104:1.
they had not wandered away from God there 96:7,8 He is saying that all peoples of earth
they would not have had to wander in the should cast their idols to the winds and as-
desert. Above all things men should keep cribe glory to the only one worthy of it.
their hearts Prov 4:23. If we go astray in 96:9 See 29:2. Holiness is beautiful. Sin is
our hearts we will go astray in everything. ugly.
95:11 Carefully observe the result of Tremble 2:11; 33:8; 114:7; Isa 66:2.
hardness of heart and the unbelief which 96:10-13 Here is another reason for the new
accompanies it. song he urges the nations to sing the
755 PSALMS 98:1
Let the sea, and its fulness, roar. 6 The heavens declare his righteousness,
12 Let the field be joyful, and all that is in it. and all the people see his glory.
Then all the trees of the woods will rejoice 7 May all those who serve graven images,
13 Before the LORD. who boast of idols, be put to shame.
For he comes, for he comes to judge Worship him, all you gods.
the earth. 8 Zion heard and was glad,
He will judge the world with righteousness, and the daughters of Judah rejoiced
and the people with his truth. because of your judgments, O LORD.
9 For you, LORD, are high above all the
97 earth.
You are exalted far above all gods.
10 You who love the LORD, hate evil.
He preserves the souls of his saints.
1 The LORD reigns! He rescues them from the hand of the wicked.
May the earth rejoice! 11 Light is sown for the righteous,
May the multitude of islands be glad! and gladness for the upright in heart.
2 Clouds and darkness are around him. 12 Rejoice in the LORD, you righteous,
Righteousness and justice are the and give thanks at the remembrance of
foundation of his throne. his holy name.
3 A fire goes before him and burns up his
enemies all around.
4 His lightnings lit up the world.
The earth saw and trembled.
98
5 The hills melted like wax at the presence A Psalm
of the LORD,
at the presence of the Lord of the 1 Oh, sing to the LORD a new song,
whole earth. for he has done marvellous things.
judgment of God and His just rule over all Glory 98:2; Isa 40:5; 66:18.
the earth. This is a prophecy to be fulfilled 97:7 Shame 16:4; Isa 42:17; 44:9,11;
at the second coming of Christ (Isa 2:1-4; Jer 10:14,15; Zech 14:9. This will result
11:1-10). Then creation itself will be re- when Jehovah reveals Himself as the one
leased from bondage and shout for joy (Rom true God. The command to the gods are
8:19-22). Observe that the coming of the spoken in contempt. It does not indicate
LORD (Jehovah) in the Old Testament is the that these so-called gods are real gods. See
coming of the Lord Jesus in the New Testa- 96:5; 115:4-11.
ment. That is, Jesus is the incarnation of 97:8 The above results will bring great joy
Jehovah. See also 23:1; 24:7-10; to the worshipers of the one true God
96:10-13; Gen 16:7; Ex 3:14; Isa 6:1; (48:11; Zeph 3:14).
Zech 12:10. The following three psalms Daughters of Judah this is an
are on this same theme the coming of ambiguous phrase. If we take it literally
Jehovah to rule as King over the whole earth. the meaning is the women of Judah, if we
97:1 The opening words could be translated take it as an idiom or figure of speech the
The LORD has become King, or The LORD meaning is the towns and villages of Judah
has begun to reign. Of course, the LORD (see Isa 1:8).
(Jehovah) is King of the universe and 97:10-12 In the light of the above what kind
always has been. But this psalm refers to of lives should we live? Titus 2:11-13;
His manifest rule over earth after His Heb 12:28; 2 Pet 3:10-14.
coming described in the last verse of the 97:10 Hate evil 34:14; Prov 8:13;
preceding psalm. Amos 5:15; Rom 12:9; Jude 23. God
97:2-9 In these verses we have the effects Himself hates evil (note at Lev 20:7), and
of the coming of Jehovah. The picture is there is no evil whatever in Him (1 John 1:5).
one of perfect holiness and justice. Those who love God must be prepared for a
Compare these verses with Ex 19:9; Deut continual fight against all sin and evil. We
4:11; 1 Kings 8:12; Ps 18:11. must choose either God or evil we cannot
Righteousness 89:14; Isa 9:7; have both. And the more we love God the
11:4,5; 32:1. more we will hate evil and vice versa.
97:3 See 18:8; 50:3; Dan 7:10; Mal 97:11,12 While we wait for the glorious
4:1; 2 Thess 1:7,8; Heb 12:29. appearance of our great God and Saviour
97:4 See 18:7; 77:16-18; Ex 19:16; Jesus Christ He would have us experience
Heb 12:26-28. light and joy. And for them we should
97:5 See 46:6; Amos 9:5; Micah 1:4; continually give thanks to Him.
Nahum 1:5. 98:1 This psalm is very similar to psalm
97:6 See 19:1-4; 50:6; 89:5. 96. It begins with the same words as that
PSALMS 98:2 756
99
His right hand and his holy arm have
gotten him the victory.
2 The LORD has made known
his salvation. 1 The LORD reigns!
He has openly revealed his righteousness May the peoples tremble!
in the sight of the nations. He sits between the cherubim.
3 He has remembered his mercy and his truth May the earth be moved!
toward the house of Israel. 2 The LORD is great in Zion,
All the ends of the earth have seen the and he is high above all the peoples.
salvation of our God. 3 May they praise your great and
awe-inspiring name, for it is holy.
4 Make a joyful sound to the LORD, 4 The kings strength also loves justice.
all the earth. You have established equity;
Make a loud sound, and rejoice, you have ordained justice and
and sing praise. righteousness in Jacob.
5 Sing to the LORD with the harp, 5 Exalt the LORD our God and worship at his
with the harp and the sound of a psalm; footstool, for he is holy.
6 With trumpets and the sound of a rams 6 Moses and Aaron were among his priests,
horn make a joyful noise before the and Samuel among those who called on his
LORD, the King. name; they called to the LORD,
7 May the sea and its fulness roar; and he answered them.
the world, and those who live in it. 7 He spoke to them in the cloudy pillar.
8 May the floods clap their hands, They kept his testimonies,
may the hills be joyful together and the ordinance that he gave them.
9 Before the LORD; 8 You answered them, O LORD our God.
for he comes to judge the earth. You were a God who forgave them,
He will judge the world with righteousness, though you took vengeance on their
and the people with equity. misdeeds.
and has the same theme. The first three 99:2 See 48:1; 97:9; 113:4; Isa 12:6.
verses speak of what God has done, the 99:3 Awe-inspiring name Deut 28:58;
next three speak of what men should do Ps 76:1.
because of what God has done, and the Holy Lev 20:7.
last three speak of the proper response of 99:4 11:7; 17:2; 33:5; 98:9; 103:6;
the world and mankind at the coming of 146:7; Jer 23:5.
the LORD (Jehovah). 99:5 Exalt 34:3; 107:32; 118:28.
Marvelous things 40:5; 96:3; 136:4. Footstool here may mean the ark of the
Right hand Ex 15:6; Ps 118:15,16; covenant or Gods temple in Jerusalem
Isa 51:9. (132:7; 1 Chron 28:2; 32:7; Isa 60:13;
98:2 Isa 52:10. Lam 2:1).
98:3 Remembered Luke 1:54,72. 99:6 All three of these men acted as priests,
Ends of earth 22:27. though only Aaron was high priest in Israel
98:4-7 To Gods wonderful display of victory (Lev 8:13-30; 1 Sam 9:13). All three
over evil, of righteous salvation, of grace worshiped and exalted God in the way the
and faithfulness, these verses give the writer of this psalm exhorts men to do, and
proper response (66:1; 99:3; 100:1; all three called on God and received answers
Isa 44:23). The author exhorts all the earth to their prayers (Ex 18:19; 32:11-30; Num
to sing for joy, because all the earth will at 11:2; 14:9; 21:7; Deut 5:5; 9:18,19;
last participate in Gods victory and salva- 1 Sam 7:9; 12:23; Ps 106:23).
tion, and experience His righteous rule. 99:7 Pillar Ex 33:9; Num 12:5. These
98:7-9 See 96:11-13. three were among the few who did obey God.
99:1 This psalm begins with the same words 99:8,9 See 78:38; Num 14:20. In these
as psalms 93 and 97 and deals with the verses not only the three mentioned in the
same subject Gods reign on the earth. preceding verses but the people of Israel
In this psalm the emphasis is somewhat are in view. Observe that though God
different from the emphasis in those forgave them He also punished them. In
psalms. In this one the holiness of God is other words, chastisement is consistent with
mentioned thrice (vs 3,5,9), and His moun- forgiveness. God fights against sin no
tain is called holy (v 9). And examples of matter where it is found (Ex 32:28; Num
Gods holy and righteous dealings in the 20:12; 2 Sam 12:13,14; see Ps 90:7-12).
past, and of those who rendered to God holy He is absolutely holy (Ex 15:11; Lev 20:7;
worship are given vs 6-8. Isa 6:3), and we should praise and glorify
Cherubim 80:1; Ex 25:22; 1 Sam 4:4. Him because He is that way.
757 PSALMS 101:5
9 Exalt the LORD our God and worship at his His mercy is everlasting, and his truth
holy hill, continues to all generations.
for the LORD our God is holy.
101
100 A Psalm of David
A Psalm of thanksgiving
1 I will sing of mercy and justice.
I will sing to you, O LORD.
1 Make a joyful sound to the LORD,
2 I will conduct myself wisely in a perfect way.
all you lands!
Oh when will you come to me?
2 Serve the LORD with gladness.
I will walk in my house with a perfect heart.
Come before his presence with singing.
3 I will set nothing wicked before my eyes.
3 Know that the LORD is God.
I hate the deeds of those who turn
It is he who has made us,
aside. They will not cling to me.
and not we ourselves.
We are his people and the sheep of his 4 A perverse heart will depart from me.
pasture. I will not become acquainted with
4 Enter into his gates with thanksgiving, wickedness.
and into his courts with praise. 5 Whoever secretly slanders his neighbour,
Be thankful to him and praise his name. him I will cut off.
5 For the LORD is good. I will not endure one who has a haughty
100 Title: Thanksgiving or praise. The praises Him for that and resolves to strive
Hebrew word is usually translated thanks- ever to follow the King of heaven and be
giving in the KJV, as in v 4. blameless in his conduct as the leader of
100:1 This is the last in this series of psalms his people and in the administration of the
concerning the reign of the LORD (Jehovah) kingdom.
on the earth. It looks forward to the time This is a great resolution and one every
when all the peoples of the earth (all you leader of Christian organizations and
lands), and not just Israel, become His churches needs to make before God. David
people and His sheep. Compare Ex 19:5; never achieved perfection, but he aimed at
Deut 4:20; 7:6; Ps 73:1,2; 79:13; it. It is far better to aim at perfection and
95:7. This is one of the reasons the writer miss it than to aim at imperfection and
gives for the joyful thanksgiving and praise achieve it. See the prayer in the midst of
which are the theme of this psalm. It is an the resolution. He knew that if his resolu-
interesting fact that this is the only psalm tion was to stand and produce fruit he
which has the title of thanksgiving, though, needed Gods presence and power with him.
of course, many of them contain much Perfect or blameless or with
thanksgiving to God. complete integrity.
100:2 Rom 6:12,13; 12:1; 14:17; 15:13. 101:3-8 David resolved that he would keep
100:3 The writer is still addressing the himself from all evil and would not permit
whole earth. Jehovah is not a small god evil persons to serve in the palace or in
of a little nation. He is the one true God, the administration of the kingdom. He
the Creator of all. He wants all men to would choose only those who were faithful
know this, for there can be no true to God, people of integrity. He refused to
service to God, no real joy, without this select anyone as workers, ministers, or
knowledge. But when all the earth does administrators simply because they were
know this, when all peoples become His relatives or friends, or of the same tribe or
people and His sheep, what joy and praise community. He knew how ruinous nepo-
will fill the whole wide earth! (98:3; Isa tism can be, how it leads to corruption and
11:9; 45:6; Hab 2:14). abuse of power. No matter who people
100:4 Thanksgiving 7:17; 50:14,15; were, if they were evil, slanderers, proud,
56:12; Lev 7:12,13; Eph 5:20; 1 Thess deceitful, or liars they had no part in his
5:18; Heb 13:15; Rev 11:17. work or kingdom. Today we need such wise,
100:5 Further great reasons for joy and holy, and determined leaders.
thanksgiving. The only true God is good, 101:3 No vain or wicked thing would be a
gracious, and faithful, and will remain model for him. He refused even to contem-
unchangeably so forever. plate such. And he was aware that when we
101:1,2 David wrote this psalm, not as a come into contact with evil it can stick to us
private person, but as king. He had found (1 Cor 15:33). So he kept his distance from
in the LORD (Jehovah) perfect grace and evil men and evil deeds.
perfect justice. God knows just when and 101:4 Prov 11:20.
to whom to show mercy, and just when and 101:5 See 15:3; 50:20; Prov 10:18; Jer
whom to judge and punish. Now David 6:28. As the leader of Gods people David
PSALMS 101:6 758
look and a proud heart. I am in trouble,
6 My eyes will be on the faithful of the but bow down your ear to me.
land, that they may dwell with me. In the day I call, answer me speedily.
The one who walks in a perfect way, 3 For my days are consumed like smoke,
he will serve me. and my bones are burned like a hearth.
7 He who acts deceitfully will not dwell in 4 My heart is beaten down and withered like
my house. grass,
He who tells lies will not remain in my sight. so that I forget to eat my bread.
8 Early I will destroy all the wicked of the land, 5 Because of the sound of my groaning my
so that I may cut off all evildoers bones cling to my skin.
from the city of the LORD. 6 I am like a pelican of the wilderness.
I am like an owl of the desert.
7 I lie awake, and am like a sparrow alone
102 on the housetop.
8 My enemies taunt me all day long,
A prayer of the afflicted,
when he is overwhelmed and pours and those who act like madmen against
out his complaint before the LORD me swear an oath against me.
9 For I have eaten ashes like bread,
1 Hear my prayer, O LORD, and mixed my drink with weeping,
and let my cry come to you. 10 Because of your indignation and your wrath.
2 Do not hide your face from me in the day For you have lifted me up and
considered that a slanderer or a proud man 102 Title: The author was passing through
should have no place in Gods work see an experience of deep grief when he wrote
also 10:4; 18:27; Prov 6:17; 21:4; this, and in vs 1-11 he expresses this
30:13; Isa 2:11. sorrow in very picturesque language. His
101:6 Faithfulness to God and blameless- sadness is tied up altogether with the
ness of life were the two qualifications David ruined condition of Jerusalem (vs 13,14.
looked for. To him they were more impor- Compare Lam 1:1-13; 2:1,2; 3:1-6;
tant than talent, intellect, strength, courage, Luke 19:41-44). Verses 25-27 of this psalm
or any other such quality. If a person did are quoted in Heb 1:10-12, and applied to
not have integrity he had no place in Davids the Lord Jesus. So this can be called a
work. Messianic psalm. One theme of it is the
101:7 See 5:6; 52:2-5; Prov 6:16-19. If future restoration of Jerusalem vs 15,21,
liars and deceivers were not fit for Davids 22. In this regard this psalm is similar to
palace how much less fit are they for the psalms 95 - 100.
palace of the heavenly King! If David would All this will happen when the LORD
not have them near him can we vainly (Jehovah) appears in glory v 16. This
imagine that God will? See 15:1-3; refers to the coming of Gods kingdom. But
24:3,4; Rev 21:8,23-27; 22:14,15. before that wonderful time comes there will
101:8 Court was held in the morning and be much sorrow and affliction for the people
judgment given. David was determined to of God, as appears in the opening verses
rid the nation of evil doers. For sins that of this psalm. And there will be earnest
required the death penalty under the law prayers that the kingdom of God might
see note at Ex 21:36. It is a very sad thing come (Matt 6:10).
that sins which were considered worthy of 102:2 See 10:1; 13:1; 17:6; 18:6;
death under the law of Moses are often 27:9; 31:2; 56:9; 66:13; 71:2.
viewed with complacency in some Christian 102:3 See 6:2; 31:10; 35:10; 37:20;
circles and nothing is done about them. 42:10.
Often this is not because leaders want to 102:4 See 90:5,6; 37:2; Job 33:20; Ezra
show Gods grace, but because they abuse 10:6.
His grace. 102:5 See 22:14,17; Job 19:20.
Of course, it is not the business of 102:6,7 Indicates loneliness and desolation
the church to execute the death penalty of heart.
for offenses against Gods law. But it 102:8 See 31:11; 42:10.
the business of the church to try to keep 102:9 Ashes are symbolic of mourning
i t s e l f p u r e a n d h o l y, a n d t o m a i n t a i n (2 Sam 13:19; Esther 4:1,3; Job 2:8;
standards of integrity. Gods heavenly 42:6). This may mean that the ashes on
city is a holy place prepared for a holy which he sat or poured on his head became
people. This was Davids desire for the mixed with his food. Or perhaps he is using
earthly city of Jerusalem. Dare we the word metaphorically.
desire it less for the church and Weeping 42:3; 80:5.
Christian organizations? 102:10 He traces his sorrow and affliction to
Gods anger. See note at Ps 90:7-11.
759 PSALMS 103:1
thrown me down. and his praise in Jerusalem,
11 My days are like a lengthening shadow, 22 When the peoples and the kingdoms are
and I am withered like grass. gathered together to serve the LORD.
12 But you, O LORD, will remain forever, 23 He brought down my strength in the way;
and the remembrance of you to all he shortened my days.
generations. 24 I said, O my God, do not take me away
13 You will arise and have mercy on Zion, in the midst of my days;
for the time to favour her, your years are throughout all generations.
yes, the set time, has come. 25 Of old you laid the foundation of the earth,
14 For your servants take pleasure in her and the heavens are the work of your
stones, hands.
and favour to its dust. 26 They will perish, but you will remain;
15 So the nations will fear the name of the LORD, yes, all of them will become old like
and all the kings of the earth your glory. a garment;
16 For the LORD will build Zion; like a cloak you will change them,
he will appear in his glory. and they will be changed.
17 He will have regard for the prayer of the 27 But you are the same,
destitute, and your years will have no end.
and will not despise their prayer. 28 The children of your servants will continue,
18 This will be written for the generation and their offspring will be established
to come; before you.
and the people who are yet to be
103
created will praise the LORD.
19 For he looked down from the height of his
sanctuary;
from heaven the LORD saw the earth, A Psalm of David
20 To hear the groaning of the prisoner,
to free those who are dying, 1 Praise the LORD, O my soul,
21 To declare the name of the LORD in Zion, and all that is within me,
102:11 See 109:23; Job 14:2. An evening to the Hebrews (Heb 1:10-12) these words
shadow is soon gone, swallowed up in nights were spoken to the Lord Jesus before His
darkness. incarnation. In the Hebrew of v 24 there
Grass 90:5,6; 103:15. is the usual Old Testament word for God.
102:12-28 With v 12 the tone of the psalm This is further proof that the writers of
changes. The writer has spoken of the brevity t h e N e w Te s t a m e n t r e g a r d e d J e s u s a s
of his own life. Now he speaks of Gods eter- God, the incarnation of Jehovah of the Old
nal being. And thinking of Gods greatness Te s t a m e n t , t h e g r e a t C r e a t o r o f t h e
brings hope and assurance to his sad heart. universe.
He knows things will change, that God has a 102:25 Gen 1:1; John 1:1-3; Col 1:16;
wonderful plan which He will fulfill. Heb 1:10.
102:12 See 9:7; 10:16; 135:13; Ex 102:26 Isa 34:4; 51:6; Matt 24:35;
3:15; Lam 5:19; Rev 11:15. 2 Pet 3:10; Rev 20:11. Creation is like a
102:13 Isa 54:8,10; 60:10,11; Zech garment God wears. Clothing speaks of
1:16,17; 2:10,11. someone who made it or who wears it.
102:14 Stones and dust mean the citys Those who worship creation, the sun, moon,
ruins. stars, or any other material object, are oc-
102:15 See 138:4; 72:11; Isa 59:19,20. cupied, not with God, but with garments
102:16 See 147:2; Isa 60:1,2. which are getting old and will perish.
102:17 See 22:24; 31:22; 69:33. 102:27 See Isa 41:4; 43:10; Mal 3:6;
102:18 Deut 31:19; Rom 15:4; 1 Cor Heb 13:8.
10:11. 102:28 See 69:36; 89:4. Because God is
102:19 See 14:2; 53:2; Deut 26:15. eternal, His children, though on earth frail
102:20 See 79:11; 107:10-13; 146:7; and soon to pass away, can safely trust Him
Ex 2:23-25; Luke 4:17-20. to fulfill His word and His plans.
102:21,22 For complete fulfillment these 103:1 Praise seems a better translation
words still look to the future. than Bless. See Hebrews 7:7. This is a
102:23 See 39:5; 89:45. hymn on Gods goodness. The theme, given
102:24 The writer longs to live until he sees in v 8, is based on Gods revelation of
the restoration of Zion, the fulfillment of his Himself in Ex 34:6. David wanted the praise
own words. he offered to such a good God to be inward,
102:25-27 According to the inspired writer sincere, overflowing from the heart. On
PSALMS 103:2 760
praise his holy name. or repaid us according to our evil deeds.
2 Praise the LORD, O my soul, 11 For as the heavens are high above the
and forget not all his benefits; earth,
3 Who forgives all your sins; so great is his mercy toward those who
who heals all your diseases; fear him.
4 Who redeems your life from destruction; 12 As far as the east is from the west,
who crowns you with loving kindness and so far he has removed our
tender mercies; transgressions from us.
5 Who satisfies your mouth with good things, 13 Like a father pities his children,
so that your youth is renewed like so the LORD pities those who fear him.
the eagles. 14 For he knows how we are formed,
6 The LORD administers righteousness and he remembers that we are dust.
justice for all who are oppressed. 15 As for man, his days are like grass.
7 He made known his ways to Moses, He flourishes like a flower of the field.
his acts to the children of Israel. 16 For the wind passes over it,
8 The LORD is merciful and gracious, and it is gone,
slow to get angry, and its place remembers it no more.
and has abundant mercy. 17 But the mercy of the LORD is from
9 He will not always contend, everlasting to everlasting on those
nor will he retain his anger forever. who fear him,
10 He has not dealt with us according to our and his righteousness to childrens children,
sins, 18 To those who keep his covenant,
praise see note on 33:1-3. because of unbelief and rebellion learned
103:2 Deut 4:9; 6:12; 8:11. Forgetful- only Gods acts and these they speedily
ness of Gods benefits is a great fault and forgot (78:11; 106:13). Like Moses we
will rob us of much joy and consolation. should pray that God will teach us His ways
103:3-5 To inspire his praise David meditates so that we will have some understanding of
on five ways in these three verses in which God His acts (25:4; 27:11; 86:11) not that
has shown His grace toward him. God forgives, we can ever on this earth learn all of Gods
heals, redeems, crowns, and satisfies. Of ways (Isa 55:8,9; Rom 11:33).
course this list is not exhaustive (40:5). 103:8 Ex 34:6; Num 14:18; Neh 9:17;
103:3 Forgives 86:5; 130:8; Ex 34:7; Ps 86:15; 145:8; Lam 3:22; Joel 2:13;
Isa 43:25; Matt 12:31; Eph 1:7; 1 John Jonah 4:2; Matt 9:36; Jam 5:11.
1:9. Forgiveness is the foundation bless- 103:9 See 30:5; Isa 57:16; Jer 3:5,12;
ing. Without it all other blessings lose much Micah 7:18.
of their value. What are health, wealth, vigor, 103:10 Ezra 9:13. If God dealt with us
or satisfaction of desires, if we do not according to our sins we would all be in hell
obtain Gods forgiveness? if we enjoy them and not one of us would escape.
only for a little while and then perish 103:11 See 36:5; 57:10. David meant an
forever? immeasurable distance, as he does also in
Heals 30:2; Ex 15:26; Matt 9:35. the next verse.
This was Davids personal experience. It is 103:12 Isa 38:17; 43:25; 44:22; Jer
not a promise that God will always heal ev- 50:20; Micah 7:19; Heb 9:26.
ery disease of every person. But there is 103:13 The fatherhood of God spoken of in
such a thing as Gods healing which can be a small measure in the Old Testament is
received by faith (Matt 9:28,29; Jam fully and gloriously revealed in the New
5:14-16). Testament (68:5; 1 Chron 22:10; Isa
103:4 Redeems note on God as 9:6; Matt 6:4,8,9; John 1:14,18; Rom
Redeemer at 78:35. 8:15; 1 Cor 8:6; Eph 3:14,15; 4:6).
Destruction signifies death, or possibly God has the nature all fathers should have
the unseen world of darkness and punish- but which many do not. He is loving, com-
ment, or both, and Jehovah God alone can passionate and understanding, and He con-
save from them (16:10; 49:15; 56:13; siders the welfare of His children above all
Heb 2:14,15). else.
Crowns 8:5. God gives far better 103:14 See 78:39; Gen 3:19; Eccl 12:7.
crowns than any kingdom of earth can offer. 103:15 See 90:5; Isa 40:6; Jam 1:10,11;
103:5 Satisfies see 21:2; 37:4; 1 Pet 1:24.
145:19; Matt 7:7,8; Isa 40:31. 103:16 Job 7:10; 8:18; 20:9; Isa 40:7.
103:6-18 Now David considers Gods good- 103:17 David contrasts mans frailty and brief
ness to the nation Israel, indeed to all who life with Gods eternal being and perpetual
fear Him. favor (25:6; John 10:29; 1 Pet 1:3-5).
103:6 See 12:5; 99:4; 146:7. 103:18 All the benefits mentioned in this
103:7 Moses prayed to learn Gods ways and psalm are for a certain type of people
God answered him (Ex 33:13). The people those who fear God (vs 11,13), and those
761 PSALMS 104:15
and to those who remember his so that it would never be moved.
commandments, to do them. 6 You cover it with the deep as with a
19 The LORD has prepared his throne in the garment.
heavens, The waters stood above the mountains.
and his kingdom rules over all. 7 At your rebuke they fled;
20 Praise the LORD, you his angels, at the sound of your thunder they
who excel in strength, hurried away.
who do what he says, 8 They went up over the mountains;
listening to the voice of his word. they went down by the valleys to the
21 Praise the LORD, all his hosts, place which you founded for them.
you ministers of his, who fulfil his pleasure. 9 You have set a boundary that they may not
22 Praise the LORD, all his works in all pass over,
places of his dominion. so that they do not turn back to cover
Praise the LORD, O my soul. the earth.
10 He sends water from the springs into the
104
valleys,
which runs among the hills.
11 They provide drink to every beast of the
field;
1 Praise the LORD, O my soul. the wild donkeys quench their thirst.
O LORD my God, you are very great. 12 The birds of the heavens have their nests
You are clothed with honour and majesty, by them,
2 You who cover yourself with light as singing among the branches.
with a garment, 13 He waters the hills from his chambers.
who stretch out the heavens like a curtain. The earth is filled with the fruit of
3 He lays the beams of his chambers in the your works.
waters. 14 He causes the grass to grow for the cattle,
He makes the clouds his chariot. and plants for the service of man,
He walks on the wings of the wind. so that he may bring food out of the earth,
4 He makes his angels spirits, 15 And wine that makes the heart of man glad,
his ministers a flaming fire. and oil to make his face shine,
5 He laid the foundations of the earth, and bread which strengthens mans heart.
who obey Him. If we do not revere God and resumed His activities and still works (John
attempt to be obedient to Him it is useless 5:17). He is not an idle God. This is clearly
for us to try to claim the blessings He gives. seen in this psalm. The Creator continually
For notes on the fear of God see 34:11-14; sustains and renews His creation.
111:10; Gen 20:11; Job 28:28; Prov As we see in v 2 the splendid garment of
1:7. God is the light (compare Dan 7:9; Mark
103:19-22 God is so great, so good, the 9:2,3; 1 Tim 6:16; Rev 1:14-16). God
universal sovereign 47:2. Therefore David Himself is invisible to the eye of flesh, but
exhorts the whole of creation to praise Him. His glory is revealed in His creation by means
103:19 See 11:4; 47:2,8; Isa 66:1; Dan of light.
4:17,25; Matt 5:34; Rev 4:2. 104:2-4 This is based on Gen 1:3-8.
103:20 See 68:17; 91:11; 104:4; Gen 104:2 Isa 40:22.
16:7 (note). 104:3 See 18:9,10; Isa 19:1; Amos
103:22 David returns to the opening word 9:6.
of the psalm. He will not urge others to do 104:4 See 148:8; Heb 1:7; 2 Kings 2:11;
what he will not do himself. 6:17.
104:1 This is a hymn to the Creator of the 104:5-9 This is based on Gen 1:9,10.
world. It is a song of pure praise and joy. 104:5 See 24:2; Job 38:4.
The writer does not ask God for anything 104:6 Gen 1:2.
for himself. He only wants his meditation to 104:7,8 Gen 1:9.
be acceptable to God. In its main outline 104:9 Job 38:10,11; Jer 5:22.
the psalm follows the story of creation given 104:10-18 This is based on Gen 1:11,12,
in the first chapter of Genesis. One differ- 20,24,27.
ence between this psalm and that chapter 104:10 See 107:35; Isa 41:18.
is that the creation there is in the past, here 104:11 Job 39:5.
it is still going on. After God made the world 104:12 Matt 6:26; 8:20.
He did not withdraw somewhere and cease 104:13 See 65:9; 147:8; Jer 10:13.
His work forever. True, He ceased to work 104:14,15 See 147:8; Job 38:27; Acts
on the seventh day (Gen 2:2). But He 14:17.
PSALMS 104:16 762
16 The trees of the LORD are full of sap; There is that leviathan,
the cedars of Lebanon which he has which you have made to play there.
planted, 27 These all wait on you, that you may give
17 Where the birds make their nests. them their food in due season.
As for the stork, the fir trees are her 28 They gather what you give them.
house. You open your hand; they are satisfied
18 The high hills are a refuge for the wild with good things .
goats, 29 You hide your face; they are troubled.
and the rocks for the rock badgers. You take away their breath; they die,
19 He appointed the moon for seasons. and return to their dust.
The sun knows its going down. 30 You send forth your Spirit,
20 You make darkness, and it is night, they are created, and you renew the
in which all the beasts of the face of the earth.
forest creep forth. 31 The glory of the LORD will remain forever.
21 The young lions roar after their prey, The LORD will rejoice in his works.
and seek their food from God. 32 He looks on the earth, and it trembles.
22 The sun rises; they gather together, He touches the hills, and they smoke.
and lie down in their dens. 33 I will sing to the LORD as long as I live.
23 Man goes forth to his work and to his I will sing praise to my God while I
labour until the evening. have my being.
24 O LORD, how manifold are your works! 34 My meditation of him will be sweet.
In wisdom you have made them all. I will be glad in the LORD.
The earth is full of your riches. 35 Let the sinners be consumed out of the
25 So is this great and wide sea, earth,
in which teem innumerable things, and let the wicked be no more.
both small and great creatures. Praise the LORD, O my soul!
26 There go the ships. Praise the LORD!
104:16 They are called the trees of the Lord 104:35 In the whole of earths creation, and
because He originally planted them and in this whole psalm, the only thing that mars,
caused them to grow. the only sad note, is found here. Sinners
104:17,18 God made a place for each pollute and ruin Gods creation. They have
animal and put each animal in its place. proved themselves completely unworthy of
104:19-23 This is based on Gen 1:14-18. it (Isa 24:5). Therefore the writer expresses
104:19,20 See 19:6; 74:16; Isa 45:7. the desire that they be removed from it.
104:21 See 145:15; Job 38:39; Joel 1:20. He wants creation made perfect again and
104:23 Gen 3:19. holy. We know from the last chapter of the
104:24-26 This is based on Gen 1:21. Bible that this will take place.
104:24 136:5; Prov 3:19; Jer 10:12; Praise the LORD in Hebrew Hallelu
51:15; Rev 4:11. Yah. Yah is often used in Hebrew for Jeho-
104:26 Leviathan see 74:14; Job 41:1; vah (Yahweh).
Isa 27:1. 105:1-7 This psalm reveals Gods sover-
104:27-30 All animals, fish, and birds are eignty over both the history of Israel and
dependent on God for life and food. God the acts of sinful men. Notice carefully how
ceaselessly provides, continually creates and God was involved in ruling over everything
renews. vs 14, 16, 17, 24, 25, 26, etc. He was
104:27 Job 36:31; 38:41; Ps 136:25; continually at work to fulfill His covenant with
145:15; 147:9. Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob vs 8-10. We
104:29 Hide 30:7; Deut 31:27. might say this is the psalm concerning Gods
Take away 146:4; Job 34:14,15. covenant with Abraham, just as psalm 89 is
104:30 Gen 1:2; Job 33:4; Ezek 37:9. the psalm of His covenant with David. Like
104:31-35 The keynote here is joy both psalms 78 and 106 this one deals with his-
God and men rejoicing in creation. tory. Psalm 78 was given chiefly for the pur-
104:31 Gen 1:31. pose of teaching and exhortation. Psalm 106
104:32 See 97:4,5; 114:7; Jud 5:5; Hab is a confession of Israels many sins. But
3:10. this psalm rejoices in the mighty acts of the
104:33 See 63:4; 146:2. While men praise LORD (Jehovah) God and there is no men-
unworthy objects and gods of wood and stone tion at all of the sin of Israel. The first 15
(Dan 5:4; Rev 9:20), Bible believers praise verses are found in 1 Chron 16:8-22. From
the great Creator of the universe. that reference we may judge that David
104:34 Meditation 19:14. wrote it.
Be glad this is true spiritual joy God In the introduction (vs 1-7) David sets
rejoices in His believers, they rejoice in Him. forth seven duties or privileges of Gods
763 PSALMS 105:22
105
11 Saying, To you I will give the land of
Canaan,
the portion of your inheritance,
12 When they were only a few men in number,
1 Oh, give thanks to the LORD. yes, very few, and foreigners in it.
Call on his name. 13 When they went from one
Make his deeds known among the people. nation to another,
2 Sing to him, sing psalms to him. from one kingdom to another people,
Talk of all his wonderful works. 14 He did not allow anyone to wrong them;
3 Glory in his holy name. yes, he rebuked kings for their sakes,
May the heart of those who seek the LORD 15 Saying , Do not touch my anointed,
rejoice. and do my prophets no harm.
4 Seek the LORD, and his strength. 16 Moreover, he summoned a famine to
Seek his face always. the land.
5 Remember his marvellous works that he He destroyed the whole supply of bread.
has done, 17 He sent a man before them, Joseph,
his wonders and the judgments of his mouth, who was sold as a servant,
6 O you offspring of his servant Abraham, 18 Whose feet they hurt with fetters.
you children of Jacob his chosen one. He was put in irons,
7 He is the LORD our God. 19 Until the time that his word came.
His judgments are in all the earth. The word of the LORD tested him.
8 He remembers his covenant forever, 20 The king sent and released him;
the word which he commanded, the ruler of the people sent
for a thousand generations, and let him go free.
9 The covenant he made with Abraham, 21 He made him master of his house,
and his oath to Isaac. and ruler of all his possessions,
10 And he confirmed it to Jacob as a law, 22 To bind his princes at his pleasure,
to Israel as an everlasting covenant, and to teach his elders wisdom.
people 105:8-11 David now begins the main theme
Giving thanks, of the psalm. For Gods covenant with
Praying, Abraham see Gen 12:7; 17:2,8;
Making known Gods deeds, 22:16-18; 26:3; 28:13-15.
Singing to God or about God, 105:11 This is a chief part of the covenant
Glorying in Him, made with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. The
Seeking Him, land of Canaan was given to their offspring
And remembering His wonderful works as their portion forever Gen 13:15;
and words. 15:18; 17:8; 2 Chron 20:7.
105:12,13 When God made the promise to
Following these instructions will result in give Canaan to them the nation of Israel
a healthy spiritual life in any believer. was at its beginning. They had no strength
105:1 Give thanks 7:17; 50:14,15; to conquer Canaan or any other land, and
56:12; Eph 5:20; 1 Thess 5:18; note at were like a wandering tribe. Only God could
Lev 7:12,13. fulfill His promise, not they.
Call 50:15; 91:15; 145:18; Luke 105:14,15 Gen 12:17; 20:3; 35:5. This
18:1. refers to the three men Abraham, Isaac,
Make. . .known 67:2; Matt 28:19,20; and Jacob. All were prophets Gen 20:7;
Luke 24:46,47. 27:27-29,39,40; 49:1-28.
105:2 Sing 96:1; 98:5; Eph 5:19. 105:16 Gen 41:54. The great famine
Talk 9:11; 66:16; 75:9; 96:3. in Josephs time is here said to have been
105:3 See 13:5; 28:7; 33:21. brought about by God. This does not mean
105:4 Note at 27:8. that He causes every famine in every place.
105:5,6 Deut 8:2,18; 9:7; 2 Tim 2:8. Some result from mans doings.
Though the psalm was originally addressed But whenever there is a famine men should
to the nation of Israel, the physical seed of seek the mercy of the one true God,
Abraham, we should not forget that now the Creator of men and rain and soil and
believers in Christ are the spiritual seed of seed.
Abraham (Rom 4:11; Gal 3:29). 105:17 Gen 45:5; 50:20,21.
105:7 See 10:5; 36:6; Rom 11:33. 105:18 Gen 39:20; 40:15.
Though the majority of the worlds people 105:19 Came here probably means was
are not aware of it, Gods judgments are fulfilled Gen 40:20-22; 41:12-14.
continually being worked out in the lives of Tested him note at 66:10-12.
individuals and nations. 105:20-22 Gen 41:14,40-44.
PSALMS 105:23 764
23 Israel also came into Egypt, 38 Egypt was glad when they departed,
and Jacob stayed in the land of Ham. for the fear of them had fallen on them.
24 And the LORD increased his people greatly, 39 He spread a cloud as a covering,
and made them stronger than their enemies. and fire to give light in the night.
25 He turned their hearts to hate his people, 40 The people asked, and he brought quail,
to deal craftily with his servants. and satisfied them with the bread of heaven.
26 He sent Moses his servant, 41 He opened the rock, and the waters gushed
and Aaron whom he had chosen. out.
27 They showed his signs among them, They ran in the dry places like a river.
and wonders in the land of Ham. 42 For he remembered his holy promise,
28 He sent darkness, and made it dark; and his servant Abraham.
and they did not rebel against his word. 43 And he brought out his people with joy,
29 He turned their waters into blood, and his chosen with gladness,
and killed their fish. 44 And gave them the lands of the nations;
30 Their land brought forth frogs in and they inherited the labour of the peoples,
abundance, in the rooms of their kings. 45 That they might observe his statutes,
31 He spoke, and various kinds of flies came, and keep his laws.
and lice inside all their borders. Praise the LORD!
32 He gave them hail for rain,
and flaming fire in their land.
33 He also struck their vines and their fig trees,
and broke down the trees inside their
106
borders.
34 He spoke, and the locusts came, 1 Praise the LORD!
and caterpillars without number, Oh, give thanks to the LORD,
35 And they ate up all the plants in their land, for he is good,
and devoured the fruit of their ground. for his mercy continues on forever.
36 He also struck all the firstborn in their land, 2 Who can utter the mighty acts of the LORD?
the first of all their strength. Who can declare all his praise?
37 He also brought the people out with 3 Blessed are those who maintain justice,
silver and gold, and the one who practices righteousness
and not one feeble person was among at all times.
their tribes. 4 Remember me, O LORD, with the favour
105:23 Gen 46:6. purpose here is different. Here we have a
105:24 Ex 1:7,9. confession of Israels many sins and a
105:25 Ex 1:8,10; 4:21. God uses even description of how God dealt with them
the hatred and cunning of men for the good because of their sins. The first 6 verses are
of His people and the fulfillment of His an introduction. Then there are alternating
purposes. portions describing Israels sins and Gods
105:26 Ex 3:10; 4:12,14. response. In v 7 we see Israels sins in
105:27 See 78:43-51. Egypt, in vs 13-33 their sins in the wilder-
105:28-36 Exodus chapters 7-12. ness, and in vs 34-43 their sins in the land
105:37 Ex 12:35,36. of Canaan. Of all their many sins three are
105:38 Ex 12:33; 15:16. repeated three times forgetting
105:39 See 78:14; Ex 13:21; Neh 9:12. (vs 7,13,21), rebellion (vs 7,33,43), and
105:40 Ex 16:12-15; Num 11:31; Neh 9:15; idolatry (vs 19,28,36-39).
John 6:31. The recurring lesson of the psalm is this:
105:41 Ex 17:6; Num 20:11. when Gods people sin they must expect
105:42-44 All God did He did to fulfill His Gods chastisement. He is a God of love,
covenant and promises. To do that God mercy and holiness, and so cannot let His
would be willing to move heaven and earth. people rebel and transgress His laws
105:45 This was Gods command and good without punishing and disciplining them.
purpose in all He did for Israel (Deut That would be to encourage them to sin,
4:1,40). All He has done for believers now and to ruin their character.
is also with this end in view (Rom 14:7-9; Praise the LORD see note at 104:35.
Col 3:16,17; 1 John 2:3-6). 106:1 See 7:17; 100:4,5; 105:1; 107:1;
Praise the LORD in Hebrew Hallelu 118:1; 136:1.
Yah. See note at 104:35. 106:2 See 40:5; 71:15; 139:18.
106:1-6 This psalm, like 78 and 105, is a 106:3 See 15:2; 24:4; Isa 33:15,16.
review of the history of Israel, but the 106:4 See 44:3; 119:132.
765 PSALMS 106:30
that you have toward your people. but sent leanness into their soul.
Oh, visit me with your salvation, 16 They also envied Moses in the camp,
5 That I may see the good enjoyed by your and Aaron, the saint of the LORD.
chosen ones , 17 The earth opened up and
that I may rejoice in the gladness of swallowed Dathan,
your nation, and covered the company of Abiram.
that I may glory with your inheritance. 18 And a fire blazed in their company;
6 We have sinned along with our fathers. the flame burned up the wicked.
We have done evil. 19 They made a calf in Horeb,
We have acted wickedly. and worshipped the cast metal image.
7 Our fathers did not understand your 20 Thus they exchanged their glory for the
wonders in Egypt. likeness of an ox that eats grass.
They did not remember your many deeds 21 They forgot God their saviour,
of mercy, who had done great things in Egypt,
but provoked you at the sea, 22 Wonderful deeds in the land of Ham,
at the Red Sea. and awe-inspiring things by the Red Sea.
8 Nevertheless, he saved them for his 23 Therefore he said that he would destroy them,
names sake, had not Moses his chosen one stood
so that he might make his mighty power before him in the breach,
known. to turn away his wrath so that he would
9 He also rebuked the Red Sea, and it was not destroy them.
dried up;
so he led them through the depths, 24 Yes, they despised the pleasant land.
as through the wilderness. They did not believe his word,
10 And he saved them from the hand of the 25 But murmured in their tents,
one who hated them , and did not listen to the voice of the LORD.
and redeemed them from the hand of the 26 Therefore he raised his hand against them,
enemy. to overthrow them in the desert,
11 And the waters covered their enemies; 27 To overthrow their offspring also among
not one of them was left. the nations,
12 Then they believed his words; and to scatter them in the lands.
they sang his praise. 28 They joined themselves also to Baal-Peor,
13 They soon forgot his works. and ate sacrifices made to the dead.
They did not wait for his counsel, 29 Thus they provoked him to anger with
14 But lusted exceedingly in the wilderness, their deeds;
and put God to the test in the desert. and the plague broke out among them.
15 And he gave them their request, 30 Then Phinehas stood up and executed
106:5 See 105:3; 118:15. to insist that God answer prayers not in His
106:6 Like all the saints in the Bible the author will. The answer He gives may result in great
knows that he and his generation are no bet- trouble to both body and soul.
ter than the previous generation that sinned 106:16-18 Num 16:1-3,32,35.
grievously against the Lord (1 Kings 8:47; 106:19 Ex 32:4.
Ezra 9:7; Neh 1:7; Jer 3:25; Dan 9:5). 106:20 Jer 2:11; Rom 1:23. Such is the
106:7 Did not remember forgetting Gods amazing darkness and sinfulness that reign
gracious deeds is a sin that is the root cause in the human heart.
of many other sins (78:1,41; Jud 3:7). 106:21 See 78:11.
Provoked him 78:17; Num 14:1-4, 106:22 This means they refused to keep those
10-12; Deut 1:26; 9:24. things in mind and to live in the light of them.
106:8 Ex 9:16; Rom 9:22. 106:23 Ex 32:10-14.
106:9-12 See Ex 14:21-31; 15:1-21; Ps 106:24 Num 14:31. If they had believed
78:42,53; Isa 51:10. God saved Israel Gods promises they would have gone in and
from Egypt, not because they were good, possessed the land. True faith always
but because He is. produces action in obedience to Gods Word.
106:13-33 Their sins in the wilderness were 106:25 Num 14:2.
many and very grievous. These verses 106:26 Num 14:28-35. Sin brings penal-
mention events recorded in Exodus chap- ties. It is not a light thing that God can
ters 15, 16, 17, 32 and Numbers chapters overlook in His people.
11, 14, 16, 20, 25. They give a sad picture 106:27 Lev 26:33; Deut 4:27.
of continual unbelief and rebellion. 106:28-31 Num 25:1-13. God observes
106:13 Ex 15:24; 16:2; 17:2. and honors those who take a righteous
106:15 See 78:29. It is dangerous for us stand for Him.
PSALMS 106:31 766
judgment, 42 And their enemies oppressed them,
and so the plague was stopped. and they were brought low under their hand.
31 And that was counted to him as 43 Many times he rescued them,
righteousness to all generations but they rebelled against him with
forevermore. their counsel,
32 They also angered him at the waters of strife, and were brought low for their wickedness.
so that it went ill with Moses on their account; 44 Nevertheless he regarded their affliction,
33 Because they provoked his Spirit, when he heard their cry,
so that Moses spoke rashly with his lips. 45 And for their sake he remembered his
34 They did not destroy the nations, covenant,
concerning whom the LORD had given and relented in accordance with his
command to them, many deeds of mercy.
35 But mingled with the nations, and learned 46 He also caused them to be pitied by all
their deeds. those who carried them away captives.
36 And they served their idols; 47 Save us, O LORD our God, and gather us
which became a snare to them. from among the nations,
37 Yes, they sacrificed their sons and their to give thanks to your holy name,
daughters to demons, and to triumph in your praise.
38 And shed innocent blood, 48 Blessed be the LORD God of Israel from
even the blood of their sons and of everlasting to everlasting;
their daughters, and let all the people say, Amen!
whom they sacrificed to the idols of Canaan. Praise the LORD!
And the land was polluted with blood.
39 Thus they were defiled with their own actions, BOOK 5 (Psalms 107 - 150)
and behaved like a prostitute with
their own deeds.
40 Therefore the wrath of the LORD
107
burned against his people, 1 Oh, give thanks to the LORD,
so that he abhorred his own inheritance. for he is good,
41 And he gave them into the hands of the for his mercy continues on forever.
nations, 2 Let the redeemed of the LORD say so ,
and those who hated them ruled over them. whom he has redeemed from the hand of
106:32,33 Num 20:2-13. ground of hope for any of us.
106:34-43 Israel did not stop sinning when 106:47 See 147:2; 1 Chron 16:35,36; Dan
they finally arrived in Canaan. A change of 9:17-19.
location did not mean a change of heart. 106:48 See 41:13; 72:18; 89:52. Praise
They went on sinning and God continued to be to God for all His love, compassion,
punish them for it. mercy, goodness, faithfulness and patience.
106:34-36 Jud 1:21,27-36; 2:12; 3:5,6. 107:1 The great theme of this psalm is clear
106:37 See Deut 12:31; 32:17; 2 Kings God is good and worthy of all praise and
16:3; 17:17; Ezek 16:20,21; 1 Cor thanksgiving. In His great goodness He
10:20. watches over men and hears and answers
106:38 Num 35:33; Deut 18:10; Ps 94:21; prayer. After an introduction (vs 1-3), the
Isa 24:5; Jer 3:1,2. writer in vs 4-32 gives four examples of God
106:39 Like a prostitute Lev 17:7; delivering men from trouble. Since God has
18:24; Num 15:39; Jud 2:17; Ezek done it, it is only right to give God thanks
20:18; Hos 4:12. In the Bible unfaithful- for it. This exhortation to give thanks is
ness to God, especially turning from Him to found in vs 1, 8, 15, 21, 31. It is found also
worship other gods, is compared to adul- in many other places in the Bible (106:1;
tery and prostitution. See Jeremiah chap- 118:1; 136:1; 1 Chron 16:34; Jer 33:11;
ter 3, and Ezekiel chapters 16 and 23. 1 Thess 5:18).
106:40 Wrath 78:59; Jud 2:14; notes In vs 33-41 he speaks of Gods judg-
at Num 25:3; Ps 90:7-11. ments in the world (105:7). He is a great
106:41 Jud 2:14; Neh 9:27. king over all the earth. Those who are re-
106:42 Jud 4:3; 10:12. ally wise will be able to see something of
106:43 Jud 2:16-18; 6:6; Ps 81:12. Gods wisdom, grace, and love in His deal-
106:44-46 Though God had to punish them ings with mankind.
for their sins He remained faithful, compas- Thanks 7:17; 50:14,15; 56:12;
sionate, and loving (Mal 3:6). The Lev 7:12,13; Eph 5:20; 1 Thess 5:18.
unchangeable goodness of God is the only 107:2 Redeemed Isa 35:9,10; 62:12;
767 PSALMS 107:21
the enemy, They fell down, and there was no one
3 And gathered out of the lands, from the to help.
east, and from the west, from the 13 Then they cried out to the LORD in their
north, and from the south. trouble,
4 They wandered in the wilderness in a and he saved them out of their
desolate path; distresses.
they found no city to dwell in. 14 He brought them out of darkness and the
5 Hungry and thirsty, their soul fainted shadow of death,
in them. and broke their chains apart.
6 Then they cried out to the LORD in their 15 Oh, that men would praise the LORD for
trouble, his goodness,
and he delivered them out of their and for his wonderful works to the
distresses. children of men!
7 And he led them forth by the right way, 16 For he has broken the gates of brass,
that they might go to a city for and cut through the bars of iron.
their dwelling place. 17 Fools, because of their transgression,
8 Oh, that men would praise the LORD for and because of their wicked deeds,
his goodness, are afflicted.
and for his wonderful deeds to the 18 Their soul abhors all kinds of food,
children of men! and they draw near to the gates of death.
9 For he satisfies the longing soul, 19 Then they cry out to the LORD in their
and fills the hungry soul with goodness. trouble,
10 Some sat in darkness and in the shadow of and he saves them out of their distresses.
death, 20 He sent his word, and healed them,
bound in affliction and irons, and delivered them from what brought
11 Because they rebelled against the words them down.
of God, 21 Oh, that men would praise the LORD for
and despised the counsel of the Most High. his goodness,
12 Therefore he brought down their heart with and for his wonderful deeds to the
labour. children of men!
Rom 3:24; Eph 1:7; 1 Pet 1:18,19. Note can speak to us of spiritual bondage too.
at Ps 78:35. Though this bondage was the result of sin,
Say Gods people must speak up and God did not reject the peoples prayer when
tell others what God has done for them they turned to Him.
(9:11; 73:28; 118:17; Matt 10:32; 107:10 See 102:20; 143:3; Job 36:5;
Acts 1:8; Rom 1:15,16; Rev 12:11). Isa 42:7; Micah 7:8; Luke 1:79.
107:3 Some scholars think this shows that 107:11 See 78:40; 106:7; Lam 3:42.
this psalm was written after the return from Rebellion against God will inevitably bring
the captivity in Babylon in the days of Ezra us into some kind of bondage.
and Nehemiah. It may be so. 107:14 See 86:13; 116:16; Jer 2:20;
107:4-9 Here is the first example of Gods 30:8; Nahum 1:13; Luke 13:16.
deliverance in answer to prayer. It speaks 107:16 Isa 45:1,2. No gate, no bars are
of troubles encountered by exiles on the strong enough to keep Gods people locked
journey home. Though physical difficulties in when He arises to deliver them (Acts
are here described, it would be no mistake 12:5-11).
for us to apply it also to the believers spiri- 107:17-22 The third example of Gods
tual pilgrimage now and the difficulties along deliverance in answer to prayer. The case
that way. here is of disease brought on by sin and
107:6 This is what we should do always rebellion. Those afflicted were at the point
(34:6,17; 50:15; 91:14,15). If there is a of death before they cried to the LORD
sincere turning to God He will either bring (Jehovah) v 18. In v 17 they are called
us out of trouble, or give us grace and fools. Their foolishness is revealed by their
strength to endure trouble and make it all sin and rebellion and by the fact that they
turn out for our good. waited so long to turn to God. But observe
107:8 Verses 15,21,31. here Gods great goodness. He answers
107:9 See 22:26; 34:10; 63:5; 103:5; even the prayers of fools when they seek
146:7; Isa 55:1,2; Matt 5:6; John 4:14; Him. And He will begin the process of
Rev 22:17. making them wise.
107:10-16 The second example of Gods 107:17,18 Lev 26:14-16.
deliverance in answer to prayer. Though this 107:19,20 See 30:2; 103:3; 147:3;
is a picture of physical bondage these terms 2 Kings 20:5; Jam 5:13-15.
PSALMS 107:22 768
22 And let them offer the sacrifices of and dry ground into springs of water.
thanksgiving, 36 And he causes the hungry to
and declare his deeds with rejoicing. dwell there, that they may prepare
23 Those who go down to the sea in ships, a city for habitation,
who do business on great waters, 37 And sow the fields, and plant vineyards,
24 These see the deeds of the LORD, which yield fruitful harvests.
and his wonders in the deep. 38 He blesses them also, so that they
25 For he gives a command and raises the greatly increase in number;
stormy wind, and he does not let their cattle decrease.
which lifts up its waves. 39 When they are diminished and brought low
26 They mount up into the sky; through oppression, affliction, and
they go down again to the depths; sorrow,
their soul melts because of trouble. 40 He pours contempt on princes,
27 They reel to and fro, and stagger like a and causes them to wander in the
drunken man, wilderness, where there is no path.
and are at their wits end. 41 Yet he sets the poor on high,
28 Then they cry out to the LORD in their away from affliction, and makes
trouble, families for him like a flock.
and he brings them out of their distresses. 42 The righteous will see it and rejoice,
29 He calms the storm, so that its waves and all wickedness will shut its mouth.
become still. 43 Whoever is wise, and will observe these
30 Then they are glad, because they are quiet. things , they will understand
So he brings them to their desired haven. the loving kindness of the LORD.
31 Oh, that men would praise the LORD for
his goodness,
and for his wonderful deeds to the
108
children of men! A song, a Psalm of David
32 Let them also exalt him in the
congregation of the people, 1 O God, my heart is steadfast.
and praise him in the assembly of the elders. I will sing and give praise,
33 He turns rivers into a desert, even with my glory.
and springs of water into dry ground, 2 Awake, lyre and harp.
34 and a fruitful land into barrenness, I myself will awaken early.
because of the wickedness of those 3 I will praise you, O LORD, among the peoples,
who live in it. and I will sing praises to you among
35 He turns the desert into pools of water, the nations.
107:22 See 50:14; 116:17; note at Lev which reveal His absolute sovereignty in the
7:12,13. affairs of men.
107:23-32 The fourth example of Gods 107:33,34 Lev 26:19; Deut 28:23,24;
deliverance in answer to prayer. The 1 Kings 17:1,7; Ps 74:15; Isa 42:15; 50:2.
dangers to sailing vessels in a storm are 107:35 See 105:41; 114:8; Isa 35:6,7;
very great. For New Testament pictures of 41:18; 44:3.
this see Matt 8:23-27 and Acts 27:14-44. 107:40 This is taken from Job 12:21. An
On the believers lifes voyage to the example of this is in Dan 4:28-33.
heavenly harbor also there are many 107:41 See 59:1; 113:7,8; 1 Sam 2:8.
dangers and difficulties. 107:42 The result of Gods righteous judgments
107:25 Compare this with v 29. There was (52:6; 63:11; Job 40:4; Rom 3:19).
not one god who brought the storm and 107:43 Great things can be learned about
another who rescued them from the storm, Gods character by meditating on His deeds
as was thought in much of ancient mythol- in the Bible.
ogy and even today by some people. There 108:1 This psalm is made up of parts of
is only one true God and He both brings two others 57:7-11 and 60:5-12. See
storms and causes them to cease. notes on those psalms. We cannot be sure
107:27,28 When we dont know what to do why or when this psalm was made this way,
we should turn to Him who always knows but we should notice that this is called a
what to do and can also do it. song, the other two are not. Sometimes to
107:29 See 65:7; 89:9; Matt 8:26. express praise and thanks to God for new
107:32 See 34:3; 99:5; Isa 25:1. mercies a new song is needed (96:1; 98:1).
107:33-41 Here are other acts of Jehovah But sometimes old thoughts and old verses
769 PSALMS 109:9
109
4 For your mercy is great,
higher than the heavens;
and your truth reaches to the clouds.
5 Be exalted, O God, above the heavens, To the chief musician, a Psalm of David
and your glory above all the earth,
6 That your loved one may be delivered. 1 Do not remain silent, O God of
Give salvation with your right hand, my praise.
and answer me. 2 For the mouth of the wicked and the mouth
7 God has spoken in his holiness: of the deceitful have opened against me.
I will rejoice; They have spoken against me with a lying
I will divide Shechem, and measure out tongue.
the valley of Succoth. 3 They also surrounded me with words of
8 Gilead is mine; Manasseh is mine; hatred,
and Ephraim is the helmet for my head. and fought against me without a cause.
Judah is my lawgiver. 4 In return for my love they are
9 Moab is my wash pot. my accusers;
Over Edom I will throw my sandal. but I give myself to prayer.
Over Philistia I will triumph. 5 And they have repaid me evil for good,
and hatred for my love.
10 Who will bring me into the strong city?
Who will lead me into Edom? 6 Set a wicked man over him,
11 Will not you , O God, who rejected us? and let Satan stand at his right hand.
And will not you, O God, go forth with 7 When he is judged, let him be condemned,
our armies? and let his prayer become sin.
12 Give us help from trouble, 8 Let his days be few, and let another take
for useless is the help of man. his position.
13 Through God we will do valiantly, 9 Let his children be fatherless,
for he it is who will tread down our enemies. and his wife a widow.
perfectly fit the present case. more true all this was in the case of the
109:1 This is the last of the psalms which Lord Jesus than in Davids. Slander is one
contain curses against enemies and it has of the worst of sins. Violence may destroy
the most terrible of these curses. For a note a mans property or his life; slander is an
on this subject see 35:8. We should always attempt to destroy his name, reputation,
remember when reading such psalms that and ministry.
they were written by the inspiration of the 109:4 Accusers 35:12; 38:20. This is
Holy Spirit and are not the writers desires the exact opposite of Christs standard of
for personal vengeance. They set forth per- right behavior (Luke 6:27-31).
fect justice under the law. For when the law Prayer there is always a place where
was broken it brought a curse (see Gal the suffering believer can find help and
3:10,13; Deut 27:14-26). These curses strength Gods presence.
speak of offended righteousness that de- 109:5 John 10:31,32; 15:18,23-25.
mands just punishment for evil doers who 109:6-20 This is a cry for exact justice to
will not repent. fall on a man who has abandoned himself
Believers now are under the reign of grace to wickedness; a prayer in accordance with
and are not to make such prayers against principles revealed in such verses as 18:26;
enemies, but should imitate their Saviour Ex 21:23-25; Lev 26:23,24; Prov 24:12.
and His disciples (Matt 5:43-45; Luke 109:6 Wicked men deserve wicked oppo-
23:34; Acts 7:59,60). nents. Wicked man could be translated
This psalm has been called the psalm of the wicked one.
Iscariot because the apostle Peter applied Satan compare Zech 3:1.
some of the words of v 8 to Judas (Acts 109:7 Condemned he slandered and
1:20). No doubt this psalm perfectly judged others harshly; let him be judged
describes the character of that wicked for his evil deeds.
betrayer of the Lord Jesus. Prayer Prov 28:9. A wicked, unre-
109:2-5 In these verses David speaks of pentant mans prayers will be selfish, hypo-
enemies in the plural. From v 6 he singles critical, and unbelieving, and so will work for
out an extremely wicked enemy and speaks his condemnation.
of him alone up to v 20. In these opening 109:8 Few 55:23.
verses the chief sins he charges against his His position Acts 1:20. A man who
enemies are slander and hatred. He showed does not use his office for Gods glory and
them love; they responded with deadly mens good, deserves to have it taken away
malice. He lived a righteous life; they from him.
eagerly poured out lies about him. How much 109:9 Ex 22:24; Jer 18:21. This evil man
PSALMS 109:10 770
10 Let his children continually be vagabonds 21 But you, O God the Lord, deal well with
and beg; me for your names sake.
let them seek their bread also out of Rescue me, because your mercy is good.
their desolate places. 22 For I am poor and needy,
11 Let a creditor seize all that he has, and my heart is wounded within me.
and let strangers plunder his labour. 23 I am gone like the shadow when it lengthens.
12 Let there be no one to extend mercy to him, I am shaken off like a locust.
no one to show favour to his fatherless 24 My knees are weak through fasting,
children. and my flesh is thin and feeble.
13 Let his offspring be cut off, 25 And I became an object of scorn to them.
and in the following generation let When they looked at me they shook their
their name be blotted out. heads.
14 Let the wickedness of his fathers be 26 Help me, O LORD my God!
remembered before the LORD, Oh, save me according to your mercy,
and let not the sin of his mother be 27 That they may know that this is your hand,
blotted out. that you, LORD, have done it.
15 Let them continually be before the LORD, 28 Let them curse, but you bless.
that he may cut off the memory of them When they arise, let them be ashamed,
from the earth, but let your servant rejoice.
16 Because he did not remember to show mercy, 29 Let my accusers be clothed with shame,
but persecuted the poor and needy man, and let them cover themselves with
that he might even kill the heartbroken. their own disgrace, as with a cloak.
17 Since he loved cursing, so let it come to him; 30 I will greatly praise the LORD with my mouth;
since he did not delight in blessing, yes, I will praise him among the great crowd.
so let it be far from him. 31 For he stands at the right hand of the poor,
18 Since he clothed himself with cursing as to save him from those who condemn him.
with his garment,
so let it enter into his bowels like water,
and like oil into his bones. 110
19 Let it be to him like the garment A Psalm of David
which covers him,
and like a belt tied around him continually. 1 The LORD said to my Lord,
20 Let this be the payment to my accusers, Sit at my right hand, until I make
and to those who speak evil against my soul. your enemies your footstool.
cared nothing for widows and orphans (com- 109:21-28 In these verses David speaks to
pare John 12:4-6). Now he must reap the God of his own sad condition and appeals
fruit of his loveless and selfish behavior. for help.
109:10 See 59:15; Ex 20:5 (note); Job 109:21 Foremost in Davids thinking is not
30:5-8. his need, but Gods glory (23:3; 25:11;
109:11 A judgment God may bring on evil 79:9; 106:8). What a contrast this is with
men (Isa 1:7; Lam 5:2; Ezek 7:21). the character of wicked men!
109:12 He did not show mercy to others 109:22 Needy 40:17; 86:1.
(v 16); now let him be judged in accordance Wounded 143:4; Job 24:12; Prov
with his own behavior. 18:14.
109:13 See 9:5; 21:10; 37:28; Prov 10:7. 109:23 Shadow 102:11. Locust here
109:14 Num 14:18; Neh 4:5; Isa 65:6,7; indicates a thing of no account.
Jer 18:23; 32:18. 109:24 See 35:13.
