1.
The difference between airline business model:
      Full-service airline
      Hybrid airline
      Low cost airline
                Full-service            Hybrid airline                     Low cost airline
                airline
Fare            The majority of the     used to separate low-cost          Low Cost Carriers
structure       FSCs have not           carriers with a low standard       are huge on
                used the reduction      of service (ultra-low-cost         reducing costs to
                of the flight and       carriers) from low-cost-           the bare minimum
                cabin crew to low       carriers that offer a better       and making people
                costs; instead          standard of service (hybrid        believe (rightfully,
                crews have to           airlines).                         in most cases) that
                work early flights                                         they are being
                from other                                                 offered the lowest
                countries or local                                         fare possible on a
                flights to reduce                                          given route.
                accommodation
                cost away
Configuration   Full-service            offering quality services in the  No baggage (or
offered         airlines offer          airports, for example on the      very limited
                passengers the          entertainment segment             baggage) included
                choice of economy                                         in the airfare. This
                or business class       offer flexibility as well as      means that
                travel and on some      operating on main airports        passengers
                flight’s premium        while offering a basic inflight   generally need to
                economy and first       product. The company              pay additional fees
                class                   compensates the basic             to have their
                                        product with the reliability, on- luggage
                A full-service          time performance, security,       transported with
                airline typically       key quality elements that are them.
                offers passengers       considered by every
                inflight                passenger when choosing an In-flight meals.
                entertainment,          airline                           There will be none
                checked baggage,                                          served “for free”
                meals, beverages                                          (meaning included
                and comforts such                                         in the airfare).
                as blankets and                                           Rather, many
                pillows in the ticket                                     meals and drinks,
                price.                                                    including alcohol,
                                                                          are available for
                                                                          purchase during
                                                                          flight at prices
                                                                          significantly
                                                                          exceeding typical
                                                                          market value.
 Aircraft       Different aircraft   TNT Airways is one example.        LCCs use a
 Utilization    types, from small    The Liège-based carrier uses       younger
                regional feeder      one Boeing 737300QC                homogenous
                aircraft to          aircraft for passenger             medium sized fleet
                B747/B777/           charters, allowing the airline     which means lower
                A340/A380 long       to maximise aircraft utilization   fuel, lower costs
                range widebody       as integrated cargo flights        for maintenance
                aircraft             usually take place at night,       and training one
                                     while passengers prefer to fly     single class of
                                     during the day. French             service with higher
                                     Europe Air post (now sold to       density of seat
                                     Air Contractors and                point to point
                                     rebranded as ASL) offered          network
                                     similar kind of services in
                                     operating Boeing 737s during
                                     the night for La Poste
                                     (France) and during the day
                                     for various passenger
                                     charters.
Operation Model
Full-service carrier
Low Cost Carrier
Hybrid Airline
In fact, a hybrid airline has adopted a current business model that comprise the best
features of both the legacy and low-cost business models in one, balancing costs
(known to be the focus of the LCCs) and value (known to be the focus of full-service
carriers).