Activity 15 Phylum Sarcomastigophora

Kingdom Protista Trypanosoma

- Members of the genus spend their life mostly
- unicellular in the blood and outer body fluids of
- mostly microscopic vertebrate host. The parasite is transmitted
by tse-tse fly. The organism is best observed
Modes of nutrition in blood smear of an infected individual.
1. Autotrophic - capable of synthesizing its own food Notice that the body is spindle-shaped with
from inorganic substances, using light or posterior end somewhat pointed. A single
chemical energy. flagellum originates from posterior basal
2. Heterotrophic - requiring organic compounds of granule or kinetosome. The flagellum initially
carbon and nitrogen for nourishment. unites with the protoplasm, forming an
3. Saprozoic - obtaining nourishment by absorption
undulating membrane, and tail anteriorly as
of dissolved organic and inorganic materials.
free flagellum. A single, central nucleus is
present.
Modes of existence
1. Free living in the environment
2. Parasitic – living inside a host for nourishment Amoeba
and protection in turn doing harmful effects to the - These are inhabitants of slow streams and
host. ponds. The cytoplasm has 2 regions: an
3. Symbiotic – living inside or with a host for outer colorless layer, the ectoplasm and a
nourishment and protection and in turn helping large central granular mass, the endoplasm.
the host for growth and survival. Suspended in the endoplasm are a single
4. Commensal – living inside or with a host for nucleus, contractile vacuole, and food
nourishment and protection without doing any vacuoles. Temporary finger-like protrusions,
harm or benefit to the host. the lobopodia are visible.

Modes of locomotion
1. Pseudopodia - ("false feet") are temporary Phylum Apicomplexa
cytoplasm-filled projections of the cell wall that Plasmodium
certain eukaryotic cells use for motion or for - This is the causative agent of an infectious
ingesting nutrients. Most cells with this capability disease, malaria. The parasite spends a
are referred to as amoeboids. large part of its life cycle within the host's red
2. Flagella – long tail like projections usually on the blood cells (RBCs). It is transmitted by the
posterior side of the organism. bite of mosquito (Anopheles). The parasites
3. Cilia – small hair-like structures used by some grow and reproduce asexually by multiple
cells to move themselves or other things. fission (schizogony) within the RBCs of a
vertebrate host. Sexual reproduction occurs
Modes of Reproduction by fusion of gametes – macrogametes
1. Asexual (female) and microgametes (male). Locate
- Fission – splitting of a single cell into 2 RBCs infected with schizonts that can be
identical organisms. seen with “signet-ring” appearance or as dark
- Budding - a new organism grows on another spots within the cells.
one. The new organism remains attached as
it grows, separating from the parent organism
only when it is mature. Since the reproduction Phylum Ciliophora
is asexual, the newly created organism is a Paramecium
clone and is genetically identical to the parent - These are abundant in ponds or sluggish
organism. streams with aquatic plants and decaying
- Cyst – organisms are released in cysts (thick organic matter. Note its slipper-shaped form.
walled protective covering of immature Find the protective outer covering called
organisms). When the organisms reach pellicle. The organism is asymmetrical
maturity, the cyst will burst releasing the because of an oral groove that runs obliquely
mature organisms to reproduce again. on the ventral side. Posterior to the oral
2. Sexual groove is a cytoproct where waste materials
- Conjugation - passing of genetic material are discharged. The body is covered entirely
from one donor organism to the other. It may by cilia. Within the cytoplasm is a prominent
occur via one- way (one will pass the genetic large, macronucleus. Beside the
material to one conjugant) or two-way (each macronucleus is the micronucleus. Star-
conjugant will be passing genetic material to shaped contractile vacuoles may be seen
one another). within the cytoplasm. These are concerned
with osmoregulation or maintaining water and
salt balance. Locate also some food vacuoles
in the cytoplasm.
Activity 16 Activity 17
Phylum Porifera Phylum Cnidaria

- lowest form of multicellular animals because - includes animals with radial or biradial
neither true tissues nor organs are presents. symmetry. It is considered to be the most
- body is made-up of loose aggregation of primitive of the eumetazoans (true
independent cells. multicellular animals).