109:15 See 34:16; Jer 16:17. 109:25 See 22:6,7; Jer 18:16; Lam 2:15;
109:16 Justice cries out against such evil Matt 27:39.
persons and justice will eventually overtake 109:26,27 He wants God to be known in the
them and bring them down. help He gives.
109:17-19 This evil man loved to heap 109:28 If God blesses us, let men curse us
curses on others; now this righteous man if they will. Their curses will come to nothing.
by Gods Holy Spirit calls down curses on 109:29 See 35:26; 132:18; Job 8:22.
him. He made cursing a continual part of 109:30 See 22:22; 35:18; 111:1.
his life; now let curses cleave to him. 109:31 Contrast this with v 6. Satan stands
109:20 See 54:5; 94:23; Isa 3:11; 2 Tim at a mans right hand to accuse; the Lord
4:14. No punishment will overtake the wicked stands there to save.
man which he does not fully deserve. 110:1 It is impossible to overestimate the
771 PSALMS 110:5
2 The LORD will send the rod of your You have the dew of your youth.
strength out of Zion. 4 The LORD has sworn, and will not repent:
Rule in the midst of your enemies. You are a priest forever according to
3 Your people will be willing in the day of the order of Melchizedek.
your power, 5 The Lord is at your right hand.
in the beauties of holiness, from the He will strike through kings in the
womb of the morning. day of his wrath.
importance of this psalm. It is one of the great plan.
most significant of all the psalms concern- 110:3 Be willing could be translated offer
ing the Messiah, the Lord Jesus Christ, and themselves (compare Rom 12:1).
is the one most often quoted or referred to Day of your power or day of your
in the New Testament (Matt 22:41-45; army. This whole age of grace is Christs
Mark 12:35-37; Luke 20:41-44; Acts day of power mentioned here, and His
2:34,35; 1 Cor 15:25; Heb 1:13; 5:6; people gladly enlist under His banner and
7:17,21; 10:13. All references in the New go forth to fight in His spiritual battle
Testament to Christ at Gods right hand are (Eph 6:10-18; 2 Tim 2:3). Christ wants no
based on the first verse of this psalm Matt grudging service but only that which is hearty,
26:64; Mark 14:62; 16:19; Luke 22:69; voluntary, loving. Some commentators think
Rom 8:34; Eph 1:20; Col 3:1; Heb 1:3; that beauties of holiness may refer to the
8:1; 10:12; 12:2; 1 Pet 3:22). holy, beautiful garments worn by priests in
In this psalm we have words of the Most Old Testament days (Ex 28:4; Lev 16:4).
High God spoken to one called Davids Lord. The mighty conquering King depicted in this
How could David know that God spoke to his psalm is a priest, as we see from the next
Lord, or what He said? See Mark 12:36. Gods verse, and all those who form His army are
Spirit revealed Gods words to David. The priests in the New Testament sense of the
Messiah was to be the son of David (2 Sam word (note at Ex 28:1). But the garments
7:16; Matt 1:1; 9:27; 12:23; 21:9; 22:42; they are to wear are robes of righteousness
John 7:42; Rom 1:3; Rev 22:16). How and holy living. The last phrase perhaps
then could He be Davids Lord? The answer could be translated Your young men will
is He is far greater than David, being not come to you like the dew. They will be like
merely Davids Lord but the Lord of all lords the dew in its myriads of drops, fresh every
and of all men (Acts 10:36; Rom 14:9; Phil morning, sparkling and clean, not produced
2:10,11; 1 Tim 6:15; Rev 19:16), the Lord by mans activities but by God (compare
from heaven (1 Cor 15:47). He is Davids Micah 5:7).
son but He is also Gods Son, sharing Gods 110:4 The prophecy concerning Christ in this
nature and seated now with God on His throne verse is introduced by very solemn words.
(Rev 3:21). There He will sit at Gods right God has made a promise, a decree, and
hand until the hour strikes for the putting there is no possibility of changing it. The
down of all earthly power and His coming to decree is this: Christ shall be the priest for
reign openly over the whole earth. See 2:8,9. His people, not as Aaron was, but as
A good title for this psalm would be The Melchisedek was (see Gen 14:18-20). By
victorious King-Priest. this one word, God revealed His plan to lay
110:2 The first sentence means that God aside the covenant He made through Moses
will extend his rule. This verse seems to at Sinai with its priesthood and animal
speak of a time before Christs enemies sacrifices Hebrews chapters 7-10. The
become a footstool for His feet, a time when priesthood and sacrifices under the law were
He rules in their midst, without their destruc- mere shadows and pictures and types.
tion. The rule begins from Jerusalem and is Christs sacrifice of Himself and His eternal
extended from there to other places. This priesthood are the reality Ex 25:9; 28:1;
suggests the secret rule of Christ now over Lev 1:2; Heb 8:2,5; 10:1. Through Him
His church and in the affairs of men, and we can come directly into Gods presence by
the spread of His Gospel throughout the a new and living way Heb 10:19-22.
world (Matt 28:18-20; Luke 24:46,47; 110:5 It is difficult to know who is speaking
John 17:2; Acts 2:32,33; Rev 1:5). in this verse and to whom he is speaking.
At present many of Christs enemies are Is it the LORD (Jehovah) continuing to speak
still very much in places of authority on earth, to Christ? Or is David speaking to Jehovah?
but in the midst of them His power is dis- Or David speaking to Christ? Perhaps the
played in the conversion of sinners and the question does not need an answer. Jeho-
protection of His Church, and no one can vah and Christ are so completely at one in
thwart His purposes or overturn His rule and their purposes and work that anything such
authority (2:2-6; Matt 28:18-20; John as this that can be said of one can also be
17:2). He overturns kingdoms and gov- said of the other. Christ is the incarnation
ernments as He will, exalts one man to power of Jehovah. Certainly the two verses that
and puts down another, even though they follow speak of Christ. The day of His wrath
may not have the slightest knowledge of is the time of judgment at the end of this
this. And in all of this He is working out His age 2 Thess 1:6-9; Rev 6:15-17; 11:18;
PSALMS 110:6 772
6 He will judge among the nations. works,
He will fill the places with dead bodies. by giving them the inheritance of the
He will crush the head of many countries. heathen.
7 He will drink from the brook by the wayside; 7 The works of his hands are in truth and
therefore he will lift up the head. justice.
All his commandments are sure;
111 8 They stand firm forever and ever,
and are done in truth and uprightness.
9 He sent redemption to his people.
1 Praise the LORD!
He ordained his covenant forever.
I will praise the LORD with my whole heart,
His name is holy and awe-inspiring.
in the assembly of the upright,
and in the congregation. 10 The fear of the LORD is the beginning of
2 The works of the LORD are great, wisdom.
sought out by all those who have All those who do his commands have
pleasure in them. good understanding.
3 His work is honourable and glorious, His praise continues forever.
and his righteousness continues on forever.
4 He has caused his wonderful deeds to be
remembered.
The LORD is gracious and full of compassion.
112
5 He has given food to those who fear him. 1 Praise the LORD!
He will always keep his covenant in mind. Blessed is the man who fears the LORD,
6 He has shown his people the power of his who delights greatly in his commandments.
15:1; 16:1; 19:15. 111:5 Given food 37:25; Ex 16:13-35;
110:6 Judge Isa 2:4; Joel 3:12; John Matt 6:31-33.
5:22,23,27; Acts 10:42; 17:31. Always 105:8,42; Luke 1:72; Heb
Head in Hebrew the word is in the 6:17,18.
singular. This head or ruler may refer to 111:6 Num 21:1-3,21-25,33-35; Josh 6:1,2;
the one in the New Testament called the 10:40-43; 24:2-13.
antichrist, the lawless one, the beast (in 111:7,8 See 19:7,9; 93:5; 119:160; Isa
Revelation chapter 13). He will lead his 40:8; Matt 5:18; Rev 15:3.
armies against Christ and will be utterly 111:9 Redemption Ex 20:2; Deut 7:8;
crushed Rev 19:19-21; 2 Thess 2:3-8. Luke 1:68; Eph 1:7. Note at Ps 78:35.
110:7 The victorious King-Priest is here seen Awe-inspiring 99:3; Luke 1:49;
pursuing His enemies on the field of battle. Ex 20:7; Deut 28:58-61.
He shall not be wearied in the fight until all 111:10 Job 28:28; Prov 1:7; 9:10. Other
ungodliness and opposition are put down. notes on the fear of the Lord at 34:11-14;
Compare Ps 45:3-5. Gen 20:11; etc. Without the fear of the
He will drink from the brook by the Lord there is not even the beginning of wis-
wayside someone has suggested the dom. A man may have a powerful intellect,
translation The One who grants succession vast learning, and great skills, but if he does
will set him in authority. This fits the not have the fear of God he does not have
context well, but the translation is very wisdom. He may know all philosophy and
questionable. all religion, but without the fear of God he
111:1 Praise the LORD see 104:35, and does not have wisdom. He may think he is
note on praise at 33:1. wise and others may think he is wise, but if
With my whole heart the highest and he does not have the fear of God he does
best occupation of men is praising God. To not have wisdom. See here what the fear
do it properly requires all of our faculties, of the Lord is and what it causes a person
our whole heart. Half-hearted praise is hardly to do. True wisdom is not merely in know-
praise at all it may even imply criticism. ing; it is in doing. A man who will not set
111:2 See 92:5; 40:5; 143:5. This is the himself to obey the God of the universe as
theme of this psalm. Gods works are revealed in the Bible is far from being wise.
worthy of all praise and should be the 112:1 Praise the LORD note at 104:35.
constant subject of our meditation. The This psalm and the preceding one make a
more we study and understand them the pair. Psalm 111 speaks of the LORDs
more wonderful they appear. (Jehovahs) righteousness and works, this
111:3 Forever is one of the key thoughts psalm speaks of the believers righteous-
of this psalm vs 3, 5, 8, 9, 10. Whatever ness and works. In this psalm we see the
God is He is that forever. He is the result in human hearts of the work of the
eternally unchanging one Heb 1:12; 13:8. God of psalm 111. Perhaps this is the
111:4 See 86:5,15; 103:8; 145:8; Ex 34:6. greatest of all Gods works. If there is any
773 PSALMS 113:8
2 His offspring will be powerful on earth. The desire of the wicked will perish.
The generation of the upright will be blessed.
113
3 Wealth and riches will be in his house,
and his righteousness continues on forever.
4 To the upright light dawns in the darkness.
He is gracious, and full of compassion,
and righteous. 1 Praise the LORD!
5 A good man is gracious and lends. Praise, O servants of the LORD,
He will conduct his dealings with discretion. praise the name of the LORD!
6 Surely he will never be shaken. 2 Blessed be the name of the LORD from this
The righteous will be kept in time on and forevermore.
everlasting remembrance. 3 From the rising of the sun to its setting
7 He will not be afraid of bad news. the LORDs name is to be praised.
His heart is steadfast, trusting in the LORD. 4 The LORD is high above all nations,
8 His heart is established; and his glory above the heavens.
he will not be afraid, until he sees his 5 Who is like the LORD our God,
desire fulfilled on his enemies. who dwells on high,
9 He has dispersed, he has given to the poor; 6 Who humbles himself to look at the things in
his righteousness continues on for ever. heaven, and on the earth?
His horn will be exalted with honour. 7 He raises the poor out of the dust,
10 The wicked will see it, and be grieved; and lifts the needy from the ash heap,
he will gnash his teeth, and waste away. 8 That he may set him with princes,
genuine righteousness in any man the righteous are exalted 35:16; 37:12;
Jehovah is the one to be praised for it. Prov 10:28; 11:7. Hatred of good and envy
Blessed note at 1:1; etc. of others are two of their ruling passions.
Fears fearing the Lord is always 113:1 This begins a series of six psalms of
closely connected with keeping His com- praise which Israel used at their great
mands 111:10. religious festivals (Leviticus chapter 23). At
112:2-9 See 102:28; 127:4. the time of the Passover especially, psalms
112:3 Riches Prov 3:16; 8:18. In Old 113 and 114 were sung before the meal,
Testament times the giving of wealth and and 115 118 after the meal. All six psalms
riches was frequently Gods way of reward- emphasize the greatness and goodness of
ing righteous behavior. In the New God, and call on His people to praise and
Testament spiritual wealth and riches are thank Him. We cannot reasonably expect
emphasized Matt 6:19-21; 1 Tim 6:7-9. God to give us blessings in the future if we
See Ps 1:3. And Jesus proclaimed a bless- will not thank Him for those in the past.
ing on the poor Luke 6:20,24; 12:33. In this psalm Gods greatness is set forth
Forever the same words spoken of in the first six verses and His goodness in
God in 111:3 are here spoken of those who the last three verses. In the opening verse
fear Him. This is because their righteous- Gods servants are called on to praise Him.
ness is from Him, is His gift 1 Cor 1:30,31; True service should result in praise, and the
Phil 3:8,9. praise must not be to the servants but to
112:4 Dawns 97:11; Prov 4:18. In God who gives them the privilege of serving
times of darkness, doubt, and confusion 115:1.
those who are upright will see the right path Praise the LORD note at 104:35.
when no one else knows what to do. They 113:2 Gods name is His character. Praising
are gracious and compassionate because His name is not a repetition of one or an-
of Gods work in them (compare Eph 4:24). other of His names but a joyful recognition
112:5 See 37:21. This is one example of of His nature and qualities (33:1).
the kindness and compassion God wants to 113:3 From east to west in all places and at
see in His people. all times the true God is worthy of praise
112:6 Shaken 15:5; 55:22. Isa 24:15; 45:6; 59:19.
Everlasting Prov 10:7. Long after the 113:4-6 The LORD (Jehovah) is no local
great and mighty of earth have been deity, the God of one nation only. He is the
forgotten the humble and righteous believer mighty Creator, so exalted that to view the
will be remembered before God. heavens and earth He must stoop down
112:7,8 Prov 1:33. Those who fear the (99:2; 138:6; Isa 40:15,22).
LORD need not fear any thing or anyone 113:7-9 Here Gods goodness and compas-
else (Matt 10:28; Heb 13:6). God will sion come into view. Though He is so great
deal with their enemies at the proper time He has regard for the poor, the humble, the
and make all things work for their good. needy 35:10; 68:10; 107:41; Gen
112:9 Note at Ps 41:1. 16:7-10; 21:17-19; 1 Sam 2:8; Isa
112:10 The wicked cannot endure it when 57:15.
PSALMS 113:9 774
with the princes of his people. Who turned the rock into a pool of water,
9 He causes the barren woman to keep house, the flint into a spring of waters.
and to be a joyful mother of children.
115
Praise the LORD!
114 1 Not to us, O LORD, not to us,
but to your name give glory,
1 When Israel went out of Egypt, because of your mercy and because of
the house of Jacob from a people of your truth.
foreign language, 2 Why should the nations say,
2 Judah was Gods sanctuary, and Israel his Now where is their God?
dominion. 3 But our God is in heaven.
3 The sea saw it and fled; He does whatever he pleases.
the Jordan turned back. 4 Their idols are silver and gold,
4 The mountains skipped like rams, the work of mens hands.
and the little hills like lambs. 5 They have mouths, but they do not speak.
5 What ailed you, O sea, that you fled? They have eyes, but they do not see.
O Jordan, that you turned back? 6 They have ears, but they do not hear.
6 O mountains, that you skipped like rams? They have noses, but they do not smell.
O little hills, like lambs? 7 They have hands, but they do not feel.
7 Tremble, you earth, at the presence of They have feet, but they do not walk.
the Lord, Nor do they speak with their throat.
at the presence of the God of Jacob, 8 Those who make them are like them;
113:9 It is Jehovah God who gives children and praise God. The desire of all of Gods
or withholds them Gen 16:1,2; 20:17,18; true servants is that glory might come to
21:1,2; 25:21; 29:31; 30:22; 1 Sam God in everything. Those who serve to
1:2,19,20. obtain fame, money, position, or glory from
114:1 This is a psalm about the exodus men are not true servants of God at all (and,
from Egypt in bold metaphor and beautiful alas, there are a great many such people
poetic imagery (81:10; Ex 13:3; Lev 26:3). even in Christian circles). God should have
114:2 The nation of Israel became Gods all the glory for He is a God of grace and
home on earth, the people of His kingdom truth who alone saves, protects and blesses
Ex 19:5,6; 25:8; 29:46. God is so His people and enables them to serve.
exalted He must stoop to see the heavens 115:2 See 42:3. All true children of God will
and earth (113:5,6), but He is so loving that be sad at the reproaches of godless people.
He comes to dwell with a sinful, stubborn Because they cannot see our God, some
nation. people will vainly imagine that we have none.
114:3 Ex 14:21,22; 15:10; Josh 3:14-17. 115:3 But the true God is in heaven where
Gods power was revealed in His control of He should be, ruling over the universe. None
natures elements (compare Matt 8:23-27). of His plans will fail, no one can defeat His
114:4-6 Ex 19:18,19; Jud 5:5; 2 Sam 22:8; purposes 135:6; Isa 14:27; Dan 4:35.
Ps 18:7; 29:6. 115:4-11 Compare 135:15-20. Here we can
114:7 Ex 15:14; 1 Chron 16:30; Heb see the folly of worshiping what man has
12:25-29. Note on the God of Jacob at made rather than the God who made man.
146:5. It is seen also in Isa 40:18-26; 44:9-20,
114:8 An example of Gods loving care for and other places.
His people Ex 17:6; Num 20:11; 1 Cor 115:5 The living God gives messages, but
10:3,4. idols can give none (Jer 10:5). Perhaps
115:1 This psalm gives us a contrast one of the reasons for the popularity of idols
between the LORD (Jehovah God) and the is just this they cant see what is going
idols worshiped as gods by the nations. He on, or say anything about it.
is in heaven; they are on earth. He is the 115:6 No prayer is ever heard by an idol.
possessor of all things, for He is the The living God can hear anyone anytime
Creator; idols have been made by men, and 65:2.
have made nothing and can possess 115:8 Idol worshipers become like their idols.
nothing themselves. He does whatever He They are unable to speak Gods messages,
wishes; they can do nothing at all. His see Gods truth, hear Gods voice, or do
worshipers will be blessed forever; their wor- anything at all for God. They have no spiri-
shipers will be as useless to God as the gods tual understanding or ability, just as idols
they worship. On this solid foundation the have none. And in Gods eyes they become
psalmist exhorts Gods people to trust God worthless, just as their idols are worthless
775 PSALMS 116:8
so is everyone who trusts in them. time on and forevermore.
Praise the LORD!
9 O Israel, trust in the LORD!
He is their help and their shield.
10 O house of Aaron, trust in the LORD!
He is their help and their shield. 116
11 You who fear the LORD, trust in the LORD!
He is their help and their shield. 1 I love the LORD, because he has heard my
12 The LORD has kept us in mind. voice and my supplications.
He will bless us. 2 Because he has bowed down his ear to me,
He will bless the house of Israel. I will call to him as long as I live.
He will bless the house of Aaron. 3 The cords of death surrounded me,
13 He will bless those who fear the LORD, and the pains of the unseen world took
both small and great. hold of me.
I found trouble and sorrow.
14 The LORD will increase you more and more, 4 Then I called on the name of the LORD:
you and your children. O Lord, I beg you, rescue my soul!
15 You are blessed by the LORD 5 The LORD is gracious and righteous;
who made heaven and earth. yes, our God is merciful.
16 The heaven, the heavens above, are the 6 The LORD preserves the simple.
LORDs, I was brought low, and he helped me.
but the earth he has given to the
children of men. 7 Return to your rest, O my soul,
17 The dead do not praise the LORD, for the LORD has been good to you.
no one who goes down to silence. 8 For you have delivered my soul from death,
18 But we will praise the LORD from this my eyes from tears,
Jer 2:5. to take the cup of salvation (v 13),
115:9-11 No one then or now has ever had to publicly fulfill the promise made to God
any need to turn to idols. The living God is (vs 14,18),
there to trust. He is someone who can come and to offer thanksgiving offerings (v 17).
to our aid in every circumstance of life and
Believers today in the light of Christs
give us perfect protection.
sacrifice on the cross can see Gods good-
Help 20:2; 33:20; Ex 18:4; Deut 33:29.
ness even more clearly than the author of
Shield 3:3; 5:12; Gen 15:1. Trust-
this psalm. And with him they should
ing Him will result in complete protection and
lovingly ask How can I repay the Lord for
blessing.
all His goodness to me? Love for God is
115:12-15 The result of the writers trust was
the greatest of all qualities (Deut 6:4-6;
the full confidence that He would bless His
Matt 22:36-38; 1 Cor 13:13). Love for God
people. They are always in Gods memory,
is a result of His love for us (1 John 4:10).
in Gods heart 98:3; 111:5; Isa 49:15.
He hears prayer, He delivers from trouble,
115:15 Gen 1:1; 14:19. If we are blessed
He displays His great goodness toward us,
by the Creator of the worlds it little matters
and so we come to love Him more and more.
what men may do to us Heb 13:6.
116:2 Answered prayer should encourage us
115:16 The earth also is Gods. But He has
to resolve as he did. See also Luke 18:1;
put it into mans hands 8:6-8; Gen 1:28.
Eph 6:18; 1 Thess 5:17.
However, man has sinned and made a ruin
116:3,4 See 18:4,5; 80:18; 118:5;
of things on earth.
2 Sam 22:6.
115:17,18 That is, the dead do not praise
Unseen world (v 3) Sheol note at
God on earth (which is the viewpoint of the
Gen 37:35.
psalmist). The saved dead do praise God
116:5 This is why believers love Him. He is
in heaven Rev 7:9-17; 14:1-3; 15:2-4.
a God who has proved Himself in every way
Praise the LORD note at 104:35.
fully worthy of love. Three of His chief at-
116:1 There are two main themes of this
tributes are recorded in this verse (103:13;
psalm Gods goodness and the psalmists
129:4; 145:17; Ex 22:27; 34:16; John
response to it. Gods goodness is seen in
17:25).
hearing prayer (vs 1-4), in His gracious
116:6 The worldly wise and crafty may think
character revealed in His acts (vs 5,6), and
they can look out for themselves; the
in His work of deliverance (vs 8,9). The
childlike believer has Gods protection.
writer, experiencing Gods goodness, makes
116:7 The believers rest is in God alone
five resolutions:
(62:1; 131:2; Matt 11:29; Heb 4:1).
he resolves to be a man of prayer as And we can encourage ourselves to expe-
long as he lives (v 2), rience that rest.
to walk in Gods presence (v 9), 116:8 A great deliverance! For Gods
PSALMS 116:9 776
and my feet from falling. in your midst, O Jerusalem.
9 I will walk before the LORD in the land Praise the LORD!
of the living.
10 I believed, therefore I spoke.
I was greatly afflicted.
11 I said in my haste: All men are liars.
117
12 What shall I do to repay the LORD for all
his benefits toward me? 1 Oh, praise the LORD, all you nations!
13 I will take the cup of salvation, Praise him, all you peoples!
and call on the name of the LORD. 2 For his merciful kindness is great toward us,
14 I will now fulfil my vows to the LORD in and the truth of the LORD remains forever.
the presence of all his people. Praise the LORD!
15 Precious in the sight of the LORD is the
death of his saints.
16 O LORD, truly I am your servant; 118
I am your servant, and the son of your
maid servant. 1 Oh, give thanks to the LORD,
You have loosed my bonds. for he is good;
17 I will offer to you the sacrifice of because his mercy continues on forever.
thanksgiving, 2 Let Israel now say,
and will call on the name of the LORD. His mercy continues on forever.
18 I will now fulfil my vows to the LORD 3 Let the house of Aaron now say,
in the presence of all his people, His mercy continues on forever.
19 In the courts of the LORDs house, 4 Let those who fear the LORD now say,
deliverance in some other matters see released at last from the trials, pains, and
7:1; 17:13; 22:20; 34:4; 39:8; troubles of this life. He gathers them to His
41:1; 43:1; 51:14; 54:7; 56:13; bosom. Their death is precious to Him.
69:14; 72:12; 79:9; 86:13; 91:3; What is precious in Gods sight should not
107:6,20; 120:2; 144:7. be despised in ours. Let us imitate the
116:9 Here is the writers second resolution. apostle Paul in this Phil 1:21-24; 2 Cor
Many walk for the eyes of other men, 5:1-5. How great the gospel of Christ that
concerned only with what others may think makes the death of believers precious to
and say. The believer should learn to walk God and a gain to themselves!
in Gods presence to please Him alone. 116:16 See 68:6; 107:14; Isa 61:1,2;
Compare 2 Cor 5:9. Nahum 1:13; Luke 4:17-19.
116:10 2 Cor 4:13. Believing does not 116:17 Here is the writers fifth resolution.
mean believers will escape all troubles. Notes at 7:17; 50:14,15; 56:12; Lev
Indeed, their troubles in this world may 7:12,13; Eph 5:20; 1 Thess 5:18.
be increased because they trust in Christ 116:18,19 He wanted all to know Gods
John 15:19; 16:33; Acts 14:22; Rom goodness to him. Anyone who is trying to
8:17; 2 Cor 1:5; 4:17; Phil 1:29; be a secret believer should take such verses
1 Pet 4:12-16. to heart.
116:11 Though God has saved many people Praise the LORD note at 104:35.
from sin, freed them from lying and made 117:1 This is the shortest chapter in the
them people of honesty and integrity, on Bible, but it is long in meaning.
the whole mens words cannot be depended Praise the LORD note at 104:35. The
on (Jer 17:5; Rom 3:4). But not all men God of the Bible (Jehovah), has made all
are liars. nations. Any real blessings they have He
116:12 Let all we who have tasted the Lords has given. All peoples, then, should praise
goodness heartily ask this, and get Gods and glorify Him. And all nations will yet
answer. praise Him this psalm has prophetic over-
116:13 Here is the writers third resolution. tones. It points to a time when all na- tions
Cup 16:5; 23:5; Lev 23:13; Num will come to know Him. We know that God
15:5; Matt 26:27. What more can he give sent Christ to die for all and that people
God to repay Him for His goodness? the joy from all nations will receive Him by faith.
of seeing him pray (147:11; 149:4). God 117:2 These are good reasons why He
commands us to pray 1 Thess 5:17. He de- should be praised by all nations He is the
lights in the prayers of the upright (Prov 15:8). God of grace and truth.
116:14 Here is the writers fourth resolution 118:1-4 This is the last of the psalms of
(compare 65:1; 66:13; Num 30:2; praise (starting with 113) which the Jews
1 Sam 1:11,21; Eccl 5:4). used to sing at their religious festivals,
116:15 God lovingly watches over the death especially at the Passover. As some think,
of His people. He delights to have them it may have been the hymn sung by Jesus
777 PSALMS 118:20
His mercy continues on forever. they were quenched like fire among thorns;
5 I called on the LORD in my distress; for in the name of the LORD
the LORD answered me, and set me in I destroyed them.
a spacious place. 13 You pushed me violently to make me fall;
6 The LORD is on my side; I will not be but the LORD helped me.
afraid. What can man do to me? 14 The LORD is my strength and song,
7 The LORD is with me among those who and has become my salvation.
help me, 15 The sound of rejoicing and salvation is
therefore I will see my desire in the tents of the righteous.
fulfilled on those who hate me. The right hand of the LORD does valiantly.
8 It is better to trust in the LORD than to 16 The right hand of the LORD is exalted.
put confidence in man. The right hand of the LORD does valiantly.
9 It is better to trust in the LORD than to 17 I will not die, but live,
put confidence in princes. and declare the deeds of the LORD.
10 All nations surrounded me,but in the 18 The LORD has chastened me severely,
name of the LORD I destroyed them. but he has not given me over to death.
11 They surrounded me; yes, they came all 19 Open to me the gates of righteousness.
around me, I will go through them,
but in the name of the LORD I destroyed and I will praise the LORD.
them. 20 This is the gate of the LORD,
12 They surrounded me like bees; through which the righteous enter.
and His disciples the night of their last help God gives and seeking the favor of
Passover together (Matt 26:30). What men whose authority is only for a brief time
psalm could have been better suited to the on earth. Verse 8 is the central verse of the
occasion? This is a psalm of victory over Bible; it also gives a central truth.
enemies, a song of the conqueror over all 118:10-12 See 3:6; 37:9; 88:17. The
opposition. Though the events after the presence, the help, and the name of the
last Passover of Jesus for a little while looked Lord give great confidence (1 Sam 17:45-47;
like defeat, this state of affairs was only 2 Chron 14:11,12; 32:6-8).
temporary. Jesus, despised and rejected by 118:13 If the Lord helped him why was he
men, rose victoriously from the dead and pushed back and about to fall? God knows
became the great cornerstone of the New how to test our faith, and when to come to
Testament Church. our rescue.
In this psalm the basis for the call to 118:14 See 18:1; 28:7; 31:4; 62:2.
praise is Gods goodness and love. Though 118:15 Eventually the righteous will gain full
we are not of Israels or Aarons and perfect victory, and eternal joy shall be
descendants, if we fear the Lord we are in- theirs.
cluded in this invitation to praise. The God 118:16 He knows that victory and salvation
of the Bible is good. His nature is good, His and deliverance are Gods work and not
plans are good, His motives are good, His mans. And he wants God to have all the
acts are good. He alone is fully, perfectly, glory. Compare Eph 1:6,12,14.
eternally good (Mark 10:18). He is a gra- 118:17 See 64:9; 71:16; 73:28; Deut
cious God and will be eternally so (Eph 2:7). 32:3; Acts 1:8.
Never were His goodness and grace more 118:18 The attacks of enemies, his
clearly revealed than at the events surround- dangers and troubles have been Gods
ing the crucifixion of the Lord Jesus. chastening to make him more trusting,
Thanks 7:17; 50:14,15; 56:12; more faithful, more holy (compare Jer
Lev 7:12,13; Eph 5:20; 1 Thess 5:18. 31:18; 1 Cor 11:32; Heb 12:5-11).
118:5 See 18:6; 31:7; 77:2; 120:1; 118:19,20 The gates of righteousness are
Heb 5:7. This is the best possible thing to the only gates that open into the presence
do in times of trouble. Jehovah is a God of the righteous God. He has made these
who answers 18:19; 31:8; 34:4; 66:12; gates to shut out all who persist in evil (com-
86:7; 116:1; 138:3. pare Rev 21:25-27). To enter these gates
118:6,7 Deut 31:6; 33:29; Josh 1:5; we must first of all be clothed with Christs
Heb 13:5,6. If God is with us, man can do righteousness and justified by His blood.
nothing to us except what God permits. Why Then as Gods people if we want Him to hear
then should we fear frail men when the our prayers and accept our worship we must
Almighty is our protector? have righteousness of life (15:1-5;
118:8,9 Men may deceive and fail us. God 18:23,24; 66:18).
never will. Princes too are but men with all Gates 100:4; Matt 7:13,14; John
mans failings. It is sad to see men ne- 10:7,8; Ps 100:4; Isa 26:2; 60:18;
glecting the almighty refuge and unfailing 62:10; Rev 22:14.
PSALMS 118:21 778
21 I will praise you, for you have heard me, Bind the sacrifice with cords to the
and have become my salvation. horns of the altar.
22 The stone which the builders rejected 28 You are my God, and I will praise you.
has become the chief cornerstone. You are my God; I will exalt you.
23 This is the LORDs doing. 29 Oh, give thanks to the LORD,
It is marvellous in our eyes. for he is good;
24 This is the day which the LORD has made. for his mercy continues on forever.
We will rejoice and be glad in it.
25 Save now, I pray, O LORD.
O Lord, I pray, now send success.
26 Blessed is he who comes in the name of
119
the LORD.
We have blessed you from the house of ALEPH
the LORD. 1 Blessed are the undefiled in the way,
27 God is the LORD, and he has shown us light. who walk in the law of the Lord.
118:21 Answered prayer should produce dedication to Him.
thankful hearts. 118:28 See 33:12; 146:5; Deut 33:29. If
118:22,23 The Lord Jesus applied these the God of the Bible is our God how blessed
verses to Himself. See Matt 21:42. See we are and how thankful we should be. And
also Acts 4:10,11; 1 Pet 2:7; Eph 2:20; if He is our God we have no business ex-
Isa 28:16. The builders of the Jewish alting ourselves. He alone must be the
society rejected the Lord Jesus (Matt object of our praise.
26:63-68; John 1:13; Isa 53:3), but He 118:29 We return here to v 1 with, it is to be
has become the cornerstone of Gods spiri- hoped, a fuller understanding of Gods good-
tual temple (Eph 2:19-22). God the Father ness and grace from the study of this psalm.
took His despised and rejected Son and 119:1 This sublime psalm is a hymn of
made Him the most important stone in His praise for the Word of God. In nearly every
temple, the stone without which there would verse the writer uses one word or another to
be no true building at all (the cornerstone indicate Gods revelation law, word, testi-
is the stone with which the whole building is monies, judgments, etc. It is divided into
aligned). All this was the work of God and it 22 sections according to the 22 letters of
should be marvelous in our eyes too. the Hebrew alphabet. In Hebrew each line
118:24 Here day could mean the day when of a particular section begins with the same
God laid this cornerstone of the New Tes- letter of the alphabet. It is the believers
tament Church, or it could mean this whole alphabet of the praise, love, and use of
age of grace in which believers are to Gods Word.
rejoice and be glad. Day sometimes Gods Word applied as the writer does in
means extended periods of time (Isa 34:8; this psalm is the only way to a truly spiritual
John 9:4; 2 Cor 6:2). life. In this connection remember that Jesus
118:25 In vs 23-27 the plural we appears. Christ is the living Word of God, the alpha
The author prays as the representative of and omega of all God has to say to man.
all the people of God. We should not be We cannot separate the Lord Jesus from
content without increase, progress, success the written Word of God. When we apply it
in our spiritual life and work. by Gods Spirit, we are drawing power,
118:26 Matt 21:9; Luke 13:35; 19:38; strength, and grace from the Lord Jesus.
John 5:43. Those who are in the house of As love for the Word of God grows in us so
the Lord (Gods presence) will praise Him does our love for the Lord Jesus grow and
(the Lord Jesus). so does every flower of grace in our lives.
118:27 The LORD (Jehovah) is the one true Ps 1:1-3 gives us the theme of the book
God 1 Kings 18:21,39; Isa 45:18,22. He of Psalms. Here the way of blessedness,
alone gives spiritual light 27:1; Num 6:25; briefly described there, is fully revealed.
Isa 58:10; 60:1,19,20; 2 Cor 4:4,6. Here in v 1 (and throughout this psalm) the
Bind the sacrifice with cords to the horns Hebrew word translated law also means
of the altar this could also be translated instruction, teaching. God wants people
With boughs in hand, join in the festal to be blessed, so He gave us His Word.
procession up to the horns of the altar or Blessing comes, not from merely having His
Bind the festal sacrifice with ropes and take Word, or listening to it, or teaching and
it up to the altar (see the note on Hebrew preaching it, but from obeying it. Happiness
at 14:7). Now believers in Christ are the results from holiness and eternal joy will
sacrifice and the Lord Jesus the altar Rom come when believers are completely con-
12:1; Heb 13:10-14. Let us bind formed to Gods Word. See other notes on
ourselves to Him completely, eternally with blessing at Gen 12:3; Num 6:22-27; Deut
the cords of love. Let us never try to free 28:3-14; Matt 5:3-14; Luke 11:28; Acts
ourselves from Him, or waver in our utter 3:26; Gal 3:9,14; Eph 1:3.
779 PSALMS 119:14
2 Blessed are those who keep his BETH
testimonies, and who seek him with 9 How can a young man make
their whole heart. his way clean?
3 They also do no evil; they walk in By keeping watch on it according to your word.
his ways. 10 I have sought you with my whole heart.
4 You have commanded us to keep your Oh, do not let me wander from your
precepts diligently. commandments.
5 Oh, that my ways were directed to keep 11 Your word I have hidden in my heart,
your statutes! that I might not sin against you.
6 Then I would not be ashamed, 12 Blessed are you, O LORD.
when I pay attention to all your Teach me your statutes.
commandments. 13 With my lips I have declared all the
7 I will praise you with uprightness of heart, judgments of your mouth.
when I learn your righteous judgments. 14 I have rejoiced in the way of your
8 I will keep your statutes. testimonies,
Oh, do not utterly forsake me. as much as in all riches.
119:2 Testimonies means Gods instruc- his good resolutions and sincere determi-
tion through His law, or revealed word. nation he has failed before and may well
Seek we cannot walk in Gods ways fail again (see v 176). He realizes that if
without seeking God and His grace, power, God in His holiness and justice would treat
and presence. The more we truly seek God him according to his sins, God would
the more we will experience Him, the more forsake him completely. Believers should
obedient we will learn to be, and the more value very highly indeed the promises of
blessing we will have. The believers life God not to forsake them (37:28; 94:14;
should be a constant seeking and finding 118:6; Deut 4:31; 31:6; Isa 41:17;
(1 Chron 16:11; Matt 7:7,8). This seek- Heb 13:5). If God seems to forsake them,
ing must be with the whole heart com- it is only partial and temporary.
pletely sincere, coming out of an under- 119:9 Surely this is one of the most impor-
standing of its importance and a deep long- tant questions a young man can ask, and
ing for Gods presence (Deut 4:29; Jer one of the highest ambitions he can have.
29:13). The answer is clearly given in this and the
119:3 Those who do not live according to following verses. Purity of life comes from
verses 1 and 2 will not walk in Gods ways. using the Word of God (v 9), seeking God
They will inevitably do wrong, and will fail to for His grace and power to do so (v 10),
learn what true blessedness is. keeping His Word at the center of our
119:4 Gods commands are not given merely thoughts and desires (v 11), learning from
to instruct the mind but to change the life. God Himself the meaning of His Word
Our religion is vain if we do not try to do (v 12), speaking of Gods Word when one
what God tells us Matt 7:21-23; Luke has learned it (v 13), and rejoicing, medi-
11:27,28; John 14:15,21; 15:10; 1 John tating, and delighting in it (vs 14-16).
5:3. 119:10 Verse 2. It is easy to stray from Gods
Precepts means rules of conduct. commandments. To do so is the natural
119:5 He implies that he is not yet fully tendency of our fallen natures. Hence the
experiencing the blessed life he has necessity of seeking God with the whole
described. But though He knows his own heart.
weakness, sinfulness, and failure, he longs 119:11 Deut 6:6-8. In the believers fight
with all his heart to experience that blessed against sin hardly anything is so important
life. It is very important what our aims are. as the Word of God (John 15:3,7; Eph
If we are content with poor spiritual 6:17; Col 3:16,17). It must occupy a cen-
standards and experience we will make little tral place in our thoughts, hopes, ambitions,
progress in the spiritual life. desires, and meditations. It must be at
Statutes means things ordained or the very spring of our actions. Observe that
prescribed by law. sin is against God see 51:4.
119:6 Ashamed vs 46,80; 1 John 2:28. 119:12 If we are kept from sin this should
119:7 The more a believer understands not make us congratulate ourselves, but
Gods Word the more he should be filled praise God who has done it. Nine times in
with thanksgiving for it. The Bible is one of this psalm the writer asks God to teach him
Gods exceedingly wonderful gifts to men. vs 12, 26, 33, 64, 66, 68, 108, 124, 135.
Judgments here means decisions See also 25:4,5; 143:8,10. This indicates
made with justice, declarations of the the value he put on it and the earnestness
lawgiver. with which he sought it.
119:8 See 27:9; 38:21; 71:9,18. He is 119:13 The author delights to speak forth Gods
resolved to live according to Gods Word. laws because they have come from the very
Then why does he plead with God not to mouth of God (v 72; Deut 8:3; Matt 4:4).
forsake him? He is aware that in spite of 119:14 The greatest possible joy comes
PSALMS 119:15 780
15 I will meditate on your precepts, 24 Your testimonies also are my delight and
and pay attention to your ways. my counsellors.
16 I will delight myself in your statutes.
I will not forget your word. DALETH
25 My soul clings to the dust.
GIMEL Revive me in accordance with your word.
17 Do good to your servant that I may live 26 I declared my ways, and you answered me.
and keep your word. Teach me your statutes.
18 Open my eyes that I may see wonderful 27 Make me understand the way of your
things from your law. precepts;
19 I am a stranger on earth. so I will meditate on your wonderful works.
Do not hide your commandments from me. 28 My soul melts from heaviness.
20 My soul breaks with the longing that it Strengthen me according to your word.
has for your judgments at all times. 29 Remove from me the way of lying,
21 You rebuke the proud, who are accursed, and graciously grant me your law.
who go astray from your commandments. 30 I have chosen the way of truth;
22 Remove reproach and contempt from me, I have placed your judgments before me.
for I have kept your testimonies. 31 I cling to your testimonies.
23 Princes also sit and speak against me; O LORD, do not put me to shame.
but your servant meditates on your 32 I will run in the path of your commandments,
statutes. when you enlarge my heart.
from putting the Word of God into practice. depression and need of revival he does not
Then it becomes more to us than silver and say. The Hebrew word could be used for ei-
gold could ever be (v 72; 19:10; Prov 2:1-5). ther condition. One thing is sure often
119:15 Verses 97,148; 1:2. when believers desires to rise to the heights
119:16 See 112:1. of spiritual experience with God they feel
119:17 Judging from this verse and vs 22,23 bound to the dust, in a condition that seems
the writer is in a time of trial and trouble. to them more like spiritual death than life.
He knows what to do and is an example to When God renews them it will always be in
all of us who are experiencing such things. accordance with His Word.
He meditated on Gods instructions (v 23), Revive this is a translation of the
delighted in them (v 24), and resolved to same Hebrew word translated revive in Ps
put them into practice (v 17). 85:6; 138:7; Isa 57:15; Hos 6:2; 14:7;
119:18 There are wonderful things in the Hab 3:2. It can mean to keep alive or to
Word of God which we will never see until give life, whether physical or spiritual life,
God opens the eyes of our understanding. to quicken, revive, restore, cause to
Well might we pray as the writer did here. grow.
See Luke 24:45; Eph 1:17,18. 119:26 He told God just what he had been
119:19 Stranger the Hebrew word indi- doing. God wants us to be completely open
cates a foreigner or temporary resident. See and honest with Him and speak to Him as a
Lev 25:23; Phil 3:20; Heb 11:13. Did he child with a loving father (62:8; 142:1,2;
feel that perhaps God should hide truth from Job 10:1,2).
him if God acted toward him as he deserved? Teach v 12; 27:11; 86:11.
119:20 See 42:2; 84:2. If we had the 119:27 See 105:2; 145:5.
intense longing to know Gods Word that he 119:28 See 6:7; 116:3; Isa 51:11; Jer
had, we would soon make great strides in 45:3. This is sometimes the experience of
the spiritual life. godly men in this hostile world, and we will
119:21 See 5:5; Deut 27:26; Jer 20:7; often need to pray as he did.
50:32; Dan 4:37. 119:29 See 26:4; 101:7. He wanted
119:22 See 39:8; 69:7; 79:4; Dan 9:16. nothing to do with deceit himself or with
119:23 Verse 161; 31:13; 50:20; 101:5; anyone who engaged in it.
1 Pet 3:15,16. 119:30 See 26:3. No greater choice can be
119:24 The Word of God will infallibly teach made (John 14:6). The way of truth is re-
us how to behave in a godless and hostile vealed only in Gods Word. There we have
world. the way laid out, the signposts erected, the
119:25 See 44:25. Nine times in this psalm goal clearly defined. If we do not walk in the
he asks God to revive him (vs 25, 37, 40, way of truth we are still in the way of deceit,
88, 107, 149, 154, 156, 159) indicating the broad way that leads to destruction. Ob-
the importance of it in his eyes and the serve that the way of truth must be chosen.
earnestness with which he sought it. A 119:31 If we do not want to be put to shame
prayer for reviving means that he felt him- we too must make a firm, unyielding choice
self in a condition where his spiritual life for truth and obedience.
seemed threatened. Whether this meant 119:32 We need a heart made broad
physical danger of death, or spiritual enough for all of Gods commandments and
781 PSALMS 119:49
HE O LORD, your salvation, according to
33 Teach me, O LORD, the way of your your word.
statutes, 42 So I will have an answer for him who
and I will keep it to the end. taunts me; for I trust in your word.
34 Give me understanding, and I will keep 43 And do not take the word of truth
your law; completely from my mouth;
yes, I will observe it with my whole heart. for I have put hope in your judgments.
35 Cause me to go in the path of your 44 So I will keep your law continually
commandments, for I delight in it. forever and ever.
36 Turn my heart to your testimonies, 45 And I will walk in liberty;
and not to covetousness. for I seek your precepts.
37 Turn away my eyes from seeing worthless 46 I will speak of your testimonies also
things, before kings,
and revive me in your way. and will not be ashamed.
38 Establish your word to your servant, 47 And I will delight myself in your
who is devoted to your fear. commandments, which I love.
39 Turn away my reproach, which I fear; 48 I will also lift my hands to your
for your judgments are good. commandments, which I love,
40 See, I have longed for your precepts. and I will meditate on your statutes.
Revive me in your righteousness.
ZAYIN
VAV 49 Remember the word to your servant,
41 Also let your mercies come to me, on which you have caused me to hope.
to take in every word God gives. And our 25:8; 51:7; 54:4.
obedience must not be a slow, hesitant, 119:40 Verse 20; 42:2; 84:2.
crawling thing but swift, zealous, and full. 119:41 Verses 76, 116, 154, 170. All that
The writer does not imagine that he has it God does is in accordance with His Word.
within himself to do this. He knows that God The more we understand His Word the more
must be at work in him if he is to run and we will understand what He plans and does.
not faint in the way of truth (Isa 40:31; Phil 119:42 See 42:10; Col 4:6; 1 Pet 3:15,16.
2:13; Col 1:29). 119:43 This prayer is that God will not let
119:33,34 See 25:4,5; 1 Kings 3:9,10; him get into a situation or spiritual condi-
Luke 24:45; 1 John 5:20. He realizes the tion that would make him unable to speak
great importance of understanding spiritual for God. This had happened to David as
truth and knows that his own intellect is not recorded in psalm 51 (see 51:12-15). Paul
sufficient for it. So he cries to God. Observe requested prayer that he might always be
that he means to be fully, eternally obe- able to speak as he ought (Eph 6:19,20).
dient. Spiritual understanding is to result 119:44 A resolution made not in fleshly
in a life lived in accordance with Gods Word self-confidence but in hope of the fulfillment
and will. Otherwise it is all in vain. of the prayer in v 41.
119:35 He delights in Gods way and knows 119:45 See 18:19; 31:8; Job 26:16.
he should walk in it. But he knows also that 119:46 Matt 10:18; Acts 26:1,2.
by nature he is unable to do so (see Rom 119:47 Verses 77,143; 112:1.
7:18-25). Gods power alone can cause us 119:48 See 28:2. The movement of the
to live a life pleasing to God. So this prayer. hands here is an outward expression of the
119:36 Though he delights in Gods way he love he had for Gods commands. Even a
knows that in him there is a tendency to evil small child holds out his hands to that which
that would go after worldly things. He prays he wants.
that his inner life might be right, that the mo- 119:49 We could entitle this section
tives, desires, and inclinations of his heart may comfort in remembering. He was suffering
all be toward God. God Himself must do this because of the scorn of ungodly men. But
in us, but we must cooperate with Him. he encourages himself in the Word of God
119:37 Could not the author turn his own and in remembering Gods gracious attributes
eyes away? Evidently he knew the power of and ways. In all this he is an example to all
the lust of the eyes and that only God could Gods people who are unjustly suffering. He
break this power (1 John 2:16,17). He is is speaking of some specific promises God
indicating his own helplessness and con- had given him. In asking God to remem-
fesses his need of new life and strength. ber he is not suggesting God may forget.
119:38 Notes on this fear at 34:11-14; He is a man using mans ways of speaking.
111:10; Gen 20:11; Job 28:28; Prov God does not forget anything about His
1:7; 1 Pet 1:17; 2:17; etc. people except their sins (Isa 49:15; Heb
119:39 Verse 22; 69:9; 89:51; Isa 6:10; 8:12; 10:17).
PSALMS 119:50 782
50 This is my comfort in my affliction; Be merciful to me according to your word.
for your word has revived me. 59 I thought on my ways, and turned my feet
51 The proud have derided me greatly; to your testimonies.
yet I have not turned away from your law. 60 I made haste, and did not delay to keep
52 I remembered your judgments of old, your commandments.
O LORD, and have comforted myself. 61 The cords of the wicked have bound me,
53 Indignation has taken hold of me because but I have not forgotten your law.
of the wicked who forsake your law. 62 At midnight I will rise to give thanks to you,
54 Your statutes have been my songs in the because of your righteous judgments.
house of my pilgrimage. 63 I am a companion of all those who fear you,
55 I remember your name, O LORD, and of those who keep your precepts.
in the night, and keep your law. 64 The earth, O LORD, is full of your mercy.
56 This has been my way, because I keep your Teach me your statutes.
precepts.
TETH
KHETH 65 You have dealt well with your servant,
57 You are my portion, O LORD; O LORD, according to your word.
I have said that I would keep your words. 66 Teach me good judgment and knowledge,
58 I entreated your favour with my whole for I have believed your commandments.
heart. 67 Before I was afflicted I went astray,
119:50 Some have comfort without suffer- Keep vs 17,67,101.
ing, others have suffering without comfort. 119:58 Verse 41; 34:4; Deut 4:29;
Believers as a whole have both. The 1 Chron 16:11.
comfort of believers in times of suffering is 119:59 Lam 3:40; Hag 1:5,7.
this the promises of God. They give a 119:60 Delay to obey is the same as dis-
living hope that no trouble can destroy. obedience. Many hasten to commit sin. Let
119:51 Verses 61, 83, 87. The object of us hasten to conquer sin by obeying Gods
the proud when they mock Gods people is Word.
to turn them from the right path. In this 119:61 Verses 51, 83, 87. Mocking could
case their attempts were in vain. not turn him from Gods Word, nor could
119:52 For every trial and trouble there is persecution.
comfort and encouragement in Gods Word 119:62 Verse 55. This is one of a great
if we will but seek it out (Rom 15:4). many things believers have to be thankful
119:53 The behavior of evil men will often for.
make believers angry at the violation of Thanks notes at 7:17; 50:14,15;
justice and the dishonor done to God. Also 56:12; Lev 7:12,13; Eph 5:20; 1 Thess 5:18.
they may often feel grief at the thought of 119:63 See 15:4; 101:6,7; Acts 2:46; Heb
the terrible fate awaiting godless men 10:25. A person is known by the company
(v 136; Ex 32:19; Jer 8:18-22; Luke he keeps. He chose his friends carefully.
19:41-44; Acts 17:16; 2 Cor 5:11). 119:64 Full 33:5; Isa 6:3; Matt 5:44-48.
119:54 Verse 172; 101:1; 138:5; Job Teach v 12.
35:10; Eph 5:19. 119:65 This section could be entitled
119:55 Verse 62; 42:8; 63:6. In night Learning by suffering (vs 67, 71). If our
when sleep does not come, far better to troubles do not teach us any lessons or do
think of Gods gracious attributes than our not make us better people, they are
own troubles and temptations (compare useless to us. But if they do, they are a
36:4; Prov 4:16; Micah 2:1). means of great gain. The writer was not
119:56 To be enabled to live according to made bitter by sufferings, but by them
the Word of God is the greatest of all bless- learned more of Gods Word and Gods
ings on earth. goodness. See notes on suffering at Job
119:57 In the section which follows, he finds 3:20; etc. In this verse the writer speaks of
in himself certain marks that all believers Gods goodness, not merely in giving him
have or should have they have God as many blessings, but in sending these
their portion, and they want to obey Gods troubles that would teach him the things
Word (v 57); they seek God in prayer which he needed to learn.
(v 58); and they think about their actions 119:66 Verse 12.
and try to correct them (v 59). They should 119:67 We walk about in good weather but
show eagerness to obey (v 60), should not head for home when the storm begins to roll
be crushed by persecution (v 61), should in. Suffering taught him to return to his home
be thankful (v 62), should seek fellowship in God (90:1), and to Gods Word and obe-
with other believers (v 63), and should long dience. See Heb 2:10; 5:8. Since this
for God to teach them (v 64). principle is true we should not be so eager
Portion 16:5; 73:26; Deut 32:9; to avoid all trouble and suffering. Indeed we
Jer 51:19; Lam 3:24. should welcome all experiences which make
783 PSALMS 119:83
but now I have kept your word. afflicted me.
68 You are good, and do good. 76 Let, I pray, your merciful kindness be my
Teach me your statutes. comfort,
69 The proud have forged a lie against me, according to your word to your servant.
but I will keep your precepts with my 77 Let your tender mercies come to me that I
whole heart. may live,
70 Their heart is as fat as grease; for your law is my delight.
but I delight in your law. 78 Let the proud be ashamed, for they
71 It is good for me that I have been treated me wrongly, without a cause;
afflicted that I might learn your statutes. but I will meditate on your precepts.
72 To me the law of your mouth is better 79 Let those who fear you turn to me,
than thousands of pieces of gold and silver. and those who have known your
testimonies.
YOD 80 Let my heart be blameless in your statutes,
73 Your hands have made me and formed me. so that I may not be ashamed.
Give me understanding that I may learn
your commandments. KAPH
74 Those who fear you will be glad when they 81 My soul faints for your salvation;
see me, but I hope in your word.
because I have hoped in your word. 82 My eyes fail for your word, saying,
75 I know, O LORD, that your judgments are When will you comfort me?
right, 83 For I have become like a bottle in the
and that you in faithfulness have smoke;
us more conformed to Gods Word and will. knew that even though God has permitted
119:68 See 100:5; 106:1; 107:1; 135:3. him to suffer at the hands of ungodly men
119:69 See 5:9; 10:7; 52:4; 109:2. In this has been in accordance with Gods per-
v 51 he speaks of proud people mocking fect righteousness and faithfulness. God
him. In v 61 he speaks of persecution. Here will never violate His laws in dealing with His
he speaks of slander. But none of these people and He afflicts them for a good
things turned him from Gods Word. purpose (Heb 12:10; Rev 3:19).
119:70 See 17:10; 73:7. Observe the 119:76 Verse 41.
tremendous contrast between believers and 119:77 His troubles were so severe he
unbelievers. Unbelievers are completely sometimes despaired of life, and felt only
unmoved by that which is the great delight Gods compassion could keep him alive, but
of believers. he had a joy through them all. If the Word
119:71 Verses 65,75; Deut 8:2-5; Heb of God is not a delight to us as it was to him
12:5-11. Affliction, he says, is good. Good, we have no right to think that God should
but not pleasant. Anything is good that preserve us alive. Should God keep us alive
opens our eyes to the truth and beauty of only that we might violate His laws and sin
Gods Word and helps to make us obedient against Him?
to it. His troubles came from men, but God 119:78 Note on such prayers at 35:8.
turned it all to good (notes at Gen 50:20; 119:79 Perhaps some believers had been
Rom 8:28). God brings health out of sick- alienated from him because of his troubles.
ness, riches out of poverty, strength out of He wants perfect fellowship restored with all
weakness. It is the cross we have to bear godly men.
that moves us closer to heaven. 119:80 Blameless v 1. It was not enough
119:72 Verses 14,57,111,127,162; 19:10; for him to have a blameless outer life. He
Job 28:17; Prov 2:4,5. If we wish to wanted his inward life, its motives,
progress in the spiritual life we must value ambitions and desires to be blameless also.
the Word of God as he did. Ashamed vs 6,46; 1 John 2:28. Sin
119:73 Formed 138:8; 139:13-16; and disobedience will always bring shame.
Gen 1:27. 119:81 In this section the writer, suffering
Understanding vs 12, 18, 26, 27, 33, great persecution, longs for God to act in
34. His reasoning here is that God has not his behalf. He knows he is trusting Gods
made him for ignorance and disobedience, Word and waits for God to fulfill it.
but to live a wise and holy life. Any fool can Faints v 20; 84:2.
sin. It takes great understanding of Gods Hope vs 43,74,114,147; Rom 5:2-5.
Word to be as holy as God wants us to be. 119:82 See 6:7; 69:3; Lam 2:11.
The writer pleads with God to complete the 119:83 He compares himself in his perse-
work He has begun. cution to a wineskin in a tent, unused,
119:74 See 34:2. He wanted his life to be blackened by smoke, and wrinkled by heat.
a source of joy and blessing to others. I do not forget vs 51, 61, 87.
119:75 Verses 7,138,172; Deut 4:8. He Whether in the smoke or in the fire let us
PSALMS 119:84 784
yet I do not forget your statutes. for with them you have revived me.
84 How many are the days of your servant? 94 I am yours; save me,
When will you execute judgment on those for I have sought your precepts.
who persecute me? 95 The wicked have waited for me to
85 The proud have dug pits for me, destroy me;
which is not according to your law. but I will consider your testimonies.
86 All your commandments are trustworthy. 96 I have seen an end of all perfection;
They persecute me wrongfully. Help me! but your commandment is exceedingly
87 They almost made an end of me on earth, broad.
but I did not forsake your precepts.
MEM
88 Revive me according to your loving
kindness; 97 O how I love your law!
so I will keep the testimony of your mouth. It is my meditation all the day.
98 Through your commandments you have
LAMED made me wiser than my enemies,
89 Forever, O LORD, your word stands firm in for they are always with me.
heaven. 99 I have more understanding than all
90 Your faithfulness is to all generations. my teachers,
You have established the earth, and it for your testimonies are my meditation.
remains. 100 I understand more than the ancients,
91 They continue to this day in accordance because I keep your precepts.
with your ordinances. 101 I have withheld my feet from every
For all things are your servants. evil way,
92 If your law had not been my delight, that I might keep your word.
then I would have perished in my affliction. 102 I have not departed from your judgments,
93 I will never forget your precepts, for you have taught me.
hold fast to Gods Word. without God how can they keep from dying
119:84 See 6:3; 13:1; 35:17; 89:46; of despair? Gods Word is the remedy for
90:16; 94:3; Rev 6:10. despair, for meaninglessness in life.
119:85 See 35:7; 57:6; Jer 18:20,22; Mark 119:93 Note at v 50.
12:13; Luke 11:53,54. We need, then, to 119:94 Believers belong to the Lord (1 Cor
be wise as serpents, harmless as doves. 6:19,20). He has created them, chosen
119:86 Trustworthy vs 138; 19:7; them, redeemed them, given them new
111:7; Matt 5:17,18. spiritual life, and claimed them as His own
119:87 Verses 51, 61, 83. He had resolved forever. They prove they belong to God by
to hold fast to Gods Word regardless of seeking to obey Him. The writer prays that
what men did to him. If persecution and God will deal with him according to this fact.
trouble will cause us to renounce the Word So may we if we are believers.
of God is our faith at all genuine? 119:95 Verses 51, 61, 85.
119:88 The Word of God, though written 119:96 All that men think best on earth, all
down by men, comes from the mouth of they most pride themselves in, all things
God (Matt 4:4). Life to us should mean that seems most perfect, have defects.
obedience to it. Gods teaching has a perfection that is
119:89 See 111:7,8; Matt 5:18; 1 Pet boundless and without defect (19:7).
1:25. Since Gods Word is eternally firm 119:97 The subject of this section is
and sure in heaven, nothing that happens wisdom and understanding that come from
on earth can overthrow it. Gods Word.
119:90 See 36:5; 45:17; 89:1; 90:1. Meditation verses 15, 47, 99. Our
God works out His fixed purpose and fulfills minds will always fasten on those things and
His Word toward the earth and in the world. those persons we love.
119:91 Ordinances Jer 33:25. Creation 119:98-100 Verse 130; 19:7; Deut 4:6;
is governed, not by mere laws of nature, Prov 2:1-5; 2 Tim 3:15. The Word of God is
but by the laws of God. the wisdom of believers. But it is not enough
All things 104:2-4; Jer 31:35. All to have it in the home it must be in the
created objects from the tiny atom to the heart, at the center of an obedient life.
giant constellations and galaxies in space, 119:101 Evil ways and the Word of God are
all animals, fish, and birds obey Gods laws. mutually antagonistic and will not mix.
In the whole universe only men together 119:102 Very wonderful indeed to have God
with Satan and his hordes disobey God and as our teacher! See also Isa 54:13; Jer
refuse to be His servants. 31:33,34; 1 Cor 2:13; 1 Thess 4:9; Heb
119:92 How can people live without the joy 8:10,11; 10:16; 1 John 2:27. If we want
of knowing Gods Word? Without hope and God to teach us we must be believing and
785 PSALMS 119:122
103 How sweet are your words to my taste! SAMEKH
Yes, sweeter than honey to my mouth! 113 I hate divided thoughts ,
104 Through your precepts I get but I love your law.
understanding; 114 You are my hiding place and my shield.
therefore I hate every false way. I hope in your word.
NUN 115 Depart from me, you evildoers;
for I will keep the commandments
105 Your word is a lamp to my feet, of my God.
and a light to my path.
116 Uphold me according to your word,
106 I have sworn that I will keep your
that I may live;
righteous judgments,
and do not let me be ashamed of my hope.
and I will perform it. 117 Hold me up, and I will be safe,
107 I am greatly afflicted. and I will observe your statutes continually.
Revive me, O LORD, according to your word. 118 You reject all those who go astray
108 Accept, I pray, the freewill offerings from your statutes,
of my mouth, O LORD, for their deceit is falsehood.
and teach me your judgments. 119 You put an end to all the wicked of the
109 My soul is continually in my hand; earth like dross;
yet I do not forget your law. therefore I love your testimonies.
110 The wicked have laid a snare for me; 120 My flesh trembles for fear of you,
yet I have not gone astray from your and I am in awe of your judgments.
precepts.
111 I have taken your testimonies as a AYIN
heritage forever, 121 I have acted in justice and
for they are the rejoicing of my heart. righteousness;
112 I have inclined my heart to perform your do not leave me to my oppressors.
statutes continually, to the end. 122 Give a pledge to your servant for good.
obedient. Without these, because of the weakness of
119:103 See also 19:10; Prov 24:13,14. our nature, it is all too easy to forget Gods
Honey is sweet to the mouth, but Gods Word Word and drift away from its teachings.
when believed and obeyed brings a sweet 119:113 1 Kings 18:21; Jam 1:6,7; 4:8.
and holy joy to the spirit. Because he had such an intense love for
119:104 Verse 128; Prov 13:5. Under- Gods Word, everything opposed to it was
standing Gods Word enables us to discern disgusting to him. If there is hesitation in
wrong paths and to hate them as being obeying Gods Word, if one has two minds
dishonoring to God and destructive to men. about it, a love of sin is at the bottom of it.
119:105 The subject of this section is the 119:114 Shield 3:3; 18:2; 28:7; Gen
great value of Gods Word and the writers 15:1.
determination to keep it at all costs. Hope vs 43, 81, 147.
Lamp Prov 20:27; 2 Pet 1:19. 119:115 6:8; 97:10; 139:19. Those who
Light v 130; 19:8; Prov 6:23. The love God cannot be happy in the fellowship
Word of God is an infallible guide to of those who love evil.
conduct. It tells us exactly how to walk and 119:116,117 See 41:1-3; 55:22; Isa
what the goal is. If we neglect or spurn 41:10; 46:4.
Gods Word we are choosing darkness and 119:118 Such people may think themselves
we will not know what were doing or where very wise and great, but they cannot per-
were going. So we should be as the writer suade God to have the same view of them
of this psalm was as seen in v 131. (Gal 6:7).
119:106 Neh 10:29. 119:119 Mal 4:1; Matt 25:41; Rev 21:8. He
119:107 Verse 25; Rom 7:24. loved Gods laws because they are opposed
119:108 Teach v 12; 25:4,5; 143:8,10. to all wickedness, and because according to
119:109 See 1 Cor 15:30,31; 2 Cor 6:9; them God will purify the earth of wicked men.
