Chapter II

Review of Related Literature

Identification devices are one of the common way to identify and verify an

individual’s identity. Schools use this as a gate pass, without identification device, an

individual can be considered as absent. The same with rules and regulation of a school,

a violator will be considered as absent if he/she cannot comply with his/her violation. RFID

is one of the most efficient, accurate, credible and advanced identification device. It is

widely used in urban areas for attendance. This research will use RFID as an identification

device to record the attendance of each student and also record the student’s violation.

If the student can’t comply with the violation, the student will be considered as absent on

that day.

The system will be using ID Monitoring system, a product arrangement that is able

for checking, storing, and creating attendance report of students and employees. It is

being utilized by organizations especially in workplaces. It utilizes RFID technology which

gives interesting proof to checking participation and overseeing electronically stored

information. RFID cards can’t be copied. Whenever lost, RFID card can be hindered

through framework controls, when blocked it can’t be utilized any longer. The RFID card

will fill in as a passage go for the students and teacher to the school compound and can’t

be utilized by someone else as the image shows up on the screen once the card is tapped

on the RFID card peruser.

The system will be using a database. According to TechTerms (2009), a

database is a data structure that stores organized information. Most databases contain
multiple tables, which may each include several different fields. For example, a company

database may include tables for products, employees, and financial records. Each of

these tables would have different fields that are relevant to the information stored in the

table.

Nearly all e-commerce sites uses databases to store product inventory and

customer information. These sites use a database management system (or DBMS), such

as Microsoft Access, FileMaker Pro, or MySQL as the "back end" to the website. By

storing website data in a database, the data can be easily searched, sorted, and updated.

This flexibility is important for e-commerce sites and other types of dynamic websites.

Early databases were relatively "flat," which means they were limited to simple

rows and columns, like a spreadsheet. (See also "flat file database"). However, today's

relational databases allow users to access, update, and search information based on the

relationship of data stored in different tables. Relational databases can also run queries

that involve multiple databases. While early databases could only store text or numeric

data, modern databases also let users store other data types such as sound clips,

pictures, and videos.

School rules are usually associated with classroom management and school

discipline. However, rules also define ways of thinking about oneself and the world. Rules

are guidelines for actions and for the evaluation of actions in terms of good and bad, or

right and wrong, and therefore a part of moral or values education in school. This study

is a part of a larger ethnographic study on values education in the everyday life of school.

Here the focus is on school rules and students’ reasoning about these rules. Five

categories of school rules have been constructed during the analysis, they are the
relational rules, structuring rules, protecting rules, personal rules, and etiquette rules. The

findings show that the students’ reasoning about rules varies across the rule categories.

The perception of reasonable meaning behind a rule seems to be – not surprisingly –

significant to students’ acceptance of the rule. According to the students, relational rules

are the most important in school. Students also value protecting and structuring rules as

important because of the meaning giving to them. Etiquette rules are valued as the least

important or even unnecessary by the students (Thornberg, 2009).

Different programming languages will be used on the system to meet all the

expected functions and capabilities.

One of the programming language that will be used is PHP. It is a script language

and interpreter that is freely available and used primarily on LinuxWeb servers. PHP,

originally derived from Personal Home Page Tools, now stands for PHP: Hypertext

Preprocessor. PHP executes on the server, while a comparable alternative, JavaScript,

executes on the client. PHP is an alternative to Microsoft's Active Server Page (ASP)

technology. As with ASP, the PHP script is embedded within a Web page along with

its HTML. Before the page is sent to a user that has requested it, the Web server calls

PHP to interpret and perform the operations called for in the PHP script (Rouse, 2014).

Another programming language that will be used is Javascript. According to

TechTerms (2014), it is a programming language commonly used in web development. It

was originally developed by Netscape as a means to add dynamic and interactive

elements to websites. While JavaScript is influenced by Java, the syntax is more similar

to C and is based on ECMAScript, a scripting language developed by Sun Microsystems.