- Perforated by pores and with canal systems - exhibit a tissue-level of organization – their
lined with flagellated cells for filter feeding. body wall consists of 2 tissue layers
- Exclusively aquatic (diploblastic) – epidermis and gastrodermis,
- Adults are stationary (sessile) and between which is a gelatinous matrix
- Generally asymmetric with some exceptions (mesoglea). The body form is a two-layered
- Taxonomy of the sponges is mostly based on sac having a single internal coelenteron or
the details of their endoskeleton. It is gastrovascular cavity with only one opening,
consisted of calcareous or siliceous the mouth, which also serves as the anus.
crystalline spicules, spongin fibers made-up - Most of the animals' metabolism (digestion,
of protein, or combination of both. respiration, excretion and circulation) takes
- The ratio of the skeletal elements and the place in this body cavity, which can also
shapes, sizes and composition of the serve as a simple form of hydrostatic
spicules contribute greatly to the variety of skeleton.
forms and texture of the sponges. - They also have an exoskeleton or
endoskeleton of chitinous, calcareous, or of
Modes of reproduction protein components.
1. Asexual - simplest animals to possess true nerves cells
- Fragmentation – parts of the organism could (protoneurons), sense organs (statocysts and
be detached from the main organism and the ocelli), and a locomotory system (an
detached part could grow into mature epitheliomuscular type).
individuals. - the only group of animals with nematocysts
- Budding - a new organism grows on another for defense and capturing prey. These so-
one. The new organism remains attached as called stinging organelles are formed and
it grows, separating from the parent organism contained in specialized cells called
only when it is mature. Since the reproduction cnidocytes – from which the phylum takes its
is asexual, the newly created organism is a name. Polymorphism – the existence of more
clone and is genetically identical to the parent than one body form – is another
organism. distinguishing feature of this group. They
- Regeneration – the severed main organism could either be: (a) in cylindrical polyp form,
could fully grow back to its original state via often sessile or attached (benthic), with
cellular reproduction. tentacles encircling the mouth at the oral end;
2. Sexual or (b) in umbrella - or bell-like medusa form,
- Fertilization – eggs and sperm are released free swimming (planktonic or pelagic) with the
to the aquatic environment thus fertilization mouth at the end of a manubrium and the
occurs. The process forms free-swimming tentacles on the bell margin.
ciliated larvae which will attach themselves to - They could be monoecious (a single
any surface that they can cling on to until organism has both male and female
they become mature individual themselves. reproductive organs) or dioecious (a single
organism has only male or female
Class Hyalospongiae reproductive organ)
Euplectella (Venus flower basket)
- Members of the class are so-called glass
sponges with siliceous, six-rayed spicules. Class Hydrozoa
They have flagellated radial canals or Hydra
chambers in simple syconoid or leuconoid - Members of this class are either solitary or
arrangement. All are marine species and colonial. They exhibit both polyp and medusa
most are deep-sea dwellers. stages in their life cycle, although one type
maybe suppressed in some species. Polyps
Class Demospongiae are evoid of mesenteries while the medusae
Carteriospongia (Elephant’s ear sponge) maybe partially closed by a velum – an
- The skeleton of these sponges is made-up of ingrowth or inward projections from the bell
either siliceous spicules that are not six-rayed margin. The mesoglea is noncellular and
or spongin fibers or a combination of both. gonads are epidermal. Hydrozoans are
They exhibit the leuconoid type of canal relatively small and inconspicuous, inhabiting
system. Only one family is found in either freshwater or marine water.
freshwater and all the others are marine.
Class Scyphozoa enteron or gastrovacular cavity, which in turn
Aurelia (moon jelly) divides into three branches, one median
- Members are solitary. The polyp stage is anterior branch and two lateral posterior
reduced. The deep cup-or-bell-shaped branches. All three branches of the
medusae have four flattened sides and are intestines are provided with numerous
square in cross section. Velum is absent in diverticula.
the medusa but a modified form, velarium is
present, and each corner of the bell margin
bears one or more tentacles. All species are Class Trematoda
marine. This group is known to contain the Fasciola hepatica (Sheep liver fluke)
most deadly nematocysts that can inflict pain - The body of an adult Fasciola is more or less
and eventual death to a person within a few leaf-like; rounded anteriorly and tapering but
minutes. blunt posteriorly. There are two suckers:
anterior and ventral suckers. The anterior
Class Anthozoa sucker is located at the tip of fluke and
Acropora (Staghorn coral, Elkhorn or Antler coral) encloses the mouth. Few millimeter behind it
Metridium (Sea anemones) is the ventral sucker or acetabulum.