11:23. 119:120 Thinking of the destruction of the
119:110 Verses 51, 61, 83, 87. wicked made him tremble for himself. He
119:111 The land of Canaan was a was well aware that he had a sinful nature
heritage of the people of Israel (105:11; and that only the grace of God could keep
Josh 1:6). But a far greater possession than him from evil. Note on the fear of God at
any land, any property on earth is the Word 34:11-14; 111:10; Gen 20:11; Job
of God. It is an eternal inheritance (Matt 28:28; 1 Peter 1:17; 2:17.
24:35), a joy forever. 119:121,122 He was not self-righteous like
119:112 Verse 106. To obey the Word of God the Pharisee in Luke 18:9-12. Throughout
requires great determination and self-discipline. this psalm he appears as one conscious of
PSALMS 119:123 786
Do not let the proud oppress me. for I longed for your commandments.
123 My eyes fail for your salvation, 132 Look at me, and be merciful to me,
and for the word of your righteousness. as you always do to those who love
124 Deal with your servant according to your name.
your mercy, 133 Direct my steps in your word,
and teach me your statutes. and do not let any sin get the
125 I am your servant. mastery over me.
Give me understanding so that I may 134 Deliver me from the oppression of man;
know your testimonies. so I will keep your precepts.
126 It is time for you, LORD, to work, 135 Make your face shine on your servant,
for they have violated your law. and teach me your statutes.
127 Therefore I love your commandments 136 Rivers of waters run down my eyes,
more than gold, because they do not keep your law.
yes, more than fine gold.
128 Therefore I regard all your precepts TSADE
concerning everything to be right, 137 You are righteous, O LORD,
and I hate every false way. and your judgments are upright.
138 Your testimonies that you have
PEY
commanded are righteous and very
129 Your testimonies are wonderful; trustworthy.
therefore my soul keeps them. 139 My zeal has consumed me,
130 The entrance of your words gives light; because my enemies have forgotten
it gives understanding to the simple. your words.
131 I opened my mouth and panted, 140 Your word is very pure;
his weakness and failure. A low opinion of has turned away from them and left them
themselves and a high quality of life should to their troubles and sufferings. At such
both be found in believers. But he knew that times we must not trust our feelings in this
on the whole he had, by Gods grace, lived matter but the unchanging promises of God.
according to Gods righteous ways. He knew 119:133 It is a sad thing when our enemies
that he was truly a servant of God. rule over us. Far sadder it is, and more
119:123 Verse 82; 6:7; 63:3; Lam 2:11. dangerous, when our greatest enemy sin
119:124 Deal v 88; 25:7; 69:16; rules us. Freedom from sins dominion
109:26. results only from the power of the Word of
Teach v 12. God in the life (v 11; John 8:31-36; Rom
119:125 If we are Gods servants we will want 6:16).
to understand His instructions to us, and we 119:134 Verse 122. To fully carry out the
can pray with confidence that He will give us commands of the Word of God freedom from
wisdom (Jam 1:5; 1 John 5:14,15). mans oppression is also important (1 Tim
119:126 Mans sin will have Gods judgment, 2:1,2).
and when the time is ripe God will arise to 119:135 Shine 4:6; 67:1; 80:3; Num 6:25.
judge the world. Teach v 12; 25:4,5.
119:127 Verses 14,57,111,162; 19:10. 119:136 He knew something of Gods
119:128 Right 19:8; 33:4. punishment, the disaster, suffering and
False way vs 104,163; 97:10; Prov destruction which come on a disobedient
13:5. and sinful people. So he wept (compare
119:129 Verse 13. Gods Word is full of Isa 22:4; Jer 9:1; Lam 1:16; 3:48;
wonderful truth, promises, instructions, and Luke 19:41-44; Rom 9:1-3).
revelations of God. But he did not imagine 119:137 The subject of this section is Gods
that it was enough to simply praise Gods righteousness and the eternal rightness of
Word he wanted to obey it. It is not His laws (129:4; 145:17; Isa 24:16; Jer
admiration of it that brings blessing but 23:6; Dan 9:7; Zeph 3:5; John 17:25).
obedience to it. 119:138 Trustworthy v 86; 19:7;
119:130 Verse 105; 19:7,8. 111:7; Matt 5:17,18.
119:131 Verse 20. We live in a dark world. 119:139 See 69:9; John 2:17. He
It is filled with religions and philosophical experienced an overwhelming desire that all
teachings, with false speculations about God should honor God and submit to the
and salvation, with dark and slippery paths authority of Gods Word, and was deeply
that lead to hell. We, like the author, should pained when God was dishonored by
pant for understanding of Gods Word, and disobedience. This kind of zeal is much
use every available means to study it. needed among believers.
119:132 See 6:4; 25:6; 69:16; 86:16. 119:140 See 12:6. There is no dross, no
It seems sometimes to believers that God impurity, nothing useless in Gods Word. It
787 PSALMS 119:163
therefore your servant loves it. 152 Concerning your testimonies, I have
141 I am small and despised; known for a long time that you
yet I do not forget your precepts. have established them forever.
142 Your righteousness is an everlasting
righteousness, RESH
and your law is the truth. 153 Consider my affliction, and rescue me;
143 Trouble and anguish have taken hold of me; for I do not forget your law.
yet your commandments are my delight. 154 Plead my cause, and rescue me.
144 The righteousness of your testimonies Revive me according to your word.
is everlasting; 155 Salvation is far from the wicked,
give me understanding, and I will live. for they do not seek your statutes.
156 Great are your tender mercies, O LORD.
KOPH
Revive me according to your judgments.
145 I cried out with my whole heart. 157 Many are my persecutors and my enemies;
Hear me, O LORD. yet I do not turn away from your
I will keep your statutes. testimonies.
146 I cried out to you. Save me, 158 I saw the transgressors, and was grieved
and I will keep your testimonies. because they did not keep your word.
147 I rise before dawn in the morning, 159 Consider how I love your precepts.
and cry out. I hope in your word. Revive me, O LORD, according to your
148 My eyes remain awake through the loving kindness.
night watches, 160 Your word is true from the beginning,
that I might meditate on your word. and every one of your righteous
149 Hear my voice, according to your judgments remains forever.
loving kindness.
O LORD, revive me according to SHIN
your judgment. 161 Princes have persecuted me without a cause,
150 Those who follow evil draw near; but my heart stands in awe of your word.
they are far from your law. 162 I rejoice at your word, like someone who
151 You are near, O LORD, finds great plunder.
and all your commandments are truth. 163 I hate and abhor lying,
is altogether worthy of the hearty love the 1 Pet 4:4). They are near believers to try
author had for it, and that we should have to ruin them, but are far from God.
for it. 119:151 If the Lord is near He will keep His
119:141 Small love for Gods Word and servants, and deal with the wicked in His
humility must go together. time and way.
Forget vs 57, 61, 83, 87. 119:152 Verse 89; 111:8; Luke 21:33.
119:142 Verses 151, 160. 119:153 In this section the writer in his great
119:143 Only the believer can experience trouble asks God to look into his case and
acute suffering, and joy in Gods Word at deal with him according to His wisdom and
the same time (2 Cor 6:10; 7:4; Phil grace.
2:17; Col 1:24). 119:154 See 35:1; 1 Sam 24:15; Jer
119:144 Verses 34, 73, 125, 169. The fourth 50:34.
of five prayers in this one psalm for under- 119:155 The wicked are far from salvation
standing. Nine other times he asks God to because they willingly remain in ignorance
teach him. Have we ever asked it even once? of Gods Word. If they sought God and His
119:145 See verse 10. Word they too could be saved (Isa 55:7;
119:146 See verse 77. Jam 4:8-10).
119:147 See 5:3; 57:8; 108:2; Mark 119:156 Tender mercies or compassion
1:35. All believers should attempt to es- 103:8; 106:45; Lam 3:22,23.
tablish and maintain a time for prayer and Revive vs 25,107.
meditation early in the morning. But their 119:157 Verse 113; 3:1,2; 44:15-18.
hope should be, not in their discipline, or 119:158 See 5:6; 139:21,22; Lev 26:30.
prayers, but in Gods Word. 119:159 He calls God as witness that he truly
119:148 63:6; Luke 6:12. Special times loves Gods Word, and makes this the
of need call for special seasons of prayer. ground of his prayer.
119:149 The writer may be requesting 119:160 Verse 89; 111:8.
either preservation in a time of danger, or 119:161 Persecuted vs 23, 122, 157.
spiritual quickening. See v 25. Stands in awe or trembles or fears
119:150 Some people are so spiritually v 120; Ezra 9:4; Isa 66:2.
ignorant that they not merely act wickedly, 119:162 Verse 72; 19:10.
they do so with great eagerness (Eph 4:19; 119:163 Verses 104,128; 97:10; Prov
PSALMS 119:164 788
but I love your law. for you teach me your statutes.
164 Seven times a day I praise you 172 My tongue will speak of your word,
because of your righteous judgments. for all your commandments are righteous.
165 Great peace have they who love your law, 173 Let your hand help me,
and nothing makes them stumble. for I have chosen your precepts.
166 LORD, I hope for your salvation, 174 I have longed for your salvation,
and do your commandments. O LORD, and your law is my delight.
167 My soul has kept your testimonies, 175 Let my soul live, and it will praise you;
and I love them exceedingly. and let your judgments help me.
168 I have kept your precepts and your 176 I have gone astray like a lost sheep.
testimonies, Seek your servant, for I do not forget
for all my ways are before you. your commandments.
TAV
169 Let my cry come before you, O LORD. 120
Give me understanding according to A song of ascents
your word.
170 Let my supplication come before you. 1 In my distress I cried out to the LORD,
Deliver me according to your word. and he heard me.
171 My lips will utter praise, 2 Rescue my soul, O LORD, from lying lips,
13:5. Mark this down as certain if we do But he has to confess his failure. Sin work-
not hate lies and deceit we do not love the ing in him had sometimes led him astray,
truth. and he needed God to seek him and restore
119:164 Have we once in our whole life him (see Isa 53:6; Luke 15:4). Though
praised God for His just laws and judgments? he has gone astray he knows he is still Gods
119:165 See 37:11; Isa 26:3,12; 27:5; servant and that he still keeps Gods
32:17; 57:19,21. Only those who are commandments in mind. Those who most
right with God and walk according to His Word earnestly try to live according to Gods Word
can love Gods teaching, and only they can are often the most conscious of how far they
enjoy the peace God gives. Since the lives fall short of fully doing so (Isa 64:5; Jer
of such people are based on the great 3:25; Dan 9:4,5; Rom 7:18-21; Jam 3:2).
foundation of Gods Word they will not fall. 120 Title: The fifteen psalms beginning with
119:166-168 Verse 81. In time of perse- this one are all called songs of ascents
cution he did not wait in despair or idleness. (from a Hebrew word which means to go
While he waits for God to deliver him, he is up). Scholars have speculated a great deal
active in obedience to Gods commands. He about the significance of the word as used
knew the truth expressed in Heb 4:13 be- here and have offered many diverse sug-
fore it was written. gestions. Perhaps the best suggestion is
119:169 See verse 144. this: According to Ex 34:23,24 and Deut
119:170 See 17:1; 28:2; 61:1; 86:6; 16:16 and the custom of the Jews, at the
140:6; 143:1. times of religious festivals, three times a
119:171 Nine times in this psalm he asks year, the people went up to Jerusalem as
God to teach him. Here he expresses his pilgrims to worship the true and living God.
confidence that God is doing so. And he Jerusalem was high in the hills of Judah, so
considers this a matter for great praise, which that it meant that most of the people had
indeed it is (94:12). We must always to ascend to get there. It is likely that they
remember that if we are taught of God, the sang these songs of ascent on the way.
reason is that we might praise Him and not Verses 1 and 4 of psalm 122 may well
ourselves for what we have learned. be key verses of this whole group of psalms.
119:172 Gods righteousness should be a The chief concern of believers now should
frequent theme of our songs 7:17; be to ascend spiritually, drawing nearer and
9:2-4; 33:3-5; 51:14; 71:22-24; 98:1,2. nearer to God. This will surely result if we
119:173 Help 37:24; 73:23; Isa 41:10. put into practice the spiritual teachings of
Chosen he did not try to follow Gods these songs of ascent. Most of these psalms
commands merely because he was born an are quite short. They show that prayers need
Israelite and it was expected of him. No, not be long to be weighty and powerful.
he heartily chose to do so, he made an 120:1 See 18:6; 31:7; 77:2; 120:1; 118:5.
earnest decision to do so. 120:2 His distress was caused by liars and
119:174 Verse 166. slanderers (compare 5:9; 10:7; 12:2;
119:175 Verses 77, 116, 159. 28:3; 36:3; 43:1; 144:8). When lies,
119:176 The writer loved Gods Word. Gods deceit and slanders are on every side we
commands were not grievous to him but a must appeal only to God. God can use such
delight. He longed to know Gods Word circumstances to cause us to ascend in our
better and live according to it more perfectly. spiritual lives.
789 PSALMS 122:4
and from a deceitful tongue. The LORD is your shade at your
3 What shall be given to you? right hand.
or what shall be done to you, you false tongue? 6 The sun will not strike you by day,
4 Sharp arrows of the mighty, nor the moon by night.
with coals of fire of the broom tree! 7 The LORD will preserve you from all evil;
5 Woe is me, that I live in Meshech, he will preserve your soul.
that I dwell in the tents of Kedar! 8 The LORD will preserve your going out
6 My soul has dwelt too long with him who and your coming in from this time on
hates peace. and forevermore.
7 I am for peace:
but when I speak, they are for war.
122
121 A song of ascents by David
A song of ascents
1 I was glad when they said to me,
Let us go into the house of the LORD.
1 I will lift up my eyes to the hills from 2 Our feet stand within your gates,
where my help comes. O Jerusalem.
2 My help comes from the LORD, 3 Jerusalem is built like a city that is
who made heaven and earth. compacted together;
3 He will not allow your foot to be moved. 4 There the tribes go up, the tribes of
He who keeps you will not slumber. the LORD,
4 Behold, he who keeps Israel will neither to the Testimony of Israel,
slumber nor sleep. to give thanks to the name of the LORD.
5 The LORD is the one who keeps you.
120:3,4 God will deal with liars and deceiv- sleep. Life is no dream in the mind of a
ers at the proper time and in a perfectly sleeping deity. The true God is eternally
fitting way. Lying tongues are like sharp alert to watch over His own.
arrows (57:4; 64:3; Prov 25:18; Jer 121:5 See 17:8; 36:7; 57:1; 91:1; Isa
9:8), and a burning fire (Prov 16:27; Jam 25:4; 32:2.
3:6). Arrows and fire will be Gods punish- 121:6 This does not mean that believers
ment for such. For Gods way of dealing in may not feel the effects of sun or moon. It
just judgment see 18:25-27; 63:9,10; does not mean that difficulties, dangers, and
64:7,8; etc. Eventually God will deliver all death will not come to them as to everyone
His people from liars and slanderers and else. It means that believers will not be
make the world free of them (Rev 21:8,27). truly harmed by these things, that only what
120:5 Meshech was far to the north of God permits for their good will come to them
Israel, Kedar to the south. The writer could by day or by night (Rom 8:28). The out-
not live in both places at the same time. working of all this is not something we can
He is speaking metaphorically. It seems to always detect and understand on this earth.
him that his neighbors were like those 121:7,8 2 Tim 4:18; 1 Pet 1:5; 2 Pet 2:9;
barbaric peoples who did not know God. Deut 28:6. Throughout lifes pilgrimage and
120:6,7 Rom 12:18; 14:19; Heb 12:14. to all eternity the person who trusts in the
But it is not always possible to live at peace God of the Bible has perfect protection.
with all. For the sake of peace scriptural prin- 122 Title: See psalm 120.
ciples cannot be abandoned or compromised. 122:1 A person who loves God will love the
121 Title: See psalm 120. We might call true worship of God and the people of God.
this the psalm of protection on the Our attitude toward the house of God is an
believers pilgrimage. indication of the state of our spiritual life
121:1 The pilgrim draws near to the hills of (26:8; Acts 2:42,46,47; 3:1; 5:42; Heb 10:25).
Judea, and Jerusalem, the city of God, and 122:2-4 Jerusalem was the capital city of
knows that the God who dwells there in the Israel, the center of rule and worship, the
temple will give him help. city of God. God intended it to be a unify-
121:2 The LORD (Jehovah), the mighty ing force among the twelve tribes. That is
Creator of the universe, is the helper of all one reason He instructed His people to go
believers (33:6; 89:11-13; 96:4,5; there at least thrice yearly for worship (Ex
124:8; 134:3; 136:4-9). Safety on our 34:22,23; Deut 12:4,5; 16:5,6,16; 31:11).
earthly pilgrimage comes from Him alone. He wanted them to have one center, one
121:3,4 Foot 26:12; 38:16; 91:12; 94:18. heart, one faith. Believers now have no
The believer will never fall to destruction. earthly center. Their city is the Jerusalem
Sleep 1 Kings 18:25-27; Hab 2:19. which is above (Gal 4:26; Heb 12:22). Their
The eternal God does not grow weary or center is Christ. Compare Eph 4:13-16.
PSALMS 122:5 790
5 For thrones of judgment are set there, and the contempt of the proud.
the thrones of the house of David.
6 Pray for the peace of Jerusalem.
They who love you will prosper. 124
7 Peace be within your walls,
A song of ascents by David
and prosperity within your palaces.
8 For the sake of my brethren and
1 If it had not been the LORD who was
companions I will now say,
on our side,
Peace be within you.
now may Israel say,
9 I will seek your good because of the
2 If it had not been the LORD who was
house of the LORD our God.
on our side,
when men rose up against us,
123 3 Then they would have swallowed us up
quickly,
A song of ascents when their anger burned against us.
4 Then the waters would have overwhelmed us,
1 To you I lift up my eyes, the stream would have gone over our soul;
O you who dwell in the heavens. 5 Then the raging waters would have gone
2 See, as the eyes of servants look to the over our soul.
hand of their masters,
and as the eyes of a maid look to the 6 Blessed be the LORD,
hand of her mistress, who has not given us as prey to their teeth.
so our eyes look to the LORD our God, 7 Our soul has escaped like a bird out of
until he has mercy on us. the snare of the fowlers.
3 Have mercy on us, O LORD, have mercy on us, The snare has been broken,
for we have faced very great contempt. and we have escaped.
4 Our soul endures the very great scorn of 8 Our help is in the name of the LORD,
those who are at ease, who made heaven and earth.
122:6-9 For Israels national unity the peace circumstances to God. In beautiful and
of Jerusalem was absolutely necessary. If meaningful language he expresses the ut-
quarreling and divisions occurred there, it ter dependence of Gods people on God
would harm the whole life of the nation. The alone for mercy and a change in conditions.
tribes would not be attracted to go up to a We are to look to God humbly, obediently,
center filled with strife. So he prayed for continually, attentively, believingly.
peace for the sake of the people (v 8), and 123:3,4 It seems that proud and arrogant
for the sake of Gods house (v 9). Today men were as numerous as the lying and
people are not attracted to churches and deceitful he spoke of in 120 (10:2-5;
assemblies that are divided and quarreling. 12:3,4; 86:14; 140:5). Both sorts of people
For the sake of the people of God and the are an abomination to God (Prov 6:16-19).
honor of God we too must seek to maintain 124 Title: See psalm 120.
unity and peace in the Holy Spirit and in the 124:1-5 These verses refer to a great deliv-
truth (Rom 15:5,6; Eph 4:3; Col 3:15). erance from enemies. They attacked Israel
122:9 An example to every Christian. We like a raging flood, like wild beasts (v 6),
must always think of ways to do good to like fierce hunters (v 7). Israel is now urged
Christs church and people (Heb 10:24). to declare openly that deliverance was not
123 Title: See psalm 120. due to their wisdom, skill, or strength, but
123:1 There are ascending steps of thought only to this one fact: God was on their side.
in these first four songs of ascent. In 120 The church of Christ is in a hostile world. Satan
he saw the sad conditions around him. In combines with evil men to try to destroy it.
121 he lifted his eyes to the hills around Believers have been and still are ridiculed,
Jerusalem. In 122 he stood in the city threatened, discriminated against, perse-
looking about, admiring and praising. Now cuted, tortured, killed. But Christs church will
he lifts his eyes higher still. God was with never be destroyed, for God is still on the
His people in Jerusalem, but His throne is side of His people (Matt 16:18; Rom 8:31).
in heaven where He rules over the earth and 124:6,7 Praise to the Lord for His deliver-
the whole universe. Let us keep our eyes ance from the evil hunter of mens souls
there and we will ascend in our spiritual life (25:15; 91:3).
(25:15; Col 3:1,2; Heb 12:2). 124:8 See 20:2; 27:9; 33:20; 40:17;
123:2 He is a willing slave of the God 46:1; 60:11. If Almighty God, the Creator
of heaven, as we too should be. He leaves of the universe, is our help, what other help
the rule of the world and his own do we need?
791 PSALMS 126:6
125 126
A song of ascents A song of ascents
1 Those who trust in the LORD are like 1 When the LORD brought back the captives
mount Zion, which cannot be shaken, of Zion,
but remains forever. we were like those who dream.
2 As the mountains are around Jerusalem,
2 Then our mouth was filled with laughter,
so the LORD is around his people
and our tongue with singing;
from this time on and forever.
then they said among the nations,
3 For the sceptre of the wicked will not
The LORD has done great things for them.
rest over the allotment of the righteous,
3 The LORD has done great things for us;
or else the righteous might put out
we are glad.
their hands to wickedness.
4 Do good, O LORD, to those who do good, 4 Bring back our captives, O LORD,
and to those who are upright in like the streams in the South.
their hearts.
5 As for those who turn aside to their 5 Those who sow in tears will reap in joy.
crooked ways, 6 He who goes out weeping,
the LORD will cause them to depart bearing precious seed,
with those who do evil. will doubtless come again with rejoicing,
But peace will be on Israel. bringing his sheaves with him.
125 Title: See psalm 120. Apparently at captivity as in Jeremiah chapter 52. Or
this time the throne at Jerusalem was in perhaps he meant a time of spiritual de-
the hands of evil men (v 3). But he ex- cline when Zion fell into evil hands as in
presses confidence that believers will be 125:3, and experienced a spiritual captiv-
secure (vs 1,2), and that the unrighteous ity. The words fit either case. Release from
reign will pass away (v 3). The psalm closes captivity was altogether the Lords work and
with a prayer and a prophecy (vs 4,5). it brought great joy to those delivered.
125:1 Those who trust in the Lord are called Compare Isa 61:1-3; Luke 4:17-19.
the righteous in v 3, and good and upright One of the great benefits of the gospel
in v 4. Righteousness, goodness, and of Christ is that those who believe are
uprightness are fruits of true faith in God. released from bondage to sin, Satan, and
Forever generations have passed, the fear of death John 8:32,26; Rom
nations have arisen and fallen, wars have 8:2; Gal 5:1,13; 2 Tim 2:25,26; Heb
engulfed the earth. Mount Zion is still there 2:14,15. Is there any greater joy than to
unshaken. Believers are made for eternity. be released from such bondage (Luke
125:2 Jerusalem is in a mountainous area 24:52,53; Acts 2:46,47; 1 Pet 1:8,9)?
and hills surround it. So God Himself is 126:3 See 71:19; 106:21; Deut 10:21;
around believers as a shield, a refuge, a 1 Sam 12:24; Joel 2:21,26. Let us
living presence, and He will never leave them meditate on the great things the Lord Jesus
(32:10; Deut 33:27; John 10:28; 17:15; has done for us.
Jude 1). 126:4 Bring back our captives could also
125:3 See 89:22; Isa 13:11; 14:5,6. be translated Restore our well-being (v 1).
God permits unrighteous rulers to be in power Either deliverance was not complete, or
for only a time. When the wicked rule, the after the deliverance the people of God once
righteous must be very careful not to fall again fell into some kind of bondage. They
into evil ways themselves. needed a new outpouring of Gods power
125:4 This prayer is in accordance with Gods and grace. The south of Israel was dry and
revealed way of dealing with people. See desert-like. The streams dried up in sum-
18:25-27. mer and could flow again only when God
125:5 Cause. . .to depart Matt 7:23; sent rain from heaven. See Isa 35:6,7 for
25:11,41; Luke 13:24-27; 2 Thess 1:8-10. what God can do in both the natural and
Peace 128:6; Rom 2:10; Gal 6:16; spiritual realms.
Eph 2:17,18. 126:5,6 These verses naturally follow the prayer
126 Title: See psalm 120. Though very brief for restoration. Those delivered from bond-
this psalm gives us a song of joy (vs 1-3), age are the ones who will labor in the gospel
a prayer (v 4), and a promise (vs 5,6). fields and reap a harvest for the Lord. The
126:1-3 Brought back the captives of Zion tears and weeping indicate the great earnest-
this could be translated restored the ness of Gods servants. They weep because
well-being of Zion (see note at 14:7). It is of the opposition of sinners, the hardness of
not clear from the Hebrew what sort of mens hearts, the danger that faces lost men.
captivity is meant. Perhaps it was physical They may be sad too because of their own
PSALMS 127:1 792
127
5 Happy is the man who has his quiver full
of them.
They will not be ashamed,
A song of ascents for Solomon but will speak with their enemies in the gate.
1 Unless the LORD builds the house,
those who build it labour in vain.
Unless the LORD guards the city,
128
the watchman stays awake in vain. A song of ascents
2 It is in vain for you to rise up early,
to sit up late, 1 Blessed is every one who fears the LORD,
to eat the bread of sorrows; who walks in his ways.
for he gives his beloved sleep. 2 For you will eat the labour of your hands.
You will be happy, and it will be well with you.
3 See, children are a heritage from the LORD, 3 Your wife will be like a fruitful vine
and the fruit of the womb is his reward. within your house,
4 Like arrows in the hand of a mighty man, your children like olive plants around your table.
so are the children of ones youth. 4 See that the man who fears the LORD will
weakness and ineffectiveness and failure. In these New Testament times believers are
They weep for love of Christ and compassion (or should be) concerned, not with worldly
for lost men. Such people will certainly reap a inheritances and defense of property rights,
harvest. Joy will be theirs in the end 119:136; but with their inheritance in heaven Matt
Isa 22:4; Jer 9:l; 13:17; 14:17; Luke 6:19,20; Acts 20:32; Rom 8:17; Heb
19:41; Acts 20:19,31; 1 Cor 15:58. 11:39,40; 1 Pet 1:3,4.
127 Title: Psalm 120. This psalm was ei- Children are compared to arrows but
ther for or by Solomon the builder of the this means the finished product. At birth
temple the Hebrew can mean either. they are more like little twigs 128:3.
127:1,2 These verses do not teach laziness, Arrows are made they do not grow by them-
idleness, or carelessness. They teach the selves. To be good arrows they must be
uselessness of human effort apart from God. smoothed and polished. They must be aimed
Of course, we must work diligently and well and will go where they are pointed (compare
(Prov 24:30-34; Eccl 9:10; 1 Cor 15:58). Prov 22:6). Eventually they must be released
But we must recognize that it is God alone they are not effective in the quiver. Do we
who can prosper the work and make it truly want our children to be arrows in the Lords
fruitful. Though the ungodly may build huge hand to fight His spiritual battles?
mansions, great fortunes, and big families, 128 Title: See psalm 120.
it will all come to nothing, and is what 128:1 This psalm gives a beautiful picture of
Solomon called in another place vanity of an ideal home. The husband is a God-fearing
vanities (Eccl 2:4-11). man, successful in his work. His wife stays
127:2 Here he condemns, not diligent work, home and sees to the affairs of the house
but anxious care. We need not drive our- and the rearing of the children. The children
selves to exhaustion. God wants us to rest are healthy and thriving. The blessing of God
in Him, to trust Him in all our work, and to rests on them all. Notes on blessed at 1:1.
enjoy relaxing and refreshing sleep. See Notes on fear at 34:11-14; 111:10; Job
Matt 6:25-34; 11:28-30. He gives rest to 28:28; Prov 1:7. The fear of the Lord causes
those who have a relationship of trust and us to walk in His ways. It is useless to think or
love with Him. say we fear the Lord or to hope for His bless-
He gives his beloved sleep this could ing if we do not do what He says (1:1-3;
be translated while they sleep He provides 119:1-3; Jer 6:16; 7:23).
for those He loves. This also is true, but 128:2 See 58:11; Isa 3:10. In the Old
probably not the best translation. Testament prosperity was sometimes a sign
127:3-5 In Old Testament days the indi- of Gods blessing (1:3; Gen 24:35).
vidual Israelites inheritance in the land was 128:3 Happy the home where the wife
very important to him Num 26:53; Josh honors her husband, and lovingly occupies
11:23; Jud 2:6. If he had no children, at herself with her children and household
his death the inheritance would go into the duties 1 Tim 5:14; Titus 2:4,5; 1 Pet
hands of others (Num 27:8-11). Children 3:5,6.
were linked with the land and both were Children 52:8; 144:12. Compare 127:4.
Gods gift and heritage. In that time and 128:4 A great blessing indeed to have a
place a big family was a blessing. This is home like that described here. Observe
not necessarily true of every time and place carefully that the foundation of it all is the
(see 1 Cor 7:1,7,8,32-34). fear of the Lord.
127:4,5 Arrows speak of warfare and 128:5,6 When the foundation is right ones
defense. Those who had children had help whole life can be full of hope, joy, and
in the defense of their property and rights. blessing.
793 PSALMS 130:3
be blessed like this. shame and turned back.
5 The LORD will bless you out of Zion, 6 Let them be like the grass on
and you will see the good of Jerusalem the housetops,
all the days of your life. which withers before it grows up,
6 Yes, you will see your childrens 7 With which the reaper does not fill
children. his hand,
Peace be on Israel! or he who binds sheaves, his arms.
8 And may those who go by not say,
129 The blessing of the LORD be on you.
We bless you in the name of
the LORD.
A song of ascents
1 From my youth many times they have
afflicted me, may Israel now say,
130
2 From my youth many times they have A song of ascents
afflicted me;
yet they have not prevailed against me. 1 Out of the depths I have cried out to you,
3 The plowmen plowed on my back; O LORD.
they made their furrows long. 2 Lord, hear my voice.
4 The LORD is righteous. Let your ears be attentive to the voice
He has cut in two the cords of of my supplications.
the wicked. 3 If you, LORD, should watch for sins,
5 Let all those who hate Zion be put to O Lord, who could stand?
128:5 Zion 9:11; 20:2; 135:21. 129:6,7 In other words, let such people be
Jerusalem prosperity to the capital city soon destroyed and little remain of them.
here means prosperity to the whole country. 129:8 Compare Ruth 2:4. How can people
128:6 See 125:5. who hate Zion expect to have the blessing
129 Title: See psalm 120. of God who loved Zion and chose it for His
129:1 From Ps 128 some people might get dwelling place? They may imagine they have
the false impression that the fear of the Gods blessing, but in the end it will prove a
Lord always produces a prosperous and delusion.
trouble-free life. This psalm should correct 130 Title: See psalm 120. This psalm takes
such an idea. The history of Israel reveals us from the depths of depression to the
that afflictions often follow Gods people. heights of assurance and hope. It is indeed
From my youth is a reference to the a psalm of ascents.
afflictions experienced in Egypt when they 130:1 Depths dark, difficult, depressing
began to be a numerous people and nation experience, the depths of a sad and
(Exodus chapter 1), and to the troubles with struggling heart (compare 40:2; 69:2).
surrounding nations all through their Judg- ing from vs 3,4 the cause of his pain
history. was his deep conviction of sin as in psalms
129:2-4 A great many enemies tried to de- 32 and 51.
stroy Israel completely, but none succeeded. O LORD he did not simply cry to his
The New Testament church has the same friends or complain about his condition. He
promise (Matt 16:18). Israel was not pre- did the one thing needful in all depths of
served because of their own righteousness trouble he lifted his heart and voice to God.
but because of Gods. Their deliverance was 130:2 See 27:7; 28:2,6; 31:22; 86:6;
not their work but the Lords. 2 Chron 6:40; 1 John 5:14,15.
129:3 Satan would like to pierce us, slice us, 130:3,4 See 143:2; 1 Sam 6:20; Ezra 9:15;
and break us up with his plow. But if God Nahum 1:6; Rev 6:17. For one sin Adam
permits us to be plowed up it is because He and Eve lost paradise and all their offspring
means to have a harvest from us. He will became sinners. For one sin Achan lost his
sow His Word in the furrows, lay His healing life, and Saul lost his kingdom. If God took
hand on the pain, and bring fruitfulness out our innumerable sins into account and held
of our affliction. them against us, far from standing, we would
129:4 The Lord was righteous in permitting partake of eternal darkness and destruction.
all the affliction Israel experienced, and righ- But if we are true believers, if we are in Christ,
teous when He came to their deliverance. there is no condemnation (Rom 8:1), our
129:5 To hate Zion was to hate the people of sins are not counted against us (32:1,2;
God, and to hate God who then dwelled in His Rom 4:8; 8:33; 2 Cor 5:19), we are freely
temple there. Such haters of Zion deserved and fully forgiven (notes on forgiveness at
nothing but shame, dishonor, and destruction. Matt 6:12,14,15; 9:5-7; 12:31; 18:23-35;
For such prayers see note at 35:8. Eph 1:7; 1 John 1:9).
PSALMS 130:4 794
131
4 But there is forgiveness with you,
that you may be feared.
5 I wait for the LORD;
my soul waits, and in his word A song of ascents by David
I hope.
6 My soul waits for the Lord more than 1 LORD, my heart is not haughty,
those who watch for the morning; nor my eyes lofty;
I say, more than those who watch for nor do I concern myself with
the morning. great matters,
7 Let Israel hope in the LORD, or with things too exalted for me.
for with the LORD there is mercy, 2 Surely I have calmed and quieted myself,
and with him is abundant like a weaned child with his mother;
redemption. my soul within me is like a weaned child.
8 And he will redeem Israel from 3 Let Israel hope in the LORD from this
all his sins. time on and forever.
Some think that Gods grace in forgiving Rom 12:16; Jam 4:6. Not everyone who
sins will lead to more sin. Their view is that says he is humble is really so, and they
people will not fear so merciful a God, but who think they are not may be. Was David
will do as they please thinking they can revealing pride in speaking of his humility?
always get forgiveness when they want it. No. He wrote these words by the inspiration
This whole view of things is a large error. of Gods Spirit and spoke them to God, not
Verse 4 teaches that Gods forgiveness leads to men. Davids conduct throughout his life
to the fear of God. He forgives only when proves the truth of his words here, and in
there is real repentance, and the forgiven this matter is an example to us all as to
sinner rejoices in Gods goodness and learns how to conduct ourselves.
to honor, love, and reverence God (Rom Great matters David did not strive
2:4,5; 6:1-4; 2 Cor 5:17). The fact is, only after position and authority. He was not
those who are forgiven know what the fear trying to be big (compare Jer 45:5). Also
of God really is. Notes on this fear at he recognized that the mysteries of Gods
34:11-14; 111:10; etc. being, plans, and actions were too profound
130:5 Wait 27:14; Isa 8:17; 26:8; for his intellect to grasp. He was willing to
30:18; 49:23. It is the duty of believers to simply trust in the God who had revealed
wait for Gods time and way of answering Himself to Israel (compare 139:6; Eccl
prayer. The writer waits for God to act, to 8:17; Isa 40:14,28; 55:8,9; Rom
answer, to draw near, to lead him again to 11:33,34).
happy fellowship with God. 131:2 David, though he was a mighty war-
Hope 119:74. In times of gloom and rior, a successful king, and a great poet com-
trouble and conviction of sin we should pared himself to a child. He was taught by
search out some of Gods precious promises Gods Spirit a truth the Lord Jesus later put
and put our faith and hope in them. God will in words Matt 18:3,4; Mark 10:15; Luke
never reject those who hope in His Word. 18:16,17. But David disciplined himself to
130:6 The watchman longs for the dawn be a weaned child. An unweaned child is all
when the loneliness and possible dangers taken up with his own desires. He selfishly
of the night will be past and he can return to clamors for the satisfaction and comfort his
his home for rest and refreshment. Just so mother gives. He wants only his own will to
the writer longed to come out of the spiritual prevail. A weaned child is beginning to learn
darkness that he had been experiencing. discipline and self-control. He is learning that
130:7,8 Out of the depths the author cried the mothers will is best for him. And he starts
and has now reached the heights of hope appreciating her for herself and not merely
and assurance. So may we in any depths for what she can give him. And he has left a
we experience if we do as he did. milk diet for stronger food. We should
130:7 In the LORD we must put our hope apply all this to a believers relationship with
there and nowhere else if we want to avoid God (Heb 5:11-14; 1 Cor 3:1,2;
disappointment. Notes on redemption at 14:20).
78:35; Matt 20:28. At the cost of the life of 131:3 Gods people must learn not to hope
His Son the God of the Bible has provided full, in themselves, in their own intellect or
complete, eternal redemption in the Lord Jesus strength. Jehovah must eternally be the
Christ for all who will have it (Heb 9:12). object of our faith and hope (2 Cor 1:9;
130:8 Matt 1:21; Luke 1:68. 3:4,5).
131 Title: See psalm 120. Here is a small 132 Title: See Psalm 120. This psalm was
psalm with big thoughts on the proper char- probably written by Solomon or by some poet
acter and conduct of a believing pilgrim. It or prophet in Solomons day. It was prob-
points the way to ascent in the spiritual life. ably written for the bringing of the ark of
Humility is the key thought. God into the temple Solomon built (1 Kings
131:1 See 101:5; Prov 6:16,17; Isa 2:12; 6:37,38; 8:1-6,62,63).
795 PSALMS 132:18
132
and let your saints shout for joy.
10 For the sake of your servant David do not
turn away the face of your anointed.
A song of ascents
11 The LORD has sworn in truth to David,
1 LORD, remember David, and all his and he will not turn from it:
afflictions, I will set on your throne one of the
2 And how he swore to the LORD, fruit of your body.
and made a vow to the mighty God 12 If your children keep my covenant and
of Jacob: my testimony,
3 Surely I will not go into a room of my which I will teach them,
house, or get into my bed, their children will also sit on your
4 And I will not give sleep to my eyes, throne forevermore.
or slumber to my eyelids, 13 For the LORD has chosen Zion;
5 Until I find a place for the LORD, he has desired it for his dwelling.
a dwelling for the mighty God of Jacob. 14 This is my resting place forever;
6 Look, we heard of it at Ephratah; here I will dwell, for I have desired it.
we found it in the fields of the woods. 15 I will abundantly bless her provisions.
7 We will go into his tabernacle. I will satisfy her poor with bread.
We will worship at his footstool. 16 I will also clothe her priests with salvation,
8 Arise, O LORD, into your resting place, and her saints will shout aloud for joy.
you, and the ark of your strength. 17 There I will cause the horn of David to grow.
9 Let your priests be clothed with I have appointed a lamp for my anointed.
righteousness, 18 I will clothe his enemies with shame;
132:1 Wanting God to hear his prayer, he Davids place, but the words could also
pleads Davids name and afflictions. refer to all the kings who came after him.
Believers now have a much higher name to 132:11,12 David, loving God, made vows to
plead in prayer Davids Son and Davids Him. God, loving David, made promises to
Lord, our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ. We him. The spiritual life is mutual love be-
cannot approach God in our own merit, but tween God and His children. Notes on Gods
we can pray, O God, remember Jesus and covenant with David at 89:3,4,19-37; 2 Sam
all His afflictions. 7:11-16. The Lord Jesus was born on earth
132:2-5 2 Sam 7:1,2; 1 Chron 28:2. David, in Davids royal line and is the heir to the
living in his palace, thought it not right that throne of David Luke 1:32,33.
the ark, which was the symbol of Gods pres- 132:13 It was not buildings or hills that caused
ence with Israel, should remain in a tent. the Lord God to choose Zion. It is people God
This vow is not recorded in the historical is most concerned about, not places.
record of David. Here it is recorded to show 132:14 Gods resting place forever is with
how David loved God, and was zealous for His people. The whole Bible is the story of
Gods dwelling place among His people. How His desire to dwell with them. See note at
many sleepless nights have we experienced Ex 25:8. God actually forsook the literal
for the sake of Gods work? Jerusalem and gave it up to the enemy
132:6 Heard of it probably means heard (Ezekiel chapter 10 describes Gods glory
concerning the ark of God. departing, and Jeremiah chapter 52 records
Fields of the woods in Hebrew fields of the fall of Jerusalem). But God has never
Jaar. Jaar can also be taken as a proper name forsaken His people. And judging from this
here. According to some scholars Jaar is Kiriath verse, and others like it, the literal Jerusa-
Jearim, the place where the ark of the lem still figures in Gods plans for the
covenant had been since the days of Samuel. future (Ezek 48:35; Zech 14:16-21).
132:7 Tabernacle or dwelling place 132:15 See 23:1; 2 Cor 9:8; Phil 4:19.
the temple in Jerusalem (5:7; 122:1,2). 132:16 Verse 9. In this New Testament era
Footstool in Israel God was said to all believers are priests. Note at Ex 28:1.
be enthroned over the cherubim of the ark, 132:17 Horn 75:4,5; 89:17; 92:10.
and the ark itself was like His footstool Here horn symbolizes one with authority and
(80:1; 99:1; 1 Chron 28:2). power, a king. See Luke 1:69 where the
132:8 Num 10:35,36. This suggests the word refers to the Lord Jesus.
taking of the ark into the Most Holy Place in Lamp 1 Kings 11:36; 15:4. Lamp
the temple in Solomons time 1 Kings 8:6. here indicates the continuance of the royal
132:9 Isa 61:3,10; Zech 3:4; Mal 3:3; Eph house of David. David is a type of the Lord
6:14. This is what God desires for all His Jesus, the light of the world. Compared to
servants and believers. True righteousness Him Davids lamp was but a dim, flickering
brings true joy. Sin brings grief and misery. light in the surrounding darkness (Luke
132:10 Verse 1. The anointed one here is 1:78; 2:32; John 8:12; Rev 21:22,23).
probably Solomon anointed to be king in 132:18 Shame 6:10; 35:26; 44:7;
PSALMS 133:1 796
but his crown will gleam on himself. all you servants of the LORD,
who stand at night in the house
133 of the LORD.
2 Lift up your hands in the sanctuary and
praise the LORD.
A song of ascents by David
3 The LORD who made heaven and earth bless
you from Zion!
1 See how good and how pleasant
it is for brethren to dwell together
in unity!
2 It is like the precious oil on the head 135
running down on the beard,
on Aarons beard, running down to the
1 Praise the LORD!
collar of his garments.
Praise the name of the LORD;
3 It is like the dew of Hermon,
praise him, you servants
the dew descending on the mountains
of the LORD,
of Zion;
2 You who stand in the house
for there the LORD commanded the
of the LORD,
blessing, even life forevermore.
in the courts of the house
of our God,
134 3 Praise the LORD, for the LORD is good.
Sing praises to his name,
A song of ascents for this is delightful.
4 For the LORD has chosen Jacob for himself,
1 See that you praise the LORD, Israel as his special treasure.
53:5; 71:13. What a contrast between in Jerusalem, admired the city of God,
clothing with shame and clothing with offered his offerings and prayers, learned
righteousness and salvation (vs 9,16). again the lessons of humility, hope, faith,
Crown Heb 2:9; Rev 19:11,12. and unity, and now sets out for home.
133 Title: See Psalm 120. Verses 1,2 give his parting word of exhor-
133:1 Unity among Gods people is good tation and encouragement to the priests in
and pleasant because it is the result of Gods the temple; probably v 3 is the response of
love, Gods will, and Gods working, and the priests giving the blessing of Zion to
because its fruit is sweet fellowship, peace, the departing pilgrim.
and strength. It is an exceedingly impor- 134:1 Praise the LORD note at 104:35.
tant thing for New Testament churches to There were duties in the temple at night also
have and to maintain. See Eph 4:1-6. So (1 Chron 9:33). And the ministry of praise
church leaders must be on the lookout lest should never cease day or night. Remember
serious heresy or sin in the church or proud that in the New Testament all believers the
individuals cause divisions (Acts 20:30,31; world over are the priests. Note at Ex 28:1.
Rom 16:17,18; Heb 12:15,16). 134:2 See 28:2; Titus 2:8.
133:2 Unity is compared to the oil used to 134:3 See 124:8; Gen 12:1-3; Num
anoint and consecrate Aaron to the priesthood 6:22-27. If in our pilgrimage through life
(Ex 29:7-9). It was a special oil, holy, and we have the blessing of the Maker of heaven
sweet smelling, an oil that signified full dedica- and earth, what can we lack of any real
tion to God. See Ex 30:22-33. So good and importance?
precious is unity which has so sweet a smell to 135:1 Praise the LORD (also vs 3,21)
God, that so clearly speaks of dedication to note at 104:35. Praising the name of the
His service, that is an indicator of holy lives Lord is not a mere repetition of a name,
in a holy church, that speaks of the Holy but speaking or singing, with understand-
Spirit of God who anoints believers now. ing, of His nature, attributes, and deeds.
133:3 Dew Prov 19:12; Isa 18:4; 26:19; Note on praise at 33:1.
Hos 14:5. Unity is as cooling, refreshing, 135:2 Who should praise God more than
life-giving dew coming down quietly, those who have the great privilege of being
constantly on the church. It is a gift of full time in His service?
heaven to be treasured by Gods people. 135:3 Good 118:1. The first of five
Zion Gods blessing is to be found in reasons the writer gives for praising the
the midst of Gods people, united in love LORD (Jehovah) God.
and truth. There God appoints the flow of Delightful praising God is both good
His grace which results in eternal life. and pleasant. This is not true of many ac-
134 Title: See Psalm 120. This is the last tivities of life.
of the songs of ascent which began with 120. 135:4 Ex 19:5; Deut 7:6; Mal 3:17;
The pilgrim set out on his journey, arrived Titus 2:14. The third reason we should
797 PSALMS 136:2
5 For I know that the LORD is great, 15 The idols of the nations are made of
and that our Lord is above all gods. silver and gold,
6 Whatever the LORD pleased, that he did in the work of mens hands.
heaven and on earth, 16 They have mouths, but they do not speak.
in the seas and all deep places. They have eyes, but they do not see.
7 He causes the vapours to ascend from the 17 They have ears, but they do not hear;
ends of the earth. nor is there any breath in their mouths.
He makes lightnings for the rain. 18 Those who make them are like them;
He brings the wind out of his treasuries. so is everyone who trusts in them.
8 He struck down the firstborn of Egypt, 19 Praise the LORD, O house of Israel.
both of man and beast. Praise the LORD, O house of Aaron.
9 He sent signs and wonders into your midst, 20 Praise the LORD, O house of Levi.
O Egypt, on Pharaoh and on all his servants. You who fear the LORD,
10 He struck great nations, praise the LORD.
and killed mighty kings, 21 Blessed be the LORD from Zion,
11 Sihon king of the Amorites, who dwells in Jerusalem. Praise the LORD!
and Og king of Bashan,
and all the kingdoms of Canaan,
12 And gave their land as a heritage,
a heritage to Israel his people.
136
13 Your name, O LORD, continues on forever,
and the remembrance of you, O LORD, 1 Oh, give thanks to the LORD,
throughout all generations. for he is good;
14 For the LORD will judge his people, for his mercy continues on forever.
and he will have compassion on his 2 Oh, give thanks to the God of gods,
servants. for his mercy continues on forever.
praise God His electing love. He did not Heb 13:8.
choose Jacob and his descendants because 135:14 The fifth reason he gives for prais-
they were good or faithful or meritorious in ing God though Gods people will experi-
any way. His choice was all of grace, and it ence injustice on every hand in this world,
was for the benefit of the whole world. Note God will fulfill His good purpose toward them.
at Gen 12:1-3. 135:15-20 See 115:4-11.
135:5 Great the fourth reason why we 135:21 See 128:5; 134:3.
should praise God some people are good 136:1 Give thanks 7:17; 50:14,15;
but not great, some are great but not good. 56:12; Lev 7:12,13; Eph 5:20; 1 Thess
Jehovah is both supremely good and 5:18. This is a psalm in praise of the grace
supremely great. We should recognize this and love of God. They flow from His good-
and praise Him. ness (v 1). They come from the great
I know He was fully convinced by Gods eternal God and Ruler of the universe (vs
revelation of Himself in His Word and in 2,3). They are revealed in creation (vs 4-9),
history, and by his own experience. in the redemption of His people from Egypt
gods vs 15-18. (vs 10-15), in shepherding His people in
135:6 See 115:3; 96:5; 97:7; Dan the desert (v 16), in giving them the prom-
4:35. This is how great the LORD is. No ised inheritance (vs 17-22), in compassion
one can prevent Him from doing just what on the lowly (v 23), in deliverance from
He wants to do. Those called gods by men enemies (v 24), and in sustaining the life
can do nothing at all. of His creatures (v 25). In New Testament
135:7 He is in absolute control of His cre- terms we can say the grace and love of the
ation and the forces of nature. There is almighty Creator redeems His people from
not one god of the rain, another of the wind, sins bondage, leads them through lifes
another of the sky. The one true God alone pilgrimage to their heavenly inheritance,
controls everything. rescues them from their great enemy
135:8 This was in perfect justice and Satan and all his hordes, and preserves
avenged the Egyptian treatment of Gods them in their life on earth and forever.
children Ex 1:15-22; 4:23; 12:12. Good 100:5; 106:1; 118:1; 145:9.
135:9 Ex 7:9,17; 8:5,16,24; 9:2,8,9,22; Forever 2 Chron 5:13; Ezra 3:11.
10:12,21. There has never been and never will be any
135:10,11 Num 21:21-33; Josh 12:7-24; break, any interruption in the flow of Gods
24:12. grace and love. They flow from His
135:12 Deut 26:1; Josh 11:23. unchangeable nature (1 John 4:8,16).
135:13 Ex 3:15. Gods nature and attributes 136:2 See 135:5,15; Deut 10:17. Jeho-
are eternal and unchangeable Mal 3:6; vah, the God of the Bible, is far above all
PSALMS 136:3 798
3 Oh, give thanks to the Lord of lords; wilderness,
for his mercy continues on forever; for his mercy continues on forever;
4 To him who alone does great wonders, 17 To him who struck down great kings,
for his mercy continues on forever; for his mercy continues on forever;
5 To him who by wisdom made the heavens, 18 And killed famous kings,
for his mercy continues on forever; for his mercy continues on forever;
6 To him who stretched out the earth over 19 Sihon king of the Amorites,
the waters, for his mercy continues on forever;
for his mercy continues on forever; 20 And Og the king of Bashan,
7 To him who made great lights, for his mercy continues on forever;
for his mercy continues on forever; 21 And gave their land as an inheritance,
8 The sun to rule by day, for his mercy continues on forever;
for his mercy continues on forever; 22 An inheritance to Israel his servant,
9 The moon and stars to rule by night, for his mercy continues on forever;
for his mercy continues on forever; 23 Who remembered us in our low estate,
for his mercy continues on forever;
10 To him who struck Egypt in their firstborn,
24 And rescued us from our enemies,
for his mercy continues on forever;
for his mercy continues on forever;
11 And brought Israel out from among them,
25 Who gives food to all that has flesh;
for his mercy continues on forever;
for his mercy continues on forever.
12 With a strong hand, and with an
26 Oh, give thanks to the God of heaven,
outstretched arm,
for his mercy continues on forever.
for his mercy continues on forever;
13 To him who divided the Red Sea in two,
for his mercy continues on forever;
14 And caused Israel to pass through the 137
midst of it,
for his mercy continues on forever; 1 By the rivers of Babylon, there we sat down;
15 But overthrew Pharaoh and his army in yes, we wept, when we remembered Zion.
the Red Sea, 2 We hung our harps on the willows in the
for his mercy continues on forever; midst of it.
16 To him who led his people through the 3 For there those who carried us away
that men call gods. In reality they are not destroy all those who would try to prevent
gods at all see 96:5; 115:4-11. them from obtaining it.
136:3 See 1 Tim 6:15; Rev 19:16. He is 136:23 See 78:39; 103:14; 1 Sam 2:8;
the supreme ruler, governor, and master of Luke 1:47,48. God delights to give grace
the universe. to the poor, the humble, the lowly.
136:4 See 77:14; 107:27; Job 9:10; 136:24 See 107:2; Deut 6:18,19; 33:27;
Dan 4:3;6:27. He alone does great won- Josh 21:44. Note on enemies at Ps 3:7.
ders, and He does them alone. He needs 136:25 Gen 1:30; Matt 6:26.
no assistance from anyone. 136:26 This is a common name for God in
136:5-9 Here are wonders in creation. See Ezra, Nehemiah, and Daniel. It indicates
Genesis chapter 1. Gods grace and love were Gods transcendence and universal rule. Let
displayed in making the earth habitable for us give Him thanks (34:1; Eph 5:4,20; Col
men and other creatures. 3:17; 1 Thess 5:18; Heb 13:15). Since
136:10-15 Here are wonders and grace there is no interruption in the flow of His
displayed in the deliverance of His people grace, let there be no interruption in the
from Egypt. But if God is so loving and gra- flow of our thanksgiving.
cious why did He slay all the firstborn of Egypt 137:1 Babylon this was written after the
and destroy its army in the sea? Because events described in 2 Kings chapter 25. The
He is a God of justice too, and He avenges mighty nation of Babylonia conquered Judah,
cruelty and punishes the hardness of heart destroyed Jerusalem and Gods temple, and
and pride which reject His grace (2:4,5; took the people captive to their land. The
Rom 2:4,5; 2 Thess 1:6-9; Heb 2:1-3). rivers Tigris and Euphrates with their many
136:16 What great wonders and grace God canals flowed there. Zion was destroyed and
displayed in the desert! The story begins in the hands of idolaters and cruel oppres-
in Exodus chapter 15 and concludes at the sors reason enough for weeping.
end of Deuteronomy. 137:2-4 Their joy was completely gone.
136:17-20 Num 21:21-35. Their oppressors tried to make sport of
136:21,22 See 78:55; Josh 12:1; 14:1. them, demanding that they sing when their
God has prepared for believers an eternal hearts were broken. Compare Jud 16:23-25.
inheritance in heaven (1 Pet 1:4), and will This only added to their sorrow and no doubt
799 PSALMS 138:8
captive required a song from us, over against the gods I will sing
and those who tormented us demanded praise to you.
merry making, saying, 2 I will worship toward your holy temple,
Sing us some of the songs of Zion. and praise your name for your loving
4 How shall we sing the LORDs song in a kindness and for your truth;
foreign land? for you have exalted your word above
5 If I forget you, O Jerusalem, all your name.
let my right hand forget its skill. 3 In the day that I cried out you
6 If I do not remember you, answered me, and made me bold with
if I do not prefer Jerusalem above strength in my soul.
my chief joy, 4 All the kings of the earth will praise you,
let my tongue cling to the roof of my mouth. O LORD,
7 Remember, O LORD, the children of Edom when they hear the words of
on the day of Jerusalems fall, your mouth.
who said, Raze it, raze it to its 5 Yes, they will sing of the ways
very foundation! of the LORD;
8 O daughter of Babylon, for great is the glory of the LORD.
you who are to be destroyed, 6 Though the LORD is exalted,
happy will he be who repays you as you yet he regards the lowly;
have dealt with us. but the proud he knows at a distance.
9 Happy shall he be who takes your little 7 Though I walk in the midst of trouble,
ones and dashes them against the stones. you will revive me.
You will stretch out your hand against
138
the wrath of my enemies,
and your right hand will save me.
8 The LORD will perfect what relates to me.
A Psalm of David Your mercy, O LORD, continues on forever.
Do not forsake the works of your
1 I will praise you with my whole heart; own hands.
was intended to do so. 138:2 Temple 5:7; 1 Kings 8:29. This
137:5,6 Jerusalem was in their hearts was an acknowledgment of Gods presence
because it was the city of God, the place of there.
Jehovahs temple, the dwelling place of Name 74:21; 97:12; 135:1; Ex
heavens King. 3:15; 34:5-7. Gods name means His
137:7 Lam 4:21,22. The Edomites were nature and attributes.
descended from Esau, the brother of Jacob, Word see how highly God values His
and so were related to the Jews (Gen word. This means His revelation in the Bible.
25:24-34). Instead of helping them against Let those who neglect or criticize it take these
the Babylonians they rejoiced in their defeat. words to heart. It is possible to translate
137:8,9 This language seems very harsh the last phrase of this sentence you have
today to those who have believed the gos- exalted your name, your word above all
pel of the Lord Jesus. But all we have here things.
is a cry for justice do to them as they 138:3 Answered 18:6; 30:2; 99:6;
have done to us. The Babylonians doubt- 116:4; 118:5; 1 John 5:14,15. See one
less had done to the infants of Israel what of Gods names in 65:2.
he now wishes someone would do to their Bold 28:7; Prov 28:1; Acts 4:29,31.
infants. He longed to see Gods retribution 138:4,5 See 72:11; 102:15; 117:1; Rev
coming on a nation which had cruelly 21:24. This is a prophecy yet to be fulfilled.
oppressed his people. If it was right for God 138:6 Lowly 113:6; 136:23.
to avenge them, it was also right for God to At a distance pride is so obvious to
inspire a hope in their heart that He would God that He does not need to come near to
indeed do so. This is in accordance with recognize it. Also He does not want even to
Gods law of retribution clearly expressed in get close to the proud, so much is pride an
the Bible (18:25,26; Num 31:1-3; Deut abomination to Him.
32:35,41,43; Gal 6:7). But see the notes 138:7 See 7:6; 20:6; 23:4; 41:1,2;
at 35:8; 139:19; etc. 60:5; 108:6.
138:1 Jehovah God had all his heart. He 138:8 Believers are the special work of God,
would not bow down to any of the many gods more precious to Him than all of creation
of the nations round about Israel, but when (Isa 43:6,7; 60:21; Eph 2:10). He has
in those areas where they were would sing begun His work in all of them and He will
the praises of the one true God. On gods finish it (Phil 1:6). If we are believers this
see 96:5; 97:7; 115:4-11; 1 Cor 8:4-6. should be our confidence.
PSALMS 139:1 800
139
and dwell in the uttermost parts of the sea,
10 Even there your hand will lead me,
and your right hand will hold me.
To the chief musician, a Psalm of David 11 If I say, Surely the darkness will
cover me,
1 O LORD, you have searched me, even the night will become light
and known me. around me.
2 You know my sitting down and my 12 Yes, the darkness will not give concealment
getting up. from you;
You understand my thought at a distance. but the night will shine like the day.
3 You discern my path and my lying down, The darkness and the light are both
and are acquainted with all my ways. alike to you.
4 For there is not a word on my tongue, 13 For you have formed my inner being.
but, see, O LORD, you know it altogether. You have knit me together in my
5 You have hemmed me in, mothers womb.
behind and before, 14 I will praise you, for I am fearfully and
and laid your hand on me. wonderfully made.
6 Such knowledge is too wonderful for me. Your works are marvellous,
It is high; I cannot attain it. and that my soul knows very well.
7 Where can I go from your Spirit? 15 My frame was not hidden from you when
Or where can I flee from your presence? I was made in secret,
8 If I ascend into heaven, you are there. and skillfully knit together in the
If I make my bed in the realm of the dead, lower parts of the earth.
see, you are there. 16 Your eyes saw my incomplete body,
9 If I take the wings of the morning, and in your book all the days ordained
139:1 In this psalm David in beautiful omnipresence.
language expresses the truth of Gods 139:8 Jer 23:24.
omniscience and omnipresence God is Realm of the dead Sheol note at
everywhere and knows everything. He is Gen 37:35.
not a cold, impersonal, uncaring, unseeing 139:9 East or west, as far as a man might
influence. He is the personal, loving go, God is there before Him. How foolish
Creator concerned with even the smallest then was Jonahs attempt to escape (Jonah
details of His peoples lives. We may divide 1:3), or any attempt we might make.
the psalm as follows: 139:10 David is confident that wherever he
is, Gods purpose toward him is good it is
God knows everything about us (vs 1-6);
to guide and keep him.
He is everywhere and there is no escape
139:11,12 Job 12:22; 34:22; Jer 23:24; Dan
from His presence (vs 7- 12);
2:22. Men prefer to commit their abomina-
He is the Creator of human beings
tions in the dark. Do they vainly imagine that
(vs 13-16);
because men cannot see them God cannot?
His thoughts are a source of delight to
139:13 David did not believe he came into
His people (vs 17,18);
existence by the mere processes of nature.
Davids stand against wickedness and for
He says that God had a direct hand in it all
truth and righteousness (vs 19-24).
(compare 119:73; Job 10:8-12; 119:73; Isa
139:1 Known 7:9; 17:3; 1 Kings 8:39; 44:2,24; 49:5; Jer 1:5). Abortion is inter-
Job 7:17,18; Jer 12:3; John 2:24,25; fering with the work of God and so is sin.
6:64; 13:11; Rom 8:27. 139:14 Made mans body, soul, and
139:2 Not only does God know all of our spirit, and the way they are mysteriously
outer actions He knows our innermost united to form individual persons should
thoughts 94:11; Deut 31:21; Prov produce in all of us a reverence and awe at
24:12; Matt 9:4; 12:25; Luke 6:8; Gods wonderful work in creating us. The
9:47; 11:17; Heb 4:12. more we understand how we are made the
139:3 See 33:13-15; 2 Kings 19:27; more wonderful the Maker will seem. And
2 Chron 16:9; Job 31:4; 34:21; Prov the more terrible will seem the destruction
5:21; Jer 32:19; 16:17; Dan 5:23. of helpless human life by abortion.
139:4 Heb 4:13. Notice that God does not Well 77:14; 136:4; Job 9:10. Here
simply know this, but knows it perfectly. is a fact David knew very well and so many
139:5 See 32:10; 34:7; 125:2; Job 1:9. so-called wise men do not know at all.
139:6 See 131:1; Isa 55:9; Rom 11:33. 139:15 Secret, of the earth these ex-
139:7 Acts 17:27,28. David does not mean pressions here mean the womb (v 13).
by these words that he wanted to get away 139:16 God not only made us but planned
from Gods presence. He is only supposing the length of our lives (39:4; 90:12; Job
a case to bring out the truth of Gods 14:5). He knows best when we should come
801 PSALMS 140:6
140
for me were written down before
there was any of them.
17 How precious also are your thoughts To the chief musician, a Psalm of David
to me, O God!
How great is the sum of them! 1 Deliver me, O LORD, from the evil man,
18 If I could count them, protect me from the violent man,
they would be more in number than 2 Who plot evil things in their heart;
the sand. they continually gather together for war.
When I awake, I am still with you. 3 They have sharpened their tongues like a
19 Surely you will slay the wicked, serpents.
O God. The poison of vipers is under their lips.
So depart from me, you bloodthirsty men! Selah
20 For they speak against you wickedly, 4 Keep me, O LORD, from the hands of the
and your enemies take your name in vain. wicked,
21 Do I not hate them, O LORD, who hate you? protect me from the violent man,
And do I not feel a loathing for those who intends to overthrow my footsteps.
who rise up against you? 5 The proud have hidden a snare for me,
22 I hate them with perfect hatred. and cords;
I count them my enemies. they have spread a net by the wayside;
23 Search me, O God, and know my heart. they have set traps for me.
Test me, and know my thoughts; Selah
24 And see if there is any offending way in me, 6 I said to the LORD, You are my God.
and lead me in the way everlasting. Hear the sound of my supplications, O LORD.
into the world and when we should leave it. already said God searched him and knew
139:17,18 David was delighted that God was him. His words here mean that he wanted
constantly thinking about him and was so to cooperate with God in this searching and
intimately concerned with all he was and all to put away anything that was offensive to
he did (40:5; 92:5; Jer 29:11). The Gods holy nature. Compare 2 Cor 6:14 to
reason for his delight was he had chosen 7:1. There is also the suggestion that he is
the side of righteousness, holiness, and not capable himself to see all that is in his
truth, and had renounced all wickedness. own heart and that he needs God to show
This appears in the following verses. him (Jer 17:9,10).