JavaScript is a client-side scripting language, which means the source code is processed
by the client's web browser rather than on the web server. This means

JavaScript functionscan run after a webpage has loaded without communicating with the

server. For example, a JavaScript function may check a web form before it is submitted

to make sure all the required fields have been filled out. The JavaScript code can produce

an error message before any information is actually transmitted to the server.

CSS helps Web developers create a uniform look across several pages of a Web

site. Instead of defining the style of each table and each block of text within a page's

HTML, commonly used styles need to be defined only once in a CSS document. Once

the style is defined in cascading style sheet, it can be used by any page that references

the CSS file. Plus, CSS makes it easy to change styles across several pages at once.

For example, a Web developer may want to increase the default text size from 10pt to

12pt for fifty pages of a Web site. If the pages all reference the same style sheet, the text

size only needs to be changed on the style sheet and all the pages will show the larger

text.

According to TechTerms (2015), while CSS is great for creating text styles, it is

helpful for formatting other aspects of Web page layout as well. For example, CSS can

be used to define the cell padding of table cells, the style, thickness, and color of a table's

border, and the padding around images or other objects. CSS gives Web developers

more exact control over how Web pages will look than HTML does. This is why most Web

pages today incorporate cascading style sheets.

Another programming language that will be used by the system is HTML5.

Hypertext Markup Language revision 5 (HTML5) is markup language for the structure and

presentation of World Wide Web contents. HTML5 supports the traditional HTML and
XHTML-style syntax and other new features in its markup, New APIs, XHTML and error

handling. HTML5 is an effort is to bring order to web development chaos by organizing

common practices, embracing implementations from various browsers. It is massive, with

over 100 specifications as part of the HTML5 specs. Understanding this, you can simplify

by thinking of HTML5 this way. HTML5 is simply just an umbrella term for the next

generation of web apps an how functionality will be expanded with better markup (HTML),

better style (CSS), and better interactivity (JavaScript).

Code igniter is a commanding PHP framework. If we consider web applications

with advanced features, then to create such an application Code igniter is one of the

efficient PHP Frameworks. As it makes web application always ready, learning becomes

easier. Also due to the usual PHP coding it makes the code portable and only because

of this, Compared to other frameworks, Code Igniter is significantly simple and fast

(Joshi, 2011).

In inputting information in the database, MySQL will be used. According to

TechTerms (2009), MySQL, pronounced either "My S-Q-L" or "My Sequel," is an open

source relational database management system. It is based on the structure query

language (SQL), which is used for adding, removing, and modifying information in the

database. Standard SQL commands, such as ADD, DROP, INSERT, and UPDATE can

be used with MySQL.

MySQL can be used for a variety of applications, but is most commonly found on

Web servers. A website that uses MySQL may include Web pages that access

information from a database. These pages are often referred to as "dynamic," meaning
the content of each page is generated from a database as the page loads. Websites that

use dynamic Web pages are often referred to as database-driven websites.

XAMPP is an open-source web server package that works on various platforms. It

is actually an acronym with X meaning “cross” platform, A for Apache HTTP server, M for

MySQL, P for PHP, and P for Perl. XAMPP was designed to help webpage developers,

programmers, and designers check and review their work using their computers even

without connection to the web or internet. So, basically XAMPP may be used to stand as

pages for the internet even without connection to it. It can also be used to create and

configure with databases written in MySQL and/or SQLite. And since XAMPP is designed

as a cross-platform server package, it is available for a variety of operating systems and

platforms like Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, Linux, and Solaris.

To use XAMPP, only one zip, exe or tar file is needed. Users just need to download

this file and run the application. There is also not much configuration and tinkering to be

done in terms of settings and its components. The XAMPP package is also updated on a

regular basis to synchronize with the updates made on the different platforms involved in

the package like Apache, PHP, Perl, and MySQL (Cherran, 2011).