- Members of this class are either solitary or Connected to the mouth is the oval muscular
colonial polyp, the medusa stage is pharynx, followed by a short esophagus
completely absent. The anthozoan polyp is leading to two branching ceca (intestine),
larger and complex than the polyps of the which are located on the left and right sides
other classes. A flat oral disc bearing of the body.
tentacles contains the slit-like mouth leading - The male reproductive system is made up of
into a stomodaeum (pharynx) and then to the the testes, vas deferens (sperm ducts) and
coelenteron which is subdivided by at least seminal vesicle. Locate the two testes, which
eight mesenteries or septa with lidless are highly branching and occupies the
nematocysts. The mesoglea is highly cellular posterior middle half of the fluke. Anteriorly,
and well developed, and gonads are the testes gives off a duct called vas
endodermal. Anthozoans are marine species, deferens, which unite to form the seminal
predominantly sessile animals. vesicle, the anterior portion of which is the
Fungia (mushroom corals) penis that is connected to the genital pore
Tubipora (organ-pipe corals) located immediately below the ventral sucker.
Sarcophyton (Soft corals) These parts may not be seen in the slide due
to staining problem.
Activity 18 - The female reproductive system is made up
Phylum Platyhelminthes to the ovary, oviduct, ootype and uterus. The
ovary is a single branched structure (may be
- bilaterally symmetric fan shaped in some specimen) located on the
- tripoblastic (with 3 germ layers) – ectoderm, right side anterior to the testes. The ovary
endoderm, and mesoderm. Mesoderm gives gives off a short oviduct that is connected to
rise to all the tissues between ectoderm and the ootype that is surrounded by a round
endoderm called parenchyma except the Mehlis gland. Also connected to the ootype
nervous system. and going upward is the coiled uterus that
- Lowest phylum to have an organ system level heavily filled up with eggs. On the lower
of organization. lateral half of the body are vitelline glands
- Distinct head with sense organs and a central (vitellaria or yolk glands), which are dark
nervous system that is made-up of the brain brown to black in color. Their ducts called
and 2 longitudinal cords. vitelline ducts are also connected to the
- Skeletal, circulatory, and respiratory systems ootype.
are absent but with excretory system.
- All are monoecious or hermaphroditic except Schistosoma japonicum (blood fluke)
Schistosoma. - Obtain a prepared slide of Schistosoma in
copula. The blood fluke adults stay in the
intestinal veins of human and other
Class Turbellaria mammals. This parasite is considered an
Dugesia (Freshwater Planaria) exception to other flatworms because their
- The head region of planaria is more or less body is cylindrical (elongated) and they are
triangular but blunt, with lateral projecting also dioecious, with distinct male and female
structures called auricles. Medial to the individuals. Males are bigger than female and
auricles is a prominent pair of eye spots. If provided with a pair of folds, called
the animal is carbon fed, the intestinal tract gynecophoric canal in their ventral body wall
will be colored black, hence very visible. The where the more slender female is lodge
mouth, which is ventrally located, is visible on during copulation. Some authors regard them
the mid-ventral portion of the body and as the most romantic pair of parasites
connected to the clear and prominent because the female is lodged in the arm of
muscular tubular pharynx. This leads to the her loving spouse.
 or genital pore located ventrally about 1/3 its
length from the anterior end. In both sexes,
Class Cestoda the excretory pore is located about an inch or
Taenia solium (pork tapeworm) so below the mouth.