139:19 Slay note at 35:8. In the Old 139:24 The everlasting way is Gods one way
Testament God taught His people to ex- to eternal life and peace. It is the way of
pect the destruction of wicked enemies grace on Gods part and sincere faith on
Deut 7:1,2; 28:7; 32:35,41-43. For mans part. It is a way of holiness,
God to destroy the wicked was a perfectly righteousness, and truth. From the be-
just act. But the New Testament teaches ginning there has been just one way that
we should pray for them, for their conver- leads to God and heaven and there will never
sion, though they are no less offensive to be another. This way is Jesus Christ Him-
God now, no less an affront to His holi- self (John 14:6).
ness. Offending the KJV has wicked here,
Depart 6:8; 59:2. David could not stand but this is probably too strong a word to
to be around men who were bent on evil. translate the Hebrew word. David certainly
139:20-22 David would not be friends with did not want any wickedness to be in his
those who were Gods enemies (compare heart, but beyond that he also did not want
Jam 4:4). In fact, he counted Gods enemies anything there which could offend God in
his own enemies. His emotions, thoughts, any way.
and will were altogether on Gods side. Evil 140 Title: This is similar to such psalms as
men are an abomination to God 5:6; 7, 10, 11, 17, 58, 64, 71, etc. David was
78:59; Lev 20:23; 26:30; Deut 32:19; often troubled by evil men and often prayed
Prov 22:14. So they were to David also. Is about them.
this consistent with the love which believers 140:1 See 17:13; 25:21; 59:2; 71:4;
should have for their enemies (Matt 5:44)? 86:2; 142:6; 143:9.
It can be. It is possible to loathe the char- 140:2 See 36:4; 52:2; Prov 6:14; 16:27;
acter, opinions, purposes, and acts of wicked Isa 59:4; Hos 7:15.
men and yet desire and pray for their high- War 120:7.
est good, and be delighted when they are 140:3 See 57:4; 58:4; Rom 3:13; Jam
converted and made new people in Christ. 3:8. This signifies slander and the stirring
139:23,24 It is not enough to condemn evil up of others to attack him.
in others. We must learn to condemn it in 140:5 See 31:4; 38:12; 119:110.
ourselves. We must be on Gods side, not 140:6 See 16:2; 31:14; 118:28. The LORD
merely outwardly, but inwardly. David has (Jehovah) is our God if He has chosen us
PSALMS 140:7 802
141
7 O God the Lord, the strength of
my salvation,
you have shielded my head in the day
of battle. A Psalm of David
8 O LORD, do not grant the desires of the
1 LORD, I cry out to you.
wicked.
Come quickly to me.
Do not further his wicked plan,
Give ear to my voice, when I cry out to you.
or they will exalt themselves.
2 Let my prayer be set out before you
Selah like incense,
9 As for the head of those who and the lifting up of my hands
surround me, be like the evening sacrifice.
let the evil of their own lips cover 3 Set a guard, O LORD, over my mouth.
them. Keep watch over the door of my lips.
10 Let burning coals fall on them. 4 Do not incline my heart to any evil thing,
Let them be thrown into the fire, to practice wicked works
into deep pits, with men who are evildoers;
so that they will not get up again. and do not let me eat of their delicacies.
11 Do not let a slanderer be established in 5 Let the righteous strike me;
the earth. it is a kindness; and let him rebuke me;
Let evil hunt down the violent man it is an excellent oil;
to overthrow him . my head will not refuse it.
12 I know that the LORD will maintain For my prayer will still be there in
the cause of the afflicted, their distresses.
and the right of the poor. 6 When their judges are thrown down at the cliffs,
13 Surely the righteous will give thanks they will hear my words;
to your name. for they are sweet.
The upright will dwell in your presence. 7 Our bones are scattered at the graves mouth,
and we have chosen Him. If He is our God God. These sorts of prayers can be as
we may safely trust Him to take care of us. acceptable to God as the evening sacrifice
140:8 Desires 10:2,3; Eph 2:3; 4:19. He once commanded (Ex 29:38-41).
Exalt themselves they may even 141:3 David knew that the mouth that
imagine that God is with them and blessing prayed could also say bitter, unwise, unholy
them because their crooked ways bring words. He knew too how difficult it is to
success. This is a mistake that many control the tongue (see Jam 3:2-12). So
people make. he prays for God Himself to be a watchman
140:9-11 He prays that perfect justice will at the door of his mouth.
fall on these violent and wicked slanderers. 141:4 When the wicked are in positions of lead-
See 137:8,9. ership and prospering, the righteous may be
140:12 72:2,4,12-14; Isa 11:4; Jer tempted to compromise with them. And the
22:3,16. The God of the Bible is always on wicked may offer inducements (delicacies)
the side of the poor and afflicted and per- to corrupt the righteous. When standards of
secuted among His people. At the proper morality are low, and everyone seems to be
time He will punish those who oppress them, practicing certain evils, Gods true servants
and bring justice to work on their behalf. may also get entangled. At such times we
140:13 This will be the result of Gods work would do well to pray as David did.
on behalf of the afflicted 7:17; 11:7; 141:5 Far better to be flogged by the
32:11; 35:28; 54:6,7; 58:11. righteous than to be feasted by the wicked.
141:1 Quickly 22:9; 38:22; 70:5. Far better to be rebuked by a good man
David was being persecuted by wicked en- than flattered by a bad one. David realized
emies and in grave danger vs 7-9. that what the righteous did or said to him
Give ear 4:1; 5:1,2; 27:7; 143:1. was for his correction, and he welcomed it
141:2 Incense Luke 1:9; Rev 5:8; 8:3. (compare Prov 27:6).
Prayer is like incense in certain clear ways. In their distresses or against their
Incense was commanded by God. In order evils.
for it to be acceptable it had to be offered 141:6 This was probably written when David
in accordance with Gods instructions. Then was being pursued by Saul in the desert.
it was holy and sweet smelling to the Lord He believed that Saul and his helpers would
(Ex 30:7,8,34-38). David wanted his prayers fall and that the people would then welcome
to be acceptable to God. his words.
Sacrifice sometimes prayer can 141:7 In other words, David and his men
consist of bodily movement without spoken were only a step from death (6:4,5; 9:13;
words kneeling, lifting hands or eyes to 143:3).
803 PSALMS 143:4
as when one plows and breaks up 5 I cried out to you, O LORD.
the ground. I said, You are my refuge and my
8 But my eyes are on you, O God the Lord. portion in the land of the living.
My trust is in you. 6 Be attentive to my cry, for I am brought
Do not leave my soul destitute. very low.
9 Keep me from the snares which they have Deliver me from my persecutors,
laid for me, for they are stronger than I.
and the traps of evildoers. 7 Bring my soul out of prison,
10 Let the wicked fall into their that I may praise your name.
own nets, while I escape. The righteous will be all around me,
for you will show goodness to me.
142
A maskil of David;
a prayer when he was in the cave
143
A Psalm of David
1 I cried out to the LORD with my voice;
with my voice I made my supplication 1 Hear my prayer, O LORD,
to the LORD. give ear to my supplications.
2 I poured out my complaint before him. In your faithfulness and in your
I declared my trouble in his presence. righteousness, answer me.
3 When my spirit was overwhelmed 2 And do not enter into judgment with your
within me, then you knew my path. servant, for in your sight no man
They have secretly laid a snare for living is righteous.
me in the road where I walk. 3 For the enemy has persecuted my soul.
4 I looked to my right and considered, He has crushed my life to the ground.
but there was no man who was willing He has made me dwell in darkness,
to know me. like those who have long been dead.
Refuge failed me. 4 Therefore my spirit is overwhelmed
No one cared for my soul. within me.
Grave in Hebrew Sheol note at take the Lord Himself for a refuge (7:1;
Gen 37:35. 9:9; 37:39; 46:1; 61:3), and the per-
141:9 See 38:12; 64:5; 140:4. son without a friend or a possession can go
141:10 A prayer that perfect justice will to the Friend of the friendless and find an
prevail (7:15; 35:8; 57:6. See Esther eternally satisfying portion (16:5; 73:26).
7:10; Dan 6:24). 142:6 See 25:20; 43:1; 71:2; 116:4.
142 Title: See 1 Sam 22:1; 24:3. Maskil God is the strength of those who learn they
was probably a literary or musical term. have not enough of their own (18:1; 31:4;
142:1,2 This is the prayer of a lonely, 59:17; 62:17; Hab 3:19; 2 Cor 12:9).
desperate man. It teaches us what to do if 142:7 David was not in a literal prison. The
we are ever in such a state. The first and cave he was in, the surrounding enemy
most important thing is to lay our troubles forces seemed like a prison to him. God
before the Lord. There may be no human heard Davids prayer in this psalm and David
being we know who can help us, but He will did praise God for his deliverance.
hear us with sympathy and compassion. It 143:1 A prayer that can honestly appeal to
is far better to pour out our complaint to both Gods faithfulness, to His promises and
the Lord than to men (3:4; 30:8; 34:6; to His righteousness is sure to succeed, for
50:15; 62:8; Phil 4:6,7; 1 Pet 5:7). it is in accordance with Gods nature and will
142:3 David was a man of exceptional (89:1,2; 71:2; Ex 34:6; 1 John 1:9;
courage and faith, as his history shows. But 5:14,15). We cannot expect God to answer
he knew times of great spiritual weakness a prayer contrary to His Word and His
and depression 6:2; 38:8,17; 61:2; righteous nature. Observe other grounds for
143:4. But God knew all about it and had prayer in vs 8, 9, 10, 11, 12.
compassion on him. 143:2 David is coming before Gods mercy
142:4 Right the place of a helper or seat, Gods throne of grace, not Gods
intimate friend. judgment seat. He well knows that there
No man Job 16:10; 19:-13-19; Jer was so much fault in himself that he could
30:17. Many since Job and David and not stand before God in his own merit
Jeremiah have felt they were utterly (14:3; 51:5; 130:3; Eccl 7:20; Rom
friendless in a hostile world. The next verse 3:20,23; Gal 2:16).
teaches us what to do in such a case. 143:3 See 141:7.
142:5 A person without help or safety can 143:4 See 142:3.
PSALMS 143:5 804
144
My heart within me is desolate.
5 I remember the days of old.
I meditate on all your works.
I ponder on the work of your hands. A Psalm of David
6 I stretch out my hands to you.
My soul thirsts for you like a 1 Blessed be the LORD my rock,
thirsty land. who trains my hands for war,
Selah and my fingers to fight.
7 Answer me quickly, O LORD. 2 He is my merciful one, and my fortress,
My spirit wastes away. my high tower, and my deliverer,
Do not hide your face from me, my shield, and the one in whom I trust,
so that I do not become like those who subdues my people under me.
who go down into the pit. 3 LORD, what is man, that you acknowledge
8 Cause me to hear your loving kindness him?
in the morning, for in you I trust. Or the son of man, that you concern
Cause me to know the way in which I yourself with him?
should walk, 4 Man is like a vapour.
for I lift up my soul to you. His days are like a shadow that passes away.
9 Deliver me, O LORD, from my enemies; 5 Bow your heavens, O LORD, and
I flee to you to hide me. come down!
Touch the mountains and make them smoke!
10 Teach me to do your will, for you are 6 Hurl out lightning bolts and scatter them!
my God. Shoot out your arrows and destroy them!
Your Spirit is good; lead me in the 7 Send down your hand from above.
land of uprightness. Rescue me, and deliver me out of great
11 Revive me, O LORD, for your names sake. waters,
For the sake of your righteousness from the hand of foreigners,
bring my soul out of trouble. 8 Whose mouth speaks vanity, and whose
12 And in your mercy cut off my enemies, right hand is a right hand of falsehood.
and destroy all those who afflict
my soul; for I am your servant. 9 I will sing a new song to you, O God.
143:5 See 77:6; Davids purpose here was to David had natural ability and practiced much
encourage himself and strengthen his faith. with sword and bow. But he does not
143:6,7 More than mere deliverance from attribute his skill to himself, but to God. In
trouble David longed for God Himself. this New Testament age the great battles of
Without Gods fellowship he felt lost and Gods people are spiritual (Eph 6:10-18).
plunged in grief 42:1,2; 63:1; 84:2. God who taught David will teach us how to
143:8 Morning desperate need longs for fight these battles if we are willing and
quick response from God. obedient. If we gain some success we should
Trust David appeals to God on the attribute this to God and not vainly imagine
grounds that he trusts Him surely a strong that it is our own ability or goodness that
basis for prayer. has gotten us the victory (1 Cor 4:7).
Cause me to know v 10; 25:45; 144:2 Fortress 18:2. Subdues 2 Sam
27:11; 119:12. 2:1-4; 3:1; 5:1-5.
143:9 Observe the basis for this prayer. 144:3,4 See 8:4; Job 14:1,2; Heb 2:6;
143:10 What greater good can Gods Spirit Isa 2:22. David included himself in this de-
do than to teach us to do Gods will and lead scription of man. He knows that it is God
us so we do not stumble? This He will do if alone who has made him strong, skillful,
we are believing, willing, and obedient. and successful, and it fills him with praise
143:11 This prayer was more for the sake of that the great God should care for puny man.
Gods name and righteousness than for 144:5-8 In all his danger David knows that
Davids sake another sure ground in prayer. safety and deliverance depend on God
143:12 Is it not the masters business to alone. Compare 18:7-15. David prays that
look after his servants? When foes are God will do as He did before.
implacable their destruction may be nec- 144:5 See 18:8; 104:32; Isa 64:1.
essary to deliver the righteous from them. 144:6 See 68:1; 18:14; 7:12,13; Hab
Note on enemies at 3:7. 3:11; Zech 9:14.
144:1 Note on Rock at Deut 32:4. This 144:7 See 18:16,17.
psalm is very similar to psalm 18. David 144:8 See 12:2; 36:3; 41:6.
lived in a time when the people of God fought 144:9 See 33:3; 40:3; 96:1; 98:1;
physical battles against human enemies. 149:1. New deliverances call for new songs,
Skill in battle was highly desirable. No doubt and every answer to prayer should bring forth
805 PSALMS 145:9
145
I will sing praises to you on a lyre
and a ten-stringed instrument,
10 you who give salvation to kings,
who deliver his servant David Davids Psalm of praise
from the deadly sword.
1 I will exalt you, my God, O king,
11 Rescue me, and deliver me from the hand
and I will extol your name
of foreigners,
forever and ever.
whose mouth speaks vanity,
2 Every day I will praise you,
and whose right hand is a right
and I will praise your name
hand of falsehood, forever and ever.
12 So that our sons may be like plants 3 Great is the LORD, and greatly to be
grown up in their youth, praised, and his greatness is unsearchable.
that our daughters may be like pillars, 4 One generation will praise your works
carved like palace carvings. to another,
13 And that our barns may be full, and will proclaim your mighty acts.
furnishing all kinds of provisions, 5 I will speak of the glorious honour of
and that our sheep may give birth your majesty,
to thousands and ten thousands and of your wonderful works.
in our fields, 6 And men will speak of the power of your
14 That our oxen may be strong awesome acts;
to labour, and I will declare your greatness.
and that there be no breaking in, 7 They will pour forth the memory of your
or going out, great goodness and sing of your
that there be no outcry in our streets. righteousness.
15 Happy are the people who are in such
8 The LORD is gracious, and full of compassion,
a condition;
slow to get angry, and great in mercy.
yes, happy are the people whose God
is the LORD. 9 The LORD is good to all,
new thanksgiving. Not only so, he is confident that he will praise
144:10 See 18:50; 2 Sam 8:14. God forever (see 23:6; 37:18; 41:12).
144:12-14 David does not pray for victory 145:3 The one true God is worthy of the
just for his own sake. He is thinking of all greatest praise possible for men to give,
the people of God. He desires their the most sincere and wholehearted, the most
prosperity and peace. intelligent and spiritual praise. It will take
144:12 Plants 92:12-14; 128:3. all eternity to understand all His greatness
Pillars the word signifies stability, and to praise Him as He ought to be praised.
usefulness, and beauty. 145:4 See 22:30; 102:18.
144:15 Deut 28:3. Notes on blessing at 1:1; 145:5 See 44:1; 71:16; 75:1; 77:12;
Gen 12:1-3; Num 6:22-27; etc. Blessed 96:6; 105:2; 107:8,15; 148:13. This
indeed are those who have the one true God verse could be translated I will meditate
as their God. There can be no blessing on the glorious splendor of your majesty
higher than this. And even though we live and on your wonderful works.
in poverty or deadly danger we are still 145:6 See 65:5; 66:3; 106:22; Deut
blessed indeed if this God is our God. 7:21; 10:21.
145 Title: There is praise to God in nearly 145:7 Goodness 23:6; 27:13; 31:19;
every psalm, but this is the only one that is 33:5; 52:1; 107:8; Ex 33:19; 2 Chron
named a psalm of praise. Here David does 6:41; Rom 11:22.
not mention his enemies or troubles of any Righteousness 7:9; 19:9; 145:17;
kind. He is completely taken up with the John 17:25; Rom 3:21,22; Phil 3:9;
greatness, goodness, and righteousness of 2 Tim 4:8; 1 John 2:1; Rev 16:5,7.
God. In Hebrew the verses begin with the Righteousness is one of the glorious at-
successive letters of the alphabet with one tributes of God. Because He is absolutely
letter (nun) omitted. just and righteous, believers can be sure
145:1 See 5:2; 47:2; 95:3. David the king that the future will turn out perfectly well.
knows his king is in heaven (see Eph 6:9). 145:8 See 86:5,15; 103:8; Ex 34:6,7;
145:2 He is resolved to praise God and Matt 9:36; John 1:16,17; 1 John 4:8.
repeats his resolution four times in these 145:9 See 103:13,14; 136:1; Matt 5:45;
two verses. Not only so, he resolves to praise Rom 2:4. All things God has made display
God every day, regardless of circumstances, Gods wisdom and skill. His dealings with
whether well or sick, in comfort or in trou- men reveal His justice, love, grace, patience,
ble, in sadness or in joy (see 1 Thess 5:18). and other attributes. God will be honored
PSALMS 145:10 806
and his tender mercies are over all fear him;
his works. he will also hear their cry and save them.
10 All your works will praise you, O LORD, 20 The LORD preserves all those who love
and your saints will speak your praise. him,
11 They will speak of the glory of your but he will destroy all the wicked.
kingdom, and talk of your power, 21 My mouth will speak the praise of
12 To make known to the sons of men his the LORD; and may all flesh extol
mighty acts, his holy name forever and ever.
and the glorious majesty of his kingdom.
13 Your kingdom is an everlasting kingdom,
and your dominion continues on
throughout all generations.
146
14 The LORD upholds all who fall, 1 Praise the LORD!
and lifts up all those who are Praise the LORD, O my soul.
bowed down. 2 While I live I will praise the LORD.
15 The eyes of all look to you, and you give I will sing praises to my God while
them their food in due season. I have being.
16 You open your hand and satisfy the 3 Do not put your trust in princes,
desire of every living thing. or in a son of man,
17 The LORD is righteous in all his ways, in whom there is no help.
and holy in all his works. 4 His spirit goes out;
18 The LORD is near all those who call he returns to his ground;
to him, in that very day his plans perish.
to all who call to him in truth. 5 Blessed is he who has the God of Jacob
19 He will fulfil the desire of those who as his help,
by everything, even the wrath of men 97:10; John 10:28,29.
(76:10). But of all creation His believing Destroy 9:5; 37:38; 73:18,19;
people will be the means of the greatest 94:23; 2 Thess 1:8,9. God destroys the
glory to Him (Eph 1:6,12,14). wicked because it is perfectly just to do so.
145:11-13 Here are glorious themes for They do not desire or seek His mercy and
believers to speak about. So many people forgiveness, but delight in wickedness.
have never yet heard of Gods kingdom, 145:21 Those who heartily praise God want
glory, and mighty acts recorded in the Bible. everyone else to do the same. They de-
Telling others gets the truth to them, glori- light to hear God magnified, exalted, and
fies God, and encourages ourselves. Gods praised (103:20-22; 150:6).
kingdom is so rich a subject that if we speak 146:1 Praise the LORD (also v 10) note
of it our whole life long we will not tell a at 104:35. In this and in the remaining
small part of what can be told (22:28; 66:7; four psalms there are no requests, no
103:19; Dan 4:34,35; Matt 6:33; 13:11; complaints, no cries for help, no grief, no
25:31-34; Mark 1:14,15; 9:47; John 3:3; tears, no shame, no depression. All is
Acts 1:3; 8:12; 19:8; 14:22; Rom praise and joy in God, a foretaste of heaven.
14:17; 1 Cor 6:9,10; 15:50; Rev 12:10). The author exhorts others to praise the LORD
145:14 See 37:17,23,24; 146:8. God is (Jehovah), and then exhorts himself. He
great in power and glory, the majestic king will not get others to do what he will not
of eternity, yet He is great in compassion heartily do.
and kindness also. 146:2 See 63:4; 104:33; 145:1,2.
145:15,16 See 104:14,27; 111:5; 136:25; 146:3 See 60:11; 108:12; 118:9; Isa 2:22.
Gen 1:30; Job 38:41; Matt 6:26. 146:4 Ground 103:14; Gen 3:19; Job
145:17 Perfect justice combined with 7:21; Eccl 12:7. They who trust in men
perfect grace are revealed in the King of are leaning on a pile of dust.
the universe. 146:5 Blessed In Hebrew the same word
145:18 This great King hears prayer 65:2; as in 1:1 and 119:1.
102:17; Prov 15:8,29; Matt 7:7,8,11; God of Jacob this name of God
1 John 5:14. But our prayers must be appears 24 times in the Old Testament.
sincere and according to His will 17:1; Isa Thinking of why God chose to link His glo-
29:13; Matt 6:5-8; Jam 1:5-7. rious holy name with Jacob can teach us
Near 46:1; 119:151; Deut 4:7; some good lessons. Jacob was not the great-
Isa 55:6; Acts 17:27. est of saints. He failed in many ways. A
145:19 Fulfil 37:4. Note on fear of the study of his history and the history of his
Lord at 34:11-14; 111:10; Gen 20:11. descendants, the nation of Israel, reveals
Save 7:10; 34:18; 1 Sam 10:19. what is meant by the name God of Jacob.
145:20 Preserves 31:23; 37:28; He is the God who chooses individuals
807 PSALMS 147:7
147
whose hope is in the LORD his God,
6 Who made heaven and earth, the sea and
all that is in it,
who preserves truth forever,
7 Who executes justice for the oppressed, 1 Praise the LORD!
who gives food to the hungry. For it is good to sing praises to our God;
The LORD sets the prisoners free. for it is pleasant and praise is
8 The LORD opens the eyes of the blind. beautiful.
The LORD lifts up those who are 2 The LORD builds up Jerusalem.
bowed down. He gathers together the exiles of Israel.
The LORD loves the righteous. 3 He heals the brokenhearted
and binds up their wounds.
9 The LORD watches over the foreigners.
4 He counts the number of the stars;
He gives relief to the fatherless
he calls them all by their names.
and widow,
5 Great is our Lord and mighty in power.
but the way of the wicked he turns
His understanding is infinite.
upside down.
6 The LORD lifts up the meek.
10 The LORD will reign forever, He hurls the wicked down to the ground.
your God, O Zion, to all generations. 7 Sing to the LORD with thanksgiving.
Praise the LORD. Sing praise on the harp to our God,
and a whole people according to His own for His greatness as the God of creation
good pleasure, not because He sees some (vs 4, 5, 8, 9, 15-18), and for His grace and
merit in them (Rom 9:10-13; Eph 1:4; kindness to His people (vs 2, 3, 6, 11, 13,
Deut 7:6-8). 14, 19, 20). The writer praises God for what
He is the God of grace who saves people He has done, is doing, and can do.
apart from their good works, or attempts to Pleasant 135:3.
be righteous, or any such thing (Rom 11:5; Beautiful 33:1. Since it is fitting to
Eph 2:8,9; Titus 3:3-5; etc). praise Him, not to praise Him is unfitting.
He is the God who keeps His promises 147:2 Builds men labored to build but
even when there is failure and sin on the the inspiration, strength, and will came from
part of His people (89:1,2; Gen 28:15; God (127:1).
Rom 11:29; Titus 1:2; Heb 13:5). Gathers this may refer to the return
He is the God who displays great patience of the people Israel from the Babylonian
(Ex 34:6; 2 Pet 3:15). captivity. But the words would also be suit-
He is the God who transforms sinners into able to express the gathering of David and
saints (Gen 32:24-28; Rom 8:29; 2 Cor his men after the persecutions of Saul. Now
3:18; 5:17; 1 John 3:2). God is building His Church and gathering
We see all of these divine attributes those exiled from His presence by sin (Matt
displayed in the case of Jacob, and indeed 16:18; John 11:52; 2 Cor 5:20,21; Eph
toward every individual who will ever reach 2:17-22).
heaven. Blessed indeed is he who has the 147:3 See 6:2; 30:2; 34:18; 38:3-8;
God of Jacob for his help! 41:3; Isa 61:1; Ezek 34:16; Rev 21:4.
146:6-10 These verses give the reasons why One name for God in the Old Testament is
they are blessed who have the God of Jacob Jehovah Ropheka The LORD who heals
as their help. you (Ex 15:26). Especially He loves and
He is the almighty Creator who is com- heals those who have hearts broken in re-
pletely faithful and who cannot be hindered pentance for their sins (51:17).
from fulfilling His promises to His people 147:4 God can gently lay one hand on a
(v 6; 18:25; 108:4; 117:2; Deut 7:9). wounded heart and with the other hold far
He is on the side of the hungry, the poor, distant galaxies. The one who has regard
the oppressed (v 7; 103:6; 74:21; Isa for the lowly is so great He can name every
42:6,7; Luke 4:18,19). star in the universe. Though there are only
He shows infinite compassion especially a few thousand stars visible to the naked
toward the righteous, the needy and help- eye, beyond the visible stars there are multi-
less (vs 8,9; 10:18; Ex 22:22; Lev plied billions, crores upon crores, a host so
19:34; 10:18; Matt 9:29,30; 12:22; vast that man can hardly even estimate the
Luke 13:10-13; 2 Cor 4:4-6; Jam 1:27). number. God knows them all, made them all.
And He is the eternal King. Earths princes 147:5 Great 145:3; Jer 32:17,27; 33:3.
go to the dust and their thoughts perish, Understanding Isa 40:28; Rom 11:33.
but not God and His thoughts (v 10; 33:11). 147:6 Meek or humble 146:8,9; 2 Chron
His thoughts will stand forever. Happy in- 16:9; Jam 4:6. Stars do not occupy all the
deed are those who have this God, the God attention of the Almighty. He is concerned with
of Jacob, the one true God, as their God. men and is active in their affairs.
147:1 Praise the LORD (also v 20) note Ground 37:9,10; 145:20.
at 104:35. This is a psalm of praise to God 147:7 See 27:6; 30:4; 33:3; 42:4; 98:5.
PSALMS 147:8 808
8 Who covers the heavens with clouds, and as for his judgments, they have not
who prepares rain for the earth, known them.
who makes grass grow on the mountains. Praise the LORD!
9 He gives to the beast its food,
and to the young ravens which cry out.
10 He does not delight in the strength of
the horse;
148
he does not take pleasure in the legs
of a man. 1 Praise the LORD!
11 The LORD takes pleasure in those Praise the LORD from the heavens.
who fear him, Praise him in the heights.
in those who hope in his mercy. 2 Praise him, all his angels.
12 Praise the LORD, O Jerusalem! Praise him, all his hosts.
Praise your God, O Zion! 3 Praise him, sun and moon.
13 For he has strengthened the bars of your Praise him, all you stars of light.
gates. 4 Praise him, you heavens of heavens,
He has blessed your children within you. and you waters above the heavens.
14 He makes peace in your borders, 5 May they praise the name of the LORD,
and fills you with the finest of for he commanded and they were created.
the wheat. 6 He has also established them
15 He sends out his command on earth; forever and ever;
his word runs very swiftly. he has made a decree which will not pass away.
16 He gives snow like wool; 7 Praise the LORD from the earth,
he scatters the frost like ashes. you sea monsters, and all depths,
17 He hurls out his hail like fragments; 8 Fire and hail, snow and vapours,
who can stand before his cold? stormy wind fulfilling his word,
18 He sends out his word and melts them. 9 Mountains and all hills,
He causes his wind to blow, fruitful trees and all cedars,
and the waters flow. 10 Beasts and all cattle,
19 He declares his word to Jacob, creeping things and flying birds,
his statutes and his judgments to Israel. 11 Kings of the earth and all people,
20 He has not done so with any other nation; princes and all judges of the earth,
Thanksgiving 7:17; 50:14,15; 56:12; clouds, and the rain is the Word of God sent
Lev 7:12,13; Eph 5:20; 1 Thess 5:18. down from heaven to bless men forever.
147:8,9 After creating the world God did not 147:20 Deut 4:7,8,32-34. Then the people
withdraw to some distant place. Clouds and of Israel were a repository for the Word of
rain do not come merely because of some God as Christs church is now.
natural laws. God is active in nature 148:1 Praise the LORD (also v 14) note
(104:10-15; 135:6,7; 148:8). at 104:35. Psalm 146 is one of individual
147:10,11 Verses 16-18; 33:16-18; praise. Psalm 147 is the praise of the people
103:11; 1 Sam 16:7; Heb 11:6. For fear of God. This one is a psalm of universal
of God see notes at 34:11-14; etc. God praise. It begins in the highest heavens,
delights in good inward qualities that He then goes to the deepest deeps, ascends to
produces in individuals, not in outward inanimate and then animate things of earth,
appearance or physical strength. and finishes with all people everywhere.
147:12-14 See 48:1. Who was there in all 148:2 See 103:20; Luke 2:13,14; Rev
the earth to praise the LORD (Jehovah) if 5:11-13.
Jerusalem did not? No other people had 148:3 The sun and moon have no person-
received such blessings as Israel. Now it is ality and no life. In this respect they are
the duty and privilege of believers in Christ like snow, hills, and clouds which the writer
to praise Him, for now we are the people also exhorts to praise God vs 8,9. This is
blessed by the Lord of heaven and earth. poetry. The writer is merely setting forth a
147:15 See 33:9; Job 37:12; Isa 55:11. truth that delights him all things were cre-
God can and does give commands to any ated by God and for the glory of God, and
part of His creation (1 Kings 17:2-4,9; Mark that because of them praise comes to God.
4:39-41). Only sinful men and Satan 148:4,5 Deut 10:14; Gen 1:7; Isa 40:26.
disobey Him. 148:6 Jer 31:35,36; 33:25.
147:16-18 Verses 8,9; Job 37:12; 148:7-10 All creation on earth, animate and
38:22,29. inanimate, are for the glory of God, and
147:19 See 78:5,47; 148:8; Ex 20:1; because of them all He receives praise.
Deut 33:4; Josh 1:8; 2 Kings 22:8; Rom 148:11,12 He comes now to humanity. On
3:2; 9:4. Far better than the breeze, the the grounds that God has created them all
809 PSALMS 150:2
12 Both young men and maidens, 4 For the LORD takes pleasure in his people.
old men and children. He will beautify the meek with salvation.
13 May they praise the name of the LORD, 5 May the saints be joyful in glory.
May they sing aloud on their beds.
for his name alone is exalted.
6 May the high praises of God be
His glory is above the earth and in their mouth,
the heavens. and a two-edged sword in their hand,
14 And he exalts the horn of his people. 7 To execute vengeance on the nations,
He is the praise of all his saints, and punishment on the peoples,
of the children of Israel, 8 To bind their kings with chains,
a people close to him. and their nobles with fetters of iron,
Praise the LORD! 9 To execute on them the written
judgment.
149
All his saints have this honour.
Praise the LORD!
1 Praise the LORD!
Sing to the LORD a new song,
150
his praise in the congregation of the saints.
2 May Israel rejoice in him who made him; 1 Praise the LORD!
may the children of Zion be joyful Praise God in his sanctuary.
in their King. Praise him in his mighty firmament.
3 May they praise his name with the dance; 2 Praise him for his mighty acts.
may they sing praises to him with the Praise him according to his surpassing
tambourine and harp. greatness.
and preserves them all and is good to all, which will result in fullness of beauty (see
all should praise Him. Eph 5:25-27). Gods people are Gods mas-
148:13 All men should praise Jehovah God terpiece and He delights in them.
alone, for He is the only God there is, and Meek or humble 9:12; 10:17; Prov
He is a splendid God, glorious in every way 16:19; Isa 57:15; Matt 18:4; Jam
(Isa 42:8; 44:6; 45:22). 4:6,10.
148:14 Horn 75:4,5; 89:17; Luke 1:69. 149:5 What an honor it is to be the people
God did a special thing for His special people of the one true God, made beautiful with
and so they should offer special praise. His salvation! No one has more cause for
149:1 Praise the LORD (also v 9) note joy and song.
at 104:35. This is a psalm of joyful praise 149:6-9 Israel in the Old Testament was an
to God as Maker and Saviour of His people instrument in Gods hand to inflict Gods
(vs 1-5), and as avenger of wickedness vengeance on wicked people. See Num
(vs 6-9). 31:2; Deut 7:1,2. In these New Testa-
New song 40:3; 96:1; Rev 5:9. ment days the weapons of our warfare are
Gods mercies are new every morning (Lam not physical but spiritual (2 Cor 10:4; Eph
3:22,23), so there are daily reasons for 6:17). We fight wickedness by proclaiming
making new songs of praise for all the saints the Word of God, by faith and by prayer. At
to sing. the end of this age Christ will appear to take
149:2 Who made him that is, Israel should vengeance on Gods enemies (2 Thess
rejoice in God who made them into a nation 1:5-10; Rev 19:11-16). At that time His
when they had been but slaves in Egypt. people will be with Him and share in His judg-
King not the earthly but the heavenly ment of the earth (1 Cor 6:2,3).
one (10:16; 47:6; Zech 9:9; Rev 150:1 Praise the LORD (also v 6) note
19:16). at 104:35. He is filled with praise to God
149:3 Ex 15:20; 2 Sam 6:14,15. Some- and wants the whole universe to sound and
times believers have such joy in God that resound with praise. The first and last psalm
the body too becomes involved in the each has only six verses. The first has bless-
expression of it. ing as its subject and the last has the result
149:4 Pleasure 147:11. Here is a rea- of blessing praise to God.
son for great joy and praise. Though we Sanctuary 68:24-26; 73:17; 102:19.
are poor and sinful the Lord delights in us, Praise should begin where God is best known
not for what we are in ourselves but for what and truly worshiped.
He is making us to be in Christ (Eph 2:10; Firmament or Expanse see Genesis
Phil 1:6). He saves us from the ugliness of 1:6-8.
sin and gives us the holy beauty of salva- 150:2 Mighty acts 106:2; 145:12;
tion and begins the work of sanctification Deut 3:24.
PSALMS 150:3 810
3 Praise him with the sound of the trumpet. 5 Praise him with the loud cymbals.
Praise him with the lyre and harp. Praise him with the high sounding cymbals.
4 Praise him with the tambourine and dance. 6 May everything that has breath praise
Praise him with stringed instruments the LORD.
and flutes. Praise the LORD!
Greatness 47:2; 48:1; 86:10; invented when this psalm was written.
95:3; 145:3; 1 Tim 6:15,16. 150:6 He is so convinced of the fitness of
150:3-5 See 45:8; 57:8; 149:3; 2 Sam praise by all created beings that he longs
6:5; 1 Chron 13:8; 15:24; 16:42. Praise to hear every breathing thing joining the
God with all the musical instruments avail- mighty chorus. This is what heaven will be
able, with all joyous sounds. like (Rev 4:8-11; 5:8-14; 7:9-12;
Flutes organs (KJV) had not yet been 14:1-3; 15:2-4; 19:1-8).
PROVERBS
Authors:
Solomon wrote most of the proverbs in this book, but others wrote some of them. See 1:1; 22:17;
24:23; 30:1; 31:1. See also 1 Kings 4:32.
Date:
Solomon reigned 970-930 BC, so most and possibly all of these proverbs were written down during
that time.
Themes:
Solomon himself gave the reasons why he wrote down his proverbs, and so indicated the themes.
See 1:2-6. He wanted people to know how to live in this world, how to behave in the various
circumstances they face. In 1:7 he gives a very important theme the fear of the LORD.
Throughout the book there is a vivid contrast between wise people and fools. The wise are those
who fear God and follow His ways; fools are those who do not fear God, and follow their own ways.
True wisdom results in righteousness; foolishness leads to sin. In fact, we may say that wickedness
is foolishness, true righteousness is wisdom.
Contents:
Purposes and themes ................................................................................... 1:1-7
Exhortations to avoid evil men ....................................................................... 1:8-19
Wisdom calls and warns of disaster ................................................................ 1:20-33
Searching for wisdom and finding it ................................................................ 2:1-8
Some benefits of wisdom .............................................................................. 2:9 - 3:2
How to walk in a wise way ............................................................................. 3:3-12
Wisdom is more precious than gold ................................................................. 3:13-18
Further benefits of wisdom ........................................................................... 3:21-26
Wise behavior towards others ....................................................................... 3:27-32
Gods curse ................................................................................................. 3:33-35
An exhortation to get the supreme thing ........................................................ 4:1-27
An exhortation to avoid sexual immorality ....................................................... 5:1-23
Warnings against foolishness and laziness ....................................................... 6:1-15
Seven things God hates ................................................................................ 6:16-19
More exhortations to avoid sexual immorality .................................................. 6:20 - 7:27
Wisdom calls out again .................................................................................. 8:1-20
Wisdom is eternal ......................................................................................... 8:21-31
Life and death ............................................................................................. 8:32-36
Wisdom gives an invitation ............................................................................ 9:1-12
Folly also invites men .................................................................................... 9:13-18
Proverbs about various matters ..................................................................... 10:1 - 22:16
about the wise 10:1,8,19; 11:30; 13:1,14; 14:1,16; 15:7,24
about the righteous 10:6,11,20,21,25,28,29-32; 11:19,23,30; 12:21; 13:5,9; 14:32;
15:29; 18:10; 20:7
about fools 10:18,23; 12:15; 13:19; 14:8,9; 15:2,5; 17:10,12; 18:2
about the wicked 10:7,16,32; 11:7,21,23; 12:5,10; 15:8,9; 16:4; 17:23; 21:4,27
Other striking proverbs 11:2,20; 12:1,22,28; 14:2,12,26,27,31,34; 15:4,32; 16:2,3,4,5,
16:8,9,16,18; 17:1,9, 22; 18:19,21; 19:3,5,17, 21,24; 20:27; 21:1,3,6,30; 22:6,13
Some more proverbs of Solomon .................................................................... 25:1 - 29:27
Some striking ones ................................................................................... 25:21,22,28;
26:11,15,17,27; 27:1,17,20,21; 28:1,13,14; 29:1,5
The sayings of Agur ..................................................................................... 30:1-33
The sayings of King Lemuel ........................................................................... 31:1-9
Description of a wife with noble character ....................................................... 31:10-31
PROVERBS 1:1 812
1
2
The proverbs of Solomon, the son of
David, king of Israel:
To know wisdom and instruction;
9 For they will be an ornament of grace
to your head,
and necklaces around your neck.
to discern words of understanding; 10 My son, if sinners entice you,
3 To receive the instruction of wisdom, do not consent.
justice, and judgment, and fairness; 11 If they say, Come with us.
4 To give shrewdness to the simple, Let us lie in wait for blood.
knowledge and discretion to the young Let us lurk secretly for the innocent
5 (A wise person will hear and increase learning, without cause.
and a man of understanding will attain 12 Let us swallow them up alive like the grave,
to wise counsels); and whole, like those who go down into the pit.
6 To understand a proverb, and the 13 We will get all kinds of valuable stuff.
interpretation, We will fill our houses with plunder.
the words of the wise, and their riddles. 14 Throw in your lot among us.
7 The fear of the LORD is the beginning Let us all have one purse.
of knowledge, 15 My son, do not walk in the way with them.
but fools despise wisdom and instruction. Keep your foot from their path.
16 For their feet run to evil,
8 My son, hear the instruction of your father, and hurry to shed blood.
and do not forsake the law of your mother; 17 Surely in vain the net is spread in the
1:1 Altogether Solomon spoke 3000 is a key thought. Observe carefully how dif-
proverbs (1 Kings 4:32). There are less than ferent the wisdom the Bible presents is from
1000 proverbs in this book and not all of the wisdom that philosophy speaks about.
them were written by Solomon (30:1; Fools the word is used 61 times in
31:1), so many of his proverbs are lost. this book, far more than in any other book
Only those God wanted to remain have of the Bible. It does not mean people who
remained. Solomon had more practical are uneducated, or lacking in brains or
wisdom and discernment than any man who ability. It indicates those lacking in morals,
ever lived (except for the Lord Jesus), those who are perverse and disobedient to
because they were a special gift from God righteous standards, those who do not know
(1 Kings 3:10-12). The proverbs recorded God and who try to live without Him their
in this book were chosen from Solomons lives. See also Ps 14:1. Fools are not
proverbs by Gods Spirit for our instruction. interested in learning the fear of God and
1:2-6 Here are the several reasons why the wisdom which comes from it. They follow
Solomon wrote his proverbs and why the Holy thier own thoughts. They want only to satisfy
Spirit has included them in the Bible. The their desires and behave as they please.
principal reason is that we might gain In this book fools are everywhere contrasted
practical wisdom and know how to conduct with the wise. The fools are the wicked; the
ourselves in the various affairs of life. But wise are the righteous. To sin is foolishness;
knowledge alone is not enough it must be to live righteously is wisdom.
put into practice. Unfortunately Solomon him- 1:8 It is the duty of parents to properly teach
self did not always do so (1 Kings 11:1-6). their children how to live in this world (Gen
1:4 Simple Ps 19:7; 119:130; Prov 18:19; Deut 6:7; Prov 13:24; 22:6; Eph
8:5. In the Bible, the Word of God, we 6:4). If they do not, they should not be
have a great storehouse of wisdom and surprised if their children turn out badly.
understanding. But we need to believe it, 1:9 3:21,22; 4:7-9.
receive it into our heart, meditate on it, and 1:10-16 It is possible for the children of even
practice it. good parents to fall into the companion-
Young even the young can attain to ship of evil men. When this happens they
wisdom by Gods Word. Much of this book are on the slippery path that may lead to
of Proverbs is addressed to the young violence, robbery, and crime (compare
(1:8,10; 2:2; 3:1; 4:1; etc). 22:24,25; 1 Cor 15:33). Everyone, and
1:7 Fear Solomon comes to the main especially the young, must be very careful
point right away. Without a reverential awe about making friends, for friendships have
and fear of God there is no true wisdom. a powerful effect on our behavior, and can
Without it one cannot even begin to be what lead either to great good or to much evil.
God calls wise. See notes at Gen 20:11; Grave (v 12) in Hebrew Sheol Gen
Job 28:28; Ps 34:11-14; 111:10; 130:3,4. 37:35.
Without this fear of God men may be 1:16 Isa 59:7; Rom 3:15.
educated, intellectual, and brilliant, and may 1:17 A hunter used nets to catch birds, but
even know much of the Bible, but they will if the birds were watching him start to work
not be wise. The phrase fear of the LORD they would fly away (6:5; 7:23; Ps 91:3).
(Jehovah) is used 14 times in Proverbs and If we are alert to the plans and tricks of evil
813 PROVERBS 2:3
sight of any bird. I will mock when your fear comes.
18 And they lie in wait for their own blood! 27 When your fear comes like desolation,
They lurk secretly for their own lives! and your destruction comes like a whirlwind,
19 Such are the ways of everyone who is when distress and anguish come on you.
greedy for gain. 28 Then they will call on me,
It takes away the life of its owners. but I will not answer.
20 Wisdom cries out in the public square; They will seek me early,
she utters her voice in the streets; but they will not find me,
21 She cries out in the principal thoroughfares, 29 For they hated knowledge, and did not
at the entrance of the gates of the city choose the fear of the LORD.
she utters her words, saying, 30 They would have none of my counsel.
22 How long, you simple ones, They despised all my rebuke.
will you love simple ways? 31 Therefore they will eat the fruit of
And the scorners delight in their scorning, their own way, and be filled with
and fools hate knowledge? their own schemes.
23 Turn at my rebuke. 32 For the turning away of the simple will kill them,
See, I will pour out my spirit to you, and the prosperity of fools will destroy them.
I will make my words known to you. 33 But whoever listens to me will dwell in safety,
and will securely rest from fear of disaster.
24 But since I have called, and you refused;
2
I have stretched out my hand, My son, if you will receive my words,
and no one paid attention, and store up my commands with you,
25 But you have ignored all my counsel, 2 So that you turn your ear to wisdom,
and were not willing for any of my rebuke, and apply your heart to understanding,
26 I also will laugh at your calamity. 3 Yes, if you cry out after knowledge,
men we can escape. foolish, arrogant, and dangerous thing any
1:18 An evil man will be caught in his own human being can do is to refuse to listen to
schemes to catch others (26:27; Ps 7:15; the voice of wisdom, the voice of God.
35:7,8; 40:2; 94:13). By becoming Compare 2 Thess 2:10,11.
ensnared in his own net he shows he has 1:26-32 Here are the sad results of refusing
not as much sense as birds. wisdoms voice.
1:19 4:14-17; 11:19; 1 Tim 6:6-10. 1:26,27 Ps 2:4; Deut 28:62,63.
1:20,21 There are two principal voices 1:28 There is such a thing as calling too
calling to men the voice of wisdom which late for help. When justice demands pun-
is the Word of God (8:12,22-31), and the ishment and is already in the process of
voice of folly which is the counsel of the executing it, men may call in vain (Deut
wicked (9:13; Ps 1:1). The one we obey 1:45; 1 Sam 8:18; Isa 1:15; Jer 11:11;
will determine the nature of our life on earth Hos 5:6). For example, once Noah and his
and our eternal state. family were in the ark and the judgment of
1:22 The voice of wisdom is heard until the the flood had begun it was too late to call
end of this chapter. Indeed, the voice of for mercy.
wisdom is heard all through the Bible and 1:29 Verse 7. The fear of the Lord is
wherever the Bible has gone and wherever something which must be chosen by men. It
God speaks to men. Most are unwilling to must also be cultivated and practiced.
listen to the voice of wisdom, and so show 1:31 2 Chron 36:16; Ps 18:25,26; Prov
themselves to be foolish. It is a strange 14:14; 22:8; Jer 6:19; 21:14; 30:15;
but true thing that foolish people love their 34:17; Gal 6:7.
foolish ways and delight to mock at wisdom 1:32 Men destroy themselves by their
and hate knowledge (Ps 50:17). Hence the wickedness and folly. Let them not blame
terrible warning which follows. God for something they do themselves.
Simple in Hebrew this word in Prosperity or complacency.
Proverbs does not mean someone who is 1:33 Num 24:21; Deut 33:28; Ps 23:4;
innocent and uncomplicated. It usually 112:8; Isa 32:17,18.
indicates a person who does not have good 2:1-4 Wisdom and understanding are not
sense in the area of morals, a person who gained by the careless or the lazy or the
is likely to run after the wrong things. worldly. It must be valued according to its
1:23 This is what God longs to do for people worth, and sought as some people seek for
if only they will respond to Him. For this riches (Job 28:12-28; Ps 19:9,10; 119:72;
reason He gave the Bible to mankind. Our Prov 8:10; 1 Cor 1:30; Col 2:2,3). How
whole lifetime should be spent in learning sad it is when men spend their whole lives
more and more of Gods heart and Gods in the pursuit of riches, and go to their
thoughts. graves in their folly, without that priceless
1:24,25 Isa 65:12; 66:4; Jer 7:13; 26:5; wisdom they might have had if they had
35:17; 36:31; Heb 12:25. The most sought it. Whatever else we may or may
PROVERBS 2:4 814
and lift up your voice for understanding, from the stranger who flatters with her words,
4 If you seek her as for silver, 17 Who forsakes the guide of her youth,
and search for her as for hidden treasures, and forgets the covenant of her God.
5 Then you will understand the fear of the LORD, 18 For her house goes down to death,
and find the knowledge of God. and her paths to the dead.
6 For the LORD gives wisdom. 19 None who go to her return again or
Out of his mouth come knowledge and reach the paths of life.
understanding. 20 Thus you may walk in the way of good men,
7 He stores up sound wisdom for the righteous. and keep to the paths of the righteous.
He is a shield to those who walk uprightly. 21 For the upright will live in the land,
8 He guards the paths of justice, and the blameless will remain in it.
and preserves the way of his saints. 22 But the wicked will be cut off from the earth,
9 Then you will understand righteousness and transgressors will be uprooted from it.
and justice and fairness,
yes, every good path.
10 When wisdom enters your heart and
knowledge is pleasant to your soul,
3 My son, do not forget my law,
but let your heart keep my commands,
2 For they will add to you length
11 Discretion will preserve you, of days and long life, and peace.
understanding will keep you, 3 Do not let mercy and truth leave you.
12 To deliver you from the way of the evil man, Bind them around your neck,
from the man who speaks perverse things, write them on the tablet of your heart.
13 Who leave the right paths to walk in 4 So you will find favour and good
the ways of darkness, understanding in the sight of God
14 Who rejoice in doing evil and delight and man.
in the perversity of the wicked,
5 Trust in the LORD with all your heart,
15 Whose ways are crooked,
and do not lean on your own understanding.
and who are devious in their paths.
6 In all your ways acknowledge him,
16 It will save you from the strange woman, and he will direct your paths.
not seek for, let us seek for wisdom with Eph 5:3; Col 3:5,6; Rev 21:8). That is why
diligence and zeal! the wise father here counsels his son against
2:5 Here is the reward that comes to those it, as all wise fathers should do.
who search diligently for wisdom. They gain 2:18 5:5; 7:27; 9:18; Eccl 7:26; Rom
the highest, brightest, and best treasure 6:23; 1 Tim 5:6.
men can ever have the knowledge of God. 2:19 Adultery is a sin that so captures those
2:6 But we must seek wisdom where it is engaging in it, so overpowers their reason
not in books of philosophers, nor in writings and conscience, that escape is exceedingly
of men about their gods, not in some difficult. Those who practice it will never, in
so-called jnana marg but in the LORD their own strength, arrive in the path of life
(Jehovah), the God of the Bible, the only and holiness. But God in His mercy can bring
living and true God. He alone gives wisdom. them there if they repent and turn to Him
2:7,8 Gen 15:1; Deut 33:29; 2 Sam (1 Cor 6:9,11).
22:3,31; Ps 3:3; 7:1; 18:25; 97:10. 2:20-22 Compare Ps 37:9-11,20,27-29,35-38.
Observe that after speaking of wisdom he 3:1 The peril of forgetting Gods truth is
turns our attention to our way of living. True often pointed out in the Bible (Deut 4:23,24;
wisdom is always practical, always related Ps 78:11; 106:13; Heb 12:5; 2 Pet 1:9).
to morality and ethics and holiness of life. 3:2 Though the rewards of the righteous are
Wisdom (v 7) or success. given in the next world, even in this world
2:10 14:33. they will benefit from good behavior.
2:11-17 True wisdom protects from all evil 3:3 Deut 6:6; Prov 6:21; 7:3; 2 Cor 3:3;
evil words (v 12), evil ways (v 13), evil Col 3:16; Heb 8:10. If the Word of God is
deeds (v 14), evil temptations (v 16). not written on our hearts, if it does not
2:13 4:19; John 3:19. become the inner spring for our behavior, it
2:14 10:23; 15:21; Rom 1:32; 2 Thess is useless to have it on our lips, or to pro-
2:12. fess to be pious.
2:15 Ps 125:5; Prov 21:8; Isa 59:8; 3:4 1 Sam 2:26; Luke 2:52.
Matt 7:13. 3:5,6 Here are three essentials to a walk
2:16,17 Strange woman used several directed by God full trust, renunciation of
times in Proverbs to indicate an immoral ones own wisdom, and acknowledging God
woman. Adultery is one of the most terrible in everything. Such a walk is contrasted in
of sins. God repeatedly warns against it in Proverbs with dark ways (2:13), stumbling
His Word (Ex 20:14; Lev 18:20; 20:10; Num (4:11,12), wickedness (11:5), and foolish-
5:12,13,29; Prov 6:29,32; 1 Cor 6:9,10,18; ness (15:21). So David prayed that God
815 PROVERBS 3:32
7 Do not be wise in your own eyes. 20 By his knowledge the depths are broken open,
Fear the LORD and depart from evil. and the clouds let drop the dew.
8 It will be health to your navel,
21 My son, keep sound wisdom and discretion,
and marrow to your bones.
not letting them depart from your eyes.
9 Honour the LORD with your possessions, 22 So they will be life to your soul,
and with the firstfruits of all your harvests; and grace to your neck.
10 Then your barns will be filled with plenty, 23 Then you will walk in your way in safety,
and your winepresses will burst open and your foot will not stumble.
with new wine. 24 When you lie down, you will not be afraid;
11 My son, do not despise the discipline yes, you will lie down and your sleep
of the LORD, will be sweet.
nor be weary of his correction, 25 Be not afraid of something causing
12 For whom the LORD loves he corrects, sudden terror,
as a father the son in whom he delights. or of the ruin of the wicked, when it comes.
13 Happy is the man who finds wisdom, 26 For the LORD will be your confidence,
and the man who gets understanding. and will keep your foot from being captured.
14 For profit from it is more valuable 27 Do not withhold good from those to
than the profit of silver, whom it is due, when it is in the
and its yield better than fine gold. power of your hand to do it.
15 She is more precious than rubies, 28 Do not say to your neighbour,
and all the things you can desire are Go and come again,
not to be compared to her. and Tomorrow I will give,
16 Length of days is in her right hand, when you have it with you.
and in her left hand are riches and 29 Do not plot to do evil against your
honour. neighbour, living securely near you.
17 Her ways are pleasant ways, 30 Do not strive with a man without cause,
and all her paths are peace. if he has done no harm to you.
18 She is a tree of life to those who take 31 Do not envy the oppressor,
hold of her; and do not choose any of his ways.
and happy is everyone who retains her. 32 For the perverse man is an abomination to
19 By wisdom the LORD founded the earth, the LORD,
by understanding he established the heavens. but his secret is with the righteous.
would lead him in a straight way (Ps 27:1). philosophy, or of Advaita Vedanta. The Bible
So should we all. A straight way is a way of presents the true wisdom, far more valu-
integrity and uprightness. It is a way full of able than anything one can gain on earth.
Gods blessing. It is a way that will lead to The principal fruit of wisdom is found in v
the right goal God Himself. 18. That wisdom which is a knowledge of
And He will direct your paths or it could the true God and awe and reverence for Him
be translated and he will make your paths results in eternal life and blessing (John
straight. 17:3). On blessing or blessed see notes at
3:7 Own eyes 26:12; Isa 5:21; 47:10; Gen 12:3; Num 6:22-27; Ps 1:1,2;
Rom 12:3; 1 Cor 3:18-20. This is a fault 119:1; Matt 5:3-10; etc.
of many men. They are so wise in their own 3:18 Tree of life 10:11; Gen 2:9; Rev
eyes they will not listen to Gods Word. Their 2:7.
pride keeps them from the truth, shut up in 3:19,20 8:27-29; Gen 1:31; Ps 136:5-9.
ignorance. 3:21-26 Here are more fruits of true
Fear notes at Gen 20:11; Job 28:28; wisdom a life that is gracious, secure,
Ps 34:11-14; 111:10; etc. upright, fearless, restful. True wisdom will
3:8 Compare Ps 38:3. See Prov 4:20-22. cause us to trust the Lord God, not ourselves
3:9,10 Ex 22:29; Deut 26:1-15; Mal 3:10- (v 26).
12; Luke 6:38. If we offer nothing to God 3:27-32 True wisdom will cause us to
and His service we are dishonoring Him and behave righteously and compassionately in
cannot have His full blessing in our lives. this world.
3:11,12 See Job 5:17; Ps 73:14; Heb 3:27 Jam 4:17.
12:5,6 (where these words are quoted). 3:28 Lev 19:13; Deut 24:15; Luke
3:13-18 1:7,33; 2:1-6. Once again the 10:25-37.
value and fruits of true wisdom are placed 3:29 Zech 8:17.
before us. Remember that this wisdom has 3:31 Ps 37:1; 73:2,3.
nothing to do with the so-called wisdom of 3:32 An abomination note at Ps 5:5.
PROVERBS 3:33 816
33 The curse of the LORD is on the house 11 I have taught you in the way of wisdom;
of the wicked, I have led you in right paths.
but he blesses the home of the just. 12 When you walk, your steps will not be
34 Surely he scorns the scorners, cramped,
but he gives grace to the lowly. and when you run, you will not stumble.
35 The wise will inherit glory, 13 Take firm hold of instruction.
but fools will be held up to shame. Do not let her go.
Keep her, for she is your life.
4 Hear, you children, the instruction of a father,
and pay attention so as to find
understanding.
14 Do not enter the path of the wicked,
and do not go in the way of evil people.
15 Avoid it. Do not travel on it.
2 For I give you good teaching. Turn from it and pass on.
Do not forsake my law. 16 For they do not sleep unless they
3 For I was my fathers son, tender have done evil,
and the only one in the sight of my mother. and their sleep is taken away,
4 And he taught me, and said to me, unless they cause someone to fall.
Let your heart retain my words. 17 For they eat the bread of wickedness,
Keep my commands, and live. and drink the wine of violence.
5 Get wisdom, get understanding. 18 But the path of the just is like the
Do not forget it or turn away from the shining light, that shines more and
words of my mouth. more to the perfect day.
6 Do not forsake her, and she will preserve you. 19 The way of the wicked is like darkness.
Love her, and she will keep you. They do not know what they stumble at.
7 Wisdom is the principal thing. 20 My son, pay attention to my words.
Therefore get wisdom, and with all Turn your ear to what I say.
your getting get understanding. 21 Do not let them depart from your eyes.
8 Exalt her, and she will set you on high. Keep them in the center of your heart.
She will bring you to honour, 22 For they are life to those who find them,
when you embrace her. and health to their whole body.
9 She will give an ornament of grace for
your head; 23 Keep your heart with all watchfulness,
she will provide a crown of glory to you. for out of it come the issues of life.
10 Hear, O my son, and receive my words, 24 Put a crooked mouth away from you,
and the years of your life will be many. and put perverse lips far from you.
3:33-35 One of many examples in this book something we value so little?
of the contrast between the reward of the righ- 4:9 1:8,9.
teous and of the wicked. Gods curse or bless- 4:10 Under the old covenant God promised
ing, His scorn or His grace, honor or shame long life to those who obeyed Him (9:11).
are dependent on our state before God. 4:11,12 3:6; Ps 5:8.
3:33 See Deut 11:26-28 and 28:1-68 for 4:13 3:18,22; 4:4.
this principle at work for a whole nation. 4:14,15 1:15; Ps 1:1.
3:34 To some extent at least God, in per- 4:16,17 Wickedness is so natural to some
fect justice, acts toward people as they act people that it is like their food and drink,
toward Him and others. Note at Ps 18:25,26. and trying to sleep without it is useless.
4:1,2 1:8; 19:20. 4:18 Ps 18:28; 37:6.
4:3-9 Father and mother were David and 4:19 2:13; John 3:19,20; 2 Cor 4:4;
Bathsheba (1 Kings 1:28- 30). Solomon 1 John 2:11.
was the son who was to succeed David on 4:20-22 3:8,18; 4:13.
the throne of Israel. 4:23 Here is one of those gem-like maxims
4:4 7:2; Deut 30:15-20; 32:45-47. of profound meaning which appear
4:5 2:12; 3:13-18. frequently in this book. Our hearts are like
4:6 True wisdom has such influence because storehouses and what is in them will come
God is behind it working with it. out some time, some way (Matt 12:34,35).
4:7 Since wisdom is far more precious than They are like gardens which will produce a
wealth, then one must be willing to give all good crop if the seed and water and care
ones wealth to get it. It is hardly obtained are good, but which will produce evil weeds
otherwise (compare Matt 13:44-46; Mark if left to themselves (24:30,31). Our hearts
10:21-25; Luke 14:33). If there is some- are like fountains and will pour our sweet
thing we will not give our wealth for, then it living water or bitter deadly water,
is plain that we value our wealth more than depending on what we have in them.
that thing. And why should God give us 4:24 Eph 5:4; Col 3:8.
817 PROVERBS 6:3
25 Let your eyes look right ahead, or turned my ear to those who instructed me!
and let your eyelids look straight before you. 14 I was almost in total misery in
26 Consider the path of your feet, the midst of the congregation
and let all your ways be established. and assembly.
27 Do not turn to the right hand or to the left. 15 Drink water out of your own cistern,
Turn away your foot from evil. and running water out of your own well.
16 Should your springs flow outside and be like
5 My son, give attention to my wisdom,
and turn your ear to my understanding,
2 That you may regard discretion and
rivers of water in the streets?
17 Let them be only your own,
and not strangers sharing with you.
that your lips may keep knowledge. 18 Let your fountain be blessed,
3 For the lips of a strange woman drip and rejoice with the wife of your youth.
like a honeycomb, 19 Let her be like a loving doe and graceful deer;
and her mouth is smoother than oil, let her breasts satisfy you at all times,
4 But the result with her is as bitter as wormwood, and always be captivated by her love.
sharp as a two-edged sword. 20 And why will you, my son,
5 Her feet go down to death; be captivated by a strange woman,
her steps hold to the path of the grave. and embrace the bosom of a stranger?
6 Lest you should ponder the path of life,
her ways are unstable, 21 For the ways of man are before the
so that you cannot understand them. eyes of the LORD,
7 Therefore, listen to me now, and he ponders all his goings.
O you children, and do not depart from the 22 The iniquities of the wicked will capture him,
words of my mouth. and he will be held by the cords of his sins.
8 Keep your way far from her, 23 He will die without instruction,
and do not come near the door of her house, and in the greatness of his folly he will
9 Lest you give your honour to others, go astray.
and your years to those who are cruel,
10 Lest strangers be filled with your wealth,
and your labours be for the house of a 6 My son, if you act as security for your friend,
if you have struck your hand in pledge
with that of a stranger,
stranger,
11 And you mourn at the last, 2 You are ensnared by the words of your mouth,
when your flesh and your body are consumed, you are captured by the words of your mouth.
12 And say, How I hated instruction! 3 Do this now, my son, and rescue
And my heart despised rebuke! yourself, when you have come into
13 And I have not obeyed the voice of your friends hands:
my teachers, go, humble yourself, and make sure
4:25 If we do not do so we may stumble seems to escape in this life the deserved
and fall. punishment, escape will not be forever
4:27 Deut 5:32; 17:11,20; 28:14; Josh 1:7; (1 Cor 6:9,10; Heb 13:4; Rev 21:8).
1 Kings 15:5; 2 Kings 22:2. Going to right 5:15-19 Each verse here exhorts the son to
or left means to go out of the path of com- be satisfied with his own wife and not to go
plete obedience to Gods Word. Out of the looking for pleasures forbidden outside the
straight and narrow way there is only sin. marriage relationship.
5:1,2 Verse 7; 1:8; 4:1,20. 5:20 Since adultery leads to ruin and
5:3-23 He returns to the theme of adultery destruction why even consider engaging in
which he referred to in 2:16-19 and which this deadly sin?
he takes up again in 6:23-35 and 7:6-27. 5:21 Men may not find out the sin of the
He shows it for what it is one of the most adulterer or punish him, but God will (Jer
dangerous and deadly of sins. It may seem 29:23; Heb 4:13).
sweet in the beginning (v 3), but the end 5:22 Num 32:23; Ps 7:15,16; 9:16. If
will be bitterness and death (vs 4,5), and we sin we are creating bonds that will hold
condemnation by ones own thoughts, by us in slavery. See John 8:34; Rom 6:16.
others, and by God (vs 11-14,21). 5:23 If false ways that lead to death are
5:3 7:5. the result of a lack of instruction how we
5:4 Eccl 7:26. should welcome and value instruction in our
5:5 2:18; 7:27. Grave in Hebrew lives. See Ps 25:4,5.
Sheol Gen 37:35. 6:1-5 This refers to taking the responsibil-
5:6 9:13; 30:20; Eph 4:17-19. ity of paying someone elses debts if he
5:9-14 The practice of adultery will bring a should fail to do so, or any other obligation
person to utter ruin. Even if he (or she) of a similar nature. The wise man says this
PROVERBS 6:4 818
your friend. 20 My son, keep your fathers command,
4 Do not give sleep to your eyes, and do not forsake the law of your mother.
or slumber to your eyelids. 21 Bind them continually on your heart,
5 Rescue yourself like a roe from the and tie them about your neck.
hand of the hunter, 22 When you go about, it will lead you.
and like a bird from the hand of the fowler. When you sleep, it will keep you,
6 Go to the ant, you lazy one. and when you wake up, it will talk with you.
Consider its ways, and be wise. 23 For the command is a lamp,
7 It has no guide, overseer, or ruler, and the law is light, and the rebukes of
8 But arranges for its provisions in the summer, instruction are the way of life,
and gathers its food in the harvest. 24 To keep you from the evil woman,
9 How long will you sleep, O lazy one? from the flattery of the tongue of a
When will you arise from your sleep? strange woman.
10 Yet a little sleep, a little slumber, 25 Do not lust in your heart for her beauty,
a little folding of the hands to sleep, nor let her take you with her eyelids.
11 So your poverty will come like a traveller, 26 For through a prostitute a man is
and your scarcity like an armed man. brought to a piece of bread,
and the adulteress will hunt for the
12 A worthless person, a wicked man, precious life.
walks about with a perverse mouth. 27 Can a man take fire to his chest,
13 He winks with his eyes, and his clothes not be burned?
he speaks with his feet, 28 Can one go on hot coals,
he teaches with his fingers. and his feet not be burned?
14 Perversity is in his heart. 29 So is he who goes in to his neighbors wife.
He plots evil continually. Whoever touches her will not be free
He sows discord. from punishment.
15 Therefore his calamity will come suddenly. 30 People do not despise a thief,
Suddenly he will be broken without remedy. if he steals to satisfy his soul when he
16 These six things the LORD hates, is hungry;
yes, seven are an abomination to him: 31 But if he is found out, he must restore
17 A proud look, a lying tongue, sevenfold, even though he must give
and hands that shed innocent blood, all the resources of his house.
18 A heart that devises wicked schemes, 32 But whoever commits adultery with a
feet that are swift in running to evil, woman lacks understanding.
19 A false witness who speaks lies, He who does it destroys his own soul.
and he who sows discord among brethren. 33 A wound and dishonour is what he will get,
is a foolish thing to do (17:18), and could very detestable to the God of truth (Ps 31:5)
result in complete poverty (11:15; who is the only God there is.
22:26,27), and bondage. Striking hands Blood Deut 19:10; Prov 1:16; Isa
was a sign of agreement. 1:21; 59:7.
6:6-11 There is much about laziness in Prov- 6:18 Heart 24:2; Isa 32:6; 65:2; Gen 6:5.
erbs. We learn the character of the lazy man Feet 1:16; Isa 59:7; Rom 3:15.
and the results of his laziness. See 10:26; 6:19 Lies 12:17,18; 25:18; Ex 20:16.
13:4; 15:19; 19:24; 20:4; 22:13; God hates seven things and two of them
24:30-34; 26:13-16. Even small and are telling lies. So emphatically is lying
insignificant creatures like ants have more condemned in the Bible.
sense than the lazy man (v 6). Discord 15:18; Zech 8:17; 1 Cor
6:12-15 This particular kind of scoundrel tries 3:3; Gal 5:19,20; Phil 2:2; Ps 133:1.
to destroy others by hypocrisy, deceitfulness 6:20 1:8; 3:21.
and plots. His end will be in accordance with 6:21 6:8; 3:3; 7:1-3; Deut 6:8.
perfect justice. Note at Ps 18:25,26. 6:22 4:11.
6:16-19 Let us write these words on our 6:23 10:17; Ps 19:8; 119:105.
hearts and read them there daily. It is a 6:24-35 See 5:9-21.
terrible folly to practice what is detestable 6:25 Lust Ex 20:17; Matt 5:28; 2 Pet 1:4.
to God, or to love what He hates. 6:26 5:10; 7:22,23.
6:17 Proud Ps 10:4,5; 18:27; 101:5; 6:32 7:7; 9:4,16; 1 Cor 6:18. An adulterer
Isa 2:10-17; 13:11. breaks the law of God, rushes into danger of
Lying see 12:22; 19:22; Ps 58:3; disgrace and punishment by both man and
62:4; 63:11; 101:7; John 8:44; Col God, and sins against his own body, all for a
3:9; Rev 21:8. A very common sin and brief passing pleasure. Is he not a fool?
819 PROVERBS 8:4
and his disgrace will not be wiped away. to seek your face earnestly;
34 For jealousy is the rage of a man; and I have found you.
therefore he will not spare in the day 16 I have spread my bed with coverings,
of vengeance. with coloured linen from Egypt.
35 He will not show regard for any compensation, 17 I have perfumed my bed with myrrh,
nor will he rest content, though you aloes, and cinnamon.
give many gifts. 18 Come, let us take our fill of love until
the morning.
7
2
My son, keep my words, and store up
my command with you.
Keep my command and live,
Let us delight ourselves with love.
19 For the man is not at home,
he has gone on a long journey.
and keep my teaching as the apple of 20 He has taken a bag of money with him,
your eye. and will come home on the appointed
3 Bind them on your fingers. day.
Write them on the tablet of your heart. 21 With her great persuasiveness she
4 Say to wisdom, You are my sister, enticed him,
and call understanding your relative, with her flattering lips she drew him on.
5 That they may keep you from the adulteress, 22 Suddenly he goes after her,
from the stranger who flatters with her as an ox goes to the slaughter,
words. or like a fool to the correction of the stocks,
6 For at the window of my house 23 Till an arrow pierces through his liver,
I looked out through my lattice, like a bird hurrying into the snare,
7 And I saw among the simple ones, and does not know that it is
I discerned among the youths, a young at the risk of his life.
man lacking understanding, 24 Now therefore, listen to me, my children,
8 Passing through the street near her corner; and be attentive to the words of my mouth.
and he went along the way to her house, 25 Do not let your heart turn to her ways.
9 In the twilight, in the evening, Do not go astray in her paths.
in the black and dark night. 26 For many are the wounded she has
10 And then a woman met him, dressed like thrown down;
a prostitute, yes, many strong men have been killed by her.
and with a cunning heart. 27 Her house is the way to the realm of the dead,
11 (She is loud and stubborn. going down to the chambers of death.
Her feet do not stay in her house;
12 Now she is in the public square,
now in the streets, 8 Does not wisdom call out,
and understanding raise her voice?
2 She stands on the top of heights,
and lurks at every corner.)
13 So she took hold of him, beside the way where the paths meet.
and kissed him, 3 She cries out at the gates,
and with a brazen face said to him, at the entrance of the city,
14 I have peace offerings with me. at the entry of the doors:
Today I have paid my vows. 4 To you, O men, I call, and my voice
15 Therefore I came out to meet you, is to the sons of men.
7:1-4 1:8; 3:3; 4:4; 6:21; Deut 6:8; 32:47. 7:27 2:18; 5:5; 1 Tim 5:6.
7:5-27 5:9-21; 6:24-35. Realm of the dead in Hebrew Sheol
7:5 2:16; 6:24. see Gen 37:35.
7:7 1:22; 6:32. 8:1-3 Job 28:12; Prov 1:20,21. Solomon
7:14 Those who give themselves to the here emphasizes the availability of wisdom
deadly sin of adultery may try to give to all who will seek for it. It is not remote
offerings to God. Prostitutes sometimes and unattainable.
profess to be pious, and rascals are often On the top the heights where all can
religious (Rom 2:21-24). see and hear.
7:14-21 Sin appears in beautiful colors to Where the paths meet where changes
deceive the unwary and the foolish. of direction are possible and decisions must
7:22,23 5:11,14,22,23; 6:26-29. be made.
7:26 Saul has slain his thousands and David At the gates where city leaders met
his tens of thousands, but who can number for discussion and making judgments.
the countless victims of adultery? 8:4-11 Several important things are said
PROVERBS 8:5 820
5 O you simple ones, obtain wisdom! 15 By me kings reign, and princes decree justice.
And you fools, obtain an understanding 16 By me rulers govern, and nobles,
heart! all who judge righteously.
6 Listen, for I will speak of excellent things, 17 I love those who love me,
and right things will come from the and those who search for me will find me.
opening of my lips. 18 Riches and honour are with me,
7 For my mouth will speak truth, yes, lasting riches and righteousness.
and wickedness is an abomination to my lips. 19 My fruit is better than gold, yes,
8 All the words of my mouth are in than fine gold;
righteousness. and my revenue is better than choice silver.
There is nothing crooked or perverse in them. 20 I lead in the way of righteousness,
9 They are all plain to the one who understands, in the midst of the paths of justice,
and right to those who find knowledge. 21 That I may bestow riches on those
who love me;
10 Receive my instruction, and not silver;
and I will fill their treasuries.
and knowledge rather than choice gold.
11 For wisdom is better than rubies, 22 The LORD possessed me in the
and all the things that may be desired beginning of his way,
are not to be compared with it. before his works of old.
12 I, wisdom, dwell with prudence, 23 I was established from everlasting,
and am the discoverer of knowledge from the beginning, before the earth was.
and discretion. 24 When there were no depths,
I was brought forth,
13 The fear of the LORD is to hate evil. when there were no springs abounding
I hate pride and arrogance and the with water.
evil way and the perverse mouth. 25 Before the mountains were settled,
14 Counsel is mine, and sound judgment. before the hills, I was brought forth,
I am understanding. I have strength. 26 While he still had not made the earth,
about wisdom here. It can be gained by who have true wisdom will lay up treasures
anyone, even by the simple and foolish in heaven, not on this earth (Matt 6:19-21).
(vs 4,5). Wisdom is related to the right, 8:13 See notes at Gen 20:11; Job 28:28;
the true, the holy, the just (vs 6-9), and Ps 34:11-14; 111:10. Wisdom hates evil,
everything contrary to these is foolishness. pride, and crookedness because God hates
Wisdom is more precious than any material them, and because they ruin and destroy
possession a man may gain (vs 10,11). men.
In the Bible the way to gain wisdom is to 8:15,16 If kings, leaders, and others in
turn from evil to God, meditate on His authority do not have God-given wisdom
Word, obey His instructions, and seek Him they will be bad rulers. So king Solomon
for it (Jam 1:5-8). The believer in Christ is prayed for wisdom above everything else
at the source of all true wisdom, and no (1 Kings 3:7-9; 2 Chron 1:8-10).
one else in the world is. For Christ is the 8:17 Find Matt 7:7-11; Jam 1:5-8.
wisdom of God, and He is in believers, and Should we not seek earnestly for something
He is made to them wisdom, and they are so valuable when it is attainable?
complete in Him (1 Cor 1:24,30; Col 8:22 The LORD possessed me or the
2:3,8-10). They who believe Christ and LORD brought me forth.
know Christ have the true enlightenment, 8:22-31 Wisdom speaks as if it were a
the true wisdom of God. What they need person, as it does also in 1:20-33; 3:15-
to do is to look to Christ, yield to Christ, 18; 9:1-12. Some scholars think Christ is
and learn from Christ. They who are now meant here, other scholars think that
unbelievers can also obtain true wisdom if Solomon is speaking in poetic language of
they will humble themselves, repent, turn an attribute of God. It is not right to be
to God and believe in the Lord Jesus. dogmatic about doubtful things, but it cer-
8:12-21 Further facts about the nature and tainly seems possible that Christ is meant.
fruits of wisdom. Wisdom is not some philo- In 1 Cor 1:24 Christ is called the wisdom of
sophical speculation or impractical thing God, and we are told that all creation was
dealing with matters which do not concern made through Him (John 1:3,10; 1 Cor
our daily lives. Wisdom is closely related to 8:6; Col 1:16; Heb 1:8).
an understanding of how to behave in this 8:23-26 Micah 5:2; John 1:1. Christ is
real world (vs 12-16). Wisdom (as all lovers eternal. Wisdom, as an attribute of God, is
do) will rush to the one who loves it (v 17). also eternal. There was never a moment
Wisdom sometimes may lead to material when God did not have wisdom. Therefore
wealth (vs 18,21), but gives something far the expression translated I was brought
better than such wealth (vs 19,20). They forth (v 24) cannot be taken to mean
821 PROVERBS 9:10
or the fields, All those who hate me love death.
or the first dust of the world.
27 When he prepared the heavens,
I was there.
When he drew a circle on the face of
9
2
Wisdom has built her house;
she has hewn out its seven pillars.
She has slaughtered her animals;
the deep, she has mixed her wine;
28 When he established the clouds above, she has also set her table.
when he firmly set the springs of the deep, 3 She has sent out her maidens.
29 When he appointed to the sea its She calls out on the highest places of
boundary, that the waters would not the city:
pass over his command, 4 Whoever is simple, let him turn in here!
when he marked out the foundations As for the one who lacks understanding,
of the earth, she says to him:
30 Then I was beside him, as one brought 5 Come, eat my bread, and drink the
up with him, wine which I have mixed.
and I was daily his delight, 6 Forsake folly, and live,
rejoicing always in his presence, and go in the way of understanding.
31 Rejoicing in the inhabited world, his earth, 7 He who corrects a scorner gets
and my delight was in the sons of men. contempt for himself,
32 Now, therefore, listen to me, you children! and he who rebukes a wicked man gets
For blessed are those who keep my ways. an insult for himself.
33 Listen to instruction, and be wise, 8 Do not rebuke a scorner, lest he hate you.
and do not refuse it. Rebuke a wise man, and he will love you.
34 Blessed is the man who hears me, 9 Give instruction to a wise man,
watching daily at my gates, and he will be even wiser.
waiting at the posts of my doors. Teach a just man, and he will increase
35 For whoever finds me finds life, in learning.
and will obtain favour from the LORD. 10 The fear of the LORD is the beginning
36 But he who sins against me harms his of wisdom,
own soul. and the knowledge of the holy is
literally came into existence. same invitation (vs 4,16). But the one calls
8:27-31 All of Gods works were created with to life, to understanding, and to righteous-
the utmost skill and wisdom (Gen ness. The other calls to sin and death. Both
1:9,12,18,25,31; Ps 104:24; 136:5), and call from the highest point of the city where
they were all a reason for great rejoicing. all can see and hear them. Every person will
In Job 38:4-38 we see God describing His answer the call of one or the other of these.
works with joy. All was good until man fell Wisdoms house with its seven pillars is large
into sin and brought grief to Gods heart and perfect (seven is the Biblical number of
(Gen 6:5-7). perfection and completeness). Follys house
8:32-36 Wisdom is still speaking and say- is just a house (v 14) no perfection, no
ing that men may, and should, partake of completeness will ever be found there, un-
Gods wisdom. Man was made in the image less it be the completeness of utter foolish-
of God, and men are capable of great things ness.
if they will gain wisdom. 9:2 Luke 14:16-23.
8:32 Blessed notes at Gen 12:1-3; Num 9:3 1:20; 8:1-3.
6:22-27; Ps 1:1,2. 9:4-6 This calling to the simple means that
8:34 Gaining wisdom is not a once and for the way is open for them to become wise.
all event but a continuing process. And life, eternal spiritual life, comes to those
8:35 9:6. who abandon their ignorant ways and
8:36 Harms his own soul 15:32; Isa receive Christ the wisdom of God.
3:9; 2 Pet 2:1. Ignorance will keep us from 9:7 23:9; Matt 7:6.
Christ, from spiritual life, from Gods bless- 9:8 Willingness or unwillingness to take a
ings, from heaven itself (Eph 4:18). So it is rebuke reveals something of a mans char-
a great destroyer of people. They who hate acter. The wise man, unlike the foolish
wisdom are hating heaven and Gods bless- mocker, knows a rebuke is for his correc-
ing and Christ who is the wisdom of God, tion, for his good (Ps 141:5).
and such people really love only death. 9:9 1:5; 12:15; 13:10; 14:6; 15:31; 19:25.
Hating Gods wisdom is spiritual suicide. 9:10 Fear 1:7.
9:1 This chapter gives the great contrast The holy or, the Holy One. What
between wisdom and folly. Both have pre- men need above all is the knowledge of the
pared something for men, both call out the holy God not a theoretical knowledge, but
PROVERBS 9:11 822
understanding. 2 Treasures wickedly obtained profit nothing,
11 For by me your days will be multiplied, but righteousness delivers from death.
and the years of your life will be increased. 3 The LORD will not let the righteous go hungry,
12 If you are wise, you will be wise for but he thrusts aside the craving of the
your benefit, wicked.
but if you scorn, you alone will bear it. 4 He who works with a slack hand becomes poor,
13 The woman Folly is loud. but the hand of the diligent makes rich.
She is a simpleton, and knows nothing. 5 He who gathers in summer is a wise son,
14 And she sits at the door of her house, but he who sleeps in harvest is a son
on a seat on the heights of the city, who causes shame.
15 To call to those who pass by, 6 Blessings are on the head of the just,
going straight on their ways: but violence covers the mouth of the wicked.
16 Whoever is simple, let him turn in here! 7 The remembrance of the just is blessed,
And as for the one who lacks but the name of the wicked will rot.
understanding, she says to him: 8 The wise in heart will accept commands,
17 Stolen water is sweet, but a chattering fool will fall.
and bread eaten in secret is pleasant. 9 He who walks uprightly walks securely,
but he who perverts his ways will be found out.
18 But he does not know that the dead are there,
10 He who winks the eye causes trouble,
and that her guests go to the depths of hell.
and a chattering fool will fall.
10 The proverbs of Solomon.
A wise son makes a glad father,
but a foolish son is the heaviness of
11 The mouth of a righteous person is a
fountain of life,
but violence covers the mouth of the wicked.
his mother. 12 Hatred stirs up strife,
the knowledge that comes from experienc- 10:2 Profit nothing 21:6; Ps 49:10-12;
ing God. This is eternal life (John 17:3), Eccl 5:15; 1 Tim 6:6-9.
and this is the only way to a holy life. Note Delivers v 16; 11:4,19; 12:28. The
on holy at Lev 20:7. righteousness of Christ freely given by God
9:11 This was an Old Testament promise to all who trust in Him delivers from eternal
often repeated to those who feared God death (Rom 3:22; 5:21; 2 Cor 5:21; etc).
(Deut 5:16; 11:9,21; Prov 3:2; 10:27). 10:3 Righteous Ps 37:19,25; 111:5;
It is not much emphasized in this New Tes- Matt 6:25-27.
tament age when to depart and be with Wicked 13:25; Num 11:33,34; Ps
Christ is often the longing of believers (Phil 112:10.
1:21-24). But in any age the fear of the 10:4 Slack hand 6:6-11.
Lord will lead to clean, disciplined living which Diligent 12:24; 21:5.
will tend to produce longer life than self- 10:6 Blessings Ps 1:1.
indulgence and sinful ways will do. 10:7 Remembrance Ps 112:6; Phil 1:3,4;
9:12 Benefit 3:16-18; 4:22; 8:35; 2 Tim 1:4,5; Hebrews chapter 11; 13:7.
14:14. Rot Gen 17:4; Job 18:17; Ps 9:6;
Scorn wisdom will scorn those who scorn 34:16.
her (1:22,26) and God will act toward them 10:8 Commands 9:8,9; Deut 4:5,6. The
as they deserve (Ps 18:25,26; Gal 6:7). wise know something of the value of Gods
9:13-16 Loud 7:11. Foolishness will commands and will keep them especially.
always make more noise than wisdom, and 10:9 Securely 2:7; Gen 15:1; Ps 7:10;
can make a great show to attract people to 37:23,24; Ps 91.
her. To deceive people she uses some of Found out Num 32:23; Matt 10:26;
the same words wisdom uses. 2 Tim 3:9.
9:17 Compare 9:2,5. Wisdom has food of 10:10 Winks 6:13; Ps 35:19.
her own. Folly must steal it. Wisdom wants 10:11 Life vs 20,21; 3:18; 11:30;
people to leave their foolish ways (v 6). Folly 13:14. The righteous teach others the way
wants them to plunge further into them by of the good life here on earth and eternal
sins done in secret. She does not give them life with God hereafter.
the truth of 20:17. 10:12 Strife 6:14,19.
9:18 2:18; 7:26,27; Rom 6:23. By nature Covers Jam 5:20; 1 Pet 4:8. Love
we are all the guests of folly (Titus 3:3; will lead the sinner to God who covers and
Eph 2:3; Rom 3:9). If we have escaped forgives his sin (note at Ps 32:1). Also love
from its house to wisdoms palace it is all will not want to expose the sins of others
because of Gods grace. unless there is a very good reason for
Hell in Hebrew Sheol Gen 37:35. doing so. Sometimes when the word of God
10:1 15:20; 17:21; 19:13; 23:22-25; is hindered or Gods people endangered it
27:11; 29:3. must be done (compare Joshua chapter 7;
823 PROVERBS 11:6
but love covers all sins. and like smoke to the eyes,
13 In the lips of him who has so is the lazy one to those who send him.
understanding wisdom is found, 27 The fear of the LORD prolongs days,
but a rod is for the back of him who but the years of the wicked will be
lacks understanding. shortened.
14 Wise men store up knowledge, 28 The hope of the righteous will be joy,
but the mouth of the foolish is near but the expectation of the wicked will perish.
destruction.
15 The rich mans wealth is his strong city; 29 The way of the LORD is a stronghold to
the ruin of the poor is their poverty. the upright,
16 The labour of the righteous tends to life; but destruction to evildoers.
the fruit of the wicked to sin. 30 The righteous will never be shaken,
but the wicked will not inhabit the earth.
17 He who heeds instruction is in the way of life,
31 The mouth of the just brings forth wisdom,
but he who refuses correction goes astray.
but the perverse tongue will be cut out.
18 He who hides hatred with lying lips,
32 The lips of the righteous know what is suitable,
and he who utters a slander, is a fool.
but the mouth of the wicked speaks perversity.
19 In the multitude of words sin is not lacking,
11
but he who refrains his lips is wise.
A false balance is abomination to the LORD,
20 The tongue of the just is like choice silver;
but a just weight is his delight.
the heart of the wicked is of little worth.
2 When pride comes, then comes shame;
21 The lips of the righteous feed many,
but with the lowly is wisdom.
but fools die for lack of wisdom.
3 The integrity of the upright will guide them,
22 The blessing of the LORD is what makes rich, but the perverseness of transgressors
and he adds no sorrow with it. will destroy them.
23 Doing evil is like sport to a fool, 4 Riches do not profit in the day of wrath,
but a man of understanding has wisdom. but righteousness delivers from death.
24 What the wicked fear will come on him, 5 The righteousness of the blameless
but the desire of the righteous will be granted. will direct his way,
25 When the whirlwind passes, but the wicked will fall by his own wickedness.
the wicked is no more ; 6 The righteousness of the upright will
but the righteous has an everlasting rescue them,
foundation. but transgressors will be caught in
26 Like vinegar to the teeth, their own greed.
Acts 5:1-11; 2 Cor 11:13; 1 Tim 1:20; deeds will come on them and more besides.
2 Tim 1:15; 4:14,15). Desire Ps 37:4; 145:17-19; Matt
10:13 Rod 14:3; 19:29; 26:3; Deut 25:2. 7:7-11; John 15:7.
10:14 Store up Luke 6:45. A wise man 10:25 Wicked 12:7; Ps 37:10,35,36;
will want to learn all he can about everything Matt 7:24-27.
except, of course, the experience of 10:26 26:6.
sinning (1 Cor 14:20). 10:27 Verse 11; 9:10,11; Deut 11:9.
10:15 Wealth brings a certain amount of 10:28 11:7; Job 8:13; Ps 112:10.
worldly power which the poor cannot have 10:29 So we should earnestly pray the
(18:23; 22:7). But they should recognize prayers of Ps 25:4,5; 27:11; 119:12.
that real security depends on God alone 10:30 Ps 37:9,28,29.
(18:2; Ps 52:1-7). 10:31 Verse 13; 15:2; Ps 52:2-5.
10:16 See 11:18,19; Deut 30:15,16; 10:32 2:12; Eccl 10:12; Ps 59:7.
32:46,47; Rom 6:23. 11:1 Lev 19:35,36; Deut 25:13-16; Amos
10:17 6:23; 15:5; Heb 12:5-11. Because 8:5; Micah 6:11. Any kind of dishonesty
we are sinful by nature and ignorant of Gods or crookedness is an abomination to God.
holy ways, correction and discipline are very 11:2 3:34; 16:18; 18:12; 29:23; Jam 4:6.
important. We ignore them to our peril. 11:3 Verse 5. A person who is upright and
10:18 Ps 31:18. has unmixed motives, and wants to walk in
10:19 Jam 1:19; 3:2-12. the right path, will be able to know what the
10:22 Gen 24:34,35; Ps 1:3; 128:1,2; right path is. The wicked will fall into the
Matt 6:19-21. trap he has made for others (5:22; Ps 9:16).
10:23 2:14; 15:21; Eph 4:19; Phil 3:19; 11:4 Riches Ps 49:5-15; Rev 6:15-17;
2 Thess 2:12. 18:9-17.
10:24 Fear Isa 66:4; Ezek 11:8. What- Day of wrath Rom 2:5.
ever, in their more rational moments, they Righteousness 10:2.
fear regarding Gods punishment for their 11:6 Greed brings people into the bondage
PROVERBS 11:7 824
7 When a wicked man dies, his own death.
his expectation perishes, 20 Those who are of a perverse heart
and the hope of unjust men also perishes. are abomination to the LORD,
8 The righteous is rescued from trouble, but those who are upright in their way
and the wicked meets it instead. are his delight.
9 A hypocrite with his mouth destroys 21 Though hand join in hand, the wicked
his neighbour, will not be unpunished,
but through knowledge the just will be rescued. but the offspring of the righteous will
10 When it goes well with the righteous, be rescued.
the city rejoices; 22 Like a gold jewel in a pigs snout,
and when the wicked perish, is a beautiful woman who is without
there is joyful shouting. discretion.
11 By the blessing of the upright the city 23 The desire of the righteous ends only in good,
is exalted, but the expectation of the wicked in wrath.
but it is overthrown by the mouth of
24 There is that which scatters,
the wicked.
and yet increases;
12 He who lacks wisdom despises his neighbour,
and there is that which withholds
but a man of understanding keeps silent.
more than is right,
13 A talebearer reveals secrets,
but it results in poverty.
but he who is trustworthy conceals a matter.
25 The generous soul will be made prosperous,
14 Where there is no counsel, and he who waters will also be watered himself.
the people fall; 26 The people will curse the one who
but having many counsellors promotes safety. withholds grain,
15 He who puts up security for a stranger but blessing will be on the head of the
will suffer for it , one who sells it.
but he who hates putting up security is safe. 27 He who diligently seeks good gains favour,
but he who searches for evil,
16 A gracious woman wins honour;
will have it come to him.
and strong men gain riches.
17 The merciful man does good to his own soul, 28 He who trusts in his riches will fall,
but he who is cruel brings harm on himself. but the righteous will flourish like a branch.
18 The wicked earns deceitful wages, 29 He who troubles his own house will
but to him who sows righteousness will inherit the wind,
come a sure reward. and the fool will be servant to the wise
19 As righteousness tends to life, of heart.
so he who pursues evil pursues it to 30 The fruit of the righteous is a tree of life,
of sin (John 8:34; Rom 6:16; Jam 1:14,15). Rom 5:17.
11:7 10:28; 11:23. Though there may be 11:20 Abomination 3:32; 6:16-19.
riches, fame, and pleasure in a wicked life, Delight 12:22; 15:8; Ps 16:3; Jer
it is a vain and empty life which comes to 9:24. The wise person will try to do those things
nothing. that God delights in, not the things He hates.
11:8 An example of this is found in Esther 11:21 Not be unpunished Lev 26:18,24;
5:14; 7:10. Isa 13:11; 26:20,21; Hos 4:9; Matt
11:9 Slander is a very evil thing. It is an 25:46; 2 Thess 1:9; Heb 10:29.
attempt to destroy the name, reputation, and 11:23 Good Rom 8:28.
usefulness of another person (Ps 101:5). Wrath Rom 2:8,9.
11:10 28:12; 29:2; 2 Kings 11:20; Isa 11:24,25 22:9; Mal 3:10; Matt 7:2; Luke
30:32; Nahum 3:19; Rev 19:1-4. 6:38; 2 Cor 9:6-11. Here is a principle we
11:11 14:34; 29:8. should never forget. Why should God give
11:12 14:21; Matt 22:37-40; Rom 13:9; His blessings to us if we will not give any-
Jam 2:8. thing to Him and to others? Note and
11:13 20:19. references on giving at 2 Cor 9:15.
11:14 2 Sam 15:34; 16:23; Prov 15:22; 11:28 Fall Ps 52:5-7; 62:10; Jer 9:23;
20:18; 24:6. Luke 16:19,22,23; Jam 5:1-3.
11:15 Note at 6:1-5. Flourish Ps 1:3; 52:8; 92:12-14.
11:16 Respect is better than wealth 22:1. 11:30 Tree of life 3:18; Gen 2:9; 3:24;
11:17 14:14; Matt 5:7; Luke 6:37,38; Rev 2:7. Through the efforts of Gods
Gal 6:7-10. righteous people others are brought to God
11:18 Ps 126:5,6; 1 Cor 15:58; Heb 6:10. and receive eternal life through Christ.
11:19 Deut 30:15-18; Ezek 18:30-32; Wise Dan 12:3; Jam 5:20. Here is
825 PROVERBS 12:26
and he who wins souls is wise. but he who follows vain things lacks
31 See that if the righteous get their due understanding.
on the earth, 12 The wicked desires the plunder of evil men,
much more the wicked and the sinner. but the root of the righteous yields fruit.
13 The wicked is ensnared by the
12 Whoever loves instruction loves knowledge,
but he who hates correction is stupid.
2 A good man obtains favour from the LORD,
transgression of his lips,
but the just will come out of trouble.
14 A man will be satisfied with good by
but he will condemn a man who devises evil. the fruit of his mouth,
3 A man will not be established by wickedness, and the reward of a mans hands will
but the root of the righteous will not be be given to him.
shaken. 15 The way of a fool is right in his own eyes,
4 A virtuous woman is a crown to her husband, but he who listens to counsel is wise.
but she who makes him ashamed is 16 A fools wrath becomes known at once,
like rottenness in his bones. but a prudent man conceals dishonour.
5 The thoughts of the righteous are right, 17 He who speaks truth declares what is right,
but the counsels of the wicked are deceitful. but a false witness deceit.
6 The words of the wicked lie in wait for blood, 18 There is speaking that pierces like a sword,
but the mouth of the upright will rescue them. but the tongue of the wise brings health.
7 The wicked are overthrown, 19 The truthful lip will be established for ever,
and are no more, but a lying tongue is but for a moment.
but the house of the righteous will stand. 20 Deceit is in the heart of those who plan evil,
8 A man will be commended according to but joy is in the counsellors of peace.
his wisdom, 21 No harm happens to the just,
but he who has a perverse heart will be but the wicked will be filled with trouble.
despised. 22 Lying lips are detestable to the LORD,
9 He who is despised and has a servant but they who deal truly are his delight.
is better off than he who honours 23 A prudent man conceals knowledge,
himself and lacks bread. but the heart of fools proclaims foolishness.
10 A righteous man has regard for the 24 The hand of the diligent will rule,
life of his beast, but the lazy will be under forced labour.
but the tender mercies of the wicked 25 Anxiety in the heart of man weighs it down,
are cruel. but a good word makes it glad.
11 He who tills his land will have an 26 The righteous finds the best way for
abundance of bread, his neighbour,
a part of wisdom that many seem to be separated from God by their proud igno-
ignorant of. rance (Eph 4:18). How things would change
11:31 Jer 25:29; 1 Pet 4:18. if only they would earnestly pray Davids
12:1 Correction 6:23; 10:17; Ps prayer in Ps 25:4,5!
119:67,71. By Gods training we learn more 12:16 The quality praised here is self-
of Him, more of ourselves, more of the control 29:11.
proper way to behave. 12:18 Sword Ps 55:21; 57:4; 59:7;
Stupid 1:7; 5:11-14; 15:5,10,12,32. 64:3.
He is stupid because he is rejecting the way Health the wise can speak the com-
to the knowledge he needs most. forting, healing Word of God to those with
12:3 See 10:25. wounded hearts.
12:4 31:10-12. 12:19 God is a God of truth (Ps 31:5). He
12:5,6 So we can tell the difference between will see to it that truth will prevail. Lovers of
the righteous and wicked by their words and Gods truth will dwell with God forever (Ps
plans. We should never take the advice of 15:1,2). Liars will have their part in the lake
a wicked person (Ps 1:1,2). of fire (Rev 21:8).
12:10 27:23; Deut 25:4. A good man will be 12:21 Harm 1:33; Ps 91:9-12;
kind to man or beast; a wicked person doesnt 121:7,8; Rom 8:28; Gen 50:20.
even know what true kindness is and there will 12:22 Abomination 6:16,17. There can
be a mixture of evil in even his best acts. be few things the God of truth hates more
12:13 1:18; 18:7; 29:6; Ps 59:12. than lying. Mark it down. Write it on the tab-
12:14 Everything a righteous man does will lets of your heart. Above all things get truth
be rewarded 14:14; Ps 1:3; Matt 10:42. implanted in your inner man (Ps 51:6), and
12:15 Right 14:12; 16:2,25. This is a speak it from the heart (Ps 15:2; Eph 4:15).
tragedy. Fools do not think they need Gods 12:24 Note at 6:6-11.
light or wisdom or advice. They are 12:25 15:13; Ps 94:19; Phil 4:6,7.
PROVERBS 12:27 826
but the way of the wicked seduces them. 11 Wealth gotten by dishonesty will dwindle away,
27 The lazy man does not roast what he but he who gathers by labour will increase.
gets in hunting, 12 Hope deferred makes the heart sick,
but the possessions of a diligent man but the desire fulfilled is a tree of life.
are precious. 13 Whoever despises the word will be destroyed,
28 In the way of righteousness is life, but he who fears the commandment
and in its pathway there is no death. will be rewarded.
14 The teaching of the wise is a fountain of life,
13
A wise son listens to his fathers turning people aside from the snares of death.
instruction, 15 Good understanding gains favour,
but a scorner does not listen to rebuke. but the way of the transgressor is hard.
2 A man will enjoy good by the fruit of his mouth, 16 Every prudent man deals with knowledge,
but the soul of transgressors feeds on violence. but a fool exposes his folly.
3 He who keeps his mouth keeps his life, 17 A wicked messenger falls into trouble,
but he who opens wide his lips will come to ruin. but a faithful ambassador brings health.
4 The soul of the lazy man desires but 18 Poverty and shame will be to him who
has nothing, refuses instruction,
but the soul of the diligent will prosper. but he who has regard for correction
5 A righteous man hates lying, will be honoured.
but a wicked man is loathsome 19 The desire fulfilled is sweet to the soul,
and comes to shame. but departing from evil is an
6 Righteousness keeps him who is abomination to fools.
upright in the way, 20 He who walks with wise men will become wise,
but wickedness overthrows the sinner. but a companion of fools will be destroyed.
7 There is one who pretends to be rich, 21 Trouble pursues sinners,
yet who has nothing; but good will be the reward of the righteous.
there is one who pretends to be poor, 22 A good man leaves an inheritance to
yet who has great riches. his childrens children,
8 A mans riches may be the ransom for his life, and the wealth of the sinner is stored
but the poor hears no threat. up for the just.
9 The light of the righteous rejoices, 23 Abundant food is in the plowed land of
but the lamp of the wicked will be put out. the poor,
10 Only by pride comes strife, but lack of justice sweeps it away.
but with the well-advised is wisdom. 24 He who does not use his rod hates his son,
12:27 Roast the meaning of the Hebrew 15:31-36.
word here is uncertain. Rewarded Ps 19:11.
12:28 10:2; Deut 30:15. Eternal life and 13:14 10:11; 14:27. Such teaching will guide
justification (Gods counting men righteous others to God Himself the giver of eternal
when they believe Him) are intimately life, and will produce the fear of the Lord.
connected (Rom 5:18). 13:15 The last sentence of this verse may
13:1 1:8,22; 4:1; 9:7,8; 12:1. also be translated but the unfaithful does
13:2 12:14. not endure. See note on the Hebrew
13:3 10:6; 18:7,20,21; 21:23; Matt language at Ps 14:7.
12:36,37. 13:19 Evil is all that fools know or desire. It
13:4 Note at 6:6-11. is their life. Leaving it is the hardest thing
13:7 Either sort of pretense, indeed all they can imagine. Notes on fools at 1:7;
deception whatever the kind, is wrong and Ps 14:1.
foolish. 13:20 How careful, then, we should be in
13:8 If the rich get into troubles and the choice of friends (1:10; 2:12,20;
dangers, sometimes they can save 12:26; 16:29; 22:24,25; 1 Cor 15:33).
themselves by paying money. 13:21 Pursues Gen 4:7; Num 32:23;
13:9 Light Matt 5:14-16; Eph 5:8. Ps 7:14-16.
Lamp 20:20; 24:20. 13:22 For the just Esther 8:2; Eccl 2:26.
13:10 Strife how much division among 13:24 Without discipline and correction chil-
brethren, how many church disputes are dren often grow up to be spoiled, foolish,
caused by nothing but pride. self-centered, and ignorant of Gods ways
13:12 Life v 19. He means a proper, of dealing with men. Withholding discipline
righteous desire. The fulfillment of it brings is the same as hating ones children and
a revival of hope and strength. wanting them to turn out badly. Those who
13:13 Despises v 18; 1:29-31; Num neglect giving discipline to their children love
827 PROVERBS 14:22
but he who loves him disciplines him carefully. 10 The heart knows its own bitterness,
25 The righteous eats to his hearts satisfaction, and a stranger does not share its joy.
but the stomach of the wicked will be in want. 11 The house of the wicked will be overthrown,
but the tent of the upright will flourish.
14
2
Every wise woman builds her house,
but the foolish pulls it down with her hands.
He who walks in his uprightness fears
12 There is a way which seems right to a man,
but its end is the ways of death.
the LORD, 13 Even in laughter the heart may be sorrowful,
but he who is perverse in his ways and the end of that joy may be grief.
despises him. 14 The backslider in heart will be filled
3 In the mouth of the foolish is a rod of pride, with his own ways,
but the lips of the wise will preserve them. and a good man will find satisfaction with his.
4 Where there are no oxen the manger is clean, 15 The simple believes every word,
but much increase comes by the but the prudent man considers his steps.
strength of the ox. 16 A wise person fears and departs from evil,
5 A faithful witness will not lie, but the fool confidently rushes ahead.
but a false witness will utter lies. 17 He who becomes angry quickly deals foolishly,
6 A scorner seeks wisdom but does not find it, and a man who devises evil is hated.
but knowledge is easy to him who has 18 The simple inherit folly,
understanding. but the prudent are crowned with knowledge.
7 Leave the presence of a foolish man, 19 The evil will bow before the good,
when you do not see the lips of and the wicked at the gates of the righteous.
knowledge in him. 20 The poor is hated even by his own neighbour,
8 The wisdom of the prudent is to but the rich has many friends.
understand his way, 21 He who despises his neighbour sins,
but the folly of fools is deceit. but happy is he who has mercy on the poor.
9 Fools make a mock at sin, 22 Do those who devise evil not go astray?
but among the righteous there is good will. But those who plan good will find mercy
themselves, not their children. Real love may seem right to the people taking them,
always gives discipline 3:11,12; 19:18; because Satan has deceived them, and they
22:15; 23:13,14; 29:15,17; Heb 12:6. are ignorant of the true way (John 12:35;
14:1 Wise 24:3; 31:10-31. Her work 2 Cor 4:3,4; 1 John 2:11; Rev 12:9). Did
edifies the family, builds character in her Solomon have one particular false way in
children, and stability in the home. mind? If so, it was probably the way of the
Foolish the foolish woman is one who fool who rejects the fear of the Lord and
does not know the Lord and has no fear of has no heart to walk in Gods way. For this
God. She will contribute to the destruction is the way that is the basis of all false ways.
of the character of her family, though she 14:14 1:31; Rev 22:12 a principle found
may vainly imagine she is doing good to it. everywhere in the Bible.
14:2 Fears 1:7; Gen 20:11; Ps 34:11- 14:15 If people do not have the wisdom
14; 111:10. the Bible speaks about they are easily de-
Despises devious and deceitful ceived. This accounts for the fact of so much
people may not be conscious of this, but it false religion in the world.
is still a fact (Rom 8:7). 14:16 8:13; Gen 20:11. This is the highest
14:5 Lies 12:17; Ps 12:2. A stream of kind of wisdom.
lies is all that comes from some people. 14:19 This could mean that evil, wicked men
14:6 Scorner 1:22. He will never find will come to ruin and will need to come to
wisdom because he refuses the fear of the the righteous for help. Or it could mean that
Lord which is the beginning of wisdom. God will eventually cause this to happen as
14:8 Deceit the fool thinks himself clever in Rev 3:9.
and wise to be able to deceive others, little 14:20 19:4. But how false are those friends
knowing that such behavior is his folly and who are attracted only by money!
his ruin. 14:21 Neighbour 11:12; Lev 19:17;
14:9 Mock in nothing do they show their 1 John 2:9,11; 3:10,15,16.
foolishness more than in this. Poor v 31; 11:25; 19:17; 22:9;
14:10 1 Sam 1:7-10; 1 Kings 8:38; Matt Ex 23:11; Lev 19:10; Ps 41:1. Kindness
26:38,75; Rom 9:2,3. to the poor is a great virtue in Gods sight.
14:12 12:15; 16:25; Matt 7:13,14,22,23. 14:22 Evil 3:29; 6:14,18; Micah 2:1.
There is only one way which leads to eternal Find certainly from God, often from
life and heaven. There are many ways that men too. The meaning here might be
lead to death and hell. Each of those ways show love and faithfulness. There is no
PROVERBS 14:23 828
and truth.
23 In all labour there is profit,
but the talk of the lips results only in poverty.
15 A gentle answer turns away wrath,
but harsh words stir up anger.
2 The tongue of the wise uses knowledge
24 The crown of the wise is their riches, rightly,
but the foolishness of fools is folly. but the mouth of fools pours out foolishness.
25 A true witness rescues souls, 3 The eyes of the LORD are in every place,
but a deceitful witness speaks lies. seeing the evil and the good.
26 In the fear of the LORD is strong confidence,
4 A wholesome tongue is a tree of life,
and his children will have a place of refuge.
but crookedness in it crushes the spirit.
27 The fear of the LORD is a fountain of life,
5 A fool despises his fathers instruction,
turning people aside from
but he who has regard for correction
the snares of death.
is prudent.
28 A large population is the kings glory, 6 In the house of the righteous is much
but a lack of people is the ruin of the prince. treasure,
29 He who is slow to get angry has great but in the income of the wicked is trouble.
understanding, 7 The lips of the wise disperse knowledge,
but he who is quick-tempered exalts folly. but the heart of the foolish is not so.
30 A sound heart is the life of the body,
but envy the rottenness of the bones. 8 The sacrifice of the wicked is an
31 He who oppresses the poor insults his Maker, abomination to the LORD,
but he who honours him has mercy on but the prayer of the upright is his delight.
the needy. 9 The way of the wicked is an
32 The wicked is overthrown by his wickedness, abomination to the LORD,
but the righteous has hope in his death. but he loves him who follows righteousness.
33 Wisdom rests in the heart of him who 10 Correction is grievous to him who
has understanding, forsakes the way,
but the heart of fools becomes known. and he who hates discipline will die.
34 Righteousness exalts a nation,
but sin is a reproach to any people. 11 Hell and destruction lie open before the LORD;
35 The king shows favour to a wise servant, how much more then the hearts of the
but his wrath is against him who causes shame. children of men?
verb at all here in Hebrew. 15:4 3:18; 10:11; 12:18; 18:21.
14:23 Eccl 9:10; 11:6; 1 Thess 4:11; 15:5 The fool, unlike the wise, does not
2 Thess 3:10-12. In the church also there understand that discipline and correction are
are far too many talkers, too few workers. only for his good.
14:25 This is most abundantly true regard- 15:6 Not all righteous people are rich in
ing spiritual matters. A witness to Gods material things, but the house of every one
truth saves people from eternal death. of them will contain spiritual treasures not
14:26 He who fears God does not need to found anywhere else on earth.
fear anything or anyone else. 15:8 Wicked Ps 51:17; Isa 1:13; Jer
14:27 It is a fountain of life because by it a 6:20,21; Micah 6:6-8. Nothing the wicked
person turns from evil deeds and false does, and certainly not his religious acts can
paths. please God (Rom 8:8). God detests their
14:29 Slow to get angry 15:18; 16:32; sacrifices, their thoughts (v 26), and their
19:11; Jam 1:19. prayers (28:9). However, this will not keep
14:30 Our state of mind and desires affect them from offering them.
the health of the body. Prayer of the upright v 29; Ps 145:18;
14:31 Verse 21. God is the Maker of both John 9:31. God commands His people to
poor and rich 22:2; Jam 3:9. He who pray because prayer is one way He has cho-
oppresses the poor oppresses a part of Gods sen to bless them and work in and through
creation and thus shows contempt for the them. He wants to hear them and commune
Creator. with them. So He is delighted when His
14:34 11:11. Israel was exalted when it people, who are living uprightly, pray to Him.
stood for justice and right. It fell to ruin 15:9 Way Ps 1:1,6.
when it abandoned them. Righteousness 11:20; Deut 7:12,13.
14:35 True too of the King of heaven Matt 15:10 Verses 5,12; 1:31,32; 5:23; 12:1.
25:21,26; Luke 19:17,22. 15:11 1 Sam 2:3; 16:7; 2 Chron 6:30;
15:1 Verse 18. Examples at Josh 22:9-30; Ps 44:21; 139:8; Jer 17:9,10; Heb
Jud 8:1-3; 1 Kings 12:1-19. 4:13; Rev 2:23.
15:3 5:21; 2 Chron 16:9; Ps 94:9; Jer Hell and destruction in Hebrew
16:17; 32:19; Heb 4:13. Sheol and Abaddon.
829 PROVERBS 15:33
12 A scorner does not love one who corrects him, and how good is a timely word!
nor will he go to the wise. 24 The way of life leads upward for the wise,
13 A merry heart makes a cheerful countenance, that he may keep from
but sorrow of heart crushes the spirit. the realm of the dead below.
14 The heart of the one who has 25 The LORD will destroy the house of the proud,
understanding seeks knowledge, but he will establish the boundary of the widow.
but the mouth of fools feeds on foolishness. 26 The thoughts of the wicked are an
15 All the days of the afflicted are bad, abomination to the LORD,
but he who has a merry heart has a but the words of the pure are pleasing
continual feast. to him.
16 Better is little with the fear of the LORD 27 He who is greedy for profit troubles
than great treasure and his own house,
trouble with it. but he who hates bribes will live.
17 Better a dinner of vegetables where 28 The heart of the righteous studies to answer,
there is love than a fattened ox and but the mouth of the wicked pours out
hatred with it. evil things.
18 An angry man stirs up strife, 29 The LORD is far from the wicked,
but he who is slow to get angry calms strife. but he hears the prayer of the righteous.
19 The way of the lazy person is like a 30 The light of the eyes rejoices the heart,
hedge of thorns, and good news brings fat to the bones.
but the way of the upright is made plain.
31 The ear that listens to the correction
20 A wise son makes a glad father,
of life abides among the wise.
but a foolish man despises his mother.
32 He who refuses instruction despises
21 Folly is joy to him who is destitute of wisdom,
his own soul,
but a man of understanding walks uprightly.
but he who heeds correction gets
22 Without counsel plans meet with
understanding.
disappointment,
but with many counsellors they are fulfilled. 33 The fear of the LORD is the instruction
23 A man has joy by the proper answer of wisdom,
of his mouth, and before honour is humility.
15:15 Feast the food of happiness, con- Pleasing the sacrifices, prayers, and
tentment, satisfaction with Gods plan, and thoughts of the righteous are pleasing to
peace of mind. God (v 8; Rom 12:1; Heb 13:12,13).
15:16 16:8; 17:1; Ps 37:16. The person The God of the Bible, the only God there
who truly fears the Lord has the beginning is, loves righteousness and hates
of wisdom, has eternal life, has an inherit- wickedness.
ance in heaven, has the LORD Himself 15:27 Greedy 1:19; Josh 7:24-26; Col
far, far better than any material wealth. 3:5,6; 1 Tim 6:9,10.
When will we all thoroughly learn this? Bribes bribes corrupt people and
15:17 Love most true when the love is pervert justice Deut 16:19; 1 Sam 12:3;
Gods love. Ps 26:10; Eccl 7:7; Isa 33:17. See note
15:19 Everything seems too difficult to the at Amos 5:12.
lazy person and he can accomplish nothing. 15:29 Hears v 8; Ps 66:2; 145:18,19;
The upright can always make progress Isa 59:1,2; Jer 33:3; John 9:31.
toward the goal. Observe that here the con- 15:30 14:30; 25:25.
trast is between the lazy and the upright 15:31 1:23; 6:23; 9:7-9; 12:1.
signifying that the lazy are not upright and 15:32 Despises his own soul 8:36. Re-
the upright are not lazy. jecting the way to correct and save oneself
15:23 Word 24:26; 25:11; Isa 50:4. from ruin is the same as hating oneself.
15:24 Verses 19,21. 15:33 Fear 1:7. There is no other way
Realm of the dead in Hebrew Sheol to learn wisdom. This is why the unbeliever,
Gen 37:35. the wicked person will never gain it, no
15:25 2:22; 12:7; 14:11; Ps 37:35-38; matter how much education and learning he
127:1; Matt 7:26,27. may gain. The first sentence of this verse
15:26 Abomination everything about may also be translated Wisdom teaches
wicked persons is detestable to God, though the fear of the LORD.
He loves them in the sense that He desires Humility 18:12; 22:4; 25:6,7; 29:23;
their highest good and would save them and Isa 66:2; Matt 23:12; Luke 14:11; 18:14;
make them His own dear children if they 1 Pet 5:6. This is true of the honor God
would repent and trust in Christ. gives which is the only honor worth having.
PROVERBS 16:1 830
16 The plans of the heart belong to man,
but the answer of the tongue is from
the LORD.
but the LORD directs his steps.
10 A divine sentence is in the lips of the king;
his mouth must not transgress in judgment.
2 All the ways of a man are clean in his own eyes, 11 A just weight and balance are the LORDs;
but the LORD weighs the spirits. all the weights in the bag are his business.
12 It is an abomination for kings to
3 Commit your works to the LORD, commit wickedness,
and your thoughts will be established. for the throne is established by righteousness.
4 The LORD has made all things to 13 Righteous lips are the delight of kings,
answer for his purpose; and they love him who speaks the right thing.
yes, even the wicked for the day of disaster. 14 The wrath of a king is like messengers
of death,
5 Everyone who has a proud of heart is an but a wise man will pacify it.
abomination to the LORD; 15 In the light of the kings countenance is life,
though hand join in hand, he will not and his favour is like a cloud of spring rain.
be unpunished.
16 How much better it is to get wisdom than gold!
6 By mercy and truth wickedness is atoned for, And to get understanding is to be
and by the fear of the LORD people chosen rather than silver!
depart from evil.
17 The highway of the upright is to
7 When a mans ways please the LORD, depart from evil;
he makes even his enemies to be at he who keeps his way preserves his soul.
peace with him.
18 Pride appears before destruction,
8 Better is a little with righteousness and a haughty spirit before a fall.
than great income without right. 19 It is better to have a humble spirit
9 A mans heart plans his way, with the lowly,
16:1 Verse 9; 19:21; 20:24; Jer 10:23. 10:21,22,34-36; John 15:18-21).
A person plans what he wants to do but with- 16:8 10:2; 15:16; 17:1; Ps 37:16; Eccl
out Gods working he cannot even utter 4:6. There are things far more important
those plans, let alone fulfill them. than prosperity and wealth things such as
16:2 Clean 12:15; 14:12; 30:12; honesty, integrity, purity, just and wise
Jer 17:9. This is one reason why it is so behavior, and the fear of God.
difficult to turn people from false ways. 16:9 God can and does control the activities
Spirits God sees the inward intentions of men to fulfill His will. The freedom of
and desires of a man which are the source individuals and whole nations is only within
of his actions (20:27; 2 Chron 6:30; 21:2; the bounds of Gods purposes.
Jer 17:10; Luke 16:15; 1 Cor 4:4,5). 16:10 Rulers are appointed by God, and in
16:3 3:5,6; 2 Chron 20:20; Ps 1:3; 20:4; some measure are His representatives
37:5,6; 90:17. Only God can give true (Rom 13:1-5). They should be very careful
and lasting success, and bring about the in giving judgments that affect the people
fulfillment of our plans and hopes. This verse (17:7).
makes it clear what we must do to see this. Divine sentence or oracle, that is, a
16:4 There is no purposeless activity with pronouncement from God.
God. He infallibly fulfills His plans including 16:11 11:1; Deut 25:15; Ezek 45:10;
the eventual punishment of the wicked. Amos 8:4-6.
To answer to his purpose in Hebrew 16:12 Righteousness and justice are the
there is just one word here, meaning foundation of Gods throne Ps 97:2. He
answer. will bring down any throne based on
16:5 6:16; 11:20,21; Ps 40:4. Then surely unrighteousness and injustice. History shows
anything that humbles us is for our good. this again and again.
16:6 Atoned notes at Ex 25:17; 29:33. 16:13 The right thing certainly the King
By mercy and truth God provided a way for of heaven values such a man (Ps 15:1-3;
guilty men to be forgiven. And mercy and 51:6).
truth are the qualities which will enable us 16:14 19:12; 19:12; 20:2; Matt 22:7;
to lead others to God for this forgiveness. Luke 19:27.
Fear notes at Gen 20:11; Job 28:28; 16:16 3:13,14; 8:10; Ps 19:10; 49:20;
Ps 34:11-14; 111:10; etc. 119:72.
16:7 3:17; Gen 39:21; 2 Chron 14:6,7; 16:17 15:19; 19:16; 22:5.
17:10; Rom 12:18; Heb 12:14. Such a 16:18 11:2; 1 Sam 17:41,42,48,49;
person will be seeking peace with others and 2 Chron 26:16; 32:25; Jam 4:6.
will find it. But with some kinds of enemies 16:19 Better why? Because God is with
this will not be easy (compare Matt the lowly and will eventually bless and exalt
831 PROVERBS 17:11
than to divide the plunder with the proud. takes a city.
20 He who handles a matter wisely will find good, 33 The lot is cast into the lap,
and happy is the one who trusts in the LORD. but each one of its decisions is from the LORD.
21 The wise in heart will be called discerning,
and sweetness of speech increases
persuasiveness. 17 Better is a dry crust, and quietness with it,
than a house full of feasting from
sacrifices with strife.
22 Understanding is a fountain of life to
2 A wise servant will rule a son who causes shame,
him who has it,
and will have part of the inheritance
but the instruction of fools is folly.
among the brothers.
23 The heart of the wise teaches his mouth,
and adds learning to his lips. 3 The refining pot is for silver and the
24 Pleasant words are like a honeycomb, furnace for gold,
sweet to the soul, but the LORD tests the hearts.
and health to the bones. 4 An evildoer pays heed to false lips,
25 There is a way that seems right to a man, and a liar listens to a slandering tongue.
but its end is the ways of death. 5 Whoever mocks the poor insults his Maker,
and he who is glad at calamities will
26 A labourers appetite works for him,
not be unpunished.
for his hunger urges him on.
6 Childrens children are the crown of old men,
27 An ungodly man digs up evil,
and the glory of children is their fathers.
and his lips are like a burning fire.
7 Fine talk is not fitting for a fool;
28 A perverse man sows strife,
much less are lying lips for a prince.
and a talebearer separates chief friends.
8 A bribe is like a charm in the eyes
29 A violent man entices his neighbour
of the one who has it;
and leads him into a way that is not good.
wherever he turns, he succeeds.
30 He shuts his eyes to plot perverse things;
moving his lips he causes evil to take place. 9 He who conceals a transgression seeks love,
31 The gray head is a crown of glory, but he who repeats a matter separates
if it is found in the way of righteousness. close friends.
32 He who is slow to get angry is better 10 A rebuke goes more deeply into a
than the mighty, wise man than a hundred lashes into a fool.
and he who rules his spirit than he who 11 An evil person seeks only rebellion;
him (3:34; Isa 57:15; Matt 5:3). He is Sacrifices probably indicates an abun-
against the proud and will destroy him dance of meat after animals had been
(v 18). Both the humble circumstances of sacrificed.
the one and the ill-gotten gain of the other 17:2 11:29.
are only temporary. 17:3 Note at Ps 66:10-12. Gods purpose
16:20 Happy 3:3-5; Ps 1:1,2; 2:12. toward us is to make us pure, and His test-
16:22-24 24:13,14; Ps 19:10. Certain types ing can be like fire (Isa 1:25; Mal 3:2-4).
of instruction should be given in a pleasant 17:5 Maker 14:31.
manner rather than in a stern, forbidding one. Not be unpunished 24:17; Ezek
16:25 14:12. 25:6,7; Ps 35:26. To be happy at anothers
16:27 Jam 3:6. sorrow, to rejoice when the poor meet di-
16:28 6:14; 11:13; 14:9. saster, shows one of the qualities of Satan.
16:30 6:13. 17:7 Prince 16:10; 12:22.
16:31 3:1,2,16; Lev 19:32. 17:8 Bribe this is not a recommenda-
16:32 Slow to get angry 14:29; 15:18; tion for bribery, but only a statement of how
19:11. things are in this fallen sinful world. Every-
Rules conquering oneself is the most where the Bible condemns taking or giving
difficult of all things and far more rewarding bribes with a view to pervert justice and truth.
than conquering cities. Note at 15:27.
16:33 Lot in Old Testament days the lot 17:9 Conceals this does not mean cov-
was often used to make decisions, and ering ones own offense, but keeping quiet
nothing is said against it anywhere in the about someone elses offense instead of
Bible (18:18; Num 26:53,55; Josh 13:6; spreading the news of it to others. Com-
1 Sam 14:41,42; 1 Chron 26:13; Neh pare 28:13.
11:1; Ps 22:18; Jonah 1:7; Acts 1:26). Love 10:12; 1 Cor 13:4-7; Jam
God had no problem in causing the right 5:19,20; 1 Pet 4:8.
decision to be made by that method. Separates 16:28.
17:1 15:16,17; 16:8. 17:10 9:8,9; Ps 141:5.
PROVERBS 17:12 832
therefore a cruel messenger will be 25 A foolish son is a grief to his father,
sent against him. and bitterness to her who gave him birth.
12 Let a bear robbed of her cubs meet a man, 26 It is also not good to punish the righteous,
rather than a fool in his folly. or to strike princes for their integrity.
27 He who has knowledge is sparing with his words,
13 Whoever repays evil for good,
and a man of understanding has a rare spirit.
evil will not depart from his house.
28 Even a fool is considered wise if he keeps quiet;
14 The beginning of strife is like letting out water;
and he who keeps his lips shut is
therefore break off before the quarrel begins.
regarded as a man of understanding.
15 He who justifies the wicked and he
who condemns the righteous,
both of these are abomination to the LORD.
16 Why is there a price in the hand of
18 A man who separates himself seeks
to fulfil his own desire ;
he bursts out against all wisdom.
a fool to get wisdom, since he has 2 A fool has no delight in understanding,
no heart for it ? but only in displaying his own heart.
17 A friend loves at all times, 3 When the wicked comes,
and a brother is born for adversity. contempt also comes,
18 A man lacking understanding strikes and with disgrace comes reproach.
hands in pledge, 4 The words of a mans mouth are
and puts up security in the presence deep waters,
of his friend. and the fountain of wisdom is a flowing brook.
19 He who loves quarreling loves transgression,
and he who exalts his gate seeks destruction. 5 It is not good to show favoritism to
20 He who has a crooked heart finds no good, the wicked, to deprive the righteous
and he who has a perverse tongue falls of justice.
into trouble. 6 A fools lips bring contention,
21 He who begets a fool does so to his sorrow, and his mouth invites blows.
and the father of a fool has no joy. 7 A fools mouth is his ruin,
22 A merry heart does good like a medicine; and his lips are the snare of his soul.
but a crushed spirit dries up the bones. 8 The words of a talebearer are like wounds,
and they go down into the
23 A wicked person accepts a bribe from the inmost parts of the body.
bosom to pervert the ways of justice.
24 He who has understanding has wisdom 9 He who is lazy in his work is a
before him, brother to him who is a great waster.
but the eyes of a fool are on the ends 10 The name of the LORD is a strong tower;
of the earth. the righteous runs into it, and is safe.
17:12 A fool is more dangerous than an en- 17:23 Verse 8; 15:27 (note).
raged bear. A bear can only hurt people physi- 17:24 Ends of the earth the grass
cally, but a fool can injure them in many ways. always looks greener on the other side of
17:13 1 Sam 19:4; Ps 35:12; 38:20; the fence. The fool is not willing to face
109:5; Jer 18:20. Repaying evil for good is reality and get on with the job at hand.
devilish. Repaying good for evil is divine and 17:27,28 10:19; 14:29; 16:32; Job 13:5.
the only proper behavior for a Christian (Luke 18:1 A man who is interested only in his
6:27-31,35,36; Rom 12:21). So we know own advantage will not be likely to form true
which of these wise people will practice. and close friendships.
17:14 Matt 5:25,26. Quarrels are much 18:4 20:5. Who can tell what strange things
easier to start than to stop. may lurk in the unseen depths of mens
17:15 18:5; 24:23-25; Ex 23:6,7; Ps sinful hearts? On the other hand, true
94:21; Isa 5:23; Matt 12:7. wisdom is always springing up with new spar-
17:16 No matter how much money a fool kling clean water, becoming a flowing
has he is still a fool, so his money will be stream, producing life wherever it flows.
spent foolishly. 18:5 17:15,26.
17:17 John 15:13-15; Heb 2:11,12. 18:7 10:14; 12:13; 13:3; Ps 64:7,8.
17:18 6:1-5. 18:8 26:22. Gossip becomes a part of those
17:19 Transgression quarreling is sin in it- who hear and believe it.
self and will lead to other sins (1 Cor 3:3; Gal 18:9 See 6:6-11; Eccl 9:10. This is true in
5:20). His gate indicates pride (compare the things of this world, and true also in the
Gen 11:4,8; Dan 4:28-32. See Isa 2:12-18). Lords service.
17:22 14:30; 15:13,30; 18:14; Ps 18:10 The name means the person.
32:3,4; 51:8. Tower Ps 61:3; 144:2.
833 PROVERBS 19:13
11 The rich mans wealth is his
stronghold and like a high wall,
in his own imagination.