- The body of an adult tapeworm consists of a
scolex, an anterior structural device bearing 4 Enterobius vermicularis (pinworms)
suckers for attachment and a rostellum that is - infects cecum and lower ileum
encircled with 2 rows of hooks. Hooks are - Adults have presence of cephalic alae
absent in T. saginata. A short neck that (cuticular expansions) at the anterior end of
produces immature proglottids follows the the body
scolex. A series of proglottids is called a - Gravid female migrates to the anus to ay
strobila. As more immature proglottids are eggs during nighttime.
produced, the previous ones are transformed
to mature proglottids bearing the male and Class Aphasmidia
female reproductive systems; mature Trichinella spiralis (trichina worm)
proglottids are later on transformed into - Infection of this parasite is by ingestion of raw
gravid proglottids which contain only the or half cooked meat specially pork (for human
branching uterus which is fully filled up with infection) containing encysted larvae
eggs. These ripe proglottids are voided out embedded in the muscle. The larvae appear
by way of feces. as small spirally coiled worms in the striated
- testes are located in the upper half of the muscle. Adult trichina worms that infect the
proglottid and appear as scattered granular small intestines are hardly seen. The larvae
(dot-like) structures. The tubular uterus are far more dangerous than the adults.
occupies the middle portion of the proglottid
and immediately below is the left and right Trichuris trichiura (whipworm)
ovaries. The vitellaria are seen directly below - Has the appearance of a whip (anterior
the ovaries. Another very visible structure is portion is more slender than posterior end)
the genital pore, a convex opening that is - Males have spirally coiled posterior end with
located midway on one side of the proglottid. presence of spicule enclosed in retractile
cuticular sheath (used for copulation – serves
Taenia saginata (beef tapeworm) as a guide in the transfer of sperm cells to the
genital pores of female)
Activity 19
Phylum Nematoda Activity 20
Phylum Annelida
- unsegmented roundworms
- able to live in a wide variety of habitats from - segmented worms with linear series of similar
tropical to polar regions. parts called somites or segments or
- Free living or parasitic metameres.
- Can feed off an array of resources: organic - Bilaterally symmetrical and tripoblastic
detritus, dead decomposing bodies. - These organisms have true coelom or body
- Body covered by a non-living cuticle cavity lined by peritoneum (Eucoelomates).
- Lacking cilia or flagella - Digestive tract is a straight tube and
- Pseudocoelom (false coelom) compete, with mouth (anterior and ventral)
- Have complete digestive tract and anus (posterior and dorsal)
- Mostly doiecious and most of the times males - Nervous system is made-up of brain and
are smaller than females. ganglia.
- Monoecious and dioecious species exist.
Class Phasmidia
Ascaris lumbricoides (human ascaris)
- This is the most common parasite of man Class Polychaeta
inhabiting the lumen of the small intestine. Sabella (fanworms/feather duster worm)
The body is fully covered by a smooth but - This is a tube dwelling worm. The tube is
tough cuticle with fine striations. The anterior buried in a sandy to muddy substratum of the
end bears the mouth, which is surrounded by sea floor. When fully relaxed, the head, which
3 lips (1 dorsal and 2 ventrolateral lips). is enclosed by a pair of pinnate arm
Running throughout its entire length in the left processes, called radioles, protrudes from the
and right sides of the body are the broader tube and takes the appearance of a fan. The
lateral lines whereas the dorsal and ventral animal secretes a non-calcareous tube.
sides have a narrow white line. Sexes are
separate. Males are generally smaller than Class Oligochaeta
females and its posterior end is spirally Pheretima (Earthworm)
coiled. Near the posterior end is the cloacal - These are earthworms that burrow in moist
opening which is guarded by 2 chitinous rods soil. The cylindrical elongated body is divided
called pineal spicules (not visible with the into similar segments except for the one
naked eye). Females are provided by a vulva segment that is broader than the rest, the
 clitellum. The dorsal side of the body is more - This is the largest and most diverse group of
pigmented compared to the ventral side, molluscs occupying freshwater, marine and
which is less pigmented and quite flattened. terrestrial habitats. Members are usually
Ventrolaterally, each segment is provided sluggish and sedentary. Most possess an
with 2 pairs of chitinous setae. The 1st asymmetrical body (due to torsion) with a
segment called prostomium is a pointed single, conical and spiral shell of calcium
flesh, lip-like fold that covers the ventral carbonate. The shell may be uncoiled,
mouth. The mouth is located between the reduced or even absent in some groups such
prostomium and the 2nd segment called as the nudibranch. The muscular foot is
peristomium. prominently large and flat, adapted for
crawling, swimming, burrowing or may be
reduced in some. The head bears cephalic
Class Hirudinea tentacles, relatively simple eyes, radula (in
Hirudo medicinalis (Leech) some) and jaws.