19 Better is the poor man who walks in
his integrity than he who is
perverse in speech and is a fool.
12 Before destruction the heart of man 2 Also it is not good for the soul to be
is haughty, without knowledge,
and before honour is humility. and he who makes haste with his feet
13 He who answers a matter before he hears it, misses the way.
it is folly and shame to him. 3 The foolishness of a man perverts his way,
14 The spirit of a man will sustain his infirmity, and his heart frets against the LORD.
but a wounded spirit who can bear? 4 Wealth makes many friends,
15 The heart of the prudent gets knowledge, but the poor man is separated from his
and the ear of the wise seeks knowledge. neighbour.
16 A mans gift makes room for him, 5 A false witness will not be unpunished,
and brings him before great men. and he who speaks lies will not escape.
17 The first one to present his case seems right, 6 Many will beg favours from the prince,
until another comes forward and examines him. and every man is a friend to the one
18 Casting the lot ends disputes, who gives gifts.
and decides between the mighty. 7 All the brothers of the poor man hate him;
19 A brother offended is harder to win how much more do his friends keep
than a strong city, their distance from him!
and disputes are like the bars of a castle. He pursues them with words,
20 A mans stomach will be satisfied with but they are not there for him.
the fruit of his mouth, 8 He who gets wisdom loves his own soul;
and with the harvest of his lips he he who has regard for understanding
will be filled. will find good.
21 Death and life are in the power of the tongue, 9 A false witness will not be unpunished,
and they who love it will eat its fruit. and he who speaks lies will perish.
10 Luxury is not fitting for a fool;
22 He who finds a wife finds good,
much less for a servant to rule princes.
and obtains favour from the LORD.
23 The poor man uses entreaties, 11 A mans discretion makes him slow to get angry,
but the rich man answers roughly. and it is his glory to overlook a transgression.
24 A man who has friends may be broken, 12 The kings wrath is like the roaring of a lion,
but there is a friend who sticks but his favour is like dew on the grass.
closer than a brother. 13 A foolish son is the calamity of his father,
Safe 14:26; 29:25; Ps 18:2; 20:1; 18:22 Good (12:4; 19:14; 31:10;
27:5; 32:7; 2 Tim 4:18. In the Lord Gen 2:18), but not best in every time and
Himself is the only safe place in the entire in every case (Jer 16:1,2; 1 Cor 7:1,2,8,38).
universe. There is no security anywhere else 18:24 Closer Jesus does. John 15:15.
either for time or for eternity, but there is 19:1 28:6; 16:8; 15:16. Blamelessness
perfect security there. will receive an eternal reward. Everything of
18:11 So they think they do not need the this world is passing away 1 John 2:17.
Lord. But see 17:19. 19:3 In other words, he blames God for what
18:12 11:2; 15:33; 16:18. he has brought on himself by his own folly
18:14 15:13; 17:22. or wickedness. This is the tendency of
18:16 Gen 32:13; 43:11; 1 Kings 10:1,2. human nature since the fall of Adam (Gen
18:18 Note at 16:33. 3:12; 4:5; Isa 8:19-21; Rev 16:10,11).
18:20 12:14. 19:5 Verse 9; 21:28; Deut 19:19; Isa
18:21 Death and life we must be careful 29:20,21; Rev 21:8.
what we say. Words can kill reputations, 19:7 The meaning of the Hebrew for the
can stir up quarrels which result in fighting last sentence of this verse is uncertain.
and killing, can pronounce death sentences, 19:8 Loves such a person has sought
and false words about God and salvation the most valuable thing for himself.
can cause eternal death (separation from Contrast with 8:36; 15:32.
God). Other kinds of words can reverse the 19:11 Slow to get angry 14:29; 15:18;
effect of killing words, can result in life, even 16:32; Eccl 7:9.
eternal life (10:11; 13:14; 15:4). In the Overlook Gen 45:4-7; 50:19-21;
end, God will judge us all by the words we 2 Sam 1:17-19; 16:5-7,11,12; Matt 5:39-
have spoken (Matt 12:37). 41; 1 Cor 13:5.
PROVERBS 19:14 834
and the quarrels of a wife are a and a poor man is better than a liar.
continual dripping. 23 The fear of the LORD leads to life,
14 House and riches are the inheritance and he who has it will rest satisfied,
of fathers, untouched by evil.
and an understanding wife is from the LORD. 24 A lazy man buries his hand in the dish,
15 Laziness casts into a deep sleep, and will not so much as bring it back
and an idle soul will suffer hunger. to his mouth.
16 He who keeps the commandment 25 Strike a scorner and the simple will beware,
keeps his own soul, and rebuke one who has understanding,
but he who despises his ways will die. and he will understand knowledge.
17 He who is generous to the poor lends 26 He who despoils his father and chases
to the LORD, his mother away is a son who causes
and he will repay him what he has given. shame and brings disgrace.
27 My son, stop listening to the
18 Discipline your son while there is hope, instruction that causes one to stray
and do not let your soul remove it from the words of knowledge.
because of his crying. 28 An ungodly witness scorns justice,
19 A man of great anger will pay the penalty; and the mouth of the wicked feeds on evil.
for if you rescue him, yet you must do 29 Judgments are prepared for scorners,
it again. and blows for the back of fools.
20 Listen to advice and receive instruction,
20
so that you may be wise Wine is a mocker, strong drink rages,
in the end of your days. and whoever is deceived by it is not wise.
21 There are many plans in a mans heart; 2 The fear of a king is like the roaring of a lion;
nevertheless the counsel of the LORD whoever provokes him to anger wrongs
is what will stand. his own soul.
22 What is desirable in a man is his kindness, 3 It is an honour for a man to avoid strife,
19:14 Verse 13; 12:4; 18:22. or greed (what a person greedily desires or
19:15 6:6-11. lusts after may be called his greed). See the
19:16 13:13; 15:10; 16:17. note on some of the difficulties encountered
19:17 14:21,31; Deut 24:19-22; Ps 41:1. in translation at Ps 14:6,7.
We may be sure that God will pay his debts, Better to be a poor man than a liar
and with good interest! And those who give 15:16; 16:8; 28:6 a thousand times
to the poor will be laying up treasures in better! A liar sins against God, is doing
heaven (Matt 6:19,20. Note and references something God hates, and is in danger of
on giving at 2 Cor 9:15). terrible punishment (Rev 21:8). The
19:18 13:24; 23:13,14. Discipline is one poverty of a poor man who trusts in Christ
means of keeping children from evil ways is only temporary, and at death he will enter
which lead to death. So refusing to discipline into an eternal rich inheritance with God.
children is the same as agreeing to their Many are placed in positions where this choice
destruction. between poverty and lying must be made.
Crying the Hebrew word means to Alas that then so many start practicing lying
die and the meaning seems to be Do not and deception to get money. We should
be responsible for your sons premature tremble for the future of such persons.
death by refusing to discipline him. 19:23 Fear 1:7; 8:13; 9:10; 10:27;
19:19 Inability to control anger will get men 14:27.
into trouble again and again. Satisfied 1:33; Phil 4:11; 1 Tim
19:20 4:1; 9:8,9. 6:6-8; Heb 13:5. How much better this is
19:21 16:1,9; Ps 33:11; Isa 8:10; 14:24,27; than lying and deceiving to get uncertain
46:10; 55:11. God is working His purposes gain.
out on earth no matter what men may plan to 19:24 6:6-11. Dish the KJV has bosom,
do. To accomplish His will He uses mens plans, which is an unlikely translation of the Hebrew.
or overturns them as He wishes. 19:25 9:9; 21:11; Ps 141:5.
19:22 Kindness or the Hebrew could also 19:26 Ex 20:12.
be translated What a man desires is unfail- 20:1 Mocker, rages the Bible frequently
ing love or even a mans greed is his speaks about over-indulgence in alcoholic
shame. But is it possible that the same beverages. It leads to folly, wickedness,
Hebrew words can give such widely different and punishment (23:20,21,29,30; 31:4,5;
meanings? In this case, the answer is, yes. Gen 9:21; Ps 69:12; Isa 28:7; Hab 2:5;
The Hebrew word translated here kindness Rom 13:13; 1 Cor 5:11; 6:10; Gal 5:21;
also means love, goodness, and faithfulness. Eph 5:18). Far better not to touch them at
But it also means reproach or shame. So it all than to run the risks involved in indulging.
could be translated greedily desires or lusts 20:3 6:14; 17:14,19; 18:6.
835 PROVERBS 20:27
but every fool will quarrel. 15 There is gold, and an abundance of rubies,
4 The lazy man will not plow because of the cold; but the lips of knowledge are a precious jewel.
therefore he will beg in harvest, 16 Take the garment of the one who
and have nothing. puts up security for a stranger,
5 Counsel in the heart of man is like and take a pledge from him for a strange woman.
deep water, 17 Bread obtained by deceit is sweet to a man,
but a man of understanding will draw it out. but afterwards his mouth will be filled with gravel.
18 Prepare plans by getting counsel,
6 Most men will proclaim each his own goodness,
and make war through good advice.
but a faithful man who can find?
19 He who goes around as a talebearer
7 The just man walks in his integrity;
reveals secrets;
his children are blessed after him.
therefore have nothing to do with him
8 A king who sits on the throne of
who flatters with his lips.
judgment dispels all evil with his eyes.
20 Whoever curses his father or his mother,
9 Who can say, his lamp will be put out in deep darkness.
I have made my heart clean, 21 An inheritance may be quickly
I am pure from my sin? obtained in the beginning,
10 Varying weights and varying measures, but in the end it will not be blessed.
both of them alike are abomination to 22 Do not say, I will repay evil,
the LORD. but wait on the LORD, and he will save you.
11 Even a child is known by his actions, 23 Varying weights are an abomination
whether his deeds are pure and right. to the LORD,
12 The hearing ear, and the seeing eye, and a false balance is not good.
the LORD has made both of them.
24 Mans steps are directed by the LORD;
13 Do not love sleep, so that you do not
how then can a man understand his own way?
come to poverty;
25 It is a snare for a man to rashly dedicate
open your eyes, and you will have
what is holy,
enough food to be satisfied.
and after vows to reconsider.
14 It is nothing, it is nothing!
26 A wise king winnows the wicked,
says the buyer,
and drives the threshing wheel over them.
but when he has gone his way,
then he boasts. 27 The spirit of man is the lamp of the Lord,
20:4 6:6-11. 45; 1 John 2:3-6; 3:10.
20:5 16:1,2; 18:4. 20:12 Ps 94:9; 14:1.
20:6 Ps 12:1; Eccl 7:28,29; Micah 7:2. There 20:15 3:14,15; 8:10,11.
is one who is eternally faithful Deut 7:9; 20:16 6:1-4; Deut 24:10-13.
Ps 36:5; 89:1; 92:2; Isa 11:5; 25:1; 20:17 The pleasures of sin are only for a
Lam 3:23; 1 Cor 1:9; 10:13; 1 Thess little while.
5:24; 2 Thess 3:3; Heb 2:17; 1 Pet 20:19 11:13.
4:19; 1 John 1:9; Rev 19:11. And God 20:20 19:26; 30:11,17; Ex 20:12; 21:17;
can and does make His people faithful Lev 20:9.
Num 12:7; Neh 7:2; Matt 25:21; Luke 20:21 Compare Luke 15:11-16.
16:10; 1 Cor 4:2; 7:25; Eph 1:1; Col 1:2,7; 20:22 Deut 32:35,43; Ps 94:1; Rom
1 Tim 1:12; 2 Tim 2:2; Rev 2:10; 17:14. 12:19; Heb 10:30.
20:7 13:22; 14:26; Ps 26:1; 37:25,26; 20:23 Verse 10.
112:2. 20:24 16:9; 21:1; Jer 10:23. Gods ways
20:9 The Lord Jesus alone of all who ever are beyond tracing out (Rom 11:33). He
lived on earth could truthfully claim to be makes mans way also past tracing out. No
sinless (John 8:46; 2 Cor 5:21; Heb 4:15; man understands very much of what he really
7:26; 1 Pet 2:22,24; 1 John 3:5). All the is and why he does what he does, and what
rest of us are born with a sinful nature and the whole meaning of his life is, and how it
have sinned (Job 14:4; Ps 14:2,3; 51:5; is all interwoven with Gods purposes. But
Rom 3:9,23). But God can cleanse us from God understands it all (Jer 17:9,10).
sin and make us pure in His sight (Ps 20:25 Perhaps a translation just as good
51:2,7,10; Isa 1:18; Zech 13:1; Titus 2:11- as, or possibly better than this would be It
14; Heb 9:14; 1 John 1:9), and can enable is a snare for a man to say rashly This is
us to live the blameless life mentioned in dedicated and after vows to reconsider it.
v 7. See notes on psalms 14 and 15. 20:26 See notes on psalm 101.
20:10 Verse 23; 11:1; 16:11. 20:27 1 Cor 2:11. The Lord uses this
20:11 Matt 7:16; 12:33-35; Luke 6:43- lamp to search men and make them
PROVERBS 20:28 836
searching all the inmost being. 11 When the scorner is punished,
28 Mercy and truth preserve the king, the simple is made wise;
and his throne is upheld by mercy. and when the wise is instructed,
29 The glory of young men is their strength, he gains knowledge.
and the beauty of old men is the gray head. 12 The righteous person wisely considers
30 Blows that wound cleanse away evil; the house of the wicked,
just so beatings cleanse the inmost being. but God overthrows the wicked for
their wickedness.
21 The kings heart is in the hand of the LORD;
like streams of water, he turns it
wherever he will.
13 Whoever shuts his ears at the cry of
the poor, will also cry out himself,
but will not be heard.
2 Every way of a man is right in his own eyes, 14 A gift in secret pacifies anger,
but the LORD weighs the hearts. and a bribe in the bosom strong wrath.
15 Justice done is a joy to the righteous,
3 Doing what is right and just is more but like destruction to evildoers.
acceptable to the LORD than sacrifice.
4 A haughty look and a proud heart, 16 The man who wanders out of the way
and the plowing of the wicked, are sin. of understanding will settle down in
5 The plans of the diligent surely lead to profit, the company of the dead.
but those of everyone who is hasty 17 He who loves pleasure will become a poor man;
surely leads to poverty. he who loves wine and oil will not become rich.
18 The wicked will be a ransom for the righteous,
6 Getting treasures by a lying tongue and the transgressor for the upright.
is a fleeing vapour, 19 It is better to live in the wilderness,
pursued by those who seek death. than with a quarrelsome and angry woman.
7 The violence of the wicked will 20 There is precious treasure and oil in
destroy them, the home of the wise,
because they refuse to act justly. but a foolish man consumes it.
8 The way of the perverse man is devious; 21 He who follows righteousness and mercy finds
but as for the pure, his behaviour is upright. life, righteousness, and honour.
9 It is better to live in a corner of the housetop, 22 A wise man scales the wall of the
than in a house with a quarrelsome woman. city of the mighty,
10 The soul of the wicked desires evil; and casts down the stronghold in which
his neighbour finds no favour in his eyes. they trust.
conscious of what goes on in their inner 21:9 19:1; 12:4.
being. 21:12 10:25; 12:7; 14:11; Matt 7:26,27.
20:29 16:31. 21:13 See Ex 1:14; 2:23 with its results in
20:30 A hearty welcome to all blows that Ex 11:6; 12:30. Note at Ps 41:1; Prov
produce such good results! See Ps 141:5; 1:25-28; 14:21; 28:27.
66:10-12. 21:14 Notes at 15:27; 17:8.
21:1 16:1; 19:21; 20:24. Kings are no more 21:15 There is going to be great joy for
difficult for God to direct than anyone else. some, great terror for others, for justice is
Bible history shows that He often worked in exactly what is going to be done to the world
the hearts of kings to fulfill His purposes and to every individual (Ps 89:14; 98:9;
(kings of Egypt Gen 41:1; 14,15,41; Ex Acts 17:31; Rom 2:2,5-11; 2 Thess 1:6,7;
7:3-5; 9:16; kings of Babylon 2 Chron Rev 15:3,4; 16:5-7; 20:11,12; 22:12).
36:17; Dan 2:1,25,26,48; kings of Persia 21:16 2:18; 5:23; 8:36; 9:18; Deut
2 Chron 36:22; Isa 45:1-3. See also 1 Kings 30:15,19; Ezek 18:30:30-32.
11:14,23; 1 Chron 5:26; 2 Chron 21:16; Rev 21:18 See Isa 43:3-6. Persia showed kind-
17:12,17). God does the same thing now. ness to the people of Israel and let them
21:2 Notes at 14:12; 16:2. return to their own land (Ezra 1:1-4). In
21:3 1 Sam 15:22; Isa 1:11-17; Hos 6:6; return God enabled Persia to conquer Egypt,
Micah 6:6-8; Matt 9:13. Cush, and Seba. Perhaps there is an
21:6 10:2; 19:22; Ps 37:16; 39:6; 49:5- important principle here in Gods dealings
9. Many there are who lie and deceive to with nations.
gain money. In the end will such wealth be 21:21 15:9; Matt 5:6; 6:33; John 12:26;
worth what they will have to pay for it? Rom 2:7,10.
21:8 2:15. They use crooked ways to gain 21:22 This is true in the spiritual realm also.
their object, and then must use other Gods wisdom enables His servants to demol-
crooked ways to cover up these first ish the refuge of false philosophies and
crooked ways. Like this they are caught in religious ideas that others trust in. See 2 Cor
a downward spiral. 10:4.
837 PROVERBS 22:17
23 Whoever guards his mouth and his 6 Train a child in the way he should go,
tongue keeps his soul from troubles. and when he is old, he will not depart from it.
24 Proud and haughty scorner is his 7 The rich rules over the poor,
name, who acts with arrogant pride. and the borrower is a servant to the lender.
25 The desire of the lazy kills him, 8 He who sows wickedness will reap trouble,
for his hands refuse to work. and the rod of his anger will fail.
26 He greedily covets all day long, 9 He who is generous will be blessed,
but the righteous gives unsparingly. for he gives of his food to the poor.
27 The sacrifice of the wicked is abomination; 10 Drive out the scorner, and contention
how much more when he brings it with will go out,
a wicked mind? yes, strife and insult will cease.
28 A false witness will perish, 11 He who loves purity of heart and
but the man who listens speaks to the end. whose speech is gracious,
29 A wicked man puts on a bold face, will have the king as his friend.
but as for the upright, he directs his way. 12 The eyes of the LORD see that
30 There is no wisdom or understanding knowledge is preserved,
or counsel against the LORD. and he overturns the words of the
31 The horse is prepared for the day of battle, transgressor.
but safety is from the LORD.
13 The lazy person says,
There is a lion outside;
22
A good name is more to be desired
than great riches, I will be killed in the streets.
and loving favour rather than silver and gold. 14 The mouth of strange women is a deep pit;
2 The rich and poor have this in common: he who is abhorred by the LORD will
the LORD is the maker of them all. fall into it.
3 An understanding man foresees disaster and 15 Foolishness is bound in the heart of a child,
hides himself, but the rod of correction will drive it
but the simple pass on, and are punished. far from him.
4 By humility and the fear of the LORD 16 He who oppresses the poor to
are riches and honour and life. increase his riches,
5 Thorns and snares are in the way of and he who gives to the rich,
the perverse; will surely come to poverty.
he who guards his soul will be far from them. 17 Turn your ear and listen to the words
21:23 10:19; 12:13; 13:3; 18:21; Ps will hurt them and capture them.
39:1; 141:3; Matt 12:37. 22:6 A great encouragement in the training
21:24 1:22. Scorning Gods word is the of children. But parents themselves must
result of pride and ignorance (Matt 27:27- know the right way (Gen 18:19; Deut
29,41; 2 Pet 3:3-5; Jude 10). 4:9,10; 6:7; Josh 24:15; Eph 6:4).
21:25 6:6; 13:4. 22:7 Debt is a great burden and difficulty in
21:26 Lev 25:35; Deut 15:8; Ps 37:21,26; a persons life. Therefore Rom 13:8.
112:9; Luke 6:35; 2 Cor 9:7. 22:9 11:25; Deut 14:29; 15:10; Ps
21:27 Note at 15:8. 37:26; Luke 6:38. Notes and references
21:28 References at 19:5. The Hebrew of on giving at 2 Cor 9:15.
the second phrase is difficult and this is only 22:10 21:24.
one of possible translations. It may mean 22:11 The King of heaven will also be his
but the words of an obedient man [one friend Ps 24:3,4; Matt 5:8.
who listens] will live on. Or the obedient 22:12 19:21; 21:30.
man will always speak the truth (the words 22:13 6:6-11. The lazy man will seek any
the truth being added). excuse not to work.
21:29 14:8; Lam 3:40; Hag 1:5,7; 2:15. 22:14 5:3-5; 23:27.
21:30 Ah. 2 Chron 13:12; Job 5:13; Prov 22:15 Alas, we all come into the world with a
16:4,9; 19:21; Isa 8:10; 1 Cor 1:25; 3:19,20. nature that is bent toward sin and foolish-
21:31 1 Sam 17:47; Ps 3:8; 20:7; 33:16- ness (note at Ps 51:5). And every child needs
19; Hos 1:7; Zech 4:6. much discipline and correction. 3:11,12;
22:1 3:4; 10:7; Eccl 7:1. 13:24; 19:18. Compare 1 Kings 1:6.
22:2 29:13; Job 31:15. 22:16 The oppression of the poor is every-
22:4 Fear 1:7; Gen 20:11; Ps 34:11-14. where condemned in the Bible (v 22; 14:31;
Riches 3:2; Ps 1:3. 17:5; Deut 24:14; Ps 10:2,8,9; 12:5;
22:5 Verse 8; Ps 9:16; 69:22. Thorns and 35:10; 37:14; 109:16; Isa 3:14).
snares here signify evils and difficulties which 22:17-21 These verses are an introduction
PROVERBS 22:18 838
of the wise, if you are a man given to appetite.
and apply your heart to my knowledge. 3 Do not desire his delicacies,
18 For it will be pleasant if you keep for it is deceptive food.
them within you so that they are 4 Do not wear yourself out to get rich.
ready for your lips. Cease from your own wisdom.
19 So that your trust may be in the LORD, 5 Will you set your eyes on it?
I have taught you today, even you. It is no longer there, for surely riches
20 Have I not written to you excellent things, make wings for themselves;
words of counsel and knowledge, they fly away like an eagle in the sky.
21 So that I might cause you to know the 6 Do not eat the food of him whose eye
certainty of the words of truth, is evil, or desire his delicacies.
that you might give truthful words in 7 For as he thinks in his heart, so is he.
answer to those who send to you? Eat and drink, he says to you,
but his heart is not with you.
22 Do not rob the poor because he is poor,
8 The morsel you have eaten you will vomit up,
nor oppress the afflicted in the gate,
and waste your compliments.
23 For the LORD will plead their cause,
9 Do not speak in the ears of a fool,
and plunder the soul of those who plunder them.
for he will despise the wisdom of your words.
24 Make no friendship with an angry man,
10 Do not remove the ancient boundary
and do not go with a hot-tempered man,
stone and encroach on the fields of
25 So that you do not learn his ways,
the fatherless,
and get a snare to your soul.
11 For their redeemer is mighty.
26 Do not be one of those who strike
He will plead their cause with you.
hands in pledge,
12 Apply your heart to instruction,
or who put up security for debts.
and your ears to the words of knowledge.
27 If you have nothing with which to pay,
why should he take away your bed 13 Do not withhold correction from the child;
from under you? for if you beat him with the rod,
28 Do not remove the ancient boundary he will not die.
stone which your fathers have set. 14 You beat him with the rod,
29 Do you see a man diligent in his work? and rescue his soul from hell.
He will stand before kings; 15 My son, if your heart is wise,
he will not stand before obscure men. my own heart too will rejoice.
16 Yes, my inmost being will rejoice
23 When you sit down to eat with a ruler,
carefully consider what is before you,
2 And put a knife to your throat,
when your lips speak right things.
17 Do not let your heart envy sinners,
to a new section of the book which ends at 23:1-3 He means, perhaps, that if a ruler
24:22. This section can be divided into asks us to dine with him he may be plan-
thirty sayings six of them are of one verse; ning to use us for his own purposes and
eighteen are of two verses; four are of 3 those purposes may be deceptive and evil.
verses; one is of 4 verses; and one is of 7 What or who.
verses. These sayings were probably 23:4,5 28:20; 1 Tim 6:9,10,17; Heb 13:5.
collected by Solomon. Their purpose is to Fly away Jer 17:11; Luke 12:20,21.
encourage trust in God (v 19), and to equip 23:6-8 Seeing insincerity and hypocrisy
us with wise words and ready answers (vs makes an honest man sick.
18,21). The New Testament also speaks of 23:7 The first phrase might possibly be trans-
being ready to give answers to others (Col lated for as he puts on a feast, so he is.
4:6; 1 Pet 3:15). 23:9 1:7,22; 9:7; 12:1.
22:22,23 Verse 16. The God of the Bible, 23:10,11 22:23,28. Redeemer here is a
the only God there is, is always on the side translation of the Hebrew word goel. See
of the oppressed poor, and He will pay back notes at Ruth 2:20; Ps 78:35.
oppressors in their own coin. 23:12 2:2; 22:17.
22:24,25 1 Cor 15:33. 23:13,14 3:12; 13:24; 19:18; 22:18;
22:26,27 6:1-5; 11:15; 17:18. 2 Sam 7:14.
22:28 Deut 19:14; 27:17. 23:15,16 Verse 24; 27:11; 29:3. So God
22:29 See examples of this in Gen 39:3,4; the Father rejoices in His children if they
1 Sam 16:21-23; 1 Kings 7:14; 11:28. are wise and honest Ps 15:1,2; 147:11;
God the King also looks for those who will 149:4; Zeph 3:17.
do their work well. 23:17,18 Envy 24:1,19; Ps 37:1; 73:3.
839 PROVERBS 24:12
but be in the fear of the LORD all day long. and sting like a viper.
18 For surely there is a future, 33 Your eyes will see strange things and
and your hope will not be cut off. your mind will utter perverse things.
19 Listen, my son, and be wise, 34 Yes, you will be like one lying down
and guide your heart in the way. in the middle of the sea,
20 Do not be with those who drink too much wine, or like one who lies down on the top of a mast.
with those who are gluttons in eating meat, 35 They hit me, you will say,
21 For the drunkard and the glutton will but I am not hurt! They have beaten me,
come to poverty, but I didnt feel it !
and drowsiness will clothe a person with rags. When will I wake up?
22 Listen to your father who begot you, I will look for another drink.
and do not despise your mother when
she is old.
23 Buy the truth and do not sell it,
also wisdom and instruction and
24 Do not be envious of evil men,
or desire to be with them.
2 For their heart plots violence,
understanding. and their lips talk of trouble.
24 The father of the righteous will greatly rejoice, 3 Through wisdom a house is built,
and he who begets a wise child will and by understanding it is established,
have joy in him. 4 And by knowledge its rooms will be
25 Your father and your mother will be glad, filled with all precious and
and she who gave you birth will rejoice. pleasant treasures.
5 A wise man is strong; yes, a man of
26 My son, give me your heart,
knowledge increases strength.
and keep your eyes on my ways.
6 For by wise counsel you should wage war,
27 For a prostitute is a deep ditch, and in many counsellors there is safety.
and an adulteress is a narrow pit. 7 Wisdom is too high for a fool.
28 She also lies in wait like a robber, He does not open his mouth in the gate.
and increases the transgressors among men. 8 He who plots to do evil will be called
a schemer.
29 Who has woe? Who has sorrow?
9 The thought of foolishness is sin,
Who has strife? Who has babbling?
and the scorner is an abomination to men.
Who has wounds without cause?
10 If you faint in the day of adversity,
Who has redness of eyes?
your strength is small.
30 Those who linger long at the wine,
those who go in search of mixed wine. 11 If you refrain from rescuing those who
31 Do not look at the wine when it is red, are being led away to death and
when it sparkles in the cup, those who are about to be killed,
when it goes down smoothly. 12 If you say, Look, we didnt know it,
32 At last it will bite like a serpent, does not he who weighs the heart
Fear note at 1:7. has very bitter fruits. One of these is that
23:19-21 Wisdom should guide us in what the drunkard when he recovers a little wants
we eat and drink and how much. Drunken- to indulge again and again in the same thing
ness and gluttony are condemned in the that is ruining his life.
Bible and will face Gods anger and punish- 24:1,2 Verses 19,20; 23:17,18; Ps 37:1;
ment 23:2; 28:7; Rom 13:13,14; 73:3.
1 Cor 6:10; Gal 5:21. 24:3,4 9:1; 14:1. To establish a family
23:22-25 Verse 15,16; 4:5,7; Ezek as God wants it established requires wis-
35:15; Obadiah 1:12. dom which God alone can give.
23:26-28 Give me your heart what any 24:5,6 21:22; 20:18; 11:14; Luke 14:31.
real father desires from his son. But he 24:7 Judges and city officials met for busi-
should be worthy of such a gift. This is ness at the main gates of cities (Gen 19:1;
what God the Father desires from His 23:10; Deut 22:15; Josh 20:4; Ruth 4:11).
children. He will be satisfied with nothing 24:8,9 In Proverbs foolishness is not lack
less. And He is wonderfully worthy of this of sense, it is lack of moral sense; every-
gift. A heart not given where it should be thing that flows from it is sinful.
given will go after the attractions of the world 24:10 Jer 12:5; Isa 40:31.
and may fall prey to sexual immorality. 24:11,12 Ps 82:4; Isa 58:6,7. For men
23:29-35 A striking warning against drunk- to profess ignorance of injustice and
enness. Strong drink may seem pleasant oppression will not work with God. Nor is it
at first (v 31), but it is poison (v 32), and enough merely to feel compassion for those
PROVERBS 24:13 840
consider it ? 24 He who says to the wicked,
And he who keeps your soul, You are righteous, him the people
does he not know it ? will curse, him nations will abhor;
And will he not repay every man in 25 But to those who rebuke him will be delight,
accordance with his deeds? and a good blessing will come on them.
13 My son, eat honey, because it is good, 26 Giving a right answer is like a kiss on the lips.
and the honeycomb, which is sweet to 27 Prepare your outside work, and make
your taste; it ready for yourself in the field,
14 So will the knowledge of wisdom be to and after that build your house.
your soul. 28 Do not be a witness against your
When you have found it, then there will neighbour without cause,
be a reward, and do not deceive with your lips.
and your hope will not be cut off. 29 Do not say, I will do the same to him
as he has done to me.
15 Do not lie in wait, O wicked man,
I will repay the man in accordance with his deed.
at the house of the righteous;
do not plunder his resting place; 30 I went by the field of the lazy,
16 For a righteous person falls seven and by the vineyard of the man
times and rises again, lacking understanding,
but the wicked will fall into trouble. 31 And, look, it was all overgrown with thorns,
17 Do not rejoice when your enemy falls, and nettles had covered its surface,
and do let not your heart be glad when and its stone wall was broken down.
he stumbles, 32 Then I gazed and considered it well;
18 Or the LORD will see it, and it will displease him, I looked at it and received instruction:
and he will turn his wrath away from him. 33 Yet a little sleep, a little slumber,
19 Do not fret because of evil people a little folding of the hands to sleep,
or be envious of the wicked, 34 Just so your poverty will come like
20 For there will be no future for the evil person ; a highway robber,
the lamp of the wicked will be put out. and your scarcity like an armed man.
25
21 My son, fear the LORD and the king, These also are proverbs of Solomon,
and do not associate with those who copied by the men of Hezekiah,
are changeable, king of Judah:
22 For their calamity will rise suddenly; 2 It is the glory of God to conceal a matter,
and who knows the ruin of both of them? but the honour of kings is to search out
23 These also are sayings of the wise: a matter.
It is not good to show partiality in judgment. 3 The heavens for height, and the earth
in trouble, the poor, the needy, or the in- collect these.
nocent falsely condemned. God will judge 24:23-25 17:15; 18:5; 28:21; 31:8,9;
us, not according to what we feel, but Lev 19:15; Ps 72:2.
according to what we actually do or do not 24:26 16:13. To speak the truth to people
do (Matt 25:31-46; Rom 2:6; Jam 4:17). is to show them love. Lips which flatter and
24:13,14 16:24; Ps 119:103. The sweet- deceive are hateful.
ness of honey remains in the mouth but a 24:27 In other words, put first things first
moment, but the sweetness of true wisdom and plan carefully.
will remain in the mind forever. 24:28,29 3:30; 6:19; 20:22; Matt 5:38-41;
24:15,16 Though a righteous person may Rom 12:17. It is not our business to seek
fall seven times, God enables him to rise revenge on others for what they have done.
again (see notes at Ps 34:19; 37:24; Rom God will see to that in His own time and way.
8:37). The case of the wicked is quite 24:30-34 Note at 6:6-11. Laziness or care-
different 6:15; 11:3,5. lessness in spiritual things too has disastrous
24:17,18 17:5 (note); Ezek 35:15; consequences (Matt 25:14,15,24-26,30).
Obadiah 1:12. 25:1 1:1; 10:1. King Hezekiah reigned
24:19,20 Verses 1,2. This is often repeated in more than two hundred years after Solomon
the Bible because envy is a great danger to and brought a revival of true religion to
the spiritual life (Ps 73:2,3). In any case, how Judah (see 2 Chronicles chapters 29-31).
foolish to envy those who have no future hope! 25:2 2:4; Deut 29:29; Isa 55:8,9; Rom
24:21,22 Eccl 8:2-5; Rom 13:1-5; 1 Pet 2:17. 11:33-36; Matt 13:44. Men get honor from
24:23-34 An addition of five sayings to the discovering the truth.
thirty sayings in the previous section. There 25:3 This is true to some extent of all men.
is no reason to think Solomon did not We are mysteries to ourselves and to
841 PROVERBS 26:2
for depth; your neighbours house,
and the heart of kings is unsearchable. or he may tire of you and hate you.
4 Take away the dross from the silver, 18 A man who bears false witness against
and out comes a vessel from the silversmith. his neighbour is a club and a sword
5 Take away the wicked from the kings and a sharp arrow.
presence, 19 Confidence in an unfaithful man in
and his throne will be established in time of trouble is like a broken tooth,
righteousness. and a sprained foot.
6 Do not put yourself forward in the 20 Like one who takes away a garment in
presence of the king, cold weather,
and do not stand in the place of great men ; and like vinegar on soda, is one who
7 For it is better that it be said to you, sings songs to a sad heart.
Come up here, 21 If your enemy is hungry, give him food to eat,
than that you should be put lower in and if he is thirsty, give him water to drink;
the presence of the prince whom 22 For you will be heaping coals of fire on his head,
your eyes have seen. and the LORD will reward you.
8 Do not go out hastily to argue,
or you may not know what to do in the end, 23 The north wind drives away rain;
when your neighbor puts you to shame. so does an angry countenance a
9 Debate your case with your neighbor himself, backbiting tongue.
and do not reveal the secret of another, 24 It is better to live in the corner of
10 Or he who hears it may put you to shame, the housetop,
and your bad reputation not pass away. than share a house with a quarrelsome woman.
11 A word fitly spoken is like apples of 25 As cold water to a thirsty soul,
gold in pictures of silver. so is good news from a far country.
12 Like an earring of gold and an 26 A righteous man giving way to the
ornament of fine gold, wicked is like a muddied spring,
is a wise reprover to an obedient ear. and a polluted well.
13 Like the cold of snow in the time of harvest, 27 It is not good to eat too much honey;
is a faithful messenger to those who send him, so for people to look out for their own
for he refreshes the soul of his masters. glory is not glory.
14 Whoever boasts of his gifts falsely is 28 He who does not rule his own spirit
like clouds and wind without rain. is like a city that is broken down and
15 Through patience a ruler is persuaded, without walls.
and a soft tongue breaks the bone.
16 Have you found honey?
Eat only what is sufficient for you,
lest you be filled with it, and vomit it.
26 Like snow in summer and like rain in
harvest,
so honour is not fitting for a fool.
17 Let not your foot be too often in 2 Like the flitting bird, like the flying swallow,
others (20:24). But God searches and knows 25:16,17 That is, honey and visits from
all things (Jer 17:9,10; John 2:24,25; Heb neighbors have one thing in common too
4:13). much is too much.
25:4,5 This truth was at the heart of Davids 25:18 12:18; Ps 5:9.
resolutions in Ps 101. God is always at work 25:21,22 Matt 5:44; Rom 12:20.
refining His people (Ps 66:10-12) and the 25:24 19:12; 21:9,19.
King of heaven, when He comes again, will 25:25 15:30.
do a complete work of establishing a righ- 25:26 Evil can taint all the springs of action
teous reign (Isa 11:1-5). and pollute that which should be clean, clear,
25:6,7 Luke 14:7-11. and life-giving.
25:8-10 Better to end a dispute before it 25:27 27:2; Matt 23:12.
gets to court (Matt 5:25,26). 25:28 Into a city with broken down walls may
25:11 15:23. See what wisdom says in easily enter any unclean animal, any cruel
8:19. beast, any evil man, any invading army. So
25:12 15:31; Ps 141:5. the evils of the world, the influences of Sa-
25:13 10:26; 13:17. tan enter the unguarded, undisciplined,
25:14 In other words, big words, no action. unwatchful human heart.
25:15 Patience and gentleness often can 26:2 If we live righteously and honestly
accomplish far more than haste and before God we need fear no curse or any-
roughness. thing that men may say or do against us.
PROVERBS 26:3 842
so the curse does not come without cause. strife that does not pertain to him,
3 A whip for the horse, is like one who takes a dog by the ears.
a bridle for the donkey, 18 Like a madman who hurls fire brands,
and a rod for the fools back. arrows, and death,
4 Do not answer a fool according to his folly, 19 Is the man who deceives his neighbor
lest you also become like him. and says, I was just joking!
5 Answer a fool according to his folly, 20 Where there is no wood, the fire goes out;
lest he be wise in his own eyes. so where there is no talebearer,
6 He who sends a message by the hand the strife ceases.
of a fool is cutting off the feet, 21 As charcoal is to burning embers and
and drinking damage. wood to fire,
7 The legs of the lame are not equal, so is a quarrelsome man to kindle strife.
like a proverb in the mouth of fools. 22 The words of a talebearer are like wounds,
8 Like one who ties up a stone in a sling, and they go down into the inmost parts
is he who gives honour to a fool. of the body.
9 Like a thorn piercing the hand of a drunkard, 23 Burning lips and a wicked heart are
is a proverb in the mouth of fools. like an earthen pot covered with
silver dross.
10 The great God who formed all things
24 He who hates, disguises this with his lips,
both pays the fool,
and stores up deceit within him;
and gives transgressors their wages.
25 When he speaks graciously, do not
11 As a dog returns to his vomit, believe him;
so a fool returns to his folly. for there are seven abominations in his heart.
26 The wickedness of the one whose
12 Do you see a man wise in his own eyes?
hatred is covered by deceit will be
There is more hope for a fool than for him.
revealed before the whole congregation.
13 The lazy person says,
27 Whoever digs a pit will fall in it,
There is a lion in the road!
and the one who rolls a stone,
A lion is in the streets!
it will come back on him.
14 As the door turns on its hinges,
28 A lying tongue hates those it harms,
so the lazy one turns on his bed.
and a flattering mouth works ruin.
15 The lazy person buries his hand in the dish;
it is a weariness to him to bring it back
to his mouth.
16 The lazy person is wiser in his own
27 Do not boast about tomorrow,
for you do not know what a day may
bring forth.
eyes than seven men who can give
2 Let another man praise you and not
a reason.
your own mouth,
17 He who is passing by and meddles with a stranger and not your own lips.
26:3-12 These proverbs are all concerned is the error that the lazy man (v 5) and the
with fools that is, with those who are moral rich (28:11) have in common. We are
delinquents lacking the wisdom that comes warned against it in 3:7 because such a con-
from God (see note at 1:7). ceit shuts out the fear of the Lord which is
26:4,5 Sometimes it is better not to try to the only way to wisdom.
answer fools at all. Sometimes they must 26:13 22:13; 6:6-11.
be answered to reveal their foolishness, but 26:15 19:24.
this must be done wisely and carefully. 26:20 One of the evils of gossip. See also
26:10 The Hebrew of this sentence is very 11:13; 18:8; 20:19; Lev 19:16.
difficult and obscure and many translations 26:23-26 Ps 28:3; 55:21; Jer 9:8; Matt
have been offered. Literally it is, The Great 26:47-49. The hypocrite has a full number
One [the word God is not here in Hebrew] of abominations in his heart (6:16-19). See
who has brought forth everything hires the the abominations in the hearts of the
fool and hires the transgressor. The hypocrites living when Jesus was on earth
possible meaning is, God uses them for his (Matthew chapter 23).
own purposes. 26:27 Ps 7:15; 35:7,8; 141:10. Attempts
26:11 2 Pet 2:22; Ps 85:8. The fool returns to harm others will eventually bring harm to
to folly because it is more appealing to him oneself. This is a law of God strikingly
than wisdom and righteousness. A sinful displayed in the case of Haman (Esther
nature is attracted to sinful things. 3:5,6; 5:14; 7:9,10).
26:12 Verse 5. Being wise in ones own eyes 27:1 16:9; Jam 4:13-16.
is to be in a worse condition than a fool. It 27:2 25:27.
843 PROVERBS 28:4
3 A stone is heavy and the sand weighty, of his friend.
but a fools wrath is heavier than both of them. 18 Whoever keeps the fig tree will eat its fruit;
4 Wrath is cruel and anger is overwhelming, so he who waits on his master will
but who is able to stand before envy? be honoured.
5 Open rebuke is better than love concealed. 19 As in water face reflects face,
6 Faithful are the wounds of a friend, so the heart of man reflects man.
but the kisses of an enemy are deceitful. 20 Hell and destruction are never full,
7 The full soul loathes a honeycomb, so the eyes of man are never satisfied.
but to the hungry soul every bitter 21 The refining pot is for silver
thing is sweet. and the furnace for gold;
8 As a bird that wanders from her nest, so is a man tested by the praise he receives.
so is a man who wanders from his place.
22 Though you pound a fool in a mortar
9 Oil and perfume rejoice the heart; with a pestle along with wheat,
so does the sweetness of a mans still his foolishness will not leave him.
friend through hearty counsel. 23 Be careful to know the state of your flocks,
10 Do not forsake your own friend and and look after your herds well.
your fathers friend, 24 For riches are not forever,
or go into your brothers house on the and the crown does not last to every
day of your calamity. generation.
For better is a neighbour who is near 25 The hay appears, and the tender grass
than a brother far off. shows itself,
11 My son, be wise and make my heart glad, and herbs of the mountains are gathered in.
that I may answer him who insults me. 26 The lambs are for your clothing,
12 A prudent man sees disaster coming and the goats are the price for the field.
and hides himself, 27 And you will have goats milk enough
but the simple go on and pay the penalty. for your food,
13 Take the garment of the one who puts for the food of your household,
up security for a stranger, and for the maintenance of your maidens.
and take a pledge from him for a
strange woman.
14 He who blesses his friend with a loud voice,
early in the morning,
28 The wicked flee when no man pursues,
but the righteous are bold as a lion.
2 Because of the transgression of a land,
it will be regarded as a curse to him. it has many rulers,
15 A continual dripping on a very rainy but by a man of understanding and
day and a quarrelsome woman are alike. knowledge it will endure.
16 Whoever restrains her can restrain 3 A poor man who oppresses the poor is
the wind and grasp oil with his right hand! like a driving rain which leaves no food.
17 Iron sharpens iron; 4 They who forsake the law praise the wicked,
so a man sharpens the countenance but those who keep the law oppose them.
27:4 Matt 27:18. Envy is one of the worst to be satisfied.
and most destructive passions that can pos- Death and Destruction in Hebrew
sess men. Sheol and Abaddon.
27:5,6 Let us, like David (Ps 141:5), under- 27:21 Praise tests whether a man is proud,
stand the value of rebukes. Far better to be or hungry for praise, or foolish enough to
pierced by a friend than petted by a foe. accept flattery, or humble, or desirous of
27:11 10:1; 23:15,16. seeing only God praised.
27:13 20:16. 27:23-27 Jesus instruction not to worry
27:15,16 12:4; 18:22; 19:13,14; 21:9,19. about the future (Matt 6:25-34) does not
27:17 Our contacts with others, especially mean that care and thought should not be
with those who are close to us, can help taken to provide for ones household.
shape our character and make us better 28:1 Lev 26:7,8,14,17,36; Deut 32:30;
instruments in Gods service. Ps 3:6; 18:33-40; 138:3; Acts 4:13,31.
27:18 Matt 25:21; Luke 12:42-44; John 28:3 14:21,31.
12:26. 28:4 Will anyone praise the wicked? See
27:19 A man is what he is inwardly, not what Rom 1:32. Such is the fallen world we live
he seems to be outwardly. in. Those who follow the teachings of the
27:20 1 John 2:16. It is the nature of fallen God of holiness and truth must stand against
man always to want more than he has, never evil. Examples Ex 32:26-29; Ps 101;
PROVERBS 28:5 844
5 Evil men do not understand justice, but he who hardens his heart will fall
but they who seek the LORD into trouble.
understand all things. 15 Like a roaring lion and a charging
6 Better is the poor who walks in his integrity, bear is a wicked ruler over a poor people.
than he who is rich but perverse in his ways. 16 The ruler who lacks understanding is
also a great oppressor,
7 Whoever keeps the law is a wise son,
but he who hates covetousness will
but he who is a companion of gluttons
prolong his days.
shames his father.
17 A man who does violence to the blood
8 He who increases his possessions by of any person is fleeing to the pit.
usury and dishonest gain Let no one support him.
will gather it for him who has pity on the poor. 18 Whoever walks uprightly will be rescued,
9 As for the one who turns his ear away but he who is perverse in his ways will
from hearing the law, fall at once.
even his prayer will be an abomination. 19 He who tills his land will have plenty of food,
but he who follows vain persons will
10 Whoever causes the righteous to go have poverty enough.
astray in an evil way will himself 20 A faithful man will have abundant blessings,
fall into his own pit, but he who makes haste to be rich
but the upright will have a good inheritance. will not be innocent.
11 The rich man is wise in his own eyes, 21 To show favoritism is not good,
but the poor who has understanding because for a piece of bread a man
sees through him. will transgress.
12 When righteous people rejoice, 22 He whose eye is evil hastens to be rich,
there is great honour, and does not consider that poverty
but when the wicked rise up, will come on him.
a man hides himself. 23 He who rebukes a man will find more
favour afterwards than he who
13 He who covers his sins will not prosper,
flatters with the tongue.
but whoever confesses and forsakes
24 Whoever robs his father or his mother,
them will have mercy.
and says, It is not wrong,
14 Happy is the man who always fears that person is a companion of one who
the LORD, destroys.
Eph 5:11; 6:11; etc. 20:12). It is impossible to hide them from
28:5 Gods justice is one of the very great God. How foolish to try, when by confessing
themes of the Bible (Deut 32:4; Ps 89:14; and forsaking them they can be forgiven
97:2; Rom 3:25,26; Rev 15:3). It is and blotted out forever. Observe that
understood and appreciated only by those forsaking ones sins is as important as
who seek God, fear God, and so receive the confessing them. Compare Ex 9:27.
wisdom that comes from God (2:9; Ps 28:14 Happy note at Ps 1:1,2.
14:2; 82:5; 92:6; 119:97-104; Dan Fears 1:7; 9:10; 15:33; 23:17;
12:10; Hos 14:9). Gen 20:11; Ps 34:11-14; 112:1.
28:6 See 15:16; 16:8; 19:1,22; Ps 37:16. Hardens Ex 7:13; Ps 95:8; Rom
28:7 Verse 4; 23:19-21; 1 Cor 15:33. 2:5; Heb 3:13,15.
28:8 Usury Ex 22:25; Lev 25:35-37; 28:15 Some rulers have been (and some
Deut 23:19,20. still are) as bad as cruel, ravenous beasts.
For him 13:22; Job 27:13,16,17. The final world ruler will be the most awful
28:9 15:8; 21:27; Ps 66:18; 109:7; example of this (Rev 13:1-8).
Isa 1:13-17; 59:1,2. A wicked man will 28:17 Gen 4:14.
not listen to God, so all his religion, his 28:18 10:9; 11:5. There is no real, no
worship, and all he does is hateful to God. permanent security except in the true God
28:10 26:27. Himself.
28:11 26:5; 26:16; Luke 12:16-21. 28:19 27:23-27.
28:12 Verse 28; 11:10; 29:2; 1 Kings 28:20 Blessings Ps 1:1-3.
18:13; 2 Kings 11:2,3,20. Rich v 22; 20:21; 23:4; 1 Tim
28:13 Gen 3:8; Josh 7:11,12,20,21,25,26; 6:9,10; Jam 5:1-5.
Ps 32:1-5; Isa 55:6,7; Hos 14:1,2; 28:21 It is better to die of starvation than
1 John 1:9. All of mens sins will eventually to do wrong.
be revealed (Ps 90:8; Matt 10:26; 1 Cor 28:23 27:5,6.
4:5; 2 Cor 5:10; Heb 4:12,13; Rev 28:24 19:26; Ex 20:12; Matt 15:4-6.
845 PROVERBS 29:18
25 He who has a proud heart stirs up strife, cause of the poor,
but he who puts his trust in the LORD but the wicked do not consider it.
will prosper. 8 Scornful men bring a city into a snare,
26 He who trusts in his own heart is a fool, but wise men turn away wrath.
but whoever walks wisely will be rescued. 9 If a wise man argues with a foolish man,
whether he rages or laughs,
27 He who gives to the poor will not lack, there is no rest.
but he who hides his eyes from them 10 The bloodthirsty hate the upright,
will have many a curse. but the righteous seek to make his soul secure.
28 When the wicked rise up, 11 A fool utters everything in his mind,
men hide themselves, but a wise person holds it back until later.
but when they perish, the righteous increase. 12 If a ruler listens to lies,
all his servants become wicked.
29 He who shows himself stubborn
after many rebukes will suddenly
be destroyed,
13 The poor and the oppressor have this
in common:
the LORD gives light to the eyes of both.
and that without remedy. 14 As for the king who judges the poor
2 When the righteous are in authority with truth,
the people rejoice, his throne will be established forever.
but when the wicked rule,
15 The rod and correction give wisdom,
the people mourn.
but a child left to himself brings his
3 Whoever loves wisdom brings joy to his father,
mother to shame.
but he who associates with prostitutes
squanders his wealth. 16 When the wicked are multiplied,
4 The king gives stability to the land by justice, transgression increases,
but he who accepts bribes overthrows it. but the righteous will see their fall.
5 A man who flatters his neighbour 17 Correct your son and he will give you comfort,
is spreading a net for his feet. yes, he will give delight to your soul.
6 In the transgression of an evil man
there is a snare, 18 Where there is no vision,
but the righteous sing and rejoice. the people perish,
7 The righteous are concerned with the but he who keeps the law, happy is he.
28:25 29:25; Ps 2:12; 37:40; 40:4; 125:1. put their trust in Him.
28:26 These two verses (25,26) reveal a 29:10 Verse 27; Gen 4:8; 1 Sam 18:10;
choice that will have profound results in all Est 3:8,9; Ps 11:2; 57:4; 64:2-4; Dan
aspects of our life on earth and into eter- 3:19,20; John 15:18,19; 1 John 3:12. The
nity. The wise man trusts in God, the fool world is a battlefield where the righteous and
trusts himself, his own opinions, his intellect, the wicked are involved in a very important
his reasoning power, etc. conflict. It has been such from the days of
28:27 14:21; 22:9; Deut 24:19; Ps Cain and Abel, and will be to the end of this
41:1; Matt 25:42. Again the importance age. The righteous God and His righteous
of helping the poor is emphasized. God people are at war with wickedness, and the
sees the poor and He sees what we do or wicked are at war with righteousness. In
do not do to help them. this struggle there is no such thing as non-
29:1 6:15; 24:22; Lev 26:14-17,23-25; alignment or neutrality. See Judges 5:23.
Deut 28:15,20; 2 Chron 36:15-17; Ps 29:11 16:32.
64:7; Isa 47:11; Jer 19:15; 36:31; 29:12 If a leader does not want the truth he
1 Thess 5:3; Heb 2:2,3; 12:25. will surround himself with wicked people who
29:3 10:1; 23:15,16. tell him pleasant lies (see 1 Kings 22:1-8).
29:4 15:27 (note); 16:12. 29:14 See 16:12; 28:27; Ps 72:1-5;
29:5 26:28; Ps 55:21. A person who Isa 9:7.
flatters another is out to accomplish some 29:15 See 13:24 (note).
selfish purpose of his own. 29:16 10:25; 14:11; 21:12. The righteous
29:6 A snare 1:18; 5:22; 22:5; 26:27; will eventually see the downfall of the whole
Gen 4:7; Num 32:23; John 8:34. evil world system and all its wickedness.
Rejoice Ps 4:7; 32:11; 64:10; This will be the final result of the struggle
97:11; Isa 35:10. mentioned in vs 10,27. See Ps 1:6.
29:7 28:27; 31:8,9; Ps 41:1; 82:2-4. 29:17 Discipline will help to form character
29:8 16:14; Jam 3:17,18; Num 16:46- and train children in the way they should
48; 25:3,7,10-13. Jesus who is the wisdom go. This is the reason God Himself
of God, sacrificed Himself and turned away disciplines His children Heb 12:6-11.
the holy anger of God from sinful men who 29:18 Vision here means revelations from
PROVERBS 29:19 846
19 A servant will not be corrected by mere words, nor do I have the knowledge of the holy.
for though he understands he will not respond. 4 Who has ascended into heaven,
20 Do you see a man who is hasty in his words? or descended?
There is more hope for a fool than for him. Who has gathered the wind in his fists?
21 He who pampers his servant from Who has wrapped up the waters in a garment?
childhood at length will have him Who has established all the ends of the earth?
become his son. What is his name, and what is his
22 An angry man stirs up strife, sons name, if you can tell?
and a furious man commits many
transgressions. 5 Every word of God is pure.
23 A mans pride will bring him low, He is a shield to those who put their
but the humble in spirit will obtain honour. trust in him.
6 Do not add to his words,
24 Whoever is partner with a thief hates
lest he rebuke you,
his own soul;
and you are found to be a liar.
he hears the oath but tells nothing.
25 The fear of man brings a snare, 7 Two things I have asked of you, LORD ;
but whoever puts his trust in the LORD do not refuse them to me before I die:
will be safe. 8 Keep falsehood and lies far from me;
26 Many seek the rulers favour, give me neither poverty nor riches, but
but a mans justice comes from feed me with my allotted portion of food,
the LORD. 9 Or I may become full, and deny you,
27 An unjust man is an abomination to the just, and say, Who is the LORD?,
and he who is upright in the way is an or if I am poor I may steal and bring
abomination to the wicked. dishonour to the name of my God.
10 Do not accuse a servant to his master,
30 The words of Agur the son of Jakeh,
the oracle.
lest he curse you,
and you be found guilty.
The man spoke to Ithiel,
yes, to Ithiel and Ucal: 11 There is a generation that curses its father,
2 Surely I am more stupid than any man, and does not bless its mother.
and do not have the understanding of a man. 12 There is a generation that is pure in
3 I have not learned wisdom, its own eyes,
God given in visions, which was one way God (Isa 13:1; Nah 1:1; Hab 1:1; Zech 9:1;
revealed His truth in those times (note at Mal 1:1).
Gen 15:1). Without Gods revelation of truth 30:2,3 The way to wisdom is to know ones
people will do as they please (Jud 21:25; ignorance. God does not reveal His wisdom
1 Sam 3:1; Lam 2:9). to those proud of their knowledge (1 Kings
Perish the literal meaning of the 4:7; Jer 1:6; 1 Cor 1:19-21; 8:2; Jam
Hebrew word is unrestrained, wild. 4:6). What wisdom Agur had was not his
Happy or blessed 8:32; 28:14; own; it was given from heaven an oracle.
Deut 28:1,2; Ps 1:1,2; 119:1,2. 30:4 Agur here uses questions such as God
29:20 26:12; Jam 1:19. asked Job (Job chapter 38) to show mans
29:22 15:18; Ps 4:4; Eph 4:26. ignorance. We now know from the revelation
29:23 15:33; 16:18; 18:12. in the New Testament who has gone up to
29:24 Lev 5:1. heaven and come down and who the son
29:25 Fear of man 1 Sam 15:24; Isa is (John 3:13; Eph 4:7-10; Rom 1:2-4;
5:12,13; John 12:42,43. Fear of man may Rev 19:12,16).
keep people from doing what they know is 30:5 Ps 12:6; 18:30; Gen 15:1.
right to do. Such fear need have no place 30:6 Deut 4:2; 12:32; Rev 22:18,19.
in those who trust in the Lord. They are 30:7-9 See the importance Agur gives to
safe forever (Ps 23:4; 27:1; 34:7; 49:5; honesty and integrity. All those whom God
56:4; Matt 10:26,28). used to write the Bible had the same view.
29:26 If we get any justice in this world it Here is a searching question if we had
will be God who causes it to happen. only two requests to make to God what would
29:27 Verse 10; Ps 97:10; 119:104; they be? Compare 2 Chron 1:7-12; Ps
139:21,22 (note). 27:4. No wise man would ask for wealth or
30:1 We know nothing of Agur or Ithiel or power or position in this world, unless his
Ucal except what we have in this chapter. only motive was to serve God with them.
They are not mentioned anywhere else in 30:8 Matt 6:11; 1 Tim 6:6,8; Heb 13:5.
the Bible. The word oracle usually denotes 30:11 20:20; Ex 20:12; 21:17; Lev 20:9.
a revelation given through a prophet 30:12 12:15; 16:2; Jer 2:35; Luke
847 PROVERBS 31:2
and yet is not washed from its filthiness. and under these four it cannot hold up:
13 There is a generation oh, how 22 Under a servant when he reigns,
haughty are their eyes! and a fool when he is filled with food,
And their eyelids are raised in disdain. 23 Under an unloved woman when she is married,
14 There is a generation whose teeth and a maidservant who supplants her mistress.
are like swords, 24 There are four things which are little
and whose jaw teeth are like knives, on the earth,
to devour the poor from the earth, but they are exceedingly wise:
and the needy from among men. 25 The ants are not a strong folk,
15 The leech has two daughters, crying, yet they prepare their food in summer;
Give, give. 26 The conies, are only a feeble folk,
There are three things that are never yet they make their houses in the rocks;
satisfied, 27 The locusts have no king,
yes, four things never say, Enough: yet they all go out in ranks;
16 The grave, and the barren womb, 28 The spider takes hold with its hands,
the earth that is not filled with water, and is in kings palaces.
and the fire that does not say,
29 There are three things which go
Enough.
at a stately pace,
17 The eye of him who mocks at his father, yes, four are stately when they move:
and scorns obedience to his mother, 30 A lion which is mighty among beasts
will be plucked out by the ravens of and does not turn aside for anything;
the valley, 31 A strutting rooster; also a he-goat;
and the young eagles will eat it. and a king, against whom there is no rebellion.
18 There are three things which are too 32 If you have done foolishly in exalting yourself,
wonderful for me, or if you have plotted evil,
yes, four which I do not understand: lay your hand on your mouth.
19 The way of an eagle in the air, 33 Surely the churning of milk produces butter,
the way of a serpent on a rock, and the wringing of the nose brings out blood;
the way of a ship in the middle of the sea, so the churning of wrath produces strife.
and the way of a man with a maiden.
20 This is the way of an adulterous woman:
she eats, and wipes her mouth,
31 The words of King Lemuel,
the oracle that his mother taught him.
2 What, my son?
and says, I have done nothing wrong! And what, the son of my womb?
21 Under three things the earth shakes, And what, the son of my vows?
18:11; 1 John 1:8-10. 30:31 The last sentence of this verse could
30:13 6:17; Ps 10:4,5; 18:27; 101:5; also be translated and a king secure
Isa 13:11. against revolt.
30:14 Ps 3:7; 14:4; 57:4; Amos 8:4; Rooster the exact meaning of the ob-
Micah 2:2; 3:2,3. scure Hebrew word is not known. The literal
30:16 Isa 5:14; Hab 2:5. meaning is one that girds the hips. Some
Grave in Hebrew Sheol. versions have greyhound.
Barren Gen 30:1; 1 Sam 1:6,10,11. 30:32 Mouth Job 40:4; Rom 3:19. If
30:17 Verse 11. we have sinned let us repent and not make
30:20 Verse 12. any effort to defend ourselves.
30:23 Gen 16:1-6; 29:31,32. 30:33 6:14; 15:1; 29:22.
30:24-28 Practical lessons can be learned 31:1 Lemuel was never king in Israel, so he
and spiritual applications can be made from was of some other nation or city. He is not
observing animals. Here are four lessons referred to anywhere else in the Bible. His
gained from four weak and insignificant crea- name means belonging to God or devoted
tures providing for the future (6:6-8; to God.
27:23-27; Matt 6:19,20), finding refuge Oracle note at 30:1.
(Ps 2:12; 7:1; 11:1; Heb 6:18), united Mother who can estimate the value
effort (Acts 4:32; 1 Cor 1:10; Eph 4:3), of a godly mother who dedicates her chil-
and finding a home in the kings palace dren to God and teaches them the truth of
(John 14:2-6; Rev 3:12). God? See Deut 6:6,7; 1 Sam 1:21-28;
Conies probably the creatures known 2 Tim 1:5; 3:15.
as rock badgers. 31:2 1 Sam 1:11.
PROVERBS 31:3 848
3 Do not give your strength to women, 16 She considers a field, and buys it;
or your ways to that which destroys kings. from the produce of her hands she
4 It is not for kings, O Lemuel, plants a vineyard.
it is not for kings to drink wine, 17 She goes to work with vigor,
or for rulers to imbibe strong drink, and strengthens her arms.
5 Or they may drink and forget the law, 18 She sees that her business is good;
and pervert the judgment of some of her lamp does not go out at night.
the afflicted. 19 She puts her hands to the spindle,
6 Give strong drink to him who is about and her hands hold the distaff.
to perish, 20 She stretches out her hand to help the poor;
and wine to those who have heavy hearts. yes, she extends her hands to the needy.
7 Let him drink and forget his poverty, 21 She is not afraid for her household
and remember his misery no more. when the snow falls,
8 Open your mouth for the dumb, for all her household are clothed with scarlet.
in the cause of all who are 22 She makes for herself coverings of tapestry;
facing destruction. her clothing is silk and purple.
9 Open your mouth, judge righteously, 23 Her husband is known in the gates,
and plead the cause of the poor and needy. when he sits among the elders of the land.
10 Who can find a virtuous woman? 24 She makes fine linen and sells it,
For her worth is far above rubies. and delivers sashes to the merchant.
11 The heart of her husband safely trusts her, 25 Strength and honour are her clothing,
so that he will have no need of plunder. and she rejoices in the future.
12 She will do him good and not evil 26 She opens her mouth with wisdom,
all the days of her life. and in her tongue is the law of kindness.
27 She looks well to the ways of her household,
13 She looks for wool and flax,
and does not eat the bread of idleness.
and works willingly with her hands.
14 She is like the merchants ships; 28 Her children rise up and call her blessed;
she brings her food from a distance. her husband also, and he praises her.
15 She also rises while it is yet night, 29 Many daughters have done virtuously,
and gives food to her household, but you excel them all.
and a portion to her maidens. 30 Charm is deceitful and beauty is vain,
31:3 5:1-14; Deut 17:17; 1 Kings 11:3. Plans for the changing seasons
31:4,5 20:1; Eccl 10:16,17; Isa 5:22. (v 21,22,25),
Drunkenness causes men to forget righ- Is an honor to her husband (v 23),
teousness and brings them under the power Has strength of character (v 25),
of their sinful natures. Has the wisdom to instruct her children
31:6,7 Ps 104:15; Matt 27:34; 1 Tim and to advise others (v 26),
5:23. Wine should not be misused but used And can well manage the affairs of her
very wisely, if used at all. household (v 27).
31:8,9 16:10; 24:23; 28:27; 29:7; Ps If it is Gods will for you to marry, search
82:3; Isa 1:17. for such an one! Do not consider lesser
Who are facing destruction literally, things. If one like this is found, all your
sons of destruction. efforts will be well rewarded. How sad it is
31:10 In other words, such women, though that when looking for a wife so many people
rare, are well worth searching for. Her good (including many Christians) think mainly of
qualities are far more valuable than any how much the (illegal) dowry will be, or what
dowry that could be offered. They will be her caste is, or what her job qualifications
great blessings in both practical and spiri- or degrees, or some other such consider-
tual ways to their husbands and children. ation which means nothing in Gods eyes
Such a woman is what she is because she and should mean nothing in ours.
fears the Lord (v 30). Without the fear of 31:28 Such a wife is blessed by God and a
the Lord there is no truly noble character, source of blessing to others.
no real spirituality, no wisdom worthy of the 31:29 Women who have big careers, who
name. accomplish much in society or government
Virtuous the Hebrew word literally or some field of science or art may gain
means strong or able or efficient. praise and fame, but in Gods eyes such
31:11,12 12:4. are not the equal of this kind of woman,
31:13-27 She is hard-working (vs 13,15, unless they have her qualities. Let us learn
17,27), to look at matters as God sees them.
Shows good business sense (vs 16,18, 24), Virtuously see v 10.
Has compassion on the poor (v 20), 31:30 1 Pet 3:3-5. If only young women
849 PROVERBS 31:31
but the woman who fears the LORD, 31 Give her the product of her hands,
she will be praised. and let her own works praise her in the gates.
would give up vain pursuits and seek the (1:7).
really important things, the noble charac- 31:31 She has earned the reward of
ter described in the preceding verses could respect and praise. They who fear the Lord
become theirs. Proverbs closes as it opens should be honored by men, and will
with emphasis on the fear of the LORD certainly be honored by God.
ECCLESIASTES
Author :
The book itself does not give us the name of the author, but most of the indications point to King
Solomon. See 1:1,12,16; 2:4-9; 12:9.
Date :
Solomon reigned 970-930 BC. He wrote this book probably toward the end of his life.
Theme :
What is good in this world? Is it possible to make life meaningful? What is the purpose of this life
we must live? These are the kinds of questions that stirred Solomon to search for the truth about
life. God decided to show that the total of what is known to men is very little. He wanted to make
known to them how empty and meaningless life is for those who are at a distance from Himself. He
determined to have this truth written down and included in the Bible. He chose the individual who
should reveal this truth through his own researches and experiences and write it down. He made
that individual wiser than any other man who ever lived, wiser than Socrates or Buddha or Confucius
or anyone else who ever gained a reputation for wisdom (except, of course, the Lord Jesus Christ
who is more than a mere man and is Himself the wisdom of God (1 Cor 1:24,30; Col 2:2,3,9). Also
God made that individual richer than any other person on earth. He gave him the opportunities and
the abilities to experience everything than men can experience. Also God gave him an intellect that
wanted to inquire into everything, the kind of mind that could thoroughly examine evidence and
weigh it carefully, and a powerful desire to discover the meaning of life. The man God chose is
Solomon. One of the results of Gods choice is this little book of Ecclesiastes. We can learn from it
that mans wisdom, thoughts and efforts are not enough to discover the truth about life and its
meaning. For that we need the Word of God. In that alone we can find a foundation for a satisfying
and meaningful life, and a happy eternity.
Contents :
Solomon announces his theme ....................................................................... 1:1,2
He gives illustrations ..................................................................................... 1:3-11
He more fully introduces himself ..................................................................... 1:12-16
He resolves to gain understanding of the meaning of life .................................. 1:17 - 2:16
He tries wisdom and folly .......................................................................... 1:17; 2:3
He tries pleasure ..................................................................................... 2:1,2
He tries wine ........................................................................................... 2:3
He undertakes great projects .................................................................... 2:4-6
He amasses possessions and riches ........................................................... 2:7,8
He tries music, etc .......................................................................2:8,9
He tries anything he desires ...................................................................... 2:10
His conclusion about all that ...................................................................... 2:11
He turns again to wisdom and folly ............................................................ 2:12-14
His conclusion about this ........................................................................... 2:15,16
Despair ....................................................................................................... 2:17-23
The best thing this wise man could think of ...................................................... 2:24-26
A time for everything ................................................................................... 3:1-8
Time compared with eternity ......................................................................... 3:9-14
Thoughts of Gods judgment .......................................................................... 3:15-17
Of animals and men ...................................................................................... 3:18-22
He thinks non-existence is better than existence ............................................. 4:1-8
The value of friendship ................................................................................. 4:9-12
Success is meaningless ................................................................................. 4:13-16
851 ECCLESIASTES
Fear God .................................................................................................... 5:1-7
The emptiness of riches ................................................................................ 5:8 - 6:12
Some remarks about conditions in life ............................................................. 7:1 - 11:8
His quest for wisdom ................................................................................ 7:23-25
Ignorance of the future ........................................................................... 8:7,8
Justice is often not seen on earth .............................................................. 8:14
Man by his wisdom cannot understand
what God is doing ................................................................................ 8:17
All men face the same destiny ................................................................... 9:1-12
An example of wisdom .............................................................................. 9:13-16
Words on wisdom and folly ....................................................................... 9:17 - 10:15
Words about rulers .................................................................................. 10:16-20
Advice to be active, not knowing the future ................................................ 11:1-6
Advice to the young ..................................................................................... 11:9 - 12:7
The conclusion of the whole matter ................................................................ 12:8-14
ECCLESIASTES 1:1 852
1 The words of the teacher, the son of David,
king in Jerusalem.
2 Vanity of vanities, says the teacher, vanity of
times, which were before us.
11 There is no remembrance of former things ;
nor will there be any remembrance of things that
vanities. All is vanity. are to come by those who will come afterwards.
3 What profit does a man have from all his labour 12 I, the teacher, was king over Israel in
which he undertakes under the sun? Jerusalem.
4 One generation passes away and another 13 And I gave my heart to seek and search out
generation comes, but the earth remains forever. by wisdom everything that is done under heaven;
5 The sun also rises, and the sun goes down this unhappy task God has given to the sons of
and hurries to its place where it rose. man to be occupied with.
6 The wind goes toward the south and turns 14 I have seen all the works that are done
around to the north; it swirls about continually, and under the sun; and, look, all is emptiness and chas-
the wind returns again on its circuits. ing the wind.
7 All the rivers run into the sea; yet the sea is 15 What is crooked cannot be made straight,
not full. To the place from which the rivers come, and what is lacking cannot be counted.
there they return again. 16 I spoke in my own heart, saying, Look, I
8 All things are wearisome; man cannot utter it. have amassed and acquired more wisdom than all
The eye is not satisfied with seeing, or the ear filled those who have been before me in Jerusalem;
with hearing. yes, my heart has had great experience in wisdom
9 The thing that has been, is what will be; and and knowledge.
what has been done is what will be done; and 17 And I gave my heart to know wisdom, and to
there is no new thing under the sun. know madness and folly; I have come to see that
10 Is there anything of which it may be said, this also is striving for wind.
See, this is new? It has already been in olden 18 For in much wisdom is much grief; and he
1:1 We see in 12:9,10 what Solomon did as then life is a tiresome burden and not worth
a teacher he searched for knowledge, living. There can never be any permanent
tried to find the best words to express it, satisfaction in studying the ceaseless cycles
and taught the people with righteous and of nature which do not change (vs 5-8); there
true words. The Hebrew word here translated can be no hope that something really new
teacher could also be translated preacher will come along that can give men ultimate
or guru. In Solomons case much of his satisfaction in this world (vs 9,10); achieve-
teaching was done, it seems, by writing rather ments that bring name and fame are also
than speaking. Ecclesiastes, Song of songs, vain, even if people remember them, and
and most of Proverbs are from his pen (and they wont remember them for long (v 11).
from God who inspired him to write). 1:12-14 Solomon did not reach his conclu-
1:2,3 Solomon did not mean that the fear sion about the vanity of life on earth through
of God, and obedience to Gods Word are ignorance or superficial examination. He
vain (see 12:1,13. See too Pauls words in made the most thorough search of this sub-
1 Cor 15:58). He meant that all of mans ject that was possible to him, perhaps the
activities under the sun that is, on his most thorough search any man ever made.
own and apart from God are vain. This key 1:14 Chasing the wind this phrase oc-
phrase under the sun occurs 29 times in curs 9 times. It signifies completely
this book. A similar phrase under heaven useless, fruitless effort.
occurs 3 times. The word vanity occurs 35 Chasing or grasping for. The Hebrew
times. This is very remarkable in so small a word does not mean vexation. wind
book. At the end Solomon indicates that or breath or spirit.
man can be what he ought to be, can escape 1:15 He gives here two further reasons for
from the vanity of life under the sun, only by the uselessness of human effort much is
having a right relationship to God and those crooked and wrong in mans existence on
things which are above the sun. earth, but man cannot make it right; and
Vanity the Hebrew word literally means there are so many things lacking for a fully
a breath, or a breeze, a vapour or mist or satisfying life that man cannot even know
darkness. From that it came to mean all of them, let alone supply the lack.
something that was empty or futile. 1:16 Who but Solomon could truly say this?
1:4-11 Solomon now begins to give his (1 Kings 3:12; 4:29-31).
reasons for saying all is vanity under the 1:17,18 Madness and folly is this a par-
sun. Though the earth permanently remains, tial explanation of 1 Kings 11:1-8? Solomon
all men must die and leave it (v 4). In did not leave any stone unturned in his
Ecclesiastes death is a dark shadow cast over search for meaning in life. He investigated
all of life (2:16,18,21; 3:2,18-20; 5:15,16; matters it is better for men in general to
6:12; 7:2; 8:8; 9:2-6,12; 12:5-8). A leave alone. In his explorations he went into
brief existence that is taken up only with realms of foolishness and darkness
the things of earth must be meaningless. (2:3,8,10,12; 7:25). He wanted to
If this life is all there is for the individual, experience whatever it was possible to
853 ECCLESIASTES 2:18
who gains more knowledge gains more sorrow. 10 And I did not refuse my eyes whatever they
desired. I did not withhold my heart from any
2 I said in my heart, Come now, I will test you
with pleasure; so enjoy pleasant things ; and,
look, this also was emptiness.
pleasure, for my heart was pleased in all my labour,
and this was my reward for all my labour.
11 Then I looked at all the works that my hands
2 I said of laughter, It is madness!, and of had done, and at the labour that I had undertaken
pleasure, What does it accomplish? to do, and, see, all was emptiness and chasing the
3 I sought in my heart to give myself to wine, wind, and there was no profit under the sun.
while my heart was still guiding me with wisdom, 12 And I turned to look at wisdom, and
and to lay hold on folly, until I could see what was madness, and folly; for what can the man do who
good for the sons of men to do under heaven all succeeds the king? Only what has already been
the days of their life. done.
4 I undertook great works. I built houses for 13 Then I saw that wisdom excels folly, as much
myself. I planted vineyards for myself. as light excels darkness.
5 I made gardens and orchards for myself, and 14 The wise mans eyes are in his head, but the
in them I planted trees bearing all kinds of fruit. fool walks in darkness. And I saw also that one
6 I made pools of water for myself, with which event happens to them all.
to water a forest of growing trees. 15 Then I said in my heart, It will happen to me
7 I bought male and female slaves, and had just as it happens to the fool, and why was I then
slaves born in my house. I also had great posses- more wise? Then I said in my heart that this also is
sions of large and small cattle, more than all who emptiness.
were in Jerusalem before me. 16 For there is no more permanent remem-
8 I also gathered silver and gold for myself, brance of the wise than of the fool, since what now
and the treasure of kings and of the provinces. I is will be forgotten in days to come. And how does
obtained male and female singers for myself and the wise man die? Like the fool.
things delightful to the sons of men, musical instru- 17 Therefore I hated life, because the work
ments, and that of all sorts. that is done under the sun brings sadness to me;
9 So I was great, and increased more than all for all is emptiness and chasing the wind.
who were before me in Jerusalem. Also my wisdom 18 Yes, I hated all the results of my labour
remained with me. which I had done under the sun, because I would
experience to see if there was any sense to 2:10 He was in a condition where he could
any of it. He is not an example to us in have anything he wanted and he denied
this. We need not enter those depths where himself nothing. He indulged himself in ev-
he went. His experiences and conclusions ery pleasure of the flesh, the senses, and
are set forth by God in this His Word to teach the mind (compare this with the words of
us important lessons so that we might avoid the Lord Jesus in Luke 9:23,24).
the way he went. Solomon came back from 2:11 Solomon experienced some satisfac-
the realms of foolishness and darkness and tion in his work for a little while, but when it
declares to us that there is nothing there was all over this was his conclusion noth-
but useless, fruitless, vain activity. Even the ing was worth doing. He had not found the
pursuit of human wisdom apart from God is secret of a meaningful life. He found no
an empty thing and in the end brings only joy in wealth and pleasure.
sadness. 2:12-17 So he takes up again thoughts of
2:1-10 In his search for meaning in life wisdom and folly. For mans brief stay on
Solomon turns to pleasures, even mad and earth he concludes that wisdom is far
foolish pleasures. He declares his purpose superior to folly. But since all must die even
in v 3. He is tormented by the supreme this superiority comes at last to nothing.
question every man should ask. In our brief Since death destroys all these distinctions
life on earth what should we be doing? Is he thinks that life is meaningless.
there anything really worthwhile? Is there 2:17 Life without meaning is painful, hate-
some good that men should pursue? Ob- ful, intolerable. Let us understand from this
serve that he does not here go to the one what God wants us to understand, namely,
place men should go for the answers to such that without God, without heavenly purpose,
questions the Word of God. As the source without life eternal that comes through the
of information he puts his own thoughts and Lord Jesus, life is empty and futile.
experimentations. Notice 1:16; 2:1,15; 2:18-23 Solomon sees that there is no
3:18; etc I said in my heart. permanent value in all the great works he
2:4 Some of Solomons great projects are has accomplished, in the vast possessions
recorded in 1 Kings chapters 6-10. he has acquired. He knows that he must
2:9 These words could have been spoken die and leave all of it behind (see also Ps
truly only by King Solomon (1 Kings 10:7,23; 39:6; 49:10; Luke 12:20,21,33; 1 Tim
1 Chron 29:25; 2 Chron 1:1,12.) 6:6-10).
ECCLESIASTES 2:19 854
leave it to the man who succeeds me. 4 A time to weep and a time to laugh;
19 And who knows whether he will be a wise a time to mourn and a time to dance;
man or a fool? Yet he will have the control of all the 5 A time to throw stones away,
results of my labour for which I have worked, and and a time to gather stones;
in which I have displayed my wisdom under the a time to embrace
sun. This is also emptiness. and a time to refrain from embracing;
20 Therefore I utterly despaired in my heart of 6 A time to get and a time to lose;
all the labour which I had done under the sun. a time to search and a time to give up;
21 When there is a man who has laboured with 7 A time to tear and a time to sew;
wisdom, and with knowledge, and with skill, still he a time to keep silent and a time to speak;
will leave his portion to a man who has not worked 8 A time to love and a time to hate;
for it. This also is emptiness and a great wrong. a time of war and a time of peace.
22 For what does a man have for all his labour, 9 What profit does the worker have from that
and for his hearty striving, with which he has in which he labours?
laboured under the sun? 10 I have seen the task which God has given to
23 For all his days are painful and grievous; the sons of men to be exercised with.
yes, his heart cannot rest at night. This is also 11 He has made everything beautiful in its time;
emptiness. also he has set eternity in their heart, yet no man
24 There is nothing better for a man than that can find out the work that God has done from be-
he should eat and drink, and that his soul should ginning to end.
find pleasure in his work. I also saw that this is 12 I know that there is nothing better for them
from the hand of God. than for a man to rejoice, and to do good in his life,
25 For who can eat, or who else can hasten to 13 And also that every man should eat and
it, more than I? drink and enjoy the good results of all his labour; it
26 For to a man who is pleasing in his sight God is the gift of God.
gives wisdom and knowledge and joy, but to the 14 I know that whatever God does, it will be
sinner he gives the task of gathering and collect- forever; nothing can be added to it, and nothing
ing, so that he may give it to the one who is pleas- taken away from it; and God does it so that men
ing in Gods presence. This also is emptiness and will fear in his presence.
chasing the wind. 15 That which has been, still is, and that which
is to be has already been; and God requires what is
3 To everything there is a season, and a time
for every purpose under heaven:
2 A time to be born and a time to die;
past.
16 And, moreover, under the sun I saw the
place of judgment, that wickedness was there;
a time to plant and a time to uproot and the place of righteousness, that iniquity was
what is planted. there.
3 A time to kill and a time to heal; 17 I said in my heart, God will judge the right-
a time to break down and a time to build up; eous and the wicked, for there is a time there for
2:24-26 Solomon thinks that all anyone God has done and is doing, so it is better,
can do is to make the best of a bad he says, to stop being concerned about it
situation and try to find some little happi- and try to find some happiness in his own
ness in this brief life by submitting to God. works (vs 12,13. Also v 22 and 1:24).
Verse 25 is very obscure in Hebrew and so In v 11 there is this significant phrase
there is a variety of translations. He has set eternity in their heart. This is
3:1-9 Solomon turns from thoughts of his one reason why the things of time, all that
own works and experiments to the world is passing and impermanent fail to satisfy
outside. Is there anything there to give life our heart.
meaning? No. There is only a meaningless 3:14 The fear of the Lord is a theme he
cycle of activities. What is done in one time often wrote about (5:7; 7:18; 8:12,13;
is undone in another. He is not saying each 12:13; Prov 1:7; 9:10; 15:33). To
man should do or will do all the things in produce it in men is one basic reason for
this list; only that this is the general course Gods actions in the world. It is of supreme
of life on earth. And in all of it put together importance in a life pleasing to God (notes
he cannot see anything of permanent value at Gen 20:11; Ps 34:11-14; 111:10;
(v 9). 130:3,4). In Solomons eyes it is one thing
3:10-15 Any satisfaction in life he can get that is not meaningless, for it has to do
now comes from thoughts of God. Gods with Him who is above the sun.
works are beautiful and beyond mans 3:15 God requires what is past or it might
understanding (v 11), perfect and permanent also be translated God calls back the past.
(v 14). But man cannot understand what 3:16,17 Injustice in the world is a fact that
855 ECCLESIASTES 4:16
every purpose and for every work. wind.
18 I said in my heart concerning the matter of 5 The fool folds his hands together, and
the sons of men, that God tests them that they consumes his own flesh.
might see that they are like beasts. 6 Better is a handful with quietness, than both
19 For what happens to the sons of men hap- hands full with labour and chasing the wind.
pens to beasts; the same thing happens to them. 7 Then again I looked at emptiness under the
The one dies just as the other dies; yes, they all sun.
have the same breath, so that a man has no ad- 8 There is someone without another; also, he
vantage over a beast; for all is emptiness. has neither child nor brother; yet there is no end
20 All go to one place; all are of the dust, and all to all his labour, nor is his eye satisfied with riches,
return to dust again. nor does he say, For whom do I labour, and de-
21 Who knows the spirit of man which goes prive my soul of good things ? This is also empti-
upward, and the spirit of the beast which goes ness; yes, it is a sorry business.
downward to the earth? 9 Two are better than one, because they have
22 Therefore I saw that there is nothing better a good reward for their labour.
than that a man rejoice in his own works; for that is 10 For if they fall, the one will lift up his compan-
his lot. For who will bring him to see what will be ion. But woe to him who is alone when he falls, for
after him? he has no one else to help him up.
11 Again, if two lie down together, then they
4 So again I considered all the acts of oppres-
sion that are done under the sun, and saw the
tears of those being oppressed; and they had no
have warmth; but how can one be warm alone ?
12 And while one can overpower him who is
alone, two can withstand him; and a threefold cord
comforter, and the power was on the side of their is not quickly broken.
oppressors; but they had no comforter. 13 Better is a poor and a wise youth than an old
2 Therefore I praised the dead who have al- and foolish king who will no longer accept advice.
ready died more than the living who are still alive. 14 For he may come out of prison to reign, even
3 Yes, better off than both of them is the one though he may have been born poor in his
who has not yet been, who has not seen the evil kingdom.
work that is done under the sun. 15 I saw that all the living under the sun side
4 Again I considered all labour and all successful with the second youth who takes his place.
achievement, that it comes from mans envy of his 16 There is no end to all these people, to all
neighbour. This is also emptiness and chasing the who were before them; also those who come later
troubled the minds of many thoughtful achievement produced by envy (v 4), fool-
persons in the Bible (Job 24:1-12; Ps 10:1- ishness (vs 5,6), lonely and dissatisfied toil
12; 13:1,2; 73:2-12; Hab 1:2-11). Solomon (vs 7-12), and the meaninglessness of high
knew that the only answer for mans injustice position and popularity (vs 13-16). It is all
is Gods just judgments overturning the false a vain and empty show. All of mans activi-
judgments of men. But he did not know when ties are pointless and fruitless. There is
or how this will take place. (Christians now know nothing in any of them to admire, nothing
Matt 16:27; Acts 17:31; Rom 2:2-11.) that points to the good thing that a man
3:18-21 Observe carefully his words in v 18 should do all the days of his life.
(also 2:1,15) I said in my heart. These Solomon saw something at least of what
verses (and some others in this book) are John put so clearly in his first letter:
not a revelation God gave him but how things For all that is in the world the desire of the
appeared to him with his human wisdom. flesh and the desire of the eyes and the pride of life is
We must not get our doctrine from what not of the Father, but is of the world. And the world
Solomon thought, but from what God has passes away, and its desires with it; but whoever does
revealed through His Son the Lord Jesus the will of God lives forever (see 1 John 2:15-
Christ. Solomon himself learned the truth 17).
of his question in v 21 and stated it in 12:7. Solomon concludes that life in this kind
But man with his unaided reasoning can of world is so bad that death is better, and
never find the answer to what happens af- not being born at all is the best of all (vs
ter death. God must reveal it. We have this 2,3. See notes at Job 3:1,20-22).
revelation in the Bible, to some extent in How thankful we should be for the
the Old Testament, fully in the New Testa- revelations of the New Testament! There
ment (see Job 10:21,22; Ps 16:9-11; we see the eternal value and meaning of
49:15; Isa 26:19; Dan 12:2,3; 2 Tim 1:10). human activity performed for Christs glory
4:1 Solomon looks about the world again (Matt 10:42; John 12:26; 1 Cor 15:58).
and finds it hard to practice the principle he A true Christian need never despair because
lays down for others in 1:24; 2:24; of what he experiences or sees in this world.
3:12,13,22. He is utterly depressed by what God has a wonderful purpose and will fulfill
he sees the senseless cruelty (vs 1-3), it (Rom 8:18-30).
ECCLESIASTES 5:1 856
will not rejoice in him. Surely this also is emptiness whether he eats little or much, but the wealth of
and chasing the wind. the rich will not allow him to sleep.
13 There is a grievous evil which I have seen
5 Guard your steps when you go to the house
of God, and draw near to listen rather than to
give the sacrifice of fools; for they do not know
under the sun, namely, riches being hoarded by
their owners to their hurt.
14 But those riches are lost through a bad ven-
they are doing evil. ture, and when he becomes the father of a son
2 Do not be rash with your mouth, and do not there is nothing in his hand.
let your heart be hasty to speak anything in Gods 15 As he came naked out of his mothers womb,
presence; for God is in heaven, and you on earth, so he will depart as he came, and take nothing from
so let your words be few. his labour which he can carry away in his hand.
3 For a dream comes through the abundance of 16 And this also is a grievous evil, that he will
business, and a fools voice is known through the go just as he came; and what profit does he have
abundance of words. who has laboured for the wind?
4 When you make a vow to God, do not be slow 17 Also all his days he eats in darkness, and he
in paying it, for he has no pleasure in fools. Pay has much sorrow and wrath and sickness.
what you have vowed. 18 See what I have seen: it is good and proper
5 It is better for you not to vow than that you for one to eat and drink, and to enjoy the good of
vow and not pay. all his labour in which he toils under the sun all the
6 Do not let your mouth cause your body to sin, days of his life which God gives him; for this is his
nor say before the temple messenger that it was a lot.
mistake. Why should God be angry at your words, 19 Also concerning every man to whom God
and destroy the work of your hands? has given riches and wealth, and has given him
7 For in the multitude of dreams and many words power to partake of it, and to accept his lot and to
there is also emptiness; but your must fear God. rejoice in his labour, this is the gift of God.
8 If you see the oppression of the poor, and the 20 For he will not reflect much on the days of his
violation of judgment and justice in a province, do life, because God keeps him occupied with the
not be surprised at the matter; for one official has gladness in his heart.
a higher one watching over him ; and there are
higher ones than they.
9 Moreover the produce of the earth is for all;
the king himself is served by the fields.
6 There is an evil which I have seen under the
sun, and it is common among men:
2 There is a man to whom God has given riches,
10 He who loves silver will not be satisfied with wealth, and honour, so that he lacks nothing of all
silver, nor he who loves wealth with his income. his soul desires, but God has not given him power
This also is emptiness. to partake of it, and a stranger consumes it. This is
11 When goods increase, those who eat them emptiness, and it is a grievous affliction.
increase; and what benefit is there to their own- 3 If a man becomes the father of a hundred
ers, except to fix his eyes on them ? children, and lives many years, so that the days of
12 The sleep of a labouring man is sweet, his years are many, and his soul is not filled with
5:1-7 Solomon now turns to the matter of more worry. These words were written, not
religion. It is the one thing he does not by a poor man who envied the rich, but by
think is vain, the thing that men should have one of the richest persons who ever lived.
above everything (note on 3:14). But he 5:13-16 Riches are not lasting even in this
sees very little of it that seems real to him. world, and nothing can be taken out of the
Most people dream of prosperity and suc- world when a man dies (2:18-23. The only
cess and are willing to make even foolish riches we can keep forever are those we give
vows, and speak many empty words to God. away. See Matt 6:19,20; Luke 12:33;
In other words, what passes for religion with 18:22). Selfishness will end in self- de-
most people is a vain, empty, worthless struction and the loss of everything the self-
thing. See notes at Ps 50:7-21; Isa ish man pursues for himself.
1:11-17. Compare Matt 15:8,9; 23:2-32. 5:17 This is the result of a life lived for the
5:8-17 Society is full of corruption and self- things of this world. God has made us for
seeking. Men struggle for wealth which is Himself, not for anything less. If we live for
meaningless. In v 8 Solomon tells us not those lesser things our lives will end in misery.
to be surprised at what happens. He has 5:18-20 Solomon returns to the thoughts
learned that corruption in society comes expressed in 2:24-26 and 3:12-14. If there
from greed and injustice in mens hearts. is any happiness for man on earth it is the
Corrupt human beings cannot produce gift of God.
satisfactory societies (7:20; 9:3). 6:1-6 Solomon has said it is good for men
5:10-12 Instead of bringing satisfaction, to find satisfaction and happiness in their
more and more wealth produces more and work. But he well knows that many are never
857 ECCLESIASTES 7:15
good, and also he does not have a proper burial, I 3 Sorrow is better than laughter, for by the
say that a still-born child is better off than he. sadness of the countenance the heart is made
4 For it comes in with emptiness, and departs in better.
darkness, and its name is covered with darkness. 4 The heart of the wise is in the house of
5 Moreover it has not seen the sun, or known mourning, but the heart of fools is in the house of
anything. This one has more rest than the other; pleasure.
6 Yea, even though he lives twice a thousand 5 It is better to hear the rebuke of the wise,
years, but has seen no good. Do not all go to one than for a man to hear the song of fools.
place? 6 For the laughter of fools is like the crackling of
7 All the labour of man is for his mouth, and yet thorns under a pot. This also is emptiness.
the appetite is not satisfied. 7 Surely oppression makes a wise man foolish,
8 For what has the wise more than the fool? and a bribe destroys the heart.
What benefit does the poor have who knows how 8 Better is the end of a thing than its beginning,
to walk before the living? and the patient in spirit is better than the proud in
9 Better is what the eyes see than the wander- spirit.
ing of the desire. This is also emptiness and chas- 9 Do not be quickly provoked in your spirit to
ing the wind. anger, for anger rests in the bosom of fools.
10 What has been is already named, and it is 10 Do not say, Why is it that former days were
known what man is; no one can contend with him better than these? For you are not asking wisely
who is mightier than he. concerning this.
11 Since there are many things that increase 11 Wisdom is good with an inheritance, and
emptiness, what is man the better? those who see the sun will have benefit from it.
12 For who knows what is good for man in this 12 For wisdom is a defense, and money is a
life, all the days of his futile life which he spends like defense, but the excellence of knowledge is that
a shadow? For who can tell a man what will come wisdom gives life to those who have it.
after him under the sun? 13 Consider the work of God; for who can
straighten what he has made crooked?
7 A good name is better than precious oint-
ment, and the day of death than the day of
ones birth.
14 Be happy in the day of prosperity, but in the
day of adversity consider. God has made the one
as well as the other, so that man should not
2 It is better to go to the house of mourning discover what comes after him.
than to go to the house of feasting, for that is the 15 I have seen everything in the days of my
end of all men; and the living should take it to his futility. There is a just man who perishes in his
heart. righteousness, and there is a wicked man who
able to do this. The meaninglessness of to the end of the book.
life finds them out. Again he says that it is 7:1 4:2,3; 6:3.
better for such people if they had never been 7:2 The wise man will not reject the thought
born (4:2,3). of death but will face it and learn much
6:6 One place he here means the grave, needed lessons from it.
not what may happen beyond the grave. 7:3-6 It is far more important for the heart
6:7-9 Man continually tries to find satisfac- to become wise than for men to go into
tion in the world, but never can. Both the empty pleasures which, for a time, bring
rich and the poor, the wise and the foolish laughter to the face. Sorrow can teach im-
are victims of their desires. portant lessons nothing else can teach.
6:10,11 God knows all about man and 7:5 Ps 141:5; Prov 13:18; 15:31,32.
everything else. He is the Almighty and no 7:7 Ex 23:8; Lev 19:15; Deut 10:17; Ps
one can win an argument with Him. The 26:10; Prov 6:35; 15:27; 17:8.
more one multiplies words in his argument 7:8 Prov 14:29; Jam 1:4.
the more he says what is meaningless (com- 7:9 Prov 16:32; 17:14; 1 Cor 13:4,5.
pare Job 9:1-4; 38:1,2; 40:1-5; 42:1-6). 7:11-14 1:15. What God does man cannot
6:12 Solomon admits failure to find in the world undo. And what God may do no one can
what he set out to find (2:3). The wisest man tell (3:11; 8:17; Rom 11:33). God
who ever lived (1 Kings 3:12) confesses his creates either good times or bad according
ignorance. See also 7:23,24; 8:17. to His perfect knowledge of what is just,
7:1-6 Solomon is convinced of the mean- right, and fitting for a people and a place.
inglessness of his own life (v 15). Still he is God wants men to consider their ways, turn
sure that wisdom is better than folly and to Him, recognize Him as the giver of all
that there is a wise way of looking at things, good things, and come to revere, trust, and
and a wise way of living this brief life. He love Him alone.
now sets out to describe what he thinks is 7:15-18 Verse 15 gives a truth that Job knew
the way of wisdom. He continues this theme and Jobs friends refused to consider (Job
ECCLESIASTES 7:16 858
prolongs his life in his wickedness. teacher, adding one thing to another, to find out
16 Do not be too righteous; neither be overly the explanation 28 which my soul is still seeking,
wise. Why should you destroy yourself? but have not found: I have found one good man
17 Do not be too wicked; neither be foolish. in a thousand, but I have not found a woman among
Why should you die before your time? all those.
18 It is good for you to grasp the one, and not 29 Look, I have found only this: God has made
to let your hand go from the other; for he who man upright, but they have sought out many
fears God will depart from all extremes. devices.
19 Wisdom strengthens the wise more than
ten mighty men who are in the city.
20 For there is not a just man on earth who
does good and who does not sin.
8 Who is like the wise man ? And who knows the
interpretation of a thing? A mans wisdom
makes his face shine, and the sternness of his face
21 Also do not take heed to every word that is will be changed.
spoken, or you may hear your servant curse you; 2 I counsel you to keep the kings command,
22 For also your own heart knows that you because of the oath before God.
yourself have often cursed others. 3 Do not be in a hurry to go out of his sight. Do
23 All this I have tested by wisdom. I said, I not stand up for an evil thing, for he will do what-
will be wise, but it was far from me. ever pleases him.
24 Who can discover what is far off and ex- 4 Since the word of a king has power, who may
ceeding deep? say to him, What are you doing?
25 I applied my heart to know and to search 5 Whoever keeps the kings command will
and to seek out wisdom, and the reason of things, experience no harm; and a wise mans heart will
and to know the wickedness of folly, and of foolish- discern both the proper time and procedure.
ness and madness; 6 Because for every matter there is a time and
26 And I find more bitter than death the woman procedure, though the misery of man is heavy on
whose heart is snares and nets, and her hands him.
like chains. Whoever pleases God will escape from 7 For he does not know what will be, so who can
her, but the sinner will be taken by her. tell him when it will be?
27 Look, I have discovered this, says the 8 There is no man that has power over the spirit
21:4-34). The wise man Solomon knew very Eccl 9:3; Rom 3:23. A truth known by
well that sometimes the good die young and every truly wise man.
the wicked live on to a ripe old age. He 7:23 1:17. Since he could not attain wisdom
probably means that some righteous people some of his conclusions were less than wise.
perish at the hands of the wicked. See also 6:12; 8:17.
7:16-18 It is not easy to see exactly what 7:24 Job 28:12-28; 1 Cor 1:19-25;
Solomon meant by his words in v 16. 2:4-8.
Possibly he was warning against self- 7:25 1:17.
righteousness and pride of wisdom. Perhaps 7:26 Prov 2:16-19; 5:1-6.
he is making a false conclusion from his 7:27 This was the great search of his life.
own worldly wisdom. Remember, this book 7:28 A word that came out of much experi-
gives Solomons thoughts about what is best ence (1 Kings 11:1-4). But Solomon, it
for men, not what God may think. All he seems, went after the wrong sort of women
says must be tested by the revelation God and it is not surprising that what he found
has given through Christ and His apostles. was poor quality. We should not think this
Possibly Solomon means this: In a is a divine revelation concerning all women.
meaningless and wicked world for a man to try 7:29 Gen 1:26,27,31; 3:1-7. Since mans
to push righteousness too far is to make fall into sin all men seek how to get
himself an object of hatred and may cost him satisfaction in their own way without God.
his life (compare Isa 59:15). If men do not 8:1 In this chapter Solomon continues to
desire righteousness it is useless and give out some matters his wisdom has
dangerous to force it on them. See Matt 7:6. taught him.
We must be as righteous in our personal lives 8:2-5 See Rom 13:1-7; Titus 3:1; 1 Pet
as it is possible to be, but we are not to be the 2:13,14. A wise man knows that
accusers, prosecutors and judges of others who disobedience to the rulers God has
care nothing for our righteous principles. Of appointed will bring even more misery to
course great wickedness and foolishness are men. Of course, mens supreme obedience
even more dangerous (v 17). It may bring must be to God the heavenly King. If earthly
the wrath of God as well as the wrath of men. rulers command things contrary to Gods
The man who truly fears God will be able to commands we are at liberty to disobey them
discern the right course to follow (v 18). (Acts 4:18-20; 5:29).
7:19 2:13; Prov 8:14; 21:22. 8:7 Jam 4:13-16.
7:20 2 Chron 6:36; Ps 14:3; Prov 20:9; 8:8 Over the spirit to retain the spirit
859 ECCLESIASTES 9:3
to retain the spirit; neither has anyone power over has no better thing under the sun than to eat and
the day of his death. And there is no discharge in to drink and to be merry, for this will remain with
war; nor will wickedness deliver those who practice him in his labour during the days of his life which
it. God gives him under the sun.
9 All this I have seen, and have applied my mind 16 When I applied my heart to know wisdom,
to every deed that is done under the sun. There is and to see the business that is done on the earth
a time when one man rules another to his own hurt. (and ones eyes may not see sleep day or night),
10 And so I saw the wicked buried, those who 17 Then I saw all the work of God, and that a
had gone in and out of the holy place, and they man cannot discover the work that is done under
were forgotten in the city where they had done so. the sun. Because though a man labours to search
This also is emptiness. it out, yet he will not find it ; yes and though a wise
11 Because sentence against an evil deed is man may think he knows, yet he will not be able to
not executed speedily, therefore the heart of the discover the truth about it.
sons of men among them is fully set on doing evil.
12 Though a sinner does evil a hundred times
and his days are prolonged, yet I know definitely
that it will be well with those who fear God, who
9 For I considered all this in my heart to declare
all of this: the righteous and the wise, and
their deeds, are in the hand of God. No man knows
fear in his presence, whether there will be love or hatred in all that
13 But it will not be well with the wicked, nor will awaits him.
he prolong his days, which are like a shadow; 2 All things come alike to all. The same event
because he does not fear in Gods presence. comes to the righteous and to the wicked, to the
14 There is an empty thing which is done on good and to the clean and to the unclean, to him
earth; there are righteous people to whom things who offers sacrifice and to him who does not offer
happen in accordance with the deeds of the wicked, sacrifice; as it is to the good, so to the sinner, and
and there are wicked people to whom things to him who takes an oath as to him who fears to
happen in accordance with the work of the take an oath.
righteous. I said that this also is emptiness. 3 This is an evil among all things that are done
15 Then I commended pleasure, because a man under the sun, that there is the same event to all.
this could also be translated over the wind their joy in Christ. See Luke 9:23; 14:27,33.
to retain the wind (the same Hebrew word 8:16,17 This wisest of men again confesses
means both wind and spirit). his ignorance (7:23,24. See Deut 29:29).
Nor will wickedness deliver those who 9:1 Solomon admitted that no one can
practice it sin is more powerful than the understand what is going on in the world
strongest person and brings people into (8:17), but this did not keep him from
bondage (John 8:34; Rom 6:16; 7:18). considering matters and reaching some
Those who begin to practice sin and then conclusions. Notice again that what follows
try to get free of it will find out how powerful gives his thoughts, not Gods teaching. God
it is. There is a war going on continually on revealed to us what Solomon thought but
earth. It is between evil and good, and evil He did not put His stamp of approval on all
will never willingly let go its captives as long of Solomons thoughts.
as this war is going on. Only Jesus can free 9:2-6 He means that all die, all go to the
the captives Luke 4:18; John 8:36. grave. He does not know what may happen
8:9 One man rules another this may after death but he thinks the dead remain
bring harm both to those who do it and to in silence and ignorance. Compare Job
those who have to suffer it (compare 1 Pet 10:20-22. Apart from Gods revelation men
5:1-3; Matt 20:25-27). may come to this conclusion, but the
8:11 When there is no punishment for wrong teaching of the New Testament is different
doing people may think they can get away (2 Cor 5:6-8; Phil 1:22,23; Heb 12:22-
with anything. So God has appointed those 24; Rev 6:9-11; 7:9,10,13-17). It is far,
who bear the sword (Rom 12:3,4). far better to be a dead Christian believer
8:12,13 He knew what all truly wise men than a living unbeliever.
know. But he did not know how and when it 9:3 7:20; Mark 7:20-23; Rom 1:29-32.
would go better with God-fearing men. The A sinful life is like insanity. Men live as they
New Testament reveals it fully (e.g. Matt please without God and without hope, vio-
25:31-46; John 5:28,29). lating Gods laws and their own consciences,
8:14 This shows that what Solomon said in seemingly not caring about Gods judgment
vs 12,13 was a matter of faith, not of and the punishment that awaits them. They
observation. are like men recklessly playing foolish
8:15 He returns to a previous conclusion games in a building burning and ready to
(2:24; 3:12,13; 5:18,19). But there is a collapse on their heads. In the light of the
better way for men to live. That is to deny truth of the Bible, to run after the empty
themselves for the sake of others and find things of the world, to be filled with illusions
ECCLESIASTES 9:4 860
Moreover, the heart of the sons of men is full of and by his wisdom he delivered the city. But no one
evil, and madness is in their heart while they live, remembered that poor man.
and afterwards they go to the dead. 16 Then I said, Wisdom is better than
4 For to him who is joined to all the living there strength. Nevertheless the poor mans wisdom was
is hope; for a live dog is better off than a dead lion. despised, and his words were not heeded.
5 For the living know that they will die, but the 17 The words of wise men in quiet are to be
dead do not know anything, nor do they any longer heard more than the shout of the one who rules
have a reward; for the memory of them is forgot- over fools.
ten. 18 Wisdom is better than weapons of war; but
6 Also their love and their hatred and their envy one sinner destroys much good.
have now perished; nor do they have any more
share forever in anything that is done under the
sun.
7 Go, eat your bread with joy, and drink your
10 Dead flies cause the ointment of the
perfumer to stink; so does a little folly him
who has a reputation for wisdom and honour.
wine with a merry heart; for God has already ac- 2 A wise mans heart moves toward his right,
cepted your works. but a fools heart toward his left.
8 Let your garments be always white, and do 3 And even when the one who is a fool walks in
not let your head lack oil. the way, his wisdom fails him, and he says to ev-
9 Live joyfully with the wife whom you love, all eryone that he is a fool.
the days of the life of your futility which he has 4 If the spirit of the ruler rises up against you,
given you under the sun, all the days of your futil- do not leave your place; for submission pacifies
ity; for that is your lot in this life, and in your great offenses.
labour which you toil at under the sun. 5 There is an evil I have seen under the sun, like
10 Whatever your hand finds to do, do it with an error that proceeds from the ruler:
your might; for there is no work or device or know- 6 Folly is given a very high place, and the rich sit
ledge or wisdom in the grave where you are going. in a low place.
11 Again, I saw under the sun that the race is 7 I have seen servants on horses, and princes
not to the swift, nor the battle to the strong; nor is walking like servants on the ground.
bread to the wise or riches to men of understand- 8 He who digs a pit will fall into it, and whoever
ing or favour to men of skill, but time and chance breaks through a hedge, will be bitten by a
happens to them all. serpent.
12 Also man does not know when his time will 9 Whoever quarries stones will be hurt with
come; like fish caught in a harmful net and like birds them, and he who splits wood will be endangered
caught in a snare, so the sons of men are en- by it.
snared in a bad time, when it suddenly falls on 10 If the iron axe is dull, and he does not
them. sharpen the edge, then he must exert more
13 Also I have seen this wisdom under the sun, strength. And wisdom has the advantage of suc-
and it seemed great to me: cess.
14 There was a little town and few men in it; 11 If the serpent bites before being charmed,
and there came a great king against it and be- there is no advantage to the charmer.
sieged it, and built great siege works against it. 12 The words of a wise mans mouth are gra-
15 Now there was found in it a poor wise man, cious, but the lips of a fool consume him.
and delusions of their worth, to chase after Grave (v 10) in Hebrew Sheol note
the wind and live for vanity is madness. at Gen 37:35.
Literal insanity means to be out of touch 9:11,12 He thinks man is a victim of chance
with reality. Spiritual insanity is to be out of and circumstance and has no control over
touch with spiritual reality. The spiritually his destiny.
insane are deluded and regard their 9:13-18 He still considers wisdom a desir-
fantasies about the spiritual world as reality able thing, but he has no hope that the world
and reality as fantasy. will remember and reward the wise man.
9:7-10 Here are more conclusions of the 10:1-20 Solomon thinks that even in a
natural mind of Solomon unaided by divine meaningless existence wisdom is superior
revelation. He thinks that since death ends to folly, and in this chapter he gives some
mens brief and meaningless life and they proverbs to illustrate this truth.
lie down in silence and ignorance, the best 10:8 When people try to do evil to others
he can do is to work hard and enjoy life if they themselves may be harmed the most
he can. Solomon returns to this view again (7:14-16; 9:16; Ps 57:6; Prov 5:22).
and again for he cannot see anything more 10:11 Ps 58:4,5.
worthwhile (2:24; 3:12,13; 5:18,19; 8:15). 10:12,13 Prov 10:6,32; 14:3; 5:2; 18:7.
861 ECCLESIASTES 12:3
13 The beginning of the words of his mouth is 4 He who observes the wind will not sow, and
foolishness, and the end of his talk is wicked mad- he who considers the clouds will not reap.
ness. 5 Just as you do not know the path of the spirit,
14 A fool is also full of words. A man cannot tell or how the bones grow in the womb of the preg-
what will happen, and who can tell him what will nant woman, even so you do not know the works
happen after him? of God who makes everything.
15 The labour of the fool wearies him; he does 6 In the morning sow your seed, and in the
not even know how to go to the city. evening do not let your hand be idle, for you do not
16 Woe to you, O land, when your king is a know whether this or that will prosper, or whether
youth, and your princes eat in the morning! they will both alike be good.
17 Blessed are you, O land, when your king is 7 Truly the light is sweet, and it is a pleasant
the son of nobles, and your princes eat at the thing for the eyes to see the sun,
proper time, for strength, and not for drunken- 8 But if a man lives many years, and rejoices in
ness! them all, still he should remember the days of
18 By much laziness the building sags, and darkness; for they will be many. All that comes is
through idleness of the hands the house leaks. emptiness.
19 A feast is made for laughter, and wine makes 9 Rejoice, O young man, in your youth, and let
life merry, but money has the answer for every- your heart give you joy in the days of your youth,
thing. and walk in the ways of your heart and in the sight
20 Do not curse the king, not even in your of your eyes. But know that for all these things
thoughts; and do not curse the rich in your bed- God will bring you into judgment.
room; for a bird of the air will carry the voice, and 10 Therefore expel sorrow from your heart,
that which has wings will tell the matter. and put away trouble from your body, for
childhood and youth are emptiness.
11 Cast your bread on the waters, for you will
find it after many days.
2 Give a portion to seven and also to eight, for 12 Remember now your Creator in the days
of your youth, before the evil days come,
you do not know what disaster will come on the and the years draw near when you will say, I have
earth. no pleasure in them;
3 If the clouds are full of rain they empty them- 2 Before the sun or the light or the moon or the
selves on the earth, and if the tree falls toward stars are darkened, and the clouds return after
the south or toward the north, in the place where the rain;
the tree falls, there it will be. 3 In the day when the keepers of the house
10:14 6:12; 9:1. unanswered questions. Spirit or wind.
10:16 Youth or child. 11:7-10 He says that in spite of the
10:18 4:5; Prov 20:4; 24:30-34. meaninglessness of life there is some joy
11:1 This truth appears in other places in to be found especially for the young. But
the Bible Ps 41:1,2; Prov 11:24; 14:21; dark clouds rise over the horizon (last part
19:17; 22:9; Luke 6:35,38; 2 Cor 9:6-9; of v 8), and Gods judgment is coming
Gal 6:9,10; Heb 6:10. Cast your bread (v 9). This is the last of the five times
upon the waters means to give of what you Solomon advises us to enjoy life (2:24;
have to help others. It may seem like a 3:12,13; 5:18,19; 8:15). But the grounds
complete loss to you, even a foolish use of he gives for the enjoyment of life are feeble.
what you have (like literally casting bread He never says in this book that we should
on the waters). But God will see to it that find our joy in God alone, not in the things
you are rewarded. He gives. He never says that our happiness
After many days it may be that our should be to serve God and even to suffer
reward will not come to us until the second for His sake. Probably at this point in his
coming of Christ (Luke 14:14; Rev 22:12). life, and with the knowledge he had, he could
Note and references on giving at 2 Cor 9:15. not say such things.
11:2 In other words, if you help others when 12:1-7 A moving appeal to the young in
you can, they may help you later when you beautiful poetic language to turn to God the
are in need, or God will see to it that Creator before inevitable deterioration, old
someone helps you. age, and death bring them down to the dust.
11:3 If God has filled our lives with good Eyesight, nerves, strength, hearing,
things we should pour them out to others. courage and vitality will all fail (vs 2-5). The
Once the tree of our life falls there will be cord that binds soul to body will snap, the
no change in its direction, in its place. bowl of our earthly existence will shatter, the
11:4-6 Solomon is saying that we should vessel of our life will spill its water on the
get on with our work and leave with ground, and there will be no chance of
God things beyond our control and the drawing more from the well (v 6). Observe
ECCLESIASTES 12:4 862
tremble, and the strong men bow, and the grinders vanity.
cease because they are few, and those who look 9 And moreover, because the teacher was wise,
out of the windows grow dim, he still taught the people knowledge. Yes, he
4 And the doors are shut in the streets, when pondered, and sought out, and set in order many
the sound of the grinding is low, and one rises up at proverbs.
the sound of the bird, and all the daughters of 10 The teacher searched to find acceptable
music are brought low; words; and what was written down was upright,
5 And when they are afraid of high places, and and words of truth.
fears are in the way, and the almond tree blos- 11 The words of the wise are like goads, and
soms, and the grasshopper is burdensome, and like nails hammered in by the masters of collected
desire fails; because man goes to his everlasting proverbs, which are given by one Shepherd.
home and the mourners go around in the streets. 12 And further, my son, be warned by these.
6 Remember him before the silver cord is loos- Of making many books there is no end, and much
ened, or the golden bowl is broken, or the pitcher is study is a weariness to the body.
shattered at the spring, or the wheel broken at the 13 Let us hear the conclusion of the whole
cistern. matter: Fear God, and keep his commandments;
7 Then the dust will return to the earth as it for this is the whole duty of man.
was, and the spirit will return to God who gave it. 14 For God will bring every work into judgment,
8 Vanity of vanities, says the teacher, all is with every secret thing, whether it is good or evil.
that he believed the spirit of man returns to vation lead to Christ, so the quest for lifes
God (v 7). He had stated his ignorance of meaning finds its fulfillment only in Christ.
this in 3:18-21. Christ alone redeems His people from a vain
12:8 He ends as he began (1:2). All his and meaningless life (1 Pet 1:18).
study, all his learning, all his wisdom, all his 12:13,14 Solomons conclusion is as far as
deep research into the meaning of life has he could go as a man under the law, without
come to this. He thinks there is no meaning further revelation from God. If there is to
in life that the fact of inevitable death does be meaning in life it must be found in
not destroy. reverence and obedience to God. These
12:9 See 1:1; 1 Kings 4:32. two things are everywhere emphasized in
12:10 Solomon is sure that he has written the Old Testament:
with complete sincerity. He has bared his Fear Gen 20:11; Job 28:28; Ps
soul. He has hidden nothing. He declared 34:11-14; 111:10; 130:3,4; Prov 1:7.
things as he thought they are. Keep on obedience see Ex 19:5;
12:11 By Shepherd here he probably 20:6; Deut 30:15-18; 32:45-47; 1 Sam
means God Himself. God-inspired words of 15:22; Ps 119:1,2; Isa 1:19.
the wise are to give stability to thought (firmly Without these two things there is no
embedded nails) and also to prod us on to wisdom, no meaning, no hope, either for the
truths which lie ahead (goads). This is one present or for the future. These two are the
main purpose of Ecclesiastes. It gives us heart of what man ought to be. Solomon did
the fixed truth of the utter emptiness of life not say how man (whom he describes in 7:20
and all its activities under the sun, apart and 9:3) can be what he ought to be, but he
from God. And it is meant by God to prod us knew that man is responsible for his acts and
forward to find the meaning of life, and a must face Gods judgment. On judgment see
higher kind of life, somewhere else (in the 3:17; 8:12,13; 11:9; Acts 17:31; Rom
Lord Jesus Christ). In this way this book 2:16; 2 Cor 5:9,10; Rev 20:11,12. How
(like the whole law and the whole Old Testa- man can be what he ought to be is clearly
ment) is meant to lead us to Christ (Gal revealed in the New Testament John 1:12,13;
3:24). Just as Old Testament hopes of sal- 3:3-8; Rom 6:11-18; 8:4; Eph 4:22-24; etc.
SONG OF SONGS
Title:
This name suggests that this is the most excellent of all songs.
Author:
Judging from 1:1 the author was Solomon, but it should be noted that the Hebrew here could also
mean “concerning Solomon.”
Date:
If Solomon wrote it, which seems likely, then it was written sometime during his reign – 970-930 BC.
However, many scholars believe that it was written sometime after the exile of Judah in Babylon, in
the 5th century BC.
Theme:
Commentators on this book do not agree about the theme, or even about the principal characters
in the story. Some teach that the book is a mere poetic description of the love between King
Solomon and his bride. Some modern commentators teach that it is the story of the love between
an unknown shepherd and his bride and that King Solomon is the villain in the story who tries to take
the shepherd’s bride for himself (this interpretation is unlikely. If we take the Song as an allegory
which speaks of the heavenly King and His people, the allegory would be most meaningful if the
literal bridegroom in the Song were a king himself). Some commentators teach that this story is not
an allegory about the love that exists between God and believers, but others teach that this is the
main theme of the book. The author of these notes believes that the principal characters in this
story of love are king Solomon and his bride, but that the story is full of symbolic, spiritual meanings,
is an allegory depicting the love that exists between Jesus Christ the King of kings and His redeemed
people, or individual believers. The reasons for this belief are as follows:
1 Its title, given in the first verse, is as much a part of the inspired Scriptures as any other. And
if the writer by the inspiration of the Spirit of God calls this the chief, the best, the greatest of all
songs (and this is the meaning of ”song of songs”) there must be good reasons for it. If it were
merely a love story about Solomon and his bride how could it be called the best of all songs? In such
case would it be greater than some of the marvelous songs of David the sweet singer of Israel?
Would it be greater than psalm 22 or 45 or 69 or 119? How could it be the greatest of all songs if
Christ is not in it? If Christ is absent from this song, the title is an empty boast.
2 We have the analogy of other Scriptures such as psalm 45; Isa 54:5; Jer 3:14; 31:32;
Ezekiel chapters 16 and 23; Hosea 2:7,16, etc; Matt 22:1,2; Rom 7:4; 2 Cor 11:2; Eph 5:25-
32; Rev 19:6-9. Since God is called the “husband” of the nation Israel, and since the church is called
the “bride” of Christ, it is no surprising thing that a book of the Bible would set forth in the human
language of love the love that ought to exist, and does exist, between Christ and His people. The
above Scriptures should be read in connection with the study of this book. They set forth one of the
great themes of the Bible.
3 We have the example of other subjects in Scripture where there are spiritual meanings beyond
the physical. See notes on the tabernacle, priests, sacrifices, and other matters in Exodus and
Leviticus. Those things were real and literal but they were much more than that – they were types,
shadows, pictures of spiritual realities. And see Paul, by the inspiration of the God’s Spirit, calling the
story of Sarah and Hagar an allegory (Gal 4:21-27)! Surely there is as much reason to find an
allegory in this Song of songs as in the history of Sarah and Hagar. We do not deny that this song
refers to a literal bride and bridegroom any more than we would deny the literal existence in history
SONG OF SONGS 864
of Sarah and Hagar. King Solomon and a woman called the Shulamite are here. But it seems clear
that here is also a parable of heavenly love full of spiritual meaning for those who have eyes to see
it. See also the example of Hosea and his wife in the book of Hosea. They were literal people, but
we see in their story the love God had for his fallen people Israel.
4 We have the statements of Scripture like Luke 24:27 and 2 Tim 3:16,17. Can we say that Christ
is everywhere in the Old Testament Scriptures except in this one book? Should we try to see Him
everywhere else and then try not to see Him in this song? How would this song help make the man
or woman of God thoroughly equipped for every good work, if there is no Christ in it and no lessons
of a spiritual, heavenly character?
5 There are expressions and scenes in this book which seem to require an allegorical or spiritual
meaning. It is hard to imagine that the literal bride of king Solomon wandered alone at night about
the streets looking for him (3:2-4), or that while doing so on a second occasion the watchmen beat
her and took away her cloak (5:6,7). Or that she literally came up from the desert leaning on
Solomon (8:5).
6 We have the interpretation of many spiritual commentators for many centuries both before and
after Christ. The Jews thought it set forth the relationship between Jehovah and Israel, and
Christians found in it Christ and His Church. This interpretation is not our invention or a recent
novelty.
If these reasons do not seem adequate to the reader, he is at liberty to reject them and try to
understand this song on the mere level of human love. Our views and interpretations of Scripture
are not infallible. But we are convinced that by studying this book by the aid of the Holy Spirit we can
get a vivid impression of how Christ loves believers and how they should love Him. And we believe
that experience will be the best teacher of this book. Only those who know Christ’s love can
understand what is here.
Love is what this book is all about, and we see the arrangement of it something like this:
Love affirmed .............................................................................................. 1:2-4
Love’s anxiety ............................................................................................ 1:5-7
Love in fellowship ......................................................................................... 1:9 - 2:7
Love longed for and invited ........................................................................... 2:8 - 3:1
Love tested and proved ................................................................................ 3:1-5
Love conveyed in splendor ............................................................................ 3:6-11
Love’s delight in the loved one ....................................................................... 4:1-16
Love’s satisfaction ........................................................................................ 5:1
Love weak, failing and reviving ...................................................................... 5:2-8
Love confident ............................................................................................. 6:1-3
Love praises the loved one ........................................................................... 6:4-13
Love conversing .......................................................................................... 7:1 - 8:4
Love’s strength ............................................................................................ 8:6,7
Love’s concern ............................................................................................. 8:8-12
Love’s longing .............................................................................................. 8:13,14
865 SONG OF SONGS 1:7
1
Bride
5 I am black but lovely,
O daughters of Jerusalem, like the
1 The song of songs, which is Solomon’s. tents of Kedar,
2 Let him kiss me with the kisses of his mouth: like the curtains of Solomon.
for your love is better than wine. 6 Do not stare at me because I am black,
3 The fragrance of your oil is pleasing; because the sun has looked on me.
your name is like oil poured out, My mother’s children were angry with me.
therefore the virgins love you. They made me watch over the vineyards,
4 Draw me after you. We will run! but my own vineyard I have not watched.
The king has brought me into 7 Tell me, O you whom my soul loves,
his chambers. where you graze your sheep,
Friends where you make your flock rest at noon;
We will be glad and rejoice in you; for why should I be like someone who
we will remember your love more than wine. turns aside by the flocks of your
The upright love you. companions?
1:1 The expression “song of songs” means eager to enter into His loving fellowship.
the greatest of all songs, just as King of “Me”, “we” – sometimes believers are
kings means the greatest of all kings and regarded as a unit – the bride; sometimes
Lord of lords means the greatest of all lords. as a group of individuals. Compare Ps
How could this be the greatest of all songs 45:14,15; Rev 19:6-9.
in the Bible (or out of it) if Christ is not in it? “You” – the Hebrew is the masculine
That song will be the greatest which has the single form of the pronoun.
greatest theme for its subject and which “Love you” – no more fitting thing can be
expresses that theme in high and holy imagined than for believers to love the King
language. There is no greater theme in of heaven.
the Bible or out of it than Christ’s love for 1:5 The daughters of Jerusalem are
His people. This is a far more excellent probably the “virgins” of v 3 and the
theme than the love of a man and his wife “friends” who speak in v 4, but we cannot
– which is all that some think they see in be dogmatic about this.
this song. “Black” – Kedar is mentioned in Gen
1:2 In the Hebrew there are no headings 25:12,13. Their tents were woven of black
(Bridegroom, Friends, Bride). They have goat’s hair. Believers in Christ are both
been inserted to make clear to the reader sinners and saints. God made man in His
who is speaking in each case. The use of own image (Gen 1:26), and so with spiritual
“Bride,” and “Bridegroom” in these headings beauty. Believers know that they came into
is determined primarily on the basis of the the world with a nature corrupted by sin, that
gender of the pronouns in the Hebrew text. any spiritual beauty they now possess is
The words of others are marked “Friends.” because of their union with Christ. All their
In some cases the divisions and headings beauty is a gift of God (Isa 61:10; 1 Cor
are open to debate. 1:30; 2 Cor 5:21; Eph 4:22-24). In the
In this verse the speaker represents all words of the bride here is there an element
of Christ’s own people. She speaks out their of anxiety? She will learn that perfect love
deepest longings – to enjoy the nearness casts out fear (1 John 4:18).
of Christ, the manifestation of Christ’s love. 1:6 “Black” – life “under the sun” (Eccl
His love is more stimulating, more delightful 1:3,14, etc.) has made our natures dark
to the mind and spirit than wine (or any (Gen 8:21; Jer 17:9; Rom 3:9-19).
other physical stimulant) could ever be to Believers, knowing this, do not feel there is
the body. anything in them worthy to be gazed at or
1:3 In the Bible “name” often indicates the admired. The beauty they have is not their
character and attributes of a person. The own but Christ’s reflected beauty.
name of the LORD (Jehovah) in the “Angry” – Isa 66:5; John 15:17; etc.
Old Testament and of Jesus in the New “Vineyard” – here signifies the believer’s
Testament is a perfume poured forth from personal life. It is possible to be so taken
heaven to earth and filling the whole world up with other work that our communion with
with fragrance. Compare Ex 30:22-38; Ps God is neglected and our spiritual lives
45:8; Matt 26:6-13. The spiritually pure become like an untended garden.
(here signified by “virgins”) will love God 1:7 Believers wish to experience always
above all and everything. Christ’s nearness and love. He never leaves
1:4 If the heavenly King Himself does not them or forsakes them (Heb 13:5; John
come to us and draw us into secret communion 14:16-18; Matt 28:20). But their experi-
with Himself we will never arrive there (John ence of His nearness and love ebbs and
6:44). The work is all His. But on our part flows and sometimes He seems to be gone
there must be a willingness that is ready and altogether. This is especially the case if we
SONG OF SONGS 1:8 866
Bridegroom How beautiful you are!
8 If you do not know, You have doves’ eyes.
O you most beautiful of women, Bride
follow the tracks of the flock, 16 How handsome you are, my beloved!
and pasture your young goats beside Yes, delightful. And our bed is green.
the shepherds’ tents.
9 I compare you, O my love, to a Bridegroom
company of horses in Pharaoh’s chariots. 17 The beams of our house are cedar,
10 Your cheeks are lovely with rows of jewels, and our rafters of fir.
your neck with chains of gold.
2
11 We will make ornaments of gold for
you with studs of silver.
Bride
Bride
12 While the king sits at his table, 1 I am the rose of Sharon,
my spikenard sends out its aroma. and the lily of the valleys.
13 My beloved is to me like a bundle
of myrrh which lies all night Bridegroom
between my breasts. 2 Like the lily among thorns,
14 My beloved is to me like a cluster so is my love among the daughters.
of henna blossoms in the vineyards Bride
of Engedi. 3 Like the apple tree among the trees
Bridegroom of the woods,
15 How beautiful you are, my love! so is my beloved among the sons.
neglect to keep our own “vineyard.” When 5:1,2,25; 1 John 3:16; 4:16). The whole
such is the case we should seek Him with relationship of the believer and Christ is one
our whole heart (Hos 10:12; Jer 29:13). of mutual love and self-giving and delight
1:8 If we search we can see where Christ in the other.
has led His flock and can follow in the “Dove’s eyes” – the dove is a symbol of
footsteps of the saints. In the fellowship of the Holy Spirit of God (Matt 3:16). The
the church’s pastors and under shepherds, symbol speaks of holiness, heavenliness,
appointed by Christ, and in feeding Christ’s innocence, and spiritual beauty. The Holy
sheep we will find Him anew (John Spirit should shine through the eyes of
21:15-17; 14:21). The bride is called the believers. This is the only way they can
“fairest among women” (see also 1:15; really have “dove’s eyes.”