- The leech body is dorso-ventrally flattened
possessing 2 suckers – anterior and posterior
suckers bearing the mouth and anus,
respectively. Locate the anus, which is Class Bivalvia
dorsally located in the larger posterior sucker. Perna (Mussels), Tridacna (Giant Clams)
Each segment is externally divided into - This class of marine and freshwater mollusks
annuli. Hirudo is chiefly a blood-sucking are known as bivalves. They have a shell of 2
leech. Clitellum is located in segments 9-10 lateral valves articulated dorsally by an
whereas the genital pore is in segment 11. elastic ligament. The laterally compressed
Leeches, like earthworms are hermaphroditic body is enclosed in a two-lobed mantle. A
but it also needs another leech for fertilization hatchet shaped foot is common in burrowing
to take place. bivalves while it is reduced or absent in fixed
forms. The vestigial head lacks eyes, radula,
and tentacles.
Activity 21
Phyllum Mollusca
Class Scaphopoda
- second largest animal phylum Dentalium
- herbivorous, carnivorous, parasitic, detritus, - This is a small class of burrowing and
filter feeders. sedentary deep sea mollusks. The body is
- Terrestrial, freshwater, marine. enclosed within a one-piece, elongated,
- The body is divisible into a head region, a slightly curved, tubular shell, which is open at
ventral muscular foot for locomotion and both ends. They have a modified conical foot.
feeding, a dorsal visceral mass, and a The head is reduced or absent and devoid of
spicule-or shell-secreting integument called eyes but with radula, jaws, and thin tentacles.
the mantle or pallium. Except for bivalves
they usually have a feeding device called
radula. The visceral mass contains the Class Cephalopoda
internal organs. Loligo (squid), Octopus
- Gas exchange occurs through the body - Members of this class consist of squids,
surface or specialized respiratory organs cuttlefishes, octupuses, and nautiloids. These
such as ctenidia, gills, and lungs. exclusively marine mollusks are free-
- Digestive tract is complete. swimming, often fast-moving, active
- Gonads are found in the visceral mass. carnivores. They have an elongated body
with an external and chambered shell in
- Mollusks may be monoecious or dioecious.
nautiloids or usually internal, reduced or
absent in the other cephalopods. The
muscular foot is modified into several highly
Class Polyplacopora
developed prehensile arms or tentacles.
Chiton
Cephalopods possess a well-defined head
- Members include the marine chitons. Their
with complex eyes and a brain encased in a
bodies are elongated and dorsoventrally
cartilaginous cranium. It also contains the
flattened. They have an outer shell divided
radula, beak-like jaws, and the mouth
into 7-8 partially overlapping plates and a
surrounded by the tentacles.
broad and flat, creeping foot. The head is
reduced and devoid of eyes but the mouth
with radula are well defined.

Class Gastropoda
Cyprea (cowries), Pila (freshwater “kuhol), Achatina
(garden snail)
Activity 22 Anopheles & Aedis (mosquito), Pediculus humanus
Phylum Arthropoda capitis (head louse), Ctenocephalides felis (cat flea)
- There are three distinct body segments of
- largest phyllum of the animal kingdom. insects: head, thorax, and abdomen. The
- Characterized by jointed appendages. thorax bears 3 pairs of legs and usually two
- Tagmatization – fusion of segments into pairs of wings.
head, thorax, and abdomen in insects or
cephalothorax and abdomen in arachnids.
- Possessing a rigid exoskeleton containing
chitin to which muscles are attached. Activity 23
- Efferent system for gaseous exchange, the Phyllum Echinodermata
tracheal system, is a unique feature of the
phylum.