2:14; 4:1,7; 6:4; 7:1,6; Ps 45:11). Christ’s 1:16 Believers surely have more reason to
church is the most beautiful thing in the world see beauty in Christ than He in them
to Him. He sees her with the eyes of love; (Ps 45:2).
He sees what she will yet be by His grace “Green” – Ps 23:2; Isa 51:3.
(Eph 5:26,27). He sees the beauty God 1:17 There is shelter for believers from all
has given her. Believers are in Christ, united that could harm them (Ps 121:5,6). And in
to Him, and all He has they have. that shelter the eternal God’s delight is to
1:9-11 Egypt’s horses were the best, the dwell with them (note at Ex 25:8).
most beautiful, the most expertly trained 2:1 It is unclear from the Hebrew whether
of all. They were imported to other the speaker here is the bride or the
countries (1 Kings 10:28,29). The king of bridegroom. Since in the next verse the
Egypt would have the best of the best and bridegroom says to the bride, “you are a
the most beautifully decorated. Compare lily” it seems likely that the speaker in this
Prov 1:19; Isa 61:1-3; Ezek 16:9-14; verse is the bride. Believers in themselves
1 Tim 2:9,10; 1 Pet 3:3,4. are as fragile, as prone to wither and fade
1:12 Believers sit at the table of the as flowers (Isa 40:6-8; 1 Pet 1:24). They
heavenly King (Rev 3:20; 1 Cor 10:16,17). are lowly like the flowers of plains and
Believers in communion with Christ are a valleys, but they have a beauty and a
sweet fragrance to Him. fragrance to God that He has given them.
1:13,14 But much more Christ is a sweet 2:2 “My love” – among men the only thing
fragrance to believers. What the best of beauty and fragrance to the Son of God
perfumes on earth are to the body, that His is His Church. All others on earth are like
presence is to the spirit. thorns and briars – painful, ugly, harmful
1:15 “Beautiful” – v 8. “My love” – v 9; (Num 33:55; Jud 2:3; 2 Sam 23:6; Isa
2:2; 4:1,7; 7:6. The language of love, 27:4,5; 33:12; Matt 7:16; Luke 8:14;
the endearing terms in this song suggest Heb 6:8; Rom 8:7,8).
Christ’s great love for the church and for 2:3 “Tree” – Christ is no mere flower to
each believer (John 13:1; 14:21; 15:9; wither and fade. He is a fruitful tree who
chapter 17; Rom 5:8; Gal 2:20; Eph grew up on earth from the root of Jesse
867 SONG OF SONGS 2:17
I sat down under his shade with 12 The flowers appear on the earth,
great delight, the time of the singing of birds has come,
and his fruit was sweet to my taste. and the voice of the turtledove is
4 He brought me to the banqueting house, heard in our land.
and his banner over me was love. 13 The fig tree puts forth its green figs,
5 Sustain me with raisins, refresh me and the vines with the tender grapes
with apples, give a good smell.
for I am sick with love. Arise, my love, my beautiful one,
6 His left hand is under my head, and come away.”
and his right hand embraces me. Bridegroom
7 I charge you, O daughters of Jerusalem, 14 O my dove in the clefts of the rock,
by the gazelles and by the deer of the field, in the secret places of the steep ledges,
not to arouse or awaken my love, let me see your face, let me hear your
till he pleases. voice;
8 The voice of my beloved! Look! for your voice is sweet and your face
He comes leaping on the mountains, is lovely.
skipping on the hills. 15 Catch for us the foxes, the little foxes,
9 My beloved is like a gazelle or a young stag. that spoil the vines;
See, he stands behind our wall, for our vines have tender grapes.
he looks out the windows, Bride
peering through the lattice. 16 My beloved is mine, and I am his.
10 My beloved spoke and said to me, He grazes his flock among the lilies.
“Rise up, my love, my beautiful one, 17 Until the day breaks and the shadows
and come away. flee away, turn, my beloved,
11 For, see, the winter is past, and be like a gazelle or a young stag
the rain is over and gone, on the mountains of Bether.
(Isa 11:1,10; 53:2; Rom 15:12). For His into beauty, into songs of joy, into the
people He is the “shade” (Ps 91:1; 121:5; deepest fellowship with Himself. At last He
Isa 25:4; 32:2). He is the tree of life and will call her to enjoy eternal dwellings in His
His “fruit” is eternal salvation, joy and presence (John 14:2,3; 17:24; 1 Thess
satisfaction forever. Has our desires been 4:16-18).
so corrupted by the evil fruits of the world 2:14 Christ’s church is like a dove, born of
that His fruit is not sweet to our taste? the Holy Spirit, hiding in Christ the Rock of
2:4 “Banqueting house” – Ps 23:5; Rev ages (Ex 33:21,22; Deut 32:4). Believers
3:20. Imagine, if you can, the sort of feast are so dear to Him He longs to see their
the Son of God is able to prepare. face, to hear their voice. Is not this one
“Banner over me was love” – banner reason behind all those divinely inspired
speaks of something proudly displayed, Scriptures which urge us to pray and praise?
clearly manifested (compare Rom 5:8; Gal 2:15 1:6. Believers must guard against
2:20). Love is written large over all Christ’s everything that would spoil their life in Christ
dealings with His people. and their fellowship with Him, against all sins
2:5-7 The full experience of Christ’s love can of either commission or omission. They may
be too much for human nature to bear. Such be considered “small” sins, but can that be
experiences cannot be produced by the called small which works so much damage?
efforts of others (daughters of Jerusalem). “Vineyard” – Ps 80:15; Isa 5:1-5; Jer
They can come only in Christ’s time and way. 12:10; Luke 20:9-16 (so terribly may a
2:8,9 This is the experience of the bride. vineyard be ruined).
The divine lover is present, then He is gone 2:16 6:3; 7:10. Believers can and should
off to the mountains, but comes rushing have the sweet assurance that they belong
back. No reason here is given for this, but to Christ and Christ to them forever (John
if our communion with Christ is broken we 17:6; Rom 7:4; 8:38,39; 1 Cor 3:21-
should look for the fault in ourselves, not in 23). They are not to spend their lives
Him (Isa 59:1,2; Hos 5:6), if indeed there wondering whether it is so.
is any fault at all (it may be that He is 2:17 If Christ seems to depart again and
testing us). Believers do not always enjoy again to some far off hills, the believer longs
His nearness as they would desire. One for Him and prays for His return. What else
glimpse of Him fills them with expectation can satisfy him once he has tasted of the
and longing. sweetness of Christ’s love?
2:10-13 Jer 31:3; Deut 4:37. The “The mountains of Bether” – or “The
bridegroom uses the language of love and rugged mountains.” Bether means rugged.
poetry to woo His bride away from everything It is difficult to know whether a proper name
else that might attract her, and He calls her is meant here.
SONG OF SONGS 3:1 868
3
7 See, it is Solomon’s palanquin!
Sixty valiant men, of the valiant of
Israel, surround it.
1 At night on my bed I sought him whom 8 They all hold swords, being expert in war.
my soul loves. Every man has his sword at his side,
I sought him, but I did not find him. because of fear in the night.
2 I will arise now, and go about the city 9 King Solomon made the carriage for
in the streets, and in the squares I himself from the wood of Lebanon.
will seek him whom my soul loves. 10 He made its posts of silver,
I sought him but I did not find him. its bottom of gold, its covering of purple,
3 The watchmen who go around the city its interior being lovingly fitted by
found me. I said to them : the daughters of Jerusalem.
“Have you seen him whom my soul loves?” 11 Go out, O daughters of Zion, and see
4 Scarcely had I passed on from them King Solomon with the crown with
when I found him whom my soul loves. which his mother crowned him on
I held him and would not let him go, the day of his wedding,
until I had brought him into my and on the day of the gladness of
mother’s house, his heart.
and into the chamber of her who
conceived me.
5 I charge you, O daughters of Jerusalem,
by the gazelles and by the deer of
4
the field, Bridegroom
not to arouse or awake my love, 1 How beautiful you are, my love!
till he pleases. How beautiful you are !
6 Who is this coming from the desert like You have doves’ eyes behind your veil.
pillars of smoke, Your hair is like a flock of goats
perfumed with myrrh and frankincense, that appears from mount Gilead.
with all the powdered spices of the 2 Your teeth are like a flock
merchant? of sheep just shorn,
3:1-3 When God seems to be at a distance, is on the hills and she is left alone
when Christ’s fellowship is withdrawn, the (2:16-3:3); they are together in her
believer is tested. What will he do? He should mother’s house (3:4,5); now he comes from
seek Christ again (Job 23:3; Ps 6:1-4; the desert in beauty and splendor. The book
13:1-3; 28:1,2; 38:21,22; 42:1-3; 63:1; continues in similar fashion.
77:1-9; 105:4; 143:6,7; Hos 5:6,15; Amos In other words, the book does not give a
5:4,8). Sometimes Christian experience is regular story with a beginning, a middle, and
similar to wandering in dark and lonely an end. Instead we have various and brief
streets. But God has placed watchmen – pictures that set forth the relationship of
faithful ministers to point the way to Christ. bride and bridegroom. The spiritual pur-
3:4 “Found” – Ps 9:10; 22:26; 69:32; 70:4; pose is to show various experiences through
105:3; Jer 29:13; Isa 45:19; Matt 7:7,8. which believers may go in their life in Christ,
“Not let him go” – Gen 32:26; Ps 27:9; and to reveal something of His beauty, mag-
Luke 24:28,29. nificence, and tender love for His Church.
3:5 2:7. In these verses we see something of His
3:6-11 The speaker here is either the “bride” glory and might (compare Ps 45:3-5). Be-
or the “friends.” The words bring us back to lievers (whether or not they are aware of it)
the literal Solomon and his bride who sig- are riding through the world in a heavenly
nify the heavenly truths of this book. It carriage with the King of glory at their side.
seems in these verses that Solomon has Though there is still danger at night (v 8),
come in royal magnificence to bear his bride there is full protection for the bride in this
a way (compare 8:5) and this is surely not journey with the King (John 10:28).
without spiritual significance to believers. 4:1 “Beautiful” – 1:5,8,9-11,15 – this whole
We should notice that a striking feature chapter (except for the last verse) is spo-
of this book is the sudden shift of scenes. ken by the bridegroom to show His delight
The bride is looking for the bridegroom in in the bride. Everything about her pleases
the shepherds’ fields (1:7,8); the Him because He looks with the eyes of love.
bridegroom is near (1:9-11); afterwards they “Doves” – 1:15.
are together in the house of the king “Goats” – goats with long black hair mov-
(1:12-17); suddenly the bridegroom is away ing down one of the rounded hills of the
in the hills but comes quickly to the house Gilead range suggest her black tresses.
and calls his bride away (2:8-15); again he 4:2 Her teeth – white, sparkling, perfectly
869 SONG OF SONGS 4:15
which come up from the washing, from the mountains of the leopards.
each of which bears twins, 9 You have ravished my heart, my sister,
and none of them is barren. my bride.
3 Your lips are like a strip of scarlet, You have ravished my heart with one
and your mouth is lovely. glance of your eyes,
Your temples are like a piece of a with one strand of your necklace.
pomegranate behind your veil. 10 How beautiful is your love, my sister,
4 Your neck is like the tower of David my bride!
built as an armoury, How much better is your love than wine!
where hang a thousand shields, And the fragrance of your oils than
all shields of mighty men. all spices!
5 Your two breasts are like two fawns 11 Your lips, O my bride, drip like the honeycomb.
that are twins, Honey and milk are under your tongue,
which feed among the lilies. and the fragrance of your garments
6 Until the day breaks and the shadows is like the fragrance of Lebanon.
flee away, 12 A garden locked up is my sister, my bride;
I will go to the mountain of myrrh, a spring shut up, a fountain sealed.
and to the hill of frankincense. 13 Your plants are an orchard of
7 You are altogether beautiful, my love. pomegranates, with choice fruits,
There is no blemish in you. henna with spikenard,
8 Come with me from Lebanon, my bride, 14 Spikenard and saffron, calamus and
come with me from Lebanon. cinnamon,
Look from the top of Amana, with all the trees of frankincense,
from the top of Shenir and Hermon, myrrh and aloes, with all the chief spices.
from the lions’ dens, 15 You are a garden fountain, a well of
matched. groom, the Lord, the Head of the Church.
4:4 In other words, her neck is straight and But He is also called the “brother” of
ornamented with necklaces – 1:10. believers (Heb 2:11,12). He is their
4:6 2:17; 1:13; 3:6. Kinsman-Redeemer (note at Ruth 2:20).
4:7 “No blemish” – a wonderful thing to say! 4:10 The Lord delights in His people
In itself the church is full of flaws, and (Ps 147:11; 149:4; Zeph 3:17).
individual believers have to make the same 4:11 The words of love we speak to the Lord
confession as Paul (Rom 7:18), and James from loving hearts are very sweet to Him.
(3:2), and John (1 John 1:8). Yet even now Our fellowship to Him is like the fragrance
the righteousness which God puts to the of flowers and green forests. He wants
believer’s account is perfect and flawless (Isa always to be with us. When we come to Him
61:10; Jer 33:16; Rom 3:21-24; 1 Cor in prayer we must not think He is reluctant
1:30; 2 Cor 5:21; Phil 3:9); the beauty to receive us.
they have is God’s perfect beauty (Ps 4:12-14 In Ps 1:3 believers are compared
45:13,14; Ezek 16:14); and the result of to a fruitful tree. In Ps 80:8 they are
God’s work in the church and in the believer compared to a vine. Here they are called a
will result eventually in a perfection only God whole garden (see also Isa 58:11; Jer
can produce (Rom 8:29; Eph 5:25-27; Heb 31:12). The true church is Christ’s garden
10:14; 1 John 3:2). of Eden where He comes to walk and talk
4:8 The bridegroom says he will go to the with men and delight in their fellowship (Gen
mountain of myrrh and incense (v 6). The 3:8). Only from believers will Christ get any
bride should be with him. But suddenly the fragrance or fruit. Apart from His church the
bride seems to be somewhere among the whole world is like a desert to Him.
mountain peaks on the northern borders of Notice that this garden is enclosed or
Israel, a place of rugged beauty and “locked up.” In other words, believers are
danger. He calls her away. The spiritual Christ’s garden alone. No one else is to
application is not difficult to make. There walk there. They are His possession (Rom
are high places in the world that have their 14:7,8; 1 Cor 6:19,20); they are for His
beauties and attractions but are dangerous delight. He puts a wall about them to keep
to believers. Christ calls us away from them out enemies and to prevent the world from
to Himself. trampling them underfoot. They are to be
4:9 6:5. Does Christ love His church so separate, holy, completely dedicated to Him
much? Does one glance of love from her (John chapter 17; Rom 12:1,2; 2 Cor
move His heart like this? Yes, He has proved 6:14-18). And they are to bear the fruits
once and for all the intensity of His infinite which please Him (John 15:8,16; Rom
love by laying down His life for the church. 7:4; Gal 5:22,23; Eph 5:9; Col 1:6,10).
His love passes knowledge (Eph 3:19). 4:15 T h e t r u e c h u r c h i s a l s o l i k e a
“Sister” – the Lord Jesus is the bride- “fountain” and “well” and water flowing from
SONG OF SONGS 4:16 870
living waters, my dove, my undefiled,
and streams from Lebanon. for my head is drenched with dew,
16 Awake, O north wind, and come, and my locks with the moisture
you south wind! Blow on my garden of the night.”
so that the fragrance of its spices 3 I have taken off my robe.
may spread out. How can I put it back on?
I have washed my feet.
Bride
How can I soil them again ?
Let my beloved come into his garden,
4 My beloved put his hand in through
and eat his choice fruits.
the hole in the door,
and my inmost being was moved for him.
5 5 I got up to open to my beloved,
and my hands dripped with myrrh,
and my fingers with sweet smelling
Bridegroom
myrrh, on the handles of the lock.
1 I have come into my garden, my sister,
6 I opened to my beloved;
my bride.
but my beloved had turned away
I have gathered my myrrh with my spice.
and gone.
I have eaten my honeycomb with my honey.
My soul had gone out when he spoke.
I have drunk my wine with my milk.
I looked for him, but I could not find him.
Eat, O friends!
I called to him, but he gave me no answer.
Drink, yes, drink abundantly, O beloved!
7 The watchmen who went around the city
Bride found me.
2 I sleep, but my heart is awake. They struck me; they wounded me.
It is the voice of my beloved The guards of the walls took my veil
who knocks, saying, away from me.
“Open to me, my sister, my love, 8 I charge you, O daughters of Jerusalem,
mountain heights – a source of great she is more occupied with herself than with
satisfaction to Christ. This fountain is him (v 5) – a fault seen in her before
sealed – that is, kept for Him alone (2 Cor (1:5,12; 2:1). Her delay and evident lack
11:2). The true church is not like a tank or of eagerness for his presence grieves him
pond in which the water may stagnate or and he departs (v 6).
dry up altogether. The church which is Christ will not give His fellowship where
Christ’s body has the deep fountains of the He is not wanted. In the believer’s spiritual
Holy Spirit in it, springing up eternally (John life with the Lord Jesus, if fellowship is broken
4:14; 7:37-39). it will not be His fault. He will come far for it;
4:16 This is the bridegroom still speaking He will patiently wait for some time. But
for he says “my” garden. Wind makes a carelessness and reluctance to open to Him
fine symbol of the Holy Spirit (John 3:8 – (which show a loss of first love) will grieve
the words for wind, breath, and spirit in both Him. And occupation with self rather than
Hebrew and Greek are identical). Only if with Him will make it impossible to enjoy
God’s Spirit is blowing through the church His fellowship. The Lord Jesus in His love
will its fragrance spread. does not call us to slothfulness and self-
“My beloved” – the bride speaks and admiration. God’s grace, God’s gifts to us
welcomes Him with a loving heart – the only are not so we might look at self and
proper response. applaud self. Those who want more of His
5:1 Isa 65:24. And what sweetness and fellowship and show that they want it will
satisfaction He finds in her fellowship! The have it. Any lover wants the beloved to love
Lord Jesus comes to commune with those as he loves (8:6,7; Matt 22:37). The most
who want Him and who are prepared for Him important thing to us should be not our own
(John 14:23). And He wants others whom convenience or pleasure but to love Him so
He here calls “friends” and “beloved ones” much we want to please only Him.
to share with Him in the church. 5:7,8 The watchmen now act differently
5:2-6 Another scene, another time. She is toward her than they did in 3:3. Perhaps
somewhere alone at night and the the scene in chapter 3 suggests a test of
bridegroom comes and calls to her. He has the genuineness of her love. Here she is at
come from a distance, or else has been fault and must suffer for it. The words of
standing outside for some time, for his head God’s faithful watchmen can be like blows
is wet with dew. In either case his love is to the one who has lost fellowship with Christ
clear. She is excited at his coming but by one’s own fault. Their words strip the
reluctant to get up and open the door (v 3). sinning believer of his veil – thus exposing
She delays. When she does get up at last her true countenance and enabling her to
871 SONG OF SONGS 6:9
6
if you find my beloved, will you not
tell him that I am sick with love?
Friends Friends
9 What is your beloved more than 1 Where has your beloved gone,
another beloved, O most beautiful of women?
O you most beautiful of women? Which way did your beloved turn?
What is your beloved more than another Tell us so that we may seek him with you.
beloved, that you charge us so?
Bride
Bride 2 My beloved has gone down into
10 My beloved is radiant and ruddy, his garden, to the beds of spices,
the chief among ten thousand. to graze his flock in the gardens,
11 His head is like the most fine gold. and to gather lilies.
The locks of his hair are bushy, 3 I am my beloved’s,
black as a raven. and my beloved is mine.
12 His eyes are like the eyes of doves by He feeds his flock among the lilies.
the streams of water, Bridegroom
washed with milk and fitly set. 4 You are as beautiful, O my love,
13 His cheeks are like a bed of spices, as Tirzah, lovely as Jerusalem,
like sweet flowers. awesome as an army with banners.
His lips like lilies, dripping sweet 5 Turn your eyes away from me,
smelling myrrh. for they have overcome me.
14 His hands are like gold rods set Your hair is like a flock of goats that
with beryl. appears from Gilead.
His waist is like bright ivory 6 Your teeth are like a flock of sheep
inlaid with sapphires. which goes up from the washing,
15 His legs are like pillars of marble, each one of which bears twins,
set on sockets of fine gold. and there is not one barren among them.
His face is like Lebanon, 7 Like a piece of a pomegranate are
excellent as the cedars. your temples behind your veil.
16 His mouth is very sweet. 8 There are sixty queens, and eighty
Yes, he is altogether delightful. concubines,
This is my beloved, and this is my friend, and virgins without number.
O daughters of Jerusalem. 9 My dove, my undefiled is unique.
see more clearly. that he is far more taken up with her than
“Sick with love” – 2:5; Ps 84:2; 119:81. she is with him. She gets distracted by other
5:10-16 Now the bride is fully occupied with things but he does not. Christ’s love for His
the lover! Her experiences recorded in church in this world is far more fervent and
vs 2-8 have taught her something. This is real than the church’s love for Christ. His
the only place in this book where she love is the example of what ours should be.
attempts to describe him. The spiritual 6:4 “Tirzah” – the word means “pleasure,”
beauty of the Lord Jesus can only be hinted “beauty.” The town was later chosen as the
at by human descriptions, not revealed. It is first capital of the northern kingdom of
interesting that in the Gospels there is noth- Israel (1 Kings 14:17; 15:21,33; 16:6,23).
ing said about what the Lord Jesus looked Evidently it was a place famous for beauty.
like – as if it were entirely unimportant, as “Jerusalem” – Ps 48:2; 50:2.
indeed it is. All the emphasis is on His char- “Army” – the church is also a mighty spiri-
acter, His acts, His motives, His attributes. tual army.
5:16 We cannot even begin to describe all 6:5-7 Similar to 4:1-3. Her look of love
of Christ’s beauty, but we know that He is stirs up such love in Him that He can hardly
the altogether beautiful and perfect one. bear it (v 5. Also 4:9).
“Friend” – see John 15:15. 6:8,9 “Unique”, “blessed” – Israel in the Old
6:1 Our longings for Christ’s fellowship, our Testament and Christ’s church in the New
praise of His qualities, will stir others up to Testament are absolutely unique in the whole
seek Him. history of man (Ex 19:5,6; Deut 7:6; Ps
6:2 She suddenly realizes where her lover 135:4; John 17:6,9; Titus 2:14; 1 Pet
will be, and ceases her fruitless wanderings 2:9,10). Though there be thousands of
about the city’s streets. tribes, peoples, societies, organizations in
6:3 See 2:16; 7:10. the world, the church is the only bride of
6:4-9 Throughout the Song of songs we see Christ. Blessed indeed!
SONG OF SONGS 6:10 872
She is the only one of her mother, craftsman.
the favorite of the one who bore her. 2 Your navel is like a round goblet,
The daughters saw her, and called her not lacking mixed wine.
blessed; Your waist is like a heap of wheat
yes, the queens and the concubines, encircled with lilies.
and they praised her. 3 Your two breasts are like two young
10 Who is she who appears like the dawn, gazelles that are twins.
fair as the moon, bright as the sun, 4 Your neck is like a tower of ivory.
and awesome as an army with banners? Your eyes are like the pools in Heshbon,
Bride by the gate of Bath-Rabbim.
11 I went down into the garden of Your nose is like the tower of Lebanon
nut trees to see the fruits of the valley, which looks toward Damascus.
and to see whether the vine flourished, 5 Your head crowns you like Carmel,
and the pomegranates budded. and the hair of your head is like purple;
12 Before I was aware, my soul set me the king is held captive by its tresses.
among the chariots of Amminadab. 6 How beautiful and how pleasing
you are, O love, with your charms!
Friends
7 Your stature is like a palm tree,
13 Come back, come back, O Shulamite!
and your breasts like clusters of grapes.
Come back, come back, that we may
8 I said, “I will go up to the palm tree,
gaze at you.
I will take hold of its boughs.”
Bridegroom Now may your breasts be like clusters
What do you see in the Shulamite? of the vine,
As it were the the dance of two camps. and the fragrance of your breath like apples,
9 And the roof of your mouth is like
7 the best wine for my beloved,
that flows gently over the lips of those
who are asleep.
1 How beautiful are your sandaled feet,
O prince’s daughter! Bride
The curve of your thighs are like jewels, 10 I am my beloved’s,
the work of the hands of a skillful and his desire is for me.
6:10 The true church is as beautiful and bridegroom. It is in the form of a question
majestic in Christ’s eyes as the most beau- but he knows very well her beauty and why
tiful things in creation. The grace and glory others would gaze on her.
of God rest on her. “Dance of two camps” – or “company of
6:11,12 Who is speaking? Judging from two armies”. The language here suggests
v 13 it is the bride whom the friends call a sacred dance of joy. Compare Ex 15:20;
back. The Hebrew of v 12 is obscure, so 2 Sam 6:14,15; Ps 30:11; 149:3; 150:4;
both the literal meaning and the spiritual Jer 31:13. The Hebrew word for two camps
application are equally so. Verse 11 shows or armies is Mahanaim. See Gen 32:1,2.
her concern that her garden grow and pro- It may suggest here the nearness of
duce fruit (compare 1:6). If we do not care heavenly hosts.
about our garden, which really belongs to 7:1-9 4:1-15; 6:4-9. The true church is a
Christ, we show that we do not care much “prince’s daughter”, perfectly formed (1 Cor
about Christ whose garden we are. 12:14-27; Eph 4:15,16). Every part
6:12 “Among the chariots of Amminadab”, (person) is placed carefully by God in the
or “among the royal chariots of my people” Body to contribute to the beauty and
or “among the chariots of my willing people.” usefulness of the whole. He loves to gaze
Amminadab may or may not be a proper on her and to describe her loveliness in His
name here. eyes. The relationship between husband
6:13 We cannot be certain why the bride is and wife is the most intimate in the world,
called “Shulammite” here. The name was and this is the relationship that the Holy
possibly derived from the Solomon’s name Spirit has used a number of times in the
in Hebrew – Shlomo. Shulammite could be Bible as a symbol of that loving, intimate,
the feminine form of that name and may spiritual relationship between God and His
indicate one who belonged to Solomon. Or own special people. There is no deeper love,
it may possibly be derived from a town called no more intimate fellowship, no greater
Shulam (or, possibly, Shunem). The first delight than in this relationship between God
part of this verse evidently is spoken by the who is Spirit with His spiritual people. This is
friends or virgins who long to gaze on the suggested by the language of this passage.
grace and beauty of the bride. The second 7:10 See 2:16. In the closing words of v 9
part of the verse is spoken by the and in this verse she expresses her full
873 SONG OF SONGS 8:8
11 Come, my beloved, let us go out into 4 I charge you, O daughters of Jerusalem,
the field. not to arouse or awaken my love,
Let us spend the night in the villages. until he pleases.
12 Let us get up early to the vineyards.
Friends
Let us see if the vine flourishes,
5 Who is this who comes up from the desert,
whether the tender grape appears,
leaning on her beloved?
and the pomegranates bud.
There I will give you my love. Bride
13 The mandrakes give a fragrance, I awakened you under the apple tree.
and at our gates are all kinds There your mother brought you forth.
of choice fruits, new and old, There she who bore you brought
which I have stored up for you, you forth.
O my beloved. 6 Set me like a seal over your heart,
like a seal on your arm.
8 For love is strong as death;
Jealousy is severe as the grave;
its coals are coals of fire,
1 O that you were like a brother to me, with a very fierce flame.
who nursed at the breasts of my mother! 7 Many waters cannot quench love,
When I found you outside, not can the floods drown it.
I would kiss you. If a man were to give all the wealth
Yes, I would not be despised. of his house for love,
2 I would lead you, and bring you into it would be utterly despised.
my mother’s house, who instructed me.
I would have you drink spiced wine Friends
from the juice of my pomegranate. 8 We have a little sister, and she has
3 His left hand would be under my head, no breasts.
and his right hand would embrace me. What shall we do for our sister in
assurance that the wine of her love is ac- Jehovah. The church moves from the desert
ceptable to him, that they are one in heart. of this world toward the heavenly Jerusalem
7:11,12 In 2:1-13 He calls her into the fields. leaning on Christ.
Here she invites him. If the fields and 8:6 “Seal” – this may refer to a jewel
villages speak of God’s work in the world we having the name of the loved one engraved
can learn from these two references that on it. Compare Ex 28:9-12,17-21; Isa
Christ first calls us to this work, then His 49:16. The spiritual meaning may be this:
love in our hearts moves us to desire it and the loved one wants herself (or himself)
to pray that He go with us. permanently impressed on the affections of
7:13 When there is love there is a desire to the one who loves as a seal leaves an
give gifts and to give oneself to the loved impression on wax.
one. This is what love between two “Death” – death, man’s enemy, is very
persons is all about – mutual self-giving. powerful and holds it victims fast. God’s
Our love for Christ, or lack of it, will be love, man’s greatest friend, is no less
measured by what we give Him or what we powerful. God’s love will never let His own
withhold from Him. Believers are not to store go (Rom 8:38,39).
up for themselves but for Christ. What they “Jealousy” – or “ardor” or “zeal” – Ex 20:5;
would keep for themselves they will lose. 34:14; Deut 4:24. The greater the love
What they store up for Christ they will keep the greater the jealousy concerning all that
and enjoy with Him forever. Out fruit should might turn the loved one away.
be all for Him (John 15:1,2; Rom 7:4). “Grave” – in Hebrew “Sheol” – note at
8:1 In this fallen world those who love Christ Gen 37:35.
and are loved by Him often become an 8:7 God’s love is such a fire that the
object of scorn and hatred to godless men mightiest floods can not quench the tiniest
(John 15:18-21; 16:33; 1 Pet 4:12-16). spark of it. There is nothing on earth that
The bride here wishes that circumstances remotely approaches it in value. It is also
were different. But has she forgotten the supreme among all spiritual graces and
bridegroom’s words in 4:9,10,12; 5:1,2 – virtues (1 Corinthians chapter 13).
where he calls her “sister” five times? 8:8,9 The speakers here may be the
8:2 7:13. A heart that wants to give is the “friends,” the daughters of Jerusalem, or the
surest mark of love. “brothers” mentioned in 1:6. The spiritual
8:3,4 2:6,7. meaning would be the same in any case.
8:5 “Desert” – 3:6. Israel came from Egypt Some commentators think the little sister
through the desert and into the land of indicates the New Testament church. Some
Canaan leaning on the strong arm of think she represents any persons who are
SONG OF SONGS 8:9 874
the day when she is spoken for? thousand pieces of silver.
9 If she is a wall, we will build a 12 My vineyard, which is mine, is before me.
palace of silver on her, The thousand shekels are for you,
and if she is a door, we will enclose O Solomon, and two hundred for
her with panels of cedar. Those who watch over its fruit.
Bride Bridegroom
10 I am a wall, and my breasts are 13 O you who dwell in the gardens,
like towers. companions listen to your voice.
Then I was in his eyes like one who Cause me to hear it.
found peace. Bride
11 Solomon had a vineyard at Baal-Hamon. 14 Hurry, my beloved, and be like a
He let out the vineyard to caretakers. gazelle or a young stag on the
For its fruit each one was to bring a mountains of spices.
not yet converted to Christ but who will be. of Christians as tenants in God’s vineyard.
A wall is for the purpose of keeping out that “Thousand shekels” – about 11:5 kilo-
which should be outside. A door is to let in grams.
those who are prepared to come inside. 8:13 This is the last request of the
8:10-12 She already is what her little sister bridegroom in this book.
may become – mature and able to enter 8:14 Here is the last request of the bride.
into the marriage relationship. She is no It is similar to the last prayer of the Bible –
longer under the control of her brothers Rev 22:20. It brings us back to an early
(1:6). The language of verses 11,12 bring chapter – 2:17. Our longings for Christ
to mind the parables of the Lord Jesus should not diminish with the passage of time
about vineyards (Matt 20:1-16; 21:33- and we should always endeavor to keep His
40), and speaks to us of the responsibility coming as the object of our hope.
ISAIAH
Author:
Isaiah the prophet. His name means “Jehovah is salvation” or ”Jehovah saves.” Isaiah was a
member of an influential family in Judah. It seems that he was a well-educated man. Apparently he
lived in or near Jerusalem (6:1-4; 37:2; 38:4). He was married to a woman called a “prophetess,”
by whom he had at least two sons (7:3; 8:3). According to tradition, during the reign of King
Manasseh he was killed by being sawn in two. Some modern critics teach that this book was not
written by one man named Isaiah, but by two or more men writing at different times. The author of
these notes has seen no satisfactory evidence for this theory. The Bible itself speaks of one and
only one Isaiah.
Date:
Isaiah prophesied during the reigns of kings Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah (1:1), that is,
740 - 700 BC. He lived on until at least 681 BC, for the event he wrote about in 37:38 happened
then.
Themes:
God’s judgments on human wickedness; God’s grace toward those who turn to him in faith; God’s
salvation given freely through the Lord Jesus Christ. More than any other prophet, Isaiah gives us
a detailed picture of the then future coming and deeds of the Lord Jesus – His birth, His sufferings
and death, and His still future glorious reign over the earth. Isaiah begins with the corrupt nation of
Israel (1:2-17) and moves steadily on to the new heavens and earth where there will be no more
corruption ever (65:17; 66:22-24). Some very wonderful verses and chapters in this book are
1:18; 2:1-5; 6:1-8; 7:14; 9:6,7; 11:1-9; 25:4-9; 32:1-5; 35:1-10; 40:1-31; 41:17-20;
43:1,2,25; 45:22-25; 49:6; 52:13-15; 53:1-12; 55:1-13; 57:15; 61:1-3; 64:1-12; 65:17;
66:2. Of course, this is far from being an exhaustive list. The whole book of Isaiah (indeed, the
whole Bible) is very wonderful, being inspired by God Himself.
Contents :
The corrupt and ruined condition of the Jews .................................................. 1:2-10
God’s rejection of their kind of religion ............................................................ 1:11-17
God’s invitation, promise and warning ............................................................. 1:18-20
God’s judgment on Jerusalem,
His promise of a new day ..................................................................... 1:21-31
God’s coming kingdom on earth ...................................................................... 2:1-5
The Day of the LORD ................................................................................... 2:6-22
Judgment on Judah and Jerusalem ................................................................. 3:1 - 4:1
The Branch .................................................................................................. 4:2-6
A bad vineyard ............................................................................................ 5:1-7
Woe! Woe! Woe! ......................................................................................... 5:8-30
God calls Isaiah, cleanses him, commissions him ............................................. 6:1-13
King Ahaz .................................................................................................... 7:1-12
The virgin’s Son ........................................................................................... 7:14-17
God will use Assyria to punish the Jewish nation .............................................. 7:18 - 8:10
Prophecy of the coming of the Lord Jesus Christ .............................................. 9:1-7
The anger of God Almighty ............................................................................ 9:8 - 10:4
God’s punishment of Assyria .......................................................................... 10:5-34
The Branch from the root of Jesse,
Christ’s future kingdom ........................................................................ 11:1-16
A song of praise .......................................................................................... 12:1-6
Prophecies concerning other nations .............................................................. 13:1 - 24:22
ISAIAH 876
Against Babylon ...................................................................................... 13:1 - 14:23
Fall of Lucifer from heaven ................................................................... 14:12-15
Against Assyria ....................................................................................... 14:24-27
Against the Philistines .............................................................................. 14:28-32
Against Moab .......................................................................................... 15:1 - 16:14
Against Damascus ................................................................................... 17:1-14
Against the “land beyond the rivers of Cush” .............................................. 18:1-7
Against Egypt ......................................................................................... 19:1-25
Against Egypt and Cush ........................................................................... 20:1-6
Against Babylon ...................................................................................... 21:1-10
Against Edom .......................................................................................... 21:11,12
Against Arabia ........................................................................................ 21:13-17
About Jerusalem ..................................................................................... 22:1-18
Against Tyre ........................................................................................... 23:1-18
Against all the peoples of the earth ........................................................... 24:1-22
The LORD God will reign in Jerusalem .............................................................. 24:23
Words of praise to the LORD ......................................................................... 25:1-12
A song to be sung in Judah ........................................................................... 26:1-21
God will deliver Israel .................................................................................... 27:1-17
Drunkards and scoffers in Israel .................................................................... 28:1-29
A precious cornerstone ................................................................................. 28:16
Woe to Jerusalem ........................................................................................ 29:1-16
Promises among the warnings ........................................................................ 29:17-24
Woe to the stubborn nation of Israel .............................................................. 30:1-17
More promises of blessing ............................................................................. 30:18-26
God will come in anger .................................................................................. 30:27-33
Woe to those who depend on men, not God .................................................... 31:1-3
God will protect Jerusalem ............................................................................. 31:4-9
Christ’s righteous kingdom ............................................................................. 32:1-20
Trouble from men, help from above ................................................................ 33:1-24
God will destroy ungodly world powers ........................................................... 34:1-17
The future happy condition of God’s redeemed ones ........................................ 35:1-10
God saves Jerusalem from the Assyrian attack ................................................ 36:1 - 37:38
King Hezekiah’s prayer .................................................................................. 37:14-20
Isaiah’s prophecy regarding Sennacherib ........................................................ 37:21-35
The destruction of the Assyrian army ............................................................. 37:36,37
Hezekiah’s illness and recovery ...................................................................... 38:1-22
A writing of Hezekiah .................................................................................... 38:9-20
Arrival of envoys from Babylon, Hezekiah’s pride ............................................. 39:1,2
Isaiah rebukes Hezekiah, declares God’s judgment ........................................... 39:3-8
The LORD the comforter of His people ............................................................ 40:1-31
Message of comfort – promise of a Saviour ................................................. 40:1-11
Basis of comfort – God’s greatness ............................................................ 40:12-31
God the helper of Israel ................................................................................ 41:1 - 46:13
God’s quarrel with the nations of earth ....................................................... 41:1-29
The nations make idols and rely on them ..................................................... 41:5-7
The nation Israel is God’s servant .............................................................. 41:8-20
The idols and gods of the nations cannot
foretell the future .................................................................................... 41:21-29
Christ the LORD’s Servant ........................................................................ 42:1-9
Praise to the LORD .................................................................................. 42:10-17
Israel’s spiritual blindness ......................................................................... 42:18-25
The only Helper and Saviour in existence .................................................... 43:1-13
Unfaithful Israel, God’s mercy ................................................................... 43:14-28
God’s future blessing on Israel .................................................................. 44:1-5
877 ISAIAH
The only true God reveals the foolishness
of idolatry ............................................................................................... 44:6-20
Israel to be redeemed, Jerusalem rebuilt .................................................... 44:21-28
The LORD will raise up Cyrus ..................................................................... 45:1-14
The only true God gives an invitation to all .................................................. 45:18-25
The idols of Babylon cannot do anything ..................................................... 46:1-13
The fall of Babylon ....................................................................................... 47:1-15
A message to faithless, stubborn Israel .......................................................... 48:1-22
Jesus the Servant of Jehovah ....................................................................... 49:1 - 55:13
God’s purposes ........................................................................................ 49:5-7
God will restore Israel .............................................................................. 49:8-26
His obedience, Israel’s disobedience .......................................................... 50:1-11
He faces mocking and spitting ................................................................... 50:6,7
His redemption ........................................................................................ 51:1-16
The cup of God’s wrath ............................................................................ 51:17-23
He will return to Jerusalem ........................................................................ 52:1-12
The suffering and victory of the LORD’s Servant ......................................... 52:13 - 53:12
His sufferings will result in Israel’s
great blessing ..................................................................................... 54:1-17
An invitation based on His sufferings .......................................................... 55:1-7
God’s ways higher than man’s ways ........................................................... 55:8-13
Inclusion of other peoples in Israel’s blessing ................................................... 56:1-8
Condemnation of Israel’s wicked rulers ........................................................... 56:9 - 57:13
Comfort for the humble ................................................................................ 57:14-21
Contrast between true and false worship ....................................................... 58:1-14
Israel’s repentance and confession of sin
will bring God’s deliverance ................................................................... 59:1-21
Glorious peace and prosperity for Israel .......................................................... 60:1-22
Jesus the Spirit-filled Servant of the LORD,
God’s glorious kingdom comes by Him ..................................................... 61:1-11
Jerusalem to be restored and glorified ............................................................ 62:1-12
The day of vengeance and redemption ........................................................... 63:1-6
The praise and prayer of God’s people ............................................................ 63:7 - 64:12
God answers His people ................................................................................ 65:1 - 66:24
He speaks of the Gentiles ......................................................................... 65:1
He condemns stubborn, wicked Israel
and their way of religion ...................................................................... 65:2-5
He will take vengeance but will keep a
remnant of Israel for Himself ................................................................ 65:6-16
He will create new heavens and earth ........................................................ 65:17-25
He will honor the humble ........................................................................... 66:1,2
He will save Israel but punish all
unrepentant sinners ............................................................................ 66:3-24
ISAIAH 1:1 878
1
The vision of Isaiah the son of Amoz, which he 5 Why should you be struck again?
saw concerning Judah and Jerusalem in the You revolt more and more.
days of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, kings The whole head is sick,
of Judah. and the whole heart is faint.
6 From the sole of the foot even to the
2 Hear, O heavens, and give ear, O earth,
head there is no soundness in it,
for the LORD has spoken:
but wounds, and bruises, and putrefying sores.
“I have reared and brought up children,
They have not been closed, or bound up,
and they have rebelled against me.
or soothed with ointment.
3 The ox knows its owner,
and the donkey its master’s crib; 7 Your country is desolate,
but Israel does not know, your cities are burned with fire.
my people do not consider.” Strangers devour your land in your presence,
and it is desolate,
4 Alas, sinful nation, as overthrown by strangers.
a people weighed down with wickedness, 8 And the daughter of Zion is left like
a brood of evildoers, a shelter in a vineyard,
children who are corrupters! like a hut in a garden of cucumbers,
They have forsaken the LORD, like a besieged city.
they have provoked the Holy One of 9 Unless the LORD of hosts had left to
Israel to anger, us a very small remnant,
they have gone away backward. we would have become like Sodom,
1:1 Vision here means a revelation from His love and care.
God. Note at Gen 15:1. This revelation 1:4 This one verse exposes the terrible
came on different occasions over a long moral and spiritual condition of Judah and
period of time and refers to the whole book Jerusalem. This was God’s evaluation, not
of Isaiah. We know nothing about Isaiah’s man’s. And it is a picture not merely of
father Amoz. He is not, of course, the Judah but of the world (Ps 14:2,3; Rom
prophet Amos. 3:9-18).
“Kings” – these kings ruled Judah for “Holy One of Israel” appears 26 times in
more than a hundred years (792 - 686 B.C.). Isaiah and only 6 times in the rest of the
It is not said here that Isaiah prophesied Old Testament. The book of Isaiah lays
from the beginning of Uzziah’s reign to the special emphasis on God’s holiness. It is
close of Hezekiah’s, only that God’s in the light of God’s holiness that man’s
revelation came to him at various times behavior appears so exceedingly sinful.
during their reigns. It may be that Isaiah Note on holiness at Lev 20:7.
started prophesying toward the end of king 1:5-9 Here are some of the results of their
Uzziah’s reign, but we can’t be sure of this. rebellion against God. (The Bible
The vision of chapter 6 may have come to continually points out that sin has fearful
him some years after he had begun his consequences – Gen 2:17; Lev 26:14-22;
ministry. See 6:1. Num 32:23; Ezek 18:20; Rom 1:18;
1:2 “Hear” – Deut 4:26; 30:19; 31:28; 6:23; Heb 2:2). The prophet (and God is
32:1. Isaiah is sure that God’s revelation to speaking through the prophet) asks the
him is of the greatest importance. He wants nation why they wish to continue in their sins
all the earth, all the universe to hear what when the results are so painful. As a body
God speaks, and to be witness of His charges experiences the harmful effects of a disease,
against His people. The message is that the so the entire nation has experienced the
special people of the Creator of the universe destructive effects of their rebellion against
turned their backs on Him and ignorantly and God. This destruction came about by
wickedly went their own way. Compare Ps invasions of foreign armies. Compare
95:10; Isa 53:6; Jer 8:5-6. The children 2 Chron 28:5-8; 16:21; 32:1,2,9. God
referred to here are the descendants of often uses the armies of one country to
Abraham, Isaac and Jacob (Ex 4:22; Deut punish another country for their wickedness.
32:6; 2 Sam 7:24; Isa 64:8; etc). See 7:20; 10:5,6; Jer 50:15,23;
1:3 Men in rebellion against their Creator, 51:1,20-23; Hab 1:6; Rev 17:16,17.
the God of the universe, can be more 1:8 Daughter of Zion means the city and
senseless than ignorant beasts. And the people of Jerusalem. It stood alone in the
nations of Israel and Judah were no better midst of hostile nations.
or wiser than any other (Deut 32:28; Jer 1:9 Rom 9:29. If God had not been mer-
4:22; 8:7). The ox and the donkey are ciful to that rebellious people the city and
not the most clever of animals but in a very nation would have been entirely obliterated
important matter they were wiser than the from the earth as Sodom and Gomorrah had
people of Israel. Those people had a Master been (Gen 19:23-25).
but they tried to remove themselves from “LORD of hosts” – note at 1 Sam 1:3.
879 ISAIAH 1:17
and we would have been like Gomorrah. Even the solemn meeting is wickedness.
10 Hear the word of the LORD, you rulers 14 Your New Moons and your appointed
of Sodom! feasts my soul hates;
Give ear to the law of our God, they are a burden to me;
you people of Gomorrah! I am weary of bearing them.
11 “To what purpose is the multitude of 15 And when you spread out your hands,
your sacrifices to me?” says the LORD. I will hide my eyes from you;
“I have had enough of the burnt offerings of yes, even though you utter many prayers,
rams, and the fat of fed cattle; I will not hear.
and I do not delight in the blood of bulls, Your hands are full of blood.
or of lambs, or of male goats. 16 “Wash yourselves!
12 “When you come to appear before me, Make yourselves clean!
who has required this at your hand, Put away the evil of your actions from
this trampling of my courts? before my eyes!
13 Bring no more meaningless offerings! Cease to do evil!
Your incense is an abomination to me. 17 Learn to do good!
The New Moon festivals and Sabbaths, Seek justice, relieve the oppressed!
the calling of assemblies, Show justice to the fatherless,
I cannot endure. plead for the widow!
1:10 Isaiah speaks to the rulers and people spiritual and moral condition there was hope
of Judah and Jerusalem as if they were the for forgiveness and blessings – if they would
rulers of Sodom and Gomorrah. He repent. This hope is held out everywhere in
considers Jerusalem and Judah as corrupt the Bible (55:7; 2 Chron 7:14; Ezek
and worthy of destruction as those destroyed 18:27,28,32; Luke 24:45-47; Acts 2:38,39).
cities. 1:16 “Wash. . .make. . .clean” – compare
1:11-17 This is a very important passage Jam 4:8; 2 Cor 7:1. David prayed that
on worship, showing what is acceptable to God would wash him (Ps 51:2). Men wash
God and what is not. See also Ps 50:7-23; themselves from their uncleanness when
Jer 7:1-11; John 4:21-24; Jam 1:26,27. they turn to God in repentance, confession,
If there is no humility, no obedience to God, and faith, and use His power to conquer the
no sincerity, no right motives, no purity of sins in their lives. Since this is also God’s
heart, no ongoing spiritual life, then work in their hearts this process is God
worship is an empty and vain thing and God washing them, as well as their washing
will not accept it. themselves. But we should not expect God
1:11 Ps 40:6; 50:9; Jer 6:20; 1 Sam 15:22. to wash us if we are not willing to wash
1:12 True religion is of the heart. Without ourselves from all evil.
inner love and reverence for God, going to “Cease” – a simple command that, if
places of worship is useless and obeyed, will result in great good. But if we
unacceptable to Him. do not rely on God’s power to do this we will
1:13,14 Not only is such worship find it impossible to do (Jer 13:23). So a
unacceptable to God it is positively hateful command to stop doing wrong is, in a way,
to Him. Men with their vain and hypocritical an instruction to seek our strength in God
worship may think they are pleasing God (40:31; Ps 29:11; 105:4; 138:3; Eph 6:10).
but instead they are provoking Him to 1:17 “Good” – Ps 34:14; 37:27. Men do not
disgust and anger. Compare Luke 16:15. need to learn to do wrong. It is as natural to
Observe in v 13 that the meeting of God’s them as breathing (see Gen 6:5; 8:21;
people for worship may be, in His eyes, evil Ps 51:5; 58:3; Jer 17:9; Matt 15:19,20).
assemblies. They need to learn to do right. This can be
1:15 God will not answer the prayers of those accomplished only by turning to the one true
living in sin and rebellion against Him. Such God and by studying and obeying God’s
people may have the forms of worship and Word. Without God’s Word men frequently
make many prayers, but God turns away will not even have an idea of what is right
from such (59:1,2; Ps 66:18; John 9:31; (compare 5:20). The more we know God’s
Jam 4:3). We should not expect God to Word the more we know what the right is.
answer our prayers if we do not love Him, Learning to do right is a process that never
obey Him, and serve Him, and if we want ceases in the lives of God’s people as long
answers only for selfish reasons. as they are on earth.
“Blood” – they were guilty of bloodshed “Justice. . .widow” – learning to do right
and the murder of the helpless (v 21; 59:3; will result in our standing for righteousness,
Ps 106:38; Jer 2:34). Yet they wanted and in helping the poor and helpless (Ex
God to answer their prayers! Such is man’s 22:22-24; Deut 10:18; 14:29; 24:19-
ignorant depravity. 21;26:12,13; 27:19; Ps 68:5; 82:1-4;
1:16-19 In spite of their detestable Micah 6:8; Jam 1:27).
ISAIAH 1:18 880
18 “Come now, and let us reason together, 25 And I will turn my hand against you,
says the LORD. and thoroughly purge away your dross,
Though your sins are like scarlet, and take away all your alloy.
they will be as white as snow; 26 And I will restore your judges as at the first,
though they are as red as crimson, and your counsellors as at the beginning.
they will be like wool. Afterward you will be called,
19 If you are willing and obedient, The City of Righteousness,
you will eat the good of the land. The Faithful City.
20 But if you refuse and rebel,
27 “Zion will be redeemed with justice,
you will be devoured by the sword;
and her repentant ones with righteousness.
for the mouth of the LORD has spoken it. ”
28 And the destruction of the
21 How the faithful city has become a prostitute! transgressors and of the sinners will
It was full of justice; righteousness be together,
once lodged in it, but now murderers! and those who forsake the LORD will be consumed.
22 Your silver has become dross, 29 For you will be ashamed of the sacred
your wine mixed with water. oaks which you have desired,
23 Your rulers are rebellious, and you will be disgraced because of
and companions of thieves. the gardens that you have chosen.
Each one loves bribes, and chases after 30 For you will be like an oak whose leaf fades away,
rewards. and like a garden that has no water.
They do not show justice to the fatherless. 31 And the strong will be like tinder,
The cause of the widow does not come and his handiwork like a spark;
before them. and they will both burn together,
24 Therefore the Lord, the LORD of hosts, and no one will quench them. ”
the mighty One of Israel, says,
“Ah, I will get relief from my adversaries,
and avenge myself on my enemies.
2 The word that Isaiah the son of Amoz saw
concerning Judah and Jerusalem:
1:18 See 43:26; Lam 3:40; Hag 1:5,7. God’s enemies and He knows how to deal
God is a God of reason and He has made with them (Deut 32:40,41; etc).
man with a mind and ability to reason. He 1:25-31 All these verses are spoken
wants men to stop and think about Him, concerning the city of Jerusalem. In spite
about themselves, about their course in life, of the corruption of its inhabitants God
especially about any argument that is going continued to have a high and holy purpose
on between themselves and Him. God’s toward the city. He was determined to purge
desire is for peace and harmony. He wants it and to restore justice and righteousness
the dispute that is brought on by sin to be to it. This would mean suffering to the city
settled. He longs to forgive, restore and and destruction to the rebellious.
bless a repenting people (Ezek 18:30-32). 1:25 “Purge” – 4:4; Ps 66:10-12; Mal 3:3.
1:19,20 The contrast in these verses is seen 1:26 He means judges who would guide and
everywhere in the Bible – Lev 26:3-35; lead as Samuel, for example, did.
Deut 28:1-68; 30:15-20; Isa 66:24. “Faithful City” – v 21; Zech 8:3.
Obedience to God’s word brings great 1:27 “Repentant” – only those who turn
blessing. Continual rebellion brings death, heartily to God will be spared and partake
destruction and eternal condemnation. of God’s blessings to Zion.
1:21 “Prostitute” – Jerusalem had become 1:28 Ps 9:5; Isa 66:24; Jer 16:4; 2 Thess
unfaithful to God (v 4) and worshiped other 1:8-9.
gods (2:8). In the Bible this is compared 1:29 This refers to places of idolatry and,
to adultery and prostitution (Lev 20:5; Jer possibly, sexual immorality (65:3).
2:20; 3:1,6,8,9; 13:27; Ezek 16:17,28; 1:30 Contrast with 5:7; Ps 1:3; Song of
23:5,8,19; Hos 2:5; 4:15; 5:3,4). Songs 4:12.
“Murderers” – v 15. 1:31 9:8,19; 10:17; 24:6; 26:11;
1:22 Because the hearts of the people had 33:27,33; 66:15,16; Mal 3:2; 4:1; Matt
become corrupted everything else had become 25:41; 2 Thess 1:7; Heb 12:29; Rev 21:8.
corrupted. 2:1-4 There are several others passages in
1:23 “Rulers” – compare Jer 1:18,19; 2:8; Isaiah that speak of this same period of
Ezek 34:1-6. For the kind of leaders God time (9:7; 11:1-16; 12:1-6; 24:21-23;
wanted see v 26, psalm 101, etc. 32:1-5; 40:1-11; 54:1-17; 60:1-22;
“Bribes” – note and references at Ps 62:1-12; 65:8-10,17-25; 66:7-13,19-21).
26:10. All of these, together with this one here in
“Widow” – v 17. chapter 2, have been interpreted in the fol-
1:24 Leaders and people who behave as lowing ways –
those described in the preceding verses are (1) There has been no fulfillment of them
881 ISAIAH 2:5
2 And it will come about in the last days, and we will walk in his paths.”
that the mountain of the LORD’s house For out of Zion the law will go forth,
will be established on the top of the and the word of the LORD from Jerusalem.
mountains, 4 And he will judge among the nations
and will be raised above the hills, and rebuke many people.
and all nations will stream to it. And they will beat their swords into plowshares,
3 And many people will go and say, and their spears into pruning hooks.
“Come and let us go up to the mountain Nation will not lift up sword against nation,
of the LORD, nor will they learn war any more.
to the house of the God of Jacob; 5 O house of Jacob, come and let us
and he will teach us his ways, walk in the light of the LORD.
and there never will be. prophecy concerns the land of Judah and
(2) They have been fulfilled in Israel’s the city of Jerusalem, and that there is no
past. hint that these words should not be taken
(3) They are being, at least partially, ful- in their literal sense.
filled now in this Church age, and their ful- 2:2 Verses 2-4 with only minor changes are
fillment will be completed in the eternal ages. found in Micah 4:1-3.
(4) They will be fulfilled only in the eternal “The last days” – this phrase is
ages after the end of the world. indefinite in meaning. It may mean simply
(5) They will be fulfilled, at least for the sometime in the more or less distant future.
most part, in a literal reign of Christ on earth In the Bible the phrase sometimes means
(the thousand year reign of Rev 20:4-6). this present era of the Church (Acts 2:17;
(6) There has been a partial spiritual Heb 1:2. Compare 1 Pet 1:20; 1 John
fulfillment of some of these things in this 2:18). In this use of the phrase it means
Church age, but they will have a more that this era is the last before the return of
literal fulfillment in the millennium and an the Lord Jesus from heaven. The last days
eternal fulfillment in the ages to come after could include the actual return of Christ and
that (see note on 60:1-22). the results that flow from that. His return
Because Isaiah was writing the truth of will occur at the last days of the last days.
God by the inspiration of God’s Spirit, the The phrase here in Isaiah could be
first interpretation is totally impossible – God translated “at the end of the days.”
does not say things will happen which will “Mountain” – Mount Zion (11:9; 27:13;
never happen (Matt 5:17,18). The second 56:7; 57:13; 65:25; 66:20). It signifies
interpretation is impossible to maintain the city of Jerusalem (v 3).
unless we ignore the plain meaning of words “Raised above the hills” – if we take this
– they simply have never been fulfilled in prophecy at what it plainly seems to suggest
the history of the nation Israel. The third we will think that Jerusalem and the nation
view is favored by a large number of Israel will have political supremacy in the
scholars. However, it seems to the author world while the prophecy is being fulfilled.
of these notes that this view is possible to See also Zech 14:10, which indicates a
maintain only if we ignore many of the physical raising of Jerusalem.
details of these prophecies – a thing he “All nations” – Ps 102:15; 117:1; Jer
believes should not be done. The fourth 3:17; 16:19; Zech 14:16; Rev 21:26.
interpretation also has its great difficulties The reason for this is in the next verse.
– we can hardly think that some of the things 2:3 At last the nations of earth will learn
prophesied here will exist when time is that the God of Israel is the true and only
swallowed up in eternity. God and will want to learn His ways. On God
The last two interpretations seem far as teacher see Ps 25:4; 71:17; 94:10,12;
more likely to the author of these notes. 119:102; Isa 54:13; Matt 5:2; Mark
Some of the things prophesied will scarcely 6:34; John 6:45; 14:26. Note on God of
fit anywhere else than in a literal reign of Jacob at Ps 146:5.
Christ on earth. See the notes on all the 2:4 “Judge” – Ps 96:13; 98:9. When God
passages in Isaiah listed above. Himself acts as judge to the nations of earth,
Isaiah “saw” what follows because God perfect justice will prevail. And the effect of
revealed it to him as in 1:1; 6:1. Very perfect justice will be universal peace
often in the prophets we read of God show- (32:17).
ing dreams and visions and speaking words “War any more” – the whole course of
of explanation (compare Jer 1:11-16; this age of the Church has been quite
24:1-10; Ezek 1:1; 10:1; Dan 7:1; 8:1; different from this. There have been, and
Zech 1:8; 3:1; 5:1). In the verses that still are, many wars going on somewhere in
follow here we have only the words of the world, and at present the huge
prophecy God revealed. The words armament industries of the nations are not
announce a very important theme in Isaiah turning out plowshares. Contrast this verse
- the complete establishment of God’s with Joel 3:10; Matt 24:6,7. Since this
kingdom. In verses 2-4 we see its prophecy of Isaiah has not yet taken place
establishment, in verses 6-21 the events we look for a future fulfillment.
that lead up to it. Observe that the following 2:5 “Light” – Ps 43:3; 89:15; 118:27;
ISAIAH 2:6 882
6 For you have forsaken your people the and on everyone who is lifted up;
house of Jacob, and he will be brought low;
because they are filled with eastern ways. 13 And on all the cedars of Lebanon,
and they are soothsayers like the Philistines, that are high and lifted up,
and they are pleased with the children and on all the oaks of Bashan,
of foreigners. 14 And on all the high mountains,
7 Their land is also full of silver and gold, and on all the hills that are lifted up,
and there is no end of their treasures. 15 And on every high tower,
Their land is also full of horses, and on every fortified wall,
and there is no end of their chariots. 16 And on all the ships of Tarshish,
8 Their land also is full of idols. and on all beautiful vessels.
They worship the work of their own hands, 17 And the loftiness of man will be brought down,
that which their own fingers have made; and the haughtiness of men will be made low,
9 And the common man bows down, and the LORD alone will be exalted in that day.
and the great man abases himself. 18 And the idols he will utterly abolish.
Therefore do not forgive them. 19 And they will go into the holes of the rocks,
10 Go into the rocks, and hide yourself and into the caves of the earth,
in the dust, for fear of the LORD, for fear of the LORD and for the glory
and for the glory of his majesty. of his majesty,
11 The lofty looks of man will be humbled, when he arises to shake terribly the earth.
and the haughtiness of men will be 20 In that day a man will throw his silver
brought low, idols and his gold idols,
and the LORD alone will be exalted in that day. which each of them made for himself
12 For the day of the LORD of hosts will come to worship,
on everyone who is proud and lofty, to the moles and to the bats,
John 1:4,9; 8:12; 12:35; Eph 5:8; 1 John 2:9 Idolatry is intolerable to the one true
1:5,7; Rev 22:5. Isaiah makes an appeal God, and because of it men will be brought
based on the wonderful truth revealed in low and perish in their sins (vs 20,21;
the preceding verses. The nations who knew 13:11; 45:16; Lev 26:30; Jer 7:5,6;
not God will come and learn of Him who is in Ezek 6:4; 1 Cor 6:9; Rev 21:8; 22:15).
a special sense the God of Jacob. Should 2:10-21 These verses all refer to a time in the
not, then, the house of Jacob itself cease future called in v 12 “the day of the LORD.”
from rebellion and walk in His light? This means a time Jehovah has appointed.
2:6 Isaiah returns to a description of the This time is referred to in many places in the
pathetic state of the people of Israel. They Bible. For example, see 13:6-13; Joel 1:15;
were guilty of three evils which caused God 1 Thess 5:2; Rev 6:15-17.
to reject them. Instead of trusting the word 2:10 Verses 19,21; Rev 6:15-17. No
of the true and living God they believed the refuge will be sufficient for sinful men when
superstitions of other nations, especially God arises in majesty to judge the world.
those from the east. Here this probably 2:11-17 Haughtiness and other words
means Syria and Babylonia. They also indicating pride and arrogance are used eight
practiced sorcery which God had clearly times in these few verses. Man’s arrogance
forbidden in His Word (Deut 18:9-13). And is hateful to God (Prov 6:16,17; 21:4; Ps
they refused to keep themselves a separate 18:27; 101:5; Jam 4:6), and He is
and holy people as God instructed them to determined to eradicate it from the face of
be (Ex 19:5,6; Lev 20:7,8; Deut 7:6; the earth. The Day of the LORD will be
14:2). They preferred the ways of other especially against proud men and all they
nations with their false gods and religions, take pride in.
and sinful practices. In all this there is 2:12 “LORD of hosts” – note at 1 Sam 1:3.
instruction and warning for Christians today. 2:16 “Every ship of Tarshish” – Tarshish was
Superstitions, sorcery, and the powerful famous in that day for merchant ships and
influences of people who do not know God trade by sea.
are everywhere in the world. Believers must 2:18 Idols are a result of man’s proud
not yield to such things but be careful to defiance of the one true God and His words.
obey such verses as 2 Cor 6:14-18. When man’s pride is broken and destroyed,
2:7 They had wealth but what was the use idols will disappear.
of it? God’s anger was soon to come on 2:19 At the end of this age God will shake
them. (Compare Ps 49:10; 73:12,18,19; the whole earth (24:19,20; Heb 12:26-
Luke 12:16-21; Jam 5:1-3.) 29; Rev 6:14; 16:17-20).
2:8 They willfully refused to obey God’s Word 2:20 At last men will see how useless their
which forbids all idolatry (Ex 20:1-6,22,23; idols are. They will learn what believers
Deut 13:6-18; 29:17,18). in the true God have always known –
883 ISAIAH 3:14
21 To go into the crevices of the rocks, 7 In that day he will protest, saying,
and into the crags of the ragged rocks, “I am no healer; for in my house is
for fear of the LORD and for the glory neither bread nor clothing.
of his majesty, Do not make me a ruler of the people.”
when he arises to shake terribly the earth. 8 For Jerusalem is ruined,
22 Cease from man, whose breath is in his nostrils; and Judah has fallen,
for of what account is he? because their tongue and their actions
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