- mostly marine, and mostly mobile slow
- Open circulatory system through which
moving bottom dwellers.
hemolymph (analogous to the fluids and cells
- Has close affinity to vertebrates because they
making up both blood and interstitial fluid of
the vertebrates) circulates show similarities in their embryonic
development.
- They have a coelom subdivided into the
Subphyllum Chelicerata perivisceral cavity and the cavity of the water-
Class Arachnida vascular system. The water-vascularor
Spiders, Scorpions, Ticks, Mites ambulacral system is the most distinguishing
- The body has 2 distinct tagmata namely, feature of the phylum. It is basically a system
cephalothorax, and abdomen. The head of canals or tubes ending in a great number
bears paired chelicerae and pedipalps. Four of tube feet (podia), which functions in
pairs of legs are found in the group. They feeding, locomotion, and to a varying degree,
respire by gills, trachea, and book lungs. respiration, chemosensation, and excretion.
- First pair of appendages are modified to form - Adults generally exhibit pentamerous radial
chelicerae (mouth parts where you will find symmetry (larvae – bilateral symmetry).
the fangs) and the second pair is called - The oral surface usually contains the mouth
pedipalps (modified sensory appendage). while the aboral region indicates the side
- Mandible and antennae are absent. away from or opposite the mouth.
- Another major feature of all echinoderms is
the internal dermal skeleton (endoskeleton)
Subphyllum Crustacea of calcium carbonate covered by a thin
Class Malacostracans epidermis (usually ciliated) or embedded in a
Portunus (crab), Penaeus (shrimp), lobster thick, tough body wall. This forms a solid test.
- The appendages are modified for crawling - The skeleton also project spines and
along the substrate. The abdomen and body tubercles from the surface giving the animal a
appendages are used for swimming. spiny or warty appearance, hence the
- Entire body is covered by carapace. phylum's name.
- Possess mandibles or jaw-like appendages
instead of chelicerae. Class Asteroidea
- Have 2 pairs of antennae Linckia (Sea star) and Starfishes
- Appendages are biramous (consisting of or - typically pentamerous with the arms not
having two branches). sharply marked off from the central disk.
- They respire through gills. Ambulacral grooves are present on the oral
side bearing tube feet that usually have
suckers. The anus and madreporite are found
Subphyllum Uniramia on the aboral side and numerous
Class Diplopoda pedicellariae are present in many species.
Millipedes
- They have variable number of body Class Ophiuroidea
segments or somites. Each somite bears 2 Ophiocoma (Brittle star)
pairs of appendages. - They are typically pentamerous with the
elongated and movable arms sharply marked
off from the central disk. The ambulacral
Class Chilopoda grooves are closed and covered by ossicles.
Scolopendra (Centipede) The tube feet are devoid of suckers and have
- The centipedes have dorso-ventrally flattened lost their locomotory function. There is no
body. Each body segment bears a pair of anus and the madreporite is found on the oral
side. Pedicellariae are lacking or absent.
legs.
Class Echinoidea
Diadema (Sea Urchin)
Class Insecta - They have no arms. They have a rigid or
compact skeleton (test) with movable long
 and short spines. The ambulacral groove is
closed and covered with ossicles. The mouth
is usually at the center of the oral surface but
the anus maybe at the aboral pole or lateral
sides of the test. The madreporite is located
on the aboral surface. Pedicellariae are
present in some members.

Laganum (sea biscuit)

- Five ambulacral areas containing holes for
tube feet, radiating towards the mouth
- Ambulacral areas arranged like the petals of
a flower (petaloids)
- In the petaloids, tube feet extend and these
aboral feet called podial gills function for
respiration

Class Holothoroidea
Holothuria (Sea Cucumber)
- Cucumber-shaped, they have a cylindrical
and elongated, muscular body stretched on
an oral-aboral axis. The tube feet of the oral
region are modified to form tentacles around
the mouth. Ambulacral grooves are closed
and microscopic ossicles are embedded in
the thick muscular wall. Anus is found at the
aboral side while the madreporite is located
internally. Spines and pedicellariae are
absent in members.